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Wednesday 16 Jumada al-akhirah 1443 - 19 January 2022 Ruling on wearing abayahs in which there are threads of gold Publication : 07-04-2008 Views : 9578 What is the ruling on the yellow strings on men’s outer garments? Some think that these strings are mixed with gold. Praise be to Allah. People with experience were previously asked about what is on the edges of abayahs of threads and adornments which those who see them may imagine to be gold, and they said that there is no gold at all in them. Based on that, wearing an abayah which has this adornment on its edges is permissible. Assuming that there is any gold in it, it is little, so it is also permissible, , but if it is certain that there is a lot of gold in it, then it is haraam to wear it. Standing Committee for Academic Research and Issuing Fatwas Was this answer helpful? Source: Islam Q&A
How quickly would boiling water kill coronavirus? There are numerous articles telling us to disinfect groceries - wash all packages with soap and water and then disinfect with wipes, also wash produce. For example: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/worried-about-contaminated-groceries-how-to-be-safe "... wiping down all packaging with a disinfectant before putting your groceries away" "For fruits and vegetables, VanWingen suggests scrubbing them for at least 20 seconds with soap and water" However, disinfecting wipes and disinfecting bleach as well as rubbing alcohol are all sold out and we may never see them again (until it is too late). And soap and water are not enough - plastic containers are covered with ridges and crevices (potentially filled with deadly droplets). Washing them all is impossible. But many of us still have running water and electricity. So, it is trivial to boil a large pot of water and dip all packages and even produce in it. But is it effective? How long to dip? I guess there were no study yet about modern covid-19 but there must have been some studies about older coronaviruses. Does anybody know? P.S. I made a simple test: mixed few drops of saliva with a dye, dropped it to a groove on a plastic bottle, let it dry, then washed the bottle with soap and running water for 20 seconds while scrubbing very hard. But scrubbing cannot reach the groove, so some residue remained clearly visible and can now cross contaminate other objects. This confirms my original suspicion that washing alone is not sufficient. We need a more reliable disinfectant, like a boiling water. • 3 Soap and water has long been proven to be the most effective means of disinfection of hands, surfaces, etc. Soapy water goes into ridges and crevices just as readily as boiling water would. You need to do some more research. You're operating on false assumptions. – Carey Gregory Apr 1 '20 at 0:48 • Thank you for the edit to improve your question. The quote you added from a reputable source agrees with what Graham said in his answer and what I said in my comment above. Soap and water are your friend. – Carey Gregory Apr 1 '20 at 4:17 • @Carey_Gregory Water is not enough. Google for "cleaning body fluids" and every answer mentions using "disinfectant" or "bleach solution". That's why bleach and alcohol are all sold out. – jhnlmn Apr 1 '20 at 20:39 • I didn't say water alone; I said soap and water. Soap dissolves the virus' lipid shell and without that the virus simply falls apart. Soap and water are superior to alcohol and bleach-based products. I don't know what sources you're reading but if they're not telling you that then you need to find better sources. You don't need alcohol and bleach at all, nor do you need to boil things. – Carey Gregory Apr 1 '20 at 20:55 • A better contamination simulant would be grease or oil: something that reacts to soap in the same way that the virus does. – Mark Apr 9 '20 at 2:40 The accepted knowledge is that boiling water for 1 minute kills viruses. However, that is not necessary for SARS-CoV-2. Any food you eat is going to be cooked for longer than a minute, and packaging can left for a couple of days for the virus to inactivate naturally. For cardboard boxes: On cardboard, no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 24 hours And on plastics/stainless steel SARS-CoV-2 was more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard, and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours after application to these surfaces (Figure 1A), although the virus titer was greatly reduced (from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter of medium after 72 hours on plastic and from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter after 48 hours on stainless steel). So, it can last for 72 hours at least though at greatly diminished amounts of viable virus. So, use soap/water to wipe these surfaces down. Soap disrupts the virus capsule, and also forms a surfactant around the virus so it can be dislodged from surfaces. Some people do recommend you wash your vegetables of unknown provenance in soap and water. • "Any food you eat is going to be cooked for longer than a minute" - this not correct at all. Juices are not cooked, milk usually not cooked, bred is not cooked, cheese is not cooked, fruits, vegetables usually not cooked. Also, placing a contaminated container to a fridge is a really bad idea. So, are you saying that I should boil fruits and vegetables and everything else for 1 minute? – jhnlmn Apr 1 '20 at 2:33 • 1 Is there any authority in the world saying that factory produced food is going to be contaminated? Remember the virus if on fruit etc will usually take longer than 3 days to get to you from an orchard. The virus can't replicate in your fridge either. It needs human body parts. Milk is usually already pasteurised. Bread is baked. Apr 1 '20 at 2:37 • Currently the worst risk of contamination is in the store. Hundreds of infected people are walking over the food, sneeze, cough, touch the food before you have a chance of buying it. Surfaces of containers and produce almost certainly carry saliva droplets. It is being discussed in the news non-stop for days. – jhnlmn Apr 1 '20 at 2:48 • Stores should be screening people coming into the supermarkets as is done in many countries. If you live in a country with poor sanitation control then apply the measures above wiping down all fruit/veges with soap/water. But in such a place I'd switch to frozen veges and canned fruits. Apr 1 '20 at 2:52 • 1 well, you should edit your question to add an extract from a reputable source about this concern. Apr 1 '20 at 3:33 Your Answer
In 1904 Naguib Mahfouz Pasha was appointed as an anaesthetist at Kasr El Aini hospital. As there was no such thing as a department of obstetrics or gynaecology at Kasr El Aini hospital, Mahfouz started a weekly gynaecological outpatient clinic. This turned out to be such a success that two whole wards were soon dedicated to obstetrical and gynaecological patients, and so the first department of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt came into existence. Mahfouz acquired much experience in dealing with difficult labour, partly from an agreement that he had struck with the medical officers who delivered women in their homes: whenever they faced a difficult labour, the medical officers would call Mahfouz into attendance. For his part, he would attend to the patient’s house and help them deal with the most complicated cases without charging a fee. During the fifteen years to come, Mahfouz attended about two thousand women with difficult labour in their own homes. During this time, he recalls sleeping no more than two nights a week in the comfort of his own home. One of the children that Naguib Mahfouz delivered after a difficult labour, was named after him in 1911. This child later became the laureate of the Nobel prize in literature, the famous novelist Naguib Mahfouz. In 1925, the school of medicine was incorporated into the Egyptian university and was named the “Faculty of Medicine”. The faculty was ready for graduating doctors with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in medicine and surgery, after a study period of five and a half years. The faculty was now capable of granting a doctorate in medicine. In 1927, it was decided that a new hospital consisting of 1200 beds and a modern medical school should be established. King Fouad laid the foundation of the new faculty and its hospital on December 16, 1928. The advancement and expansion continued throughout the following years by establishing different units that were both scientifically distinguished and technically equipped with the latest modern instruments and devices Categorized as About Us
Sixty years of Turkish “guest workers” in Germany \| #schoolshooting IT WAS NOT poverty or ambition that drew Irfan Demirbilek to Germany from Turkey in 1968, but the lure of its splendid cars. Spotting a queue outside an employment office in Istanbul one day, Mr Demirbilek, an electrician who had long dreamed of having his own wheels, decided to join them in applying to work in West Germany. The countries had signed a “guest-worker” deal in 1961, and a brief spell earning Deutschmarks would suffice for an Opel or VW Beetle. A few months later Mr Demirbilek was on a three-day train to Cologne, his head full of excitement and apprehension. Listen to this story Enjoy more audio and podcasts on iOS or Android. As with so many Turkish guest workers, his brief German sojourn turned out to last a lifetime (and several cars, he chuckles). Now 84, he is sitting with his wife at a theatre in Düsseldorf, where the pair have just been garlanded with flowers in a ceremony to mark the 60th anniversary of the guest-worker treaty. The moment has offered Germany a chance to reflect on the complex history of what is now a 2.75m-strong Turkish minority, its largest by a distance. Three-quarters of a million poor and largely unskilled Turks came to West Germany during the 12 years the agreement was in force. (Family reunification, and later waves of political exiles, boosted the numbers further.) Talk to guest workers and their descendants and you hear complex family histories: of immigrants vacillating between return and staying; women struggling to make sense of a place to which they had no economic or cultural link; and “suitcase children” tossed back and forth between the two countries. Germany, too, went through agonies, as its Gastarbeiter became a permanent minority in a country with little understanding of itself as a land of immigration. Integration policy came late, and was halting. First-generation Turks often lived in dormitories in enclaves where encounters with Germans were rare. Learning German was seldom needed for the manual work most performed. Children could be placed in migrant-only classes on the assumption they would one day go “home”; the gifted were often held back from the best schools. Public distrust found expression in government policy. In 1983 Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who wanted to halve Germany’s Turkish population, offered guest workers repatriation payments. It was not until 2014 that Turkish-Germans born in the country could retain dual citizenship into adulthood. Today some 1.5m residents, including nearly two-thirds of adults, do not have a German passport. (The incoming coalition is discussing reform of Germany’s citizenship laws.) Xenophobic violence, common in the 1990s, is still a threat: four Turkish- and Kurdish-Germans were among the ten victims of a mass shooting in Hanau last year. The reality for most is more prosaic. Germany’s Turks own some 90,000 businesses, employing half a million people. They have spread beyond well-known neighbourhoods such as Marxloh in Duisburg or Mülheim in Cologne to suburbs and rural areas. Turkish-Germans are familiar faces from football to film. Eighteen won seats in the Bundestag in September’s election. But difficulties persist. Children with a Turkish background are likelier to drop out of school and earn less at work than other Germans, even when family background is accounted for. Zerrin Salikutluk, an expert on integration at Humboldt University in Berlin, describes studies suggesting that teachers’ low expectations for Turkish pupils tend to reduce their grades. Germans with Turkish-sounding names still face discrimination in housing and hiring. Such problems should dwindle over time, though others have emerged. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkey’s autocratic president, has directly appealed to Turkish-Germans who struggle to find a place in Germany—and has exported his own country’s turbulent politics. At times of strain between the two governments, surveys find that a growing number of young Turks say they feel drawn to Turkey. Hakan Demir, a newly elected Turkish-German MP for Neukölln, a diverse district in Berlin, says local children enjoy provoking him by calling themselves Ausländer (foreigners), something he does not hear from older constituents. Well-integrated Turks bristle at having their loyalties questioned. Even Germany’s belated recognition of the achievements of its migrants often comes wrapped in well-meaning condescension. “The labels have changed,” says Meral Sahin, a wedding-shop proprietor in Cologne, reeling off half a dozen of them, from “guest worker” to “foreign resident”. But, she adds, they always said more about the Germans using them than the people to whom they were applied. Ugur Sahin and Özlem Türeci, the Turkish-German scientists behind the BioNTech covid-19 vaccine, have expressed unease at the politics of being held up as immigrant role models. Germany has learned from some of its mistakes. It quickly channelled Syrian and other migrants from the 2015-16 wave into language and integration courses. Yet, notes Nesrin Tanç, a Duisburg-based author, for all the commemorations Germany still lacks an overarching story capacious enough to include Germans, Turks and other groups. Such notions can seem eccentric, even dangerous, in a country where patriotism is regarded with queasiness for obvious historical reasons. But since people with a “migrant background”, in the German argot, are more than a quarter of the population, the need for a unifying narrative has only grown. At a recent ceremony to honour guest workers, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Germany’s president, urged his compatriots, Germans and Turks alike, to “develop a history together” in which the contribution of all German residents could be acknowledged and celebrated. Germany, now rapidly ageing, is once again crying out for foreign labour. When the next wave of recruitment from abroad takes place, previous episodes will provide valuable lessons. This article appeared in the Europe section of the print edition under the headline “From guest worker to citizen?” Source link
Women Catch Up On Male Smoking-Based Mortality Rate You’ve come a long way baby. Or not, as women’s smoking deaths are at all-time highs in the U.S. We already know that cigarettes can contain more than 4,000 ingredients, which, when burned, can also produce ‘compound’ chemicals. Urea, a chemical compound that is a major component in urine, is used to add “flavor” to cigarettes. Cigarettes contain arsenic, formaldehyde, lead, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia and 43 known carcinogens. Many of these ‘compounds’ have been directly linked to lung and heart damage, which we discussed in a previous article, “Breaking Unhealthy Heart Habits”. The nicotine content in several major brands is reportedly on the rise. Harvard University and the Massachusetts Health Department revealed that between 1997 and 2005 the amount of nicotine in Camel, Newport, and Doral cigarettes may have increased by as much as 11 percent. There is a bigger effort by companies and government to try and decrease the amount of people smoking. There are many ways a person can quit smoking, including getting into vaping from sites like https://www.gourmeteliquid.co.uk. There have been great developments in the vaping industry which now produces a big range of products to see everyone’s needs, for example the da vinci iq vape. The United States is the only major cigarette market in the world in which the percentage of women smoking cigarettes (22%) comes even remotely close to the number of men who smoke (35%). In the early 1950s, Kent cigarettes used crocidolite asbestos as part of the filter, a known active carcinogen and one of the most dangerous forms of asbestos. U.S. cigarette manufacturers now make more money selling cigarettes to countries around the globe than they do selling to Americans, as American brands Marlboro, Kool, Camel and Kent own roughly 70% of the global cigarette market. Now American women who smoke have a dramatically increased risk of death from lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than they did 20 years ago. Compared to women who have never smoked, a female smoker’s risk of death from lung cancer is almost 26 times higher now. In the 1980s it was about 13 times higher, and in the 1960s a female smoker’s risk of death was only three times higher than a female nonsmoker’s, according to new American Cancer Society research. This greater risk of death is likely because of women starting smoking earlier, smoking more each day and smoking for longer periods of time, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Michael Thun, vice president emeritus at the American Cancer Society. Women have finally caught up to men and now have comparable risks of death compared to non-smokers. Male smokers face a 25 times higher risk of death from lung cancer than non-smoking males. In the 1980s, that number was 24 times higher and in the 1960s, it was 12 times higher. Deaths from smoking-related diseases have also risen in recent decades. The risk of dying from COPD, a group of respiratory diseases including emphysema, is 26 times higher for male smokers today and 22 times higher for women compared to those who have never smoked. Results of the study are published in the Jan. 24 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. Dr. Steven Schroeder, author of an accompanying journal editorial agreed, and said that smoking has become an “invisible problem.” “The money we should be spending on tobacco control isn’t there,” Schroeder said. “People afflicted with smoking tend to be invisible at policy levels. The less-educated, the poor, those with mental illness, they don’t vote. And, there are no advocacy groups for smokers. Tobacco cessation programs require public funds, and no one is clamoring for them.” The bright side to this disturbing news is that smoking cessation works. When people quit smoking, their health improves dramatically and their risk of dying decreases. Of course trying to quit is one almighty battle. That is why some prefer to try switching to vape, where there is an array of flavours to choose from. E juice NZ is one place that can help smokers make the change over to vapes. A second study in the same journal issue found that lifetime smokers lose an average of about 10 years of life compared to people who never smoked. But, that same study found that people who quit between the ages of 25 and 34 gain an average of 10 years of life compared to those who continue to smoke. Even if you quit at 55 to 64, you still reap an extra four years, according to the study. The study suggests that while any amount of smoking can damage your health, quitting by age 40 can almost entirely mitigate the effect smoking has on your length of life. I. www.nejm.org II. www.lung.org III. People Who Quit Smoking By 40 May Live As Long As People Who Never Smoked About SignatureMD
“Henry Ford Hospital” Frida Kahlo Categories: Frida KahloPainting The “Henry Ford Hospital” (The Flying Bed) completed in 1932, created by the artist Frida Kahlo was her first painting on tin. The painting contains all components of “Frida Style” ex-voto (retablo); which is small in size, painted on tin, portrays a tragic event and an inscription. The style used for this painting is Surrealism. This work is made by Oil on Metal. The dimensions of the work are 12 ¼” x 15 ½” In a shape of a Rectangle. Frida used rich colors to express strong feelings. This artwork was made during the Modern Art period. Frida Kahlo was the creator of the “Henry Ford Hospital” (The Flying Bed) 1932 painting. This is one of her most painful self-portraits that she had ever painted. Frida created this artwork of herself during one of her most painful times in her life. She was suffering her second miscarriage, and she was also was also realizing that she would not ever be able to carry a pregnancy to term. Get quality help now Doctor Jennifer Verified writer Proficient in: Frida Kahlo 5 (893) +84 relevant experts are online Hire writer She experienced this situation in a foreign city that she did not like, the city of Detroit, Michigan. They were in the city of Detroit because her husband Diego was creating his famous Detroit Industry frescoes (frescoes, is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster) at the Detroit Institute of Arts. In the background of the painting Frida included the Ford family’s factories because they dominated the skyline from the hospitals view. In Henry Ford Hospital Frida lies naked in her bed. Frida has a large tear falls from her left eye. Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper Number of pages Email Invalid email Write my paper You won’t be charged yet! The sheet beneath her is bloody, because she is had a miscarriage. Her stomach is still swollen from pregnancy. The bed frame bears the inscription “Henry Ford Hospital Detroit,” but the bed and Frida floats or flies in an abstract space circled by a series of six floating objects around her bed that are symbolic of her emotions at the time of her miscarriage. They are attached with festive bows; the ends of red ribbons I suggest are veins or umbilical chords that she holds against her stomach with her left hand. There is a side view of the female anatomy, a fetus, a snail, a machine, an orchid and an image of a pelvis. The main object or image is a perfectly formed male fetus; the little Diego Frida had hoped to have. The others refer to aspects of childbearing. The snail Frida explained refers to the slowness of her miscarriage. At the bottom of the painting is the broken pelvis that prevented Frida from having children. The large lavender orchid looks like an extracted uterus, Diego had given it to Frida in the hospital. When she painted the orchid, she had the sexual thing mixed with the sentimental. The female torso is to explain the inside of the female. The machine at lower left symbolizes the mechanical part of the whole business. This works meaning and the feelings involved are expressed openly. The objects are much larger than her actual body, symbolizing how her fears and tragedies are overtaking her life. The fact that she lies alone in her bed, with no one around her except the sky, shows that she feels alone. This shows the feeling of loneliness, abandonment and helplessness. It also illustrates the fragility of her body and therefore shows that she is in a weak, painful, grieving and depressing point in her life. Cite this page “Henry Ford Hospital” Frida Kahlo. (2017, Feb 03). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/henry-ford-hospital-frida-kahlo-essay “Henry Ford Hospital” Frida Kahlo 👋 Hi! I’m your smart assistant Amy! get help with your assignment
Here’s why smugglers eye on non-venomous sand boa? What makes this species priceless? It remains a mystery why the red sand boa is so popular in trafficking circles. Some believe that it has supernatural powers. The snake is known as mandul/mandul or du-tondya (two-faced), scientific name is Erics johnii. It is also known as a double engine, as its head and tail give a similar appearance. The snake is found in India, Iran and Pakistan. The snake is a burrowing species and prefers loose sand that crumbles easily, in which it remains buried underground. It feeds on rodents, geckos and frogs and some species feed exclusively on other snakes. The most important feature of this snake, which makes it more popular and safe, is that it is non-venomous. These species are protected in India under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Poaching, trade attracts sections 9, 11, 39, 48 and 51 of the Wildlife Protection Act as well as other relevant sections of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960, if they have caused harm. Advocate Pawan Sharma and Honorary Wildlife Warden, Founder and President, RAW (Reskin Association for Wildlife Welfare) Mumbai says, “Snake is found in many parts of our state, especially in the Western Ghats and around Nashik, Malegaon and Dhule. In my career of 16 years, I have seen its price ranging from Rs 2 lakh to Rs 2 crore. He further says, ‘Smugglers or tantriks tell people that a snake weighing 2 to 2.5 kg attracts wealth and luck. So, the farmers who catch these snakes eat them, and we have found bolts and stones inside the snake’s body. They die soon.” A tantrik says, “Many people believe that this snake has supernatural powers that can bring them not only luck, but also wealth and prosperity in their business. Some people believe that the backbone of the sand boa is useful for vashikaran [enchanting someone]. Apart from this, it is also believed that if proper rituals are followed, the snake can generate ‘wealth rain’.” It is also claimed that snake secretions can be used to gain strength for sex life and to cure AIDS. But medical science has not yet proved it. Therefore, the snake remains at the center of smuggling and illegal trade. Mumbai Police arrests hundreds of such touts every year. Recently retired senior inspector Sanjay Surve, who spent most of his service in the crime branch, says, “Usually middlemen are caught who eat. There is no fixed supply chain or racket as snakes are found in abundance. Those who are in trouble in trading fall prey to these touts.” Many potential buyers are robbed on the way to buy the snake. “Recently, a buyer was robbed during the journey. However, when we got this information and we reached out to him, he refused to register the complaint for fear of being defamed,” says a senior police officer. Sunish Subramaniam, Honorary Wildlife Warden, Founder, Plant and Animal Welfare Society (PAWS-Mumbai), says, “The root cause of this illegal trade is cost above 20 lakh each. Add a Comment Your email address will not be published.
Deep Learning 1. Home 2. / 3. Services 4. / 5. Deep Learning Deep Learning We leverage the latest technological advances, such as AI, to enable automated systems to make human-like decisions. Advantages of Deep Learning In Machine Vision Applications Nearly 30 years ago machine vision applications simplified manufacturing, analysis and research by taking over mundane tasks, with robotic repetition. Now, 30 years later deep learning is shaping these industries by tackling varying tasks, with human accuracy. Machine vision applications have been used in manufacturing, analysis and research for over 20 years, and in that time not much has changed. Since its inception in these fields, machine vision has been aiding manufacturers and research centres to identify objects based on programmed algorithms that detect and examine predetermined elements. However, its application was limited in nature as it was connected to the predictability of the task. 30 Years later, and machine vision is still unable to extend beyond its original limitations to tackle non standardised tasks. Not until deep learning that is. Deep learning in machine vision applications is set to disrupt the industry with its ability to examine complex and varying objects with the same level of precision it would simple objects. Except now, it won’t just be repeating an action. It will be intuitively deciphering what action needs to be taken. So, what exactly is deep learning? Deep learning is software designed to mimic the human brain. It’s meant to absorb information as a human would and then use what it has learnt in a practical environment. Making it especially beneficial in areas of AI where responses would be (and still are) difficult to program. Deep learning does not require a programmer to code what it should do. It works through an artificial neural network that closely resembles a human brain. For example, after being taught the different defects or flaws an object could have, it is able to use that information across different objects with extreme accuracy. How Will Deep Learning Affect Machine Vision Until now, machine vision has only worked under controlled circumstances, tasked with repeating the same movement over and over again. In production, for example, it would scan an object to determine whether the object met predetermined specifications, and either rejected the object or allowed it to journey on. It was a straightforward and easy enough process that did not require an active workforce to complete. So, when machine vision entered the market in the 90’s it was a revolutionary way to streamline production and slim down a bloated workforce. In industries where precision was essential to manufacturing, research and analysis machine vision would automate specific task with surprising accuracy. However, the objects and patterns these machines could scan was limited to what it could be programmed to understand. There were no variables, no complex analysis or nonstandard objects to examine. The objects were standard and the results were simple enough to predetermine. All an engineer had to do was code the machine to complete its duty. But as deep learning is entering this space, machines would now be able to decipher various unstandardised objects with that same level of accuracy. Objects and items that could vary in nature, and defects that could vary as well. After an initial phase of “teaching” the device what is acceptable, and what an object should look like, the machine is then able to collect this data to precisely detect similar scenarios in the field. And then accurately determine what should be done. Greater Accuracy With Complex Tasks The greatest advantage of deep learning in machine vision is that the software deviates from pure repetition – which is, in fact, machine visions biggest limitation. When deep learning is coupled with machine vision this limitation would be completely shattered. Now, the visual software could determine what needs to be done after analysing a completely new or foreign object. In the same way a human would. As this is the case, the machine could work in any part of research and manufacturing where analysis and precision is required, and where tasks aren’t straightforward. But in order for deep learning to work you need big data from which the machine can base its results. Once the machine has this data it will continue to learn just as humans do, becoming an asset to your team in the process. Get in touch
Why grow tomatoes at home? Home grown tomatoes taste better! But did you know that tomatoes are also an excellent source of lycopene, an antioxidant that contributes to overall health and well-being? Plus, it’s easy to grow a bountiful crop with just a few easy steps. So why wait? Now is the time to join the local food movement and ensure that you are eating healthy, nutritious food straight from the garden! How do I get started? We recommend starting with 4” or gallon size tomato plants. The best time to plant is after all danger of frost has passed, and nighttime temperatures are 50 degrees or warmer. Now follow these easy steps: FIRST decide what type of tomatoes you want! There are basically 2 types of tomatoes: Determinate Varieties – shorter, bushier, well-suited for growing in a container, these varieties produce a large single crop. Indeterminate Varieties – taller growing, these varieties need extra support and product throughout the growing season. (most heirloom types are inderterminate) NEXT, choose an area with full sun to grow your tomatoes (minimum 6-8 hours direct sun). If possible place them near a south or west facing wall that will absorb heat all day and keep your tomatoes warmer at night. Tomatoes love heat! THEN, prepare the area for your tomato plants. If you’re planting into a garden bed, amend your garden soil with a mix that will provide abundant plant nutrients, improve physical soil structure and help balance pH when mixed with existing garden soil. If planting into a container, fill the container with potting soil and then apply the same fertilizer as if planting into the soil directly. Then, add a couple of handfuls of horticultural lime to the soil at planting time to help prevent blossom end rot. FINAL STEP – Plant your tomatoes! When planting tomatoes, we recommend that you plant them deeply so the lower sets of leaves are actually covered by soil. Roots will develop along the stem underground, which helps strengthen the plant and support the fruits. Protection: Depending on the weather, you may need to cover your tomatoes at night in the beginning. Once temperatures remain above 50 degrees consistently, you no longer need to cover the tomato plants. Support: Staking is required for indeterminate varieties. Tomato cages, or other support, should be installed at the time of planting. This prevents root damage from installing supports later on. Food: Feed your tomatoes with an organic tomato and vegetable fertilizer. Water: Water deeply and consistently, as this will prevent many of the most common tomato problems. Always water at the soil level and avoid getting water on the leaves. Morning is the best time of day to water. Enjoy the fruits of your labor! Taste the ripe, juicy tomatoes you grow in all of your favorite dishes and share them with your friends and family. You are a part of the local food movement! Plant your tomatoes in our amazing handcrafted cedar planters. Click here to order them online today!
HOME > Browse > Rare Books > Landmark Books > Rhetorica ad Herennium [and] Cicero. De Inventione [edited by Omnibonus Leonicenus] the first treatise on the celebrated method of loci (the memory palace) MEMORY.. Rhetorica ad Herennium [and] Cicero. De Inventione [edited by Omnibonus Leonicenus] Venice: Nicolas Jenson, 1470 Two works in one volume. 4to. 68 leaves and 70 leaves. Initials and decorative border in period style. Nineteenth-century red morocco gilt by Koehler, a.e.g. Several paper repairs, with minor pen facsimile to [G]3-6. Very good examples of these rare works. First edition of Rhetorica ad Herennium, “a book more precious than gold” (Leonhard Spengel). A landmark in Western intellectual history, Rhetorica ad Herennium contains the first description of the “method of loci,” the memory technique also known as the memory palace. In this ancient memorization technique, “the subject memorizes the layout of some building, or the arrangement of shops on a street or any geographical entity which is composed of a number of discrete loci, When desiring to remember a set of items the subject ‘walks’ through these loci in their imagination and commits an item to each one by forming an image between the item and any feature of that locus, Retrieval is achieved by ‘walking’ through the loci, allowing the latter to activate the desired items” (O’Keefe). The influence of the Rhetorica, the earliest classical source on the art of memory, has echoed through the centuries. For the centuries during which paper was rare and costly, “artificial memory” was essential to the growth, preservation and dissemination of knowledge. The Rhetorica’s approach was employed by ancient rhetoricians, and early Christian monks to memorize the Bible and organize monastic practices of meditative reading and composition. Thomas Aquinas promoted the art of memory in his writings, and Bacon and Descartes assimilated it into the study of logic. The method of loci continues to be used to this day by memory competitors (world champion Edward Cooke called the Rhetorica “our Bible”), and it is employed for the insights it provides in neurology and psychology. The Rhetorica also presents the first full treatment of memoria (the memorization of speeches). Dating to the dawn of Latin prose, this is the earliest work of Latin prose preserved in its original form. The Rhetorica was a source for Machiavelli, Shakespeare, and countless others. It survives in hundreds of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, 14 printed incunable editions, and scores of 16th-century printed editions, making it “one of the most studied books in European history” (Latinitium). Nicolas Jenson, one of the giants of early printing in Italy, learned the art from Gutenberg in the late 1450s. He printed these works in 1470, the year he began his celebrated career as a printer on his own. Since ancient times the Rhetorica was commonly read with and published with Cicero’s De Inventione, the first surviving work to use the term “liberal arts.” Jenson continued this tradition, printing the works at the same time, and thus they are often found together, as in the present copy. RARE. Only four examples have appeared for public sale in the past century (two of those are now at the Library of Congress). American ownership is today restricted to the very greatest libraries: Morgan, Huntington, Harvard, and Library of Congress. Provenance: “Vente Salmon no. 342, 130f.” (manuscript note on free endpaper); Count Oswald Seilern, a leading incunabula collector between the world wars, with his book label.
Summer is here, and it seems our feathered friends are enjoying the cooling effects of water as much as we are. Milnerton’s famous flamingos were recently spotted wading away the day in the Milnerton Lagoon. Kyle Nielsen was lucky enough to capture the sight of the birds at the mouth leading to the sea of the lagoon on Sunday, December 13. These flamingos have become residents in their own right, and are somewhat of an attraction for the area. They are often spotted by the lagoon and by the golf course at the Milnerton Light House. Flamingos tend to congregate in lagoons or mudflats where they can easily find shallow saltwater prey. They are incredibly social creatures and are typically found in large flocks. They are named after the Spanish and Latin word “flamenco”, meaning fire, referring to their brightly coloured feathers. Interestingly, not all flamingoes are brightly coloured. In fact, many are mostly white or grey. The pink tinge in their feathers, which varies in intensity, is a result of their diet. The crustaceans and plankton that flamingos feed on contain the beta-carotene pigment, which turns them pink. Picture/s: Kyle Nielsen Article written by
Monet & Gauguin: Impressionist & Post-Impressionist When compared, Claude Monet's Camille Monet on a Garden Bench and Paul Gauguin's The Siesta, exhibit innovative aesthetic characteristics which position both works firmly within the discourse of 'modern' Western painting. Monet and Gauguin's loose application of paint, deemphasis on local coloring and rejection of strict chiaroscuro, modeling and tonal gradations distance these artists from the refined Renaissance and Baroque aesthetics of Da Vinci, El Greco, and Caravaggio. Such radical techniques signaled a shift in the treatment of the artistic work, transforming the nature of the canvas from a metaphorical window onto another reality, into an object that the viewer looks at rather than through. The stressing of the canvas' flatness, a self-critical tendency identified by 20th century critic Clement Greenberg which, for him, detached painting's modern era from the influence of the Old Masters, is emphasized within both Camille Monet on a Garden Bench and The Siesta, particularly through the refutation of sculptural shading and formalized composition. Furthermore, Monet and Gauguin's secular subjects and 'natural' settings, a far cry from the religious idealizations of the Renaissance, reflect, on one hand, the increasing secularization of socio-economic Europe, principally made manifest in the visual arts by the non-spiritual, Realist tradition championed by Courbet and Daumier and, on the other, the reemerging influence of the European Romantic tradition. While Monet's Camille Monet on a Garden Bench is a pristine example of Impressionism, a movement conceived during the 19th century which visually interpreted the interplay of light and color, it would be disingenuous to describe the aesthetic of The Siesta similarly. While Gauguin originally emulated the impressionist style of Camille Pissarro in works such as Landscape at Viroflay, The Siesta signifies a radical rejection of Monet's systematic Impressionism in the handling of subject, line, depth and, most explicitly, color. Critics have come to define Gauguin's style as 'Post-Impressionist,' a general term for those artists, like Gauguin, Van Gogh, Paul Cezanne and Seurat, who reinterpreted, both expressively and analytically, established impressionist considerations. As such, through the articulation and comparison of their primary characteristics, particularly the stated aims/ends of their respective aesthetics, the nature of their subject matter, the selection and treatment of color, and the handling of shape, depth and contour, Camille Monet on a Garden Bench and The Siesta reveal themselves as part of two distinct, separate, yet interrelated movements, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, respectively. For many, Monet's name is synonymous with Impressionism; his paintings, like Impression: Sunrise or Camille Monet on a Garden Bench, are an ideal reflection of those aesthetic concerns generally associated with the movement. The adherents of Impressionism sought to capture and represent the complex nature of the single, or fleeting, 'moment.' These consciously avant-garde artists realized that, to visually convey an 'impression,' one must consider and integrate both the objective (optical) characteristics of images as well as those subjective (emotional) responses it elicits in the artist. As such, neither concern ultimately prevails in Impressionist work. Objective and subjective elements are deliberately indistinct; optical truth is intermixed with emotional response. The Italian theorist, Benedetto Croce, concretely articulates this modern concern in his work Aesthetics: If we examine a (work of art) in order to determine what it is that makes us feel it to be a (work of art), we at once find two constant and necessary elements: a complex of images, and a feeling that animates them. The Impressionists' achievements in the visual interpretation of objective reality were greatly facilitated by contemporary advances in science and premixed paints. Monet, foremost, believed that rendering the 'true' visual experience on canvas required an advanced understanding of the interplay between color and light. As such, the Impressionists embraced coeval advances in color theory, color harmony and color mixture, particularly those submitted by the French chemist Eugene Chevreul. Chevreul determined that: colors in proximity influence one another; that, when left autonomous, any color appears surrounded by a slight aura of complementary color; that, at a distance, the eye reflexively fuses proximate, disparate colors into a single tone. The Impressionists visually interpreted Chevreul's ideas of proximate color influence by tinging the shadows of objects with complementary color. Furthermore, intentionally juxtaposing complementary hues (such as blue/orange or red/green, colors diametrically opposite on the color wheel) achieved a greater degree of visual force that, when observed from a distance, produced either (on a large scale) a unified color more vivid than could be achieved through palette mixture or (on a small scale) a neutral tone. Impressionist color theory is quite evident in Camille Monet on a Garden Bench. Immediately, the viewer is drawn to the visual intensity expressed by Monet's renderings of flora and shrubbery. While the cultivated bush which occupies the painting's middle-ground is lent some sculptural mass through the integration of three progressive shades of green, Monet dots its surface with points of red, which suggest flowers in bloom. The juxtaposition of bright greens and reds articulates the shrub's surface, asserting the form's visually dominant function in the picture plane, a brilliant contrast to the more muted tones of the foreground. Furthermore, in articulating color through pure points, rather than obscuring brushwork through blended shades, Monet visually unites disparate forms (the bush, the expansive middle-ground hedge, Camille's foreground bouquet), lending compositional balance through the repetition of color, in this instance, red. Impressionist color theory is also evident in Monet's handling of shadow. Monet renders the foreground bench upon which Camille, his subject, is seated, in distinct shades of blue. The shadow cast on the ground is therefore an amalgamation of dull blue (the proximate color of the bench, which also accounts for the light thrown onto the hat of Monet's nearby male subject) and spots of unsaturated orange (its complementary hue), creating, when viewed at a distance, a relatively neutral tone. The same treatment of shadow is evident in the features of Camille. Since her skin tone is expressed in orange hues, those shadows which lend her face mass and curvature are executed with the distinct inclusion of a pale blue tint. The treatment of mass and shadow in Camille Monet on a Garden Bench reflects another distinct Impressionist tendency. Monet intentionally eschews the Renaissance traditions of chiaroscuro modeling, the gradation of tones from lightest to darkest to produce the illusion of sculptural form, and the articulation of sharp detail and contour. The Impressionists believed that, in the fleeting 'moment' which they sought to capture, the eye is incapable of recognizing the full scale of tonal gradation; while the extreme distinction between light and shadow is evident, subtle differentiations are overlooked. Manet expressed this concern, visually, in his piece La Musique aux Tuileries. Aware of Manet's previous treatment of shading, Monet conveys shadow, not as a succession of tones, but as non-blended patches of autonomous color. Such bold distinctions between light and shadow are evident in Camille's dress, in the folds of the dandy's sleeve, and in the curvature of the bench. Moreover, Monet, following the Romantic work of Reubens, opts for, in certain places, loose brushwork, intentionally negating sharp contours to divide bodies and forms. This results in some optic confusion: Camille's dress and her bouquet of flowers both blend with the form of the bench; the middle-ground woman's parasol disappears into the distant hedge. Combined, the refutation of chiaroscuro and the lack of defined form contribute to an overall sense of aesthetic lightness and emphasize the two-dimensional (flat) integrity of the picture plane. In its dual indebtedness to the traditions of Realism and Romanticism, the subjects and setting of Camille Monet on a Garden Bench are also reflective of the Impressionist style of Monet, Manet, and Pissarro. Gustave Courbet, the premier 19th century Realist painter, shunned the idealizations of the Italian Renaissance and Baroque eras and the aristocratic frivolities of the Rococo. His works, such as The Stone Breakers (image below), transferred the subjective focus of art from the spiritual to the everyday, reflecting the growing secularization/modernization of society. The influence of Realism's secular thrust carried throughout the 19th century, and is clearly evident in the work of both Manet and Monet. However, while Courbet, and his contemporary Daumier, principally focused on Europe's working class, lending their works a socio-economic and critical disposition, Édouard Manet, Monet and Renoir all favored lighthearted depictions of (secular) bourgeois outdoor gatherings and fetes. In Camille Monet on a Garden Bench, Camille and her dandy admirer are clearly of the French bourgeoisie; they could have been plucked directly from La Musique aux Tuileries. Their situation in a well-kept garden reflects a revived interest, common among the Impressionists and evident in their numerous landscapes specifically painted en plein air, in the Romantic pursuit of natural beauty and, perhaps, the translation of the elusive sublime. Conversely, Gauguin's The Siesta acknowledges, and radically rejects, the particular Impressionist concerns of subject, light, and color embodied by Camille Monet on a Garden Bench. A cursory glance of The Siesta reveals a departure from those underlying principles, both visual and subjective, which provided an essential foundation for Monet and Impressionist art in general. Rather than represent Europe's alienated working class in the Realist tradition of Courbet, or the lighthearted frivolousness of the Impressionists' favored bourgeoisie, Gauguin sought the unspoiled essence of peasant and primitive culture. His passion for emotional integrity, visually expressed through the socially incorrupt, would help ignite a widespread revival of Primitivism in art. By 1886, Gauguin had become disillusioned with the expansive influence of Western society. From his perspective, contemporary culture had promoted an aesthetic, in Realism and Impressionism, that was too imitative, too objective in its compositional pursuits. For Gauguin, Realism and Impressionism lacked significant emotional and symbolic content, that feeling (later identified by Croce) which, through art, animated the objective image. A trip to Brittany, during which he produced the masterpiece Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, emblematically released Gauguin from the theoretical and visual confines of Impressionism. In Brittany's Catholic peasantry, Gauguin found subjects which embodied the emotional purity and virtuousness of communality that he sought to represent, far removed from the individualizing concerns of industrial-commercial society. Seeking ever more provocative subjects and further isolation from the material trappings of bourgeois Europe, Gauguin pursued his tendencies and moved to the islands of Tahiti, opting to paint lush, vivid landscapes infused with myriad exotic colors. The subtle, socially-critical aesthetic of Gauguin's paintings, which emphasized the virtuousness of nature and the 'primitive' over the pleasantries of modern progress, indicates the strong influence of the French philosophe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau who, in his Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences composed over a century earlier, stated: We cannot reflect on the morality of mankind without contemplating with pleasure the picture of the simplicity which prevailed in the earliest times. This image may be justly compared to a beautiful coast, adorned only by the hands of nature; towards which our eyes are constantly turned, and which we see receding with regret. While men were innocent and virtuous and loved to have the gods for witnesses of their actions, they dwelt together in the same huts; but when they became vicious, they grew tired of such inconvenient onlookers, and banished them to magnificent temples...As the conveniences of life increase, as the arts are brought to perfection, and luxury spreads, true courage flags, the virtues disappear; and all this is the effect of the sciences and of those acts which are exercised in the privacy of men's dwellings. Both the subjective focus and the compositional mis-en-scence of The Siesta are clearly informed by Gauguin's Romantic-influenced aesthetic. The Siesta does not take place in a well-manicured European garden; its human foci are clearly not of the bourgeoisie. Several compositional elements suggest a deliberately non-bourgeois setting. The incorporation of vibrant, pastel (exotic) colors, the articulation of a wild, uncultivated environment expressed through flat patches (rather than points or strokes) of green and brown, the billowy, modest clothing of the four women represented and their deliberately bronze skin tone (compared to the facial pallor of Camille Monet), indicate, on the one hand, an interest in the representation of natural beauty and primitive virtue, and, on the other, a contempt for the haughtiness of European middle-class culture. The Siesta is situated in the far-removed, Romantic/exotic locale of the South Pacific, a distinct 'picture of the simplicity which prevailed in the earliest times.' Gauguin's emphasis on emotional content, and his refutation of the Impressionist insistence on translating 'optical truth,' also determines his choice and application of color in The Siesta. Gauguin did not adhere to Realism's naturalistic use of local color, which demanded that objects be rendered in their genuine hue, nor did he subscribe to the Impressionist tendency to juxtapose complementary colors to create more vibrant or neutral tones. For Gauguin, color was a seminal element of artistic creativity, to be used, foremost, in an expressive capacity. In The Siesta, Gauguin asserts color, non-locally (the porch, rendered in pinkish tones was, in reality, probably not pink), as flat, unmodulated and autonomous planes. The repetition of patches of color, such as those fields of orange found in the background brush, in the Tahitian woman's chemise-like garment, and in the fruit peeking out of the foreground handbag, create a distinct compositional rhythm, a patterning of color-specific configurations which intensify the work's dreamy, lyrical and emotional content, and echo the formal designs found on the foreground subject's sarong. The Siesta's interest in compositional unity lent by aesthetic patterning, both through form and through color, presages the evolution of Fauvism, and those visual concerns later expressed by Henri Matisse in his masterpiece, The Dessert: Harmony in Red of 1909. Moreover, in The Siesta, Gauguin rejects Monet's interpretations of contour, shadow and depth. This suggests a dissatisfaction with the aesthetic restrictions imposed by Impressionism's reliance on optical science. In Camille Monet on a Garden Bench, Monet deemphasizes the contours of his forms, shuns chiaroscuro, tinges his shadows with complementary colors and provides a horizon line which enables the viewer to approximate depth and distance. Gauguin, too, refutes chiaroscuro; shadows are expressed through single differentiations of tone rather than graduated shades. However, unlike Monet, whose expansive foreground shadow in Camille Monet on a Garden Bench lends weight to both Camille and the bench, Gauguin sparingly employs shading. His subjects lack sculptural definition and cast little or no shadow on the porch underfoot, advancing an impression of compositional weightlessness, ambiguous depth and free movement. This aesthetic discombobulation is further emphasized by Gauguin's lack of an establishing horizon line; expressions of genuine depth (while suggested by the porch's receding orthagonals) and optical honesty in The Siesta are suppressed in favor of compositional rhythm and the integrity of the (flat) picture plane. Furthermore, Gauguin outlines the forms of his subjects with an intentional black contour, a technique which would figure predominantly in the work of the German Expressionists, particularly Die Bruke artist Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. The incorporation of exaggerated limning drastically separates and flattens the shapes of Gauguin's Tahitian subjects, allowing them to function as both articulate, autonomous forms, and as part of the chiefly unmodulated, rhythmic patterning of the composition. Having taken Gauguin's intentions and aesthetics under consideration, it becomes quite evident why a majority of critics describe his later work as 'Post-Impressionist,' that is, work that responds to, but is essentially distinct from, the 19th century Impressionism of Monet. Additionally, his works, like The Siesta, could also be considered 'Pre-Expressionist' in their liberal choice and application of vivid, non-local color, and their visual proximity to the later work of Matisse and Kirchner. 'Pre-Expressionist' would probably be a more precise term for Gauguin's emotion-laden, post-Brittany aesthetic, considering the 'Post-Impressionist' movement had no unified philosophical, compositional or doctrinal basis. Unfortunately, Gauguin's work, like a musical sharp or flat compressed between natural tones, is stuck in limbo between two domineering buoys of Western art, Impressionism and Expressionism, dependent on both to provide socio-historical context to his vibrant and liberated compositions. Exact definitions aside, a thorough analysis of the artistic elements constituting Monet's Camille Monet on a Garden Bench and Gauguin's The Siesta reveal both works to be representative of their 'movement's style,' Impressionism and Post-Impressionism (Pre-Expressionism), respectively.
Academic Repositories: What are they? A ‘repository’ is where items (or data) are stored. A digital repository is a place for storing any documents, files or data online. So, what is an academic repository? An academic repository is a specifically designed digital repository used by universities all around the world to store their documents. What type of documents might you see stored in an academic repository? Below is a list of the most common documents stored by universities: • PhDs and Masters’ Theses • Books • Book chapters • Academic publications (journal papers) • Undergraduate essays and dissertations • Reports • Inaugural lectures • Bibliographies An academic repository allows researchers, students and other members of academic staff to preserve their documents in an easily manageable cloud-based system. With many academic repositories, the level of openness surrounding the contained content of each submission can be determined. This allows the content to be available to people who wish to read it inside and outside of the university if it is freely available. It also allows researchers to put an embargo, or specific filters, on their document to limit who can see it. This is common for sensitive content, such as research in a thesis which has potentially viable content for a patent, or contains content that is wanted to be kept secret, but at a time when the thesis must be added into the repository in order to graduate. Often, repositories will offer many search functions for the user and will allow researchers to isolate documents based on key words and subject, amongst other criteria. To store data in a repository, filling out forms to the university is often required and is mainly used to obtain the metadata, set the level of embargo on the manuscript and to confirm from a legal perspective that the researcher is happy to place the content on the cloud and it doesn’t infringe on any copyright or other intellectual property. Why do universities need academic repositories? The presence of an internal infrastructure to store, manage, re-use and curate digital materials is increasingly important as the cost of purchasing and storing physical copies of books, journals and student manuscripts is a burden faced by most universities. There is only a finite amount of space within universities, namely in the libraries, to store such an amount of printed content. In this all-digital age, it is now easier than ever to store academic content on file and in ‘the cloud’, saving on such space and helping to stop university libraries from becoming overcrowded. A second consideration towards the digital movement is the cost of journals. Academic journals are becoming more and more costly, especially as a lot of journals have predominantly moved to digital formats, raising the price of the less-popular printed publication versions. Whilst it is true that the cost of digital journals is increasing, the cost is not anywhere near that of printed journals and digital copies can be easily stored and used by people inside the university with ease. Repositories are there to help store content, such as journals, to be easily used by people within the university itself, but the presence of an easily accessible and searchable system allows for the research produced within the university to be accessible for everyone to see: this is particularly true for journal publications which often sit behind a paywall (unless open access) on the original journal website, but are often freely available through university repositories. What benefits are there for using an academic repository? There are a number of benefits for both the researchers and institutions involved, but the most prevalent benefits are: • Easier for your publications to be included in the Research Excellence Framework (REF) or other similar academic frameworks measuring research quality • Enabling fast, simultaneous remote access to deposits • Allowing institutions to manage their own records and intellectual assets efficiently • Makes the documents easy to reuse for new lectures, research, seminars etc. • Minimizes physical storage requirements • Enables both the metadata and intellectual object to be in the same location • Allows for an external validation of research results • Enables persistent access to deposits • Increases research visibility • Increases the potential return of investment (ROI) from assets • Allows for a long-term proof of authorship, assurance and credibility for unpublished papers University of Kent - Niigata University: University of Amsterdam: European Library: Share with your colleagues Related articles Open data: concerns and opportunities Preparing references and citations Who gets the CRediT? Authorship issues and fairness in academic writing Learn more Enhance your academic reputation and connections with an ORCID iD
Jackfruit Village Landscape, Residential / 1st Quarter 2019 Jackfruit Village April 13, 2019 Covering a total area of 1.7 hectares and surrounded by a lake in the south and southwest, the existing development site is home to 38 jackfruit trees and 13 pomelo trees, typical of rural areas in northern Vietnam. The main idea was to have the nucleus of the project—the ancestral house that will serve as a place of worship and meditation as well as a community space—to be located in the centre, and the residential units spreading out from the middle, hugging close to the surrounding trees, and making the most of the shade for the common yards. Based on the topography, the ground floors are elevated to avoid pests like termites, reducing humidity as well as allowing for natural surface drainage. Living spaces are arranged according to the landscape and vegetation, closely associated with nature. Applying a VAC model (VAC in Vietnamese stands for vuon, ao, chuong that means garden, pond, livestock pen) with an existing fruit tree garden, cage fish farming along with a livestock farm, abundantly supplies clean, organic food for the workers and users during the whole process, from construction to operation. The project uses a five-chamber septic tank and wetlands technology to treat waste water for irrigation and toilet. The ecosystems create a closed cycle that can be self-sufficient, renewable and maintainable in the long term. The buildings with their alternately solid and hollow spaces make them seem transparent, maintaining a harmonious relationship between the built and natural elements. This project incorporates local, eco-friendly materials alongside modern technology (to create a new architectural morphology but still user-friendly and sustainable): adobe bricks and broad thatched roofs, which offer shading and mitigate solar radiation; wood; bamboo; and leaves are the main materials. Due to difficulties in transporting materials to the site, earth bricks were made from soil from the foundation excavation process. Bamboo and palm leaves were purchased and treated on-site, minimising transportation costs and time. The progress from design to completion has been extremely difficult. The materials needed to undergo changes and improvement due to the specificity of the project. Even though the project design was created on new ideas and solutions, it still had to be based on available elements, which was a huge challenge that required the architects and construction engineers to work closely together. The construction process created work for the surrounding households and workers, which effectively helped boost their income and living standards. The locals took advantage of traditional construction technology and materials but elevated them accordingly in a more contemporary design context to create new solutions. The design also brought a positive impact on the community, helping them to improve their outlook in aesthetics, as well as new and more progressive living models. The project aims to contribute to a new image of Vietnamese rural life, evoking more creative and smarter ideas while still retaining its essence and values. Project NameJackfruit Village LocationTrai Lang village, Co Dong Commune, Son Tay town, Hanoi, Vietnam StatusUnder construction Expected CompletionMay 2019 Site Area17,000 square metres Gross Floor Area2,800 square metres Client/OwnerTran Manh Hung Achitecture Firm1+1>2 Architects Principal ArchitectHoang Thuc Hao Design TeamDo Minh Duc; Le Dinh Hung; Duong Van Manh; Pham Hong Ngoc; Phung Ngoc Ha Ly Main ContractorNguyen Gia Phong Mechanical & Electrical EngineersLe Xuan Vuong; Le Xuan Thang Civil & Structural EngineersNguyen Hong Chuong; Giap Duc Phuc; Ninh Van Quang; Do Hong Kien Images/Photos1+1>2 Architects; Do Minh Duc
Project Description When Doctors Know That They Don’t Know The Boston Globe “Medicine is a science of uncertainty and an art of probability.” It is time for doctors to embrace their role as the navigators of uncertainty. They can do this by acquiring better tools to explain such things as odds and probabilities to lay people, a patient population that, in general, has not been trained to understand the complexity of the medical world they are pushed into.”
