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American melting pot theory - American melting pot theory - think Product America is a melting pot essay For as far back as history books go there have been stories about people moving from one place to another. So it is no surprise that a common nickname for America. America will improve little to none in the area of accepting everyone. The melting pot is at the heart of the American immigration system. The country earned its title by accepting immigrants of various cultures and molding, or melting, them into the American lifestyle. Throughout the years, the United States has strived to be the most diverse and accepting country in the world. The term melting pot refers to the idea that societies formed by immigrants of different cultures, religions, and ethnic groups, will. Download file to see previous pages It can be referred to a blend of culture as many minority groups have given up their native cultures in pursuit of a more equal and blended society. We honor and respect all cultures and invite them to bring their customs here to the United States The Melting Pot? american melting pot theory American melting pot theory Video Pot or Salad Bowl? Marxism Theory And Culture's Theory Of Culture American culture is seen as a melting pot that contains many different ethnicities that practice their own religious, political and self-identity standpoint the United States. Since the American culture is identified as a melting pot, American culture is not made up of one single culture; instead, it is the combination of different cultures to form a new culture that they call their own. A Culture and Subculture To study culture is to find out the definition of culture from various viewpoints. american melting pot theory For some people culture is the identity of a society, or another view of culture is that the culture is the sum of intelligence that was gather and inherit Disneyland Resort Paris Words 6 Pages after understanding local cultures The case Disneyland Resort Paris: Mickey Goes to Europe introduced readers to the development of Disneyland Paris during fifteen years. Even though Disneyland Paris had a terrible start init had a great improvement and bright future in The reason for its failure and success is the same: culture. Forgetting to respect local culture caused Disneyland to lose market and revenue in Paris, while adjusting its operations with culture issues put Disneyland Paris Joys And Difficulties Of An Agriculture American melting pot theory Words 8 Pages because of values I learned growing up that I live my life by and hold true to my traditions. The Three Main Experiences Of American Culture But I did not know how much of my life impacts others or how agriculture ties into global issues. During my GL class I have learned that my everyday values and beliefs can help global issues, and that my future in agriculture can also be affected with global issues. american melting pot theory Values are the things in life that are important and meaningful to people. To them culture shaped policy system also influences the values embedded in education policy. This diversity is one thing that makes America so attractive to outsiders. Navigation menu Along with the many benefits this diversity brings to society, however, it also causes some challenges. Challenges such as a clash of cultural beliefs; clashes of the way society should view its ethical obligations toward family and those they love. These beliefs are definitely influenced by the culture people were raised in and the values inculcated into them from youth Social Determinants Of Public Health Words 4 Pages and between american melting pot theory. I will use my personal experience where I conducted during the summer with AsiaNetwork, which examines access to health care for rural Japanese elderly compared to Native Americans. The focus of this assignment will be the health disparity associated with aging Native Americans. America is a melting pot essay Political and Legal Considerations Cooperation is key to develop policies that best help the people. Unfortunately, many politicians struggle in developing new policies and refining existing public Starbucks Cafe : Part 2 Essay Words 11 Pages identified in the report is Chen, the president of Levendary China, has completely changed the core design of the company to give local look and feel. The change in the taste preferences by the Chinese american melting pot theory is another problem which made Chen to change the core values of Levendary according to the local demand. The bicycle has been the symbol of this product and it is original idea of the name. Amber ale is very popular in Australia, France and North America, the American Amber ale is brewed in varying degrees of bitterness. are really few kinds of Amber ale are particularly hoppy. From toNew Belgium distributed in.] One thought on “American melting pot theory 2. You have kept away from conversation 4. It does not approach me. Who else, what can prompt? 5. How will order to understand? 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Harvesting drinking water from the air with the power of space Obtaining fresh drinking water from the air has been very energy intensive for a long time. Researchers at ETH Zurich have now invented a currentless technology that uses the cooling of space for this. The new device essentially consists of a specially coated pane of glass that both reflects solar radiation and radiates its own heat into space via the atmosphere. As a result, it cools down to 15 degrees Celsius below the ambient temperature. On the underside of this disk, water vapor from the air condenses to form water. I have published a dew point calculator for this. The Swiss researchers want to bring this technology to the south. It would be ideal to propagate such radiative cooling. So not only fields could be irrigated with water. At the same time, the fields could be cooled by up to 15 ° C, thus ensuring a good harvest. The heat stress is already causing enormous crop failures. It’s also a bit of a moral obligation, because our wealth also comes from burning fossil fuels. However, the rising temperatures are increasingly affecting the poorer south. These radiation coolers represent a CO2 compensation, as the effect of the CO2 can be compensated in this way. Relieving women from the burden of collecting water by providing a faucet for every household could enable them to contribute 122 million additional working days per year to the global economy Women and girls can also benefit from this, as drinking water often involves a considerable amount of work in the south. Making southern communities resilient to heat waves and slowing down refugee movements has tremendous benefits, and one dollar invested in water resilience can translate into a return of $ 21, as detailed in the FT article . If you would like to support this and other solar radiation management techniques, please contact me . Tautemperatur berechnen[Quelle][Zero Mass Water Review] Td = 243.12 * A / (17.62 – A) A = Log(RH / 100) / Log(2.718282) + (17.62 * Ta / (243.12 + Ta)) RH = relative humidity (%) Ta = air temperature (degrees celsius) Td = dew point (degrees Celsius) 1 m³ air cooling 1° Celcius is about 38 BTU/hr or 11 Watt(1 BTU/hr = 3.412141633 Watt) Ta = air temperature (degrees celsius) Relative Feuchte T/(°C) XH20 (abs) rH Beladung bei 100 % rH -20 0,0010 100% 0,75 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) -15 0,0016 100% 1,2 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) -10 0,0025 100% 1,9 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) – 5 0,0040 100% 3,0 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 0 0,0060 100% 4,5 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 5 0,0086 100% 6,4 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 10 0,0121 100% 9,1 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 15 0,0168 100% 12,6 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 20 0,0230 100% 17,5 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 25 0,0313 100% 23,5 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 30 0,0418 100% 31,4 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 35 0,0555 100% 41,6 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) 40 0,0728 100% 54,6 g(H2O)/m3(Luft) Please follow and like us:
Chaperone-adhesin complexes possess highest affinity for the start and usher pilus set up by binding towards the usher N site, with subsequent handoff towards the usher C domains Chaperone-adhesin complexes possess highest affinity for the start and usher pilus set up by binding towards the usher N site, with subsequent handoff towards the usher C domains. (6). In 1975, Ottow recommended that pili become reserved for all those structures involved with bacterial mating and fimbriae for constructions involved with adhesion (4). Nevertheless, his recommendation didn’t stick interchangeably as well as the conditions stay utilized. Here, we use the word pili generally. Pili are hairlike organelles that decorate the bacterial surface area. Pili are usually involved with function and adhesion in a variety of relationships between bacterias, bacteria and additional cells, and bacterias and their encircling environment. These features are the development of biofilms and microcolonies, colonization ITI214 of areas, and receptor-mediated adhesion to sponsor cells (1). Some types of pili also function in motility as well as the uptake of DNA or phage (7). By performing outside a bacteriums capsule or additional protective surface area framework, pili may raise the practical reach of bacterias and confer adhesive features while conserving the hurdle properties from the mobile envelope. The power of pili to do something distantly through the cell surface area also may facilitate bacterial evasion of immune system surveillance and recognition or uptake by sponsor cells. Pilus classification strategies Pilus classification strategies possess changed more than the entire years. In 1965, Brinton recognized six types of pili in (8). The next yr, Duguid and co-workers suggested a classification structure predicated on pilus morphology and hemagglutination potential (9). This structure comprised seven pilus types (types 1 through 6 and F). In following schemes, pili had been classified predicated on their capabilities to agglutinate human being red bloodstream cells of different bloodstream organizations in the existence or lack of mannosides. For instance, P pili of uropathogenic (UPEC) bind the disaccharide Gal(1C4)Gal linkage on erythrocytes from the P bloodstream group system and so are mannose-resistant (10, 11), whereas Dr pili (also mannose-resistant) bind Compact disc55 on DR bloodstream group erythrocytes (12, 13). This classification structure ITI214 led to the word type 1 pili, which continues to be in current make use of, to make reference to mannose-sensitive bacterial surface area fibers. However, hereditary analyses exposed that hemagglutination-based classification schema are arbitrary, because they might assign pili encoded by homologous genes into different organizations, and pili encoded by specific systems in to the same group (14C17). Extra classification systems predicated on serology possess surfaced (18). Such strategies have been especially beneficial to classify all of the pilus antigens indicated by which leads to the classification of pili into at least four different organizations: chaperone/usher (CU) pili, curli, type IV pili, and conjugative F pili (22C26). Pili constructed from the CU pathway will be the focus of the review. Pili constructed with a chaperone- and usher-dependent system The CU pathway acts to put together and secrete a superfamily of adhesive and virulence-associated surface area constructions in Gram-negative bacterias (27, 28). Pili are polymeric materials constructed from multiple subunit protein. The set up of pili from the CU pathway requires the binding of nascent pilus subunits with a devoted chaperone in the bacterial periplasm, and the next polymerization of subunits in to the pilus dietary fiber at the external ITI214 membrane (OM) by an intrinsic OM channel proteins termed the usher. Hereditary loci coding for CU pili can be found both and on plasmids chromosomally, and confirmed bacterial genome might contain multiple different CU loci. A systematic work by Nuccio and Baumler (29) classified all CU pathways into phylogenetic clades based on usher gene series, yielding six clades: , , (subdivided into 1, 2, 3, and 4), ITI214 , , and . For the , , , and clades, the clade designations had been designated to reflect a specific quality from the clade or a prominent member the following: -pili, alternative CU family members; -pili, K88 (F4) pili; -pili, pyelonephritis-associated pili (P pili); and -pili, spore coating proteins U from (ETEC) and serotype Typhi, including colonization element antigen I (CFA/I) and Typhi colonization element (Tcf) pili (31C36). The alternative CU family members is known as course 5 pili occasionally, from a classification structure based on series analysis from the pilus subunit proteins (37). Yet another division from the CU superfamily into two subfamilies continues to be made predicated on conserved series variations in an area from the pilus chaperones. These variations relate to the space from the loop linking the chaperones F1 and G1 -strands (discover Section 4). Rabbit Polyclonal to SH3GLB2 Those systems whose chaperones include a brief loop participate in the F1-G1-brief (FGS) subfamily; those whose chaperones consist of huge loops are classified in the F1-G1-lengthy (FGL) subfamily (38C40). The FGS subfamily assembles a variety of pilus constructions, including rigid, helical rods with specific tip fibers like the type 1 and P pili. The FGL subfamily assembles slim, fibrillar or nonfibrillar surface area constructions (38, 39). The FGL CU subfamily.