More objections to the science of cosmic fine-tuning August 30th, 2015 in clues. Tags: , , , Growing cocoa The science of fine-tuning is summed up in this statement: of all the possible universes allowed by theoretical physics, an extremely small number would allow the evolution of intelligent life. Very few cosmologists seem to contest this statement, and Luke Barnes names more than 20 of the best who support it. Yet it is common to hear objections to some aspects of it, or at least suggestions that fine-tuning isn’t as certain as sometimes claimed. In a recent internet discussion, several suggested objections were made, mostly based on a debate by cosmologist Sean Carroll. I am not a cosmologist, so I am struggling a little with some of these objections, but I thought they were worth a look. (This post covers similar territory to The science of universal fine-tuning.) In this post, I am just considering the science of fine-tuning, as defined above. I will look at the theistic argument, based on the science, in a follow-up post. It is important to distinguish between the two. The evidence briefly stated In the past half century, cosmologists have developed their understanding of astrophysics to the extent that they can know calculate the effects of changing cosmological laws and constants. They have found that only small changes in any of about a dozen physical constants (e.g. the gravitational constant or the mass of a neutron) would not only make life as we know it impossible, but would generally result in the universe either having only a very short life or consisting only of Hydrogen or Helium. The science is well enough developed that equations can be evaluated and graphs drawn, showing how only a small part of the sample space allows life, a conclusion most eminent cosmologists support. The objections My friend and Sean Carroll between them had the following objections or questions: 1. Do we understand the laws well enough, and can we model them accurately enough, to know the fine-tuning is real? 2. Can we calculate probabilities with any accuracy? Could there be an infinite number of universes that make probability calculation meaningless? 3. Do we know the conditions under which life can and can’t form, or even define life? 4. Could there be universes with totally different structures than we have even imagined, that might support life? 5. The multiverse provides an explanation of how fine-tuning could occur. Sean Carroll made two other points that relate to the theistic argument rather than the science, so I will defer them until my next post. 1. Do we understand the laws well enough? Cosmologist Luke Barnes says: “The theories on which one bases fine-tuning calculations are precisely the reigning theories of modern physics. These are not “entirely new physics” but the same equations (general relativity, the standard model of particle physics, stellar structure equations etc.) that have time and again predicted the results of observations, now applied to different scenarios.” It is hard to see how the 20+ eminent cosmologists who are quoted to support the conclusion that the universe really is “fine-tuned” would have come to that conclusion lightly, and in some cases (e.g. Rees, Susskind, Davies, Penrose, Smolin) written books on the topic. Sean Carroll suggests that one of the common fine-tuning claims, that “the expansion rate of the early universe is tuned to within 1 part in 10^”60” is mistaken. In fact, he says: “If you ask the same question using the correct equations you find that the probability is 1” I have insufficient understanding to assess this claim, but I note that: • it appears that most other cosmologists don’t draw the conclusion Carroll does; • Luke Barnes makes the point that if inflation is not itself evidence of fine-tuning, it may be that it is itself even more fine-tuned by some other factors (he quotes Hollands & Wald: “although inflationary models may alleviate the “fine tuning” in the choice of initial conditions, the models themselves create new “fine tuning” issues with regard to the properties of the scalar field”); and • Carroll himself says: “The homogeneity of the early universe, however, does represent a substantial fine-tuning …. inflation only occurs in a negligibly small fraction of cosmological histories, less than 10^-6.6×10^7” and “… analysis shows that inflation doesn’t really change the underlying problem — sure, you can get our universe if you start in the right state, but that state is even more finely-tuned than the conventional Big Bang beginning.” I don’t really understand Carroll here. Has he changed is mind between those quotes and his debate with Craig, or did he introduce a red herring into the debate? I don’t know enough to say. But I conclude then that the fine-tuning of the universe is a well supported scientific conclusion. We can only go with current science – if it changes, we re-assess, but there seems little likelihood that this science will change much. 2. Can we calculate probabilities with any accuracy? Luke Barnes shows graphs that depict the fine-tuning in mathematical terms, and offers the following fine-tuning numbers: “the cosmological constant alone gives 10^-120. The Higgs vev is fine-tuned to 10^-17. The triple alpha process plausibly puts constraints of order 10^-5 on the fine-structure constant. The “famous fine-tuning problem” of inflation is 10^-11 (Turok, 2002). The fine-tuning implied by entropy is 1 in 10^10^123 according to Penrose”. To these we can add Smolin’s calculation of the probability that stars will form as 10^-229. These cosmologists didn’t just make these numbers up! Penrose was Professor of Mathematics at Oxford University and presumably knew what he was doing. Certainly the numbers are not precise, but Barnes makes the point that with numbers this large, order of magnitude calculations are quite sufficient. I have seen several arguments against the calculation of probabilities. Perhaps there is an infinite number of possibilities, so how can we calculate probabilities? The probabilities are calculated based on what is known. If the sample space is even larger, this further reduces the probabilities. If, somehow, the sample space could be infinite, the probability approaches zero. I can’t see how this argument takes us anywhere except reinforcing the improbability of the fine-tuning. Probability estimates assume an even probability distribution. I guess this is true, but two points seem relevant here: • Our definition of fine-tuning doesn’t depend on a numerical probability, but on the observation that “of all the possible universes allowed by theoretical physics, an extremely small number would allow the evolution of intelligent life”. • Luke Barnes points out that “to significantly change the probability of a life-permitting universe, we would need a prior [probability] that centres close to the observed value, and has a narrow peak. But this simply exchanges one fine-tuning for two — the centre and peak of the distribution.” So I conclude that probabilities can be calculated with sufficient reliability to draw general fine-tuning conclusions. 3. What about life of a very different form? This is perhaps the most common objection to fine-tuning. Aren’t we being a little parochial to only consider carbon-based life which depends on oxygen? But the fine-tuning argument is stronger than that. Here I will quote Luke Barnes at length, commenting on Sean Carroll’s statements (shown in italics): “There are changes we can make to the laws of nature that result in a universe so simple, so barren, that by any definition of life, this isn’t it. The cosmological constant is a good example: we have a 120 orders of magnitude to play with, but after even 10 or 20, the universe contains nothing but an expanding hydrogen soup. Such a universe is very easy to predict – the universe never leaves the “linear regime”. We can solve the equations of cosmological structure formation. Compared to calculating the behaviour of our universe, this one is a doddle. “Carroll says: “The results are going to sound like they come from a science fiction novel.” I think that that statement is false. Consider a universe with too large a cosmological constant. Shortly after the beginning of the novel, the only thing that happens in the universe is two hydrogen atoms colliding every trillion years or so. The results will make for the most boring science fiction novel conceivable. (Barnes says elsewhere: “If the strong force were weaker, the periodic table would consist of only hydrogen. We do not need a rigorous definition of life to reasonably conclude that a universe with one chemical reaction (2H → H2) would not be able to create and sustain the complexity necessary for life.”) [Carroll again:] “We just don’t know whether life could exist if the conditions of our universe were very different because we only see the universe that we see.” “I don’t know how a theoretical cosmologist can make a statement like that. …. If Carroll’s problem here is an in principle problem, then his objection amounts to a denial that we can do theoretical physics. The job of the theoretical physicist is to take a given law of nature (and its constants), and predict its consequences. This usually involves solving the equation. Asking whether a given set of laws and constants would produce life is the same type of question as whether they would produce atoms, rainbows, galaxies or a CMB. “Granted, life is a more difficult task. But …. we can be conservative. Rather than identify every island that life may or may not inhabit in parameter space, we can just note the huge lifeless oceans. “The best-understood cases of fine-tuning are too dramatic to think that nit-picking over the definition of life would make any difference. Carroll’s point is essentially appealing to an as-yet-unknown fact about life that will hopefully reveal why, against all appearances, it could form and survive in a wide range of universes. In the absence of any specific idea about what this unknown fact might be, it is just as likely that what we don’t know about life will make it rarer in possibility space, i.e. more fine-tuned than we think.” As Paul Davies says, the universe “is fine-tuned for the building blocks and environments that life requires.” 4. Universes with totally different structures Here we are starting to get very speculative. But I think there are good reasons why this argument isn’t convincing. Luke Barnes has addressed this question briefly in s4.1.3. He lists 6 different laws that have been suggested (for example, reversing the electromagnetic or gravity forces, no quantum physics at small scales, or making electrons bosons rather then fermions), but says that in every case, such a universe would either be impossible, or unable to support any form of life. He concludes that “that region of possible-physics-space contributes negligibly to the total life-permitting subset”, and thus tends to confirm fine-tuning. Most changes we can think of are based more or less on the physics of our own universe, but with some twist (as in the examples Barnes mentioned), and the effects of these changes can in principle be assessed using theoretical physics. But what about more “exotic universes? For example, we might say “what about a universe not made of electrons and protons?”. But if we are talking science, as we are here, we need to follow the scientific method, which requires a hypothesis that can be tested and possibly falsified. Fantasy universes don’t really fulfil that requirement. I have been pondering this question too, and I think we can see that, mathematically, alternative universes don’t help the anti-fine-tuning argument. The sample space of known physics is very large and the life-permitting region within it is very small. Let’s just consider Lee Smolin’s estimate (p 45) of the probability of stars forming randomly (=1 in 10^229) as being the probability of life, and suppose that we could accept a level of fine-tuning that was just 1 in a billion (10^9). Even if there were a billion other forms of physics, each with its own sample space of randomly possible universes, every one of those alternative physics would have to have a probability of permitting life of less than 1 in a billion for the final probability to fall within our acceptable range. In other words, in a billion other types of physics, the probability of life is around 1 in 10^9, but just in ours it is 1 in 10^229. That doesn’t sound like a reasonable explanation to me! So it seems that, if we are talking science, totally alternative universes don’t negate fine-tuning, and perhaps tend to confirm it. 5. The multiverse The one possibility that seems able to explain fine-tuning, and the one adopted by many cosmologists, is the multiverse – there are a multitude of universes (or separate domains within the one huge universe), each of which has randomly determined parameters, and of course intelligent observers (that’s us, in case you didn’t recognise that description!) could only appear in one of the few that could support life. Lee Smolin suggests a slightly different scenario, but it seems to my inexpert eye to amount to a similar result.) Even proponents of the idea agree that it is still speculative and faces many difficulties before it could be accepted as “science”. Some believe it can never be science because alternative universes cannot be observed, but others argue that the multiverse idea grows out of established physics, and may perhaps one day be regarded as a logic inference. (Leonard Susskind even suggests science may have to abandon the principle of falsifiability!) But this isn’t relevant to the argument here. The multiverse isn’t established science (yet), and even if it was, it confirms that our universe is fine-tuned, but offers a possible explanation. I’ll consider the multiverse again in my next post. The conclusion seems inescapable. Sean Carroll’s statements notwithstanding, current science has found that “of all the possible universes allowed by theoretical physics, an extremely small number would allow the evolution of intelligent life”. Fine-tuning appears to be a conclusion of modern cosmology that most accept. Whether that scientific conclusion offers support for a theistic argument is a much harder question to assess, and I’ll look at it next post. Please check it out in a week or so. Picture: Andromeda galaxy (NASA). 1. Hey Eric, I’m interested to know your thoughts on another possible objection. It’s kind of a reverse of the probability objection you noted. It basically asks whether the presumption behind fine-tuning – that the constants could be something other than what they are – is valid. Could it be that by describing the regularity of the universe in mathematical terms we have created the illusion that things might be otherwise by simply tweaking some of the numbers in those approximations, when in fact the fundamental nature of reality is immutable? Or, in even more abstract terms, maybe the laws aren’t “number-like” and casting them in terms of variable values is misleading in this respect? What is the reason to think that there is a probability space at all? Is it just that this is the default assumption for everything and so we apply it here as well? I’m not proposing an answer, just wondering whether it’s something that you’ve seen discussed or considered yourself. 2. Hi Travis, obviously I don’t know enough to say, but I have read a few comments on that by cosmologists. Martin Rees in his book Just Six Numbers offers 4 possible explanations of fine-tuning – providence (i.e. God), coincidence (i.e. chance), necessity (outcomes of a theory of everything) and the multiverse. He rejects coincidence (i.e. the odds are so far against it) and he rejects necessity (which is what you are mentioning here) because he can see no way it can be true. His reasoning (from memory) is that it is easy to imagine different values in the equations, and the numbers don’t look like they are all fixed. So we would need a theory of everything that shows why the numbers and laws actually are fixed, even though they don’t look like they are, but we have nothing like a theory that could satisfy that. Luke Barnes also addresses the question, and says that so far nothing looks like being able to tie everything together and make our universe necessary. He says the current best hope for a theory of everything, String Theory, doesn’t do it, and looks very anthropic. From my reading, I think all cosmologists hope there may be a theory of everything one day, but I think few are thinking it will happen. Of course if it does, then the whole matter will have to be revised. 3. Thanks. Reminds me of an old comedy sketch. We have in Australia a partially Government sponsored TV network, SBS (Special Broadcasting Service), that caters for minority ethnic groups – many Australians were born overseas and speak a language other than English at home. SBS has a reputation, not fully justified, for showing obscure films on obscure topics from obscure countries. And so a comedy sketch (on another channel) many years back had a woman announcer talking up the shows coming up that night, one of which was a film which was something like “Surprise for the Goatherd. In this film from Transylvania, Zlatko the goatherd ventures down in the valley to find a new ribbon for his favourite goat. [pause, then in thick accent ….] Can’t wait for that one.” So my response to Sam – can’t wait for that one! 🙂 4. Hi Abby, I haven’t watched that video, I’m sorry. I just don’t have a lot of time to watch 71 minutes, and for that reason I rarely watch long videos. But I can say I have seen very similar arguments before, and I have seen other people say that numerical patterns can be found in all sorts of writings. I would need to see a mathematician compare several different texts before I could assess this sort of thing. I’m sorry, but that is as much as I can say. Comments are closed.
The term “President” means the President of the United States, acting through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, the Attorney General, the Director of Central Intelligence, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Secretary of Transportation, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and the Secretary of the Treasury. 8 USC § 1701(6) Scoping language In this chapter Is this correct? or
Working With Backgrounds in CSS 2 The Background Shorthand Property 1. background: transparent url(images/image.png) left top scroll no-repeat; One important thing to note is that the background accounts for the contents of the element, including the padding and border. It does not include an element's margin. This works as it should in Firefox, Safari and Opera, and now in IE8. But in IE7 and IE6 the background does not include the border. Background Color The background-color property fills the background with a solid color. There are a number of ways to specify the color. 1. background-color: black; 2. background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); 3. background-color: #000000; The background-color property can also be set to transparent, which makes any elements underneath it visible instead. Background Image The background-image property allows you to specify an image to be displayed in the background. This can be used in conjunction with background-color, so if your image is not tiled, then any space that the image does not cover will be set to the background color. The path of the image is relative to the style sheet. So, in the following snippet, the image is in the same directory as the style sheet. 1. background-image: url(image.jpg); Background Position The background-position property controls where a background image is located in an element. The trick with background-position is that you are actually specifying where the top-left corner of the image will be positioned, relative to the top-left corner of the element. In the examples below, we have set a background image and are using the background-position property to control it. We have also set background-repeat to no-repeat. The measurements are all in pixels. The first digit is the x-axis position (horizontal) and the second is the y-axis position (vertical). The background-position property also works with other values, keywords and percentages, which can be useful, especially when an element's size is not set in pixels. The keywords are self-explanatory. For the x-axis: left, center, right. And for the y-axis: top, center, bottom 1. background-position: left top; /* The top-left corner of the image. / 2. background-position: -10px top; / Move the image to the left. / 3. background-position: 100% top; / Move the image to the right. / 4. background-position: 0 -46px; / Move the image up. / Background Attachment The background-attachment property determines what happens to an image when the user scrolls the page. The three available properties are scroll, fixed, and inherit. Inherit simply tells the element to follow the background-attachment property of its parent. When we set background-attachment: scroll;, we are telling the background that when the element scrolls, the background must scroll with it. In simpler terms, the background sticks to the element. This is the default setting for background-attachment. When we set the background-attachment to fixed, we are telling the browser that when the user scrolls down the page, the background should stay fixed where it is - i.e. not scroll with the content. Background Repeat By default, when you set an image, the image is repeated both horizontally and vertically until the entire elemtn is filled. This may be what you want, but sometimes you want an image to be displayed only once or to be tiled in only one direction. The possible values (and their results) are as follows: 1. background-repeat: repeat; / The default value. Will tile the image in both dicrections. / 2. background-repeat: no-repeat; / No tiling. The image will be used only once. / 3. background-repeat: repeat-x; / Tiles horizontally (i.e. along the x-axis). / 4. background-repeat: repeat-y; / Tiles vertically (i.e. along the y-axis). / 5. background-repeat: inherit; / Uses the same background-repeat property of the element's parent. / View Demo How to fix PNG-24 transparency for IE6? With CSS 1. / For IE7 and Modern Browsers / 2. .classname { 4. } 5. / For IE6 / 6. html .classname { 7. background-image: none; 8. filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src="images/picture.png", sizingMethod="scale"); 9. } With JavaScript 1. /* For IE6 */ 2. element.style.filter = 'progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src="images/picture.png", sizingMethod="scale")'; PNG-24 Pitfalls Background Images Cannot Be Positioned Or Repeated The AlphaImageLoader does work for background images, but only for the simplest of cases. If your design requires the image to be tiled (background-repeat) or positioned (background-position), you are out of luck. The AlphaImageLoader allows you to set a sizingMethod to either crop the image or to scale it to fit. sizingMethod Values Description crop Clips the image to fit the dimensions of the object. image Default. Enlarge or reduce the border of the object to fit the dimensions of the image. scale Stretch or shrink the image to fill the borders of the object. Delayed Loading And Resource Use The AlphaImageLoader can be quite slow to load, and appears to consume more resources than a standard image when applied. Typically, you'd need to add thousands of GIFs or JPEGs to a page before you saw any noticeable impact on the browser, but with the AlphaImageLoader filter applied Internet Explorer can become sluggish after just a handful of alpha channel PNGs. The other noticeable effect is that as more instances of the AlphaImageLoader are applied, the longer it takes to render the PNGs with their transparency. The user sees the PNG load in its original non-supported state (with black or grey areas where transparency should be) before one by one the filter kicks in and makes them properly transparent. Links Become Unclickable, Forms Unforcusable There is a bug/weirdness with AlphaImageLoader that sometimes prevents interaction with links and forms when a PNG background image is used. This is sometimes reported as a z-index issue. Often this can be solved by giving the links or forms elements hasLayout using position: relative; where possible. Related Posts 回應 (Leave a comment)
What is ophthalmic surgery What does a ophthalmic surgeon do? Ophthalmic surgeons can perform surgery to correct refractive errors, glaucoma, and cataracts. As medical doctors, they can also diagnose diseases and medical conditions that can impact your eyes. What are common eye surgeries? Here’s a list of common eye procedures, why you may need them, and what to expect when you have them. • LASIK. LASIK is short for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis. … • PRK. … • Cataract Surgery. … • Glaucoma Surgery. … • Diabetic Retinopathy Surgery. … • Macular Degeneration Surgery. Is ophthalmology a surgery? How are eye surgeries done? To perform LASIK, the surgeon numbs the eyes using eyedrops so the patient is comfortable. They then use either a surgical blade or a femtosecond laser to create a corneal flap. The surgeon removes a thin tissue layer so the cornea is flattened. To complete the procedure, the flap is put back into place. What are the 3 types of eye doctors? Here’s a quick look at the three types of eye care providers: • Optometrist. … • Optician. … • Safeguard your vision. What does ophthalmic use only mean? 1 : of, relating to, or situated near the eye. 2 : supplying or draining the eye or structures in the region of the eye ophthalmic artery. You might be interested: What to expect after whipple surgery Are eye surgeries painful? Fortunately, LASIK eye surgery is not painful. Right before your procedure, your surgeon will place numbing eye drops into both of your eyes. While you may still feel a little bit of pressure during the procedure, you should not feel any pain. Which eye operation is best? LASIK is the best known and most commonly performed. Many articles, including this one, will use the term “LASIK” to refer to all types of laser eye surgery. Normally, images are focused on the retina in the back of your eye. How long does it take for eye surgery? The actual procedure usually takes less than 10 minutes per eye. Depending on your prescription, and the amount of correction needed, the laser itself only takes 20-50 seconds to correct your vision. However, you should plan on being in the office for approximately an hour-and-a-half on your day of surgery. What kind of eye doctor should I see? Visit an optometrist for routine eye care, such as a yearly eye exam or refilling an eyeglass, contact lens, or eye medication prescription. Visit an ophthalmologist for medical and surgical treatment of serious eye conditions, such as glaucoma, cataracts, and laser eye surgery. Can optometrist diagnose eye diseases? Optometrists. An optometrist is can eye care professional who provides primary vision care. They perform comprehensive eye exams and vision tests, prescribe corrective lenses, diagnose certain eye issues, and prescribe medication for certain eye diseases and conditions.20 мая 2015 г. What does an eye surgeon make? An ophthalmologist salary, according to Medscape, can range from $98,000 to $700,000/yr. A median expected salary for an average ophthalmologist is as high as $254,000/yr while an annual salary for a self-employed ophthalmologist is about $300,000. You might be interested: Quick Answer: Movies to watch when you re bored? Is Eye Surgery Safe? SMILE and ASLA are as safe and effective as LASIK LASIK is not suitable for all eyes – different laser eye procedures work best on different refractive errors or corneal features. ASLA is suited to people who have thin corneas, because those patients are at increased risk of complications if they have LASIK. How many eye surgeries can you have? In general, there is no limit on how many LASIK procedures you can get in your lifetime. There are several factors that affect whether or not you are a good candidate for enhancement surgery. The thickness of the cornea is one of the main determinations regarding the safety of multiple LASIK surgeries. Leave a Reply
In 1763, Filipino seamen established a settlement in what now is known as Louisiana. The Spanish American War made American "nationals" of Filipinos and from the early 1900's through 1935, they were free to enter the United States as long as they had the price of a boat ticket. Waiting to be told are the stories of the descendants of those "Spanish colonial" seamen, early workers in sugar plantations of Hawaii, men who served in the U.S. Navy since World War I, women who came in the 1920s and 1930s, ambitious and aspiring college students, eager young workers who toiled in canneries in Alaska, farms in California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, and Montana, the railroads, kitchens and restaurants, as postal workers or houseboys, the American-born second generation of pre-World War II days, war brides, and countless others who constitute the subsequent groups of immigrants from the Philippines. Stories of the Depression, riots, and discrimination, vignettes of dance halls, gambling and other "leisure time" activities, the lodges, churches and organized Filipino communities, the process of acculturation, and the value of family are some of the information FANHS will collect and share.
The Advantages Of An Education Career Today, an increasing number of experts occupy positions in various educational institutions via the Internet, in schools, and in colleges. With the rise in popularity of online schools and universities, teachers’ demand has increased even more. The people who form the backbone of education are willing to offer their views to others successfully. Their firm grasp of the material and the high quality of their teaching allows them to help others learn. This interest prompts them to study among more educated people. If you are to be part of developmental education, you must be very objective – because providing information to others is a huge responsibility and cannot be confused. You need to know where your students are going and what association you work in. You also need to understand the implications of working time and exercise organization and the ability to make the most of your students’ time to learn more in less time. You must be able to correctly interpret the responsibility to shape students’ careers and lives to ensure that their future is promising and outstanding. Your students can advance in a specific curriculum even if they acquire particular skills at a predetermined time. As an instructor, your talent for checking replacement needs should be acceptable. You need to be able to negotiate and put it into action for people who need your support. Continuous learning process People working in education are continually improving their careers. They need to keep learning new things related to their subject and home law and health care so that they can be covered. As they know new things and improve the procedures for providing information, this encourages their students to learn more. It supports your career. As computers become standard classrooms, many teachers figure out how to use them to help students learn faster. About the development of incentive tools, innovation is becoming widely known and generally foundational. As you pursue a career in education, you can find support in the enormous datasets of assets available in libraries and on the Internet. You can get data on new job offers and prerequisites for organizing work based on education in an alternative state. There are various discussions available online where you can chat with experienced people who have mastered the field and gain data useful for career advancement.
how to pronounce cosmonaut how to improve pronunciation of cosmonaut press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound. press Play to play an example pronunciation of cosmonaut. video examples of cosmonaut pronunciation An example use of cosmonaut in a speech by a native speaker of american english: “… spacewalk was cosmonaut Alexei Leonov …” meanings of cosmonaut 1. An astronaut, especially a Russian or Soviet one. words with pronunciation similar to cosmonaut
Careers In Law Enforcement: The United States Mint Police Under the leadership of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the newly formed Congress of the United States passed the “Coinage Act” on April 2, 1792. The Coinage Act created the United States Mint. The newly established US Mint constructed buildings in Washington, DC and Philadelphia, PA. The new US Mint structures were the first federal buildings established under the Unites States Constitution. The United States Mint is under the United States Department of The Treasury. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is responsible to manufacture and distribute US currency paper money, and the US Mint is responsible to manufacture and distribute US coins. The primary mission of US Mint is to maintain physical custody and protection of the Nation’s gold and silver assets and manufacturing and circulating US coins to the Federal Reserve Banks. The United Stated Mint Police (USMP) was established in 1792 making in one of the oldest federal law enforcement agencies in the US. The United States Mint Police is part of the Protection Department of the Unites States Mint and is part of the United States Department of The Treasury. The primary responsibilities of the Protection Department includes protection of life and property on all US Mint property, and enforcing security protocols, federal and local laws in and around US Mint buildings and properties. The United States Mint has facilities in Philadelphia, PA, San Francisco, CA, West Point, NY, Denver, CO, and the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, KY. The US Mint Police headquarters is in our nation’s capital in Washington, DC. The United States Mint Police uniformed division are sworn federal law enforcement officers with power of arrest. The USMP conduct basic police training that is 12-weeks in length (Police academy) at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). After new officer graduate from FLETC they return to their assigned duty station in one of the six US Mint locations and start a 5-week field training program. Throughout the career of a US Mint Police officer, they will be offered advance training by FLETC and other federal, states, and local law enforcement agencies. US Mint Police Officers are classified in the federal job series and grade of TR-0083-06/07 with a salary range of $53,227.00 to start and can progress to $78,080.00 per year. Even though the US Mint Police are one of the oldest federal law enforcement agencies in the United States, they are a very progressive police department that maintains high morale under excellent leadership. About the Author Mark Bond
Stomachs have been rumbling also in Hämeenlinna Hunger and poverty are familiar to most students, especially since Covid. Work training and summer jobs have been delayed or cancelled, service industry has been forced to lay off people, the price of food has gone up, and discounted meals have not been available due to the closing of university cafeterias. Fortunately, food aid has been available. In Hämeelinna alone, the need of food aid has gone up ten percent in a year. Here are five books on hunger and poverty. For more reading tips, see HAMK library favourites. Vernon, J. (2007). Hunger: A Modern History. Harvard University Press. Vernon focuses on the birth of British welfare state, highlighting the fundamental shift of public opinion about hunger and poverty. In the late 18th century, the poor were considered as morally deprived. With the advent of colonialism views begun to change and humanitarianism started to emerge. Vernon is not satisfied with stating historical facts, rather he attempts to show how hunger has shaped Britain and its politics through the ages, towards the modern social democracy it is today. Albritton, R. (2009). Let Them Eat Junk: How Capitalism Creates Hunger and Obesity. Pluto Press. The so-called hidden hunger, or malnutrition, is a very real problem of the capitalist economy. We eat bad foods, whether because they are cheaper or taste better, or for other reasons. Albritton’s view is that as long as our food system is based on profit, there will be no change for the better. He does not blame the food industry, but rather focuses on capitalism itself. He has some ideas on how to change things, but none of them were new event at the time of publication. He does, however, have some interesting insights worth exploring. As a pamphlet, this book is well worth a read. Inchauste, G. & Azevedo, J. P. (2014). Understanding Changes in Poverty. World Bank. Between 1990 and 2010, the number of people living in extreme poverty has decreased an impressive 43 percent. This change cannot be explained away by a change in how extreme poverty is defined; there must have been changes that have had a positive impact. Inchauste and Azevedo found that the largest contributor to poverty reduction was, in fact, the growth in income per worker – as opposed to growth of the number of employed workers. There were other contributing factors, but their impact was relatively small. Katz, M. B. (2013). The Undeserving Poor: America’s Enduring Confrontation with Poverty. Fully Updated and Revised. Oxford University Press. In his excellent book Katz discusses three main issues around poverty: who deserves help, how that help impacts the needy and the community itself, and what we as human being owe to each other. He follows the American history and shows how the perception of poverty has changed with time. When we understand what is behind poverty, we have a better chance of solving it. Norberg, J. (2016). Progress: Ten reasons to look forward to the future. Oneworld Publications. Let us end the list with a note of optimism: despite the doom and gloom of daily news, Johan Norberg reminds us that things are, in fact, better than ever before. He uses historical data to prove that “the good old days” were really not that good. Many things have improved dramatically: food, sanitation, and health, to name just a few. Extreme poverty has been decreased to a marginal phenomenon, and poor countries have started to grow faster than rich. We are, according to Norberg, living the golden age. Also available as an audio book. Thank you for the image: Wokandapic @ Pixabay Leave A Reply
Law of contracts Image Source - This article is written by Bhumi Agarwal who is pursuing a Diploma in Advanced Contract Drafting, Negotiation and Dispute Resolution from LawSikho. Whenever there is a breach of contract the aggrieved party asks the other party to compensate the damages or loss caused to it. Here at this moment, there comes a picture of the penalty and damages given by the party committing the breach to the aggrieved party. In this article, we will discuss in detail: • the meaning of contract, • breach of contract, • types of contract, • remedies available on breach of contract and, • difference between liquidated damages and penalty as per Indian and English law in detail with few case law. What is a Contract? As per Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, “a contract is an agreement enforceable by law”. It refers to any agreement which is formed out of free consent, lawful consideration, and with a lawful object and signed and executed by a legally competent person. What is a Breach of Contract? Breach of Contract in simple terms means breaking of the terms of a contract by non-performance of the promise mentioned under an agreement by either party(ies). It is a civil wrong where a party or parties to a contract fail to fulfill its obligations whether partially or completely. Even if the party(ies) behaves in a manner that clearly shows its intention to not perform their obligations willingly in near future can also result in the breach of contract. It is the responsibility of the judge or an arbitrator to decide the kind of breach in contract and its compensatory value to provide relief to the aggrieved party after proper analysis of facts and shreds of evidence related to the given contract and the concerned parties. Types of Breaches Based on the intensity of loss occurred breaches can be of two types- • Immaterial breach of contractIn this kind of breach, the loss or damage that occurs is not so huge and grievous and can be compensated easily without going into long court proceedings. Eg: A promises B to deliver him a computer and the service to start it. A delivers the computer and provides for its installation but the C service provider forgot to tell the password to A. Here, this is a very minor loss and can be compensated very easily by contacting C (service provider). • Material Breach– In this case, the loss occurred by a party is a major or serious loss. Eg: A promises B to deliver him 500 computers on the due date as per the contract but delivers only 400 computers. Here, B has incurred a great loss and so can sue A for such breach. Based on time of breach they can further be of two types: • Anticipatory breach: It occurs when either party to a contract refuses to fulfill its obligation as per the contract before the time of its fulfillment/performance but after the contract is enforced. Ego: A promises to provide B with a dozen of shirts by the 20th of March but on the 18th of March denies to deliver it to A. • Present breach: It occurs when the party commits the breach or refuses to fulfil its obligation at the time of its performance. Eg: A was required to deliver a certain property to B on the 3rd of March but he neither delivered it to B on the 3rd nor provided any prior notice for the inconvenience of the same. So, the breach herein will be considered as a present breach. Remedies for a breach of contract Chapter VI of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals with the Remedies provided for the compensation of loss or damages caused due to the breach of contract. Any party(ies) to the contract which fails to fulfil its obligation or break the terms of a contract willingly, shall be liable to compensate the aggrieved either through penalty or through damages. Other remedies available that can be claimed by the aggrieved party are: • Rescind- It means to revoke or cancel a contract completely by the aggrieved party on the breach of any of the obligations by the other party. As per Section 75 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, if a party rescinds/ revokes a contract rightfully, then can claim for any damages sustained due to breach of such contract. • Specific Performance- In this Court order, the party committing the breach to perform its part of obligations as was agreed in the contract. • Injunction – It is a kind of remedy in which the court orders and restricts the party from further breach of its obligations or to put a stop to the omission of the Act promised. Now the remedy of damages and penalty are discussed below in detail as per both, the Indian and English Law. Difference between Liquidated damages and Penalty If the parties cause a breach of a contract then, it shall be liable to pay for the losses incurred to the aggrieved party which shall be the amount known as liquidated damages/penalty. These damages or penalties are the same as per Indian Law but different things as per the English law. English Law As per English law, the amount stated in the contract can be either penalty or liquidated damages. Liquidated damages: If the parties to a contract mutually agree and pre-fix an amount as compensation amount and if this amount pre-fixed is reasonable, then such amount is termed as liquidated damages. This is an amount fixed before or at the time of contract to fix such breaches if occur in the future. The Court cannot order the party to pay an amount more than this fixed amount to the aggrieved party for losses incurred. Penalty: If the amount fixed by the party(ies) is not reasonable and is not properly estimated but is laid down in the contract to create a fear in the minds of parties to the contract to abide by its obligations and not to breach any term/obligations as per the agreed contract. It is usually an amount higher than the normal loss that can be incurred by either party due to the breach. The parties in such a case are not awarded this penalty completely but only the sum amounting to the actual loss. Indian Law There is no distinction between a penalty and liquidated damages as per Indian Law. In Section-74 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 it is held that any party if breaks or breaches the contract, then, the amount to be paid in such breach of contract is by the way of penalty/damages or any other form stipulated, and the party claiming for such breach is entitled; whether or not the actual damage or loss is proved, to receive from the party committing such breach a reasonable compensation not exceeding the amount so mentioned and is usually decided by the Courrt after looking over the facts and circumstances for the same. Exception – In case of contracts with the Government for the general public, such breach is compensated by paying the entire amount of the contracts back to the Authority. • A contracts with B to pay Rs 1000, if he fails to pay B Rs 500 on a given day. A fails to pay B Rs. 500 on that day. B is entitled to recover from A such compensation not exceeding Rs.1,000, as the Court considers reasonable. • A gives a recognizance binding him in a penalty of Rs. 500 to appear in Court on a certain day. He forfeits his recognizance. He is liable to pay the whole penalty. • A borrows Rs. 100 from B and gives him a bond for Rs. 200 payable by five yearly installments of Rs.40, with a stipulation that, in default of payment of any installment, the whole shall be due. This is a stipulation by way of penalty. Case laws Chunilal V. Mehta and Sons Ltd. v. Century Spg. and Mfg. Co. Ltd. (AIR 1962 SC 1314) In this case, it was held that “by providing for compensation in expressed terms the rights to claim damages under the general law is necessarily excluded.” Fateh Chand v. Balkishan Das (AIR 1964) 1 SCR- In this case, the Hon’ble Supreme Court held that compensation given actually to the aggrieved party shall be based on the actual loss and cannot exceed the amount stated as damages or penalty stipulated. When the amount fixed is greater than the real loss incurred, it is known as a penalty however an amount that could be a pre-estimate of the loss is known as liquidated damages. If the contract specifies an amount that is payable at a certain time and an additional amount to be paid if a default happens, then the extra sum is a penalty. It is because a delay in payment alone is not likely to cause damage. It is upon the discretion of the court to determine whether the amount payable is liquidated damages or penalty. The Indian law considers each as synonymous however the English Law differentiates among the two. The penalty is an exaggerated amount to deter the parties from defaulting. Liquidated damages are a real estimate of the loss. 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Yuan dynasty (Redirected from Yuan Dynasty) The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan[5] (Chinese: ; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Middle Mongolian: ᠶᠡᠭᠡ , Yeke Yuwan Ulus, literally "Great Yuan State"[note 3]), was a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division and a ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongol Borjigin clan, lasting from 1271 to 1368 AD. In Chinese historiography, this dynasty followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty. Great Yuan Dà Yuán Yuan dynasty (c. 1294) Goryeo was a semi-autonomous vassal state[note 1] Yuan dynasty (c. 1294) Goryeo was a semi-autonomous vassal state[note 1] Provinces of Yuan in 1330 Provinces of Yuan in 1330 StatusKhagan-ruled division of the Mongol Empire Conquest dynasty of imperial China CapitalKhanbaliq (Beijing) Shangdu (summer capital) Common languagesMiddle Mongol Chinese (Old Mandarin) Old Uyghur Buddhism (Tibetan Buddhism as de facto state religion), Mongolian Tengrism/Chinese Heaven worship, Shamanism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion, Chinese Nestorian Christianity, Roman Catholic Christianity, Judaism, Chinese Manichaeism, Islam Khagan-Emperor[note 2] • 1259–1294 Kublai Khan • 1332–1368 Toghon Temür • 1264–1282 Ahmad Fanakati • 1340–1355 Historical eraPostclassical Era • Enthronement of Genghis Emperor[note 2] Spring, 1206[2] • Kublai's proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan"[3] 5 November 1271 4 February 1276 19 March 1279 • Fall of Khanbaliq 14 September 1368 • Formation of Northern Yuan dynasty 1310[4]11,000,000 km2 (4,200,000 sq mi) CurrencyPredominantly Paper Currency (Jiaochao), with a small amount of Chinese cash in use Preceded by Succeeded by Mongol Empire Southern Song dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Ming dynasty Phagmodrupa dynasty Today part ofChina North Korea Although Genghis Khan had been enthroned with the Chinese title of Emperor[note 2] in 1206[2] and the Mongol Empire had ruled territories including modern-day northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style,[6] and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia.[7] It was the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China proper[8] and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces.[9][10] Following that, the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty.[11] Some of the Yuan emperors mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native Mongolian language and the 'Phags-pa script.[12] After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the temple name Taizu.[note 2] In the edict titled Proclamation of the Dynastic Name,[3] Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty.[3] Yuan dynasty "Yuan dynasty" in Chinese characters (top) and "Great Yuan State" (Yehe Yüan Ulus, a modern form) in Mongolian script (bottom) Literal meaning"Yuan dynasty" Dynastic name Literal meaningGreat Yuan Alternative official full name: Dai Yuwan Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus Traditional Chinese大元大蒙古國 Simplified Chinese大元大蒙古国 Literal meaning"Great Yuan" (Middle Mongol transliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") Great Mongol State In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty.[5] "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the clause "大哉乾元" (pinyin: dà zāi Qián Yuán; lit. 'Great is Qián, the Primal') in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes section[15] regarding the first hexagram Qián ().[3] The counterpart in the Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Middle Mongol transliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") was often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (lit. "Great Mongol State"), which resulted in the form ᠳᠠᠢ (Dai Ön Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus),[16][17], meaning "Great Yuan Great Mongol State".[citation needed] As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" refers exclusively to the realm based in China. However, the Chinese-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" was meant to be applied to the entire Mongol Empire.[18][19][20] This usage is seen in the writings, including non-Chinese texts, produced during the time of the Yuan dynasty.[19][20] In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the de facto disintegrated nature of the Mongol Empire. The Yuan dynasty is also known by westerners as the "Mongol dynasty"[21] or "Mongol Dynasty of China",[22] similar to the names "Manchu dynasty"[23] or "Manchu Dynasty of China"[24] which were used by westerners for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan",[25] which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271. Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206.[26] He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China.[27] Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers.[28] Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedei's son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251.[29] He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China.[30] Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth.[31] He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu.[32] Mongol successor khanates Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (劉黑馬, aka Liu Ni),[33][34][35][36] and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army.[37][38][39][40] Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan.[41] Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.[42] There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒), and Zhongxi, the son of Xiaozhaci (蕭札刺之子重喜) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ogödei Khan.[43][44] Rule of Kublai KhanEdit Early yearsEdit Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ögedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain.[56][57] The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south.[56] Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong as the ruler of the Kingdom of Goryeo (Korea), making it a Mongol tributary state.[58][56] Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han advisers in his court.[59] He feared that his dependence on Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.[60] Founding the dynastyEdit Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes (; Jiaochao). During the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued issuing coins; however, under Külüg Khan coins were completely replaced by paper money. It wasn't until the reign of Toghon Temür that the government of the Yuan dynasty would attempt to reintroduce copper coinage for circulation.[72][73][74] The Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West.[75] Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north.[76] Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan.[77] He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China.[78] Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like Christopher Columbus to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.[79] Military conquests and campaignsEdit After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south.[80] Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273,[81] the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin.[64] An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274.[82] The Duan family ruling the Kingdom of Dali in Yunnan submitted to the Yuan dynasty as vassals and were allowed to keep their throne, militarily assisting the Yuan dynasty against the Song dynasty in southern China. The Duan family still ruled Dali relatively independently during the Yuan dynasty.[83] The Tusi chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles. The Han Chinese Yang family ruling the Chiefdom of Bozhou which was recognized by the Song dynasty and Tang dynasty also received recognition by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty and later by the Ming dynasty. The Luo clan in Shuixi led by Ahua were recognized by the Yuan emperors, as they were by the Song emperors when led by Pugui and Tang emperors when led by Apei. They descended from the Shu Han era king Huoji who helped Zhuge Liang against Meng Huo. They were also recognized by the Ming dynasty.[84][85] Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276,[86] the wealthiest city of China,[87] after the surrender of the Southern Song Han Chinese Emperor Gong of Song. Emperor Gong of Song (personal name Zhao Xian) was married off to a Mongol princess of the royal Borjigin family of the Yuan dynasty.[88] Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song, who was Emperor Gong's younger brother. The Yuan forces commanded by Han Chinese General Zhang Hongfan led a predominantly Han navy to defeat the Song loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty.[89] The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.[90] Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury.[92] Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals.[93] Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems.[92] Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon.[82] Kublai botched his campaigns against Annam, Champa, and Java,[94] but won a Pyrrhic victory against Burma.[95] The expeditions were hampered by disease, an inhospitable climate, and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the Mongols.[94][82] The Trần dynasty which ruled Annam (Đại Việt) defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288). Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.[96] Internal strife threatened Kublai within his empire. Kublai Khan suppressed rebellions challenging his rule in Tibet and the northeast.[97] His favorite wife died in 1281 and so did his chosen heir in 1285. Kublai grew despondent and retreated from his duties as emperor. He fell ill in 1293, and died on 18 February 1294.[98] Successors after KublaiEdit Temür KhanEdit Guan Daosheng "the most famous and talented female painter and calligrapher in Chinese history" flourished in the Yuan dynasty Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as Maharajah.[99] Local chieftains were appointed as Tusi, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of Yunnan. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, Zhenjin, as the Crown Prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285.[100] Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam,[101] which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan. Külüg KhanEdit Ayurbarwada Buyantu KhanEdit The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (born Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite.[103] He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials.[103] Starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works. Gegeen Khan and Yesün TemürEdit The Cloud Platform was created during the reign of Emperor Huizong by imperial command. Jayaatu Khan Tugh TemürEdit Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment". The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian (《經世大典》). Tugh Temür supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism. Toghon TemürEdit Decline of the empireEdit A Yuan dynasty jade swan From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion led by Song loyalists started and grew into a nationwide uprising and the Song loyalists established a renewed Song dynasty in 1351 with its capital at Kaifeng. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in Toghon Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to Shangdu from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644), founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in the south. Zhu Yuanzhang was a former Duke and commander in the army of the Red Turban Song dynasty and assumed power as Emperor after the death of the Red Turban Song Emperor Han Lin'er, who had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed, and who died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still live in Henan today.[106] Yuan porcelain jar. Yuan underglaze blue Jingdezhen porcelain plate The Yuan dynasty arched bridges of Taicang were built to show the prosperity the city enjoyed under the Yuan.[111] Aside from the ancient Roman embassies, the first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299. Some doubted the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, tea houses, which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture, as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Recent studies however show that Polo's account is largely accurate and unique.[112][113] The two artificial lakes Houhai and Qianhai were built in Dadu by the Yuan. The Yuan built the Dening Hall in Quyang in 1270. The Yuan dynasty was the first dynasty founded by non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of China proper. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be "the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious."[115] In traditional historiography of China, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai officially honored prior rulers of the Mongol Empire as Yuan emperors by conferring them posthumous names and temple names. Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people[who?] who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Hans were treated as second-class citizens,[citation needed] and that China stagnated economically and scientifically. The dynasty chose white as its imperial color, which corresponds to the Metal element according to the theory of the Five Elements (wuxing). Note that the Metal element does not follow from the Song's dynastic element Five in the creation sequence of the five elements. Instead, it follows from the Jin Dynast's dynastic element Earth. Although the Yuan did not openly announce it, its choice of white as its imperial color suggests that it considered Jin, another conquest dynasty, rather than the Han-Chinese Song dynasty, as its rightful predecessor.[116] The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the Ilkhanids, the Chinese Huangdi (Emperor) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy clout upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.[117] Map of the Northwest territory The Kingdom of Qocho, Kingdom of Dali, Chiefdom of Bozhou, other Tusi kingdoms and Goryeo were ruled by kings inside the Yuan empire. Science and technologyEdit Yang Hui's Magic Circle Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices.[118][119] Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown.[120] His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of Pascal's triangle. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.[121] Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry.[122] Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations.[123] His calendar, the Shoushi Li (《授時暦》; Time Granting Calendar), was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty.[124] The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of Song dynasty astronomer Shen Kuo or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers.[122] There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars.[124] Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought Arabic numerals to China in the 13th century.[122] The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures.[125] Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism.[125] Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors.[126] Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.[127][126] The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had "Four Great Schools" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine.[127] Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire.[128] Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician Wei Yilin (1277–1347) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics.[129] The Mongol physician Hu Sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.[129] Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine.[130] The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai.[131] Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court.[126] Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine.[127] No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.[130] Printing and publishingEdit Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate, 1287 The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry.[132][133] Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries.[132] Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques.[134] The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of Töregene Khatun, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office.[132] The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China.[132] Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books.[135] Private printing businesses also flourished under the Yuan. They published a diverse range of works, and printed educational, literary, medical, religious, and historical texts. The volume of printed materials was vast.[136] In 1312, 1,000 copies of a Buddhist text commented by Cosgi Odsir were printed just within Beijing.[137] By 1328, annual sales of printed calendars and almanacs reached over three million in the Yuan dynasty.[138] One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the Jiaochao, the paper money of the Yuan. Jiaochao were made from the bark of mulberry trees.[137] The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275.[139] The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu.[140] The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.[141] Blue-and-white Covered Jar with Fretwork Floral Design in Red and Blue Glaze, excavated in Baoding. Imperial lifestyleEdit Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa script, a unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with Mongol clans, the Onggirat, and the Ikeres, kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of Tugh Temur (Emperor Wenzong), whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Tugh Temür was an example of a Yuan emperor who actively sponsored cultural activities; including in his imperial capacity and in his personal activities such as writing poetry, painting, reading Chinese classical texts, and ordering the compilation of books.[142] Manichaean Diagram of the Universe, a painting describing Yuan period Manichaean cosmology. A Yuan Qingbai porcelain statue of Guanyin, a bodhisattva of Mahayana Buddhism At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Hans and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.[145] Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret.[146] Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves" and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method. Circumcision was also forbidden. Jews were also affected and forbidden by the Mongols to eat Kosher.[147] Hindu statues were found in Quanzhou dating to the Yuan period.[152] Social classesEdit Box with pavilion and figures, Yuan dynasty. Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century. Yuan dynasty 1. Mongols. The Mongols were called "Gao-chen" (the citizens of the ruling empire) by the conquered Southern Song population[156] 2. Semu, consisting of non-Mongol foreigners from the west and Central Asia, like Buddhist Uyghurs from Turfan, Tanguts, Tibetans, Jews, Nestorian Christians, and Muslims from Central Asia 3. "Han", or all subjects of the former Jin dynasty, including Hans, Khitans, Jurchens in northern China, and other peoples like Koreans[157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164] 4. Southerners, or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty, including Hans and minority native ethnic groups in southern China, sometimes called "Manzi" during the Yuan At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Hans and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.[145] Hans were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers.[165] Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).[166] After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) of gardens and fields in Samarqand was put upon the Muslims as a requirement since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them.[167][168] The Yuan-appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Khitan from the Qara Khitai, held the title Taishi, familiar with Chinese culture his name was Ahai.[169] Han officials and colonists were sent by the Yuan dynasty to areas of Lingbei province including Henning Circuit, Yilan Prefecture, and Qian Prefecture.[170] Jinan Great Southern Mosque was completed during the reign of Temür Khan (the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan) Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way.[171] Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined Hans in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant "barracks" and could also mean "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was given in thanks by the Hans for assisting them.[172] During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng.[173] The Muslims in the semu class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding. The Yuan dynasty started passing anti-Muslim and anti-Semu laws and getting rid of Semu Muslim privileges towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, in 1340 forcing them to follow Confucian principles in marriage regulations, in 1329 all foreign holy men including Muslims had tax exemptions revoked, in 1328 the position of Muslim Qadi was abolished after its powers were limited in 1311. In the middle of the 14th century this caused Muslims to start rebelling against Mongol Yuan rule and joining rebel groups. In 1357–1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started a revolt against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian. Persian merchants Amin ud-Din (Amiliding) and Saif ud-Din) Saifuding led the revolt. Persian official Yawuna assassinated both Amin ud-Din and Saif ud-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. The Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou two times and failed to take it. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367 after A Muslim rebel officer named Jin Ji defected from Yawuna.[174] Yuan dynasty carved red lacquer. The Muslim merchants in Quanzhou who engaged in maritime trade enriched their families which encompassed their political and trade activities as families. Historians see the violent Chinese backlash that happened at the end of the Yuan dynasty against the wealth of the Muslim and Semu as something inevitable, however anti-Muslim and anti-Semu laws had already been passed by the Yuan dynasty. In 1340 all marriages had to follow Confucian rules, in 1329 all foreign holy men and clerics including Muslims no longer were exempt from tax, in 1328 the Qadi (Muslim headmen) were abolished after being limited in 1311. This resulted in anti-Mongol sentiment among Muslims so some anti-Mongol rebels in the mid 14th century were joined by Muslims. Quanzhou came under control of Amid ud-Din (Amiliding) and Saif ud-Din (Saifuding), two Persian military officials in 1357 as they revolted against the Mongols from 1357 to 1367 in southern Fujian and Quanzhou, leading the Persian garrison (Ispah) They fought for Fuzhou and Xinghua for 5 years. Both Saifuding and Amiliding were murdered by another Muslim called Nawuna in 1362 so he then took control of Quanzhou and the Ispah garrison for 5 more years until his defeat by the Yuan.[175] The reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do with their ethnicity. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more they held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.[177][178] Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants.[179] Japanese historians like Uematsu, Sugiyama and Morita criticized the perception that a four-class system existed under Mongol rule and Funada Yoshiyuki questioned the very existence of the Semu as a class.[182] Many Tusi chiefdoms and kingdoms in southwestern China which existed before the Mongol invasions were allowed to retain their integrity as vassals of the Yuan dynasty after surrendering, including the Kingdom of Dali, the Han Chinese Yang family ruling the Chiefdom of Bozhou with its seat at the castle Hailongtun, Chiefdom of Lijiang, Chiefdom of Shuidong, Chiefdom of Sizhou, Chiefdom of Yao'an, Chiefdom of Yongning and Mu'ege. As were Korea under Mongol rule and the Kingdom of Qocho. The Han Chinese nobles Duke Yansheng and Celestial Masters continued possessing their titles in the Yuan dynasty since the previous dynasties. Administrative divisionsEdit Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty. Mongol Empire's Ayimaq [ja] in North China Branch Secretariats or simply provinces, were provincial-level administrative organizations or institutions, though they were not exactly provinces in modern sense. There were 11 "regular" provinces in Yuan dynasty,[183] and their administrations were subordinated to the Central Secretariat. Below the level of provinces, the largest political division was the circuit (), followed by (), () and zhōu (). These are three kinds of prefecture-like divisions. The lowest political division was the county (). Basically, lù is higher than fǔ, and fǔ is higher than zhōu. However, the actual relationship between them could be very complicated. Both lù, fǔ and zhōu could administer counties. Some fǔ and zhōu are directly administered by the province, while some exist inside a lù. A lù usually administers several counties, along with several fǔ and zhōu, and the fǔ or zhōu themselves could also administer their own counties. As a result, it is impossible to exactly define how many tiers of divisions there are under a province. This government structure at the provincial level was later inherited and modified by the Ming and Qing dynasties. See alsoEdit 2. ^ a b c d Decades before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" (Yeke Mongγol Ulus) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: Huángdì) practically in the Chinese language since the enthronement of Genghis Emperor (成吉思皇帝; 'Chéngjísī Huángdì') in Spring 1206.[2] 3. ^ Modern Mongolian form commonly used by modern Mongolian and Chinese academics: ᠶᠡᠬᠡ , Yehe Yuan Ulus or Ikh Yuan Üls/Yekhe Yuan Ulus; Их Юань улс in Mongolian Cyrillic. 1. ^ Tan, Qixiang; et al. (1987). 《中国历史地图集》 [The Historical Atlas of China] (in Chinese). 7. SinoMaps Press. ISBN 9787503118449. 2. ^ a b c "太祖本纪 [Chronicle of Taizu]". 《元史》 [History of Yuan] (in Chinese). 元年丙寅，大会诸王群臣，建九斿白旗，即皇帝位于斡难河之源，诸王群臣共上尊号曰成吉思皇帝["Genghis Huangdi"]。 3. ^ a b c d Kublai Emperor (18 December 1271), 《建國號詔》 [Edict to Establish the Name of the State], 《元典章》[Statutes of Yuan] (in Chinese) 5. ^ a b Simon, Karla W. Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'. Oxford University Press. p. 39 (note 69). 6. ^ Mote 1994, p. 624. 7. ^ Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. 8. ^ Eberhard, Wolfram (1971). A History of China (3rd, revised and enlarged ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 232. ISBN 0-520-01518-5. 9. ^ Tan, Koon San (2014). Dynastic China: An Elementary History. p. 312. ISBN 978-983-9541-88-5. 10. ^ Cheung, Martha (2016). An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation (Volume 2): From the Late Twelfth Century to 1800. p. 2. ISBN 9781134829316. 11. ^ a b The History of China. Retrieved 4 March 2015. 12. ^ Franke, Herbert, Could the Mongol emperors read and write Chinese? 13. ^ Saunders, J. J. The History of Mongol Conquests. 14. ^ Grousset, René (1939). 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Atwood – Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.611 110. ^ Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). Birmingham Museum of Art: A Guide to the Collection. London: Giles. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011. 111. ^ "Taicang's five Yuan Dynasty bridges". Chinadaily.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 112. ^ Hans Ulrich Vogel (21 November 2012). Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23193-1. 113. ^ Haw, Stephen G. (2006), Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57, ISBN 978-0-415-34850-8 114. ^ Marilyn Shea. "Guo Shoujing – 郭守敬 – Chinese Astronomy – 中国天文学". Hua.umf.maine.edu. Retrieved 27 May 2016. 115. ^ Ganbold et al., op. cit., 2006, p.20–21. 116. ^ Chen, Yuan Julian (2014). 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Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 150. ^ Tan Ta Sen, Dasheng Chen (2009). Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170. ISBN 978-981-230-837-5. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 152. ^ Chow, Chung-wah (7 September 2012). "What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port \| CNN Travel". Travel.cnn.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016. 153. ^ Hsiao 1994, pp. 491–492. 154. ^ Morgan 1982, p. 135. 155. ^ Morgan 1982, pp. 124–136. 156. ^ Natsagdorj, S., and C. Dalai. 2003. “Yuan gürnii üyeiin Mongol oron.” In Mongol Ulsiin Tuukh, vol. 2: XII-XIV Zuunii Dund üy, edited by C. Dalai and T. Ishdorj. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, p. 225 157. ^ Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900–1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 490–. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7. 159. ^ Tanner, Harold Miles (13 March 2009). China: A History. Hackett Publishing. pp. 257–. ISBN 978-0-87220-915-2. 160. ^ Kupfer, Peter (2008). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8. 161. ^ Oh, Young Kyun (24 May 2013). Engraving Virtue: The Printing History of a Premodern Korean Moral Primer. Brill. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-90-04-25196-0. 164. ^ Haw, Stephen G. (1 January 1970). "The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire - who were they? \| Stephen G. Haw". Academia.edu. Retrieved 27 May 2016. 165. ^ Biran, Michal (15 September 2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the ... p. 96. ISBN 9780521842266. Retrieved 27 May 2016. 167. ^ E.J.W. Gibb memorial series. 1928. p. 451. 168. ^ Bretschneider, Emil (1888). "The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang". Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources. Barnes & Noble. pp. 37–108. 169. ^ E.J.W. Gibb memorial series. 1928. p. 451. 170. ^ 《元史》 [History of Yuan] (in Chinese). 172. ^ Gladney, Dru C. (1991). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic (2nd, illustrated, reprint ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 173. ^ "China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories". China Heritage Quarterly. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2016. 174. ^ Liu 刘, Yingsheng 迎胜 (2008). "Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China". In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.). The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration. Volume 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 121. ISBN 978-3447058094. ISSN 1860-1812. \|volume= has extra text (help) 175. ^ Chaffee, John W. (2018). The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1108640091. 176. ^ Mote 2003, p. 492. 177. ^ ed. Zhao 2007, p. 265. 178. ^ Bakhit 2000, p. 426. 179. ^ Ford 1991, p. 29. 180. ^ ed. Rossabi 1983, p. 247. 181. ^ Haw, Stephen G. (1 January 1970). "The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire – who were they? \| Stephen G. Haw". Academia.edu. Retrieved 27 May 2016. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 182. ^ Yoshiyuki, Funada (1 January 1970). "The Image of the Semu People: Mongols, Chinese, and Various Other Peoples under the Mongol Empire \| Funada Yoshiyuki". Paper Presented at the International Roundtable Entitled "The Nature of the Mongol Empire and Its Legacy", Centre for Studies in Asian Cultures and Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna. Retrieved 27 May 2016. 184. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Further readingEdit • Birge, Bettine (1995). "Levirate marriage and the revival of widow chastity in Yüan China". Asia Major. 3rd series. 8 (2): 107–146. JSTOR 41645519. • Brook, Timothy. The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties (History of Imperial China) (Harvard UP, 2010). excerpt • Chan, Hok-lam; de Bary, W.T., eds. (1982). Yuan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion Under the Mongols. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05324-2. • Cotterell, Arthur (2007). The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. London, England: Pimlico. ISBN 9781845950095. • Dardess, John (1994). "Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke (sinologist); John King Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–586. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5. • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (24 November 2009). Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-8839-2. • Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1986). "Imperial governance in Yüan times". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 46 (2): 523–549. doi:10.2307/2719142. JSTOR 2719142. • Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1994). "The Yuan government and society". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke (sinologist); John King Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–615. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5. • Langlois, John D. (1981). China Under Mongol Rule. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10110-1. • Langlois, John D. (1977). "Report on the research conference: The Impact of Mongol Domination on Chinese Civilization". Sung Studies Newsletter. 13 (13): 82–90. JSTOR 23497251. • Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the China Emperors. London, England: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. • Saunders, John Joseph (2001) [1971]. The History of the Mongol Conquests. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-812-21766-7. • Owen, Stephen, "The Yuan and Ming Dynasties," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997. pp. 723 743. (Archive). • “Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan”. 1987. “Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan”. Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies, no. 19. Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies: 224–54. JSTOR 23497542. External linksEdit Preceded by Dynasties in Chinese history History of Mongolia / Tibet / Korea Succeeded by
Summaries and tables The latest article Alternative fuels: Types and their characteristics It will be a long time before we are all travelling in electric cars or under hydrogen power. If Germany is to reach its ambitious goal of climate neutrality by 2050, alternative fuels will play an important role at least until then. Some of them are already widely used today in their pure form or as a mixture with fossil diesel and petrol fuels. Since 2007 the German Biofuel Quota Act (BioKraftQuG) has even stipulated a minimum share of biofuels as a percentage of total fuel sales in Germany. To the article
You will need • - portable lamp; • - ohmmeter Take a portable lamp, it will help to check the breakdown of the capacitor to ground. Disconnect the wire of the capacitor and wire the ignition coil from the clip circuit breaker, and plug a portable lamp. The capacitor is faulty if the lamp comes on when the ignition is on. To reduce the erosion of the breaker contacts and raising the secondary voltage and parallel connected capacitor. When they open, when the clearance is minimal, a spark and is charging the capacitor. Each ignition system is equipped with its condenser. Usually the capacity is in the range of 0,17—0,35 UF. For automobiles it is in the range 0,20—0,25 mkF. The deviation in the capacitance of the capacitor gives a reduction of the secondary voltage. When it is charging and discharging it does not exceed 5 kV. Disconnect the clamp on the breaker black wire that goes from ignition coil, disconnect the circuit breaker from the leads of the capacitor. They touch each other. Turn on the ignition. When you see the sparks between the ends of the wires will indicate the breakdown of the capacitor. You can also check its serviceability, its charge from the ignition coil high voltage, and then discharge it to ground. If there is spark discharge between the housing and the wire condenser with a distinctive click, it will mean that he is OK. If after charging no spark, then the capacitor is leaking current. Disconnect the condenser and crank engine. The characteristic symptom of the capacitor is excessive arcing between the breaker contacts during starting of the engine. Therefore, the appearance of a very weak spark between ground and the Central high-voltage wire and is strong enough arcing of the contact breaker capacitor broken and requires replacement. Take an ohmmeter. Connect the output capacitor with its case for his discharge. Connect one probe of the ohmmeter to the tip wire, and the second housing (switch the ohmmeter to the upper limit of measurement). If the capacitor is OK, the arrow is deflected sharply in the direction of "0", then slowly return to the symbol "∞". When you change the polarity, arrow more is deflected to "zero." Broken replace the capacitor.
→🏠ParagraphsShort Paragraph on A Village Market Short Paragraph on A Village Market Question: Write a paragraph about ‘A Village Market‘ by answering the following questions. 1. What is the village market? 2. Where is it held? 3. What is Bazar? 4. What is haat? 5. What are available here Answer: A village market is a very important place for the villagers. It usually sits by the side of a road, cannel or river. Generally, a village market sits for a week. There are some permanent shops in the village market. On the market days, temporary shopkeepers come to sell their merchandise and sit in their small sheds. The village farmers also come to sell their products and other things like bamboos, fuel materials, homemade articles of household use and agricultural implements. With the sale proceeds, they do their weekly marketing. A village market is a meeting place where the people meet their friends and relatives and exchange their news and views. This is why the village market is very useful for the villagers. A Village Market Question: Write a description of ‘A Village Market’. In your paragraph, explain the place of the market, kinds of markets sellers and buyers, goods displayed and its importance. Answer: A village market is the selling and buying center of the villagers. It is held in open space in the center of the surrounding village. The paths of the village lead to the marketplace. There is a difference between a ‘Hat’ and ‘A Market’. A Hat is not held like a market daily. However, there are various kinds of shops in the village market. The villagers get rice, dal, vegetables, fish, meat and all other necessaries of their daily lives from the market. Farmers come from far and near there with their products to sell them off. They sometimes rejoice at their profit and despond over their loss. A village market is the main center of economic activity of the village. The traders of the village carry on good business there. Thus, the villagers bear a vital importance in the life of the village market and It very much helps to develops our rural economy. Similar Posts:
Fill This Form To Receive Instant Help Help in Homework trustpilot ratings google ratings Homework answers / question archive / Online Sociology Lesson 4 Test Bank 1)Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be Online Sociology Lesson 4 Test Bank 1)Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? 2)Education is important to society because: 3)Erik Erikson's theory explains: 4)According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes? 5)Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? 6)Parents often socialize their children to: 7)Katrina, age 5, and Sharon, age 4, love to play together while their mothers chat. Katrina has a toy iron and washing machine. She and Sharon spend hours "washing" and "ironing" her baby doll's clothes, just like they see their mothers do. Which of George Herbert Mead's stages of development are Katrina and Sharon exemplifying? 8)During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. 9)George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows: 10)The transition from college life to work life can be quite difficult for many young adults in the United States. Which is a possible cause for this struggle? Question 11 Which sociological perspective sees technology and media as a tool individuals use to express how much wealth they have? 12)The debate about net neutrality consists of two main sides. Which of the following is one of those sides? 13)Tyson visits China over spring break, and after getting online to write home to her parents, she realizes some of her favorite social media sites are blocked by the Chinese government. She becomes concerned with how technology reinforces inequalities among communities, both within and among countries. What sociological perspective best fits Tyson's concerns? 14)The term cyberfeminism is defined by the text as: 15)Caleb attended a private high school, which gave each student access to a personal laptop and iPhone. Ted attended a poorly funded public school, which had few computers and outdated technology. When Caleb gets to college, he's more prepared than Ted for coursework which includes computer and online material. This occurrence is an example of: 16)Today, the majority of mass-media outlets are owned by six corporations. This is a product of _________. 17)The term media globalization can be defined as: 18)Which of the following is NOT an example of new media? 19)Susan has the newest iPhone, iPad, iPod, and Mac. When a new Apple product is released, Susan stands in line for hours to be the first to buy it. Susan is a(n): 20)Which theorist would be most interested in who controls the media, and the ways in which the dominant race and class minimizes the media presence of the lower classes and other races? 21)Émile Durkheim's much lauded study of suicide is important to the field of sociology in many ways. One of the most influential impacts was: 22)Sumaira is scared that she will not find a job in the current economy. She decides to be a business major and attend one of the top business schools in the country. Upon graduation, she is hired by a major investment banking firm in New York. Sumaira has completed: 23)Joseph and Paula are excited to welcome their child into the world. They cannot wait to pass on all their knowledge, insight, and rich culture. Just as their parents gave them guidance and showed them how to live, Joseph and Paula will continue the chain by handing down their societal values and thus, sustain the society they love so much. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? 24)Peer groups are important to adolescents because: 25)Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of: 26)In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of _______. 27)Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role? 28)It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory? 29)Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o'clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o'clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o'clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition? 30)Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Question 31 The term technological diffusion is defined as: 32)How has advertising revenue significantly changed in the past few years? 33)What is a negative risk of media globalization? 34)After the floppy disk was introduced, zip drives were invented shortly after, followed quickly by flash drives. This is an example of: 35)The term panoptic surveillance is defined in the text as: 36)From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is a function of social media? 37)Last week, a major politician was caught in a political scandal. The story was featured on the front page of the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times,, and was the lead story on NBC, ABC, and CBS nightly news. This is referred to as: 38)E-readiness can be defined as: 39)Before the dawn of social media, powerful TV networks and widely circulated newspapers had great influence over the news stories that were reported to the public. This is referred to as: 40)Which of the following is an example of planned obsolescence? Option 1 Low Cost Option Download this past answer in few clicks 8.87 USD Already member? Option 2 Custom new solution created by our subject matter experts
Can changes in brain energy pathways cause depression? New research has identified mutations in the DNA code that can affect energy metabolism. It also found a link to major depressive disorder. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes depression as “the leading cause of disability worldwide.” It affects more than 300 million people around the world. Experts believe that many factors contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD). These include genetics, environmental factors including abuse, brain physiology, and the immune system. One theory is that disturbances in energy metabolism in the brain can contribute to a person developing MDD. Conceptually, this is relatively easy to follow. The brain has a much higher energy requirement than other organs. Any disturbance to this finely tuned system can have drastic consequences. Health Consultations recently reported on a study in which researchers deleted the SIRT1 gene in excitatory forebrain neurons in male mice. The result was a drastic reduction in the number of mitochondria in these cells, accompanied by symptoms similar to depression. Mitochondria, the so-called power plants of the cell, are specialized compartments that convert the food we eat into the chemical energy our cells require to function. Each cell has many mitochondria to ensure a smooth energy supply. If we reduce their numbers or interrupt intricate metabolic pathways, cells can die due to lack of energy. See also What foods help burn fat? In a recent article published in the journal Nucleic Acid Research, scientists used bioinformatics tools to identify large mutations in the genetic code of mitochondria. They found a significant molecular signature of these in a subset of brain samples with MDD. Identifying about 4,500 mutations. Genes within mitochondria and some within the cell’s nucleus are responsible for keeping power plants running. Mutations in these genetic locations can cause mitochondrial diseases. A person can inherit these mutations, but they can also accumulate during their lifetime. Scientists know that deletions, a type of DNA mutation in which a large part of the genetic code is missing, causes a number of mitochondrial diseases. The study’s lead author, Brooke E. Hjelm, an assistant professor of clinical translational genomics at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, explained to the MNT that the researchers had already identified about 800 deletions in the mitochondrial genome. See also Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Facts, Symptoms, and Treatment “So,” she said, “what I did was exploit a tool that is already available to the research community called MapSplice and develop a process to use it to detect and quantify mitochondrial deletions.” While Hjelm was confident that her analysis tool would allow him to identify many deletions in her samples, she was surprised to find so many. Related Article> Christmas Depression: How to Cope With Vacation Depression? In the 93 human samples, which came from 41 deceased individuals, included in the study, he discovered about 4,500 deletions. However, not all of these mutations necessarily cause the disease. If only a mutation occurs in some of the mitochondria in a person’s cell, the rest of the power plants can take the place. However, if it reaches a certain threshold, the cell may not be able to continue to function normally. See also What to know about a foot infection “One thing I found particularly interesting was that many of the deletions I detected (especially those identified in many samples) had been previously identified in those with mitochondrial disease,” Hjelm explained. ‘What this means,’ he continued, ‘is that there are deletions that have previously only been seen in one or a few people with a diagnosis of mitochondrial disease, suggesting that they are rare, when in fact these deletions are likely to occur. in all of us, they are simply not present at a high enough rate to cause disease. A subset of MDD samples have deletions Having developed the new bioinformatics tool, Hjelm and her colleagues set out to answer the following question: Do people with diagnosed psychiatric disorders have evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in their brains? Of the 41 people included in the study, nine had a diagnosis of MDD. Back to top button
The Magnificent Blue Diamond The past has shown us that people value sparkling gems. Mystical stories are told about them and many have rumors of divine properties. Of these sparkling gems, one of the rarest is the blue diamonds.Of all the diamonds throughout history, blue diamonds are the second rarest diamonds found today and are some of the most famous. Natural blue diamonds are so rare that even most passionate diamond jewelers ever see one, let alone own one. Their unique looks place them well above most gems of this color and make them more desirable to jewelers, owners and wearers. One myth that surrounds this valuable diamond is that any wearer will be granted divine grace. Where Blue Diamonds are Mined Blue diamonds are mined in a few locations such as South Africa, India and parts of Australia. The electrical properties of these rare diamonds also make them unique. According to experts, the electrical properties are semi conductive because of the boron atoms that are only found in the blue diamond. Characteristics of the Blue Color Blue diamonds are graded the same way as other fancy colored diamonds, but their rarity places them as the second rarest color after red makes which make them highly unique. Blue diamonds come in various color tones and saturation like other fancy color diamonds and also with secondary colors such as green and grey. Famous Blue Diamonds The most famous blue diamond is the Hope Diamond. According to legend, it has survived theft, revolutions, wars, redesign, curses and family arguments for more 450 years. This diamond has been blamed for the downfall of Louis XVI and his mistress, Marie Antoinette. The diamond legend tells of how it was stolen from one of the eyes of the sculpture of Sita, a Hindu goddess. After being stolen, the Hindu priests placed a curse on the Hope Diamond. However, the earliest record of the Hope Diamond is from 1812. The diamond currently rests in the Smithsonian on display for all to see. The Hope Diamond is said to be 45.52 carats and is considered the largest diamond of deep blue color. One of the more recent famous blue diamonds is the Heart of Eternity. It was unveiled to the world in 2000, along with 10 other blue diamonds. This heart-shaped blue diamond has no curses or unusual rumors surrounding it, but what makes it so famous is its size, which is determined to be 27.64 carats. Blue Diamonds on Auctions Blue diamonds are taking their place as very hot items these days on major auctions. Besides being a rare collectors item, it also part of the recent trend of investing diamonds. We can see that based on the recent auction results where blue diamonds are making headlines. Here are two very recent diamonds that were sold in auctions: Just a few days ago in April 24, Bonhams London auctioned off a 5.30-carat blue diamond. It was fancy deep blue and sold for $9.5 million. Another 3.04-carat blue diamond sold for a little over $2 million on April 8th by Sotheby’s. These are two of the most recent auctions and show how coveted the blue diamond really is
Learning to cook is an absolutely vital skill, and charity United Response are aiming to get people with learning disabilities into the kitchen with their new CookABILITY series. By Katie Campbell Cooking is a vital skill that goes criminally underappreciated. Even knowing how to cook a basic but nutritional and filling meal gives you the skills to sustain yourself, promotes independence, and has the capacity to impress a potential significant other dependant on how badly you burn it! For people living with a learning disability, maintaining a healthy weight can be a difficult task. While difficulties with eating and swallowing might result in being underweight, living with Down’s syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome can mean a higher risk of obesity. Helping someone with a learning disability to make healthier food choices using the NHS’s Eatwell Guide or using the websites A Picture of Health and Easyhealth can make a huge difference, but giving someone with a learning disability the tools to make the choices and perform the actions themselves is a much better decision when their independence is considered. Enter CookABILITY, a new project from charity United Response launched late last year which aims to encourage people living with learning disabilities to learn how to cook healthy meals for themselves through their series of simple-to-follow YouTube videos. CookABILITY is just one of the ways the charity, which provides person-centred support to adults and young people across the UK who have learning disabilities, mental health needs or physical impairments. Brilliant tips and advice from CookABILITYAt the moment, there are only a few CookABILITY videos, which teach viewers how to make healthy meals they will actually want to eat, like pizza and chicken korma, with a new video posted each week featuring people with disabilities making the food, subtitles and step-by-step instructions which explain every aspect of the video slowly and clearly without being condescending or patronising. Alan Tilley, area manager for United Response ROC Wellbeing, said: “Obesity is a ticking time bomb which will hit people with learning disabilities particularly hard if we fail to take decisive intervention and don’t give people control over what they eat. “In our experience, people with learning disabilities can struggle to eat a balanced diet. Often cooking a meal from scratch at home can seem daunting and so people end up instead eating ready meals or fast food high in fat, sugar and calories. “In order to tackle this major health problem, we have to be bold and show people – through our online videos – how to cook with confidence. It’s crucial we empower people to make informed choices.” A collative study by the University of Hertfordshire which examined the issue of obesity in people with learning disabilities showed that the prevalence of obesity is significantly higher in the learning disabled population. It noted that studies have shown that this can be contributed to the additional barriers faced by people with learning disabilities to access leisure facilities due to staffing shortages and limitations surrounding transport, all of which result in lower levels of physical activity. In fact, figures show that almost 80% of adults living with a learning disability don’t meet the minimal levels of physical activity recommended by medical professionals. Snacking is also a huge issue, with diets filled with sugary foods, meat, and dairy, but low in fruit, vegetables and fibre contributing to the prevalence of obesity. By creating their video series, United Response is combating this issue, providing simple but nutritionally rich recipes which include lots of vegetables, fresh produce and fibre, while still being delicious, flavourful and enjoyable meals. United Response creates the video series at their ROC Wellbeing service in Devon, where people with learning disabilities are given the opportunity to learn new skills and gain accredited learning qualifications. Stephen Jenkins, from Paignton in Devon, is one of the stars of the series, and is loving being part of CookABILITY. He said: “The food tasted delicious and was very nice. “It wasn’t really that hard to make. It was actually easy. Eating was my favourite part though!” If you’d like to get involved with United Response and their CookABILITY series, visit their website at unitedresponse.org.uk, tweet them at @unitedresponse, or check out the videos on their YouTube channel: youtube.com/unitedresponse. Get your copy of PosAbility Magazine
How social isolation changes the brain Covid-19 has thrown financial resilience into the spotlight: what can employers do? Full story: World’s three hottest Julys happened in the last five years Last month was the world’s third-hottest July on record, new data show — the latest milestone in a global warming trend that has seen the three hottest Julys within the last five years. With the heat has come a high level of ice melt in the Arctic, where the extent of sea ice last month hit the lowest level for July since the polar satellite record-keeping began four decades ago, according to the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service. The new findings come as France and Belgium brace for a possible weekend heat wave, while Italian roads near an Alpine glacier were closed amid warnings that high temperatures could cause ice to collapse. “It’s not just a summer thing,” said Copernicus senior scientist Freja Vamborg. “It’s on a global scale, and all months are warming.” Atmospheric temperature records dating back to the mid-19th century reveal the last five years to be the hottest yet… How social isolation changes the brain PHYSICAL PAIN IS UNPLEASANT, yet it’s vital for survival because it’s a warning that your body is in danger. It tells you to take your hand off a hot burner or to see a doctor about discomfort in your chest. Pain reminds us all that we need to take care of ourselves. Feeling lonely is the social equivalent to feeling physical pain. It even triggers the same pathways in the brain that are involved in processing emotional responses to physical pain. Just like feeling physical pain, feeling lonely and disconnected from others is also a signal that we need to take care of ourselves by seeking the safety and comfort of companionship. But what happens when we are unable to find companionship and the loneliness persists? As scholars at the Center for Healthy Aging at Penn State, we study the impact of stress on the aging body and brain, including how it can worsen cognitive decline and risk for dementia. The social isolation older adults are experiencing now amid the coronavirus pandemic is raising new mental health risks, but there are things people can do to protect themselves… Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Wednesday , January 19 2022 Home / Lighting / Understand the lampshade Understand the lampshade Understand the lampshade The lampshade is commonly known as a lampshade and helps to scatter light from the lamp holder or lamp. There are two types of shades, the conical or cylindrical, this can fit on a floor, or any desk such as stool and table. There are also other models called the suspended lamp. Some lampshades have their own stands while others are basically provided with a decorative shade. Most specialize in specially designed lamps. They also have the lampshade guide on the market that has routines for improving or repairing lampshades at home. There is also a popular method where old lampshades are refined called decoupage while they are pasted in with current standard shades. How to maintain a lampshade When cleaning, unplug the cord and remove the screen from the lamp. A detergent is used with warm water if it is from fabric, this helps to check if the fabric is safe. Immerse the shadow in blurred water and rinse it in clean water. Only mild detergents are usually preferred. The use of detergent is good. The cloth always hangs when it is wet and becomes denser when it dries. Always hang the shade outside to dry or blow it up with a dry towel until it is almost dry and then back up the shade on the lamp. The light bulbs are very important because it helps to dry it out. For shades coated with plastic, parchment and fiberglass, wipe with a foamed cloth or sponge and then rinse with a clean damp cloth and wipe it off. When choosing a lampshade, you should choose the most preferred flavor as there are different. There are hurricane glass shades and gas glass shades. The hurricane type is known for its profile Buy lampshades Lampshades address many lighting problems, shades may be expensive but with great benefits. The screens help to spread light in our rooms, where it ensures that you get the right amount of light. To change the room mood, go for glass lampshades with amazing colors. Patterns are many for one to choose from, hurricane is most popular followed by gas glass type. They have an hourglass shape and most have been around for a long time because of its simplicity. When choosing a lampshade, test yourself and your expected budget.
There can be many ways to develop a story. The most important thing is that it is developed logically and systematically. (Always remembering that rules are merely guidelines and sometimes breaking them can make a story more exciting to read). The following is a typical way of developing a dramatic story. · The first step is to develop a premise (i.e. A concise statement of what happens in a story). · The next step might be to develop the main characters (i.e. Contrive a profile that describes who each of the main characters is). · The third step may be to develop the principal events (beats, plot points or turning points). Consider these dramatic events, what their causes and effects are, what leads up to them and what happens as a result. · Next develop the sequence of main events. Sometimes it helps to jot each event down on a palm card and shuffle them around, playing with the order of events to see what effect this has on the reading of the story. Is your story circular? Do you start at the end and then flash back to the beginning? Or is it linear? Is it told in small moments from different perspectives. · Finally fill in minor events, and details. Planning Your Story Why do we need to plan a story? Many writers find that they start off with a great story, write it and then find it doesn’t work properly. This is often because they haven’t planned exactly what happens (the sequence of events) and which characters are involved in enacting them. Planning helps eliminate errors in the construction of a story. It also saves you time which could be wasted correcting these errors. But planning isn’t for every writer - some writers enjoy writing intuitively. You are the only one who can decide what works for you. When planning, you need to have a good understanding of your goals. · What are you trying to accomplish with your story? · How am I going to make the story funny/serious/sad/exciting/thrilling? · What is my premise? Am I trying to prove or disprove a theory? Developing your Voice The voice of the story is the author's voice. All authors have a voice. You should not try too hard to develop one as this may come across as artificial and unnatural. It can be very hard for an author to eliminate their voice from a story. For example, if you have a humorous way of writing, if everything is a joke, or a pun, even in the most difficult situations, it can be hard to eliminate that voice from your story but then again you don’t necessarily want to either. Sometimes your unique style of writing is what makes your work stand out from the crowd. Writing in your true voice is the easiest way of writing. As you grow and develop as a writer, you train your voice and develop it, but initially, use the voice you have. Many authors in fact use more than one voice. Some authors will use more than one pen name. They will write in one voice for one pen name, and another voice for another pen name. This can be hard. But as an author develops so their different voices may develop. Readers may feel that they know us because they have read our voice. We may use a lot of our own character in our stories and our voices but that does not mean that the things we write about are actually us. It does not mean that we will do the things in the story. It is just that we are able to use our imagination, and our voice, to tell a story. If you simply relax, write as clearly and simply as you can, your words will begin to flow. As the words flow, your voice will begin to emerge. It is important that you do not try to force your voice. As we said earlier, you should sound natural. If you try to write in a clever way or a stylish way, that does not fit with your voice, it will not work. Your voice is original, it has its own special quality, use it, hone it and develop it to write your stories your way.
logo cdf 1 Should You Open or Close Your Doors During a Fire? 5 Items a Fire Marshal Checks for in Commercial Buildings During a fire, every second counts. Fires can rapidly spread from one room to another, so making the right preparations and decisions can save lives. Business owners and building managers have a responsibility to ensure that their facilities are safe in the event of a fire. Why You Should Close Your Doors During a Fire According to the Firefighter Safety Research Institute (FRSI), closing doors helps prevent a fire from spreading, mitigates smoke damage, and even saves lives. This rule applies to both commercial and residential buildings. The research is so conclusive on the issue that there is a website dedicated to spreading the safety message of closing doors (closeyourdoor.org). The three primary reasons it is important to close doors are cutting off oxygen, minimizing toxic smoke, and maintaining survivable temperatures. Cut Off Oxygen to the Fire It is important to close your doors during a fire because it helps cut off oxygen to the fire. Fires feed off oxygen, so the more oxygen they have, the more quickly they spread. When you leave your doors open (or, even worse, open your door during a fire), you allow all of the oxygen in the room you are in to get to the fire, causing it to spread more quickly. You may not think about how much oxygen is in a given room or how well it is sealed when the door is shut. However, if you open doors during a fire, a rush of oxygen can escape and go directly to the fire. Mitigate Toxic Smoke In addition to feeding the flames, opening your doors during a fire can increase toxic smoke levels throughout your home or business. The smoke from a fire does two things—it decreases oxygen levels and increases carbon monoxide levels. Both are deadly. If oxygen levels get too low, occupants of the building will not be able to breathe. If carbon monoxide levels get too high, they act like a poison and cause occupants to pass out. If you keep your doors shut, toxic smoke will still be able to get into the room, but not nearly as quickly as it would through an open door. A burning fire can fill a room with deadly smoke in a matter of minutes. Most people think that flames cause death during a fire, but actually, smoke inhalation is more likely to cause death. For this reason, it is imperative to keep your doors closed during a fire to cut off the deadly smoke. Maintain Survivable Temperatures Another deadly hazard during a fire that is often overlooked is deadly temperatures. According to the San Francisco Fire Department, indoor fires can reach temperatures as hot as 1100 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature only needs to get to about 300 degrees Fahrenheit to be fatal. When your doors are closed, it prevents heat from entering quickly. This means that the temperature of the room will stay at a survivable number for longer than if the door were open. Even glass or wood doors act as a barrier to high temperatures. How You Can Ensure Your Doors Are Closed During a Fire When occupants of a building realize there is a fire, panic is often the first response. When building occupants go into a panic, that is when mistakes happen. The number one thing you can do to ensure your doors are closed during a fire is to prepare a fire plan and practice it. All homes and businesses should have a specific plan to execute in the case of a fire. This includes shutting doors, proceeding to a safe escape route, and meeting other occupants at a meeting place. Simply having a plan is not enough. You need to practice your plan to make sure that everyone is aware of their responsibilities and capable of acting quickly in an emergency. If you want more safety and protection from fires, you can invest in fire-rated doors. These doors are specially engineered to withstand flames and high heat and better protect rooms and their occupants from fires. If you are considering fire-rated doors or simply upgrading the doors in your business, contact CDF today!
Artificial Intelligence The Future of AI Regulation Let's take a look at the legislative landscape around AI and examine whether current laws will be sufficient for the algorithmic age. Disruptive technologies tend to arrive in a blizzard of related developments and innovations, far in advance of any regulations that may eventually govern them and initially striking fear and foreboding into governments and peoples alike. It was so for the printing press1, the industrialization of drug production in the 19th century2, and, more recently, the emergence of GPU-powered cryptocurrency, which has stormed ahead of regulatory oversight as a threat to governmental rule and traditional economic models3. And now, after more than fifty years of false starts as described in our machine learning overview, the current boom in artificial intelligence has gained enough credibility and market traction to similarly challenge lawmakers, threaten historic systems of production and consumption, and embed itself into a society that's struggling to understand its workings — and which lacks laws modern enough to address the possible significance and reach of an emerging 'algorithmic age'. In this article we'll examine some of the approaches and solutions that various governments are taking to develop meaningful legislation, along with the central issues that are driving public and industry pressure for increased regulation and oversight of AI software development. Turn to Iflexion for more AI guidance to develop your solution safely The Nascent State of AI Legislation Nearly all democratic governments are currently on the back foot regarding the regulation of AI, since the technologies under discussion are proliferating either from the private sector, where regulatory interference has long fallen out of favor4, or from China, which has not relinquished state control of its national technological base in the same way that the west has5 (see below). A resolution of this tension is necessary, partly because post-facto regulation tends to be driven by public demand for state action after damagingly controversial incidents, but also because the lack of legal clarity can be an inhibiting factor for long-term investment6,7. A Global Wave of Ethical Treatises On AI Notwithstanding that commercial interests may prevail over ethical consensus, we can perhaps discern the trends of future machine learning regulation from the 100+ ethical guideline documents that have emerged from academia, governments, and government-affiliated think-tanks over the last five years8. Most of these guidelines are from the west, with a quarter proposed by the USA, nearly 17% from the UK, and at least 19 recommendations from the European Union. Distribution of issuers of ethical AI guidelines by number of documents released In descending order of prevalence among the ethical reports and roadmaps studied, the core topics common to all are: • Transparency • Justice & Fairness • Non-Maleficence • Responsibility • Privacy • Beneficence • Freedom and Autonomy • Trust • Sustainability • Dignity • (Social) Solidarity Fears That AI Regulation Will Impede Innovation In general, the governmental guidelines and working papers that have emerged so far express high levels of concern that premature regulation may stifle innovation in the machine learning and automation sector. In 2020, a White House draft memorandum on guidance for AI regulation concluded that 'Federal agencies must avoid regulatory or non-regulatory actions that needlessly hamper AI innovation and growth’9. Likewise, the UK AI Council's roadmap report10 typifies the UK's longstanding enthusiasm to gain ground in the AI sector, while maintaining a very circumspect approach to the development of new legislation around AI. In the press, the UK's departure from the European Union has been seized as an opportunity to abandon the EU's greater commitment to AI regulation in favor of the more laissez-faire policies of the US11 , an approach that has been criticized as irresponsible12. Pressure from China This fractured landscape of ethical and legislative timidity might seem surprising, since, except for China, the major AI powers all signed an OECD accord for a global governance framework in 201913. In reality, the long-term stability of China's political administration, together with its leadership in AI venture capital investment14, a deeply state-driven economy, and an avowed determination to lead the world in AI development by 203015, is bringing competing democratic nations to a 'guilty envy', which increasingly sees oversight and regulation as a significant competitive disadvantage16. Fear of potential AI risks, by country China's vanguard position in AI rests not so much in its academic acumen (though this is formidable) as in its ability to generate and exploit massive levels of data from the most-surveilled population in the world17. In contrast to China, democratic economies must negotiate successive waves of public and popular skepticism and terror18 around AI, as controversies evolve from alarming headlines into a growing wave of petitions and media pressure around the consequences of AI-driven automation. Possible Mechanisms for AI Regulation Most of the aforementioned ethical guideline papers propose potential regulatory methods and mechanisms that are likely to hinder machine learning processes and widespread adoption in some way. These include: • In-built data quality evaluation • Explainable AI (not easy to achieve) • More granular and public data provenance • Audits from the government and private sector • Attribution of liability • Increased levels of transparency that might be unpalatable to a commercial project19,20,21 While some maintain that AI legislation based on current ethical guideline recommendations would have a chilling effect on investment22,23, or even lead to a new AI winter, others contend that, as with previous incursions by new technologies, regulation will simply focus and vindicate the best implementations24. Will AI legislation have a chilling effect on investment, or will regulation simply focus and vindicate the best implementations? Web-scraping and AI A great deal of the current impetus in machine learning has been fueled by the ability of automated systems to ingest data from the internet into machine learning systems for segmentation (in the case of images and videos), classification, and eventual processing inside neural networks. Where a website uses some form of obfuscation to impede data-gathering systems, robotic process automation (RPA) can utilize AI-driven image-to-text transliteration, among various other techniques, to access and re-digitize the data for use in training machine learning models. Theft, Plagiarism, or 'Education'? OpenAI's headline-grabbing Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3) autoregressive language model was constructed and distilled chiefly from the CommonCrawl public data repository, a petabyte-level database derived from publicly available documents on the internet, in much the same way as the private databases that power Google and other search engines. Though the CommonCrawl agent, and other mining agents, can be specifically blocked by configuring a robots.txt file on your server, there is nothing to stop another organization being less respectful of your data: in 2019 the US Court of Appeals denied LinkedIn's petition to prevent an external company from using web-scraping techniques to distil and incorporate publicly available data from the LinkedIn network25. This ruling (amongst similar cases listed below) effectively legitimized the public domain as a free training ground for data-hungry AI systems26. Whether or not courts rule that screen-scraping and AI-driven transliteration of screenshots are legal (or whether scrapers can exploit data on a logged-in account27) is relatively moot: when high volumes of data are run through a machine learning system, the neural network will effectively 'absorb' the individual data points into a non-attributable 'general wisdom', obscuring all the original sources. For instance, in the case of GPT-3, a series of scientific articles by one particular author might have helped the AI to develop lucid viewpoints on certain scientific topics. But since GPT-3 has completely integrated that information into a wider knowledge base (and is unlikely to simply 'paste' the source text back into an unattributed response), there is no tangible evidence of the original author's contribution to the GPT-3 output. Journalism has internal codes of conduct regarding this kind of uncredited and unpaid appropriation, but as of yet there is no reliable method for re-identifying data that has contributed to a machine learning algorithm, notwithstanding any existing legislation that could penalize such usage as a 'derivative' work. Unless the contributing datasets are constrained to be publicly available, there is no effective proof of appropriation, or legal recourse. Laws Supporting Data Miners Over Copyright Holders Even where the output of an algorithm does clearly indicate which source material has been copied into a contributing dataset, legislation is tending to favor machine learning rather than aggrieved content creators or copyright holders. In 2016, the Supreme Court of the USA finally ratified the District Court's decision that Google may legally scan copyrighted books in order to provide search results via the algorithms of its Book Search service, ending 11 years of litigation by the Author's Guild28. In 2019, the European Union officially legalized29 the induction of copyrighted material into machine learning datasets for non-profit organizations. As with the EU's general reliance on GDPR to police downstream use by AI systems, there are no obvious enforcement mechanisms that could prevent commercial entities from doing likewise (beyond the use of prohibitory metadata tags, which crawler bots may or may not respect30). In certain countries, machine learning datasets may have more effective legal protection than the many sources that populated them, depending on the level of investment and effort that went into creating the dataset31. The EU32, the UK, and Russia33 all offer 'database rights' to compilers. The issue of dataset material 'evaporating' into the latent space of a neural network also affects one of the most public drivers for AI legislation — the phenomenon of deepfake video and audio, discussed at length in our recent post on the future of emotion recognition software. Deepfake output is created from high volumes of sample image or sound data, generally from openly available (though not necessarily non-copyrighted) material on the internet, such as social networks, tube sites, or podcast output. By the time the model is trained on the data, it is impossible to identify any specific contributing image or sound from the faked output. Due to negative public response to deepfake videos34, instances of fraud35, and fear of electoral manipulation36 (ultimately unfounded37), deepfake content has spawned some of the earliest concrete legislation and/or legal initiative around AI, amongst which: • China banned video deepfakes outright in January of 202038. • Texas passed a 2019 law to ban political deepfake video content, but excluded other types of deepfake content due to issues around 'free speech'39. • In the wake of the failure40 of the H.R. 3230 deepfake bill in Congress in 2019, two major new bills were passed into law41 at the start of 2021, intended in part to inform and generate new legislation governing deepfakes. Varying international legislation around image rights has the potential to make deepfake image content illegal by default42, in the spirit of a GDPR-style 'transitive property' of prohibition. However, this would challenge a number of cherished American statutes around fair use of public figures in satire and the media, and has ramifications that extend beyond the misuse of AI. Legally Defining 'AI' Semantics are a major obstacle to new legislation, and the recent flurry of ethical papers do not provide a consensus on what 'AI' actually is. Some evade the issue by referring to an 'algorithm', a term which covers everything from an if else loop in JavaScript to output from the 175 billion parameters of GPT-343. Others overleap present regulatory needs to address the more distant and philosophical possibility of an AI singularity making undesirable decisions in a military or government context. If it proves impossible to define the scope for the term 'AI', subsequent legislation may either devolve into a patchwork of laws for individual use cases (as is happening with deepfakes, self-driving vehicles, and facial recognition databases), or else AI will be left in the care of older laws until use cases emerge where those laws are proven not to apply. At that point, the procrastination and ambivalence of lawmakers might become obvious or even indictable. If it proves impossible to define 'AI', subsequent legislation may either devolve into a patchwork of laws for individual use cases or else AI will be left in the care of older laws. The Emergence of Scofflaw AI Perhaps the greatest emerging controversy of the current machine learning boom is the extent to which critical information about our lives and habits can be obtained by stealth, when tracking technologies allow our data to cross from one domain to another — and the extent to which a reliance on existing laws is powerless to prevent this from happening. Obtaining Privileged Health Data by Stealth Besides the global outrage at the misuse of data mining and machine learning in the Cambridge Analytica scandal, the highest level of concern currently centers around healthcare and general insurance providers, who, while constrained by intractable industry regulations, are often able to access 'forbidden' data via the analytics systems of third-party providers. In the US, for example, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires patient consent for the disclosure of medical information, but AI developers are not covered under these regulations, and are not prohibited from contributing to collaborative systems that provide insight-by-stealth into an individual's risk factors44, enable re-identification45, or reveal race, medical history, genetic predisposition to disease and other sensitive data points that may affect their treatment. The Enforceability of GDPR for AI Systems The EU's dependence46 on GDPR as a statutory mechanism to prevent data misuse in AI systems has been criticized as unrealistic, partly because the provenance of an algorithm's contributing data is obscured in the trained model's output, but mostly because the existing oversight and enforcement mechanisms do not currently live up to the ideals of the regulation47. Additionally, the EU's mandated 'Right to Explanation' about algorithmic decisions requires AI technology that does not yet exist48 , and the development of it is not the highest priority in a global scientific community currently embarking on an 'AI cold war'49. AI legislation outside of China is currently driven by optics and disaster management, as a ruminative west gauges the balance between the perceived value and viability of new AI systems and the volume of popular resistance that they might provoke. In the meantime, there is a general tendency to let existing laws govern the regulation of machine learning systems and their derived algorithms, even where such laws may prove to have limited scope for the task. However, one 2020 study from RAND50, which examined 5,240 articles dealing with regulatory gaps in AI governance, takes the more optimistic view that minor amendments to existing legislation will be adequate to cover the legal ramifications of machine learning systems as use cases emerge. Nonetheless, the report concludes that 'AI will continue to push the boundaries of public policy for the foreseeable future'. Content type Develop AI ethically with Iflexion. Get in touch with our team for more. It’s simple! Attach file
The General Framework of Hinduism- I The General Framework of Hinduism- I The purpose of this paper is to present the general framework of Hinduism to develop our understanding of its nature and core principles and their significance to help resolve the tensions and complexities of the contemporary society. The motivation comes from the misconceptions that surround its theology and practice. Given the vast philosophical literature developed over the years, often the central message of Hinduism for humanity gets lost. Furthermore, those interested are often confused due to the complexities of Hindu societal fabric, the political narrative surrounding, lack of familiarity with the original literature written Sanskrit language and onslaughts by adherents of rival faiths interested in increasing their own market share in the world religious market. Some wonder whether the ancient philosophical system that dates back to 5,500 years has any relevance to the modern age. We find that the core framework of Hinduism is built to create, support and maintain a harmonious society. The aim of Hindu philosophy is the extinction of sorrow and suffering which arises due to ignorance about our true original nature. The ignorance can be dispelled by acquiring knowledge about the Ultimate Reality by a rational endeavour (both theoretical and practical) underpinned by critical thinking and covering aspects such as metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics and aesthetics among others. An overview of Hinduism could help enlighten the adherents as well as the non-adherents of the Hindu way of life to create harmonious society and to ensure the wellbeing and prosperity for all. 1. Introduction Life’s journey consists of both favourable and unfavourable events. Favourable events make us happy, but the happiness is generally short-lived. Unfavourable events make us unhappy and we want to get rid of ensuing pain and sorrow. We are caught in a private world or interests such as family and friends. We rarely factor in the outside world except when it supports or hinders us. But the powerful outside world can crush our private world to ruins instantaneously. We feel that we are powerless, there is no escape and ultimately surrender to the outside forces. There is no lasting peace and poise in such a life and we feel disempowered or prisoner of our circumstances (Russell, 1912)[1]. When life turns sour we ask why is this happening to me? I did nothing wrong then why should I suffer? Why do good people seem to suffer, and bad people seem to be enjoy? What is life all about? Who am I? what I am doing here? Where will I go from here? Is there a God? When we ask such questions, we are doing philosophical thinking. The need thereof arises both from the desire of a rational person to find answers to the eternal questions posed above as well as to improve man’s ability to cope up with the problems of everyday living. Philosophy centres around three issues: the world or nature, the place of the self in the world and the possibility of a creator God. Both the Western and the Eastern philosophies concern themselves with these fundamental issues. The philosophical issues investigated by both are the same. They, however, differed in the method of inquiry as well as the processes of development of philosophical thought. The philosophical inquiry in the West was in parts or in segregated manner such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, logic and aesthetics while Indian philosophers considered these aspects in a synthetic or aggregated manner – not in parts (Chatterjee and Datta, 1984)[2]. Philosophy is an all-encompassing framework that includes, among others, the philosophy of science as well as the philosophy of religion. ‘The philosophy of science is concerned with all the assumptions, foundations, methods, implications of science, and with the use and merit of science’ (Stanford, n.d)[3]. The central question of the philosophy of science is the demarcation between science and non-science. Science relies on evidence to validate its claims. The predictions made need to be consistent with observation by human senses such as sight, hearing etc. The focus of science is on understanding nature. The tools of science include objective observation, experimentation, replicability and logical reasoning. Science concerns itself with nature or natural phenomena. To solve the demarcation issue – science and non-science- Karl Popper gave the criterion of falsifiability. ‘Theories that are permanently immunized from falsification by the introduction of untestable ad hoc hypotheses can no longer be classified as scientific’ (Shea, n.d.)[4]. Theories about God or theology -especially the Abrahamic theologies -are immunised from falsification and hence are non-science. To understand the philosophy of religion, we need to define religion. Religion is ‘an organised institution- replete with a founder, a holy order, temples, ceremonies, and so on’ (Cooper, 2003:14). Matters become further complicated if by religion we mean ‘a dogma or a doctrine whose central assertion is that there exists a supreme creator, an object of total devotion with which we should aspire to union’ (Cooper, 2003:14) or surrender completely. Religions concern themselves with transcendent (beyond physical) reality that falls outside the scope of science. Religious traditions can be divided in two broad categories: theistic and non-theistic (or atheistic). In Western religions (Abrahamic traditions- Judaism, Christianity and Islam), the Ultimate Reality is conceived as a ‘personal God who is creator and sustainer of all and perfect in every respect. Many other properties are commonly attributed to God as well, including omniscience, omnipotence, and immutability’ (Meister, n.d.)[5]. In Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Advait Vedanta school of Hinduism, the Ultimate Reality doesn’t refer to a personal creator God. Accordingly, these religions are non-theistic religions. Some of the Hindu philosophical systems are flatly atheistic… and in others God is only an ‘impersonal cosmic principle’ (Cooper, 2003:14)[6]. Hinduism considers the Ultimate Reality as supreme or pure consciousness (called the Brahma). Against the above general scheme of things or the canvas and the place of Hinduism within it, I now present the framework of Hinduism in the next section and thereafter in section 3, examine the relevance of Hindu thought for the demands of the modern society. However, before we consider the various elements of the framework, a quick look at the Hindu demography may be in order. According to the Pew Research Centre (PRC, 2017)[7], Hinduism was the fourth largest religion in the world in 2010 in terms of population (1.03 billion or 15% of world population). Christianity with 2.2 billion (31%) and Islam with 1.6 billion (23%) were the top two religions. The unaffiliated (includes atheist) accounted for 1.13 billion (16%). Buddhism holds the fifth rank with a population of 788 million (7%). Christianity and Islam were established about 2,000 years and 1,500 years ago respectively. Buddhism dates to roughly 500 BCE while Hinduism from prehistoric times roughly 5,500 BCE (Violatti, 2013)[8]. It is important to note, at this stage, that Christianity and Islam are proselytizing religions, that is, they actively seek more members to join their religion and aggressively go about religious conversion. Hinduism is not a proselytizing religion and there is no theological injunction to convert others as found in Christianity and Islam (Bandarage, 2015) [9] . ‘The more people understand the openness of Sanatana-dharma [Hinduism] the more likely there could be an end to religious war and misunderstandings’ (Knapp, n.d.)[10]. 2. The General framework of Hinduism For a proper understanding of the Hindu thought, it is important to know its general framework – that is, its core concepts and the interrelationships between those concepts. Such a knowledge would help us know how the core principles and philosophy of Hinduism can help us navigate through the needs of the contemporary society. Importantly, it will help us realise that the Hindu thought would considerably help in creating a harmonious world and as such would be of benefit not only to Hindus but to non-Hindus alike. Consequently, the Hindu way of life needs to be propagated for the betterment of the world and to end inter-religious hostilities and violence as well as to make individual life richer, happier and worry-free. The description of the elements of the general framework of Hinduism, has been grouped in five strands in which Western philosophy is generally studied, that is, metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics and aesthetics (Chatterjee and Datta, 1984)[11]. However, as noted earlier, while Western philosophy considers these elements in parts or in a disaggregated manner, Hinduism considers them in an aggregated manner, hence it becomes at times difficult to divide Hindu thought in the above five elements. Yet such a division, it is hoped, could help us discuss Hinduism in a multicultural setting. 2.1 Hindu metaphysics Metaphysics refers to ‘the rational inquiry in to the structure of being, its polarities and categories as they appear in man’s encounter with the reality’ (Tillich, 1956:57)[12]. There is finer distinction between metaphysics and theology. The former is an intellectual exercise to understand the Ultimate Reality, the latter is a ‘belief system’. The mother-board of Hindu philosophical system is intellectual exercise underpinned by rational/critical thinking, discussions and debates. Unlike the Abrahamic religions, Hindus don’t assume existence of an imaginary personal male God. Theology comes in picture when such an imaginary personal God is the starting point. Some strands of Hindu philosophy do assume a personal God (in the form of deities or devata) but only as – an intermediary step – a tool for understanding Brahma -the abstract reality or pure consciousness. This is the reason why Cooper (2003) asserts that Hinduism is atheistic. Hindu metaphysics can be discerned from its scriptures. 2.1.1 Scriptures (Literature) Hinduism’s vast literature consists of the Shrutis (revealed literature), Smritis (recollections), Darshana (viewing or how philosophical system looks at things) and Tantra (technique). The Shruti’s were in place since about 4,000 BCE (Dasgupta, 1922)[13] and consist of the four Vedas and over one hundred Upanishads (philosophical portion of Vedas)[14]and provide the foundation for Hindu metaphysics. The Smritis consist of law books (eg. Manu Smriti), Puranas (stories and parables, eg. Srimad Bhagwat), the epics Mahabharat and Ramayana, six philosophical systems (Shad Darsan) and finally, the vast Tantric (technique of spreading knowledge) literature with 64 prominent texts. Smriti’s consist of ethical and moral teachings besides the mythology. The literature is vast, for example, the Skanda Purana alone contains 88,100 slokas (aphorisms)[15] and there are 18 such Puranas with varying sizes! The Bhagvad Gita (written around 400 BCE to 200 BCE)[16] synthesizes the vast literature. Given that the study of such voluminous literature may take a life time of study, Hindu scholars recommend that every Hindu must read at least three texts called the Prasthan Trayi (literally three points of departure) – The Principle Upanishads (Shruti prasthana- the starting point of revelations), Brahma/ Vedanta Sutra (Nyaya or Yukti prasthana – logical text) and the Bhagvad Gita (Sadhana or Smriti prasthan). Sastry (1916:47) notes that these three ‘constitute according to Badarayana, the complete canon of the Vedanta Darsana (or philosophy)[17] or the Institutes of Vedantic teachings –Shruti being the scriptural institute, Brahma sutra being the logical institute and Bhagvadgita the traditional institute. There are ten principal or classical Upanishad – so called as Adi Sankar chose to comment on these. The Upanishads contain the essence of the Vedas and are the concluding portion thereof. They contain accounts of the mystic significance of the syllable aum, explanations of mystic words, sacred texts and esoteric doctrines (Radhakrishan, 1992)[18]. They are the thoughts generated at different points in time by different rishis (spiritual scientists) interested in different aspects of philosophical problems. Intelligent inquirers, however, needed explanation of the bare quotations contained in the Sruti and Smritis. There was also a need to resolve apparent inconsistencies in the vast Vedic literature. Given the need, Sage Badarayana composed Vedanta or Brahma sutra based strictly on reasoning. The Bhagvad Gita is essentially a dialogue between Lord Krishna and Prince Arjuna – before the start of the war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas – and is contained in the Bhishma Parva of the Hindu epic Mahabharat. During the dialogue, Krishna addresses the objections of Arjuna by unfolding a philosophical system which is an amalgam of the Sankhya and the Yoga philosophical strands. The Gita operationalises the abstract ideas contained in the Hindu scriptures to make them accessible for the conduct of everyday life. It can be described as the manual for self-realisation and to achieve societal harmony. The Gita recommends a four-fold path to achieve these objectives: The Way of Knowledge (Jnana Yoga), the way of Action or Duty (Karma Yoga), the Way of Devotion or Bhakti Yoga and the Way of Meditation or Mind Control (Raja Yoga). ‘The Gita gives you the unique way of life that eases off your tension and you enjoy a happy life. Gita, apart from being a religious scripture, is a scripture of life as well’ (Swami Gyananand, 2014:1)[19]. The Vedas and Upanishads (Shruti text) provide the foundation for philosophical speculation in Hinduism. This is followed by the Sutra (literally thread or aphorisms) literature which systematised the thoughts scattered in the Shruti texts. These include: Jaimini sutra for the Mimamsa, Gautama’s sutra for Nyaya, Kanada’s sutra for Vaisesika, Patanjali’s sutra for Yoga, Kapila’s sutra for Sankhya and Badarayana’s sutra for Vedanta (also called Brahma sutra). Accordingly, each of the six strands (Shad Darsana) of Hindu philosophy had sutra literature. The commentaries on the sutra literature was known as the Bhashya. Accordingly, for Vedanta sutra or Brahma sutra, we have commentaries of Adi Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva besides Vallabha, Nimbaraka, Baldeva and others. The building blocks (constructs) of Hindu metaphysics emanate from the Shruti’s and are as follows: (a) Brahma (universal self): The Ultimate Reality is designated as the Brahma – not to be confused with the deity Brahma or the varna Brahmana. The universe emerges from Brahma and finally collapses or merges into it. It is universal spirit or pure consciousness. According to Vedanta Sutra, from the Brahma the creation, preservation and reconstruction of the universe proceeds (Bernard, 1947)[20]. It has two aspects: Nirguna (without qualities or form) and Saguna (with qualities, or form, naama and roopa). As a Nirguna it is unlimited without beginning or end (anadi and ananta). (b) Atman (self): When the Brahma becomes limited or Saguna, it is called Atman. Accordingly, Atman is the same universal consciousness trapped in a form or the spirit encased in matter – a caged bird. Bernard (1947)[21] notes that the unlimited Brahma is like electricity but manifest in limited form such as light, heat, motive power without getting exhausted. The electric bulb through which the light emanates has limited life but the electricity per se which illuminated the bulb is inexhaustible. (c) Maya (delusion): When the Brahma which is in a restive stage (Nirguna) becomes active it assumes a form (Saguna). Ceramic can assume different forms (art ware, tiles, sculpture) but ultimately it is just ceramic material. ‘After a latent period, the universal seeds potentiality begins to germinate, and consciousness becomes active’ (Bernard, 1947: 131) manifesting itself in various forms. The world appears to take different forms because of ignorance (Maya) of the self to distinguish between the real and the unreal. To sum up, using the key aspects of Vedanta philosophy – the dominant amongst Hindu theology – Hindu metaphysics has been well summarised by Cooper (2003:35). These are derived from the four mahavakyas (great or key sentences) emanating from the Shruti. • Prajnanam Brahma (consciousnessis Brahman) • Brahma satya jagat mithya: Brahma (consciousness) alone is real (truth), the world of appearances is illusion or • Tat tvam asi (That are Thou): You (atman) is the • Ahum Brahmasmi: I am ‘pure consciousness’. Since reality is one, ‘I’ and ‘Brahma’ must be one. • Outer appearances are due to ignorance (maya), superimposing on the real (Brahma). • By focussing attention on our true original nature (pure consciousness, brahman/atman), we can liberate ourselves from the cycle of birth and death. Desires (trishna) create illusion (maya) which in turn creates dukkha (suffering). 2.1.2 Hindu theology Theology refers to ‘an ordered, coherent exposition of beliefs and commitments, explored and established through the use of a range of philosophical methods of analysis and engaging with the philosophical issues arising out of the ordered set of beliefs’ (Chakravarthi, 2014:98).