Cliffs Notes for Climate Change? Science Panels Create a Primer on the Planet’s Fate No wonder so many scientists are at their wits’ end when it comes to climate change: Despite an overwhelming scientific consensus that the planet is warming—and that human activity is much to blame—the public remains skeptical. In fact, one poll indicates that nearly 2 out of 5 Americans believe global warming is just a hoax. Not to mention that some of those climate change deniers are member of Congress. So the leading science panels in the United States and the United Kingdom have released a plain-spoken primer on the subject, now available in print and online. The publication aims to be scientifically sound but unflinching. It confirms that human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuels since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, have caused a 40 percent increase in heat-trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In the 20th century, that marked a 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit rise in the average surface temperature of Earth. If emissions continue unabated on their current trajectory, the report notes, scientists are “very confident” that by the end of the 21st century, the planet will have heated up an additional 4.8 to 8.6 degrees. Say, hypothetically, that the whole world suddenly stopped burning fossil fuels overnight? Problem solved? Not by a long shot—in fact, the report says temperatures would still remain elevated for about a thousand years. And sea levels would continue to rise for hundreds of years beyond even that. “The current CO2 -induced warming of Earth is therefore essentially irreversible on human timescales,” the report declares. “The amount and rate of further warming will depend almost entirely on how much more CO2 humankind emits.” The 36-page report was produced by the National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society, and its lead U.S. author is UC Berkeley atmospheric science professor Inez Fung. The goal was to be succinct—as Fung told The Daily Californian, “you don’t have to wade through a thousand pages to get to what we’re talking about.” Organized with a Q&A format, it asks and answers twenty common questions, including “Climate is always changing. Why is climate change of concern now?” and “Does the recent slowdown of warming mean that climate change is no longer happening?” and “If the world is warming, why are some winters and summers still very cold?” Some responses address the seemingly obvious, such as why a few degrees of global warming matter that much: “Both theory and direct observations have confirmed that global warming is associated with greater warming over land than oceans, moistening of the atmosphere, shifts in regional precipitation patterns and increases in extreme weather events, ocean acidification, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels (which increase the risk of coastal inundation and storm surge.) Already, record high temperatures are on average significantly outpacing record low temperatures, wet areas are becoming wetter as dry areas are becoming drier, heavy rainstorms have become heavier, and snowpacks (an important source of freshwater for many regions) are decreasing. These impacts are expected to increase with greater warming and will threaten food production, freshwater supplies, coastal infrastructure, and especially the welfare of the huge population currently living in low-lying areas.” To those unconvinced that humans are responsible, the report explains how scientific inquiry works—and concludes that both the fundamental physics of greenhouse gases and “fingerprint” studies isolating unique factors show that recent change can’t be due only to natural causes such as volcano eruptions or variations in the sun’s output. In the past decade, American public opinion about the threat of global warming has become a partisan divide. Republicans are far less likely to believe humans play a significant role in climate change, or to regard it as a problem. But Gallup and other pollsters find that gap is beginning to narrow a bit. “As two of the world’s leading scientific bodies, we feel a responsibility to evaluate and explain what is known about climate change, at least the physical side of it, to concerned cititzens, educators, decision-makers and leaders,” said Academy of Sciences president Ralph Cicerone, “and to advance public dialogue about how to respond to the threats of climate change.” Filed under: Science + Health Share this article: Google+ Reddit There is no “overwhelming scientific consensus that the planet is warming”. There IS overwhelming consensus that the media are covering overwhelming loads of not-necessarily-scientific reports on “global warming”, as they dismiss any opposing views as non-scientific. We have Global warming each year in our state. It is called “Spring”. After about 8 month of “global warming”, then “global cooling” arrives, locally known as “Fall”. Current weather models can’t even predict last years temperatures, rainfall, or hurricanes. Neither can it tell you what the weather will be in 2 weeks. The idea that it can accurately predict weather decades into the future is, well, unscientific. Predictions are guesses, nothing more, nothing less. Karnak the Great must be rolling over in his grave. In February it was 74 degrees here. Today, March 5, it is 38. It’s called weather. It changes daily. You don’t know now what April will be like. It’s nothing to lose sleep about. Good night. Rest well. You don’t even know the difference between weather and climate. There is overwhelming scientific consensus - just take a look at the peer reviewed journals. You’ll have a hard time finding a study that disputes AGW. Also, it is almost unprecedented for the NAS to issue such a statement. Obviously the people that make up the most prestigious body of scientists in the world are concerned about our level of inaction. But you know better than them. Yep 90% plus is really not “over” whelming and dismissing opposing views on global warming is kinda like dismissing views arguing the earth is not round.. Totally unfair.„ those gosh darn scientists that require documented evidence are just part of the media cover up… Best just to think folksy thoughts and sleep well.. So much easier to accept”… Plus I would never be caught agreeing with those commie liberals Your comment about checking the peer reviewed journals shows a remarkable lack of understanding about the peer-reviewed process and the propensity of scientists to malign those that disagree with the “consensus.” The “blackballing” of “deniers” is a much too common activity within the scientific community, the one place it should never exist. The results, current scientific journals refuse to accept papers disputing AGW and then their numerous minions tout the fact that articles disputing global warming can’t be found in the journals. Prior to the AGW controversy, the most egregious case was the treatment of scientists that believed that they had proof of human settlements in the Western Hemisphere prior to the Clovis people. This delayed critical research in early human settlements for decades. Scientists don’t like their pet theories debunked, especially when their reputations and funding is dependent on them. The fact that 99% of the scientific funding goes to scientists who support AGW exacerbates the issue significantly. When the political scientific consensus makes a decision about what is “fact,” it becomes known within scientific circles very quickly that if you want funding you’d better write your proposals a certain way, and you damn well better come to the “right” conclusions. Those that don’t have their reputations threatened, watch their funding dry up, and receive rejection after rejection when trying to publish their papers; which peers wouldn’t seriously review anyway, out of fear for their own reputations. Regardless, more and more scientists are disputing AGW, stating very clearly that we don’t know the causes, the process that causes climate change, and that the focus on AGW is hampering the research to discover the actual processes involved. They believe that the inability of the previous scientific models to predict the future shows that AGW is a extremely weak hypothesis and “moving the goal posts” doesn’t change that fact. The problem, of course, is that many AGW supporters are essentially religious fanatics who, much like conservative Christians and Muslims will not allow “sacrilege” to take place and like jihadists will murder/destroy anyone who disagrees. This is “Groupthink” in its ultimate manifestation, where dissenting voices are not allowed. If you don’t believe this is taking place your head is buried in the sand. Here’s an article summarizing a recent senate report that proves the reality of my comments: For those of you with open minds and scientific curiosity here’s a link to another article that speaks to the how unscientific, unethical the “consensus” is. Of course it’s not in a scientific journal, if you expect it to be, you are naive AGW fanatic and I didn’t post it for you. Trying to convince you if the truth would be as much a waste of time as trying to convince a creationist that the universe, the earth, etc. wasn’t created in seven days 8,000 years ago. Assuming that this article is accurate and global warming is happening and it is due to mankinds burning of fossil fuels and assuming that this global warming will continue and sea levels will continue to rise for hundreds of years even if no more CO2 is released into the atmosphere, why do we continue to allow new contruction to go on at or near current sea level? Should the climate alarmists be focused more on the evacuation of metropolitan areas that are bound to be under water any day now? Should we move everyone out of New York, DC, the States of Florida and Louisiana and parts of the West Coast? Great update to your most excellent “Global Warning” issue. Some of the comments prove that much more effective interactive communications is imperative by uniting academics to focus on educating and motivating the public to join together to take actions to save our future quality of life with the greatest sense of urgency. We need global warming spokespersons with the credibility of Winston Churchill and FDR to make the right things happen just like they did to save our civilization during WWII. Citing a US Senate report from 2007 to affirm your point is, well….I don’t think I can even find the words to describe how ridiculous that is. Science is about using the best available data to predict what an outcome might be. The data gathered thus far have been reviewed by thousands of scientists and the vast majority agree with high confidence that burning fossil fuels at the rate we are will result in catastrophic consequences for future generations. Physicians tell us that a diet high in vegetables and low in saturated fats will help prevent heart disease. However, you can flip on the TV just about any night and find somebody posing in a white lab coat saying you can lose weight while sitting on the couch if you just take the pill he developed. Bolster