[22] The Hindu theological literature can be classified in three distinct groups: theology of identity, theology of difference, and the theology of difference in identity. These schools basically deal with the problem of Ultimate Reality which has transcendental and phenomenal dimensions. Hindu theology asks whether these dimensions are different, identical or both? The theologies of difference would encompass: Sankhya, Yoga, Mimasa, Nyaya school, the theology of identity would include the six strands of Advaita schools and the theology of difference in identity would refer to, the VishishtAdvaita school. One of the major contributions of Hindu theology to the world of philosophy is, as already indicated above, the karmasiddhanta (The Law of Karma). Hinduism posits that the general moral law which governs all beings and the outside world is the law of karma. Simply stated the law asserts that all actions -whether good or bad – have consequences. We know that some people are happy while others are miserable. Some virtuous people suffer and the wicked prosper. Why does this happen? One can easily see the correspondence between our current actions (karma) and consequences thereof in the present life itself. But many a times, it is difficult to see such an association between consequences and actions. We can’t control the consequences as they seem to hit us from nowhere and we find it hard to provide any logical explanation. For a scientist, it is a random event, a chance or bad luck. Christianity, and similar other religious paradigms assert that it is due to the wrath of God. No logical reasoning is offered either by science or by religion. It is here that the theory of karma comes to our rescue. The theory posits that life is a continuous process and the present life is only a particular realisation of that process. This thought is very similar to the time series analysis in statistics. Time series models assume a continuous process that began ‘in the infinite past and ends into the infinite future’ (Griffith et al. 2003:643)[23]. Hinduism assumes that life is without a beginning and end (anadi and anant). Time series assume that the particular data (say temperatures of earth), we deal with is only a specific realisation of that process. Similarly, Hinduism assumes that the self (atman) passes through several lives and the present is just one specific event or life. In auto regressive timeseries, the assumption is past data (lagged variable) influences present outcome. Similarly, the karma theory asserts that not only your actions in this life but also those performed in the past life influence outcomes in the present life. Such lagged variables taper off to zero in due course and similarly the consequences of the past karma get wiped out over successive lives. The theory classifies karma in to two broad types: karmas from past lives that have not started generating consequences or outcomes called anarabdha karma and those that have begun to bear fruits, that is, arabhda or prarabdha karma. The anarabdha karma is divided in those accumulated in past life (praktana) and being gathered in this life called kriyaman or sanchayaman karma. The law of karma is one of the most brilliant contributions of Hinduism to humanity. In one stroke it addresses multiple issues. First, it provides a plausible explanation for the big questions of philosophy, such as, why I am here or why I do I suffer for an apparently inexplicable reason? Second, it puts responsibility on the individual-self instead of blaming others or some imaginary Satan for bad outcomes or unfavourable events. Third, psychologically, it helps one distinguish between what is controllable and what is not (that is, coming from the past karma (deeds). Fourth, by showing the cause and effect relationship it exhorts the individual to do good deeds (by suggesting a host of ethics) in this life which not only builds a harmonious society but assures the individual that her/his good deeds wouldn’t go waste as she/he can reap the benefits in subsequent births (Gita Ch 6.41)[24] For the Law of Karma to operate obviously the assumption of rebirth is necessary. Hinduism makes that assumption and so does Buddhism and Jainism. Is there really a rebirth? It is difficult to prove this empirically but recent advances in parapsychology appear to confirm such a scenario (Carpenter, 2012, Chopra, 2006)[25][26]. Empirical research is being conducted for over 50 years in this area in some US universities such as the University of Virginia Medical Centre[27], and Duke University Department of Parapsychology. There are several resources available online in this area for those interested. Critics of Hinduism often say that it is a pessimistic and other worldly philosophy. Far from it, Hinduism’s foundation is built on rationality and positivity. It doesn’t lull you into a false hope of a better future after death or presents to you a saviour to save you of all sins. As Swami Vivekanand said, ‘Ye are the Children of God, the sharers of immortal bliss, holy and perfect beings. Ye divinities on earth — sinners! It is a sin to call a man so; it is a standing libel on human nature. Come up, O lions, and shake off the delusion that you are sheep; you are souls immortal, spirits free, blest and eternal; ye are not matter, ye are not bodies; matter is your servant, not you the servant of matter’[28]. Hinduism not only accepts ‘free will’ but encourages it. It doesn’t blame fate or any one else for the miseries one suffers but squarely puts the responsibility on you –on your karma – whether past or present, and thereby encourages ethical conduct in the present time. Hindu epistemology While metaphysics asks the questions, what is the Ultimate Reality or the Truth, epistemology concerns itself with how we know what we know or about methods of knowing the reality. It refers to the Theory of Knowledge. According to Peirce[29] there are four general methods of knowing: method of tenacity (something is true because one knows it to be true), method of authority (something is true because some authority such as the Bible, for example, says it is true), method of intuition or method of reason (something is true because it agrees with reason, it is rational) and finally the scientific method (something is true because it is scientifically tested). These methods are like scaffolding, stage 2 (method of authority) more reliable than stage 1 (method of tenacity) with the scientific method at the top (Kerlinger, 2003)[30]. One can easily discern that Abrahamic religions go by the method of authority because of their belief in their respective personal God, messenger of God and the Book of God (such as the Bible or the Koran). They cite the authority of the Book. Where does Hinduism fit in this scaffolding? Given that Hinduism also cites the authority of the Vedas does it belong to stage 2 or the method of authority like the Abrahamic religions? According to Max Muller (1899)[31], prima facie, it may sound like that given the infallibility of Shruti assumed by Badarayana. However, if this condition is waived and Upanishads are considered to be the thoughts of human witnesses to the Ultimate Truth, then a great philosophy similar to that of the Greek and other thinkers of the West emerges. The clear departure of Hinduism from stage 2 is witnessed when the mainstream classical Hindu philosophical schools use epistemological tools (buddhi pamana) such as sensuous perception (pratyaksha), inference (anuman), scepticism, besides verbal testimony (sabda praman) (Stanford, n.d.)[32]. Accordingly, Hinduism climbs to stage 3 in the above ladder. Scientific method involves careful observation using sensual perception, inference, and controlled experimentation. However, ‘there is a growing realisation, that scientific theories cannot be conclusively proved or disproved’ (Chalmers, 2000: xxi)[33]. In fact, this dissatisfaction with scientific method led the likes of Feyerabend (1975)[34] conclude that science has no special features that makes it the superior method of knowing. The scepticism of Feyerabend (1975) and others led to the development of what is now known as the socio-logical, social sciences or ‘postmodernist’ approach. Like science, Hinduism also uses perception and inference (logical deduction). Coming to laboratory experimentation, science has many subjects (at least 30) with which such experimentation is carried out. In Hinduism, as the realisation of the ultimate is an individual experience, the laboratory is the ‘self’. Just as in the science laboratory strict conditions need to be observed, similar is the case for the ‘laboratory of the self’. The spiritual scientist of Hinduism (called Rishis) lay down the conditions (yama, niyama), which need to be observed to eventually find the Ultimate Truth (experiencing pure consciousness or Brahma). Consciousness has now generated interest of scientists in recent years. ‘The recent resurgence in consciousness studies has been fuelled by better, more advanced tools, such as functional brain imaging, and by findings in neurophysiology and systems neurobiology, including those related to memory and language in animals and humans’ (Russo, 1999)[35]. Hindu thought has developed over centuries using multiple case studies, collective lived experiences, narratives and testimony of the spiritual scientists (Rishis). Qualitative research approaches[36] use the above methods since laboratory experiments are not possible in social sciences research. From the above discussion, one can surmise that Hinduism is at a handshaking distance from science. Hindu logic Logic as a branch of philosophy is concerned with reasoning. It differentiates between good reasoning and bad reasoning. Logic forms the foundation of mathematics and computer sciences. Logic involves arguments or reasoning from available information to new information. ‘The exercise of reasoning and practice of argument are recorded in the early texts of India’ (Stanford, n.d.)[37]. One of the important features of rational inquiry is public debates. By 5th century BCE, rational inquiry was underway in various fields such as ‘Kṛṣi-śāstra (Treatise on agriculture), Śilpa-śāstra (Treatise on architecture), Jyotiṣa-śāstra (Treatise on astronomy), Dharma-śāstra(Treatise on law), Caraka-saṃhitā (Caraka’s collection), a treatise on medicine, and Artha-śāstra (Treatise on wealth), a treatise on politics’ (Stanford, n.d.)[38]. The arguments advanced in these texts, follow the well-recognised rules of inference as indicated in Stanford (n.d.)[39]. Amongst the sad darsana (six philosophical systems), the Nyaya system is deals primarily with logical thinking and rigorous criticism. It is also known as Tarkasastra (the science of reasoning) and Anviksiki (the science of critical study). 2.4 Hindu ethics Unlike in Western philosophy which considers ethics (or moral philosophy) to be a separate branch of philosophy, in Hinduism, ethics are embedded in all scriptures and are the foundation on which Hindu practices are organised. Ethics refers to conduct which is studied with respect to personal conduct and social conduct. Unlike Christian ethics which has foreign influences, Hindu ethics is purely indigenous in nature (Satyarthi, 2003)[40]. Besides the Vedas, the Upanishads and the Bhagvad Gita, discussion of ethics can be found in the epics and in the Puranas. The Vedas gives us two important ethical concepts: Dharma and the Karma (Law of Karma). ‘Dharma is characteristic property, scientifically; duty, morally and legally; religion with all its proper implications, psycho-physically and spiritually; and righteousness and law generally, but duty above all’ (Das, p.11 cited in Satyarthi, 2003)[41]. The Law of Karma refers to the cause and effect relationship or the moral law governing all actions. Similarly, the “Bhakti or loving devotion, which some scholars imagine to be only a late development of Hindu religion, is already evident in the Rig Veda” (Hopkins, p. 8)[42]. The Upanishads introduce two more concepts with ethical import these are Sansara (worldly things) and Moksha (freedom from bondage) and demonstrate the interrelatedness to Dharma and Adharma (non- Dharma) and Karma. Moksha is freedom from bondage or Maya which characterises Sansara- an endless cycle of births and deaths. The epics Ramayana and Mahabharata with its heroes Rama and Krishna, resemble Christianity or Islam with emphasis on total surrender to the will of God. The Bhagvad Gita discusses two paths: Nivrutti Marg – the path of renunciation and the Pravrutti Marg or the path of discharging one’s moral and social obligations. ‘Perform duty for duty’s sake without the expectation of reward’ is the key ethical theme emanating. It also cautions to keep away from the shadripus: kam, krodha, lobh, maad, moh and matsara (respectively lust, anger, greed, excessive pride, illusion or infatuation, and jealousy)[43]. Furthermore, for the journey from the lower-self to the higher-self (Ultimate Reality) some accessories have been suggested in the scriptures such as the Ahirbudhnya Samhita and the Patanjali Yoga Sutras (Yoga School). These are yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dhyana, dharana and samadhi (Dasgupta, 1922). The yama include: satya (utterance of truth), Ahimsa (non-injury to all beings by word, deed or thought), daya (compassion), dhriti (steadfastness in duty despite dangers), shaucha (purity), brahmacharya (absence of lust), kshama (forgiveness), arjava (uniformity in thought, deeds and words), mitahara (restriction on food intake), and asteya (non-stealing, non-greed). The niyama include: sravana (listening to scriptures), manana (introspection, questioning, reasoning, critical thinking about what is listened to), nididhyasana (repetitive meditation on the Ultimate Truth so learnt), dana (gifting duly earned wealth), santosha (contentment), hri (shame in committing prohibited actions), japa (reciting mantra) and citta-vritti-nirodha (control of tendencies of mind). There are many others too. For those interested in more insights in the topic of Hindu ethics the scholarly work of Buch (2012)[44] could be a good reference. 2.4.1 Ethical thoughts in the Hindu epics In the Hindu literature, the two great epics -Ramayana and Mahabharata – occupy a special place. ‘They are comparable to the Iliad and the Odyssey of the Greek’ (Brown, 1921).[45] Written by the Sage Valmiki, Ramayana narrates the tale of Rama, a prince and Sita his wife who was abducted by a demon King by name Ravana. Rama who is widely considered by Hindus to be the avatar (personification) of Vishnu (God) rescued her. The couple Rama and Sita are the Hindu ideals of a Perfect Man and a Perfect Woman. Ordinary Hindu learns the ethical value system by reading Ramayana in which it is told in a story form which makes it more interesting and accessible to the common man. Rama is also the epitome of good governance and demonstrates the Raj Dharma (what constitutes the right conduct of the King). Parpola (2002)[46] and Basu (2016)[47] put the period of Ramayana circa 500 BCE. But the jury is still out (Kumar, 2016)[48] as can be seen from below. The Mahabharat war is widely accepted to have taken place after the Ramayana period. Professor of Physics at the Memphis University Narhari Achar using astronomical method planetarium software found that Mahabharata war took place in 3,067 BCE while according to Bhatnagar it would have happened around 1,793 BCE (Kumar, 2016)[49]. Consisting of 100,000 verses, the Mahabharata is a story of the war between Kauravas and Pandavas for the throne of Hastinapur. The Bhagvad Gita features in this great poem. The story demonstrates the different shades of human character as well as the ethical dilemma people face. Lord Krishna shows the way out of these dilemmas by emphasizing on Karma Yoga or devotion to duty. With Mahabharata, the conception of four ends of life – dharma (ethics), artha (wealth), kama (sensuous pleasure) and moksha (freedom from bondage) was established as an important part of Hindu view of life (Mohanti, 1999)[50] . A discussion of Hindu ethics would not be complete without reference to the work of the Sage Manu and his monumental work Manu Smriti. It has often been discredited for supporting the caste system. Sadly, it is little known that it is an authoritative work on jurisprudence – the first of its kind ever known to human civilisation. The institution of Manu is older than the Justinian Roman Law or the Law of Salon or Lycurgus. Naturally, the Manu smriti was relevant for the time it was created – circa 1,250 BCE[51] and to suit the societal organisation of that age. Hindu art and aesthetics Aesthetics as a branch of philosophy deals with issues such as art, beauty and good taste. The written philosophical texts were the preserve of the elitist. To convey philosophical thought to the masses visual text was developed in ancient India since it has no limitations of language. The visual text expands understanding of any culture. Accordingly, art including paintings, dance, music and sculptures developed in ancient India. ‘The arts are also the key to important strands of Hindu theological thought’ (Frazier, 2010:3)[52]. Frazier (2010)[53] further enumerates that Hindu art has taken five approaches: artefactual (grown from archaeology depicts, among others, cultural trends), iconic (images as Hindu theologies), embodied (the image is interpreted as the manifestation of the deity and aesthetics of presence (Davis, 1997)[54], and transformative (particularly in the Bhakti literature leading to internal transformation). Several researchers have considered the beauty and words relating to beauty, for example, in Ramayana or in the work of Kalidasa[55]. Many missionaries and colonial rulers misinterpreted, or outright downgraded Hindu thought to serve their objectives (Arnett, 2014)[56]. In the process, humanity was deprived of this golden treasure that could help build harmony in the present confused world. The remainder of the article aims to display the gems. Hindu scholars do acknowledge that like any tradition ‘there is much in our past that is degrading and deficient but there is also much that is life-giving and elevating’ (Radhakrishnan, 1992:9). If a person and the humanity must benefit from the over 5,000-year-old traditional wisdom, then we need to focus on what can help us nourish and create a harmonious society around us. In the next section, I attempt this. Continued in next part [1] Russell, Bertrand (1912) The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford University Press, UK. [2] Chatterjee, S. and Datta, D. 1984. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, University of Calcutta. Kolkata. [6] Cooper, D. (2003) World Philosophies: An historical introduction, Blackwell Publishing, USA. [9] Bandarage, A. (2015) Proselytism or a Global Ethic? [10] Knapp, S. (n.d.) Becoming a Hindu or Devotee is Easy [11] Chatterjee, S. and Datta, D. 1984. Op. cit. [12] Tillich, P. (1956) Relation of Metaphysics and Theology, The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 10. No. 1. pp. 57-63. [13] Dasgupta, S. (1922) A history of Indian Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, London. [14] Upanishads exceed 200 in numbers, but Indian tradition puts it at one hundred and eight (Radhakrishan op.cit.) [17] Sastry, T. (1916) The Age of Sankara, Paul & Co. Madras. [18] Radhakrishnan, S. (1992) The Principal Upanishads, Humanity Books, New York. [20] Bernard, T. (1947) Hindu Philosophy, The Philosophical Library, New York. [21] ibid [22] Chakravarthi, R. (2014) Reading the acaryas: A generous conception of the theological method, Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford University Press, vol.7, pp. 98-112. [23] Griffiths, W., Carter Hill, R. and G. Judge (2003) Learning and practicing econometrics, John Wiley, New York. [25] Chopra, D. (2006) Life after death, Random House, USA. [26] Carpenter, J. (2012) First Sight: ESP and Parapsychology in Everyday Life, Rowman and Littlefield, USA. [28] Vivekanand, S. (1893) Paper on Hinduism, Addresses at The Parliament of Religions, The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, vol. 1. [29] Buchler, J. (1955) Philosophical writings of Peirce, Ch 2. Dover, New York. [30] Kerlinger, F. (1964) Foundations of behavioural research, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. [31] Max Muller (1899) The Six systems of Indian Philosophy, Forgotten Books 2014, London. [33] Chalmers, A. (2000) What is this thing called Science? University of Queensland Press, Australia. [34] Feyerabend, P. (1975) Against method: outline of an anarchist theory of knowledge, [37] Stanford (n.d) [38] Stanford (n.d) ibid [39] Stanford (n.d) ibid [40] Satyarthi, P. (2003) Sources and Development of Hindu Ethics, Global Religious Vision, vol 4/1, pp. 1-23. [41] ibid [42] Hopkins, E. (1924). Ethics in India, Yale University Press, USA. [43]Klostermaier, K. (2010) A survey of Hinduism, SUNY Press, Canada. [44] Buch, M. (2012) The principles of Hindu ethics, Simha Publications, Baroda (India). [45] Brown, B. (1921) The Wisdom of the Hindus, Brentano’s Publishers, New York. [46] Parpola, A. (2002) On the historical background of the Sanskrit epics, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 122. No. 2 pp. 361-373. [47] Basu, A. (2016) The Ramayana, Ancient History Encyclopedia, Retrieved: [48] Kumar, S (2016) The epic riddle of dating Ramayana and Mahabharata, Huffington Post, [49] Kumar, 2016. op. cit. [50] Mohanti, J. (1999) A history of Indian philosophy, in (ed. Deutsch & Bontekoe) A Companion to World Philosophies, Blackwell, USA. [51] William Wilson Hunter. The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products. Routledge. p. 114 [52] Frazier, J. (2010) Art and Aesthetics in Hindu studies, Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford, vo. 3, issue 1. pp.1-11. [53] ibid [54] Davis, R. (1997) Lives of Indian images, Princeton University Press, Princeton. [55] Smith, D. (2010) Beauty and the words of beauty in the Ramayana, the kavyas of Aswaghosa and Kalidasas Kumarsambhavam, Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford, vo. 3, issue 1. pp.36-52. [56] Arnett, R. (2014) India Unveiled: Spirit, Tradition and People, Atman Press, USA. Featured Image: Commisceo Global Milind Sathye Milind Sathye is an Australian academic.
Contact Us: (201) 262-0010 I recently brought my Doberman Pinscher puppy to obedience class and one of the other puppy owners mentioned von Willebrand’s disease to me. What is it and what does it mean for my dog? Von Willebrand’s disease (vWd) is an inherited bleeding disorder that results from deficiency of a protein called von Willebrand factor (vWF). It is the most common inherited bleeding problem in dogs. Von Willebrand’s disease is more common in certain dog breeds; up to 70 percent of Doberman Pinschers carry this trait or have the disease. Dogs affected with vWd typically range from having no signs at all to episodes of prolonged bleeding during heat cycles, nosebleeds, and bleeding from the gums or into the urine. Rarely this disease results in severe, life-threatening bleeding. The risk of bleeding increases if an affected dog requires surgery, such as a spay or dental procedures. If you know your dog has vWd, be sure to notify your veterinarian before any surgical procedures are performed. If your veterinarian suspects vWd, a test called a buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) may be performed by making a small puncture on the inside of your dog’s lip and measuring the time until a clot forms. If a clot fails to form within a specified amount of time, vWd is suspected. This test can be falsely prolonged by medications such as aspirin so be sure to inform your veterinarian of any medications that your dog is taking at the time the test is performed. In order to diagnose vWd with certainty, a blood test can be done to measure vWf levels in the blood. Alternatively, a genetic test is available for some dog breeds, which allows testing from a cheek swab. There is no cure for vWd. Fortunately, most dogs have only mild bleeding and treatment is only needed if there is trauma/surgery that caused bleeding. During times of moderate bleeding or prior to surgery, treatment is required. A blood product (plasma or cryoprecipitate) transfusion from a donor dog with normal vWf levels may be given. This gives an affected dog vWf that will temporarily result in normal clotting, allowing bleeding to be controlled or surgery to be performed. Alternatively, a drug called desmopressin (DDAVP) can lead to an increased vWf level in some dogs. This can be given prior to surgery or to help control bleeding. DDAVP does not work in some dogs, so testing with a BMBT should be accessed after administration and prior to surgery. With a proper diagnosis and careful management, most dogs with vWd live normal lives. Affected Doberman Pinschers typically have the most mild form of the disease. Some breeds such as Shetland Sheepdogs, Scottish Terriers, and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers can have a more severe, life-threatening form of vWd so it is important to consult your veterinarian for details unique to your dog. Arthur A. Fettig, DVM, Diplomate, ACVS (Surgery) Dr. Fettig received his DVM from Purdue University. He completed a general internship at the University of Georgia and completed a small animal surgery residency at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine and Angell Memorial Animal Hospital. Dr. Fettig is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. He is experienced in both general and orthopedic surgery. He enjoys spending his free time with his wife Pam, who is also a veterinarian, and doing projects around their farm. They share their home with their dog Sara, four cats (Theodore, Bartholomew, Miley, and Oliver), four donkeys (Napoleon, Beau, Oliver, and Princess), and a small flock of chickens. Translate » Skip to content
The acrylic density is almost half of the glass Plexiglass, which is a common name, also has a trade na […] Plexiglass, which is a common name, also has a trade name called "Acrylic", whether it is the name of the product "acrylic" or the popular name "plexiglass", which is actually not accurate. This material looks very beautiful, its official name is: polymethyl methacrylate. This is a thermoplastic that has been invented very early and has a long history. How bright is acrylic in the end? Here we introduce a concept called "light transmittance", which we usually call "transparency", which can be simply understood as high light transmittance. Ordinary glass (glass, etc.), the light transmittance is basically above 80%, the transmittance of ultra-white glass is between 91% and 93%, and the transmittance of acrylic is above 92%. How is it, is it very powerful? Although it is not glass, it is more transparent than ordinary glass. Second, acrylic is also very "hard." We introduce a materialistic concept of "hardness", which usually has many representations and methods (like temperature in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit). Among them, "Mohs hardness" is widely used, and we usually call the hardest "diamond", which has a Mohs hardness of 10. Ordinary iron, Mohs hardness is about 5, while ordinary stainless steel and glass have similar Mohs hardness, both above and below 5.5 (the hardness of special steel such as high carbon steel is much higher, stainless steel is not characterized by hardness, hardness And intensity is two things, and future articles will continue to introduce), but the hardness of polymethyl methacrylate can reach 8 or even 9. It is precisely because of the characteristics of acrylic, so in some occasions that need to be decorated with glass, acrylic will show its talents, but also ensure the beauty, but also avoid the fragility of the glass, and because the acrylic density is almost half of the glass, it can be greatly reduced. Structure weight.
Some tales of those who survived TWO OF JANE’S FAVOR-ITE ADVENTURERS hit the trail. The survivor stories featured in Jane’s column this week, may seem far off, but it doesn’t take much to put just about anyone in survivor mode. WEST FORK KICKAPOO - In his book ‘Deep Survival,’ Laurence Gonzales explains why some people die and others don’t when tragedy strikes, when a poor decision is made, or, most often, when both occur: a tragedy compounded by a poor decision. How does one survive 76 days alone in a raft on the open seas when their sailboat has capsized? How does a teenager survive 11 days in the wilderness after falling 10,000 feet from a plane that was struck by lightning? How does one fall into a crevasse while mountain climbing, sustain a horrific injury, and manage to come crawling back to base camp days later? Most of us will never cross the Atlantic Ocean in a sailboat, fly over the remote rain forest of the Amazon, or attempt to climb the Cordillera Huayhuash of the Peruvian Andes. But understanding and adopting a basic survival mentality could one day save our lives or someone else’s. Gonzales uses the acronym STOP to describe this approach to survival. The S is for Stand, but also for the word Stop itself. Remain calm and analyze the situation. Try to get your breathing under control. The T stands for Think. What do you need to do to survive? Take inventory. Review how you got there, what the current situation is, and what your options are. O is for Observe. Study the terrain. Look for familiar landmarks. Can you see where you need to go, what the weather is like, how much daylight is left? Are there identifiable threats (e.g., grizzly bear country) or opportunities (deer, rabbits, other food sources)? The last letter, P, is for Plan. Figure out your course of action and act on it. It might be as simple as sitting tight and building a signal fire, hanging up a flag or cloth, or using a mirror to alert others or signal a passing plane. When Steven Callahan, sailing on the Atlantic, realized his sailboat was sinking, he deployed his survival raft. He then needed to make a decision to risk his life—to swim back to his failing boat to retrieve his emergency bag, a cushion, and a sleeping bag. This crucial act was the start of Callahan becoming a survivor. Joe Simpson and his climbing partner, Simon Yates, celebrated summiting a 21,000-foot mountain, but then disaster struck: Simpson plunged off a cliff and broke his leg. The two men decided to lower Simpson down the mountain on a rope. But a blizzard was raging, night was falling, and Simpson was unable to assist. After a wrong move left Simpson dangling from an ice ledge for an hour, Yates had to make a tough decision: cut the rope or be pulled to his own death. He cut the rope. At 17 years old, Juliana Koepcke found herself upside-down in a tree after falling two miles through the sky. Her collarbone was broken, she had a gash in her left leg and right arm, and one eye was swollen shut. Fortunately, her injuries weren’t life-threatening, plus she had the benefit of familiarity with the rain forest because her biologist parents worked there. As her father had taught her, Koepcke found water and followed it downstream. She waded through the knee-deep river, where crocodiles and poisonous snakes lived. She sucked on candy she’d salvaged from the crash site. After 10 days, Koepcke stumbled upon a shelter and boat. She siphoned the gas from the boat's motor and used it to kill the maggots that had burrowed into her open wounds. Not wanting to steal the boat, she spent the night in the shelter. The next day three men found her, treated her wounds, fed her, and took her downstream seven hours to a pilot, who then flew her to a hospital, where she was reunited with her father, treated and released. After consuming the meager rations in his emergency bag, Callahan learned how to spearfish, collect barnacles, and catch birds that came to his raft to eat. He devised a system to ration one pint of water a day from the rainwater he was able to collect. On his 76th day in the ocean, having traveled 1,800 nautical miles, a fisherman noticed his raft. Despite numerous shark attacks, punctures in the raft, and intense physical and mental stress, Callahan was rescued, weighing one-third of his original weight and covered in painful saltwater wounds. Yates continued down the mountain alone, burdened by the guilt of cutting the rope and the grief of losing his friend. Back at base camp, he began packing up his gear and Simpson’s belongings to return them to his family. But Simpson, crippled, starving, and severely frostbitten, never gave up. He crawled over the glacier and moraines for three and a half days, back to camp, where Yates heard him cry out. Callahan, Simpson, and Koepcke were all survivors. They were able to control their panic, assess their situation, make a plan and act. Perhaps we can all apply this same mindset to survive the rest of 2020.
Advanced science. Applied technology. New instrument has potential to detect water deep underground on Mars June 24, 2009 — With the whoosh of compressed gas and the whir of unspooling wire, a team of Boulder scientists and engineers tested a new instrument prototype that might be used to detect groundwater deep inside Mars. The Mars Time Domain Electromagnetic Sounder (MTDEM) uses induction to generate electrical currents in the ground, whose secondary magnetic fields are in turn detected at the planetary surface. In this way, the electrical conductivity of the subsurface can be reconstructed. "Groundwater that has been out of atmospheric circulation for eons will be very salty," says the project's principal investigator Dr. Robert Grimm, a director in the Space Science and Engineering Division at Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®). "It is a near-ideal exploration target for inductive systems." The inductive principle of the MTDEM is distinct from the wavelike, surface-penetrating radars MARSIS and SHARAD presently orbiting Mars. "The radars have been very useful in imaging through ice and through very dry, low-density rock," says Grimm, "but they have not lived up to expectations to look through solid rock and find water." The time-domain inductive method uses a large, flat-lying loop of wire on the ground to generate and receive electromagnetic signals. In order to do this robotically, the team developed a launch system that shoots two projectiles, each paying out spooled wire as they fly. "The main challenge was getting the spooling right," says Robert Warden, a mechanical engineer at Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp., which built the deployment system. "The spools had to be compact yet allow rapid payout of a thin wire at more than 30 meters per second (70 miles per hour)." Data taken during the test launches allowed Warden and Grimm to scale the system for a flight mission. The MTDEM prototype deployed to a distance of more than 70 meters. For Mars, a system deploying a 200-meter loop would be less than 6 kilograms mass and could detect groundwater at depths up to 5 kilometers (3 miles). Most of the instrument's mass would be in the loop and deployment system. Barry Berdanier, the Ball electrical engineer who built the MTDEM electronics, estimates that the flight electronics would comprise just a few hundred grams. "Electromagnetic induction methods are widely used in groundwater exploration," says James Pfieffer of Zapata Incorporated, a geophysical firm that provided field support. "We have been mapping groundwater in Hawaii for many years." The main field test of the MTDEM was on Maui, where known performance could be used to calibrate the new prototype. Grimm adds, "Subsurface, liquid water on Mars could be a habitable zone for microbes. We know that huge volumes of discharged groundwater have shaped Mars' ancient surface. Is that water still locked inside?" The article "A time domain electromagnetic sounder for detection and characterization of groundwater on Mars" was recently published in Planetary and Space Science. The MTDEM development was funded by NASA.
If x-2 and x-1/2 both are the factor of the polynomials nx^2 - 5x +m , then show that m=n . Asked by rajusdahat76 \| 28th Sep, 2019, 02:10: PM Expert Answer: As x-2 and x-1/2 are the factors of the given polynomial. To show m=n, we substitute x=2 and x=1/2 in the polynomial and compare. Please try and let us know. Answered by \| 28th Sep, 2019, 05:17: PM
How We Get Around Determines What We Build, and Also Determines Much of Our Carbon Footprint credit: Housing in Vienna/ Lloyd Alter Transportation has a much bigger impact on urban design than we think. Teslas in Dorset Can these get me to work? /Teslas in Dorset, Ontario/ Lloyd Alter/CC BY 2.0 A dozen years ago, Alex Steffen wrote a brilliant article for the late lamented Worldchanging, titled My other car is a bright green city, in which he dissed Teslas and wrote: There is a direct relationship between the kinds of places we live, the transportation choices we have, and how much we drive. The best car-related innovation we have is not to improve the car, but eliminate the need to drive it everywhere we go. He titled the section "What We Build Dictates How We Get Around," which I disagreed with, thinking he had it backwards; I thought it should be How we get around dictates what we build. © Goad's Atlas My favourite example is my own home in Toronto, which in 1884 was farmland just west of what's called Ossington Avenue in the middle of the map. To the south of it is Davenport Road, at the bottom of an escarpment that was very difficult to climb, limiting growth in in the area. City of Toronto/Public Domain To the east was a deep ravine that was very difficult to cross, again limiting development. City of Toronto/Public Domain They filled in that ditch, mostly with toxic stuff that came out of coal furnaces and garbage, but nonetheless it was solid enough that they could install streetcar lines on top. © Goad's Atlas Within a decade, all the farmland was gone and there were houses everywhere. Lloyd Alter/CC BY 2.0 The Streetcar Suburb But it was not sprawl; the houses were all on relatively narrow lots, close together, because they all had to be in walking distance of that streetcar line. It's been called a Streetcar Suburb, and today it might be called Transit Oriented Development. Sarah Stewart of Streetcar Press defined it: A streetcar suburb usually has small lots, a conspicuous absence of individual driveways (as in my neighbourhood, some houses may have no driveways at all, or may have "mutual drives" shared between two houses) with any garages present as outbuildings behind the houses. dedicated row City of Toronto/Public Domain Retail with housing above developed on the main street, St. Clair Ave; in the late 20s, with the car taking over as the preferred means of transport, the dedicated right of way was removed to make more room for cars. City of Toronto/Public Domain Humans were now relegated to little traffic islands while cars got all the space and could even drive on the tracks. And for the next 90 years there was chaos and conflict between cars and transit. But although there were attempts at getting rid of Toronto's streetcars, they never totally disappeared. credit: Wisconsin Historical society Wisconsin Historical society/Public Domain Here come the car-oriented suburbs After the Second World War, the way we got around changed to the car. Suddenly there were highways connecting cities, and people were using them to get out of town. credit: Levittown Pennsylvania via Wikipedia Levittown Pennsylvania via Wikipedia/CC BY 2.0 You no longer had to be close to a main street; you could get in your car to go shopping. I have written that this was all part of a larger plan by the American government to disperse the population, industry and offices to make them less of a target for Russian nuclear bombs; as Kathleen Tobin wrote in The Reduction of Urban Vulnerability: Revisiting 1950s American Suburbanization as Civil Defence: Bell labs Bell Labs: out of the city and into a park/ Wikipedia/CC BY 2.0 It is wrong to believe that postwar American suburbanization prevailed because the public chose it and will continue to prevail until the public changes its preferences. ... Suburbanization prevailed because of the decisions of large operators and powerful economic institutions supported by federal government programmes, and ordinary consumers had little real choice in the basic pattern that resulted. Wikipedia/CC BY 2.0 And that is how we got endless sprawl, all around the world; the car was so convenient, the fossil fuel industry so powerful, the stick-framed houses so cheap that it became the defining built form in North America. It was obvious to me that the way we got around determined what we built. Jarrett Walker Tweet Jarrett Walker Tweet/Screen capture But as Jarrett Walker recently tweeted, it's not one or the other, they are so interrelated that they are the same thing. I wrote after seeing his tweet: Making and operating buildings are 39 percent of our carbon emissions, and what is transportation? Driving between buildings. What is industry doing? Mostly building cars and transportation infrastructure. They are all the same thing in different languages, interconnected; you can't have one without the other. To build a sustainable society we have to think about them all together – the materials we use, what we build, where we build, and how we get between it all. Emissions by sector Emissions by sector/ Architecture 2030/CC BY 2.0 This is why you simply cannot talk about buildings without talking about transportation. Because probably one of the biggest components of the industry sector is making cars and bridges and roads for the transportation sector so that everyone can get between buildings. TOD report Transit Oriented Development is the future This is why I keep going on about Transit Oriented Development defined by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy as: simple exteriors Simple exteriors of dumb boxes in Vienna/ Lloyd Alter/CC BY 2.0 All of this is possible if we build at what some call 'the missing middle' and that I have called the Goldilocks Density, which you see in so much of Europe. Rows of dumb boxes in Munich Rows of low dumb boxes in Munich/CC BY 2.0 ©. Mike Eliason/ that doesn't look like social housing! © Mike Eliason/ that doesn't look like social housing! In Vienna, there is no sprawl. Almost everyone lives in multifamily buildings connected by tram and subway and bike lanes. There are cars, but you certainly don't need one. It's not a tough life. More recently, the ITDP has noted that e-bikes and micromobility solutions like scooters might well change the planning picture: One significant challenge in mode shift – getting people out of cars and onto other forms of transit, particularly public transportation – is the first and last mile problem. This problem occurs when people do not have low cost and efficient means for reaching mass transit, thus making them unlikely to shift modes away from motor vehicles. One of the major opportunities presented by electric micromobility vehicles is the ability to fill the first and last mile gap. For instance, e-scooters can be ridden by almost anyone, regardless of fitness or ability, for a short distance. E-bicycles can cover longer distances, making them more practical for first and last mile. CC BY 2.0. Lloyd Alter/ Copenhagen bike lane Lloyd Alter/ Copenhagen bike lane/CC BY 2.0 I believe that this is indeed the case, that we will soon have Bike Oriented Design, as they pretty much do in Copenhagen now, and then e-bike oriented design, which covers larger areas and welcomes more people. Because bikes and e-bikes are climate action. But as the ITDP notes, To reap these benefits and support electric modes of transport, cities should begin by making sure that low-speed e-bikes and e-scooters (under 25 kph) are legal and regulated like bicycles, not motor vehicles. Cities should also reinforce existing cycling infrastructure to accommodate more e-bicycles and e-scooters. If cycling infrastructure does not exist, this is the opportunity to build it. St. Clair today St. Clair Avenue in Toronto today/CC BY 2.0 Meanwhile, back in Toronto, they rebuilt St. Clair again, re-installing the dedicated right-of-way. Rob Ford called it "the St. Clair Disaster" and his brother Doug, now the Premier of Ontario, is spending billions to bury transit because he hates streetcars that take away space for cars. Yet on every second block along this street, there is another new condo being constructed, basically organic Transit Oriented Development. It has made many millions of dollars worth of development possible, added thousands of apartments, and lots of the new residents don't own cars because they just don't need them. That's why Jarrett Walker is so spot on: Land use and transportation are the same thing, described in different languages.
Soviet Heavy Fighters 1926–1949 The idea behind the “air cruiser” design dates back to the closing stages of World War 1, when it became apparent that newly-introduced heavy bombers required effective fighter cover along their entire route of flight. To perform the task effectively, a fighter design was needed with a speed at least matching that of the bombers, enough range to provide protection, heavy armament consisting of cannons and machine guns and, to top things off, agility to be able to successfully engage enemy fighters. It was also hoped that such a platform would be capable of performing reconnaissance missions, as well as engaging secondary targets, such as AAA positions protecting primary targets, or defeating enemy bomber formations. Although quite a few nations attempted to build such an aircraft, the task proved to be extremely complex and difficult. CiezkieSowieckie zd3 How the Steel was Tempered, or the birth of ANT-7 (R-6) Operational use of the Ilya Muromets bomber in World War 1 provided a wealth of lessons learned, which demonstrated that the heavily armed aircraft was extremely difficult to engage by enemy fighters due to its defensive firepower having been projected in all directions. As such, it could prove to be a formidable weapon against enemy fighters in the role of an “air cruiser”. Unfortunately, Russia’s mixed fortunes towards the end of the war meant the idea was not pursued. A.N. Tupolev, however, never quite gave up on it and it was revisited many years later. In the USSR the trigger that ultimately led to the development of “air cruiser” was the introduction of the TB-1 (ANT-4) bomber. As the new aircraft was just barely rolling off the production line, A.N. Tupolev was already busy ordering his design bureau staff to begin work on the new design. The team consisted of N.I Petrov responsible for fuselage design, V.M. Petlyakov who would work on the wing and landing gear and E.I. and I.I. Pogosski delivering the powerplant. CiezkieSowieckie zd4 The new aircraft was designed as an all-metal, cantilever monoplane with corrugated metal skin. It was to be powered by a pair of 500 – 600 hp engines and operated by a crew of three. According to the design documentation, the machine, designated ANT-7, was to be a multi-seat escort fighter. The aircraft was essentially a scaled-down version of the TB-1. When the design was first presented to the VVS (Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily – Soviet Air Force), the brass liked what they saw and proceeded to compile official tactical and technical requirements for the new machine. The first draft of the document was released on August 9, 1927 and required the payload capacity of 588 kg. It also classified the aircraft as a long-range reconnaissance platform, hence the military designation R-6 (rozvedchik – reconnaissance aircraft). Tupolev relentlessly lobbied the Air Force to introduce changes to the document that would emphasize the fighter role of the design and to tweak certain technical requirements. Those were not extraneous efforts – Tupolev was hoping that the official requirements would eventually more closely match the project already sitting on the drawing boards. On October 27, 1927 the changes were officially approved and the new machine was defined as a “multi-seat frontline fighter”.
About Quizzes Santa Barbara Channel Santa Barbara Channel, a rich area of marine life, lies west of the city of Ventura, California and south of Santa Barbara. As a part of the Pacific Ocean, it separates California's mainland from the northern Channel Islands. The Channel's east-west course is approximately 80 miles long and averages around 30 miles across. It becomes narrowest at the eastern extremity where Anacapa Island, formed by volcanic activity, is less than 15 miles off the coast of Ventura. The channel is a picturesque stretch of water; the islands are visible from the mainland on clear days. Whale-watching boats cross the channel daily from Ventura, while huge cargo ships and tankers travel the major shipping route on their way to or from the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. As early as the 15th century, the indigenous Chumash paddled "tomols" across the channel to Santa Cruz Island to fish. It was traveled by non-natives from well before the 16th century, and more than 100 shipwrecks have been discovered. A sampler of the channel's historical highlights includes a 30-foot-tall lighthouse constructed in 1856 to assist and protect coastal vessels; a wharf built in 1872 to off-load lumber and passengers from large schooners; the Santa Barbara Harbor, built in 1930; off-shore drilling attempts by oil industry leaders, following World War II. Santa Barbara Channel also was the site of a major oil spill in 1969. Union Oil’s Platform A oil well spilled 80 to 100 thousand barrels into the channel. Public indignation over the resultant massive environmental damage became a major spur to the incipient environmental movement.
When research has had negative effects on communities, researchers were usually not intending harm, and sometimes researchers were even asking research questions they had designed to benefit these communities. Yet researchers can’t always know or anticipate how a community will be affected by their results. But you know who does? Community members. Whenever CLEAR conducts a local study, we return to the communities where we obtained samples for what we call “community peer review”. We host a public meeting to present our results, our methods, and our analysis. Community members have the ability to give us input based on their own local expertise to strengthen our findings, can refute our findings, and can refuse to allow our research to circulate in ways that would harm them, including publication. We base our approach to community peer review on a method from anthropology called ethnographic refusal, and specifically in terms of how Audra Simpson has argued that research participants and communities are best situated to understand the impacts of research findings, responding to research within its historical and contemporary political context (Simpson 2007; Simpson 2016). While community members may choose to participate in or endorse research projects, they may also refuse to engage in particular topics that they do not want known or misrepresented by outsiders or that might cause harm. Simpson and others (e.g. Tuck and Yang 2014a,b) suggest we ‘engage generatively’ with refusals, thinking of what other questions or topics might be asked, or, in the case of reporting results, to decide where else information might be shared–or not. Our publication record is not more important than the rights of communities to self-determination, so community peer review is a way to be accountable to the places we conduct research in. There are several steps we take in community peer review: Step 1: Research social, cultural, and economic contexts of “the community” (aka Doing your homework). What are the histories, local issues, and values of the area? How do we know where “community” is and who to invite to the meeting? Gayatri Spivak (1990) calls this doing your ‘homework,’ looking into why things are structured a certain way. Step 2: Identify the community This is always tricky, since a community is not a discretely bounded group of people in a phone book. We tend to have local people working with us (as in, for real, for pay), so this insight is usually via local people. Step 3: Call a Community Meeting It’s important to call the meeting in a local place– we usually end up in dart halls. It’s important to pay for this time and space. We never hold meetings for more than 50 minutes. It’s crucial to advertise the meeting in places that local people use– local shops, local radio, word of mouth. You’d know these things from step 1. If you don’t, back to step 1! Step 4: The meeting We’ve held meetings in different ways. Sometimes they are based in our academic training and look a lot like a conference presentation. Once, we forgot our projector and had to sit in a circle and talk. That one was better. We present our findings in accessible terms, talk about why we do things and how, and leave a lot of time–at least half the meeting–for discussion and back and forth. We have a few ways we look for community input. Surveys: We have a survey that asks about attendee’s concerns around plastics, and asks them to rank the important of our research areas/projects. This helps steer our work in the future, and also lets us know if they are refusing if they don’t fill out the surveys, don’t think what we’re doing is important, etc. Observation: We have a few lab members take ethnographic notes on what they observe at the meeting. Is body language tense? Are people not laughing at jokes? Are people nodding vigorously? Generally, people are polite and are good hosts to researchers. We don’t expect that people will tell us to shove our research. So we use the observations and the surveys as ways to look for subtle signs of refusal, approval, and input. Step 5: Connecting input back to homework What do these observations and surveys mean? What have community members been telling you? Again, the interpretation of the meeting must be linked back to place. What passes for good manners in a lecture hall is not the same in a fishing village. Again, this step is exponentially more valid when you have local people working with you (for real, for pay, in the lab). For a full description of this process, see: Liboiron, M.; Zahara, A.; Schoot, I. Community Peer Review: A Method to Bring Consent and Self-Determination into the Sciences. Preprints 2018, 2018060104 (doi: 10.20944/preprints201806.0104.v1). Works cited and further reading Simpson, A. (2007). On ethnographic refusal: Indigeneity, ‘voice’, and colonial citizenship. Junctures 9: 67-80. Simpson, A. (2016). Consent’s Revenge. Cultural Anthropology 31: 326-333. Spivak, G. C. (1990). The post-colonial critic: Interviews, strategies, dialogues. Psychology Press. Tuck, E. and K.W. Yang. (2014a). Unbecoming claims: Pedagogies of refusal in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry 20: 811-818. Tuck, E. and K.W. Yang. (2014b). ‘R-Words: Refusing Research’ in D. Paris and M. T. Winn (Eds.) Humanizing Research: Decolonizing Qualitative Inquiry with youth and Communities. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage Publications. Zahara, A. (2016). Refusal as Research Method in Discard Studies. Discard Studies Blog. Zahara, A. (2016). Ethnographic Refusal: A How To GuideDiscard Studies Blog. The meeting where we forgot the projector. It was a good meeting. Photo: Bojan Fürst.
Sunday, November 8, 2009 Underground Railroad This isn't a post about abolishionists helping runaway slaves find their way north. This past Friday (Nov. 6) another underground railroad (and a marvel of engineering) celebrated 15 and a half years of moving people under the English Channel. Congratulations. Or happy 15 and a half birthday. North Americans are fond of calling the Channel Tunnel the "Chunnel", although Europeans are not as keen on that nickname. The French call it Le tunnel sous la Manche, meaning... ummm... Don Quixote's Tunnel. I think. The tunnel runs from Coquelles to Folkestone, which is very close to the narrowest point of the English Channel. Why not Calais to Dover? Who knows. Those of us on this side of the pond mostly envision a big tunnel with two lanes of traffic to drive your car through, with a toll booth greeting you before you enter. "That'll be 30 pounds, please." Or 40 Euros. Or 12,000,000 Francs. Or whatever France is using for money now. Probably Euros. Oddly, the British still weigh their money in pounds rather than kilos. Fact. A sterling practice, that. But the truth is, vehicles (and people and freight - and animals too, I suppose) are shuttled by trains through the tunnel. Most of you are waiting for more facts, so here you go: (I stole these from a variety of websites, including one who billed his list "Amazing Chunnel Facts"). 1. "The Chunnel is one of Europe's biggest infrastructure projects ever." [Well big effing DUH.] 2. "Consists of three interconnecting tubes; one train track each way and a small service tunnel." [The word "interconnecting" was not really needed, in my opinion.] 3. "Its length is 31.4 miles, of which 23 are underwater." [Shame that the channel is 51 miles wide at that point. Kidding. JaJaJa.] 4. "The tunnel goes as deep as 150 meters under the sea." (I'm guessing that is, like, 65 feet. Maybe more. Probably more.) 5. "It takes only about 20 minutes [bet it seems like a century] to cover the length of the tunnel under the sea." [Ok, we GET that it is under the sea. You can start leaving that part out.] 6. "There are a total of 95 miles of tunnels." [Why? I thought you said 31 miles! And it only takes 20 minutes? Lying sack. Oh, wait. I get it - 3 tunnels. Okay.] 7. "The tunnel was constructed by nearly 13,000 engineers and workers." [Are you saying engineers don't work? What was the ratio - 3 to 1, something like that? With that many engineers, no wonder you ended up with 95 miles of tunnel.] 8. "The volume of rubble removed from the tunnel is 3 times greater than the Chepos Pyramid in Egypt, and increased the size of Britain by 90 acres, which is the equivalent of 65 football fields [for those who prefer to measure their rubble in football fields rather than acres] and this area has been made into a park." [I'm guessing you meant to say "Cheops", but thank you for saying "Egypt" because I was thinking of southern Indiana until you said Egypt.] 9. "They called the park Coney Island." [I just made that up to keep you reading.] 10. Okay, I'm starting to doubt this guy. Going to Wikipedia now. A. Wikipedia says at its deepest point it is 75 meters deep. [Discrepancy in depth probably due to the excess of engineers.] B. Wikipedia: Construction started in 1988 and completed in 1994, amazingly only 80% over budget. [Considering the French only have a 3-day work week, I mean.] C. Fires have disrupted operation of the tunnel. D. Illegal immigrants and asylum-seekers heading to England have been a problem. [None headed to France it seems. Or no mention.] E. The Chunnel consist of three tunnels: two 25-foot bores 98 feet apart (the railroad tunnels), and a 16-foot diameter service tunnel in between the railroad tunnels. F. Cost was 4650 million pounds. 10 workers were killed. G. With additions of track and stations since the tunnel opened, one can now ride the train from London to Paris. H. On high-speed trains traveling up to 186 miles per hour (300 kph), the trip from London to Paris takes about 2 hours 15 minutes. You can go from London to Brussels in one hour 51 minutes. I. Eurostar carried 9,113,371 passengers beneath the channel in 2008. (This is just passengers, not autos or freight.) J. According to the Eurostar website, a one-way ticket is about US$147. Ouch. Airfare, London to Paris is $144 (according to Expedia) and that is round trip. I don't know. I guess if you have your car the tunnel is the way to go, but not otherwise. Unless I'm missing something. Fun (though admittedly unrelated) fact about other underground railroads: You knew that John Brown was a wild-eyed abolitionist, but did you know that Wild Bill Hickok's father's farm in Indiana was a stop on the Underground Railroad? And that the young Wild learned to shoot well defending the farm/station from... ummm... who? That's a poser. Never mind. 1. 1. "Le tunnel sous la Manche, meaning... ummm... Don Quixote's Tunnel. I think." - shakes head 2. France does use Euros. 3. Your ignorance of the metric system (and its myriad benefits) hurts my scientist head. Perhaps one of the quickest and most effective ways to help improve US children's international standing in math would be to eradicate "standard" units once and for all. It would also simplify, streamline and reduce manufacturing costs (which the automotive industry realize DECADES ago, more than off-setting the cost of conversion), improve exportability of our manufactured products, and reduce the potential for error in many different places since science/medicine/high end instruments all universally use metric (as does the rest of the world) and we're still in the dark ages unit-wise. 3) I can't remember the last time a government product came in at less that twice the original estimate. Perhaps the length of the work week is less important than having one's government held hostage to large contractors. Maybe happy healthy workers who aren't worked into the ground are more productive. Who knew? 4) Whenever John Brown is mentioned, I can't help thinking about Harper's Ferry. When we lived in Maryland, that was my father's defacto "place to take them" along with, of course, the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museum. 2. And return Eurostar fares start at £59. 3. Are you psychic? :) I have just emerged from the aforementioned tunnel, the one belonging to Don Quixote. Et voilà, je suis arrivée! You can get some very good deals on Eurostar and Eurotunnel (Eurotunnel being the one with the car). £39 with the car and as many passengers as you can fit in. Not only can you get good deals with Eurostar, it's far more convenient than flying and door to door takes much the same time. 4. @Stephanie - You are starting up again. :) I am (probably) not ignorant of as many things as you think I am. I write humorously at times. Part of my humor is taking jabs at people who think their way of thinking is "obviously" the right way to think. But you knew that already. Our main challenge is still the same: you and I don't agree about many things, such as the metric system being the answer to many things that are wrong in the U.S. (And sometimes your sense of humor is pretty hard to find. Do me a favor and run a few jokes next Saturday instead of quotes. I'm serious: I want to find out what things you find funny.) 5. PS - France does indeed use the Euro as its currency. So do Cyprus and Malta. I will admit to being pretty ignorant on most things French. :) 6. @A. - For some reason I never though that you stayed seated in your car during the trip. Of course. En effet, vous êtes arrivés. Je suis heureux. Honest. :) Of course it is more convenient than flying. Silly me. The real price is much lower than what Eurostar wants to charge Americans on their site. I will remember that. :) 7. All I know about France is how to make crepes. That and the fact they drink their milk (goats milk at that) warm. EEwwww. 8. @Petra - You know lots more about France than that. And don't tell me you don't drink your goat's milk all warm and clotty. You protest too much. Ewe. Tell me how to make crepes, Suzette. I mean Petra. 9. Check previous Saturdays. I've run funny quotes at least twice in the last month or so. There are usually humorous quotes on every week. (As to humor, when you deal with the needless waste and risk daily unnecessarily because of something, it's harder to laugh over it - like metric). If your humorous dealings with metric didn't reflect ACTUAL responses I've heard from people who should know better, I undoubtedly would have found it more funny. 10. I took the bike through the tunnel on my first trip abroad to Holland, I could only just about walk with tendon damage on my right ankle, but was still determined to go. The tunnel is quick and fast (although we bikers have to stay with our vehicles so no seats) and 35 minutes after arriving at Dover, waiting in the queue, we were in France and heading over to Holland. I dropped the bike on my ankle somewhere in belgium but that is a whole other story indeed. 11. @Stephanie B - A humorous quote is not the same thing as telling a joke. You can do it. :) Well, don't get too mad yet about metrics 'cause that subject is only just beginning. Heh. @Sage - Speaking of telling jokes! I don't mean about your dropping your bike on your sore ankle, I mean your bear bait story. I love it! (But I still want to hear the story of how you hurt your foot in the first place.) :) 12. @Stephanie B - I must admit I had to wait a few days to answer your comment (related to the metric system) so that I wouldn't say something I would regret later. I am a little cooled off now, so I will try to address your "scientific" arrogance. "Your ignorance of the metric system (and its myriad benefits) hurts my scientist head." I will let your insulting comment mostly pass, however I WILL remind you that there were a hell of lot of scientific minds that were probably equal to yours that existed here before the metric system was in wide use in the scientific community, and one or two of them MAY have discovered some worthwhile things. I am sorry my ignorance hurts your scientific head, but the fact that a person uses the metric system to measure things doesn't in itself make that person smarter than other people who use different units, as you postulate... So that's the secret? Then how do you account for the fact that U.S. children once led the world in math and science? And they (and much of the rest of the world) were using stupid things like miles and quarts to measure things? I think you would be well-advised to rethink your position on why American school children are behind the rest of the world. If you think hard enough, you will come up with many other things that are wrong with our educational system today, and metrics is not even on the short list. "It would also simplify, streamline and reduce manufacturing costs (which the automotive industry realize DECADES ago, more than off-setting the cost of conversion), improve exportability of our manufactured products,[...]" I think you may find the auto industry in the U.S. started using metrics in their manufacturing process when the cars started being manufactured in Canada and Mexico, rather than because of some scientific enlightenment at Ford and GM. I also think our auto industry hasn't been a model of economic efficiency since the metric implementation, since they are all bankrupt today. So forget the shining example of our auto companies. What other products have had their exports enhanced by using the metric system? Potato chips? McDonald's hamburgers? Much of our exports are in the form of food - grains which are already measured in metric tons. Not that the starving people of the world would give a damn if we provided wheat to them by the pound. Metrics just doesn't matter much to people outside the elite scientific community. As you may have guessed, I have a very long post lined up dedicated to debunking the magic of metrics. I hope you'll do me the honor of reading it when it posts. 13. My ignorance comment is a direct reply to what I hope was the joke of ""The tunnel goes as deep as 150 meters under the sea." (I'm guessing that is, like, 65 feet. Maybe more. Probably more.)" - can tell a joke but not take one, Relax Max? I know freaking engineers who could make the same damn mistake. We were ahead. No more. And I would not be the first to cite the simplicity and intuitive use of metric as a factor in why India and the Far East are pulling ahead. Feel free to "debunk" the magic of metrics - if you can. I didn't challenge the "whys" of the automotive industry, but the effects. GM set up a task force to figure out the costs, then quietly disbanded it when they realized it actually saved them money - fewer tools, standardized sizes, fewer errors. I wrote an international paper on this two years ago. Feel free to put me in my place (again, if you think you can). By the way, the scientific community has been using metric probably far longer than you ever suspected, certainly more than 100 years. Why? Because, physics doesn't work the same in "standard units," that's why such hideous units as "slugs" were invented. I have my sources already in hand. Hope your sources are as good. :) 14. Physics doesn't work the same in "Standard Units"? Whoa. 15. Stephanie, the disparity between 65 feet and 150 meters is so great that nobody, not even a troubled engineer or a fifth grader could fail to see it was a joke. 16. How are assembly line workers going to make fewer mistakes with metric parts and metric tools? All they do is put the stuff together. What am I missing? (This is a serious question.) 17. @Stephanie B - I suppose if I were as smart as I think I am, I would try to bow out gracefully and defer to your superior intellect and education. But when you spew such nonsense as India is pulling ahead because they embrace the metric system, I just can't help rising to the bait. Are you serious? Really? You honestly think that is a main reason and not something that is merely incidental? All we have to do is stop holding our kids back by not teaching fractions? 18. This is going to be fun, but hardly will work in comments. Yay! I love this sort of thing! Related Posts with Thumbnails
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Genetics of epilepsy Published on August 5, 2014 41 min Other Talks in the Series: The Genetic Basis of Neurological Disorders My name is Sanjay Sisodiya. I am Professor of Neurology at the UCL Institute of Neurology. This presentation is on the genetics of epilepsy. This is a very rapidly moving area where discoveries are being made very frequently, allowing us to better understand the basis of many more epilepsies than we previously were able to understand. The objectives of this presentation. To obtain a better understanding of the place of genetics in epilepsy-- why is genetics important to epilepsy? How can genetics be studied? What techniques are available? And what kind of findings are emerging? Genetics, in summary, is reordering the epilepsies, allowing us a better understanding of the different types of conditions that are present. Genetics can be a useful clinical tool, and genetics can help improve understanding and management in epilepsy. And these are the key messages of this presentation. Epilepsy is a tendency to recurrent seizures. Globally, something like 50 million people have epilepsy. And of these, one in three people have epilepsy with seizures that are resistant to treatment. This is a very pervasive and pernicious condition, affecting many different aspects of an individual's life, creating a burden that affects all aspects of that individual's life, including, for example, increasing morbidity with a high risk of premature mortality. In the UK alone, epilepsy directly leads to death in about 1000 people a year. And as a result of all of these aspects of epilepsy, the societal costs are high, with more than 15 billion euros per year spent on epilepsy across Europe with the antiepileptic drug bill alone, in the UK, amounting to more than 140 million pounds a year. Beyond this, there is a huge treatment gap. Most people with epilepsy in the world do not get drugs at all. So there are significant needs in epilepsy. And genetics, hopefully, will meet some of these.