up this kind of garbage? Do what you want, but it’s irresponsible. Your opinion is your opinion Mr. Fregger……but that’s all it is, an opinion. I’ll stick with the data. The data are sound and its telling us we need to stop burning fossil fuels now. This sounds a lot like Pope Francis in the 1500’s. All of you followers of Martin Luther renounce your heritc ways and save your souls from eternal damnation. You’ll be burned at the stake if you don’t. In a nutshell that is how anyone that questions man made global warming is treated. “…thousands of scientists and the vast majority agree with high confidence that burning fossil fuels at the rate we are will result in catastrophic consequences for future generations.” Can we get a source on that please. Excellent point! And you can add to that the fact that Al Gore purchased ocean front property in California. The reason, of course, is that they aren’t concerned about the oceans rising a actuality, only for political reasons. I, of course, chose that 2007 article to emphasize that nothing has changed in the 7 years, including the climate, as we are in a phase in the so called warming. Nor, has the ability of scientists to be able to publish, which is why Dr. Roy Spencer has called the consensus Nazis. You can pooh pooh what many scientists are telling about the sloppy research standards and nazi techniques of those scientists whose reputations and funding depend on the AGW hypothesis but that will not change the facts. To BIGGG EDDD AMEN ! Well said ! RICHARD PETTIT: “This sounds a lot like Pope Francis in the 1500’s.” No it doesn’t. You and Brad Fregger are more than welcome to dispute the current science of climate change. You’re encouraged to 1. Provide alternate theories about the greenhouse effect, solar irradiance, Earth’s energy balance 2. Provide data to support your science 3. Provide evidence for your claims that alternative views are being suppressed. (If you want to be taken seriously, I’d avoid references to “CanadaFreePress”.) SNOW: “…thousands of scientists and the vast majority agree with high confidence that burning fossil fuels at the rate we are will result in catastrophic consequences for future generations.” Can we get a source on that please. Here you go: Whether or not you agree with IPCC, like or dislike the UN, that’s the definitive source for current science about climate. Like I said above, by all means disagree with the conclusions, but you won’t be taken seriously unless you can provide a workable explanation and supporting data. Richard, we are under no obligation to prove that other processes are involved in climate change, what those processes are, or how they operate. Our whole point, which you seemed to have missed in your readings of our posts, is that the science had not matured to the point where these processes are well understood by anyone. It is human hubris to believe that the understanding has been achieved. Personally, it’s kind of ridiculous to suggest that we solve a major scientific problem that we and others are aware of and that a few honest scientists are spending years and jeopardizing reputations and funding to solve. It is obvious that the initial hypothesis (AGW) was wrong. It may be that human caused CO2 plays a role, but extent it plays in the total process is not well understood and any scientist, or group of scientists, that say they know are no better than the evangelist who tells his flock that he knows the day and time of Christ’s return. I guess I was responding to Greg … Sorry Richard. We are skeptical because we know that while we contribute to the problem,man is only a small part of the warming of the Earth and this is another scam run by the mainstream. Here’s a video series done on the scam being run on us. Peace Y A paramount fact of life is that we have far too many Us/Them dichotomies (political, religious, academic, cultural, racial, etc.), and they may well destroy our civilization if we don’t discover a way to adapt in time. Brad: “we are under no obligation to prove that other processes are involved in climate change, what those processes are, or how they operate. Our whole point, which you seemed to have missed in your readings of our posts, is that the science had not matured to the point where these processes are well understood by anyone. ” Sorry Brad, but this doesn’t make a whole lot of sense. The basics of climate science have been around since the 1830’s, when it was observed (that means “no, it’s not a guess”) that CO2 absorbs infrared radiation (heat). In addition, people have been taking measurements of ocean and air temperatures all over the world for hundreds of years, and trying to figure out methods of estimating the temperature history going back thousands of years - and doing it successfully, I might add. (If you want to know more, this is a good place to start: Is there more work to be done? Yes, absolutely, but claiming that the science isn’t “mature” doesn’t mean much unless you know something about the field. Science is about making testable predictions about how the world works, which is what climate science is based on. If you want to make claims that are in direct opposition to the conclusions of the current science, you ARE under an obligation to support those claims. Otherwise you’re just trying to bully people into taking your word for it. Here’s an example: You say, “more and more scientists are disputing AGW”. So prove it: Demonstrate that more actual (that means “Published”, not random engineers or economists or tv weathermen) climate scientists are disputing AGW. Amazing. Forty lines of text that manages to insult scientists and impugn their motives, without a shred of data or a single-yes!-refereed reference. A Senate Republican report cannot be taken seriously. I Fear people like this are beyond hope. In fact, I propose a corollary to Godwin’s Law (whoever first compares their opponent in an argument to Hitler loses the argument): whoever first brings up an ad hominem attack on Al Gore loses the argument. I’m sorry Greg, your presenting an hypothesis, in fact the exact hypothesis that became AGW. Observations and conjecture don’t prove a thing. Are you aware that a significant percentage of people believe that the Sun revolves around the Earth. We may be surprised that they are that ignorant in this day and age, but simple observation supports that belief. Once we’ve got an hypothesis we figure out a way to test it, in this instance we produce some computer models and a hockey stick. If the models and scenarios don’t predict, there are major problems with the hypothesis. This is scientific process 101. Well, they didn’t predict and no moving of the global posts will change that fact. Bottom line, science has not discovered the complex processes that drive climate change and until we accept that fact, the advancement of scientific is being hampered. That’s “scientific knowledge” Brad: “Observations and conjecture don’t prove a thing.” No, but explanations with supporting observations (evidence) are worth more than wild claims and irrelevant examples. Please note that I’m not talking about climate models. I’m talking about observations, measurements, and radiative physics. If you want more information about OBSERVED climate change, have a look here: Your point about “a significant percentage of people believe that the Sun revolves around the Earth.” illustrates this nicely: Yes, lots of people are ignorant about the behavior of the Earth and Sun. However, we KNOW that the Earth revolves around the sun because of observations, measurements, and the THEORY of gravity. As with AGW, you’re welcome to submit your own observations, measurements and explanation if you disagree. - Please provide evidence of your claim above that “more and more scientists are disputing AGW”. Greg, per your request here’s some information from Wikipedia: Peer review Scientists questioning the accuracy of IPCC climate projections Scientists in this section have made comments that it is not possible to project global climate accurately enough to justify the ranges projected for temperature and sea-level rise over the next century. They may not conclude specifically that the current IPCC projections are either too high or too low, but that the projections are likely to be inaccurate due to inadequacies of current global climate modeling. Judith Curry, climatologist and chair of the school of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology[17] Freeman Dyson, professor emeritus of the School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study; Fellow of the Royal Society [18] Richard Lindzen, Alfred P. Sloan emeritus professor of atmospheric science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and member of the National Academy of Sciences[19][20][21] Nils-Axel Mörner, retired head of the Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics department at Stockholm University, former chairman of the INQUA Commission on Sea Level Changes and Coastal Evolution (1999–2003).[22] Garth Paltridge, retired chief research scientist, CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research and retired director of the Institute of the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, visiting fellow ANU[23] Peter Stilbs, professor of physical chemistry at Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.[24] Philip Stott, professor emeritus of biogeography at the University of London[25] Hendrik Tennekes, retired director of research, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute [26] Fritz Vahrenholt, German politician and energy executive with a doctorate in chemistry[27] Scientists arguing that global warming is primarily caused by natural processes Graph showing the ability with which a global climate model is able to reconstruct the historical temperature record, and the degree to which those temperature changes can be decomposed into various forcing factors. It shows the effects of five forcing factors: greenhouse gases, man-made sulfate emissions, solar variability, ozone changes, and volcanic emissions.[28] Scientists in this section have made comments that the observed warming is more likely attributable to natural causes than to human activities. Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles. Khabibullo Abdusamatov, mathematician and astronomer at Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences[29] Sallie Baliunas, astronomer, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics[30][31] Tim Ball, professor emeritus of geography at the University of Winnipeg[32] Robert M. Carter, former head of the school of earth sciences at James Cook University[33] Ian Clark, hydrogeologist, professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa[34] Chris de Freitas, associate professor, School of Geography, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Auckland[35] David Douglass, solid-state physicist, professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester[36] Don Easterbrook, emeritus professor of geology, Western Washington University[37] William M. Gray, professor emeritus and head of the Tropical Meteorology Project, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University[38] William Happer, physicist specializing in optics and spectroscopy, Princeton University[39] Ole Humlum, professor of geology at the University of Oslo[40] Wibjörn Karlén, professor emeritus of geography and geology at the University of Stockholm.[41] William Kininmonth, meteorologist, former Australian delegate to World Meteorological Organization Commission for Climatology[42] David Legates, associate professor of geography and director of the Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware[43] Tad Murty, oceanographer; adjunct professor, Departments of Civil Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa[44] Tim Patterson, paleoclimatologist and professor of geology at Carleton University in Canada.[45][46] Ian Plimer, professor emeritus of Mining Geology, the University of Adelaide.[47] Arthur B. Robinson, biochemist and former faculty member at the University of California, San Diego[48] Nicola Scafetta, research scientist in the physics department at Duke University[49][50] Tom Segalstad, head of the Geology Museum at the University of Oslo[51] Fred Singer, professor emeritus of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia[52][53][54] Willie Soon, astrophysicist, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics[55] Roy Spencer, principal research scientist, University of Alabama in Huntsville[56] Henrik Svensmark, Danish National Space Center[57] Jan Veizer, environmental geochemist, professor emeritus from University of Ottawa[58] Scientists arguing that the cause of global warming is unknown Scientists in this section have made comments that no principal cause can be ascribed to the observed rising temperatures, whether man-made or natural. Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles. Syun-Ichi Akasofu, retired professor of geophysics and founding director of the International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska Fairbanks.[59] Claude Allègre, politician; geochemist, emeritus professor at Institute of Geophysics (Paris).[60] Robert C. Balling, Jr., a professor of geography at Arizona State University.[61] John Christy, professor of atmospheric science and director of the Earth System Science Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, contributor to several IPCC reports.[62][63] Petr Chylek, space and remote sensing sciences researcher, Los Alamos National Laboratory.[64] David Deming, geology professor at the University of Oklahoma.[65] Ivar Giaever, professor emeritus at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.[66] Vincent R. Gray, New Zealander physical chemist with expertise in coal ashes[67] Antonino Zichichi, emeritus professor of nuclear physics at the University of Bologna and president of the World Federation of Scientists.[68] Brad: It’s the “Who’s Who” of climate change denialism. Where’s the “more” part? Most of these people are the same ones who have been arguing against the basic science for years and years (Christy, Lindzen, Singer, Plimer, Spencer), some of them are public figures who talk big but aren’t actually climate scientists (Dyson), and some of them are plain ol’ wingnuts (Ball, Soon) whose work has been discredited. Many of these folks also take money from oil companies and conservative think tanks. Why should I listen to them instead of the IPCC? What about the hundreds of published climate scientists who contribute to the IPCC reports? Who keep saying saying the same thing, which you can read above. Of course that list was on the same page. I wasn’t keeping it a secret. It seems to me we’ve both had our say, but like a Muslim arguing with a Christian, neither of us is going to convince the other. I’ve enjoyed sparing with you but I’ve got to get back to my life now. If the warming gets dangerous, I’ll know that you were right. If you are a typical progressive/AGW fanatic you will never admit you were wrong; not even if hell freezes over. Much like the creationists nothing will be able to convince you. Hopefully, you’re not of that ilk. Brad, you’re right - I am a “typical progressive/AGW fanatic”. I’m also a scientist (biology) who has spent the last 20 years trying to learn as much as I can about climate change. I also claim to be a skeptic when it comes to the evidence, and I have lots of questions about the published literature and the claims of people on both sides of this “debate”. So I’ll repeat what I said earlier: if you can provide substantive evidence that the current theory (mostly the greenhouse effect) is wrong, and provide a better explanation of why the Earth appears to be warming, I HAVE TO take what you say very seriously - otherwise I’m just another loudmouth on the Internet. Hey Brad. I am “a typical progressive/AGW fanatic”. But I’m also a scientist (biology) who has spent the last 20 years learning about climate science, and a skeptic. In other words, I could be wrong. Like I said earlier, if someone can provide a realistic alternative explanation for the observed warming of the Earth, melting icecaps, changes in growing seasons, etc., based on solid evidence, I’ll be glad to listen. - But please go back and read the article again, because it’s a good summary of where we’re at. As I said, the future will tell whose right and whose wrong. Scientists are often wrong and, to be honest, my heroes are the ones who challenge the consensus. NOVA had a great program this week about Mt. St. Helens coming back from the dead. It shows scientists being extremely surprised at his fast the Earth was able to heal itself. Those scientists approached data the conflicted with the consensus opinion with open minds. … That’s the way it’s supposed To work. My academic degree (Masters) is in societal futures. I, too, have been studying for years the way societies approach problems and opportunities and how that effects the socioeconomic health of that society. My research convinces me that we are approaching the issue of climate entirely wrong and that our socioeconomic health will suffer greatly, while having an insignificant impact on the global climate. It does surprise me that, as a scientist, you ignore the lack of AGW models to predict. Or, even worse, you buy into the data manipulation and time changes that attempt to prove that the models were not that far off. Sorry about the typos, I’m late to take a friend to the airport. I’m sure you can figure out what I meant. Brad: My research convinces me that we are approaching the issue of climate entirely wrong and that our socioeconomic health will suffer greatly, while having an insignificant impact on the global climate. Could you please expand on that a bit? …it does surprise me that, as a scientist, you ignore the lack of AGW models to predict. Well, it’s clear that the job of the models is to project, not to predict. This specific confusion has been cultivated by promoters of climate “skepticism” to further the - incorrect - notion that our understanding of AGW rests solely on computer models. As long as scientists fight scientists, religions battle religions, cultures hate other cultures, politicians demonize other politicians, academicians marginalize other academicians ad nauseam we cannot possibly protect our civilization from self-destruction we are enabling today. We must learn to cooperate to protect our civilization like we did during WWII or we shall most certainly fail to have an acceptable future. Expanding “a bit”; this could easily take a book. Essentially, societies have limited money and resources with which tackle serious problems. The bigger the society the harder it is for some to realize that there is a limitation to what can be accomplished, so intelligent priorities must be set. The problem, of course, is that within any group there are powerful differences regarding which priorities are most critical; Lomborg covers this issue as it relates to global warming best. While Anthony St. John is calling for all of us to agree on this issue and many others, that, of course, is a naive approach. World War II was a special case in that there were easily identified enemies that were universally agreed upon, plus the fact that there was only one major voice, the USA. However, there was not a single voice in America prior to our entering the conflict, in fact, there was strong opposition, many influential people who supported Hitler and his ultimate socialist goals. Luckily, for our future, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and we were forced into the war. However, it wasn’t long afterwards that the Soviet Union acquired the atomic bomb and the Cold War began. Back to the subject at hand. The second issue has to do with the availability of cheap energy to run our complex society. Anyone who believes that alternative fuels are within decades of solving this problem are whistling in the wind. We will remain dependent on fossil fuels for decades to come and only a major scientific breakthrough (impossible to anticipate) will change that. Millions of lives are at stake, way beyond any potential loss due to global warning’s most liberal predictions. We are extremely adaptable but we must eat, keep warm, and escape the heat. Grocery stores, during a panic empty in two hours, heating oil must be available, and deaths from over heating do happen, although cold is a much bigger problem. Finally, global warming will not destroy the planet and hopefully we will be able to adapt to any climate changes, except possibly another full-blown ice age. It has, after all, been much warmer in the past and life on the Earth thrived. However, pollution is an immediate danger to millions around the world and, like it or not, CO2 is not a pollutant, it’s a life-giving gas. Therefore, the extreme focus on a life-giving gas is taking us off focus from the immediate issue of chemical pollutants; the situation in China is a prime example. In addition, not allowing third world countries the opportunity to take advantage of cheap energy is an extremely negative impact to their socioeconomic health. In addition, we need the jobs that the search for all forms if cheap energy will provide us, while supplying the rest of the world with the energy modern human civilization needs. We can go back to the days before fossil fuels but hundreds of millions must die for that to happen. In essence, the AGW fanatics have chosen one number and the roulette wheel is spinning. The odds are not on our side. Thanks Brad. I hope I’ll have time to get back to you tomorrow. Brad, we keep proving our worst case scenario failure mode is failure to cooperate for the common good as well as for acceptable long-term quality of life for the human race. The worst case fact of life is that the United Nations, the U.S. Congress, as well as all other social, political and economic institutions are failing to cooperate at our increasing peril. The question still remains “Can We Adapt in Time?”: Anthony, I’m not against cooperation and agree that it us needed during critical times. The problem is, that it is impossible under circumstances that exist today. The agendas are too different, the goals are to personal, and the methods are worlds apart. The Muslims are willing to cooperate as long