Quadrantid meteor shower of 2022 to peak today By Guo Meiping The annual Quadrantid meteor shower, one of the three major meteor showers in the northern hemisphere, will peak around January 3 and 4. The Quadrantid meteor shower happens every year in early January. Unlike most meteor showers with a peak of two days, the Quadrantids peak is only about a few hours. The peak is much shorter because of the shower's thin stream of particles and the fact that the Earth crosses the stream at a perpendicular angle, according to NASA. During the peak time, 60 to as many as 200 Quadrantid meteors can be seen per hour under perfect conditions. The other two major meteor showers of 2022 in the northern hemisphere are the Perseid meteor shower and the Geminid meteor shower, which are likely to peak in August and December. Here are some tips from NASA on viewing the Quadrantid meteors shower: 1. The Quadrantids are best viewed in the northern hemisphere during the night and predawn hours. 2. Find an area well away from city or street lights. 3. Be prepared for winter weather with a sleeping bag, blanket or lawn chair. 5. In less than 30 minutes in the dark, your eyes will adapt, and you will begin to see meteors. Click here to watch the first meteor shower of year with CGTN! Search Trends
Bebop Revolution 12 December 2017 Bebop or bop Is a style of Jazz characterized by fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and Improvisation based on the combination of harmonic structure and melody. It was developed In the early and mid- sass. It first surfaced In musicians’ argot some time during the first two years of American involvement in the Second World War. This style of jazz ultimately became synonymous with modern Jazz, as either category reached a certain final maturity in the sass. The 1939 recording of “Body and Soul” by Coleman Hawkins is an important antecedent of bebop. Hawkins’ willingness to tray-?even briefly-?from the ordinary resolution of musical themes and his playful Jumps to double-time signaled a departure from existing Jazz. The recording was popular; but more importantly, from a historical perspective, Hawkins became an inspiration to a younger generation of jazz musicians, most notably Charlie Parker, in Kansas City. In the sass, the younger generation of Jazz musicians created a new style that came out of the sass’ swing music.They partially strives to counter the popularization of swing with non-danceable music that demanded listening. 6] Mavericks like Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, and Theologies Monk were Influenced by the preceding generation’s adventurous soloists, such as pianists Art Datum and Earl Hines; tenor saxophonists Coleman Hawkins and Lester Young; and trumpeter Roy Eliding. Gillespie and Parker, both out of the Earl Hines Band in Chicago had traveled with some of the pre-bop masters, including Jack Degrade, Earl Hines, and Jay McMahon.While Gillespie was with Cab Galloway, he practiced with bassist Milt Hint and developed some of the key harmonic and choral Innovations that would e the cornerstones of the new music; Charlie Parker did the same with bassist Gene Ramey while with Mechanic’s group. Bebop Revolution Essay Example These forerunners of the new music (which would later be termed bebop or bop-?although Parker himself never used the term, feeling it demeaned the music) began exploring advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, and chord substitutions. The bop musicians advanced these techniques with a more freewheeling, Intricate and often arcane approach.Mouton’s Playhouse In New York served as an Incubator and experimental theater for early bebop Including Don Baas, Theologies Monk, and Charlie Christian, ho had already hinted at the bop style in innovative solos with Benny Goodman band. Part of the atmosphere created at Jams like the ones found at Mouton’s Playhouse was an air of exclusivity: the “regular” musicians would often randomize the standards in order to exclude those whom they considered outsiders or simply weaker players. [6] Christian’s major Influence was In the realm of rhythmic phrasing.Christian commonly emphasized weak beats and off beats, and often ended his phrases on the second half of the fourth beat. Christian experimented with asymmetrical phrasing, which was to become a core element of the new bop style. Swing improvisation was commonly constructed in two or four bar phrases that corresponded to the harmonic cadences of the underlying song form. Bop Improvisers would often deploy phrases over an odd number of bars, and overlap their phrases across bar lines and across stating a harmony in their improvised line before it appeared in the song form being outlined by the rhythm section.This momentary dissonance creates a strong sense of forward motion in the improvisation. Swing improvisers commonly emphasized the first and third beats of a measure. But in a bebop composition such as Dizzy Gillespie “Salt Peanuts,” the rhythmic emphasis switches to the second and fourth beats of the measure. Such new rhythmic phrasing techniques give the typical bop solo a feeling of floating free over the underlying song form, rather than being tied into the song form.Swing drummers had kept up a steady four-to-the-bar pulse on the bass drum. Bop drummers, led by Kenny Clarke, moved the drummer’s time-keeping function to the ride or hi-hat cymbal, reserving the bass drum for accents. Bass drum accents were colloquially termed “dropping bombs. Notable bop drummers such as Max Roach, Shadow Wilson, Philly Joe Jones, Roy Haynes, and Kenny Clarke began to support and respond to soloists, almost like a shifting call and response. This change increased the importance of the string bass.Now, the bass not only maintained the music’s harmonic foundation, but also became responsible for establishing a metronomic rhythmic foundation by playing a “walking” bass line of four quarter notes to the bar. While small swing ensembles commonly functioned without a bassist, the new bop style required a bass in every small ensemble. By 1950, a second wave of bebop musicians-?such as Clifford Brown and Sonny Stilt -?began to smooth out the rhythmic eccentricities of early bebop. Instead of using jagged phrasing to create rhythmic interest, as the early poppers had, these musicians constructed their improvised lines out of long strings of eighth notes, and simply accented certain notes in the line to create rhythmic variety. Bebop differed drastically from the straightforward compositions of the swing era, and was instead characterized by fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, intricate melodies, and rhythm sections that expanded on their role as tempo-keepers.The music itself seemed Jarringly different to the ears of the public, who were used to the bouncy, organized, danceable tunes of Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller during the swing era. Instead, bebop appeared to sound racing, nervous, and often fragmented. But to Jazz musicians and Jazz music lovers, bebop was an exciting and beautiful revolution in the art of Jazz. While swing music tended to feature orchestrated big band arrangements, bebop music highlighted improvisation.Typically, a theme (a “head,” often the main melody of a pop or Jazz standard of the swing era) would be presented together at the ginning and the end of each piece, with improvisational solos based on the chords of the tune. Thus, the majority of a song in bebop style would be improvisation, the only threads holding the work together being the underlying harmonies played by the rhythm section. Sometimes improvisation included references to the original melody or to other well-known melodic lines (“quotes” or “riffs”). Sometimes they were entirely original, spontaneous melodies from start to finish.Chord progressions for bebop tunes were often taken directly from popular swing- era songs and reused with a new and more complex melody, forming new e central to the bebop style. The style made use of several relatively common chord progressions, such as blues (at base, I-IV-V, but infused with II-V motion) and ‘rhythm changes’ (I-VI-II-V, the chords to the sass pop standard I Got Rhythm). Late bop also moved towards extended forms that represented a departure from pop and show tunes. Bebop musicians also employed several harmonic devices not typical of previous jazz. Complicated harmonic substitutions for more basic chords became commonplace. These substitutions often emphasized certain dissonant intervals such as the flat ninth, sharp ninth, or the sharp eleventh/triton. This unprecedented harmonic development which took place in bebop is often traced back to a transcendent moment experienced by Charlie Parker while performing “Cherokee” at Clark Monomer’s Uptown House, New York, in early 1942. As described by Parker:[8] I’d been getting bored with the stereotyped changes that were being used, and I kept thinking there’s bound to be something else. I could hear it sometimes. I couldn’t play it.. ..I was working over “Cherokee,” and, as I did, I found that by using he higher intervals of a chord as a melody line and backing them with appropriately related changes, I could play the thing I’d been hearing. It came alive. Gerhard Kabuki postulates that the harmonic development in bebop sprung from the blues, and other African-related tonal sensibilities, rather than twentieth century Western art music, as some have suggested. Kabuki states: “Auditory inclinations were the African legacy in [Parser’s] life, reconfirmed by the experience of the blues tonal system, a sound world at odds with the Western diatonic chord categories.Bebop Caucasians eliminated Western-style functional harmony in their music while retaining the strong central tonality of the blues as a basis for drawing upon various African matrices. “[8] Samuel Floyd states that blues were both the bedrock and propelling force of bebop, bringing about three main developments: A new harmonic conception, using extended chord structures that led to unprecedented harmonic and melodic variety. A developed and even more highly syncopated, linear rhythmic complexity and a melodic angularity in which the blue note of the fifth degree was established as an important melodic-harmonic device.The reestablishment of the blues as the music’s primary organizing and functional principle. [9] While for an outside observer, the harmonic innovations in bebop would appear to be inspired by experiences in Western “serious” music, from Claude Debussy to Arnold Schoenberg, such a scheme cannot be sustained by the evidence from a cognitive approach. Claude Debussy did have some influence on Jazz, for example, on Big Bitterness’s piano playing. And it is also true that Duke Elongating adopted and reinterpreted some harmonic devices in European contemporary music.West Coast jazz would run into such debts as would several forms of cool Jazz. But bebop has hardly any such debts in the sense of direct borrowings. On the contrary, ideologically, bebop was a strong statement of rejection of any kind of eclecticism, propelled by a desire to activate something deeply buried in self. Bebop then revived tonal-harmonic ideas transmitted through the blues and reconstructed and expanded others in a basically non-western harmonic approach. The ultimate to African-American music several structural principles and techniques rooted in African traditions. [8] [edit] InstrumentationSeveral Bebop musicians headlining on 52nd Street, May 1948 The classic bebop combo consisted of saxophone, trumpet, bass, drums, and piano. This was a format used (and popularized) by both Charlie Parker (alto sax) and Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet) in their sass groups and recordings, sometimes augmented by an extra saxophonist or guitar (electric or acoustic), occasionally adding other horns (often a trombone), or other strings (usually violin) or dropping an instrument and leaving only a quartet. Although only one part of a rich Jazz tradition, bebop music continues to be played secularly throughout the world. Trends in improvisation since its era have changed from its harmonically-tethered style, but the capacity to improvise over a complex sequence of altered chords is a fundamental part of any Jazz education. [edit] Influence By the mid-sass musicians (Miles Davis and John Chlorate among others) began to explore directions beyond the standard bebop vocabulary. Simultaneously, other players expanded on the bold steps of bebop: “cool Jazz” or “West Coast Jazz”, modal jazz, as well as free Jazz and avian-garden forms of development from the likes of George Russell.Bebop style also influenced the Beat Generation whose spoken-word style drew on jazz rhythms, and whose poets often employed Jazz musicians to accompany them. [10][11] The bebop influence also shows in rock and roll, which contains solos employing a form similar to bop solos, and hippies of the sass and sass, like the poppers had a unique, non-conformist style of dress, a vocabulary incoherent to outsiders, and a communion through music. Fans of bebop were not restricted to the United States; the music gained cult status in France and Japan. A limited time offer!
1 Be Credible Peter Bobkowski Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you will be able to: • Demonstrate an understanding of professional licensing. • Explain the role of credibility in journalism and communications professions. • Link the professional credibility of communication professionals to the credibility of their sources. Licensing and the Professions To understand better the reasons for why you are reading this book, let’s think about professional licenses. In many fields, individuals are required to obtain licenses before they can begin employment in those fields. The way this works is that a license-granting entity like a state agency or a professional association sets a standard for what it takes to become a professional in a particular field. Through a licensing process, this entity then ensures that only people who meet this standard are allowed to practice in that profession. The standard often consists of specialized education and the successful completion of an exam. For instance, when people want to become a lawyer, they go to law school and then take a bar exam. If they pass it, they are admitted to the bar by a bar association (that is, the licensing entity for the legal profession), which means that they are licensed to practice law in a particular jurisdiction. Similarly, when people want to become a physician, they go to medical school and then take a series of licensing exams. If they pass these, they are certified as physicians by a medical board. If people want to be a barber, they go to barber school and then take a barber licensing exam. If they pass it, they are licensed to practice barbering. Pilots, architects, public school teachers, accountants, engineers, real estate agents, and many other professionals all need licenses before they can legally practice their chosen professions. The license is an indicator of trust. By granting a license, the licensing entity vouches that the license holders are competent in their field, and that the public can trust these people to perform the skills they are trained to perform. A licensed attorney can be trusted to represent clients, a certified physician can be trusted to diagnose and treat patients, and a licensed barber can be trusted to cut clients’ hair. Conversely, when a professional does something that breaks this trust — when a lawyer acts in a way contrary to the accepted standards for lawyerly behavior, for example — the license can be taken away. The revoking or nonrenewal of a license can have very real consequences for an individual: They can no longer practice in the profession they trained for and may need to find a new way to support themselves and their family. Licensing in Communications Professions So what about getting a license to become a communications professional like a journalist, broadcaster, public relations practitioner, advertiser, or marketer? What are the license-granting organizations for individuals pursuing these professions? What specialized education and exams are required before one is certified to practice in one of these fields? All of these are trick questions because in the United States, communications professionals do not get certified or licensed. There is no barrier to entering these professions. Nothing stops you from printing a bunch of business cards right now and identifying yourself as a public relations practitioner or as a broadcaster. If you do identify yourself as a member of these professions, you are not breaking any laws, nor are you usurping the power of any organizations that would designate you as a licensed professional through a licensing process. That sounds pretty great, right? If you choose to continue pursuing a career in communications, you won’t have to study for a fancy exam to get certified as a journalist or a PR practitioner. Is there a downside to this? Well, think about the public: a license signifies to the public (that is, potential clients), that they can trust a plumber, aesthetician, or pilot. In the case of the communications professions, what signifies to the public that they can trust a journalist, PR practitioner, or advertising professional? The answer is, credibility. Credibility is the license to practice communication. Credible professional communicators will have an audience or clients who trust the information they convey, enabling them to make a living in this profession. Do you know anyone who only turns on the news only at a certain time because that’s when a specific news anchor or weather forecaster is on TV? (If you grew up in Kansas City, you might be thinking of people who religiously tune in to see Gary Lezak’s weather forecast.) TV audiences place deep trust in their favorite news personalities to present the news or weather to them. As you pursue a communications profession, it’s that level of credibility — the credibility that favorite news anchors and weather forecasters exude — that you want to strive to achieve. Guidance on Professional (and Credible) Conduct Credible communicators demonstrate through their work that they meet the qualifications and standards of their profession. But how do they know what the professional standards are? Although the professional organizations for communicators do not issue licenses like bar associations and medical boards, these organizations do articulate the standards that professional communicators are expected to observe. So if you are looking for guidance on how to build your credibility, look up the professional organization that corresponds to your communications career. If you are thinking about print or online journalism, magazine journalism, or broadcast journalism, the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) is your professional organization. In its Code of Ethics, SPJ charges professional journalists to “seek truth and report it,” and to “be accountable and transparent” in order to build trust with the public and establish a credible reputation. Are you leaning more toward strategic communications, like advertising? If so, then the American Advertising Federation (AAF) is your professional organization. Its Institute for Advertising Ethics follows the same logic on credibility as the SPJ. It prizes “a common objective of truth and high ethical standards” as one of its eight pillars of practice. If you plan to specialize in public relations, though, you will follow the code of ethics set by the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA). PRSA mandates that professionals “adhere to the highest standards of accuracy and truth in advancing the interests of those we represent and in communicating with the public.” When Credible Professionals Behave Incredibly Without licenses, how are communications professionals held accountable for their professional conduct? Communicators’ professional organizations charge their members with being accountable to themselves and to one another in upholding their credibility. SPJ, for example, dictates that journalists quickly correct their own inaccuracies and “expose unethical conduct in journalism, including within their organizations.” As a result, a professional communicator who lacks credibility may have trouble keeping employed in her chosen field. There are many examples of journalists and other professional communicators being, in effect, expelled from their fields after losing credibility in the eyes of their peers and the public. Stephen Glass’s peers, for instance, ousted him from journalism after they discovered that Glass falsified an article, “Hack Heaven,” for the magazine The New Republic (TNR). As The New York Times reported, Glass’s peers at TNR trusted him in part because he was a hard-working former fact-checker for the magazine. But since his fall from grace 20 years ago, he has been unable to work as a journalist or a lawyer (he got a law degree after leaving TNR). All told, Glass had completely fabricated not only “Hack Heaven” but 27 of the 41 articles he wrote for TNR, as well as articles published in Harper’s, Rolling Stone, The New York Times Magazine, and Mother Jones, as Vanity Fair reported. Glass’s lost credibility was the subject of countless news articles, a movie (“Shattered Glass”), and his own book. Stephen Glass broke his colleagues’ and his readers’ trust when he fabricated information. The codes of conduct of all professional organizations for communicators agree that making stuff up violates professional standards. But telling the truth and not fabricating information is a bare minimum as far as professional standards go. This book focuses on a more nuanced set of professional standards, that is, the standards relating to the sources that professional communicators use. You Are Only as Credible as Your Sources The credibility of communications practitioners are only as solid as the sources they use. Much of the work that journalists, public relations practitioners, advertisers, and marketers do consists of taking information from sources, packaging it, and presenting it to an audience. In order to produce credible work, communications professionals must be experts at finding and using credible sources. Adam Penenberg is the journalist who first uncovered Glass’s fabrications in “Hack Heaven.” The research process that led Penenberg to determine that Glass was making up stuff illustrates the importance of examining and questioning sources in journalism and in other communication professions. At the time, Penenberg was an editor for Forbes Digital Tool (now Forbes.com), and considered himself to be pretty knowledgeable about the emerging field of digital business. When he read Glass’s article about a 15-year-old computer hacker successfully extorting “money, porn magazines and a sports car” from an Internet company called Jukt Micronics, Penenberg seriously doubted his own research and reporting skills. Glass’s article seemed like a story Penenberg should have found and written about. He set out to find more information about it and began by pursuing the sources that Glass included in his article. However, after conducting several internet searches, reviewing government records, and interviewing several hackers, Penenberg could not verify any of the information that Glass wrote about. Penenberg eventually forced Glass to admit that the article was complete fiction. By detailing his research methodology in posts for Forbes Digital Tool, Penenberg illustrated his own credibility and adherence to professional standards, while cementing Glass’s reputation as a hack journalist. The process that Penenberg used to uncover Glass’s lies is the same process that this book and your coursework will teach you. To become proficient in this process, you will learn where and how to access sources of information, and how to evaluate whether the sources you are looking at are credible enough for you to use in your work. You are reading this book because communication professionals must be, first and foremost, experts at using information sources because their credibility — their license to practice communication — depends on it. Peer Tutorial: Credibility In this video, Katie Andrew and Grace Levens (JOUR 302, spring 2019) discuss why credibility is important for journalists and other communication practitioners. A Practitioner’s View Andy Hyland KU Journalism, B.S. 2005, M.S. 2017 Assistant Director of Strategic Communications, Office of Public Affairs, University of Kansas I have worked both as a news reporter and as a public relations professional at a large research university. In both professions, I’ve always felt that credibility was the most important element to maintain. If your audiences don’t trust you as a source, you’ve lost everything you’re trying to do. As a news reporter, I used to ask people if they’d ever had a news article written about them. For those that had, they could usually identify one element that was flat incorrect or missed the mark somehow. People will think, “If they miss these details about me, then how can I know the rest of this stuff is accurate?” As a public relations professional, I work on many messages that are tailored to present the organization in its best possible light. However, if we were to simply invent facts from thin air, it would quickly be discovered and reporters (and the general public) would look elsewhere to get the information they want. In many ways, the work of a public relations professional is similar to that of a journalist. Statements need to be vetted and verified before disseminated publicly. The wrong information at the wrong time can cause real reputational damage to an institution and its bottom line. This is particularly true in a crisis, where information is flowing fast and furious. The ability to sort good and useful information from the bad is a critical skill. Activity 1: This Is How Credibility Crashes and Burns Recent history is littered with examples of journalists who have undermined their own credibility. Here’s a partial list: • Jayson Blair • Monica Crowley • Kevin Deutsch • Sabrina Erdely • Jonah Lehrer • Brian Williams Public relations practitioners, advertisers, and marketers also regularly lose their credibility, but those individuals or agencies usually are not named. What we see instead are brands and companies losing their credibility because the communications professionals who work for them were not producing credible work. Here’s a partial list of companies whose credibility took a hit recently: • Pepsi-Kendall Jenner “tone deaf” advertisement • Red Bull will “give you wings” lawsuit • Volkswagen sued for cheating emissions tests Research the actions and circumstances that led to these individuals’ and companies’ loss of credibility. What have been the professional implications of these actions? What was the role of sources in these individuals’ and companies’ problems with credibility? Activity 2: Can I Get a License? Do professional organizations for communications professionals engage in licensing? Examine the website of one of the professional communications organizations listed below, and determine whether this organization engages in the licensing or certification of its members. If it does issue licenses or certifications, how do these credentials differ from the licenses issued by organizations such as the bar association or the barber licensing board? Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License Be Credible by Peter Bobkowski is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Share This Book
C Carol Ann Duffy Prayer by Carol Ann Duffy ‘Prayer’ by Carol Ann Duffy beautifully talks about the importance of prayer in modern times. In today’s world, while men lose faith, the form of prayer, no matter how one prays, gives solace to their minds. Moreover, the reference to the worldly things in the poem refers to that one can pray at any time and anywhere. What’s most essential is the purity of conscience. However, the use of back to back to back images, some depicting soothing pictures, some pleasing tones, helps the poet to bring home her ideas about prayer. The brevity of the poem is no doubt an implied reference to the shortness of prayer. Prayer by Carol Ann Duffy Prayer‘ by Carol Ann Duffy describes the different forms that prayer can take in the modern world, and how those forms provide comfort in desperate times. The poem begins with the speaker describing a moment in which one has run out of options. All the subjects of her poem are in this same space. They have nowhere to turn and have run out of faith to fall back on. She continues on to describe how the simplest things, a sound, sight or memory can bring one back to happier moments. These serve as remedies, as a prayer might have in the past, for dark and depressive moments. The poem contains a number of different descriptions of these moments. They range from reconnecting with nature, and hearing a piano scale, to the sound of a mother calling her child. By the end of the poem, the speaker has concluded her array of prayer by mentioning the BBC Shipping Forecast and how the regularity of its broadcast can bring one peace and induce calmness over times of stress. You can read the full poem Prayer here. ‘Prayer’ by Carol Ann Duffy contains several themes. In this poem, the poet uses the themes of belief, faith, modernity, and spirituality. All the themes present in the poem are discussed from the modern perspective. Likewise, the theme of belief has a modern connotation. It isn’t about believing in God or any external being. The poem rather talks about believing oneself in hard times. The theme of faith is an important aspect of the poem. The poet talks about how faith works in a person’s life. The simplest emotions bring one’s faith in humanity. Moreover, being a modern poem, it presents the theme of modernity. Here, the poet uses modern images that give one peace. Apart from that, the reference to the radio programs at the end of the poem, which helps one keep peace of mind in daily life, is interesting. Last but not least, Duffy talks about a different kind of spirituality that goes beyond the conventional definition. Here, spirituality doesn’t refer to asceticism. It’s all about the simple dialogue between the soul and mind that is only possible if one has faith in himself. ‘Prayer’ by Carol Ann Duffy is a four stanza poem which is divided into three sets of four lines and one set of two lines. The quatrains, or sets of four lines, follow a consistent rhyme scheme of cdcd efef, with the ending two-line couplet rhyming, gg. The poet has chosen this particular rhyme scheme to mimic the sing-song-like nature of actual prayer. Moreover, the poem is mostly composed of the iambic meter. There are some important variations in the poem. As an example, the first and the third lines of the first stanza begins with a spondee. There is another variation in the first line. The last foot of this line is hypermetrical. Literary Devices ‘Prayer’ by Carol Ann Duffy consists of several literary devices. The poet uses enjambment and caesura for maintaining the rhythm and flow of the poem. The use of enjambment is present in the first three stanzas. There is a personification in the line, “a prayer/ utters itself.” Another personification is there in the last line of the first stanza. Moreover, “a sudden gift” is a metaphor. The poet also uses alliteration in the poem. As an example, “her head” and “her hands” contain the repetition of a similar sound in the juxtaposed words. However, in the second stanza, there is a synecdoche in the use of the word “youth”. In “Latin chanting” there is an allusion and onomatopoeia as well. Here, the poet refers to the Christian scriptures. In the last line of the poem, the poet uses asyndeton. Analysis of Prayer Stanza One Some days, although we cannot pray, a prayer at the minims sung by a tree, a sudden gift. In the first stanza of this piece, the speaker begins by describing a situation in which one feels stunted. This moment, and ones like it, are times that drive a person to prayer. The speaker specifically states though that this moment is so overwhelming that one “cannot pray.” Even the refuge from chaos, which prayer is considered by many, is inaccessible. The speaker has yet to make clear what would have to be happening for a person to feel this way, at least within the context of this poem. That being said, it is quite easy to find these emotions within oneself while reading. All people, no matter where they’re from, have felt desperation and the inability to act. In the following lines, the speaker describes what it is that happens next. A person, in this case, a woman, who has found themselves on the brink of emotional or perhaps even physical desperation, might hear something that allows them to “lift / [their] head from the sieve of [their] hands.” The speaker is describing a very familiar pose in which one rests their head in their hands and their fingers separate around their face, creating what she calls a “sieve.” When this has happened, and the woman has heard the familiar sound, she lifts her head. She is hearing the “minims,” or half-notes, “sung by a tree.” This moment is a “gift,” one that lifts her spirits and reminds her of better times. The natural world has returned her to a more peaceful state of mind. Stanza Two Some nights, although we are faithless, the truth in the distant Latin chanting of a train. In the second stanza, the speaker continues to describe another stand-in for prayer. She understands that on “Some nights,” one is unable to believe or devote themselves to religion. One becomes “faithless.” In these instances, there are other outlets to relieve stress and pain. Prayer can take other forms, aside from the traditional recitations and pleas. In this particular instance, while one is feeling faithless, a “truth” is able to enter one’s heart. This is a revelation or the feeling of coming to terms with the reality of one’s situation. The pain one experiences is “familiar,” and that familiarity is a comfort. In the second half of this stanza, the speaker describes another person, a man, who is standing “stock-still.” He is recalling a sound from his youth and being transported back to a happier time. This moment places additional emphasis on the importance of simple actions, memories, and experiences. This person can hear his “youth” through the “Latin chanting of a train.” He has made a connection through the world around him. Stanza Three Pray for us now. Grade 1 piano scales a child’s name as though they named their loss. In the final quatrain of this poem the speaker moves to include herself within the body of people who suffer from moments of desperation. She asks that the readers, or any listening to the poem, “Pray for us now,” referring to all of those suffering. In the final lines of this section, she brings up two more memories that might take someone away from the pressures of the world and bring up more pleasant thoughts of the past. She speaks of the sounds of “Grade 1 piano scales,” that a “lodger” is about to hear while “looking out across” the town he is staying in. Once more, this featured person is being transported to his past. In the next memory, the speaker recalls the sound of someone calling their own child and the sounds that make up the child’s name, helping to console another for “their loss.” Stanza Four Darkness outside. Inside, the radio’s prayer – Rockall. Malin. Dogger. Finisterre. In the final short two-line stanza the speaker brings all her memories of various experiences and alternatives to prayer, to a conclusion. She describes how there might be “Darkness outside,” and one’s outlook might be dimmed by the events of life, but “Inside” something else’s going on. There is always the “radio’s prayer” to fall back on, she states. The following lines bring this reference farther as she names off a shipping forecast for the areas around the British Isles. This is a piece of BBC radio programming that is quite familiar to those who reside in Great Britain and is providing the reader with an amount of comfort and dependability in a desperate moment. Similar Poetry Like ‘Prayer’, one of the best poems written by Carol Ann Duffy, here is a list of a few poems that talk about the importance of prayer and having faith in oneself. Discover the Essential Secrets of Poetry Sign up to unveil the best kept secrets in poetry, brought to you by the experts • Lee-James Bovey says: you’re welcome. • > Discover and learn about the greatest poetry, straight to your inbox Start Your Perfect Poetry Journey Ad blocker detected To create the home of poetry, we fund this through advertising Please help us help you by disabling your ad blocker We appreciate your support The Best-Kept Secrets of Poetry Discover and learn about the greatest poetry ever straight to your inbox Share via Copy link Powered by Social Snap
How Much Sleep Does A Child Need? Everyone is aware of the optimum amount of sleep needed for adults, but what about children? Children need more sleep than adults, and it’s vital to their development. Let’s break it down by age and examine their needs further. 0–12 Months Sleep time: 14–15 hours. Infants are highly variable and many experts around the world don’t recommend actual sleep times for infants aged 0–3 months old. Their sleeping patterns are too erratic, they don’t sleep through the night, so therefore there’s no standard to determine how long they should be sleeping. However, babies require a lot of sleep from birth—more than half their days, so that their brains can develop effectively. This is why they sleep around 14–15 hours every day, including naps. Naptime decreases as the babies age, and as they learn to sleep through the night at around six months old. Even while sleeping through the night, you can expect the infants to take a 2–3 hour mid-day nap, despite the decrease. On top of that, you shouldn’t expect every infant to start sleeping through the night at 6 months old. One study shows that even at 12 months, some infants have difficulty sleeping for 6–8 consecutive hours at night. Premature Babies There’s a small difference when a baby is born prematurely. In the case of premature birth, babies can spend up to 90 percent of the day sleeping. During the infant’s first year, this evens out to match the sleeping patterns of a full-term baby. When Should This Age Group Go to Bed? It’s incredibly difficult to determine when infants should be going to bed as they’re going to wake up during the night anyway. The general advice is to put the baby down for the night around 6:30pm, so long as this is at least two hours after baby has woken up from a nap. You can’t force the baby’s sleep pattern so it’s impossible to say when the baby should be waking up for the day—move your infant downstairs with you whenever you wish, so long as there’s somewhere safe and comfortable they can nap the late morning and day away. 1–3 Years Sleep time: 12–14 hours Toddlers still need a significant amount of sleep. They can usually sleep through the night, and their sleep time comes from early bedtimes and daytime naps. These naps often come twice per day for younger toddlers, but as they get older, the naps typically decrease to a single 1–2 hour slumber in the afternoon. When Should This Age Group Go to Bed? Putting your toddler to bed between 6:30 and 7:30pm is the most natural way to go about it. It’s not much different from when they were a baby and still lets them sleep for a lengthy nighttime period alongside the daytime napping. 3–6 Years Sleep time: 10–12 hours. Children around this age start requiring slightly less sleep, but they still need quite a lot to aid their development. Ideally, this sleep should take place throughout the night, thanks to an early bedtime. While naps are still okay, and even beneficial, most children stop napping around this age. When Should This Age Group Go to Bed? It’s rarely recommended that you put children this age to bed any later than 8pm. Play it by ear—what time do you want your child to wake up? If they need to be up early for a creche, nursery or their early school years and tend to sleep 12 hours, around 7pm is best. If it’s fine for them to sleep in, then 8pm is okay too. 7–12 Years Sleep time: 10 – 11 hours. Children's sleep patterns usually closely mirror that of adults, while requiring longer nights. That’s why it’s important to ensure your child gets an early night and sleeps well throughout it. However, this 7–12 age range is quite wide so it’s normal to have some variations, where kids sleep slightly more or less than the duration stated above. The younger the child is, the more sleep they need is a good way to gauge how long your child should be sleeping. So, as your child approaches the end of the range above, they may slip into the teen-year sleeping patterns instead of the more ‘child' ones stated here. What Happens If Children Don’t Get Enough Sleep? A lack of sleep in children can cause: A lack of sleep is also tied in with obesity, which is also an overwhelming issue in children. Since it can be difficult to see when your child is overtired and not sleeping enough, keep the following things in mind: • Do you need to wake your child multiple times before they get up? • Does the child complain of tiredness frequently? • Does the child nap well into their older years? • Does your child sleep in on the weekends beyond a typical amount? If the answer is yes to any of those questions you may want to consider an earlier bedtime. When Should This Age Group Go to Bed? This age group is highly varied, so any time between 7pm and 9pm works well for them. Calculate what time your child usually wakes up, or what time they need to wake up, and set a bedtime based on this. Consider setting an earlier bedtime if your child gets sleepy in the evening, or seems lethargic and sluggish but doesn’t complain of tiredness. 12–18 Years Sleep time: 8–9 hours. Sleep is essential for teenagers, in general, and proven by studies. As children enter their teen years, their sleep patterns change considerably. They still need slightly more sleep than adults, but it comes in a new rhythm. Teens’ natural circadian rhythm determines that they want to stay up later—think 11pm to midnight—and sleep in later, around eight or nine in the morning. School start times restrict this natural rhythm considerably—schools usually start right around the time teens should be waking up. This is why it’s vital for teenagers to actively schedule their sleep time into their day. It goes against their natural rhythms, but teenagers should work to go to bed earlier to get the sleep they need. One way to help your circadian rhythm is by using artificial light. Perhaps using an alarm light that gradually turns off as you near bedtime, then gradually lights to aid with wake-up could be helpful. One study shows this method of using artificial light to regulate sleep patterns is helpful. It’s best to use this scheduled every night, including on weekends, to avoid creating inconsistency in the sleeping schedule. Sleep is just as important for teens as it is for child-age kids so keeping things on track is vital. Importance of Sleep for Teens There’s high pressure on teens at school to perform well, and school can also be a highly emotional environment due to the budding social relationships. A lack of sleep can severely impact a teenager’s academic thinking and emotional health, too. Academia and Thinking Sleep helps people think creatively and expansively, and without it, the teens may suffer in school. On top of this, sleep can harm academic performance in general. Part of this may come from the link between attention deficits and drowsiness—being sleepy makes it harder to concentrate and therefore harder to learn during the school day. Emotional Health A lack of sleep harms emotional development and can lead to mental health issues. Some of these issues include depression and anxiety, and even bipolar disorder—all of which are associated with poor sleep. If the teen has mental health issues already, increasing sleep may help combat some of the worse symptoms they’re experiencing. When Should This Age Group Go to Bed? As you edge into teen territory, your child will protest and want to stay up later—this is natural. However, it’s best for teens to go to bed early, whether they’re heading for 13 or 18. Determine your child’s school start time and how long it takes them to get ready in the morning. If they need to be in school by 8am, a 10pm bedtime is best—they’ll wake up at 6–7am, and have an hour or two to get up, washed, dressed, have breakfast and travel. If school starts later, at 9am, then an 11pm bedtime could work but again, it depends on the morning schedule. Adult and Beyond Finally, you hit the adult stage with the age-old eight hours of sleep per night—though technically it’s 7–9 hours of sleep. Once you hit your elderly years this decreases to 7–8 hours of sleep per day. For tips on how to get enough sleep as an adult, see the video below. Final Thoughts Children need more sleep than adults, right up until they’re 18. They may transition to an adult sleep cycle a little before or after turning 18, but this is just a general guide. Here’s a quick recap: • 0–12 Months: 14–15 hours • 1–3 Years: 12–14 hours • 3–6 Years: 10–12 hours • 7–12 Years: 10–11 hours • 12–18 Years: 8–9 hours If you have any comments or concerns, please leave them below. Related Articles Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on pinterest
Sunny Reach Int'l Corp Fuel oil (also known as heavy oilmarine fuelbunkerfurnace oil, or gasoil) is a fraction obtained from the distillation of petroleum (crude oil). It includes distillates (the lighter fractions) and residues (the heavier fractions). The term fuel oil generally includes any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, or used in an engine to generate power. However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a flash point of approximately 42 °C (108 °F),[why?] or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense, fuel oil refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than gasoline (petrol) and naphtha.Fuel oil consists of long-chain hydrocarbons, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. Small molecules, such as those in propane, naphtha, gasoline for cars, and jet fuel (kerosene), have relatively low boiling points, and are removed at the start of the fractional distillation process. Heavier petroleum products like diesel fuel and lubricating oil are much less volatile and distill out more slowly, while bunker oil is literally the bottom of the barrel. In oil distilling, the only components denser than bunker fuel are carbon black feedstock and bituminous residue (asphalt), which is used for paving roads and sealing roofs.
January 5 January 19, 2022 January 5 is the Fifth Day of the Year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 360 days remaining until the end of the year (361 in leap years). Name days Finnish calendar: Lea, Leea Finnish-Swedish calendar: Lea, Lia orthodox calendar: Pentti, Tauno, Sylvi calendar in the Sámi language: Lejá in older calendars: Hanna, Kristian, Laulikki, Simeon, Simo 1463 - Poet François Villon is expelled from Paris. 1477 - The last Duke of Burgundy, Charles Brave, is killed in the Battle of Nancy. Louis XI annexed Burgundy to France. 1895 - France's first Jewish officer, Alfred Dreyfus, is sentenced to life on a pirate island in a treason. The “case of Dreyfus”, widely regarded as a suicide, shook France for a long time. 1896 - An Austrian newspaper reports that Wilhelm Röntgen has discovered a new type of radiation, later known as X-rays. 1900 - Irish leader John Edward Redmond calls for a revolt against British rule. 1909 - Colombia recognizes Panama's independence. 1914 - Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a $ 5 minimum daily wage. 1917 - Denmark grants Iceland limited sovereignty. 1918 - Greece recognizes Finland's independence. 1919 - The German Workers' Party (DAP), the predecessor of the National Socialist Party, is founded. 1933 - Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins. 1940 - FM radio is introduced in the United States. 1940 - Winter War: 29 people are killed and 36 injured in the bombing of Mikkeli by the Soviet Air Force. 1945 - The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet Polish government. 1956 - Elvis Presley records the “Heartbreak Hotel”. 1964 - Pope Paul VI meets the Greek Patriarch Athenagoras I in Jerusalem for the first meeting of Catholic and Orthodox Christian leaders since 1439. 1968 - Alexander Dubček takes power and the "Prague Spring" begins in Czechoslovakia. 1972 - Nasa publishes a plan to develop a space shuttle. 1973 - The GDR is recognized by the Netherlands. 1975 - The cargo ship Lake Illawarra hits the Tasman Bridge in Tasmania, killing 12 people. 1976 - Angola Civil War: The MPLA, the People's Front for Liberation in Angola, announces the occupation of FNLA headquarters by another party to the war. 1976 - In a Kingsmill massacre, gunmen stop a minibus and shoot ten passengers near the village of Kingsmill in Northern Ireland. 1984 - Richard Stallman begins developing GNU. 1991 - The Economic Union of Socialist Countries (SEV) is dissolved. The Soviet Union stopped its financial aid to Cuba. 2005 - The dwarf planet Eris is found in photographs taken on October 21, 2003. 2011 - The minesweeper Ostrobothnia set sail from Upinniemi on the Somali coast, where it was to take part in Operation Atalanta for three months. 2012 - Prosecutors demand the death sentences of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and two of his sons, as well as the imprisonment of eight members of Mubarak's close circle for crimes committed during Mubarak's tenure. 1548 - Francisco Suárez, Spanish theologian and philosopher (c. 1617) 1592 - Shah Jahan, ruler of the Mughal Empire of India (builder of the Taj Mahal) (c. 1666) 1762 - Constanze Mozart, wife of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1842) 1767 - Jean-Baptiste Say, French economist (d. 1832) 1846 - Rudolf Eucken, winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature (1926) 1874 - Joseph Erlanger, American physiologist awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Medicine (d. 1965) 1876 - Konrad Adenauer, German Chancellor 1949-63 (b. 1967) 1881 - David Hammond, American swimmer and water polo player (c. 19 INSERT INTO `wiki_article`(`id`, `article_id`, `title`, `article`, `img_url`) VALUES ('NULL()','5._tammikuuta','January 5','1881 - David Hammond, American swimmer and water polo player (c. 19','')
Free Shipping on Retail Orders of $35+ Your Cart is Empty by Lori Herren January 14, 2022 7 min read At the forefront of every parent’s mind and responsibility is to keep our children safe (in the areas that are under our control). There are times and situations where it is very much out of our control, and we aren’t there and unable to affect the surroundings of their safety. Any parent will tell you that kids pass around germs and bring home more sickness from school than from anywhere else. As the school year starts back, whether from the holidays or after summer break, how can we send them to school without constantly being worried about their health and exposure while they are there? What are some tips and tricks we can teach them to protect themselves from germs while they are at school? How can we know that we are doing absolutely everything we can to ensure their health and safety? Let’s look at ten ways, methods, and tips for keeping your child healthy as they are in school, day in and day out. Hand Washing (the correct way) If we heard once, we’ve heard a million times the importance of washing your hands as an effective way to kill germs and stop the spread of disease. Proper hand washing is not a new idea; it has been a means of killing germs and bacteria on our hands for centuries, but the spread and transmission of illness are at the forefront of all our minds these days, and teaching children how to wash their hands and the importance of doing so properly is at an all-time high. Effective hand washing should last for a minimum of twenty seconds (longer is better) with soap and warm water (when possible). The best procedure is to use vigorous hand-to-hand friction with soap before washing the soap off underwater. When there is no water and soap available to wash hands, hand sanitizer is the next best option. Effective hand sanitizer must contain at least sixty percent alcohol, applied in the same fashion as hand washing, rubbing hands together, covering all surfaces of hands and fingers. Hand to mouth, hand to the nose, and hand to eye contact is what transmits a lot of germs to our bodies, so make sure you educate your kids not to touch their eyes, mouth, or nose when they are at school or in an environment where they are not able to wash their hands frequently. Another good way to teach them about not spreading their germs is to encourage them to sneeze and cough into their elbow or upper arm area; that way, their germs aren’t distributed to those around them. Health Vaccinations It’s essential to stay on top of all the immunizations/vaccinations that your child is due to have, according to their pediatrician. Your child’s doctor should have a schedule that you follow, based on the child’s age, which immunizations they need at certain times. Most are necessary to enter school, but others like the flu shot are based on your choice, as their parent, and the advice and recommendation of your child’s pediatrician. Support Their Immune System A healthy immune system is what we want for our children; the ability for their bodies to fight off whatever germ or bacteria that they encounter is essential to keep our kids healthy and the main goal for everyone. The main factors that are necessary to keep the immune system functioning properly are: eating a healthy diet, getting a proper amount of sleep, getting frequent exercise, keeping stress at a minimum, taking time for fun and having lots of laughter, and using proper handwashing techniques frequently throughout each day. Build Good Sleeping Habits And Patterns A good night’s sleep is vital for everyone, especially for kids. Their bodies are constantly changing, constantly growing. Sleep refuels the body and is essential to keep one strong and empower the immune system to fight off germs and bacteria. Kids ages five to eleven need between nine and eleven hours of sleep a night. Not only is sleep essential, but to keep it consistent, they need a regular sleep schedule. The same bedtime and wakeup time is key for them, both physically and mentally. A good night’s rest is key for good and clear brain function. Exactly what they need to be able to learn and excel at school and empower their bodies to stay healthy. Healthy Meals And Snacks Making sure our children eat a well-balanced diet is always a top priority for parents, but even more so when looking at the fact that healthy food builds a strong body, which in turn fuels the immune system to fight illness. The eating habits you establish for them as kids will translate into their teen and adult years. A healthy breakfast to start each day, one that consists of dairy, protein, whole grains, or a combination of all, will provide your child with energy that can help them focus, learn, and do well in school. A diet of vegetables, fruits, dairy, and lean protein is important. Eating foods rich in vitamin C helps empower your immune system, and vitamin D will help to strengthen their bones as they grow and develop. Be On The Lookout For Signs Of Anxiety And Stress Let’s be honest, school itself can be stressful. Homework, tests, projects, on top of extracurricular activities, changing schools, and life situations, it’s normal for kids to feel some stress. As parents, we should be on the lookout for signs that stress is affecting our kids and causing them anxiety and interrupting their regular routine, behavior, and well-being. Help them find ways to cope with what is stressful, find things they enjoy to help de-stress them, and remember that sometimes outside help with a counselor is a great way to help them cope with difficulty. Exercise Is Necessary We all need exercise every day. Kids are no exception. Kids need movement and physical exercise, and activity every single day. A minimum of sixty minutes a day of exercise helps children to sleep better at night, be more focused at school, use the exercise time to burn off stress, and help keep their bodies healthy. Even if you are stuck at home because of winter weather or quarantine, there are thousands of kid-friendly workout videos online that they can use to keep them moving and healthy. Vitamins And Nutrition Supplements We talked earlier about healthy foods and how important they are for children, but I know kids can be the pickiest eaters on earth! You can’t convince them to eat every single vegetable and fruit you put in front of them. Lack of healthy foods leads to lack of vitamins and minerals, and you want them to have a healthy immune system and know they are getting what their bodies need. There are some great vitamins and supplements available for kids today, but as always, discuss all options or thoughts with your child’s pediatrician first. After discussing their diet, what they eat, what they don’t, your child’s doctor can inform you what is best for them to take. Make Sure They Stay Hydrated As a parent, trying to keep your kids hydrated can be so frustrating! All they want is sugary drinks, all I want is for them to drink lots of water! Staying hydrated, especially with water and some servings of milk, can help kids be in a better mood, feel better and stronger, help out with their digestion, keep them from feeling weak, and help maintain a healthy weight. Avoid giving them sugary, caffeine-filled sodas and unhealthy beverages as much as possible. The good habits they form when they are young will stick with them into adulthood. Emphasize That It’s Not A Good Idea To Share Personal Items With Friends One of the greatest joys of childhood is having friends to share fun, laughter and life with. Problem is, sharing germs with our friends can cause issues sometimes. Talk to your kids about not eating or drinking after their friends, not sharing food, tissues, chapstick, hats, clothes, toys, devices, or any items that could track germs back and forth. I know it sounds extreme, but in thesetimes,extreme is how we need to operate. Actions Back Up Words I know and have experienced with my own kids that they may listen to what I say, but when they see me actually do the things I tell them to do, I get a more positive response and see them put into action the behaviors I emphasize that they need to be strong and stay healthy. Another good way to help you in your journey to being healthy is to incorporate more all-natural items into your routine. One of the most helpful you will find is xylitol. Xylitol is an all-natural substance, it works to attack pathogenic bacteria that wants to live on your teeth and gums, gives your mouth an alkaline environment, encourages saliva production, and is fluoride free and safe to be swallowed. Call it a safe, bacteria fighting tool for your mouth! You can get someSpry Xylitol Tooth Gel fromBrilliant Oral Care, it’s safe and recommended for all ages! Stay safe and stay protected, in every way possible, you and your entire family! © 2022 Compac Industries. All rights reserved. This article is intended to provide an understanding of and knowledge about “health topics” as expressed through the perspective and research of the author. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional advice or counsel, including the diagnosis or treatment of any condition. Always seek the advice of your qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition, illness, or treatment of any listed or non-listed situation above. By using this site, you signify your assent to ourTerms and Conditions. Lori Herren Lori Herren Leave a comment Comments will be approved before showing up. Back to Top
Microbial fuel cell Image: University illustration / Michael Osadciw Many researchers agree that microbial fuel cells have a range of promising applications. However, before they can reach widespread applications, researchers need to make them both cheaper and more efficient. A team of researchers from the University of Rochester believe they’re making progress on that front with the development of a paper electrode. Microbial fuel cells drive electric current by using bacteria and mirroring bacterial interactions found in nature. In the 21st century, microbial fuel cells found new application in their ability to treat wastewater and harvest energy through anaerobic digestion. This from University of Rochester: Until now, most electrodes used in wastewater have consisted of metal (which rapidly corrodes) or carbon felt. While the latter is the less expensive alternative, carbon felt is porous and prone to clogging. Their solution was to replace the carbon felt with paper coated with carbon paste, which is a simple mixture of graphite and mineral oil. The carbon paste-paper electrode is not only cost-effective and easy to prepare; it also outperforms carbon felt. By: Mathew Wallenstein, Colorado State University This from Washington State University: Energy GridA new study published by researchers from Michigan State University reveals a new biofilm that can feed on waste and produce energy as a byproduct. The novel biofilm was discovered and patented by ECS member and Science for Solving Society’s Problems grantee Gemma Reguera. (MORE: Listen to our Science for Solving Society’s Problems Round Table podcast to hear how Reguera is applying microbial science to solving pressing issues in water and sanitation.) Reguera’s biofilm works in a way very similar to the electric grid, where each cell acts as an individual power plant – generating electricity to be delivered to the underlying electrodes using a sophisticated microbial network. One part of that network, the cytochromes, act as transformers and towers that supply electricity to a city. The other part, the pili, acts as the powerlines connecting the towers so all have access to the grid. “The pili do all of the work after the first 10 layers, and allow the cells to continue to grow on the electrode, sometimes beyond 200 cell layers, while generating electricity,” Reguera says, associate professor of microbiology at Michigan State University. “This is the first study to show how electrons can travel such long distances across thick biofilms; the pili are truly like powerlines, at the nanoscale.” Each individual part of the biofilm is essential to the development of the working whole, much like the power grid. es-2015-008758_0004The cleaning of industrial wastewater is a persistent issue across the globe. If left untreated, these harmful waters could enter open watercourses, dispersing contaminants such as mercury and lead. Not only is this an immediate health risk, but it also threatens the entire ecosystem. Modern wastewater treatment plants have been able to treat the water, but have not been very environmentally conscious. The typical plant produces CO2 by burning fossil fuels for power and the general decomposition of the materials in the wastewater. Not to mention, these things require a lot of power. About 12 trillion gallons of wastewater gets treated each year in the United States along, consuming an alarmingly high 3 percent of the nation’s energy grid. Researchers have already produced power from pee and made poop potable; so why not develop a new type of wastewater treatment device that significantly lessens the severity of CO2 emissions and simultaneously captures greenhouse gases?