as we agree to become Muslims; the progressives will agree to cooperate as long as we agree that AGW is a threat, that abortions should be allowed through the ninth month, that government can continue to grow and ultimately gain total control of our lives, etc. Russia will agree as long as we allow them the opportunity to rebuild a Soviet empire; and Iran will cooperate as long as we let them build a nuclear bomb and drop it on Israel and the United States. You can suggest the importance of cooperation all you want but history has shown us the danger of reaching out to those that would destroy us. Although, I do admit that there are those with a strong propensity to “compromise” all if their freedoms and rights away … The ones that would “rather be red than dead.” Brad, so what you are saying is that our educational, scientific and religious institutions are incapable of saving us from ourselves, and we have absolutely no leaders like Churchill and FDR anymore, so we should just surrender. Whatever future generations that are left shall most certainly remember our surrender of their future. Anthony, your examples don’t work for me. First, Churchill wasn’t respected until England was on its last legs, which supports my contention that things need to get terrible before people come together. And, if you’ll remember, once the war was over Churchill was quickly out of favor again; we have very short memories. Roosevelt was the opposite case. He was pretty worthless until Pearl Harbor, when he didn’t have a choice. World War II did have a silver lining, it got us out of a decade long depression, one that was exacerbated by the policies Roosevelt implemented. I have very little respect for our educational institutions and zero faith that they can solve any of our major problems. Scientists are fairly narrow minded, with their primary focus being their specific area of study. In addition, it usually takes years if not decades for any research to become worthwhile for our society and most has a very minor impact. I’m not sure what you expect our religious institutions to accomplish. To me it looks like they are struggling to survive, at least in the western world. As our society becomes more secular it becomes harder and harder for our religious institutions to have an impact. There has always been evil in the world, it would be terrible to surrender to evil. But freedom is not free, so we have to be willing to fight for our freedoms. My fear is that many will acquiesce in favor of security and this experiment in a representative democracy (republic), a system of government that has freed more people from true poverty than ever before in human history, will end. Brad, we must find a better way. Anthony, I don’t know … Republics seldom last more than a couple hundred years. They fail as soon as the majority of people realize they can vote for politicians that will give them “free” stuff. And, there are always politicians willing to do that to assure that they stay in power. We are to the point where more people are dependent on the government for handouts, salaries, or contracts than people who receive their compensation from other sources. In my opinion this is a great danger to our societies socioeconomic health, but others don’t see the problem, so the democrats and the main stream press attack anyone who desires a return to a common sense approach to these problems. If we continue down this path, I am afraid that we will devolve into a dictatorship within 50 years, or become a country under the thumb of the communists. Brad: I really don’t know how to respond to some of the stuff you write. This, for example: Brad, the paramount fact of life today is that we are running out of time and the ways we deal with social, political, economic and environmental problems today are failing to make the right things happen. Our newest and future generations are at greater risk than ever before and we must focus on protecting their future. The paramount question is how can we protect their future in time to prevent our failures from destroying their future? Sorry, hit Save too soon… - Look, I’m a 57-yo adult who reads a variety of news sources. Everything you’ve written above seems like the kind of paranoia promoted by FOX News. 1) You can claim that “The Muslims are coming! The Muslims are coming!” until you and Mark Steyn are blue in the face. That doesn’t make it true. I know and work with lots of Muslims, and they are grown-ups who recognize that our country is a great place to live, and that heaping a bunch of religious nonsense on people is not a strategy to accomplish anything. You and Mark should figure that out some time. 2) Please re-read the article at the top of this page. The scientific community is telling us in a loud voice that AGW IS a problem, whether you like it or not. Much as FOX & Co would like to make it into a partisan issue, Science doesn’t give “Right” answers and “Left” answers. 3) Nobody in their right mind is suggesting abortions in the 9th month. This is an outright lie. 4) Who controls our lives now? Government? Or large corporations and advertisers who need constant capital growth to keep their shareholders happy? I’ll quote Oliver Wendell Holmes at you: “I like paying taxes. With them I buy civilization.” Please note that I’m not saying that government should be allowed to grow out of control, but it has its uses. Look - we live in a high-tech society that depends on a huge investment in education, R&D, and having a regulated, well-run economy. Who do you think should be organizing those things if it isn’t your democratically-elected governments? Would you prefer Ron Paul? How about Bill Gates? Charles Koch? Brad Freggers? 5) Russia is currently an oligarchy run by oil and gas barons with a wanna-be dictator at the helm. They are politically unstable, and their economy is coming apart at the seams. Again, the idea that they want to re-establish a “Soviet Empire” is paranoia as far as I can see. I’ll agree that they’re dangerous though. 6) I don’t like the idea of Iran having nuclear weapons. I don’t like the idea of Israel having nuclear weapons either. You could argue that they both have the right to defend themselves, or that letting either of them have nuclear weapons was a bad move, especially if you want to see some sort of peace in the Middle East in the next 200 years. The likelihood of Iran dropping some kind of bomb on the US is so tiny that I’m pretty sure we can dismiss it as another paranoid fantasy. 7) “Communists!” Brad, this is 2014. Yelling about Communists in the US is extremist button-pushing designed to scare the ignorant into agreeing with you. It doesn’t work on the Internet. The problem is that Conservatives in the US believe their own propaganda about Obama, Liberals and the evils of Socialism. It’s nonsense because most of it is simply not true, but you think it excuses you from coming up with any real criticism of your own government, which is a pretty big failure in my book. - I’ll leave you with a quote from the article, which is what we’re talking about here: Again, I challenge you to provide factual evidence that there is another explanation for the science behind these statements. Well, it does look like we’ve reached an impasse. That’s what I’ve been trying to tell you, getting in the same page at this point is impossible. I will take the time to respond to each of your progressive positions, but not right now. However, I will that I’m 73 and with a Masters in Societal Futures and I’ve lived through much of this roller coaster ride for the past 5 decades. In addition, I was a conservative decades before FOX News existed. In fact, they came about because there wasn’t anyone discussing the issues conservatives care about. If you’re not watching The Kelly File, you, honestly, have no idea what’s going on. I’ll be back to straighten you on the other issues you obviously don’t understand. Let’s tackle the Muslim question first, which I have been studying since the early 9os since you both (Anthony and Greg) seem very confused about the threat. In fact, at that time a progressive futures organization asked me to evaluate some 20-year scenarios, where the progressive futurists had predict world peace because societal enlightenment had spread throughout. I told then less than .01 percent of that happening. They came back and asked me what I thought might have a greater chance of happening. Remember this was the early 90s, I said a major attack on NYC by fanatical Muslims followed by a conservative president determined to make the world safe for democracy. The first president to fight the Muslims was Thomas Jefferson, he was determined to understand them, a copy of the Koran was found in his library. In addition, I have lead leadership workshops for Muslim executives in Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Dubai, Lebanon, and Tunisia. Finally, I have a Muslim “grandson” who was the number one high school scholar on the Koran in Kuwait. So here’s some facts for you: The ultimate goal of the Muslim religion is a world with only one religion. This has been commanded by Allah through Mohammed. This goal is supported by Muslims the world over. Over 80 percent of Middle Eastern Muslims believe that terrorism and jihad are acceptable methods toward the achievement if that goal. My grandson was asked to leave the Muslim organization in his Eastern University because he had become an American citizen and let it be known that he would fight for America if there was ever a conflict between a Muslim country and the United States. For Muslims nothing trumps the Muslim goal of a Muslim world, Allah demands it. The Muslims cannot be trusted in regard to any treaty or agreement. The Koran instructs leaders to sign all agreements until they are stronger than the enemy and then to break the agreement and wage a surprise attack, defeating the enemy. I am, of course talking about fanatical Muslims probably at least 20 percent of all Muslims, or about 250 million … Or the total population of the United States. This is best scene in regard to Israel. In 1947 the British controlled the Palestine territory and the entire Indian sub continent. The Palestine territory had been the home for Christians, Jews, and Muslims for centuries, although the Muslims were relative new comers (Mohammed was born almost 600 years after Jesus and 2000 years after Moses). Well, the Jews wanted a homeland of their own and had been purchasing large tracts of the Palestine territory for decades. And, the Muslims wanted a country of their own in the Indian sub continent (they had been murdering Hindus in order to force this to happen). In addition the British were tired of trying to control all that they had procured. There was a problem in India in that the Hindus essentially controlled it all. But, the British convinced Nehru and Gandhi to give up Pakistan and Bangladesh, which resulted in millions of Hindus being murdered, their property stolen and their women sold into prostitution or forced marriages. For this. 350 million square miles of territory the Muslim countries agreed to the formation of Israel (a bit over 8,000 square miles) and thus