From Fedora Project Wiki Atomic Workstation The idea of an "Atomic Workstation" is to use the ideas of "Project Atomic" to have a core operating system for a workstation that updates atomically as a whole, and then layer extra software on top of that. This is as opposed to the traditional model, where the operating system is dynamically composed on the end users system out of individual packages. The basic advantage of the atomic model is enhanced reliability -the • Reliable and consistent upgrades between versions - F22 is the same as F21-upgraded • Testing that is done for the project tests the actual operating system that is on users machines • There is no possibility that an upgrade of the operating system runs into problems halfway through and leaves the system in a trashed state. • Can rollback from unsuccessful updates, or if new operating system doesn't work with the user's apps Currently, many problems with an unbootable Fedora system are bootloader or initrd issues; bootloader configuration issues are still a potential problem with the Atomic model. The ostree handling of /etc, which allows arbitrary modification by the user, also means that there is a gap between the goal of an unbreakable system and the reality. Use cases Pretty much anything that the normal Workstation is used for. Installing applications Applications are installed via xdg-app. If we provide a "fedora runtime", we can rebuild Fedora RPMs into applications in a pretty transparent fashion. introduction update The primary target of Fedora Workstation is different types of developers, and currently developers often install things that don't fit well into the application model: they install daemons like web servers and databases to test apps they are developing locally. They install developer headers. They install modules for interpreted languages like Python or Ruby. And they install developer tools like gdb or valgrind. Doing development in containers is one way to handle these sorts of scenarios. Ideally integration between IDE and container systems could make this very transparent to developers. But pushing all development towards containers can reduce the extent that existing documentation is useful on Fedora. Layering on arbitrary RPMS is a prototype of how layering packages of an rpm-ostree works - this seems to create a new tree locally with the specified packages layered on top, which is not necessarily useful for the developer usecase, since rebooting to install new devel headers or tools is not going to be attractive to users at all.
\| 9.5°C Dublin Why spring is the worst time to be born The trees are in bud, the hedgerows full of blossom and lambs are gambolling in the fields -- but spring may be the worst time for human babies to be born. The first large-scale study of the link between anorexia and the season of birth has found that spring babies are significantly more likely to develop the eating disorder. The findings, published in The British Journal of Psychiatry, will refocus attention on the season of birth, which, research shows, influences a range of psychiatric and neurological features. A growing body of evidence suggests that schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and suicide are all more common among people who were born during springtime. Environmental factors around the time of conception and during the first three months of pregnancy are considered the likely cause, but it is not known which ones are responsible. Researchers from Oxford University compared the birth dates of almost 1,300 anorexic patients with the distribution of birth dates in the general population and found "clear evidence" of a season-of-birth effect for anorexia. Babies born during the period from March to June were 15pc more likely to develop the disorder, the researchers found. In contrast, babies born in the autumn, from September to October, were 20pc less likely to become anorexic. One of the strongest candidates as a cause of the increased risk of anorexia is vitamin D, which is created by the action of sunlight on the skin. The vitamin is at its lowest level in the body from January to March after the long winter, the last trimester for a spring baby.
General Information Eddy Current Separators (ECS) Eddy Current Separators (ECS) are designed to separate non-ferrous conducting metals. The Eddy Current system consists of a short belt conveyor. The ECS rotor, which is fitted at the discharge end of the conveyor, is constructed using a high-intensity rare earth (neodymium iron-boron) magnet system and sits inside a non-metallic rotor cover. The rotor, when spinning at high speeds, induces an electric current into conducting metals. This induced electric current produces a magnetic field, which opposes that of the rotor, repelling non-ferrous metals. The remaining materials free-fall over the rotor, separating them from the repelled materials. K.W. Supply Magneetsystemen B.V. Ophemertstraat 11 3089JD Rotterdam The Netherlands +31 (0)10 - 429 13 80 Back to overview
What is a hemorrhoid? Hemorrhoids are very common and appear when the veins under the lining of the rectum and anus become swollen and bulge. Yes, you can push a hemorrhoid back in. Hemorrhoids are very common and appear when the veins under the lining of the rectum and anus become swollen and bulge. Extra pressure from constipation, obesity, heavy lifting, anal sex, pregnancy, and straining during childbirth can irritate the veins and cause them to swell. There are two types: internal hemorrhoids, which happen inside your rectum, and external hemorrhoids, which happen under the skin around your anus. The skin over the external hemorrhoids can become irritated and break down, which can cause itching and pain Other hemorrhoid symptoms include: • Bleeding during a bowel movement • Mucus • Swelling around your anus • Irritated skin around your anus Can you push a hemorrhoid back in? Yes, you can push a hemorrhoid back in. In fact, pushing it back inside can protect the blood vessel and lower your risk of getting a blood clot or hemorrhoid strangulation. A strangulated hemorrhoid happens when an internal hemorrhoid pushes outside the anus and gets trapped outside by sphincter muscles. The blood flow becomes blocked, which causes swelling and a lot of pain. What are other treatments for hemorrhoids? In most cases, hemorrhoids go away within a week with some self-care and at-home treatments. There are simple ways to manage them and ease your symptoms. Eat more fiber Constipation and straining during a bowel movement are big causes of hemorrhoids. Eating fiber helps relieve constipation and makes it easier to pass stool. Fiber is a carbohydrate that your body can’t digest. As it moves through your bowels, it draws water into your stool, making it softer and easier to pass. Studies show that eating extra fiber reduces hemorrhoid bleeding. The best form of fiber comes from food, which includes fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, beans, and lentils. To get more fiber, you can also: • Replace white bread, pasta, and rice with whole grain versions • Eat beans and other legumes instead of meat a few times a week • Snack on raw vegetables with hummus instead of chips or cookies • Eat oatmeal instead of sugary cereal Fiber supplements made of psyllium seed, bran, or inulin can also be helpful. Add supplements slowly, though, to avoid gas and bloating. If constipation is severe or ongoing, you might need to take a laxative with senna. Drink more water Constipation happens when food moves too slowly through your bowels. The bowels absorb too much water, and the stool gets hard, making it tough to pass. Drinking lots of water can help keep your stool soft and prevent constipation. Swap tea, coffee, and alcohol for water. Exercise regularly Regular exercise helps build good muscle tone in your abdomen and diaphragm. These muscles are important during bowel movements, and poor tone can make it harder. The bowels also respond to activity, and people who exercise regularly usually don’t get constipation. Obesity also causes extra pressure on the rectum, anus, and hemorrhoids. Regular exercise can help maintain a healthy weight and prevent hemorrhoids. Don’t sit and strain for a long time Straining and sitting on the toilet for a long time puts pressure on your rectum and anus and causes more hemorrhoids and more symptoms. Go when you feel the urge instead of waiting, as doing so can promote constipation and make it worse. Take sitz baths A sitz bath is a shallow bath of warm water. It can help relax your muscles and increase blood flow. Sometimes stool can get stuck around the hemorrhoid, so a sitz bath can also help keep your skin clean. It can also help relieve itching and pain. Gently pat the area dry afterwards instead of rubbing or wiping, which can irritate the skin. Use topical creams and cleansing pads Cleansing pads and hemorrhoid cream can help keep the skin clean and soothe irritation. You can buy witch hazel cleansing pads at the pharmacy. Witch hazel is an astringent, which can help soothe the skin. Other hemorrhoid creams and suppositories can lower inflammation and irritation. Look for a cream with an analgesic that helps ease pain. Some ingredients like aloe vera can be soothing, and you can also use an ice pack to help with swelling. You might want to wear a liner in your underwear for a few days to absorb any extra cream and stay dry. When to see your doctor You can usually manage your symptoms at home without issue. Push your hemorrhoid back in, make dietary and lifestyle changes, and use personal care products. If your hemorrhoids don’t go away in a week or you have a lot of bleeding or pain, see your doctor. Everyone has hemorrhoids. See Answer Health Solutions From Our Sponsors Medically Reviewed on 12/27/2021 Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England: "The acute management of haemorrhoids." Cleveland Clinic: "5 Best and Worst Home Remedies for Your Hemorrhoids." GI Society Canadian Society of Intestinal Research: "“Hemorrhoids." Harvard Medical School Harvard Health Publishing: "Common causes of constipation," "Hemorrhoids and what to do about them." "Self-help steps to get through hemorrhoid flare-ups," Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health: "Fiber." Mayo Clinic: "Hemorrhoids." National Health Service: "Piles (haemorrhoids)." Saint Luke's: "Taking a Sitz Bath."
How many monasteries are there in Meteora, Greece? How many monasteries are there in Meteora, Greece? Meteora had almost 20 monasteries by the 14th century. Only six monasteries remain, and they are all available to the public. There are several options for getting from Athens to Meteora. There are a variety of one-day to multi-day trips accessible from Athens and other major towns in the country to the Meteora monasteries. These include bus tours that stop at various points while driving between Athens and Thessaloniki, or longer excursions that include side trips to other parts of Greece. The first thing you will want to do when visiting Meteora is find out what time of day it is. Some of the monasteries offer night visits where you can see inside their churches well after the sun has set. If you have only a few hours, then this is not a good option for you. Night visits are available at some of the larger monasteries, including Pissouri, Kalamaria, and Agia Filotheis. You should plan on spending a full day when visiting the monasteries. This gives you time to see everything and also takes into account any delays with your tour group. Start off by going to Pissouri monastery, which is the most accessible of the monasteries. It is only about an hour's drive from Athens and does not require a special appointment. Then visit Kalamaria, which is an additional hour away and requires an appointment. Can you visit the monasteries in Meteora? The highland monasteries of Meteora, Greece, are a work of art. That is precisely what happened centuries ago, and you can still visit the monasteries that are still inhabited by 60 monks and nuns today. There were once 24 monasteries, but only six exist now. The other eighteen collapsed due to damage caused by an earthquake or because they were abandoned. In addition to being a place of worship, each monastery was also a small town that had its own government, police force, and court system. They were self-sufficient communities that managed their own affairs. Even though the monks had to obey certain rules, they could decide what role they wanted to play in society. Some stayed away from all worldly matters while others engaged in scientific research or taught at the universities of their time. Today, visitors can travel to Meteora for both religious and cultural purposes. The ancient buildings are considered important relics of Greek culture and history, so it's recommended that you take a tour guide with you when visiting them. The monks built their monasteries between the 11th and 14th centuries AD, so there is plenty to see in each one. All six monasteries are found in central Greece and can be visited on organized tours that usually last around five hours. It is not easy to get to these sites, as they are far away from cities and towns. How were the monasteries built in Meteora? Greek Monasteries in Unlikely Locations Greek monks erected 20 monasteries atop the cliffs during the 14th and 16th centuries. Access was difficult—they utilized long ladders linked together and baskets hooked to ropes to move themselves and their products up the cliffs. The monks lived in simple cells with little furniture other than a bed, table, and chest for storing their belongings. They kept clocks and calendars to know what time it was where they were located without a window or outside light. Monastery architecture was based on that of a church with an addition of living quarters for the monks. There were no kitchens or bathrooms within the monastery walls. However, the Greeks had developed a way to collect rainwater and use it for drinking and other purposes. This is how they managed to survive with out any form of electricity or running water inside the monasteries. Many people believe that these monasteries were used for hiding money from the Turks because they were inaccessible locations with no village nearby. But this is not true. The reason the Greeks chose these locations is because they were far away from people so there would be no danger of them returning to haunt them. Also, there are no gold or silver coins found within any of the monasteries. All they had was parchment with writing on it which would not help anyone if you were being chased by someone angry with you for stealing their food._ About Article Author James Marshall James Marshall works in the travel industry, and enjoys writing about destinations, hotels, and travel tips. He has lived all over the world, including Scotland, England, and Japan. Related posts
Confused person Confused person Teaching 2151 SN instructed caregiver that a confused person should not be left alone. To help a confused person: always introduce yourself, no matter how well the person once knew you, often remind the person of his or her location, place a calendar and clock near the person, talk about current events and plans for the day, try to keep the surroundings calm, quiet, and peaceful.
Soccer player with sports injury Stumbling over while marathon training, being shoved too hard during team games, and violent falls in tumbling exhibitions are accidents and risks that athletes and players have to usually face and suffer from for the sport. Most sports-related injuries involve strains in the joints, muscles and tendons, such as ankle sprains and knee fractures. Strains in these areas are chronic in nature, which normally happen because of repeated movements over a period of time. Meanwhile, damage that resulted from a single crash or impact from a violent force is identified as an acute traumatic injury. Redness, swelling, and skin discoloration in the affected areas are common physical indicators that damage has been done, amid varying levels of pain felt for the accident. Physiotherapy is recognized as an effective treatment for types of musculoskeletal breakage, with different techniques performed in a Milton physiotherapy clinic like Omni Health and Rehab Clinic. Physiotherapy centers ensure to provide the most suitable treatment for injury rehabilitation, through careful examination of their patient’s conditions and goals. Focusing on the science of movement, physiotherapy aims to restore regular functions of the body harmed or blocked by an external cause, such as in sports-related trauma. Besides musculoskeletal impairments, physiotherapists also help patients suffering from problems on other parts of the body, such as cardiorespiratory and neurological conditions. As a holistic type of alternative medicine, it embraces a comprehensive structure of therapies and assistance to improve the person’s health and lifestyle. One of the practice areas of physiotherapy is acupuncture treatment, an ancient Chinese medication now used by professional sports teams and institutions. Acupuncture in Burlington Ontario, Canada helps locate sources of pain that the sufferer can feel but not exactly pinpoint where from. The objective of acupuncture is to, first, find the source of the blocked flow of “chi” or energy, which is deemed to be causing the harm against the body, and second, to relieve the same. To do this, the acupuncturist will insert several needles in distinct depths to bring back the flow of energy. With this process, tight muscles that cause the painful spasms and tension will be relaxed as the muscle fibers once again returns back to its normal form. Blood flow and neurological signals will also function better. Acupuncture Treatment for Sports Injuries. Description of Physiotherapy in Canada. Dr. Anil Kaushal Dr. Anil Kaushal Contact Me
What's the Chemical Difference Between Hot- and Cold-Brew Coffee? Scientists put on their barista aprons and found out. Directly Above Shot Of Iced Coffee Over White Background XinzhengGetty Images • Scientists are studying cold and hot brews of different coffee roasts to find out the best ratio of antioxidants. • Coffee is understudied—and difficult to study—relative to its massive global ubiquity. • Darker roasts show a bigger gulf in antioxidants between hot brew and cold brew coffee. What’s in your cold brew coffee, and how does it differ from a traditional hot brew? For a new presentation poster, scientists brewed many batches to identify differences in the chemistry between cold and hot brew coffee. They confirmed ongoing study results that show hot brewed coffee has more antioxidants (and acidity) than cold brew. They also took their research a step further and examined these levels in different temperatures of roasts, from light to dark. For their research, the scientists from Philadelphia’s Thomas Jefferson University had to develop the most standard possible brew. Coffee aficionados already face this question every day, and they agree that a burr grinder works best to grind beans into a uniform consistency. And many use water heaters to reach a consistent recommended temperature just below boiling. Both of these mechanics are imperfect. That’s on top of varying levels of roast even within narrow ranges like “light” and “medium.” Coffee is one part science and one part fault-tolerant art form. So to try to homogenize their research as much as possible, the researchers did everything they could to control the parameters. “They developed a procedure for when the water should be added to the ground coffee, how to pour the water and for how long, how to shake the solution, how to press the brewed coffee and how to analyze it. They set time limits for each step, with margins of just a few seconds,” the American Chemical Society (ACS) said in a statement. What the scientists found will interest coffee lovers. Overall, pH of hot and cold brews at the same “roastiness” are similar, which goes against popular wisdom that cold brew coffee is less acidic than hot. (Other studies back up this finding.) The researchers observed that pH gets higher—more basic—as the level of roasting gets higher, so the darkest roasts have the lowest acidity. Brewing hot coffee also results in a product with much higher antioxidant content. For lighter roast coffees, the difference is smaller, but for dark roast coffees, hot brewing extracts far more antioxidants than cold brewing. Hot brewing also has higher amounts of specific kinds of acids and dissolved solids, despite its overall similar pH. The researchers don’t speculate about this, but it could be this higher level of some acids that results in the perception that hot brew is more acidic than cold brew. The researchers presented their poster as part of the ACS’s spring national meeting. The meeting itself was canceled because of COVID-19 (coronavirus), but participants were invited to share their research presentations online. Even so, the website compiling that research is a bit of a ghost town. These researchers should be able to present their different papers and projects in a future, in-person ACS meeting. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below More From Science
HMS Beagle HMS Beagle at seaOn May 11th 1820 HMS Beagle was launched at Woolwich naval dockyard on the Thames. As it was peacetime there was no immediate need for her and she remained at Woolwich until 1825 when she was refitted as a survey ship. HMS Beagle’s first mission was to chart the southern coasts of South America but after a long and desperate voyage she returned to Plymouth in 1830 under the command of Commander Robert Fitzroy, an enigmatic but complicated man; a man of science but a fundamentalist Christian too. He was also a man of means and considerable influence and he personally financed much of Beagle’s refit for her second mission which was to be HMS Beagle’s most famous voyage; a voyage which would take in most of South America, the Galápagos Islands, Tahiti, the southern coastline of Australia, Mauritius, the Cape of Good Hope, the Ascension Islands, Brazil and finally Cape Verde and the Azores. It was common for the Navy to combine its hydrographic work with scientific observations on land and Fitzroy decided that he needed specialist help to do this and offered the role of unpaid naturalist to a 22 year old graduate by the name of Charles Darwin. That 4 3/4 year voyage will be forever accredited with the ground breaking and history making scientific discoveries which were born from it. Fitzroy’s meteorological advances formed the basis of modern weather forecasting and in 1854 he established what would later become the Met Office. Darwin’s observations would lead to his seminal works on natural selection and the evolution of species. HMS Beagle continued her mapping duties until 1843 when she returned to Woolwich and was then sent to Sheerness dockyard where she remained for the next 18 months. By this time the Beagle was 25 years old but there was one last role for her to play and on July 11th she set sail on her very last voyage. HMS Beagle had been sold to the civilian coastguard service and refitted as a watch vessel. These watch vessels were essentially floating police stations designed to enable the coastguard to police the rivers and creeks where contraband was frequently brought ashore and hidden before onward transmission to London. At that time most cargos were conveyed by water and the transport of illegal goods rubbed cheek by jowl with busy legitimate trade. This was especially prolific along the Essex coastline. In the mid nineteenth century Paglesham was a hive of industry in the oyster fishery business which was prevalent along the marshes of this part of the Essex coastline. 350 miles of coast, low lying land, a network of tidal creeks plus frequent sea mists provided the perfect opportunity to move smuggled goods inland from the continent. Smuggling prospered and the whole community conspired to keep it that way! The Beagle watch vessel was moored in the middle of a narrow passage of water as a visible deterrent- staffed by men from outside of the community which made them (theoretically at least) less corruptible! And there Beagle watch vessel remained - stripped of all her naval accoutrements and converted into an observation post with a cookhouse and living quarters for the coastguard men. In 1850 following a petition from local oyster captains the Beagle was moved to the shore and tied up on the Paglesham side of the river. In 1859 the Navy took over the operation of the coastguard and the watch vessels were stripped of their Royal Navy names and reduced merely to a number. The illustrious HMS Beagle became Watch Vessel 7. By 1870 Watch Vessel 7 was redundant and auctioned for sale. Rochford District Council wishes to ensure that the story of HMS Beagle and the last stage of her career is given proper recognition. Archaeologists have been key to moving the identification of the ship’s final resting place from folklore to reality. In the early 2000’s Dr Robert Prescott of St Andrew’s University led a project that located the mud berth where the ship had been finally broken up. Professor Colin Pillinger (the brains behind the Beagle 2 Mars lander project. Beagle 2 being named, of course, after HMS Beagle) was also closely associated with this project. In 2016 Dr Julian Whitewright from the University of Southampton’s Centre for Marine Archaeology became involved with Rochford District Council and undertook a review of all the available evidence that HMS Beagle had been moored in the centre of the River Roach overlooking Wallasea Island and later moved to and broken up in a mud berth; as well as undertaking some further archaeological activity. This review concluded that, notwithstanding there is no empirical evidence that the remains of the ship are in the estuary mud, it can be stated that HMS Beagle completed her career at this location within the District.
More About Electronic Cigarettes What exactly are e-cigarettes? Ecigarettes are cordless apparatus that perform by heating a liquid into an aerosol the consumer inhales and exhales. Even the e-cigarette liquid typically comprises nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, flavorings, along with other compounds. Nicotine is the most addictive drug utilized in regular cigarettes and other tobacco products. Research proves that e-cigarette aerosol usually contains compounds that can be detrimental, including flavoring chemicals (like diacetyl, that can be correlated to lung disease), metals (like lead), and also other harmful chemicals. Are e-cigarettes regulated? Organizations that make or sell e cigarettes must follow certain food items and Drug Administration (FDA) rules. By way of instance, only persons aged 18 and above are allowed to get ecigarettes. Researchers are spending so much time to gather more details regarding ecigarettes and also the way they are used. This information may cause regulations and could be helpful for advising the public about what's in ecigarettes and also the potential health threats of with them. Exactly what are the known health risks of ecigs? In comparison to routine smokes, e cigarettes have been on the market a brief time--approximately 1 1 decades . Scientists are studying ecigarettes to comprehend how with them influences men and women's wellness. Here Is What doctors and researchers know right today ? Ecigarettes usually feature smoking. Nourishment is what makes java merchandise addictive. Be aware that a few ecigarettes which assert to be more nicotine-free are proven to contain smoking. Ecigarettes are detrimental for youth, adults, and pregnant women. The smoking within e cigarettes is harmful for developing babies, and will cause dependence and harm brain growth in kids and adults in their early 20s. Even though there is still much to learn about ecigarettes, evidence is apparent that the harmful health ramifications of utilizing e-cigarettes means adolescents and young adults mustn't utilize them. Ecigarettes may comprise other substances that are harmful. While ecigarettes on average possess fewer chemicals than ordinary smokes they can still have heavy metals like lead, flavorings linked to lung disease, tiny particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs, along with cancer-causing compounds. Being near somebody using an e cigarette may introduce one to the aerosol as well as the chemicals in it. This really is like secondhand smoke out of cigarettes that are regular. Would ecigarettes help people quit smoking cigarettes? E cigarettes are not accepted by the FDA as a quit smoking help. Up to now, the analysis indicates that there is limited signs that ecigarettes are great for supporting smokers give up. You'll find several proveneffective, safe and sound, and efficient methods for quitting cigarette smoking. 1 way to start would be always to converse to your doctor, nurse, or a tuned quitline adviser to work out the most effective methods for you. Are you currently on the lookout for comparateur e-liquide E Vapoteur web site to purchase e - smokes then Evapoteur might be your ideal selection for you personally. Available 15% discount to obtain electronic cigarettes. For more information check the official site. -- Chloe Anderson - 2021-03-15 This topic: Sandbox > MoreAboutElectronicCigarettes Topic revision: r1 - 2021-03-15 - ChloeAnderson Ideas, requests, problems regarding TWiki? Send feedback
Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics), with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important branch of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water. Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that are explained by the science of meteorology. Meteorological phenomena are described and quantified by the variables of Earth's atmosphere: temperature, air pressure, water vapour, mass flow, and the variations and interactions of these variables, and how they change over time. Different spatial scales are used to describe and predict weather on local, regional, and global levels. Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology. The interactions between Earth's atmosphere and its oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such as the military, energy production, transport, agriculture, and construction. The word meteorology is from the Ancient Greek μετέωρος metéōros (meteor) and -λογία -logia (-(o)logy), meaning "the study of things high in the air." The ability to predict rains and floods based on annual cycles was evidently used by humans at least from the time of agricultural settlement if not earlier. Early approaches to predicting weather were based on astrology and were practiced by priests. Cuneiform inscriptions on Babylonian tablets included associations between thunder and rain. The Chaldeans differentiated the 22° and 46° halos.[1] Ancient Indian Upanishads contain mentions of clouds and seasons.[2] The Samaveda mentions sacrifices to be performed when certain phenomena were noticed.[1] Varāhamihira's classical work Brihatsamhita, written about 500 AD,[2] provides evidence of weather observation. The book De Mundo (composed before 250 BC or between 350 and 200 BC) noted:[6] If the flashing body is set on fire and rushes violently to the Earth it is called a thunderbolt; if it is only half of fire, but violent also and massive, it is called a meteor; if it is entirely free from fire, it is called a smoking bolt. They are all called 'swooping bolts' because they swoop down upon the Earth. Lightning is sometimes smoky, and is then called 'smoldering lightning"; sometimes it darts quickly along, and is then said to be vivid. At other times, it travels in crooked lines, and is called forked lightning. When it swoops down upon some object it is called 'swooping lightning'. The Greek scientist Theophrastus compiled a book on weather forecasting, called the Book of Signs. The work of Theophrastus remained a dominant influence in the study of weather and in weather forecasting for nearly 2,000 years.[7] In 25 AD, Pomponius Mela, a geographer for the Roman Empire, formalized the climatic zone system.[8] According to Toufic Fahd, around the 9th century, Al-Dinawari wrote the Kitab al-Nabat (Book of Plants), in which he deals with the application of meteorology to agriculture during the Arab Agricultural Revolution. He describes the meteorological character of the sky, the planets and constellations, the sun and moon, the lunar phases indicating seasons and rain, the anwa (heavenly bodies of rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes.[9][10][verification needed] Early attempts at predicting weather were often related to prophecy and divining, and were sometimes based on astrological ideas. Admiral FitzRoy tried to separate scientific approaches from prophetic ones.[11] Research of visual atmospheric phenomena[] Twilight at Baker Beach Ptolemy wrote on the atmospheric refraction of light in the context of astronomical observations.[12] In 1021, Alhazen showed that atmospheric refraction is also responsible for twilight; he estimated that twilight begins when the sun is 19 degrees below the horizon, and also used a geometric determination based on this to estimate the maximum possible height of the Earth's atmosphere as 52,000 passim (about 49 miles, or 79 km).[13] St. Albert the Great was the first to propose that each drop of falling rain had the form of a small sphere, and that this form meant that the rainbow was produced by light interacting with each raindrop.[14] Roger Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that a rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42 degrees above the horizon.[15] In the late 13th century and early 14th century, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī and Theodoric of Freiberg were the first to give the correct explanations for the primary rainbow phenomenon. Theoderic went further and also explained the secondary rainbow.[16] In 1716, Edmund Halley suggested that aurorae are caused by "magnetic effluvia" moving along the Earth's magnetic field lines. Instruments and classification scales[] A hemispherical cup anemometer In 1441, King Sejong's son, Prince Munjong of Korea, invented the first standardized rain gauge.[17] These were sent throughout the Joseon dynasty of Korea as an official tool to assess land taxes based upon a farmer's potential harvest. In 1450, Leone Battista Alberti developed a swinging-plate anemometer, and was known as the first anemometer.[18] In 1607, Galileo Galilei constructed a thermoscope. In 1611, Johannes Kepler wrote the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: "Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula (A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow)."[19] In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer.[18] In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit created a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer.[20] In 1742, Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the "centigrade" temperature scale, the predecessor of the current Celsius scale.[21] In 1783, the first hair hygrometer was demonstrated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure. In 1802–1803, Luke Howard wrote On the Modification of Clouds, in which he assigns cloud types Latin names.[22] In 1806, Francis Beaufort introduced his system for classifying wind speeds.[23] Near the end of the 19th century the first cloud atlases were published, including the International Cloud Atlas, which has remained in print ever since. The April 1960 launch of the first successful weather satellite, TIROS-1, marked the beginning of the age where weather information became available globally. Atmospheric composition research[] In 1648, Blaise Pascal rediscovered that atmospheric pressure decreases with height, and deduced that there is a vacuum above the atmosphere.[24] In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli published Hydrodynamics, initiating the Kinetic theory of gases and established the basic laws for the theory of gases.[25] In 1761, Joseph Black discovered that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting. In 1772, Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen, which he called phlogisticated air, and together they developed the phlogiston theory.[26] In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discovered oxygen and developed an explanation for combustion.[27] In 1783, in Lavoisier's essay "Reflexions sur le phlogistique,"[28] he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory.[29][30] In 1804, Sir John Leslie observed that a matte black surface radiates heat more effectively than a polished surface, suggesting the importance of black-body radiation. In 1808, John Dalton defended caloric theory in A New System of Chemistry and described how it combines with matter, especially gases; he proposed that the heat capacity of gases varies inversely with atomic weight. In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics. Research into cyclones and air flow[] General circulation of the Earth's atmosphere: The westerlies and trade winds are part of the Earth's atmospheric circulation. In 1494, Christopher Columbus experienced a tropical cyclone, which led to the first written European account of a hurricane.[31] In 1686, Edmund Halley presented a systematic study of the trade winds and monsoons and identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions.[32] In 1735, an ideal explanation of global circulation through study of the trade winds was written by George Hadley.[33] In 1743, when Benjamin Franklin was prevented from seeing a lunar eclipse by a hurricane, he decided that cyclones move in a contrary manner to the winds at their periphery.[34] Understanding the kinematics of how exactly the rotation of the Earth affects airflow was partial at first. Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis published a paper in 1835 on the energy yield of machines with rotating parts, such as waterwheels.[35] In 1856, William Ferrel proposed the existence of a circulation cell in the mid-latitudes, and the air within deflected by the Coriolis force resulting in the prevailing westerly winds.[36] Late in the 19th century, the motion of air masses along isobars was understood to be the result of the large-scale interaction of the pressure gradient force and the deflecting force. By 1912, this deflecting force was named the Coriolis effect.[37] Just after World War I, a group of meteorologists in Norway led by Vilhelm Bjerknes developed the Norwegian cyclone model that explains the generation, intensification and ultimate decay (the life cycle) of mid-latitude cyclones, and introduced the idea of fronts, that is, sharply defined boundaries between air masses.[38] The group included Carl-Gustaf Rossby (who was the first to explain the large scale atmospheric flow in terms of fluid dynamics), Tor Bergeron (who first determined how rain forms) and Jacob Bjerknes. Observation networks and weather forecasting[] Cloud classification by altitude of occurrence This "Hyetographic or Rain Map of the World " was first published 1848 by Alexander Keith Johnston. This "Hyetographic or Rain Map of Europe" was also published in 1848 as part of "The Physical Atlas". In the late 16th century and first half of the 17th century a range of meteorological instruments were invented – the thermometer, barometer, hydrometer, as well as wind and rain gauges. In the 1650s natural philosophers started using these instruments to systematically record weather observations. Scientific academies established weather diaries and organised observational networks.[39] In 1654, Ferdinando II de Medici established the first weather observing network, that consisted of meteorological stations in Florence, Cutigliano, Vallombrosa, Bologna, Parma, Milan, Innsbruck, Osnabrück, Paris and Warsaw. The collected data were sent to Florence at regular time intervals.[40] In the 1660s Robert Hooke of the Royal Society of London sponsored networks of weather observers. Hippocrates' treatise Airs, Waters, and Places had linked weather to disease. Thus early meteorologists attempted to correlate weather patterns with epidemic outbreaks, and the climate with public health.[39] During the Age of Enlightenment meteorology tried to rationalise traditional weather lore, including astrological meteorology. But there were also attempts to establish a theoretical understanding of weather phenomena. Edmond Halley and George Hadley tried to explain trade winds. They reasoned that the rising mass of heated equator air is replaced by an inflow of cooler air from high latitudes. A flow of warm air at high altitude from equator to poles in turn established an early picture of circulation. Frustration with the lack of discipline among weather observers, and the poor quality of the instruments, led the early modern nation states to organise large observation networks. Thus by the end of the 18th century, meteorologists had access to large quantities of reliable weather data.[39] In 1832, an electromagnetic telegraph was created by Baron Schilling.[41] The arrival of the electrical telegraph in 1837 afforded, for the first time, a practical method for quickly gathering surface weather observations from a wide area.[42] This data could be used to produce maps of the state of the atmosphere for a region near the Earth's surface and to study how these states evolved through time. To make frequent weather forecasts based on these data required a reliable network of observations, but it was not until 1849 that the Smithsonian Institution began to establish an observation network across the United States under the leadership of Joseph Henry.[43] Similar observation networks were established in Europe at this time. The Reverend William Clement Ley was key in understanding of cirrus clouds and early understandings of Jet Streams.[44] Charles Kenneth Mackinnon Douglas, known as 'CKM' Douglas read Ley's papers after his death and carried on the early study of weather systems.[45] Nineteenth century researchers in meteorology were drawn from military or medical backgrounds, rather than trained as dedicated scientists.[46] In 1854, the United Kingdom government appointed Robert FitzRoy to the new office of Meteorological Statist to the Board of Trade with the task of gathering weather observations at sea. FitzRoy's office became the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in 1854, the second oldest national meteorological service in the world (the Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) in Austria was founded in 1851 and is the oldest weather service in the world). The first daily weather forecasts made by FitzRoy's Office were published in The Times newspaper in 1860. The following year a system was introduced of hoisting storm warning cones at principal ports when a gale was expected. Over the next 50 years, many countries established national meteorological services. The India Meteorological Department (1875) was established to follow tropical cyclone and monsoon.[47] The Finnish Meteorological Central Office (1881) was formed from part of Magnetic Observatory of Helsinki University.[48] Japan's Tokyo Meteorological Observatory, the forerunner of the Japan Meteorological Agency, began constructing surface weather maps in 1883.[49] The United States Weather Bureau (1890) was established under the United States Department of Agriculture. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1906) was established by a Meteorology Act to unify existing state meteorological services.[50][51] Numerical weather prediction[] It was not until later in the 20th century that advances in the understanding of atmospheric physics led to the foundation of modern numerical weather prediction. In 1922, Lewis Fry Richardson published "Weather Prediction By Numerical Process,"[54] after finding notes and derivations he worked on as an ambulance driver in World War I. He described how small terms in the prognostic fluid dynamics equations that govern atmospheric flow could be neglected, and a numerical calculation scheme that could be devised to allow predictions. Richardson envisioned a large auditorium of thousands of people performing the calculations. However, the sheer number of calculations required was too large to complete without electronic computers, and the size of the grid and time steps used in the calculations led to unrealistic results. Though numerical analysis later found that this was due to numerical instability. Starting in the 1950s, numerical forecasts with computers became feasible.[55] The first weather forecasts derived this way used barotropic (single-vertical-level) models, and could successfully predict the large-scale movement of midlatitude Rossby waves, that is, the pattern of atmospheric lows and highs.[56] In 1959, the UK Meteorological Office received its first computer, a Ferranti Mercury.[57] In the 1960s, the chaotic nature of the atmosphere was first observed and mathematically described by Edward Lorenz, founding the field of chaos theory.[58] These advances have led to the current use of ensemble forecasting in most major forecasting centers, to take into account uncertainty arising from the chaotic nature of the atmosphere.[59] Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models. These climate models are used to investigate long-term climate shifts, such as what effects might be caused by human emission of greenhouse gases. Meteorologists are scientists who study and work in the field of meteorology.[60] The American Meteorological Society publishes and continually updates an authoritative electronic Meteorology Glossary.[61] Meteorologists work in government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education. In the United States, meteorologists held about 10,000 jobs in 2018.[62] Although weather forecasts and warnings are the best known products of meteorologists for the public, weather presenters on radio and television are not necessarily professional meteorologists. They are most often reporters with little formal meteorological training, using unregulated titles such as weather specialist or weatherman. The American Meteorological Society and National Weather Association issue "Seals of Approval" to weather broadcasters who meet certain requirements but this is not mandatory to be hired by the media. Each science has its own unique sets of laboratory equipment. In the atmosphere, there are many things or qualities of the atmosphere that can be measured. Rain, which can be observed, or seen anywhere and anytime was one of the first atmospheric qualities measured historically. Also, two other accurately measured qualities are wind and humidity. Neither of these can be seen but can be felt. The devices to measure these three sprang up in the mid-15th century and were respectively the rain gauge, the anemometer, and the hygrometer. Many attempts had been made prior to the 15th century to construct adequate equipment to measure the many atmospheric variables. Many were faulty in some way or were simply not reliable. Even Aristotle noted this in some of his work as the difficulty to measure the air. Sets of surface measurements are important data to meteorologists. They give a snapshot of a variety of weather conditions at one single location and are usually at a weather station, a ship or a weather buoy. The measurements taken at a weather station can include any number of atmospheric observables. Usually, temperature, pressure, wind measurements, and humidity are the variables that are measured by a thermometer, barometer, anemometer, and hygrometer, respectively.[63] Professional stations may also include air quality sensors (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, dust, and smoke), ceilometer (cloud ceiling), falling precipitation sensor, flood sensor, lightning sensor, microphone (explosions, sonic booms, thunder), pyranometer/pyrheliometer/spectroradiometer (IR/Vis/UV photodiodes), rain gauge/snow gauge, scintillation counter (background radiation, fallout, radon), seismometer (earthquakes and tremors), transmissometer (visibility), and a GPS clock for data logging. Upper air data are of crucial importance for weather forecasting. The most widely used technique is launches of radiosondes. Supplementing the radiosondes a network of aircraft collection is organized by the World Meteorological Organization. Remote sensing, as used in meteorology, is the concept of collecting data from remote weather events and subsequently producing weather information. The common types of remote sensing are Radar, Lidar, and satellites (or photogrammetry). Each collects data about the atmosphere from a remote location and, usually, stores the data where the instrument is located. Radar and Lidar are not passive because both use EM radiation to illuminate a specific portion of the atmosphere.[64] Weather satellites along with more general-purpose Earth-observing satellites circling the earth at various altitudes have become an indispensable tool for studying a wide range of phenomena from forest fires to El Niño. Spatial scales[] The study of the atmosphere can be divided into distinct areas that depend on both time and spatial scales. At one extreme of this scale is climatology. In the timescales of hours to days, meteorology separates into micro-, meso-, and synoptic scale meteorology. Respectively, the geospatial size of each of these three scales relates directly with the appropriate timescale. Other subclassifications are used to describe the unique, local, or broad effects within those subclasses. Typical Scales of Atmospheric Motion Systems[65] Type of motion Horizontal scale (meter) Molecular mean free path 10−7 Minute turbulent eddies 10−2 – 10−1 Small eddies 10−1 – 1 Dust devils 1–10 Gusts 10 – 102 Tornadoes 102 Thunderclouds 103 Fronts, squall lines 104 – 105 Hurricanes 105 Synoptic Cyclones 106 Planetary waves 107 Atmospheric tides 107 Mean zonal wind 107 Microscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena on a scale of about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) or less. Individual thunderstorms, clouds, and local turbulence caused by buildings and other obstacles (such as individual hills) are modeled on this scale.[66] Mesoscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales ranging from 1 km to 1000 km and a vertical scale that starts at the Earth's surface and includes the atmospheric boundary layer, troposphere, tropopause, and the lower section of the stratosphere. Mesoscale timescales last from less than a day to multiple weeks. The events typically of interest are thunderstorms, squall lines, fronts, precipitation bands in tropical and extratropical cyclones, and topographically generated weather systems such as mountain waves and sea and land breezes.[67] Synoptic scale[] NOAA: Synoptic scale weather analysis. Synoptic scale meteorology predicts atmospheric changes at scales up to 1000 km and 105 sec (28 days), in time and space. At the synoptic scale, the Coriolis acceleration acting on moving air masses (outside of the tropics) plays a dominant role in predictions. The phenomena typically described by synoptic meteorology include events such as extratropical cyclones, baroclinic troughs and ridges, frontal zones, and to some extent jet streams. All of these are typically given on weather maps for a specific time. The minimum horizontal scale of synoptic phenomena is limited to the spacing between surface observation stations.[68] Global scale[] Annual mean sea surface temperatures. Global scale meteorology is the study of weather patterns related to the transport of heat from the tropics to the poles. Very large scale oscillations are of importance at this scale. These oscillations have time periods typically on the order of months, such as the Madden–Julian oscillation, or years, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific decadal oscillation. Global scale meteorology pushes into the range of climatology. The traditional definition of climate is pushed into larger timescales and with the understanding of the longer time scale global oscillations, their effect on climate and weather disturbances can be included in the synoptic and mesoscale timescales predictions. Numerical Weather Prediction is a main focus in understanding air–sea interaction, tropical meteorology, atmospheric predictability, and tropospheric/stratospheric processes.[69] The Naval Research Laboratory in Monterey, California, developed a global atmospheric model called Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). NOGAPS is run operationally at Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center for the United States Military. Many other global atmospheric models are run by national meteorological agencies. Some meteorological principles[] Boundary layer meteorology[] Boundary layer meteorology is the study of processes in the air layer directly above Earth's surface, known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The effects of the surface – heating, cooling, and friction – cause turbulent mixing within the air layer. Significant movement of heat, matter, or momentum on time scales of less than a day are caused by turbulent motions.[70] Boundary layer meteorology includes the study of all types of surface–atmosphere boundary, including ocean, lake, urban land and non-urban land for the study of meteorology. Dynamic meteorology[] Weather forecasting[] Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location. Humans have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia and formally since at least the 19th century.[72][73] Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve.[74] There are a variety of end uses to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property.[80] Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture,[81][82][83][84] and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days.[85][86][87] On an everyday basis, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain, snow, and wind chill, forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events, and to plan ahead and survive them. Aviation meteorology[] Agricultural meteorology[] Meteorologists, soil scientists, agricultural hydrologists, and agronomists are people concerned with studying the effects of weather and climate on plant distribution, crop yield, water-use efficiency, phenology of plant and animal development, and the energy balance of managed and natural ecosystems. Conversely, they are interested in the role of vegetation on climate and weather.[90] Hydrometeorology is the branch of meteorology that deals with the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms.[91] A hydrometeorologist prepares and issues forecasts of accumulating (quantitative) precipitation, heavy rain, heavy snow, and highlights areas with the potential for flash flooding. Typically the range of knowledge that is required overlaps with climatology, mesoscale and synoptic meteorology, and other geosciences.[92] The multidisciplinary nature of the branch can result in technical challenges, since tools and solutions from each of the individual disciplines involved may behave slightly differently, be optimized for different hard- and software platforms and use different data formats. There are some initiatives – such as the DRIHM project[93] – that are trying to address this issue.[94] Nuclear meteorology[] Nuclear meteorology investigates the distribution of radioactive aerosols and gases in the atmosphere.[95] Maritime meteorology[] Military meteorology[] Military meteorology is the research and application of meteorology for military purposes. In the United States, the United States Navy's Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command oversees meteorological efforts for the Navy and Marine Corps while the United States Air Force's Air Force Weather Agency is responsible for the Air Force and Army. Environmental meteorology[] Environmental meteorology mainly analyzes industrial pollution dispersion physically and chemically based on meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind, and various weather conditions. Renewable energy[] Meteorology applications in renewable energy includes basic research, "exploration," and potential mapping of wind power and solar radiation for wind and solar energy. See also[] 1. ^ a b Hellmann, G. (1 October 1908). "The dawn of meteorology". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 34 (148): 221–232. Bibcode:1908QJRMS..34..221H. doi:10.1002/qj.49703414802. ISSN 1477-870X. 2. ^ a b NS, nsimd@ymail.com. "History of Meteorology in India". Imd.gov.in. 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Further reading[] Dictionaries and encyclopedias[] External links[] Please see weather forecasting for weather forecast sites.
General information: First Jewish presence: 16th century; peak Jewish population: 427 in 1846; Jewish population in 1933: 262 Summary: The Jewish community of Rexingen was first documented in the 16th century. Large numbers of young Jews remained in Rexingen until the Nazi period, an anomaly in rural Germany. The Rexingen Jewish community established the following institutions: a synagogue in 1710; a community center and cemetery—the 16th-century cemetery was abandoned after a flood—in 1760; a new synagogue, on Freudenstaedterstrasse, in 1837 (renovated during the years 1933 to 1935); and an elementary school, presided over by a teacher who also served as a shochet and chazzan, in 1824. In 1933, 262 Jews lived in Rexingen. Twenty pupils attended the school, and several Jewish associations and branches of nation-wide organizations were active in the community. The synagogue was vandalized and set on fire on Pogrom Night, but the blaze was extinguished by the fire brigade; its interior and its ritual objects, however, were destroyed. Windows in Jewish homes were smashed, and Jewish men were sent to Dachau. The synagogue building later accommodated a Mauser ammunitions factory. After 1933, 105 Jews moved to Rexingen from other towns; 13 Jewish babies were born there during this period. In February 1938, 38 local Jews immigrated to Palestine, where they founded the community of Shavei Zion. Another 174 Jews subsequently emigrated, 38 died in the town, three committed suicide and 128 were deported, mainly to Riga and to Theresienstadt, in 1941/42. At least 112 Rexingen Jews perished in the Shoah. In 1977, the community center was demolished. The restored synagogue, now a public building, contains a memorial hall. A monument was unveiled at the cemetery in 1947, and a damaged Torah scroll from Rexingen is kept in Shavei Zion. Author / Sources: Heike Zaun Goshen Sources: AH, AJ, EJL, HU, PK BW Located in: baden-wuerttemberg
Mitsuyoshi Miyazaki Redesign of horizontal bar In Japanese park, there are always some typical playground equipment, one of them is a "Horizontal bar (iron bar)". A horizontal bar is widely known as kind of bitter feeling tool for children, because of it's examination. Children are inspected whether they can do forward upward circling on the horizontal bar in P.E. class. The formation of them are also help this serious character. Basically they are arranged in strait line, so children are using in same direction. It have been very lonely play tool. The Ring-round is also used as horizontal-bar, but it's shape is encircled. The part of bar which is horizontal are placed in triangle and twisted. The entire bar is closed in one loop, and the basement are hidden in ground, so it looks simple circle string. Children can use in these three horizontal part in one time, so they can enjoy together. While the horizontal bar is only for the athletic using, the Ring round can be used in several playing, because it is making space of inside and outside.
[kids-lib] Want to do library programs where kids can create media? Katie Anderson katie.anderson at state.or.us Tue Jan 8 15:17:12 PST 2013 You might find some ideas for getting started with this resource: Student-Created Media and the Common Core<http://support.weta.org/site/R?i=V_E70shNUQfP2lOOni3dmg> The new Common Core Standards put an emphasis on the ability of students to "use technology and digital media strategically and capably." In addition to providing an unending source of content to explore, digital media can also provide rich opportunities for students to demonstrate what they've learned. A terrific new online resource, Mapping Media to the Common Core<http://support.weta.org/site/R?i=BXg5NGgFcFDvFIXa4RNEBw>, provides a menu of media options, such as Radio Show, Geo-Map, Interactive Writing, Puppet Video, and more. For each option, you can get a sense of the workflow required to complete the project, a list of tools needed (both free and for purchase), and finished examples of projects real kids have done. (from Reading Rockets<http://www.readingrockets.org/blog/55279/>) Here is an example of what you'll find: Puppet Video<http://maps.playingwithmedia.com/puppet-video/> A puppet video is a short skit or story created with virtual or real puppets. Initial Setup 1. If you're going to use virtual puppets, download a puppet video app. 2. If you're going to use real puppets, you'll need to borrow or purchase finger puppets and setup your recording area. A table with an uncluttered background works well, and a tripod is recommended. You can use an external video camera or a built-in laptop video camera. iPad cameras can work well too. 3. Create an account on a video sharing website where you'll upload and share your videos. Ongoing Use 1. Plan and storyboard your video. Optionally, create a script. 2. Record and export/compress your video. 3. Upload your video to a sharing site. Virtual Puppet Apps for iPad 1. Puppet Pals Director's Pass HD<http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/puppet-pals-hd-directors-pass/id462134755?mt=8> ($3, recommended) or Puppet Pals Pocket<http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/puppet-pals-pocket/id395844666?mt=8> (free) 2. Sock Puppets<http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/sock-puppets/id394504903?mt=8> (free) Video sharing sites 1. YouTube<http://www.youtube.com> 2. Vimeo<http://www.vimeo.com> 1. Santa Goes to Washington DC<http://learningsigns.speedofcreativity.org/2011/12/04/santa-goes-to-washington-dc/> (Puppet Pals) 2. Envirofest<http://share.playingwithmedia.com/2011/09/24/envirofest/> (Puppet Pals) 3. Lessons Learned from GPS<http://blastcast.wordpress.com/2011/04/10/lessons-learned-from-gps/> (finger puppets) 4. Pray Consistently to God<http://blastcast.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/pray-consistently-to-god/> (finger puppets) 5. More on share.playingwithmedia.com<http://share.playingwithmedia.com/category/video/puppets-video/> 1. Lessons Learned Using Puppet Pals on iPads in an After School Program<http://www.speedofcreativity.org/2012/01/19/lessons-learned-using-puppet-pals-on-ipads-in-an-after-school-program/> (Jan 2012) 2. Finger Puppet Videography with the iPad2: Lessons Learned<http://www.speedofcreativity.org/2011/04/11/finger-puppet-videography-with-the-ipad2-lessons-learned/> (Apr 2011) 3. Lessons Learned from Finger Puppet Theater on Vimeo<http://www.speedofcreativity.org/2011/02/21/lessons-learned-from-finger-puppet-theater-on-vimeo/> (Feb 2011) * Image attribution: Digital drawing created by Wesley Fryer on Brushes for iPad<http://www.flickr.com/photos/wfryer/7695677060/in/set-72157630863658576> Katie Anderson, Library Development Services * Youth Services Consultant * Oregon Center for the Book Coordinator * If the hyperlink doesn't work, try this URL: http://maps.playingwithmedia.com/ An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <https://omls.oregon.gov/pipermail/kids-lib/attachments/20130108/464b7099/attachment.html> More information about the Kids-lib mailing list
Why does Floyd’s Cycle detection algorithm work? Floyd’s Cycle detection algorithm or Hair Tortoise algorithm is used to detect if there is a cycle in a linked list. This algorithm is quite confusing if not analyzed mathematically. If you are aware of the algorithm and want to check only the WHY, jump to the proof section. What is a Linked List Cycle? LinkedList cycle A linked list is said to have a cycle if the end of the linked list points to another node of the list. What is Floyd’s Cycle detection algorithm? Floyd’s Cycle detection algorithm is used to detect whether the linked list has a cycle in it and what is the starting point(green node in the above diagram) of the cycle. Algorithm to find whether there is a cycle or not : 1. Declare 2 nodes say slowPointer and fastPointer pointing to the linked list head. 2. Move slowPointer by one node and fastPointer by 2 nodes till either of one reaches nil. 3. If at any point in the above traversal, slowPointer and fastPointer are found to be pointing to the same node, which implies the list has a cycle Algorithm to find the starting node of the cycle: After figuring out whether there is a cycle or not perform the following steps 1. Reset the slowPointer to point to the head of the linked list and keep the fastPointer at the intersected position. 2. Move both the fastPointer and slowPointer pointers by one node. 3. The point at which they will intersect is the starting of the cycle. Why does Floyd’s Cycle Algorithm works? But can we prove whether the algorithm will even work? Well then let’s prove it. Let us assume that the Linked list has a cycle that starts at the green node. As per the algorithm, we have 2 traversal pointers slowPointer and fastPointer that move 1 node and 2 nodes respectively before they meet each other at the pink node. From there the slowPointer node is reset to point to the head and both of fastPointer and slowPointer are then moved by one node. The next point they meet will be the start of the cycle i.e the green node. = Distance between the start of the Linked List and the start of the cycle. y = Distance between the start of the cycle to the point where slowPointer and fastPointer first meet each other.l = Total distance of the cycle.Distance travelled by slowPointer on meeting fastPointer is When they first meet each other i.e at the pink node, slowPointer has covered a distance of x + sl + y , where s is a non-negative integer. fastPointer has covered a distance of x + fl + y , where f is a non-negative integer. Since fastPointer travels twice the speed of slowPointer , it would travel twice the distance in the same time as that of slowPointer. This we have calculated from simple time, speed, and distance relation. x + fl + y = 2(x + sl + y) Solving this, we get x + y = fl - 2sl We can say, fl - 2sl = (some integer) * l = k*l So, x + y = kl, where k is an integer => x = kl - y Now, if we move slowPointer the start of the linked list will cover xdistance to meet fastPointer, when fastPointer will cover kl-ydistance (because fastPointer already has covered ydistance). Since, kl — y = x , both fastPointer and slowPointer will cover x i.e same distance after the pink node at some point to meet at the start point of the cycle. When we say at some point, i.e fastPointer can complete some kl distance out of which it has already covered y distance. The concepts of Floyd’s Cycle detection algorithm can also be applied to many other linked list problems. So it is pretty necessary to understand the working of these. I would love to hear from you You can reach me for any query, feedback, or just want to have a discussion by the following channels: Twitter — @gabhisek_dev Please feel free to share with your fellow developers. Software Developer(iOS), Speaker & Writer at Swift India
The power of science to cure the incurable September 19, 2019 Amanda Alvarez 岡野先生Spinal cord injury. Rett syndrome. Parkinson’s disease. There are many disorders of the brain and nervous system that we still don’t know how to repair. Compared to cancer or the immune system, the brain is still a black box, says Hideyuki Okano. As a doctor and a researcher, Okano’s approach is to dive into basic science—how genes and cells and molecules work—as a way to discover cures for disorders like these. “Understanding diseases is a challenge, but science is the way to find the background mechanisms. If we can clarify those, there’s a way to find a cure,” says Okano. This is a major focus of Japan’s Brain/MINDS project, a 10-year effort to make detailed brain maps, understand advanced brain functions and chart the course of brain diseases. These different strands of research all center on the marmoset, a small primate. Okano, the project leader, has worked with marmosets for decades and describes them as more like humans than macaque monkeys, a close human relative. “Marmosets are monogamous, have family units, males take care of children. They are vocal and friendly communicators and make eye contact, just like humans,” says Okano. And crucially, marmosets are not mice. Mice, especially genetically engineered or transgenic mice, are by far the biggest animal group used in research globally. For understanding human diseases, however, they are not always the best choice: they are evolutionarily distant, have a much shorter lifespan, and have a very different brain structure. Disabling a particular gene in a mouse—creating a so-called knockout animal—revolutionized the study of gene function in health and disease. But no one had tried this in a marmoset. Adding an outside genetic element, like a malfunctioning gene, to an animal is the first step in creating a disease model, a simulation of a condition to study its progression in the living body. Parkinson’s disease, for example, develops gradually. People don’t start to show symptoms like tremor until they are down to 20% of the normal level of dopamine neurons in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. The underlying genetics of the disease are well-known, says Okano, but knockout mice do not show the motor symptoms of human patients. Transgenic marmosets, however, do show these tremors. Okano’s research group was the first to breed marmosets with specific disease characteristics. They also observed sleep disturbances, another symptom in human Parkinson’s disease, in two-to-three-year-old marmosets (marmoset life-span is about 15 years). “This maybe gives us an opportunity to make an early diagnosis,” says Okano. Detecting a disease like Parkinson’s disease before major motor symptoms appear is important for saving neurons and slowing progression. This kind of pre-emptive medicine requires biomarkers, like signals from the blood or patterns in a brain image. Okano’s marmoset studies are looking for such early-stage markers, also for Alzheimer’s disease. Tests that look at behavior, memory and cognitive function are one set of markers. Another view comes from brain imaging that looks at dynamic changes and connectivity between brain regions. Okano thinks a combination of techniques is needed: studying living primates, but also using imaging and looking at the effects of stem cells, for example. The advantage of the animal model is being able to follow and observe longitudinal changes over time: “We cannot kill the patient to see what’s going on inside, so we don’t want to kill the animal,” says Okano. “By the end of Brain/MINDS [in 2024], we want to generate some medical interventions.”