signed, sealed, and delivered at the League of Nations. Of course, the Muslims thought they could destroy Israel and it didn’t take them long to attack, breaking an agreement that the ink had barely dried on. As far as Muslims in Israel, it is the only country in the Middle East where Palestinians can become citizens and hold public office, one of their Supreme Court justices is Muslim. All Muslims kept their land and their businesses and none if their women were sold into prostitution. We published the autobiography of a man who as a young boy lived through the Muslim genocide of Hindus in Bangladesh in 1964. He was an eye witness to the chopping off of the heads of Hindus who refused to convert. This is still going on today and will only increase as the jihadists gain more power. In addition, of course is the treatment of women in Muslims countries, including the forced marriage of girls as young as nine. To believe that this is not a significant problem for Western societies is to completely ignore the facts. In my academic studies I was taught that the past is the best measure of the future, that is why the study of what really happened is so critical to futurists. Nothing I have stated is conjecture, everything is provable … I’ve been studying this issue for a quarter of a century. Excuse any typos I don’t have time to proof it and sometimes the iPhones auto correct does some weird stuff. Brad: “The ultimate goal of the Muslim religion is a world with only one religion. And the ultimate goal of the Christian religion is… a world with only one religion. Good luck to all of them! Greg and Brad, what we appear to be accomplishing is proving in our own ways that it is much easier to disagree and divide than it is to solve our problems together to accomplish long-term survival of the human race. My first vote was for Ike when I was stationed on Okinawa during the Cold War, and he was the best president I ever voted for. The GOP went to hell ever since Nixon. Ike said a great deal that we should have learned from in his 1961 Farewell Address: We failed to heed his words, at our increasing peril. The Christians want a one world religion, too! Thank you for pointing that out. The big difference is that the Christians only want to talk your head off. They quit killing infidels centuries ago. And they don’t murder artists that show Jesus in ridiculous situations, By the way, atheists also want the world to get rid of this silly dependence on a god that doesn’t exist, Regardless of our thoughts about the causes of Global Warming, we are in fact experiencing severe climate changes this year and we (especially including Berkeley faculty) must find a solution to this grave problem which threatens our civilization, because history books document that many previous civilizations have been destroyed by the consequences of drought, etc. We must find a way to unite all nations to cooperate in the solution, but the UN fails to be able to accomplish this magnitude of action because they have not been able to overcome the power of money yet. Historians Will and Ariel Durant have said that one way to unite all nations in fighting in a common cause is that the cause would have to be something like the threat of an alien invasion from outside our solar system that would destroy our civilization. In reality, Global Warming can very well be as big a threat to our survival as any we shall ever experience. Therefore, we must first find a way to overcome the power of money that has always prevented the UN from actually uniting all nations in any common effort in the past, except to fight wars, in order to protect an acceptable quality of life for future generations now that Global Warming is a fact of life today. Anthony, while you seem to be determined to approach this from the negative, there have been some recent articles, in places you wouldn’t look, suggesting from a study of climate in the past, that a warming of the planet would be a boon to humanity and that additional CO2 is already a boon to plant growth. From my point of view, those scientists committed to stopping “climate change” have the hubris and intelligence of the Emperor Without any Clothes. While I doubt very much that they can have any long-term impact (thousands of years) on the climate (Mother Nature is infinitely better at causes major problems for the Earth), there is a better than even chance that the possibility that they will screw things up for our civilization is even better than the chance that they will have a positive impact. In other words, they are nothing better than kindergarteners playing with fire; something I’m very familiar with since I almost burnt down a number of houses when I was about that age. It is very distressing when a bunch of arrogant, ignorant individuals come together in a group determined to “fix” problems that they have no business sticking their noses into. It’s all the same, whether they are progressives trying to “fix” society or “scientists” trying to “fix” the climate. In both cases they don’t have a clue, while at the same time believing that they know more than anyone else … such hubris. Brad, I must agree that we have a history of screwing things up, that’s why people are constantly slaughtering other people, serving the interests of the power of money, with no end in sight. All I’m trying to do is encourage our best and brightest (I frequently wonder who they may be) to work much harder (like another Manhattan Project or Apollo Space Program) to unite to find a way to produce an acceptable quality of life our newest and future generations, because the alternative of another climate change disaster is totally unacceptable. Sadly, I must admit that up until now there is no united effort by our best and brightest to accomplish this so your wish is coming true by default. Leadership is what is needed and that is not happening because too many of us are fighting any effort at all to overcome the unacceptable consequences of the power of money so we continue to fail to protect an acceptable quality of life for the human race. We must not give up. Anthony, I don’t criticize you for doing what you believe is necessary. However, you are completely wrong in your contention that it is money and power that is the problem. This is especially not true in regard to the AGW issue. If you don’t realize who your opponents are, you don’t have a prayer of changing anything. The amount of money spent by governments and extremely wealthy people for climate change “research” and propaganda to support the AGW hypothesis is easily 100 times what’s been spent by the opposition. The problem isn’t the effort to prove that AGW is nothing to worry about, the problem is that there is significant data to disprove the hypothesis and, to the intelligent, informed common person, it just doesn’t make sense. In my opinion, you could jail every denier and a significant percentage of the population still would not buy into AGW. So … You might quit blaming “greedy ” capitalists and vocal deniers for the lack of interest. Especially don’t blame the oil companies, they want to be out front on any energy solution, they don’t want to make the same mistake the railroads made; they are NOT in the oil business, they are in the energy business. Brad, Pogo said it best during the first Earth Day 1971 when he (Walt Kelly) said “We Have Met The Enemy and He Is Us” and that is still true because we still haven’t solved the problems after over 40 years of disunity, so now the CO2 is above 400 ppm and accelerating, and we have had an extraordinary winter already this year that weather people don’t have a clue about how to predict with their $Billion computer systems. Relative to power of money, Ike warned us best in his 1961 Farewell Address: “The prospect of domination of the nation’s scholars by Federal employment, project allocations, and the power of money is ever present – and is gravely to be regarded.” So even Ike has been marginalized by the power of money. Until we can find people who are capable and willing to join together to make the right things happen, we can’t even begin to argue back at what you say. By the way, maybe the weather people with all their equipment and expertise, didn’t anticipate this winter, but the Farmer’s Almanac did. There have been winters like this long before we were putting CO2 into the air. If I remember my research correctly, during the American Revolution it was cold like this. Here’s a prayer for you: Lord, give in the courage to change the things I can change, The patience to except what I can’t change, And, the wisdom to know the difference. By the way, thank you for affirming my statement that is government money and power that is essentially driving this AGW hypothesis. However, the truth will eventually win, hopefully not to late. Peace, Brad QUESTION: How Do We Unite To Survive? The IPCC now appears to be certain that we are less than two decades from unacceptable climate problems for the human race. We need cultural leaders such as Robert Reich, political leaders such as Obama and religious leaders such as Pope Francis to unite us to take action to survive. The greatest challenge appears to be our mental machinery that is overwhelming wired to create Us/Them dichotomies that prevent uniting us for survival. We have not yet found a way to communicate with each other to get us to even discuss problems together, much less come up with solutions we can agree on implementing before the window of opportunity closes. There has to be a better way and I hope and pray that UC professors and scholars can find that way with the required sense of urgency that now threatens us overwhelmingly. I’m sorry to have to tell you this, but you are putting your faith and your future in the wrong hands. Everyone you’ve mentioned except Pope Francis has already proven to be incompetent in many ways. In addition, the IPCC is NOT a scientific body, it is a political body with an agenda. In fact, the final results were written to meet the needs of governments, not to reflect the findings of the organization. You would be better off to worry about pollution effecting your local environment and quit worrying about CO2, which is nowhere near the threat that the IPCC is making it out to be. You need further education. Go to this link and familiarize yourself with the opposing view. It’s foolish to not be aware that there are other opinions. Of course it’s a “realist” site … you won’t find this information on an “activist” site. Brad Fregger, thank you for your feedback, more proof that we must find a better way to communicate. There are no people on earth more capable of educating the general public than Berkeley professors and scholars. and the following AP poll on the failed credibility of scientists proves they must speak out and educate the general public today or Global Warming shall overwhelm our planet within decades per the latest IPCC report. “Poll: Big Bang a big question for most Americans” By SETH BORENSTEIN and JENNIFER AGIESTA Associated Press Apr 21, 3:42 AM EDT Will someone please recommend a good psychiatrist for Brittny; she has some serious problems and way too much time on her hands.
Health Concerns during Ramadan – Diabetes 1. Can I fast during Ramadan if I have diabetes? People with diabetes and chronic problems are exempted from fasting. However, diabetic patients can fast and often it is not harmful. However, each person is different and fasting can have a significant impact on a person’s health. A person’s ability to fast depends on how controlled his/her diabetes is, the medications being taken and food habits. Hypoglycemia or low blood glucose, high blood glucose and dehydration are the three key risks a diabetic may face while fasting. People taking insulin are at the risk of hypoglycemia. It is advisable to limit rigorous physical activity during the hours of fasting. Low glucose levels may happen during the day when it is extremely hot and sunny, however it is also important to make sure that you don’t break your fast with a very large meal, in order to avoid any spike in blood sugar. Instead, distribute your meals to two or three meals during the non-fasting hours. Dehydration is a rather common issue faced during the hot summer months. To avoid dehydration make sure to drink non-sugary drinks during meals. For a person living with diabetes, it is always advisable to consult a specialist a few weeks or months before Ramadan to assess the medication and jointly decide on the most suitable course of action and how to time or dose your medications / insulin. Only a specialist can guide you to create a plan that is suitable for your health and it would work best to stay close to a specialist during Ramadan to ensure that your key indicators are within limits. There are several home monitoring devices that you can use to test yourself and in today’s digital age, it is even possible to have 24/7 monitoring digitally. The Aster Chronic Care @Home service, for example, uses a smart app to upload patients’ readings directly to an online platform that is monitored by nurses and paramedics round the clock. The Aster Chronic Care @Home Control Centre communicates with the patient if a significant spike or drop is noticed. 1. What kind of diet should I follow to stay fit during Ramadan and also keep my sugar levels under control? If you are already following a well-balanced diet, it is best to continue eating as normal as possible during Ramadan as well. While every meal is a celebration during Ramadan, it is wise to follow healthy eating habits even during Ramadan. Limit the intake of sweets, sugary drinks and indulge more in healthy fats, lean meat. It is best to avoid caffeine intake during fasting because it can cause dehydration. Drink lots of water during the non-fasting hours to stay hydrated until you start your fast. Ramadan meals should be simple, planned well, and should contain bread, cereals, fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, and milk. The one thing to keep in mind during Suhoor and Iftar is to avoid overeating. Having foods rich in complex carbohydrates at Suhoor is good since they release energy slowly and will help you function throughout the day. Each person’s body requirement differs, hence it is best to consult a specialist to plan your Ramadan. 1. I am a diabetic and I travel frequently for work. Could you suggest some essential do’s and don’ts of fasting while traveling? It is permissible for somebody who travels too often to not fast during the days of travel and make up for it later. People who travel also fast successfully. However your health concerns will still remain if you are diabetic and your ability to fast will depend on how well managed your condition is. It is a must to consult a specialist before you plan your travel. Your physician will be able to guide you best based on your condition and the medications you take. This Ramadan, remember to ‘fast’ in the true spirit and be careful of the ‘feasts’. Dr. Prakash Pania Endocrinologist Consultant Aster Clinic, Bur Dubai (Aster Jubilee Medical Complex) Leave a Reply
Page images reward for the disobedience or faithfulness of the entire people. The history of nations outside was one of kings, emperors, great generals, living and ruling of themselves. Successes came from their sagacity, defeats from their lack of foresight and proper skill in management. Accordingly, we find that defeat was the sign of the incompetency of men who were considered worthy of death, or, at the very least, worthy of banishment from the state ; while a victory gave a great triumph to the general. God had nothing to do with the outside nations in their own eyes. It was all man's work and to be punished or rewarded accordingly by 6. This difference, too, may be instanced in one peculiarity which, perhaps, more than any other slight thing we could mention, shows the spirit of the whole. All nations have a “golden age” to which they appeal, and where they see all the happiest imaginations of human life realized. Now the Jews always looked forward for this golden age, forward, to the coming of the promised one of God. Every other nation looked always back, far back, and sang the glories of the past and lamented the age of gold as forever gone. Here, then, were the actual differences existing between the Jews and the Gentiles. They were intrinsic, practical. They elevated the Jews, in a religious point, above all contact with other nations. The highest aspirations of the loftiest Gentile soul never dared to tread the eminence to which they had attained, and where they habitually dwelt, as at home. Here, then, is seen why this race was “ called,” "chosen," " set apart,” for the great purpose of receiving the Son of God, and setting up his permanent religion in the earth. Here the theme changes. Would not these differences, so marked, prevent the spread of the religion of Christ ? How can we reconcile this state of things with the rapid extension over the Gentile world of the reign of Jesus? The Jewish state was necessary to insure the development of the religion itself; but must we not also see an antagonism between the Jewish and Gentile soul which could not be overcome by the Teacher even with the whole power of truth on his side ? Let us turn to the actual history of the events, and there see how these differences were overcome. 1. First in order here, is the dispersion of the Jews. They, scattered amid all nations, carried with them a portion at least of the Jewish spirit, and gave, in some slight degree, a knowledge of their moral and religious status to all people. We find members of the Jewish nation in good repute with kings and emperors, in various nations, still holding to their great religious idea of one God, and still obedient to the religious life in which they were educated. Of the humble members of this people there were doubtless very many diffusing their faith and principles of conduct among the common classes in the Gentile world. This may by many be esteemed one of the providential means of breaking down the barrier which was existing. 2. Besides, the Jews were not of the same pusillanimous character as their neighbors, as heretofore shown, in their religion. This very feature was a powerful instrument for overcoming the resistance of these differences of nurture. They were everywhere a proselyting people. Their religion was not only practiced by themselves; it was thrust perseveringly and ostentatiously upon every one. They made the Gentiles acquainted with it whether they chose or not. They carried their sacred literature in salient passages with them; and were constantly referring in conversation, in trade, even in oaths, to their peculiar faith, and to the worthies who were representatives of it. Perhaps no people in the world were so well fitted by extraordinary energy and zeal to impress upon others the superlative value of their religious opinions. Thus other nations became somewhat accustomed to their peculiarities, and the sharp edges of difference were in a measure worn off. 3. By the time Christ came, the Jews had become first subject to the Greeks and afterward to the Romans. And although this subjection may have created a hatred in the Jewish heart, the influence towards assimilation of mutual truths must have been great. Overrun by the world's conquerors and made subject, they became a provincial people. Thus their affairs became known passably well to a great portion of the Gentile world—first to the Greek, then to the Roman. The armies successively stationed in the prorinces were well informed in all the customs and all the phases of Jewish religion ; and as they were changed occasionally, the information was spread very rapidly and surely amid numerous families, and throughout whole Gentile provinces. Then we might hint here, also, the permanent relations which always occur under such circumstances, more or less, in which the Gentile becomes the Jew or the Jew the Gentile, and marriages follow. 4. The Jews, too, latterly did not object so violently to the coming of the Gentiles to their homes. The language of Greece and Rome became a familiar thing to the Jews; and among the mass of people it was used much oftener than the Hebrew, which soon was considered a sacred tongue, and given up mostly to the priests. The patois of the common Jew-a jargon between Hebrew and Arabic-gave way to the more polished language of their conquerors. The Jewish literature was generally translated into Greek. The beautiful symbolism of their religion was clothed in the classic terms of the Greek literature. Intercourse became free in every respect, and the barriers to communication of thought and feeling rapidly dissolved. Palestine soon became a resort of some leading minds the Gentiles, and few were considered fully educated who had not at least traversed the country. 5. It was in the interchange of thought which tliis inixture of Jew and Gentile produced, that the idiosyncrasies of each were so far blended that the differences inherent from long education and distinct purposes of existence were somewhat overlooked. Both classes were thus more lenient towards the young teacher, Jesus, who arose a Jew, with his more elevated spiritual religion. His own nation, long waiting and anxiously looking forward, were eager to grasp at any reality that promised the Messianic reign. The Gentile nations, tired of looking back and weary of the present, did not weigh very intently the origin of the man, when the promise was of unheard happiness and perpetual joys. They were alike prepared to accept such doctrines as were lying at the basis of the words and acts out of which Christianity grew. We have thus traced, as briefly as possible, (for under each head there is room for a vast amount of particularizing and comment,) the peculiarities of the race from which Jesus has sprung. We have seen the elements of character which distinguished it from all other races, and rendered it the proper medium of divine communication. We have also, with equal brevity, traced the events which tended, when the full time for the communication had arrived, to demolish these differences practically, that they might not prove an insuperable barrier to the spread of the truth. The intercourse of the Jews with the whole world, and the actual presence of Gentiles in every sphere of Jewish life, rather expedited the work Jesus had in hand. And although in the beginning it brought persecution and death upon its advocates, yet its principles, destined to free the world from sin, found a response in human nature, and the glad tidings were soon triumphant. H. A. W. Spiritualism Nothing New. It was said of old, by one famed for his wisdom— Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is