Test: A Photograph- 2 10 Questions MCQ Test English Class 11 \| Test: A Photograph- 2 Attempt Test: A Photograph- 2 \| 10 questions in 10 minutes \| Mock test for Class 11 preparation \| Free important questions MCQ to study English Class 11 for Class 11 Exam \| Download free PDF with solutions What is the poem ‘A Photograph’ about? Solution: Shirley Toulson's poem 'A Photograph' is a loving tribute to her mother. The poem reflects the passage of time and its three stages. In the first stage, the photograph shows his mother enjoying a holiday on a beach along with her two girl cousins. She was 12 at the time. When did her mother die? Solution: The poet's mother was nearly twelve years old when the photograph was clicked. However, there is no mention of what was the age of the poet's mother when she died. All we know is that she has been dead for as long as twelve years now. Which material was the frame of the photograph made of? Solution: ‘Cardboard’ refers to the photograph only. In the past photographs used to be fixed on a cardboard and hung from the wall for everyone to see it. What are the three of them doing in the photograph? Solution: They removed hair from their face and stood smiling in the shallow water near the beach. Betty and Dolly stood on either side of the poetess's mother, holding one of her hands. What does ‘Terribly Transient Feet’ mean in the poem? Solution: Washed their terribly transient feet' Transient means something which is temporary or short-lived. Here, when the author says terribly transient feet, she refers to the ever changing imprints of the feet left on the sea sand. The sea never appears to change but the human life is transient. What was the favourite memory of her mother? Solution: The beach holiday was her mother's favourite past memories. What would the mother show to her daughter while showing her the photograph? Solution: The poet's mother was cheerful person. She enjoyed her childhood days with her cousins,which is evident in the photograph of the sea holiday that they had once enjoyed. Even after 20 or 30 years,the poet's mother finds happiness in recalling the past by looking at the photograph of the sea holiday with her cousins. What Oxymoron literary device was used in the poem? Alliteration in "stood still to smile", "terribly transient" and "silence silences". Transferred Epithet in "Washed their terribly transient feet". Oxymoron in "laboured ease". How many phases were depicted in the poem by the poet? Solution: The three stanzas depict three different phases. What does she feel in the last phase? Solution: In the last stanza, the poet's adult life is described in which her mother is not with her anymore. She has been dead for almost twelve years. The stanza depicts the poet's looking at the same photograph and recollecting her mother's laughter. The loss of her mother puts her in utter grief. Use Code STAYHOME200 and get INR 200 additional OFF Use Coupon Code Download free EduRev App Similar Content Related tests
How Technology Has Changed the Way You Travel Technology changed travelling We can observe that the world is moving very fast, from advancements to developments, everything is changing very quickly, and so the world tourism estimates. A report by the World Tourism Organization states that by 2030 a global population of 8.5 billion people will take approximately 2 billion international trips. Covid_19 (the pandemic) has brought a big change in everyone’s life. For the sake of mental relief, people are travelling more than ever as their frustration level is high due to work from home and continuous lockdowns. These reasons have resulted in constant transformation of industry in order to enhance itself in numerous ways from technology to sustainability. However, technologies are bringing a change in the ways we travel, the mobility options and transportation. We are fortunate enough as travelling has been made a lot faster and quick due to online dealings. We are one click away from booking our next destination by surfing all the places we want to travel, choosing the best time to plan our tour (keeping in view the weather conditions) and making pre-arrangements (e.g. comfortable accommodations) for ourselves before we reach there. This helps us in a successful trip without facing any casualty during our trip. Therefore, technology has forever made it easier the way people travel either for business or pleasure. AI, smartphones, electronic payments etc. have, for better and worse, affected travel in numerous ways. Travelling with technology 1. Nowadays, modern clients expect immediate assistance without any delays. 2. People expect high level travel experience when interacting with travelling brands and are ready to invest as much as they can upon offered travelling plans. 3. They respond positively to personalised content and services hoping for a secure travelling plan. Technology is the one that could be blamed for higher demands of travellers and various changes in travel patterns from the past few years. Significant technological changes in travelling Here are some of the major technological changes that have positively affected the way we travel: 1. Technology has made travelling less time consuming (as there is no need to wait for bookings, simply a click can do all) and more environmentally friendly. 2. Thanks to technology that has changed our packing routines and has saved us a lot of space as it is all about trying to squeeze the most functions into one tiny gadget. For example: iPod. There is no longer need of an iPod to listen to music unless you have a Spotify or iTunes account which could assist us in streaming music all the way. For the bookworms, technology has made it easier to not to worry about putting various books in suitcases, taking so much space as they can easily read books of their choice through Amazon Kindles or Kobo (e-readers). 3. Due to technology, travelling can become a lot eco-friendlier. Previously, there was a need to print the airline ticket, boarding pass or hotel reservation which requires too much of our busy time and to stay in line for hours to get a ticket. Online reservations, mobile check-ins and e-tickets have helped us save large amounts of paper and not worry about carrying numerous documents around every time. 4. Technology has neglected language barriers as previously there was a need to carry phrasebooks in the language of the place we were going to travel. Moreover, nowadays, even a smartphone can help us in dealing with new languages by using apps like Google Translate or iTranslate. Plus point, Google’s Translate app enables you to use your smartphone camera to translate signs or menus in real time. Moreover, you can learn a new language for free by apps like Memris, Noon Academy, Babbel, Quizlet, TripLingo etc. 5. Chatbots are the most common travel companion. They make it easier for many hotels and flight companies to offer messaging options to their customers. They either provide messaging options by giving the ability to text travellers through their own apps or establishing messaging channels like Facebook Messenger or WhatsApp. But chatbots are becoming huge assets to this industry. It offers a person to interact with either artificial intelligence or humans through a chat interface. We can take an example of HiJiffy (a chat box) that connects guests with hotel’s staff through Facebook Messenger. AI helps the chatbot to answer the FAQ in no time. Furthermore, it helps users to check rates and make the booking directly on Messenger. If the bot can’t answer the user’s question, it will hand it off to a human agent. Such products bring revolutions by empowering hotels with an excellent and efficient tool that can provide required services to the guests at the moment. 6. Technology has given us unique experiences being a traveller. However, modern travellers, especially Millennials, are always looking forward to unique and customised experiences which are made possible through technological advancements. This has brought their expectations to extremely high levels. 7. The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring major updates to the tourism industry. This includes integrating sensors connected to the Internet inside items like suitcases, cars, buildings etc. There are also suitcases that have devices that help users anytime to use their cell phones to follow where their suitcase is. This prevents lost baggage at the airport or other public places. 8. Samsung Pay, Apple Pay or Google Wallet have made travelling so much easier with electronic payments. Providing maximum convenience i.e. you don’t have to carry a lot of cash or credit cards with you. You don’t even have to stay in the long queues for ATM withdrawals. This lowers the risk of loss of cash and you don’t have to worry about changing cards or fraud. We can clearly observe that Chat bots, blogs, niche websites, apps and services have opened a door for those who love to travel as they can then achieve their travelling goals easily without hurdles. Blockchain technology is in its initial stages, but in future it will change many industries in comprehensive ways. Leave a Reply Previous Post A Guide to Keeping Your Password Secure in 2021 Next Post How are Chatbots shaping the future of Customer Care? Related Posts
Provided by: texlive-binaries_2020.20200327.54578-7_amd64 bug mf, inimf, mf-nowin - Metafont, a language for font and logo design mf [options] [commands] Metafont reads the program in the specified files and outputs font rasters (in gf format) and font metrics (in tfm format). The Metafont language is described in The Metafontbook. Like TeX, Metafont is normally used with a large body of precompiled macros, and font generation in particular requires the support of several macro files. This version of Metafont looks at its command line to see what name it was called under. Both inimf and virmf are symlinks to the mf executable. When called as inimf (or when the -ini option is given) it can be used to precompile macros into a .base file. When called as virmf it will use the plain base. When called under any other name, Metafont will use that name as the name of the base to use. For example, when called as mf the mf base is used, which is identical to the plain base. Other bases than plain are rarely used. The commands given on the command line to the Metafont program are passed to it as the line, since UNIX shells tend to gobble up or misinterpret Metafont's favorite symbols, like semicolons, unless you quote them.) As described in The Metafontbook, that first The normal usage is to say to start processing The single quotes are the best way of keeping the Unix shell from misinterpreting the semicolons and from removing the \ character, which is needed here to keep Metafont from thinking that you want to produce a font called mode. (Or you can just say mf and give the other stuff on the next line, without quotes.) Other control sequences, such as batchmode (for silent operation) can also appear. The name font will be the ``jobname'', and is used in forming output file names. If Metafont doesn't get a file name in the first line, the jobname is mfput. The default extension, .mf, can be overridden by specifying an extension explicitly. A log of error messages goes into the file jobname.log. The output files are jobname.tfm and jobname.<number>gf, where <number> depends on the resolution and magnification of the font. The mode in this example is shown generically as <printengine>, a symbolic term for which the name of an actual device or, most commonly, the name localfont (see below) must be substituted. If the mode is not specified or is not valid for your site, Metafont will default to proof mode which produces large character images for use in font design and refinement. Proof mode can be recognized by the suffix .2602gf after the jobname. Examples of proof mode output can be found in Computer Modern Typefaces (Volume E of Computers and Typesetting). The system of magsteps is identical to the system used by TeX, with values generally in the range 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0. A listing of gf numbers for 118-dpi, 240-dpi and 300-dpi fonts is shown below. MAGSTEP 118 dpi 240 dpi 300 dpi mag=magstep(0) 118 240 300 mag=magstep(0.5) 129 263 329 mag=magstep(1) 142 288 360 mag=magstep(2) 170 346 432 mag=magstep(3) 204 415 518 mag=magstep(4) 245 498 622 mag=magstep(5) 294 597 746 Magnification can also be specified not as a magstep but as an arbitrary value, such as 1.315, to create special character sizes. Before font production can begin, it is necessary to set up the appropriate base files. The minimum set of components for font production for a given print-engine is the macro file and the local mode_def file. The macros in can be studied in an appendix to the Metafontbook; they were developed by Donald E. Knuth, and this file should never be altered except when it is officially upgraded. Each mode_def specification helps adapt fonts to a particular print-engine. There is a regular discussion of mode_defs in TUGboat, the journal of the TeX Users Group. The local ones in use on this computer should be in The e response to Metafont's error-recovery mode invokes the system default editor at the erroneous line of the source file. There is an environment variable, MFEDIT, that overrides the default editor. It should contain a string with "%s" indicating where the filename goes and "%d" indicating where the decimal linenumber (if any) goes. For example, an MFEDIT string for the vi editor can be set with the csh command setenv MFEDIT "vi +%d %s" A convenient file in the library is, containing nothing. When mf can't find the file it thinks you want to input, it keeps asking you for another file name; responding Metafont can use most modern displays, so you can see its output without printing. Chapter 23 of The Metafontbook describes what you can do. This implementation of Metafont uses environment variables to determine which display device you want to use. First it looks for a variable MFTERM, and then for TERM. If it can't find either, you get no online output. Otherwise, the value of the variable determines the device to use: hp2627, sun (for old SunView), tek, uniterm (for an Atari ST Tek 4014 emulator), xterm (for either X10 or X11). Some of these devices may not be supported in all Metafont executables; the choice is made at compilation time. On some systems, there are two Metafont binaries, mf and mf-nowin. On those systems the mf binary supports graphics, while the mf-nowin binary does not. The mf-nowin binary is used by scripts like mktexpk where graphics support is a nuisance rather than something This version of Metafont understands the following command line options. -base base Use base as the name of the base to be used, instead of the name by which Metafont was called or a %& line. -cnf-line string Parse string as a texmf.cnf configuration line. See the Kpathsea manual. compilers format them. Disable printing error messages in the file:line:error style. -help Print help message and exit. -ini Be inimf, for dumping bases; this is implicitly true if the program is called as -interaction mode the corresponding commands. -jobname name -kpathsea-debug bitmask manual for details. -maketex fmt Enable mktexfmt, where fmt must be mf. -no-maketex fmt Disable mktexfmt, where fmt must be mf. -output-directory directory files in directory first, the along the normal search path. name or a -translate-file option. Disable parsing of the first line of the main input file. -progname name and output in a file with extension .fls. -translate-file tcxname Use the tcxname translation table. Print version information and exit. See the Kpathsearch library documentation (the `Path specifications' node) for the details of how the environment variables are use when searching. The kpsewhich utility can be used to query the values of the variables. If the environment variable TEXMFOUTPUT is set, Metafont attempts to put its output files Search path for input files. MFEDIT Command template for switching to editor. MFTERM Determines the online graphics display. If MFTERM is not set, and DISPLAY is set, the Metafont window support for X is used. (DISPLAY must be set to a valid X server specification, as usual.) If neither MFTERM nor DISPLAY is set, TERM is used to guess the window support to use. A number of utility programs are available. The following is a partial list of available utilities and their purpose. Consult your local Metafont guru for details. gftopk Takes a gf file and produces a more tightly packed pk font file. gftodvi Produces proof sheets for fonts. pktype Mnemonically displays the contents of a pk file. mft Formats a source file as shown in Computer Modern Typefaces. Encoded text of Metafont's messages. *.base Predigested Metafont base files. The standard base. The file of mode_defs for your site's various printers version of Metafont can be found in the info manual Web2C: A TeX implementation. On January 4, 1986 the ``final'' bug in Metafont was discovered and removed. If an error still lurks in the code, Donald E. Knuth promises to pay a finder's fee which doubles every year to the first person who finds it. Happy hunting. Donald E. Knuth, The Metafontbook (Volume C of Computers and Typesetting), Addison-Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-13445-4. Donald E. Knuth, Metafont: The Program (Volume D of Computers and Typesetting), Addison- Donald E. Knuth, Computer Modern Typefaces (Volume E of Computers and Typesetting), TUGboat (the journal of the TeX Users Group). Warning: ``Type design can be hazardous to your other interests. Once you get hooked, you will develop intense feelings about letterforms; the medium will intrude on the messages that you read. And you will perpetually be thinking of improvements to the fonts that you see everywhere, especially those of your own design.'' gftopk(1), gftodvi(1), gftype(1), mft(1), mpost(1), pltotf(1), tftopl(1). Pascal programs. It was originally ported to Unix by Paul Richards at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This page was mostly written by Pierre MacKay.
글로버메뉴 바로가기 본문 바로가기 하단메뉴 바로가기 논문검색은 역시 페이퍼서치 아랍어와 아랍문학검색 • - 주제 : 어문학분야 > 아랍어문학 • - 성격 : 학술지 • - 간기: 연3회 • - 국내 등재 : KCI 등재 • - 해외 등재 : - • - ISSN : 1229-0882 • - 간행물명 변경 사항 : 수록 범위 : 17권 1호 (2013) 언어적으로 코란이 아랍어에 미친 영향 정규영 ( Kyu Young Jung ) The purpose of this study is to cast light on the linguistic influences of the Quran on Arabic in the aspects of the vocabularies, the grammar, and the expressions. As a language of the first Arabic book, Quran, Arabic was aneffective tool to convey the religious message of Islam to unbelievers from a muslim`s point of view. But it is also true that the Quran and Islam had a deep impact on the Arabic itself. In this study, I tried to clarify the unique bond between Arabic and Islam, the social role and status of Arabic in pre-Islamic Arabia, the inimitability of Quran, and Quran`s linguistic influences on the Arabic. The fact that the Quran includes many foreign vocabularies resulted in great interest of Muslim scholars in the borrowing, an important aspect of the linguistic evolution. And the interests in Quran and Islam helped Arabic Alphabet to be formed in a better shape that we see now. Thanks to Quran and Islam, Arabic was able to spread to the vast Islamic Empire from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean with a relatively rapid speed and in a relatively short time. These days Palestinian life is harsh and disastrous. Numerous people including children and young people are fighting for liberty and independence against Israel. Their modern literature reflects their special environment. Children`s literature in Palestine is an integral part of modern Palestine literature. Palestinian literature for children thus representing their harsh and disastous life. In the tragic situation, Palestinian writers show their heroic vision of resistance and faith of national liberation for their children. Their books are educational, historical, and nationalistic. This study aims to show national consciousness in the heroic children`s stories of Palestinian writer Rawdah al-Hudhud. Rawdah al-Hudhud is Palestines foremost pioneer in the children`s literature. She writes the various genres of children`s literature and her heroic children`s stories are counted among her major works. These stories embellish the life of a real hero in their history, and this arouses national consciousness, and young readers know how they can conquer their problems. This research deals with some motifs-including sayings, images and views portraying the life of man-that are represented in the Mu`allaqat (?????Þ??), an anthology of seven long Arabic poems in the Jahiliyah (pre-Islamic) era. In my previous paper, "A Study on the Motifs of Man"s Mortal Fate, as Represented in the Mu"allaqat," I argued that atlal`s (?Ø??? traces of nomads` staying) introduction and other parts of poems imply man`s death to be an inevitable destiny. My contention in this paper is that relatively many parts of the Mu`allaqat are full of motifs indicating man`s life, liveliness and activity. I also assert that three particularly important motifs are the woman, camel, and tribalism motifs. The woman motif, represented by descriptions of the attractive female body, man`s longing for his female partner, scenes of passionate love, and love entanglement, focuses on the narrative of sexuality and shows an enthusiasm for life. The camel motif is an important element coinciding with Arab nomads` emotions in that the camel is an animal which endures the barrenness of the desert. The images of camels in the poems-which are characterized by the camel`s physical toughness, patience and persistence-are associated with man`s strong will to survive despite harsh circumstances. By revealing the life as it was during the pre-Islamic era, the tribalism motif forms a contrast with the above two motifs with connotative meanings. Narratives of tribalism in the poems such as those depicting one`s devotion to his tribe, one helping his tribesmen in difficult situations, warriors fighting for their tribes, and poets acting as spokesmen for their tribes imply the pre-Islamic Arabs` will to live by attaching great importance to the affairs of their tribes. As a whole, I think that the Mu`allaqat shows the Arabs` will to be faithful to life and their struggle for existence, while recognizing their fate to eventually die. 자브라 이브라힘 자브라 소설의 섹슈얼리티 하주형 ( Joo Hyoung Hah ) Jabra Ibrahim Jabra( 1920-1994 ,???? ??????? ???? ) is considered that he takes the pornography into the arab. He took the arab literature to the new direction. In his novels, lives men and women are indulged in sex. They apart from ethics or morality or religion. They see love as a sort of a game. It is broken the role of female as a mother and a housewife from old days, they have sex with anybody in the name of love. Also men in the novels, were not patriarchal any more. Therefore, the estimation of sexuality in Jabra`s novels is essential part. Jabra`s novels『A Cry In a Long Night』(「????æ? ?? ???? ??Þ」, 1946), 『Hunters in a Narrow Street』(「????æ? ?? ???? ??Þ 」, 1960),『The Ship』 (「???????」, 1970),『In Search of Walid Masoud』(「????? ?? æ??? ???æ? 」, 1978) studied the character of sexuality as follows : sexuality of chaos and hopelessness, sexuality of escape from reality, sexuality of sexual desire, sexuality of spiritual love, sexuality of lost homeland. The most of sexuality is distorted figure. It is from the war, they couldn`t find the value of life and meanings and indulged in the sex. Jabra Ibrahim Jabra had treated freely ``sexuality``, more or less taboo subject in the Islamic culture. He pulled out the issue of sexuality to the outward and make gush out desire of discourse of sex. Jabra`s sexuality would be ``sexuality of human nature``, ``escape from reality``, in the word of sexuality would be find consolation and rest in the disastrous life. 영화 "아라비아 로렌스"에 나타난 영국의 대(對) 아랍정책과 아랍부족의 기질 황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) Many Most Movies concerning the Arab which were made in the Western world usually give negative images of the Arab. The Western films including Hollywood identify the Arab as the wide stage which provides only exotic images for the movies of colonial rulers. The film produced in 1962 was based on T.E. Lawrence`s own life who was an eminent archaeology and followed the English policy toward the Middle East. Contrary to the negative perceptions toward the Arab in Hollywood and the story about love and jealousy in existing films, it is the male-oriented movie which manifests the phase of the times and the character of Arab tribes. In this text, we look at how Arabs became independent and they developed independent countries and what character of Arab tribes was like in the film through the English policy that affected the independence of Arab countries and the role of Lawrence. Women`s writing A comparative study of a number of Arab and Korean Writers` testimonies ( Abdu Al Ghaffar ) The following is a research / study that deals with two main concepts ;women and creativity. Starting with creativity, in terms of poetic language, is the ability to combine or entwine both words and feelings together, so that the meanings and pictures of poems would reflect a kind of silent meditation. Woman is mother and sister , the beloved wife and daughter. She`s been man`s partner since the beginning of creation , to the day of judgment. She was created from Adam " s rib, so as to be a part of him, in a subliminal clear message that may not be understood by lots of men up to this moment. Women is Adam`s partner in the sin that drove them both out of paradise. Yet, she was to be blamed alone, bear, alone, the burden of that sin in the memory of humanity. This blame was to be transferred to the rest of woman Even in stories, religious beliefs, fairy tales and legends. Time and material of the study. The study includes/ shows different viewpoints of a number of Arab and south Korean female writers on "women`s writings", based on the following questionnaire: Firstly, introduce yourself, your publications, and send sample texts from your own writings. Secondly, what do you write about? what does writing mean to you as a woman? whether you write a novel or a short story? Thirdly, what do you seek/aim at when you write? Do you deal with daily life problems the same as man does or differently? do you select special topics/day life problems to deal with when you write? Does your selection differ from that of a man`s? Fourthly, what do you think of feminism? Do you believe that woman`s writing is really different from man`s ? In what aspect is it different? If there are any differences , how could you explain them? meaning: are there any special differences of a woman`s writing that make it different from that of man`s? Fifthly, and finally, you do have freedom to write as much as you could about women`s writings in comparison with men`s writings. This study compares ,on one side, the answers of female writers of the same culture, so as to compare the main points of these answers between Arab and south Korean female writers on the other side. To achieve this goal, the study/comparison depends on literary theories, such as, sociology literature, psychology literature, comparative literature and poetic text analysis. Results - On terms of creative writing, there are basic biological and psychological features that cause the difference between man and woman. This study clarifies those features in the statements/ testimonies of some creative female writers. - Some writers believe that male and female creators are "humans" ,thus, they deal with the same issues with similar angles and view points, yet, following varied/ different approaches. Of course as well as what is being concentrated upon or marginalized - This last point was confirmed by poetess kang hee Jane , according to both, her nature as a female and personal experience with writing, she had to choose particular aspects when dealing with the same subjects/issues that man deals with. - Woman`s writing is a kind of resistance", this was expressed and embodied in the statement of "Kim seng" who said that writing poetry is a kind of rejection of this world who framed woman as a consumer material, as Rabab Kassab mentioned " women`s literature reflects smooth resistance" To conclude, according to female writers statements in the above mentioned questionnaire, there wasn`t much difference in literary writings between Arab and Korean female writers, the clear big difference was about the kind of freedom on choosing subjects of writing and the ways of expressing it for Korean writers women.
Covid-19 Viral Shedding, RO Number, & Gastrointestinal Transmission This is a very sophisticated article from the journal Nature, regarding observations in viral shedding and replication, screening for (diagnosing) active versus convalescent disease, and some key differences in Covid-19 virulence and pathogenicity patterns, as compared with previous SARS viral epidemics. One of the key features of this report is that viral shedding seems to exist both earlier and later in the course of the disease compared to previous SARS Coronavirus infections. This means that there is often viral shedding before symptoms start and for many days after symptoms abate, increasing the time-frame a patient can transmit the disease to others and increasing the chances that transmission will occur. This is apparently true even in mild infections and could potentially also explain the apparent increased virulence pattern. This means that the Covid-19 “R0 number” is greater than that of Influenze by a factor of 100-150%. The “R0 number” is the number of people that will statistically be infected by one infected individual. It is easier to understand this by looking at the actual numbers. Seasonal influenza has an R0 of 1. Measles has an R0 of 12-18. SARS-CoV2 R0 is 2.0-2.5, at least based on the data we have at this point in time. It is feasible that the R0 (and mortality rate) could be lower once we have tested more of the population. Also, the jury is still out about the presence of coronavirus in the stool (gastrointestinal replication), and transmission through the fecal-oral route, similar to many other viruses. Stool does show virus but it is not clear if it actually replicates in the gut or is just swallowed from respiratory secretions (mucous or phlegm). This article is loaded with well conducted data observations and with sound conclusions drawn, for those who can tolerate scientific writing. Take a look at our Covid-Page for a volume of fact-checked authoratative information about Covid-19. Have a peak at our ultra-thin and durable Medication-Cards for the wallet. Justin Groode MD \| Patient Advocate Alliance LLC Leave a Reply
Diving in history at Lefteris Reef. Diving Calendar It took me three years to complete photo shooting the wrecks lying on and around Lefteris reef. A rock in the middle of a dangerous sea passage out of Pagasitikos gulf and between northern Evia and island Skiathos. First time I went there I didn’t have a clue about this reef and I wasn’t properly prepared for the deep dives. At my second visit I had serious problems with my camera and later bad weather with strong winds making impossible to dive again. So, this August was the lucky one as everything went extremely well. Excellent weather conditions, no currents at surface and underwater and the best visibility ever. We had there two dives at the wrecks ”Volos” and ”Vera”. Both of them are modern wrecks but they are lying in different depths. Thank to Paris Sofos who has the diving center in Pelion, I was informed not only about the story behind each wreck but also about the ancient history covering Lefteris Reef. According to Herodotus, this rock had been the cause for at least three triremes of the Persian fleet to sink, during the Persian invasion to Greece. On the top of the Reef when a recent crew of builders and divers went to the reef to built a lighthouse found big cubes of domestic rocks from nearby quarry in Pelion. Historians wrote that in 480BC, a tall tower was built on the rock by Xerxes orders, to assure a secured passage of the ships in the area. It is the oldest construction known today of this kind (two and a half centuries before the lighthouse of Alexandria) with parts being found and drawn out with the help of divers in 1928. Diving around the reef is a unique experience. The wreck ”Volos” is decorated with yellow and orange sponges and around vertical walls that vanish in the deep blue with meadows of countless gorgonians, modern shipwrecks and intense marine life, compose impressive underwater scenery, capable to excite even the most experienced diver. error: © Copyrighted Content
Home » Questions » Computers [ Ask a new question ] Virtual machine software questions Virtual machine software questions How do virtual machine software work so that they can run multiple Operating system at the same time? Asked by: Guest \| Views: 98 Total answers/comments: 1 Guest [Entry] "ok, many questions... I will try and do as many as I can see, please say if I leave any out. How can they run multiple OS's at the same time? Virtualisation software basically runs a physical computer as software inside of your computer and emulates a real computer. This has many benefits, the main one being portability. I have VMware Workstation on my desktop and laptop - I can feely move a virtual machine between the two machines - simply by pausing, moving the folder then resuming. What kind of mechanism do they follow to allow efficient switching between different Guest OS or between Guest OS and Host OS ? A bit confused here - basically, a virtual machine runs as a program inside your machine. How much difference would be there between the actual OS and a OS running as a guest OS on a virtual machine ? Unless you are doing anything that relies on specific CPU instructions or a feature that isn't emulated, there isn't much difference. The main one though has to be graphics, the latest virtualisation software does a good job, but it is still not perfect compared with native hardware. If there is substantial difference in performance, how can it be avoided ? If you have antivirus, you can exclude the working directories of your virtual machines, and increase the priority of the process on the host, apart form this - there isn't a lot, but if you are running a lot of intensive programs on the host, it may take priority and slow down any guest. Loading a virtual hard drive on its own hard drive (physical, not partition) and lots of memory are your friend! Is there a possibility of that Guest OS getting affected by virus from the host OS or vice-versa ? Yes, but it is unlikely. You have to treat any virtual machine that is on your network as a physical machine - if it has a virus that can be spread over the network, it will act just like any other machine. Disabling networking, host interactions (such as shared folders) should make this almost a non-issue, but just don't be silly. Can i use the anti-virus of the host OS to scan the guest OS or is it feasible to scan a host OS from an anti-virus software in guest OS ? You can mount some virtual hard drives to the local filing system, then scan for viruses, but I wouldn't recommend - If you are worried about malware, install an AV scanner inside the VM. If i have an internet connection, can i browse by switching between Guest OS and Host OS ? You should be able to use the internet connection from both at the same time. If the guest OS crashes, is it possible for any kind of recovery from Host OS ? Any ideas ? Yes, you should be able to take snapshots at points in time and easily go back to them. But, you have to treat any guest OS as a real computer."
Biological Weapon Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis Anthrax is a disease that is most recently famous for being sent through the mail as a biological weapon. Anthrax is an ancient disease, and many researchers believe we can trace it all the way back to the year 700 BC in ancient Egypt. Over the years, some of the greatest microbiologists have studied it, including Robert Koch, who used it to develop his famous Koch Postulates. In fact, Bacillus anthrecis was the first bacterium ever shown to be the cause of a disease in 1876, and Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine for anthrax. The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection, and the type of infection depends on How anthrax enters the body? The most common entry points are the lungs, the skin, and the gastrointestinal system, but it can also be injected, though this type of infection is very rare. All types of anthrax, if left untreated, have the potential to spread through the body and cause severe illness or death. Types of infections: Cutaneous anthrax, or anthrax of the skin, is the most common form of anthrax infection. Infection can begin one to seven days after exposure, appearing as small, painless bumps called papules, that may or may not develop swelling or an ulcer with a black center. Generally, cutaneous anthrax is thought to be the least dangerous of the types. Inhalation anthrax is the deadliest form of anthrax, which can take up to two months or more to begin to show symptoms. Symptoms begin as nonspecific fever, shortness of breath, headache, abdominal pain, and chills, and can escalate to a more serious fever and significant swelling of the lymph nodes. Even though this form of anthrax is inhaled, symptoms rarely involve the pulmonary system. Almost every case of inhalation anthrax progresses to shock and death within three days of initial symptoms unless swift treatment is delivered. Gastrointestinal anthrax is more rare in the U.S., and symptoms depend on which portion of the intestinal tract is infected. If the upper gastrointestinal tract is infected, an infected person might develop ulcers in the esophagus or mouth. If the infection occurs in the intestines, an infected person will experience vomiting and nausea. In both cases, disease develops rapidly, and is thought to have a mortality rate close to 100%. Bacillus anthracis Anthrax is caused by the rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium is found naturally in soil and produces spores, which are round, highly durable cells that can lie dormant for years, even decades. These spores can activate when they find themselves in favorable conditions, like, say, the body of an animal or person, which is rich with water, sugar, and other nutrients. Once active, these bacteria can multiply and spread throughout the body, causing severe illness and death. How do they cause damage? Once ingested, the spores become activated and the bacteria begin to reproduce and make proteins. Reproducing bacteria make three different proteins: 1. protective antigen or PA. 2. lethal factor or LF. 3. edema factor, or EF. These proteins then combine to form two different toxins. When protective antigen(PA) and lethal factor(LF) combine, they form the lethal toxin. When protective antigen(PA) and edema factor(EF) combine,they form edema toxin. Together, these toxins cause a fluid buildup around the lungs that kills infected cells, ultimately causing severe disease and death in the infected animal or human. It turns out that anthrax is not contagious, meaning it’s not spread from person-to-person. For the most part, anthrax is a disease of livestock that ingest spores in plants, soil, or water. Common causes of infection in humans: Humans most commonly become infected where they handle infected animal products like wool or leather, or inhale anthrax spores from infected animal products. Humans can also get anthrax from eating undercooked meat of infected animals. Treatment : Time is of the essence for those with an anthrax infection. Getting proper medical care as quickly as possible can make the difference between life and death. All types of anthrax can be treated with antibiotics, and some cases are treated with antitoxin. Livestock vaccines can prevent outbreaks in animals, and there are several types of vaccines for humans. One type protects adults that routinely handle animals or animal products, and another has been approved by the FDA for use after exposure. Anthrax is most common in agricultural regions of Central and South America, central and southwestern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Europe, and the Caribbean, so readers in those regions take particular caution. Post a Comment
Southern blotting - Basic principle & Steps Blot refers to the membrane, on which biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids are absorbed or immobilised. The process of transferring these molecules from a gel to a membrane followed by their detection on the membrane is known as blotting When the macromolecule involved is DNA the technique is known as southern blotting. Southern is the last name of the scientist who first blotted DNA. He is Sir Edwin Mello southern. By analogy blotting involving RNA is known as northern blotting and for protein this technique is known as Western blotting. Both southern and northern blotting techniques are based on nucleic acid hybridization. Southern Blotting Southern blotting has been used for the detection of a specific DNA fragment in a given mixture of DNA fragments or total cell. Suppose we have isolated genomic DNA from bacteria. Now we want to find out whether gene or DNA sequence of interest is present in this bacterial genome or not. The researcher already knows the nucleotide composition of the target DNA sequence. Step 1. DNA Digestion In the first step, the bacterial DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme. This step results in thousands of DNA fragments of various sizes. This is because the restriction enzyme cuts the chromosomal DNA at many different sites within the chromosome. Again the researcher already knows that the target DNA sequence would be present within a specific restriction enzyme site. Therefore that restriction enzyme is used for the step of DNA digestion. Southern blotting technique Step 2. DNA Gel Electrophoresis The second step is the DNA gel electrophoresis. The separation of DNA fragments resulting from the first step is done by gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments get separated according to their molecular weights. These separated DNA fragments are double-stranded but for hybridization step we require single-stranded DNA fragments. Therefore before moving to the next step these DNA fragments are denatured in the gel by exposure of Delta mild alkali(NaOH). The gel is soaked in a denaturing solution which contains sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide denatures the DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds between the two complementary strands. Step 3. Blotting In the third step, bloating is done. This means the DNA fragments are transferred from the gel to a suitable membrane. This membrane can be nitrocellulose membrane or nylon membrane. Nowadays the most preferred membrane for such transfer of nucleic acids is nylon membrane. This is because it has a high tensile strength and better binding capacity for nucleic acids. How this transfer is carried out ? There is the traditional way to transfer the DNA to the membrane. The basis of this transfer is the capillary action. System of southern blotting The tray is filled with the suitable transfer buffer. A support for gel on membrane is kept in this buffer. This is usually a glass plate an absorbent paper or blotting papers are placed on this support. These are placed such that they imbibe the buffer. They act as a wick - Next the gel containing DNA is placed on the top of it. - An nylon membrane of the same size as that of the gel is placed over it. - Again a thick stack of blotting papers or absorbent paper is placed over the membrane. - This is followed by three to four inches of paper towels and this complete stack of gel membrane blotting papers and paper towels are pressed down by putting a weight on top the buffer or liquid. From the tray now Rises through the gel taking with it the DNA molecules. Once the DNA molecules reach the nylon membrane they become adsorbed tightly to the membrane. The remaining liquid passes through the paper and is absorbed by the paper towels placed at the top. During this transfer the DNA fragments retain the same pattern of separation they had on the gel. Another method to transfer DNA is by using the electric field. this method is similar to the Western blotting. The difference is that here we are transferring negatively charged DNA molecules from the gel to the membrane instead of proteins. Step 4. Hybridization and Washing The next step is hybridization and washing. In this step the nylon membrane is now incubated with many copies of a nucleic acid probe. Probe is a labeled single-stranded DNA molecule. Under appropriate conditions probe will bind to the target sequences pairing and form a double stranded DNA hybrid. So the probe hybridizes with the DNA fragment that is complementary to it. Unbound probes are removed by washing Step 5. Detection In the fifth step detection of the bound probe is carried out. We find the location of the double stranded hybrid formed in the previous step. The probe is detected by autoradiography, fluorescence or a color change depending on what label we have used in the probe. Southern blotting is useful for detecting major gene arrangments. This technique plays important role for example, - In DNA fingerprinting, - Identification of noval gene, - Identification of structurally related genes in the species, etc. • In southern blotting a mixture of DNA fragments is prepared by restriction digestion. • These DNA fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis. • Next they are transferred and immobilised to a solid support such as nylon membrane. • Once immobilised the DNA fragments present on the membrane are now incubated with a specific probe. • The hybridization takes place between the probe and the DNA fragment that has complementary base pairs. • In the last step the location of the hybrid is detected by detection of the probe. Post a Comment
Illumination With A Brain: Intelligent lighting control Fully realized, intelligent control allows zoning as granular as individual luminaires, detailed functional programming, zoning and rezoning independent of wiring, layering of control strategies, and two-way communication. This means highly flexible and responsive lighting can be controlled in layers of strategies that can be changed as needed, and the system provides energy and maintenance information.  An intelligent lighting control system comprises dimmable ballasts or drivers; accessory devices, such as switches and sensors; power controllers, which may be the ballast or driver; and supporting hardware used for communication and data storage.  The lighting controller—where the processor (or intelligence) resides—may be distributed (within the control devices) or centralized (within a central server). The power controllers are connected using dedicated control wiring or radio signals to build a network in which each controller has a unique identifier address. These controllers can be programmed and operated individually or in groups. Manufacturers use a variety of configurations, so it pays to get to know each system.  The solution may be luminaire-, room- or building-/campus-based. For years, standalone controls have been available as an onboard option. The latest generation of luminaire-based controls pairs onboard sensors and a controllable driver with LED luminaires that communicate with each other using low-voltage wiring or radio waves, and they can be preconfigured to simplify commissioning.  The majority of today’s intelligent lighting control systems are room-based. Each lighting control across the room or within each luminaire act as an independent control system. A typical solution includes plug-and-play sensors, switches and relay-based power controllers to switch and dim loads. Some systems are based on two-output controllers for two-zone control. Some feature wiring that allows rooms to be linked within a scalable building network. The systems typically offer preconfigured operation sequences that optimize energy savings and ensure energy code compliance. Simplicity is this type of system’s advantage.  The next step up is building-/campus-based solutions, which are typically centralized, meaning all devices communicate with a central server that authorized operators can access. This setup provides a single control point for a building or campus, facilitates ongoing lighting management, permits complex control-strategy programming, and can collect energy information and conduct monitoring for maintenance and recommissioning. Offering the best opportunity for energy savings and information, this option is the ultimate in lighting control, though it typically poses greater cost and complexity. For that reason, current commercial building penetration is estimated at 2 percent, though it is expected to grow.  Centralized intelligent systems represent the ultimate in lighting control, but they are sophisticated and require good design, installation and commissioning. Furthermore, manufacturers use distinct approaches to differentiate their systems. Designers and installers should familiarize themselves with the features and architecture of the various systems to ensure smooth projects.  Since centralized intelligent control systems are more challenging but have good growth potential, the remainder of this article focuses on them.  Centralized intelligent systems  Centralized intelligent lighting control systems must be connected within a topology. These systems may be wired, wired with wireless accessory devices (“hybrid”), or completely wireless.  Various wired topologies are available. The most common is a bus (basically a computer network). All control devices connect using one pair of low-voltage wires, Ethernet or proprietary cabling.  For greater flexibility, some wired systems incorporate wireless accessory devices (e.g., switches and sensors) that communicate with the system using one or more central gateways.  Alternatively, the system may be completely wireless with the majority using a self-healing mesh or star topology. In a self-healing mesh network, data flows through a network of devices along the most efficient path; if one device fails, the data routes through a different path (self-healing). In a star topology, signals from all wireless devices are transmitted within range directly to and from one or more gateways that form the network backbone.  The centralized intelligent lighting control system is designed in accordance with a common protocol. The protocol may be open (e.g., DALI and ZigBee), allowing products from different manufacturers to mix in the same network. On the other hand, it may be proprietary to a manufacturer. For the control system to integrate with a building automation system (BAS), the two systems must share the same native protocol (such as BACnet); alternatively, one can use a gateway and/or gateway-functional programming that can translate data crossing between the systems.  Centralized intelligent lighting control systems are set up and operated using server-based software that is accessible from a workstation. The programmer can create zones, discover devices, assign the devices to zones, set up schedules and control profiles, create users/access levels, and calibrate sensors. The operator can change any of this during the system’s life. Depending on the system, it can provide service alerts and alarms, and it can record energy use at designated intervals and display it for analysis. The system operator accesses the server using a webpage or program.  A control zone is where a lighting control governs one or more lamps or luminaires. Granularity refers to how detailed that zoning is; the smaller the zones, the more flexible the system is, which can translate to higher energy savings and user satisfaction. By making each luminaire addressable, intelligent systems facilitate granular zoning where useful. Because all controls are connected through a low-voltage wiring bus or wireless network, it is economical to layer control strategies on the same devices.  The ultimate in control responsiveness is for each luminaire to be addressable; to be installed with a dedicated occupancy and photosensor; and to be assigned to groups for scheduling, task tuning, demand response and basic manual control. However, this level of detail is not always needed. For example, in response to daylight, a photosensor could be used to dim luminaires to a certain level based on their proximity to a window. The luminaire layout, notably the density of luminaires used, can greatly affect control zoning with dedicated occupancy and photosensors.  After relating lighting and controls within control zones, we define the controls’ behavior, or sequence of operations. This requires a lighting control narrative that covers behavior under typical conditions, including all settings. In turn, this document provides a commissioning and system maintenance road map.  Once the desired operations sequence is defined, it is typically programmed into the control system using software. Time scheduling can be implemented using weekly calendars that also allow daily, monthly and yearly views. These time schedules also provide the framework for developing control profiles. The designer selects a block of time and assigns default or custom behaviors to the control system during those times using provided variables. These variables cover occupancy sensors (time delays, sensitivity, fade rates, etc.), daylight harvesting (dead-band zones, time delays, fade rates, etc.), manual override logic and so on. As systems vary in number of variables, the designer should choose one that allows satisfaction of all control narrative elements. Due to the sophisticated custom programs that may be produced, the system should provide a means of regularly backing up the program and all other data.  The software’s interface typically displays energy use in kilowatt-hours in various time increments (e.g., day), near real-time luminaire status (e.g., dimmed level), alarms and error messages, and demand response/demand reduction condition. Not all display instantaneous power (kW). Increasingly, software displays information about other operating parameters, such as temperature and occupancy. Most software can import floor plans and overlay them with luminaires and control devices; these floor plans are typically used to display information, though, in some cases, they can also be used to create control zones.  Some systems automatically send notifications about detected problems, which may include daily reports of equipment requiring service or replacement (e.g., failed lamps). These systems typically allow multiple recipients who can be assigned to receive different types of notifications. In addition, different users can be assigned different levels of access to control system functions. For example, the system administrator must have access to everything. Meanwhile, in a multitenant building, occupants may be given access to their lighting.  Documentation and commissioning  Construction documentation should include control schedules, indicating which lighting and control devices reside in each zone; a control narrative; and wiring diagrams. Because the topology and wiring methods for many new systems are different than the existing topology and wiring in many buildings, the installing contractor may wish to obtain samples of certain equipment to become familiar with it.  After installation, the system must be commissioned. The process typically includes the following steps. Energize the lighting system and verify that all wiring and system components are properly installed and powered, without any faults. Create zones using the software, discover all components in the system, assign lighting to the zones, and create control profiles and schedules for each zone. Calibrate the sensors. Identify and correct any faults in the system. Verify all software features are working.   The manufacturer should then provide training to the owner’s personnel. All documentation, such as operating and maintenance manuals, should be turned over to the owner.  Intelligent lighting control changes lighting as we know it from fixed, dumb systems into highly flexible, responsive and controllable systems. It will continue to gain in popularity as energy codes become increasingly complex and LED lighting becomes more common.  Stay Informed Join our Newsletter Having trouble finding time to sit down with the latest issue of ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR? Don't worry, we'll come to you.
Low carbohydrate diets can be very effective for weight loss, according to research. Reducing carbs tends to reduce your appetite and cause automatic weight loss, or weight loss without the need to count calories. For some people, a low carb diet allows them to eat until fullness, feel satisfied, and still lose weight. The number of carbs a person should eat every day for weight loss varies depending on their age, sex, body type, and activity levels. This article reviews how many carbs you should eat per day to lose weight. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that carbs provide 45–65% of your daily calorie intake for all age groups and sexes (1). Research has shown that low carb diets can be part of an effective weight loss strategy. Studies show that low carb diets can reduce a person’s appetite, lead to them eating fewer calories, and help them to lose weight more easily than in other diets, provided they maintain the diet (3). In studies comparing low carb and low fat diets, researchers need to actively restrict calories in the low fat groups to make the results comparable, but the low carb groups are still usually more effective (4, 5). Low carb diets also have benefits that go beyond just weight loss. They can help to lower blood sugar, blood pressure, and triglycerides. They can also help to raise HDL (good) cholesterol and improve the pattern of LDL (bad) cholesterol (6, 7). Low carb diets often cause more weight loss and improve health when compared to calorie-restricted, low fat diets that many people still recommend. There’s plenty of evidence to support this idea (8, 9, 10). Many studies show that low carb diets can be more effective and healthier than low fat diets. There’s no clear definition of exactly what constitutes a low carb diet, and what’s low for one person may not be low for the next. An individual’s optimal carb intake depends on their age, gender, body composition, activity levels, personal preference, food culture, and current metabolic health. People who are physically active and have more muscle mass can tolerate a lot more carbs than people who are sedentary. This particularly applies to those who do a lot of high intensity exercise, like lifting weights or sprinting. Metabolic health is also a very important factor. When people develop metabolic syndrome, obesity, or type 2 diabetes, their carb needs change. People who fall into these categories are less able to tolerate a lot of of carbs. The optimal carb intake varies between individuals, depending on activity levels, current metabolic health, and many other factors. If you simply remove the unhealthiest carb sources from your diet, such as refined wheat and added sugars, you’ll be well on your way to improved health. However, to unlock the potential metabolic benefits of low carb diets, you also need to restrict other carb sources. There are no scientific papers that explain exactly how to match carbohydrate intake to individual needs. The following sections discuss what some dietitians believe about carb intake and weight loss. Eating 100–150 grams per day This is a moderate carb intake. It may work for people who are lean, active, and trying to stay healthy and maintain their weight. Carbs you can eat include: • all vegetables • several pieces of fruit per day • moderate amounts of healthy starches, like potatoes, sweet potatoes, and healthier grains, like rice and oats Eating 50–100 grams per day This range may be beneficial if you want to lose weight while keeping some carb sources in the diet. It may also help to maintain your weight if you’re sensitive to carbs. Carbs you can eat include: • plenty of vegetables • 2–3 pieces of fruit per day • minimal amounts of starchy carbs Eating 20–50 grams per day This is where the low carb diet has bigger effects on metabolism. This is a possible range for people who want to lose weight fast, or have metabolic problems, obesity, or diabetes. Carbs you can eat include: • plenty of low carb vegetables • some berries, maybe with whipped cream • trace carbs from other foods, like avocados, nuts, and seeds Be aware that a low carb diet doesn’t mean it’s a no-carb diet. There’s room for plenty of low carb vegetables. It’s important to experiment Each individual is unique and what works for one person may not work for the next. It’s important to do some self-experimentation and figure out what works best for you. If you have type 2 diabetes, talk to your healthcare provider before making any changes, because this diet can drastically reduce your need for medication. For people who are physically active or want to maintain their weight, a range of 100–150 grams of carbs per day may have benefits. For those aiming to lose weight quickly, going under 50 grams per day under the guidance of a healthcare provider may help. A low carb diet isn’t just about weight loss, it may also improve your health. For this reason, the diet should be based on whole, unprocessed foods and healthy carb sources. Low carb junk foods are often unhealthy. If you want to improve your health, choose unprocessed foods such as: • lean meats • fish • eggs • vegetables • nuts • avocados • healthy fats Choose carbohydrate sources that include fiber. If you prefer a moderate carb intake, try to choose unrefined starch sources, like potatoes, sweet potatoes, oats, and brown rice. Added sugars and other refined carbs are always unhealthy options, it’s recommended that you limit or avoid them. For more details on specific foods to eat, check out this list of low carb foods and this detailed low carb meal plan and sample menu. It’s very important to choose healthy, fiber-rich carb sources. A healthy diet includes plenty of vegetables, even at the lowest level of carb intake. Low carb diets greatly reduce your blood levels of insulin, a hormone that brings the glucose from carbs into the body’s cells. One of the functions of insulin is to store fat. Many experts believe that the reason low carb diets work so well is that they reduce your levels of this hormone. Another thing that insulin does is to tell the kidneys to retain sodium. This is the reason high carb diets can cause excess water retention. When you cut carbs, you reduce insulin and your kidneys start shedding excess water (11, 12). One study compared low carb and low fat diets and used DEXA scanners, which are very accurate measures of body composition. The low carb dieters lost significant amounts of body fat and gained muscle at the same time (13). Studies also show that low carb diets are particularly effective at reducing the fat in your abdominal cavity, also known as visceral fat or belly fat. This is the most dangerous fat and is strongly associated with many diseases (14). If you’re new to low carb eating, you’ll probably need to go through an adaptation phase where your body is getting used to burning fat instead of carbs. This is called the “low carb flu,” and it’s usually over within a few days. After this initial phase is over, many people report having more energy than before, with no afternoon dips in energy that are common on high carb diets. Water weight drops fast on a low carb diet, and fat loss takes a bit longer. It’s common to feel unwell in the first few days of lowering your carb intake. However, many people feel excellent after this initial adaptation phase. Before starting the low carb diet, try tracking how many carbs you eat on a typical day and whether they’re healthy or unhealthy. A free app can help. Because fiber doesn’t really count as carbohydrates, you can exclude the fiber grams from the total number. Instead, count net carbs, using this calculation: net carbs = total carbs – fiber. If you’re not losing weight or weight loss slows down during the low carb diet, check out these possible reasons why. One of the benefits of low carb diets is that, for many people, it’s easy to do. You don’t need to track anything if you don’t want to. Just eat some protein, healthy fats, and veggies at every meal. Include some nuts, seeds, avocados, and full-fat dairy products. Also, choose unprocessed foods.
We’ve all heard about how a good diet and regular exercise will improve our health and reduce our chances of acquiring heart disease, and other chronic conditions later in life. But while diet and exercise will definitely put you on the right track to improving your health and wellbeing, there’s another important component to this recipe that gets shuffled aside frequently. If you’re wondering what that is, it’s sleep. Yes, one of the best things you can do to help you reach any health and fitness goals you have is…to get some sleep. What are we risking if we get less than the recommended minimum of seven hours sleep a night? Sleep specialist Dr Matthew Walker, Director of the Center for Human Sleep Science at the University of California, Berkeley, claims no part of our body remains untouched by sleep deprivation. In his book Why We Sleep he outlines the powerful effects of sleep loss on, among other things, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, diabetes, reproductive health, cardiovascular disease, obesity and mental health. That’s because sleep restores the immune system, balances hormone levels, lowers blood pressure, cleanses toxins from the brain, and much more. It seems that sleep needs to be taking its place next to exercise and diet as an essential tool for your health and wellbeing. But what if you can’t sleep? What can you do to increase your chances of getting more sleep? 1. Prioritise sleep. According to Australia’s Sleep Health Foundation one problem many of us have is taking sleep for granted and feeling that it is a waste of time. Time spent in bed is time well spent as there are many important things your brain must do during sleep. Sleep is vital to preserve new memories, for instance, and future proofs that information in your brain. 2. Stick to a sleep schedule. Dr Walker urges us to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, as people have a hard time adjusting to changes in sleep patterns. Sleeping late on weekends doesn’t make up for poor sleep during the week and can contribute to ‘social jetlag’, which makes us even sleepier on Monday. If necessary, says Dr Walker, set an alarm for bedtime. 3. Skip the caffeine. Caffeine is the most widely used (and abused) psychoactive stimulant in the world and can mask sleep disorders and sleep deprivation. It works by blocking the actions of sleep-related chemicals in the brain, tricking you into feeling alert. This may be helpful for shift workers but can ruin sleep if consumed too close to bedtime. Its effects can also last up to seven hours, meaning a lunchtime coffee could disrupt your sleep that night. Many products containing caffeine can contribute to a restless night, including energy drinks, Cola drinks, black and green tea, hot chocolate, milky iced coffee, and even chocolate ice-cream. 4. Seek out the sun. Sun exposure during the day helps us to regulate sleeping patterns. Try to get outside in natural sunlight for at least 30 minutes a day, advises Dr Walker. 5. Deal with any stress. It’s normal to wake up once or twice in the night but if you regularly have trouble getting back to sleep then stress or anxiety could be the cause. Worrying about your sleep can make it worse as it creates a vicious cycle. Exercise can help – even fitting in a 20 to 30 minute walk after work will lower your stress, says Dr Harrington, as will relaxation exercises such as yoga or meditation. Alcohol may appear to take the edge off stress and help you get to sleep but you pay the price later, as it interrupts your sleep during the night and prevents restorative REM sleep. If your mind just can’t shut down, see your GP. There are many things you can try and specialists who can help you. Because any improvement in your habits starts from knowing what those habits are, Healthworks offer sleep consultations. The consultations take you through your sleep habits and provide you with tips and ideas on how to improve your sleep to help you reach your wellbeing goals. As they are virtual, all workers are able to access the service, making it ideal for remote offices and work-from-home staff. Author Healthworks More posts by Healthworks
CyberCIEGEScenario Illustrating Integrity Risks to a Military-Like Facility [open pdf - 650KB] "As the number of computer users continues to grow, attacks on assets stored on computer devices have increased. Despite an increase in computer security awareness, many users and policy makers still do not implement security principles in their daily lives. Ineffective education and the lack of personal experience and tacit understanding might be a main cause. The CyberCIEGE game can be used to convey requisite facts and to generate tacit understanding of general computer security concepts to a broad audience. This thesis asked if a Scenario Definition File (SDF) for the CyberCIEGE game could be developed to educate and train players in Information Assurance on matters related to information integrity in a networking environment. The primary educational concern is the protection of stored data. Another goal was to test whether the game engine properly simulates real world behavior. The research concluded that it is possible to create SDFs for the CyberCIEGE game engine to teach specifically about integrity issues. Three specific SDFs were developed for teaching purposes. Several SDFs were developed to demonstrate the game engine's ability to simulate real world behavior for specific, isolated educational goals. These tests led to recommendations to improve the game engine." Public Domain Retrieved From: Media Type: Help with citations
Which animal kills the most humans? A Lion Lions do not even make the top five... Credit: Alamy The death of an American tourist in a horrific lion attack in South Africa in the summer of 2015 was a stark reminder of the dangers that can be posed by wildlife. So what is the world's deadliest animal? At least one influential individual is spreading the word about the killer insects. An examination of the above graphic (which is based on WHO data) reveals that we are often our own wost enemy. Beyond humans themselves, nature's deadliest creatures also include: Among the most venomous snakes on earth is the inland taipan, native to Australia. Its poison is so intense that it can kill in less than a half hour. The inland taipan While it is very rare for someone in North America or Western Europe to die of rabies, an estimated 20,000 people die in India each year from the disease due primarily to the prevalence of stray dogs. Dog attacks in Europe are very rare The most dangerous large land animal in Africa is the hippopotamus. Despite their primarily vegetarian diet, the world's third-largest land mammal is extremely aggressive and territorial. The combination of sheer size (males average 3,300 lbs), sharp teeth, and mobility both in and out of water make for a fearsome beast indeed. While sharks are among nature's most feared predators they are not one of the most dangerous, at least for humans. Only approximately 10 people are killed by sharks annually. But that doesn't mean they can't be terrifying.
\| by John A. \| No comments How is BOQ calculated? How is BOQ calculated? What Does a BOQ Include? 1. The quantity of work for each list item and the measurement unit. 2. The unit price of each item, which is calculated by each of the bidding contractors. 3. The total price of each list item, which is calculated by multiplying the amount of work and the unit price. What is the meaning of bill of quantities? The prime purpose of the Bill of Quantities (BQ) is to enable all contractors tendering for a contract to price on exactly the same information. Subsequent to this, it is widely used for post-tender work such as: material scheduling; construction planning; cost analysis; and cost planning. What are preliminary costs in building? Prelims are the cost of the site-specific overheads of any given project. They are the costs that are directly related to the running of the project that are not accounted for under labour or material. This may include such things as; – Welfare provision for on-site staff. What is another word for preliminary? In this page you can discover 49 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for preliminary, like: concluding, unperfected, beginning, initial, finale, conclusion, unfinished, preparatory, prefatory, introductory and exploratory. What is the meaning of preliminary? Preliminary means something that comes before something else. If you want to run in the race, you have to place in the top third of the preliminary round. It can also mean “early” — the preliminary results are in, and you’ve won! What is difference between BOQ and BOM? While BOM is related to the list of inventory, including raw materials, parts, components, etc., BOQ lists the total number of materials required to complete a project. Who prepare a bill and for whom? What is the purpose of BOQ? Bill of Quantities which is also known as BOQ, is an efficient communication tool which is very critical for a project because it connects all the parties (client, contractor & consultant). It is made by an architect or a cost consultant. What does preliminary status mean? Preliminary status is the initial conception of a specification and are generated by Technical Committees (or by Working Groups under advisement from a Technical Committee). The chair of a Technical Committee can propose a specification for Preliminary status with the agreement of the Technical Committee membership. What does Preliminary eligible mean? Preliminary: Anything that does not have a final academic certification. Academic redshirt: For student-athletes who enroll at a Division I school after Aug. Waiver approved: The NCAA Eligibility Center has approved an initial-eligibility waiver submitted on your behalf. How do you prepare a bill? Preparing a Bill: Check the steps: (i) Write the name of the shop, its location, phone number, date of purchase of item. (ii) Make 5 columns: Item number, name of the article, its quantity, rate of each article and the amount of the article. What is Preliminaries BOQ? “Preliminaries are the cost of administering a project and providing plant, site staff, facilities site-based services, and other items not included in the rates for measured works” (RICS, 2012). What goes on an invoice? Your invoice must include: • a unique identification number. • your company name, address and contact information. • the company name and address of the customer you’re invoicing. • a clear description of what you’re charging for. • the date of the invoice. What is a preliminary discussion? Definitions of preliminary discussion (usually plural) a discussion or meeting that happens before the main discussion or meeting. What is P & G in construction? P&G stands for Preliminary & General (construction industry) How do you do interior BOQ? Create a BOQ that actually helps you to land clients 1. Start with a format and design a schedule. 2. Mention your scope of work. 3. Describing the products and materials. 4. Estimating the right the quantities. 5. Include additional special services. 6. Draw down a Payment schedule. 7. Write about disposal and site handling. What does P and Q stand for in logic? mind your manners How much should preliminaries be? As the prelims sum is usually at least 10-15% of the direct works sum, but often higher, the need to shrewdly price prelims becomes important when preparing tender returns. What is a preliminary application? Before and at the beginning of the hearing, it is possible to make specific applications to the Tribunal. They are called “preliminary applications”. In principle, this kind of application should be done in writing. How do you prepare a preliminary estimate? Prepare Preliminary Estimate and Schedule 1. Work Tasks. Develop Preliminary Cost Estimate – Deliverable. 2. Estimating Based On Major Cost Groups. 3. Sources for Unit Costs. 4. Lump-Sum Items. 5. Contingency and Escalation. 6. Other Related Costs. 7. What is included in the Preliminary Construction Schedule? 8. Activity – An element of work performed during the course of a project. What does Preliminary mean in a sentence? something preliminary, as an introductory or preparatory step, measure, contest, etc.: He passed the preliminary and went on to the finals. a boxing match or other athletic contest that takes place before the main event on the program: A preliminary was fought at 8:00. What does P’s mean in London? 1. Loading when this answer was accepted… “Ends” is London slang derived from Jamaican Patois for a neighborhood, ghetto, or simply “the streets”. “P’s” is the shortened form of “pounds”, which is British currency. What is included in preliminaries and general? The preliminaries and general section of the contract should cover: documentation, compliance issues, nominated suppliers and so on. site roles and responsibilities. owner occupation of the building. What are preliminary works? Preliminary works refer to all the activities that are involved in a construction site before the actual work commences, such as demolition, site clearance, site survey, soil survey, planning, designing, and cost estimation. What are p’s and g’s? Commonly referred to by contractors as “Ps and Gs”, the JBCC document was compiled to cover all those items specific to the project but which are not referred to in detail in the contract document. It is intended that the preliminaries be referred to when preparing your rates in the Bill of Quantities. What is a preliminary argument statement? Formulating a “Preliminary Thesis Statement” as opposed to a “Statement of Intent”: The thesis should offer a well-defined position or draw a preliminary conclusion about that topic. A thesis is not merely a statement of intent. What is a preliminary research? Preliminary Research is research on a topic that helps you get a better understanding on what types of sources are available and what is being said about a topic. This type of research helps solidify a topic by broadening or narrowing it down. What are preliminary costs? Preliminary costs are expenses that will be incurred during construction, which are directly related to the running of the project and have not been included in the materials, labour or overheads. Preliminary costs apply to all projects including those with small tender values. How do I design an invoice? How to Design an Invoice 1. Design the Invoice Structure. Take time before diving into invoice design to plan out the structure of your invoice template. 2. Include Your Brand and Style. 3. Make the Information Readable. 4. Leave Room for Descriptions. 5. Make Deadlines and Payment Totals Stand Out. 6. Clearly State Payment Terms.
Law Degrees \| Top Universities What is law? It may seem obvious, but what is law? Law, or legal studies, comes into contact with almost every area of human life, touching upon issues relating to business, economics, politics, the environment, human rights, international relations and trade. It is telling that the first academic degrees developed were all related to law. As a law student, you can expect to learn how to tackle some of the most problematic – indeed, often seemingly irresolvable – conflicts and issues in modern society and morality. In providing a framework through which to examine and understand different societies and cultures, law degrees are a useful way to prepare not only for specific legal careers, but for a broad range of professional roles – and indeed, for life in general. Types of law degrees There are lots of different types of law degrees available, varying according to where you study. In most countries, law degrees take the form of an LLB (Bachelor of Laws) which allows you to go on to take the national Bar or Law Society qualifying examinations, in order to becoming a practicing lawyer. In some countries, a BA in Law (BL) or a BSc in Law is in place instead. Often, these alternative names are used interchangeably. However, some universities differentiate between LLB and BA Law programs, with the former focusing exclusively on law and the latter allowing students to take course modules in other subjects, with a focus on humanities. The US and Japan offer a Juris Doctor (JD), which is also offered in Canada, Australia and Hong Kong. In such countries, legal studies are focused at graduate level (after completion of a bachelor’s degree in a different discipline) with students earning their JD in order to practice. The JD will typically take three years to complete. There is also an option to earn a one year Master of Laws (LLM) degree in area of specialization (such as tax law) after earning a JD. Foreign lawyers can also study to receive an LLM in order to practice in countries which require a JD. In order to qualify for a postgraduate degree in law, undergraduate students in the US must take and pass the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). While most LLM and JD programs are primarily aimed at preparing students for legal careers, it’s also possible to take graduate-level law degrees with a greater focus on academic research. These may be referred to either as a PhD in Law, Doctor of Laws, or Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD). It is also possible to do an intensive two-year law course, or vocational courses of varying length. What to expect from law degrees Like most academic degrees, law programs start with compulsory core courses, and more opportunities to choose law topics tailored to a particular career path later on. Teaching is through a combination of lectures, seminars, group work, presentations, class debates and ‘mooting sessions’ – practical law training in a courtroom setting to help students master important legal skills such as research and analysis, public speaking and argument formation. Some institutions allow law students to spend a year studying abroad, particularly if they are combining law with a foreign language. Some may also provide students with the chance to work pro bono (voluntarily) with real-life clients, as a way to gain invaluable experience and gaining legal skills that will help when applying for positions later on. Discover the world’s top law schools Law specializations Core, compulsory modules you may encounter in law degrees include: introduction to legal techniques, introduction to the legal system, introduction to legal research, reasoning and literacy skills. Other law topics likely to be on offer include: constitutional law, criminal law, criminology, business law equity and trusts, human rights, international law (public or private), jurisprudence, labor law, land law, law and government, law and society, law and the individual, law of contract, law of Tort, legal methods, maritime law and tax law. As you might expect, law degrees cover a diverse range of subjects with the aim of providing a generalized understanding of human society and its laws. Having gained a strong foundation in the main principles and concerns of law, you can then tailor your degree to suit your particular interests. This could mean choosing to specialize in a particular field of law or in a particular culture or society, or indeed branch outwards into a related field of interest such as business or politics. Some popular law topics chosen for specialization include: Criminal law Sometimes available as an entire degree in its own right, criminal law looks at different aspects of law relating to crime. You’ll learn about the theory of criminal law, and examine issues such as crime and gender, restorative justice, criminal justice, global crime problems, human rights, and socio-legal methods and theory. You’ll also study more specific aspects of criminal law such as homicide, mentally disordered offenders, European criminal law, the death penalty in law, legal responses to terrorism, sentencing, and victimization and victim policy. Property law Also known as land law, property law is the area of law concerned with real property (land, distinct from personal or moveable possessions) and personal property (movable property). You’ll study the concept of ‘interest in land’ – the term used to describe various categories of rights held by one person to use land that is in possession of another. Depending on the module, you may learn how and when to create these interests (through a contract, agreement or order of a court) and when these interests are valid in law. You’ll also learn about issues such as mortgages, tenancy rights and obligations, commercial property law, ownership, stocks, site acquisition, property management and construction law. Intellectual property law Also dealing with property, but of a different kind, intellectual property law is popularly offered as a dedicated degree. This field deals with intangible assets such as creations of the mind (musical, literary and artistic works), discoveries and inventions, words and phrases, and symbols and designs. You’ll learn about the economic, social and theoretical issues surrounding intellectual property (IP) and technology law. You’ll address issues such as policies affecting IP laws, trademark protection, patents and patent law and copyright. You’ll also look at IP in global and regional contexts, for example concentrating on European integration of IP laws, as well as undertaking in-depth exploration of what intellectual property constitutes. Commercial law Also known as business law, commercial law is the body of law that relates to the rights, contracts and conduct of people and businesses engaged in commerce and industry. Often considered to be a branch of civil law (non-criminal law), commercial law is again a large enough section of law to merit full dedicated degree programs. Incorporating elements of economics, business, management and finance, commercial law involves learning about all the legal issues involved in operating a business. This covers law topics such as small business law, regulation of corporate contracts, tax classifications, personnel hiring and firing, zoning and licensing issues and wider-ranging business issues such as securities law, intellectual property, secured transactions, pensions and benefits, trusts and estates, immigration and labor laws, and bankruptcy. A related field is corporate law, which deals with the financial and structural situation(s) encountered by an established company, and the legal advice surrounding the day-to-day dealings of such a company. Environmental law The body of law concerning the protection, maintenance, regulation and enhancement of the environment, environmental law regulates the interaction of humanity and the natural environment. As agencies, businesses and corporations seek to reduce the environmental impact of their practices, environmental law has become an increasingly popular specialization. Environmental law is an interdisciplinary field merging law, politics and human rights to cover a huge variety of issues pertaining to the environment. You’ll learn about global environmental laws in areas such as climate control, resource conservation, environmental protection, natural resources and climate change policies, along with gaining an understanding of local or national environmental laws such as noise control, remediation and energy regulation and policy. Family law As you might deduce, family law is an area of law pertaining to family-related matters. You’ll learn about a range of family law issues regarding parents, children and child protection, marriage, civil partnership, cohabitation, divorce, human rights, adoption and surrogacy among others. You’ll learn how to use the law to resolve disputes within families, including the termination of relationships and subsequent matters, child abuse and child abduction, paternity testing and juvenile adjudication. You may also learn about international family law, including transnational and interstate issues, along with specific subjects such as international child law which examines how children are protected through both public and private international law. You may also explore contemporary issues such as commercial surrogacy, paternity laws, corporal punishment, press reporting of the family courts and child soldiers. Other possible law topics you might choose to specialize in include: chancery law (estates and trusts), civil law, corporate law, entertainment law, immigration law, maritime law, media law, mental health law, social law, sports law, tax law and many others. If those above don’t appeal, how about: • Employment law – addressing contracts, employment claims such as unfair dismissal, redundancy and discrimination; • Healthcare law – concerning laws and regulations in regards to public health; • Insurance law – concerning the regulation of insurance, insurance policies and claims; • Patent law – focusing on patent grants for inventions and new technologies; • International law – regarding the sets of rules accepted as binding in relations between states and nations rather than between individual citizens. You may also specialize in legal studies within particular cultures or regions; possible law topics of this kind include: Islamic law Addressing the moral code and religious law of Islam called Sharia, Islamic law encompasses many topics both addressed in secular law and present in contemporary society, including crime, politics, economics, property, family matters, marriage and children. You’ll learn about the history and development of Islamic law, its application to contemporary jurisdiction and the various applications of Islamic law in different regions, such as the Middle East and South Asia. You’ll also look at the relationship between sacred texts and human reason in developing Islamic law, and explore criticisms and dissents surrounding Islamic law. European Union law The study of European Union law concerns the treaties and legislation that have a direct or indirect effect on the laws of European Union (EU) member states. The EU is entirely based on the rule of law – assuming every action taken by the group as a whole is founded on treaties that have been approved voluntarily and democratically by all member states – and EU law has equal force with national law within each member state. In this specialization you’ll learn about the founding and development of the EU, its structure and institutional functioning and the processes underlying the creation of EU law. You will examine how EU law impacts on the lives of EU citizens, companies and service providers, and investigate and analyze relevant contemporary crises and conflicts. US law Focusing on the United States Constitution, which sets out the boundaries of federal law, treaties, regulations and case law (precedents) in the US, US law explores the US legal system and its foundations, the importance of the US constitution (regarded as the supreme law of the land) and the role of the constitution in modern US society. You’ll gain an insight into all aspects of US law, including intellectual property, international business transactions, mergers and acquisitions, alternative dispute resolution and so forth. You’ll also learn about how the US constitution affects the role of practicing lawyers in the US, and analyze and address contemporary legal questions in the US. Studying at graduate level? See our guide to continuing your legal studies Legal training In order to advance further in the legal sector, many graduates opt to continue their legal training beyond undergraduate level. The specific type of legal training required varies depending on the country of study/legal practice, and also the type of legal career aspired to. Often it involved a combination of further study and examinations, as well as a set period of practical legal training provided by completing formal work placements. In England and Wales, for instance, legal training for aspiring solicitors comprises the one-year Legal Practice Course (LPC) followed by a two-year placement as a trainee solicitor. While some jurisdictions grant a ‘diploma privilege’ to certain institutions which allow students who earn a degree or credential from those institutions to go directly into practicing law, Germany, Canada and Australia all require law graduates to complete vocational legal education before they are accepted as practicing lawyers; this can take the form of a formal apprenticeship with an experienced practitioner. Meanwhile some countries, such as Mexico, allow anyone with a law degree to practice law immediately. Legal careers Unsurprisingly, many law graduates go on to pursue careers within the legal sector. As explained above, prominent legal careers usually require further study and training. You may find the legal systems of different countries use different words to describe certain legal careers. Indeed when it comes to the titles of ‘barrister’ and ‘solicitor’, lawyers may hold either title but still be able to practice as both. Some law graduates may even start off as one and then decide to become the other. A lawyer will usually only hold one of the two titles. Some countries also fuse the two titles together, simply calling practitioners ‘lawyers’. Some popular careers chosen by law graduates include: A barrister (or advocate in places such as Scotland, Belgium, South Africa, Israel, the Isle of Man and Brazil) specializes in representing clients (individuals or organizations) in court. As a barrister, you will generally be hired by solicitors to represent a case at court, only becoming involved when advocacy before a court is needed. You will provide legal advice for your client and plead the case on behalf of your client and your client’s solicitor. Members of the public can also go directly to a barrister to ask for advice and representation in court, rather than via a solicitor. As a barrister, you’ll likely be specialized in a particular area of law, such as criminal, common or entertainment law. Most barristers work on a self-employed basis, but as part of a ‘chambers’ which allows them to share administrative expenses, while others are employed permanently by government departments, agencies, charities, corporations or solicitors firms. Although historically barristers were called counselors in the US, there is now no distinction between barristers (lawyers who plead cases) and solicitors (laws who act as agents for their client). Both are now called attorneys. Barrister’s clerk Working for a barrister or group of barristers, a barrister’s clerk (or advocate’s clerk in places such as Scotland) runs the administrative and business activities involved. From diary and fees management to business development and marketing, a barrister’s clerk makes sure all the barrister’s affairs are in order, both as a legal practice and as a business. Not only will you be familiar with court procedures and etiquette, you will also need to be aware of the standards that a barrister’s chambers will have to adhere to, including maintaining appropriate accreditation. You will also develop an expertise in the type of law undertaken by the barrister(s) you are assisting. A solicitor (or attorney in South Africa) provides legal advice on a wide range of subjects (both personal and business affairs) and is often tasked with explaining the law to clients, who can include individuals, groups, public sector organizations and private companies. You may act on behalf of your client in court (or instruct a barrister to do so) and throughout all legal negotiations in issues such as property transactions, wills, divorce and child custody, compensation claims and business contracts. You’ll need to prepare and research documents, letters and other paperwork in order to represent your client to the best of your ability. You may be working for a private law firm, or be employed by central or local government agencies, banks or other commercial organizations. Many solicitors also use some of their time on a pro bono basis (voluntarily and without pay), for those unable to pay for access to legal services. Company secretaries Employed by a business or organization, company secretaries ensure the company complies with relevant legislation, on a local, national or global basis. In countries such as India, private companies with a certain amount of share capital are required by law to appoint a company secretary, usually a senior board member. Using a thorough understanding of laws that affect the company’s area of interest, and through monitoring changes in relevant legislation, a company secretary will be responsible for ensuring the efficient administration of your company in regards to legal and statutory requirements. Also known as a chartered secretary, or simply ‘secretary’, a company secretary acts as the point of communication between the board of directors and company shareholders, organizing and taking minutes during board meetings, maintaining statutory books, dealing with correspondence and advising members of the legal, governance, accounting and tax implications of proposed policies when required. While a paralegal cannot provide legal advice to clients, they do provide experienced and skilled services to lawyers and their clients. However, in Ontario, Canada, they are considered a formal part of the legal system. You will need to have experience and knowledge in the area of law in which you are working, whether you are handling small claims or supporting property conveyance. You will be handling client caseloads, filing case documents, and researching cases and legal information for your employer, as well as drafting documents and letters. Duties for more experienced paralegals include taking statements from and interviewing clients and witnesses, providing legal information and attending court or presenting applications to judges. Most paralegals are employed by law firms, in the legal department of private companies, in the public or not-for-profit sector, in civil and criminal courts or in the police, enforcement or defense forces. They are known as a judicial scrivener in Japan and South Korea. Other careers for law graduates While law graduates are well-suited for specific legal careers, studying a law degree does not limit you to roles specifically in this field. Like other social science subjects, the academic challenges provided by law degrees can be good preparation for a broad range of different career paths. Other sectors you might consider as a law graduate include: accountancy, banking, business and management, commerce, finance, government, HR and recruitment, journalism, marketing and PR, media, politics, publishing, teaching, the civil service, not-for-profit and NGOs, or think tanks and policy development. Find the world’s best law schools Key Skills Common skills gained from a law degree include: • Knowledge of legal matters, policy, theories and case studies • Professional expertise in law, including command of technical language • Experience and skills in mooting • Ability to draft legal documents • Ability to construct and defend an argument persuasively • Self-management, including planning and meeting deadlines • General IT skills • General research skills • General numerical skills • Interpersonal and teamwork skills • Analytical and reasoning skills • Legal research skills • Problem solving skills
Civil Rights Groups Demand Gym Class for Obesity-Plagued Kids; If they were to make PE an option and not mandatory, it will be just another opportunity for lazy kids to skip gym class. This is why more schools are encouraging students to maintain a balance between their school work and physical education. While others may argue against incorporating this subject as part of the school curricular, it is obvious that the benefits of PE far outweigh the negatives. However, they can also take time away from academics and make some students feel self-conscious, different or left out. That’s why I think PE should be mandatory. Christopher Song May 9, 2013. The pros and cons of mandating physical education classes are debated among parents, students and educators alike. Top 5 Reasons Why Physical Education is as Important as School Work: 1. Editorials. Physical education, or gym class, may not be one of the most important subjects in school, but the idea that the class should not be mandatory for all could not be further from the truth. It has been Top 6 Reasons Why Physical Education is an Important Part of Your Child’s Education Originally posted on , April 7, 2017. Additionally, the National Center for Education Statistics reports that 2.4 days is the average number of days per school week that PE class is scheduled for grades 1–5. It’s common knowledge that there is almost a 33% obesity rate in children according to the American Heart Organization, and many solutions have been offered to address the epidemic. The dangerous trend of giving physical education the backseat to other 'more important' areas of learning might not yield the intended results. Why PE Should be Mandatory The data from the studies "suggests there is a significant positive relationship between physical activity and academic performance," wrote the authors, led by Amika Singh of the Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center's EMGO Institute for Health Why Physical Education should be Mandatory in Schools(k-12) Jonathan Stark Follow this and additional works at: This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Adult and Regional Education at Murray State's Digital Commons. WHY PHYSICAL EDUCATION (AND ACTIVITY) IS A SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUE - Research articles and editorials. Whether Physical Education classes should be mandated in public schools has been a controversial for some time. Physical activity helps to enlarge your brain's basal ganglia which controls your ability to focus. Print . Here are five reasons why we need more physical activity in our schools and not less... 1). This is a question that parents, children and teachers have been confronting with for several decades, and especially in present times. Why PE Should Be Required from Kindergarten to College Why We Should not Cut P.E. Physical activities and exercises boost stamina, which can increase confidence, motivation, academic achievement, and self-esteem. PE classes can teach students healthy habits and build character. Physical education should be a mandatory class for all four years of high school. Physical education continues to be an integral part of the growth and development of any child or student in the lower and upper levels of learning. T his country has a health problem. Below are some of the pros and cons of PE. Should physical education be mandatory? If schools were to make PE an option so many students would try and use it as an excuse to get out of gym class even though they are perfectly healthy. Disclosure: This conversation is sponsored by the Voices for Healthy Kids , a joint initiative of the American Heart Association and Robert Wood Johnson. States vary in their physical education requirements, but the physical, emotional, and academic benefits of daily physical activity for kids is a constant across the board.
Pregnant women eat more vegetables to prevent children from eclipse Many children do not like to eat green vegetables to make their mothers have a headache. Recently, a new study shows that if pregnant women eat more fruits and vegetables during pregnancy, they can prevent children from partial eclipse. Researchers say that parents’ efforts to get their children to eat fruits and vegetables can begin before the child is born. Diet-rich pregnant women are less likely to give birth to a partial eclipse. In this study, researchers at the Monell Center in Philadelphia, USA, studied 46 mothers and their babies between the ages of 6 months and 1 year and tested their love for carrot-flavored cereals. degree. Test results show that mothers who drink carrot juice several times a week, their children will consume more than 80 grams of cereal, while other infants only take 44 grams. If the mother often drinks carrot juice, then the child can eat carrot-flavored cereal twice as much during the weaning period. The study clearly shows that if mothers consume large amounts of fruit during lactation and pregnancy, their children are more likely to eat fruit when weaning, as well as vegetables. The study also found that when children who feed milk powder start to eat solid foods, they are given fruits and vegetables, and they can accept them quickly.
Illustration by Olenka Malarecka Shifting dimensions It took 100 years, but work just broke free of the assembly line Published on November 09, 2020 Illustration by Olenka Malarecka The truth is, people used to work 16-hour days. It’s simple, and even comforting, to think of our modern working experience as The Way It’s Always Been — and on a micro level, that’s been the case for quite some time now. We can enjoy period pieces like Mad Men or even classic works of literature like A Christmas Carol and recognize the basic shape of our lives today: people working in offices during the day and heading home for dinner. But our modern offices, and indeed our modern workweeks, didn’t spring from the heart of society, fully-formed. We’re simply at the latest evolutionary step in the history between workers and their jobs. So, yes. In the days of the First Industrial Revolution, workers were subjected to, among other things: 10-16 hour workdays, no real weekends, and outright child labor. Through collective action, workers fought for humane work schedules and fair wages to give us the shape of jobs we now see. And even though many aspects of life during the Industrial Revolution would be absolutely foreign to us today, it’s strange how many things still remain intact. The 5-day, 40-hour workweek, first adopted by Henry Ford in 1913 for use in his assembly lines, is still alive and well even though the majority of American jobs (80.3% as of 2019) don’t involve the use of assembly lines and factories. Despite exponential gains in worker productivity; despite the fact that technological leaps have automated entire industries and allowed many others to be conducted flawlessly from anywhere on Earth; despite the fact that pre-COVID open-plan offices were hugely detrimental to worker productivity and happiness, our workplaces have remained largely unchanged from 1820 to 2020—a physical space where workers can be observed and “managed” by senior company members and owners. Factory foremen became office managers, and while the world went through massive change, office life refused to transform in kind. Until now. From fringe to familiar Even in late 2019, the idea of distributed work was commonly held in the same regard as unlimited vacation days and four-day workweeks. It was written off as something too ambitious and novel to be adopted by anything but the most forward-thinking tech startups or the occasional European country. The American office system was firmly entrenched in the “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” school of thought. But the COVID pandemic cracked everything open, and distributed work became the logical fix. More than that, it went mainstream. Plenty of experts and thought leaders have spilled digital ink about what this forced migration towards distributed work means—whether it’s temporary or long-term, whether it will transform the landscape of major cities, small towns, or both, or neither. Much of it is speculation or wishful thinking from industries with a vested interest in our in-person lives returning to 2019 levels of operation. (Looking at you, cruise lines.) We all love a good hunch or hot take, but meaningful estimations of the future need to be based on some form of data. Massive sea changes like this don’t become permanent through any one factor; for something to become a part of people’s lives, most need to voluntarily choose or accept it. A new study by the Economist Intelligence Unit (commissioned by Dropbox) asks newly-remote American workers: How is distributed work going for you? No strings attached It’s impossible to overstate just how rare distributed work was pre-COVID. While 75.8% of the study’s respondents said they began using distributed teams when the pandemic broke out, only 29.9% had done it beforehand (and even then, only “sometimes”). So the first takeaway is that we have never seen more people trying out DW in modern history. The second takeaway is that we have also never had a larger body of solid proof that teams can pivot to DW in a relatively short period of time without the world imploding. We’ve cut the umbilical cord of office-based work, and we’re doing just fine as a whole. Our workplaces have remained largely unchanged since 1820—a physical space where workers can be observed and “managed” by senior company members and owners. That being said, it’s clearly early days as a whole, especially when it comes to finding the sweet spot with focus and productivity. While 36% of respondents said they found it easier to focus at home, 28% preferred focusing in an office setting. It’s not just about focus, either; the most-cited barrier (24%) to effective DW was the feeling of being disconnected from their colleagues. As a whole, 57% of respondents agreed that the positives of DW outweighed the negatives. But that level of satisfaction can be tied to how much freedom a worker has to shape their own days. The biggest immediate advantage of DW is the freedom to change your work environment on-the-fly to suit your needs. The freedom to take regular self-directed breaks, tidy up a workspace, block out dedicated blocks of uninterrupted time for tasks, or put on noise-cancelling headphones were cited as the most common ways respondents were making their work days work for them. The ability to do this is notably different depending on what generation you’re talking about. So let’s talk about it. Generational shifts Unless your home has a purpose-built mini-office, it probably wasn’t ready for the scope of COVID-era distributed work. No matter how optimized your setup might be, our jobs are still perpetually unplanned-for guests in our living spaces. If that space also has to serve as a daycare/school/nursery/pet kennel, then the challenges only increase exponentially. In fact, The Economist’s study found the most-cited barriers to productivity in remote work were a mix of home-life distractions and a lack of a dedicated work environment. Navigating the boundaries between work and life was the biggest challenge for Gen Z and Millennial respondents, while attending to a job and a child at the same time was hardest for parents of children under the age of 18. Anecdotally, this all makes sense. Younger generations have a more woven relationship between their social lives and the internet, so for many logging onto their computer for the day is akin to trying to fill out spreadsheets at a (pre-COVID) bar during happy hour. They’re by no means great at it, but they’re veterans at the struggle. And parenting is a full-time job, as is educating; parents of young children who are learning remotely essentially have to fold three jobs over each day and hope for the best. And those three jobs are even more challenging without the right tools. One particularly eye-catching statistic showed that a majority of respondents said their primary method of inter-team communication was email alone, with video calls coming in second place. Anyone who has been CC’d into the middle of a 50-email thread with dozens of respondents can understand how much lost time (and sheer frustration) that represents. One size doesn’t fit all If you’re a parent to a school-aged child, you also know this goes without saying, but: Teaching is very hard. Keeping the attention and productivity of a room full of children is a challenge on the best of days, but engaging 8-year-olds in front of laptop screens borders on cruel. Yet this is exactly what is asked of millions of workers in the Education and Training field. Unsurprisingly, 40% of them found the transition to distributed work to be difficult, compared to the average of 25%. Certain jobs, and indeed entire industries (such as Agriculture and Hospitality), cannot embrace distributed work in part or in full. Other industries could transition to distributed work more easily, but find themselves tied to a physical location and its sense of identity. When asked about the possibility of his workers leaving Silicon Valley en masse, Google CEO Sundar Pichai was supportive of the company transitioning to DW—over the next decade. Even tech giants are reluctant to let go of what we all had so recently, which leads to our biggest problem. The final hurdle keeping workers from creating a distributed work situation that fits their needs: a lack of imagination on the part of employers. Compared to what we were all doing just a year ago in late 2019, the number of jobs that can make the change is much higher than we dared to imagine. And ironically, that’s the true and final hurdle keeping so many workers from being able to create a distributed work situation that fits their needs: a lack of imagination on the part of employers themselves. Pass it on Industrial Revolution-era assembly lines essentially brought a worker’s task to them, usually via lanes of rollers or a conveyor belt. Each worker had a specialized task that they would perform on an object before sending it down the belt to the next worker with their own unique task. Pre-COVID offices often had the centralized physical space and job hierarchy of an assembly line, but they had none of the efficiency. Then COVID happened, and that machine broke down. Jobs that revolved on workers collaborating in quick, unscheduled meetings can now be slowed down to a crawl if the right parties aren’t available for a video chat. The full-coverage productivity of an office can be difficult, if not impossible, to recreate at home for a dedicated 9-5 work day. We can’t take our workplaces home with us; literally and figuratively, they can’t fit. Instead, the future of work could look a lot more flexible and purpose-built, almost like an assembly line, with the internet itself acting as our conveyor belt. Imagine your team seen not as a group spread thin by distance work, but as individual dots to be connected in order. With this new lens, digital communication becomes about getting information tools to the next person down the line. If we’re not expected to interact with an entire office as we try to recreate our old in-person social roles, those expectations can turn into specific tasks and roles. Rather than leaning on the messy-and-questionably-productive scrum of meetings, a distributed workplace could adopt a signpost mentality when it comes to tasks and productivity. Instead of navigating your entire company’s social sphere to get the info you need to finish a task, your job could just be to complete your work and then provide context for the person who will grab the baton from your hand going forward. Think of it like trading our highly interdependent workflow for a more individually liberating, self-serve model. Or ideally, something even more exciting. Using the language of industrial-era labor to describe a future that surpasses it entirely is a great example of how limited our imaginations have become. It’s heartening to know we’ve never been closer to new ideas, attitudes, and ways to describe them both. Learning from the history of work can help us move beyond the harmful and obsolete. Our top-down, factory-style approach to working is a setup that predates the invention of the lightbulb. We’re long overdue for an upgrade. This year has finally given us real data and insight into what widespread distributed work looks like, and from that we can finally push past the status quo. If we can embrace work that’s flexible enough to exist outside the office while protecting those who can’t make the digital jump yet, we can ensure the Distributed Work Revolution doesn’t wind up as a historical footnote.
The Mind-Body Connection: How Mental Health Impacts Physical Health Everything is connected. Whether you realize it or not, what happens in one area of your health impacts and affects others. Taking care of your mind helps take care of your body, and vice versa. At Vivage, we understand how important it is to pay attention to all aspects of a person’s wellness. In conjunction with traditional medicine and care, our communities offer holistic services that cater to the “whole person” – mind, body, and spirit. To help you realize how this works, we are exploring the connection between the mind and body and how the two affect one another. What is the Mind-Body Connection? According to John Hopkins Medicine, the “mind-body connection is the belief that the causes, development and outcomes of a physical illness are determined from the interaction of psychological, social factors and biological factors.” The connection between the mind and body is essentially a link between all aspects of an individual’s overall health and wellness. This means that our thoughts and emotions can negatively or positively affect our physical conditions and health. How Does Mental Health Influence Physical Health? The mind-body connection explains that our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and beliefs influence the physical health of our bodies. A good example of this is stress. Stress is a mental condition, and while it can be useful in small doses, like in an emergency situation, long-term or chronic stress can start to affect your physical health The American Psychological Association states, “stress affects all systems of the body including the musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, nervous, and reproductive systems.” When a person experiences chronic stress, it can lead to physical ailments and conditions such as headaches, heartburn, high blood pressure, tense muscles, or stomachaches. These conditions, initially caused by stress, can then potentially lead to additional health issues. The connection between the mind and body, however, goes both ways. If you are dealing with physical ailments, this can affect how you feel. For instance, if you are recovering from an injury and are in a lot of pain, you may feel frustrated that you are not healing quickly enough or experience anxiety about getting back to work. And the cycle continues. However, this mind-body connection can be a positive influence on your health too. Maintaining a positive attitude and outlook on life can help your body heal and ward off illness more than someone who is less optimistic. Why a Holistic Approach is Important The holistic approach to care is about caring for the whole person – mind, body, and spirit. It is about improving overall health and wellness, making it the ideal approach for enhancing the mind-body connection.Vivage Holistic Care eBook A holistic approach to care goes beyond treating symptoms. It finds the root cause of a condition and works to heal it, preventing additional side effects and the development of other ailments. Additionally, a holistic approach is more personalized. Instead of getting the same treatment as someone else with a similar issue, your plan is unique to you. This approach encourages you to listen to your mind and body and do what is right for your specific needs. Throughout our communities, Vivage implements a holistic approach into the care that we provide. Some of these integrative programs include: • Animal and pet interactions • Aromatherapy • Art classes • Guided meditation • Horticulture and gardening • Massage • Mindful movement programs • Music and vibration therapy By treating the root cause of a condition, it is far less likely that additional ailments, mental or physical, will develop from the original issue. Practicing mindfulness and taking care of your mental health can go a long way in improving your physical health as well. When we realize that every aspect of our health, mind and body, is connected, it becomes easier to enhance our overall wellness. We learn to take cues from our bodies and take back control over our thoughts and feelings. If you would like to learn more about how we integrate a more holistic approach into the care we provide throughout our communities, visit our website or contact a member of the Vivage team. Back to Blog Related Articles Vivage Explores the Benefits Exercise has on Mental Health At any age, physical activity and exercise play an important role in overall health. However,... Healthy Habits for Maintaining Heart Health When you think of hearts in February, you likely picture heart-shaped boxes of chocolate, paper... Staying Connected & Socially Engaged Promotes Healthy Aging Socialization is essential throughout our lives. As children, socializing helps us learn how to...
Слике страница They are indigenous or native; and exotic or foreign. 443. The parts of fructification consist of the calyx, or cup, which is the outer green covering of a flower. The corolla are the delicate leaves or petals of the flower generally coloured, and are the parts which constitute the beauty of the flower. The ? 'ctary, or nectarium, is the part within the corolla which secretes the honey. 444. The calyx and corolla are fine expansions of the outer and inner bark or rhind of the plant; and their evident purpose is, to protect certain delicate extensions of the pith and wood, which grow within the corolla, and are called the pistil and the stamen, by the peculiar organization of which the seed is produced. 445. The pistil is provided at its head with a gummy matter, and the stamen with a fine dust called poblen; and when the dust falls on the head of the pistil, it is there absorbed and carried down the style of the pistil to the germen or seed-vessel in the centre of the fower; where the seed is, in consequence, produced within a pericarp, afterwards called fruit. 446. Fruits, which afford us so many luxuries, are in fact, nothing more than the covering, or the natural means for protecting the seed of plants, and called, by botanists, Pericarps. Some pericarps are pulpy, as those of apples, pears, nectarines, &c. some are hard, as nuts; and some scaly, as the cones of fir-trees. Your contemplation further yet pursue; The wondrous world of vegetables view! See various trees their various fruits produce, Some for delightful taste, and some for use. See sprouting plants enrich the plain and wood, For physic some, and some design'd for food. See fragrant flowers, with different colours dy'd, On smiling meads unfold their gaudy pride.--BLACKMORE. 447. It must not then be forgotten, that the design of the beautiful flowers which cover the earth is to create the seeds of future trees, that the leaves, or corolla, of the flowers are merely protections of the delicate pistil, stamen, and germen; that in this last are produced the seeds; and that for their protection is provided the pericarp, which we call the fruit. Go, mark the matchless workings of the POWER 7'hat shuts within the seed the future flower ; Bids these, in elegance of form excel, In colour these, and those delight the smell ; Sends Nature forth, the daughter of the skies, To dance on earth, and charm all human eyes.--COWPER. 448. Linnæus seized on the variations in the number of stamens as a means of classing the vegetable kingdom into twenty-four denominations. Those flowers having one pistil, and but one stamen, he called mon-andria; those of two stamens he called di-andria; three, triandria; so on up to twenty stamens, and above twenty polyandri. When he found stamens in one flower, and pistils in another, on the same plant, he called them diæcia, and on different plants polygamia. When altogether invisible, cryptogamia, 449. Nothing can be more easy than to remember the names of these 24 classes ; they are, 1. Monandria, one stamen. 2. Diandria, two stamens. 3. Triandria, three stamens. 4. Tetrandria, four stamens. 5. Pentandria, five stamens. 6. Hexandria, six stamens, all of equal length. 7. Heptandria, seven stamens. 8. Octandria, eight stamens. 9. Enneandria, nine stamens. 10. Decandria, ten stamens, filaments separate. 11. Dodecandria, twelve stamens to nineteen inserted on the receptacle. 12. Icosandria, twenty or more stamens, inserted upon the calyx or corolla. [ocr errors] 13. Polyandria, many stamens. 14. Didynamia, four stamens, two long, two short. 15. Tetradynamia, six stamens, four long, two short. 16. Monadelphia, filaments united at bottom, but separate at top. 17. Diadelphia, filaments united in two sets. 18. Polyadelphia, filaments united in three or more sets. 19. Syngenesia, filaments united, and five stamens. 20. Gynandria, stamens inserted on the pistil, or on a pillar elevating the pistil. 21. Monæcia, stamens and pistils in separate corollas, upon the same plant. 22. Diæcia, stamens and pistils in distinct corollas, upon different plants. 23. Polygami, various situations; stamens only, or pistils only. 24. Cryptogamia, stamens and pistils inconspicuous. Obs.--I have introduced beneath, a representation of the pistils and stamens of a few of the first classes ; and the pupil will, doubtless, be led to observe them within any flowers which fall in his way in his walks or otherwise. [blocks in formation] 450. The Triandria contains chiefly the natural tribe of grasses; the hexandria, the lilies. The Icosandria contains the edible fruits , the polyandria, has many poisonous plants. The Tetradynamia contains the natural tribe of flowers, which are antiscorbutic. The Monadelphia is composed chiefly of the mallow tribe. Diadelphia consists of the pea tribe, which produces edible seeds. Syngenesia possesses the compound flowers. And the cryptogamia contains the natural tribes of ferns, mosses, sea-weeds, and mushrooms. Obs. The first order of the fourteenth class, denominated “ didynamia gymnospermia,” are all innocent or wholesome: those of the other order, are fetid, narcotic, and dangerous ; being allied to a large part of the pentandria monogynia, known to be poisonous, as containing hepbane, night-shade, and tobacco. The whole class tetradynamia is wholesome. Whenever the stamens are found to grow out of the calyx, they indicate the pulpy fruits of such plants to be wholesome. The papilionaceous plants are wholesome, except the seeds of the laburmum; wbich, if eaten unripe, are violently emetic and dangerous. Milky plants are generally to be suspected. Umbelliferous plants, which grow in dry or elevated situations, are aromatic, safe, and often wholesome; while those that inhabit low and watery places, are among the most deadly poisons. 451. Other distinctions in each class produce a division of the classes, called Orders. A further division of the orders, founded on distinctions in the nectariam, led to the Genera. Other divisions of the genera, in regard to the root, trunk, leaves, &c. lead to Species; and casual differences in species are called Varieties. 452, The natural substances found in all vegetables are, sugar in sugar-cane, beet, carrots, &c. gum or mucilage, which oozes from many trees; jelly, procured from many fruits ; turpentine and tar from the pine; bitters, from hops and quassia ; and the narcotic principle from the milk of poppies, lettuce, &c. 453. The vegetables of the greatest value to man, are those which produce gluten or starch; as wheat, potatoes, barley, beans, &c. Oils are produced by pressing the seeds or kernels of vegetables ; as olives, almonds, linseed, &c. Volatile oils are distilled from peppermint, lavender, &c. Wax is collected from all flowers by bees. 454. Resins exude like gum from firs and other trees; and are known as balsams, varnishes, turpentine, tar, pitch, &c.' Of this class, too, is Indian rubber; which is a gum that exudes from a certain tree in South America. Iron also mixes with the substance of most vegetables; and is the cause of the beautiful colours of flowers. Potash is obtained from the ashes of burnt vegetables; as kelp, vine, fern, &c. Obs.- The classes monrecia and dioecia, which bave the pistil and stamens in different flowers, and on different plants, have the pistil fructified by the bees and other insects, which enter the corolla to extract the honey from the nectarium. The pollen in those flowers which have stamens only, falls on their bodies, and is carried by them to the flowers which have pistils only. And it deserves to be noticed, as a proof of the contrivance of the DIVINE ARCHITECT of Nature, that when the pistil is shorter than the stamens, the flowers grow upright, that the pollen may fall from the anthers of the stamens or the stigma of the pistils ; but when the pistil is Jonger than the stamen, the flower bangs downward, that the pollen, in falling, may be caught by the stigma of the pistil. -Who can paint Like Nature? Can imagination boast, Amidst his gay creation, hues like hers? And can he mix them with that matchless skill, And lay them on so delicately fine, And lose them in each other as appears bud that blows? If fancy, then, Unequal fails beneath the pleasing task, Ah! What shall language do? « ПретходнаНастави »
Photograph: Vjeran Pavic For most of the twentieth century, Americans took a certain social geography for granted: the well-off lived in the suburbs, encircling poor city centers. But in other parts of the world, notably in Europe, the pattern has typically been reversed. Think of Paris banlieues, where the poor live in public housing and commute long distances to jobs in the urban core. When I wrote a book on the urban experience forty years ago, most Americans viewed that experience with trepidation. The image of city life as bleak, dilapidated, and dangerous soon became entrenched. Moving to the suburbs, which the American middle class had been doing for generations, turned into “flight.” But those scary years were unusual. Historically, cities have been wealthier, safer, and more welcoming than their surroundings—even as they were, at the same time, sites of cultural deviation and political dissent. Before the 1970s, big American cities still had charm. Families went to the movies to see On the Town (1949) or Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961); crooners sang Lorenzo Hart’s lyrics describing Manhattan as “an isle of joy.” By the 1970s and ’80s, however, New York had come to be associated with dark movies such as Taxi Driver (1976) and Death Wish (1974). Grandmaster Flash’s 1982 rap hit “The Message” declaimed, “It’s like a jungle sometimes / It makes me wonder how I keep from goin’ under.” Cities have become a sensible choice for the well-off, and suburbs a necessity for the poor. Now the wheel has turned again: filmmakers are having trouble finding stereotypically grimy alleys in Manhattan. Today’s political fights are not about stemming urban decay but about stemming urban upscaling. What happened? In the nineteenth century, first wealthy and then middle-class Americans, commuting by horse-car lines, trains, and then electrified streetcars, moved out from the city centers. The emergence of affordable automobiles in the early twentieth century enabled yet more families to follow. Greenery and spacious houses drew well-to-do Americans, while city turmoil and noise—and especially anxiety about foreign and dark-skinned newcomers—thrust them out. The new pattern, roughly one of concentric circles, entailed a central business district surrounded by a mix of industrial sites and poor housing, then a band of working-class districts, all surrounded by middle-class and elite suburbs. Post–World War II development accentuated this arrangement. In the suburbs, single-family housing boomed, shopping malls opened, and white-collar employers arrived. In city centers, aging housing, infrastructure, and factories accelerated depopulation. Several federal policies subsidized and encouraged urban sprawl, construction of single-family homes, and whites-only suburbs. As more southern blacks moved into northern cities, racial anxieties further spurred white flight. The violent crime wave that began in the 1960s seemed to cement the pattern: jobless black ghettoes in the center, affluent white suburbs and gleaming office parks on the outside, and anxious working-class whites in between. But today we hear a different story. The media propound on millennials occupying—and latté-ifying—gritty inner-city neighborhoods. We are accustomed to pictures of refurbished lofts in New York or glammed-up gingerbread houses in San Francisco. The national trends are somewhat more obscure, though, and for a number of reasons. City–suburb distinctions are muddied because they reflect arbitrary political boundaries. Hoboken is closer to Wall Street than Queens is, but, administratively, Queens is considered part of the city. Moreover, the city boom is happening in some regions (especially the Pacific Coast) more than in others (the Heartland), and the Great Recession sent a slew of young people back home. Nonetheless, data show that the downtowns of many major cities started attracting middle-class people, especially recent college graduates, a couple of decades ago, as their less-educated fellows stayed in or headed to the suburbs. Prices started to reflect the growing demand for city living. Today, houses near downtown are often luxury goods. Meanwhile, many of the city poor have moved out, some to the suburbs. Since the early 2000s, more poor Americans live in suburbs than in cities, a mounting trend. An analysis of U.S. Census data for Atlanta, Charlotte, Denver, and Houston shows that between 1990 and 2012 the percentages of residents living in the very center of the city who had bachelor’s degrees roughly doubled, while the percentage who were poor dropped. Ten to fifteen miles out, the presence of poor residents increased substantially. Low-wage downtown workers who were once close to their jobs have to drive much longer distances from their new suburban neighborhoods. Restaurateurs in San Francisco complain that even well-paying service jobs go unfilled. Just as city centers are starting to become safer, nicer places, the poor can no longer afford them. Corporate offices, too, have been moving back—or moving for the first time—into city centers. General Electric recently announced that it is moving its headquarters from suburban Connecticut to Boston’s Seaport District. Well known are the Silicon Valley tech firms expanding their presence in San Francisco—to the consternation of many locals. Nothing marks American neighborhoods more than race. Latino and Asian immigration has made metropolitan areas more complex socially, but the inversion of urban patterns can be read clearly in black and white. After decades of sharp decline, the white population of major cities stabilized and then started rising. In the last few years, it has grown while the size of the black population has held steady. Major black growth has instead occurred in the suburbs, where the white population is stagnant. Ferguson, Missouri, dramatizes the suburbanization of poverty and race. Rutgers scholar Paul Jargowsky points out that as “recently as 1990, Ferguson was 75 percent white, but by 2010 it was about two-thirds black. The poverty rate shot up from 7 percent to 22 percent over that period.” While the ongoing inversion of America’s urban social geography is apparent, its explanation is not. Several factors probably contributed. One is demographic. Young, childless adults and affluent empty-nesters—the sorts of people who lean toward city life—have become proportionally more numerous. But the process of city revival has been long and deeply rooted. Demographics can’t be the whole story. Another factor is the shifting economics of land use, which for so long encouraged middle-class sprawl. Inner city property values fell as infrastructure decayed. It finally dropped enough to warrant investor risk-taking. The result has been new city malls, new office buildings, and new or restored housing. Meanwhile the suburban housing of the 1950s and ’60s aged, becoming both less attractive to the affluent and more affordable to the non-affluent. For young middle-class couples, the idea of moving even further out to yet greener pastures became less practical as extended commutes strained family life. Cities became a more sensible choice for the well-off, and aging suburbs more of a necessity for the poor. The sudden, and still poorly understood, drop in violent crime starting about twenty-five years ago further encouraged city revival. Americans of 1976 would be astonished to see New Yorkers’ evening strolls in Central Park in 2016. The influx of immigrants in the 1980s and ’90s seems to have helped revitalize city commerce and reduce crime. Another factor may be a shift in Americans’ values. City-bound corporate leaders often say they go where the workers they seek want to live and play. The “smart growth” planning movement, which emphasizes transportation hubs and walkable neighborhoods, both reflects and stimulates a pro-city ideology. In a 2008 poll, respondents between eighteen and thirty-four years of age were about twice as likely to prefer city living as were older respondents. Does this reflect a growing taste for “bright lights, big city,” or just youthful fancy? Reports suggest that, for the first time in a long time, white births are increasing in Manhattan and Center City, Philadelphia. We will know more about how long this pattern is likely to last when today’s urban residents have children of school-going age. For now, singers can return to the Vernon Duke lyrics, “It’s autumn in New York / It’s good to live it again.”
What is the Omicron Variant and How Can I Protect Myself? The newest Covid-19 variant, Omicron, is taking over all news headlines. Since it has a different genetic makeup than the previous strains, the severity, transmissibility, and vaccine protection are still unknown. Scientists and public health officials are working hard to monitor the spread and gather information to answer important questions we all have about the variant. What We Know So Far Is it more transmissible? Omicron was first detected in South Africa where it spread quickly in areas with low vaccination rates. So far, in South Africa, Omicron spread very quickly but in areas with low vaccination rates. Very early data shows that in areas with high vaccine levels it spreads slower. It will likely spread more easily than the original virus but the comparison to Delta remains unknown. Is it more virulent than other variants? Is it more likely to cause severe illness or death? More data is needed to know if Omicron infections and breakthrough infections in people who are fully vaccinated cause more severe illness or death. Are our vaccines effective? Current vaccines are expected to help protect against severe illness, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, even if you are fully vaccinated, you may still catch the Omicron variant. Boosters are recommended for everyone. In addition to being the best protection against the virus, vaccines slow transmission and help reduce the likelihood of new variants emerging. The CDC encourages everyone to continue to wear masks. Masks can be found on the website here. Other protective equipment can be found in PPE essentials collection. Germs are frequently transmitted by hands. Help prevent the spread by frequently washing your hands and using hand sanitizer.
“Eating your feelings” Your brain is a nonstop, high powered, supercomputer that your body allocates over 20% of energy output into. Needless to say, our brains require an absurd amount of nutrients to operate at an efficient level. So, what are you feeding it? We all have a clear understanding of the correlation between your physical health and your diet, however, we often negligent the effects of our everyday food consumption to our mood and mental health. Though there are numerous factors linked to depression and mood irregularities, the rise of nutritional psychiatry has found strong links between the intake of unprocessed whole grains, fruits, and lean proteins with the decreased likelihood of depressive symptoms. “Traditional Diets”, Like the Mediterranean diet and the traditional Japanese diet, compared to the Western diet, have shown that the risk of depression is 25% to 35% lower in those who eat a traditional diet. Traditional diets tend to be high in vegetables, fruits, unprocessed grains, seafood, and a modest amount of lean meats. Whereas, traditional western diets consist of unprocessed foods, probiotics, and high sugar content. According to an analysis posted by Harvard Health Publishing stated, “A dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, fish, olive oil, low-fat dairy and antioxidants and low intakes of animal foods was apparently associated with a decreased risk of depression. A dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of red and/or processed meat, refined grains, sweets, high-fat dairy products, butter, potatoes and high-fat gravy, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables is associated with an increased risk of depression.” Though appropriate medication and therapy are avenues of treatment that have helped those who suffer from depression, we aren’t helping ourselves by continuing the consumption of unnatural foods and unprocessed sugars. We need to reassess what we’re feeding ourselves, and with the increase of depression amongst this upcoming generation, it has become imperative that we take a closer look at what we’re feeding ourselves. It could be killing us.

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