new? It hath been already of old time which was before us.” This is not as true now, probably, as in the days of Solomon. Since his time the world has made some forward movement, and there are many things of which Solomon himself, if he were to come among us, would say, “See, this is new." Our cotton factories and printing presses, gun-powder and electric telegraphs, Daguerreotypes and telescopes, locomotives and steamships, would probably surprise the wise man and his contemporaries, if they could look in upon our world for a day or two; and would possibly lead to an essential modification of the saying of Solomon. So far as history goes, it can not surely be said of any one of these, “ It hath been already of old time which was before us.” They are the products of modern thought and necessity, and no wise man of the East can claim them as inventions of older times. It would be a humiliating thought, that the saying is as applicable to the condition of the world now, as when it was uttered, twenty-eight hundred years ago. It would reflect somewhat seriously on the race of man, that it had found, out no new thing, made no progress in truth, science, or civilization in all that time. But the facts show clearly enough that, however it might have been in Solomon's day, there are certainly some new things under the sun in our day—and that the ancient prophecy is hastening to its fulfilment, “ Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased." And yet it is an interesting study, the comparison of the past with the present, and the bringing out the striking likenesses which exist in many things, and the nearness of contact between much knowledge and many facts of to-day and thousands of years ago. The mysteries of the Egyptian priests reveal a knowledge of chemistry, and the pyramids and temples an acquaintance with mechanical laws and forces, which may well challenge the admiration of modern professors and builders. And the singular accuracy of the astronomical calculations of the ancient Bramins, the exactness of their tables in regard to the places of the sun and moon, and other heavenly bodies, more than four thousand years ago, make us feel that at least one science was carried in India to a high degree of perfection at a period when nearly all Europe was in a state of complete barbarism. The Cape of Good Hope was sailed round ages before the Portuguese ships doubled it; and America was discovered long before the time of Columbus. So in painting, sculpture and architecture, the ancients lead us; and though we would not fully accept the words of the German, who exclaimed—“ Out upon those ancients; they have said all our fine things before us”-yet if we turn to poetry, philosophy, geometry, mechanics, politics, we shall find Plato and Aristotle, Homer and Virgil, Euclid and Archimedes, and a host of others, standing between us and the sun, and throwing us in part at least into their shadow. The same remarks are applicable, to some extent, in the domain of theology, for many of the errors and false dogmas of the creed and the church, are certainly not new under the sun. The doctrine of the trinity is as old as the Zend Avesta of the Hindoos, and may be found in Plato and the « PreviousContinue »
Water is vital for the body Water is vital for the body Spread the love Water is vital for our bodies. However, it is essential to know not only how much you need to drink per day, but also how and when. We also need to pay attention to the water we drink. Water makes up the largest part of the human body: about 60-70%, and the amount depends on age. In a newborn baby, water makes up about 80% of the body, and as we age, the amount of water in the body can drop to 60%. Water is essential for physiological processes of digestion and elimination. It maintains a constant body temperature and vital processes can only take place when there is enough water in the cells. It is important to get the right amount of water every day to maintain the body’s vital functions, which is why it is recommended for a healthy person to drink 8 glasses of water a day. How and when to drink? It is not only the amount of water that is important, but also how and when water is drunk. The morning should start with a glass of water, which wakes up the digestive system and reactivates the body after sleep. You can also drink a glass of water about half an hour before a meal, but you should not drink a lot of water at mealtimes. When the food is very well chewed to a puree and sufficiently moistened with saliva, there is no desire to sip liquids during meals. It is recommended to drink coffee, tea or other liquids after a meal, about an hour and a half after the food has been digested. It is worth remembering that carbonated drinks are absorbed more quickly than non-carbonated drinks and may cause frequent cravings and bloating. Carbonated drinks also interfere with the digestive process in the stomach, so a non-carbonated drink should be taken with meals. Carbonated water can cause heartburn and should not be consumed if you have gastritis or ulcers. Boiled water is less beneficial. Boiled water is less beneficial to the body because it contains much less salt. However, drinking mineral water all the time is also not good because it contains quite a lot of salts. Water formed from melting ice is particularly valuable for the body because of its structural properties. Such water is more active and boosts metabolism. When the body lacks water, we feel thirsty and fatigue is possible. Constipation, dry skin and lips, and brittle hair and nails can be signs that we are not drinking enough water. Water helps to remove unnecessary substances and toxins from the body, while insufficient water pollutes the body. By the way, eating acidic, salty or sweet foods increases the need for water. People who do sports drink much more water because a lot of water is lost during training. However, it is important to remember to drink water not only during exercise but also evenly throughout the day. It should be noted that frequent protein intake increases the body’s need for water. Too much water is eliminated in the urine in a healthy person. However, it is possible to disturb the electrolyte balance. In cardiovascular and kidney disease, excessive water intake can also cause harm. User Review 4.6 (1100 votes) Check out our latest articles:
Back Back Data-driven storytelling: How numbers are transformed into stories Data-driven storytelling offers attractive alternatives for data processing and data visualization. Image: © SFIO CRACHO / AdobeStock In times of big data: Presenting complex information in an understandable way Business intelligence tools, CRM software and the use of artificial intelligence all give marketing and sales departments a wide range of options for data collection and analysis to choose from. But the crux actually lies in the wealth of information available and in the complexity of that information: The mere generation of numbers and data is largely pointless if it does not succeed in communicating the meaning of these numbers and data and putting them in a context people can understand. Data-driven storytelling, on the other hand, prepares naked figures in such a way that stakeholders and customers experience them as understandable, interesting and appealing. Or freely adapted from the words of film director Jean-Luc Godard: “Sometimes reality is too complex. Stories give it form.” Jean-Luc Godard Storytelling with data as a communication strategy Basically, data storytelling is not new. For instance, a trend toward data-driven journalism has been emerging for several years now. The term describes not only a certain type of information acquisition but also a particular form of presentation. These aspects are also true of data-driven storytelling in in-house corporate communications and in marketing. In essence, data-driven storytelling comprises three areas: • the analysis of the data • the narrative • the visualization of the data Thanks to narrative as well as visual and interactive elements, abstract data sets take shape, and this contributes to greater reach. Data processing: Here’s how to turn data into a good story But how do you proceed if you want to illustrate the latest sales figures, or user interactions in the last quarter? First of all, there should be careful consideration of which topic is to be prepared for whom, and on the basis of which data: • What point do my data illustrate? How meaningful and representative are they? • What target group do I want to address? • Which aspects of my data evaluation should be conveyed to the target group? • What prior knowledge does the target group have? • What misconceptions does the target group possibly assume? 7 typical storylines in data-driven storytelling Only once the above aspects have been isolated does it make sense to think about what the narrative should look like. First of all, a storyline should be considered that is appropriate to the question at hand and the existing pool of data. According to marketing manager Ben Jones, 7 basic types can be distinguished here: 1. Change over time: A story is told about a process or transformation. 2. Drill down: The narrative begins with an overall view and leads to a concrete example. 3. Zoom out: Over the course of the narrative, a tiny focus is extended to taken in the big picture. 4. Contrast: Different protagonists, data or issues are compared. 5. Intersection: At the heart of the narrative lies a crossroads where two or more questions or data points intersect. 6. Dissection of factors: Data and storylines are interrogated for correlations and causalities. Unclear records are “dissected,” so to speak. 7. Profile of outliers: The story is dedicated to special cases and statistical outliers. A meaningful structure of a data story Like any good story, a data story should captivate its readers or listeners. Taking a cue from the dramaturgy of classic feature films, a structure in at least three parts is recommended: 1. Exposition: Presentation of the topic and context of the data analysis; what is the occasion for broaching the question? 2. Confrontation: Presentation of the central question and the challenges involved; what are interesting observations and problems? 3. Resolution: Concluding wrap-up with recommendation for action; what insights does the data analysis yield, and what things might need to be changed? Data visualization: Preparing numbers for visual effect In addition to the actual narration, visual elements also play a decisive role in data-driven storytelling. Infographics, diagrams, animation and highlights make the world of numbers tangible, even for the untrained beholder. The presentation should be as clear and simple as it is precise. The accompanying narrative can pick up on and explain any relationships that cannot be conveyed visually. Combining textual and visual elements makes data stories easy to understand and internalize. This not only bolsters in-house communication processes but can also contribute to improved customer loyalty.
II Trade wars, economic cooperation, and social justice The crisis of international trade and its cultural and political implications: is the EU’s approach contributing to a renewal of multilateralism? Mario Teld# Introduction: a dramatic change in global trade For many decades, trade was the main driver of global economic growth, but that is no longer the case. The Trump administration in the US reacted to novel circumstances, including especially the emergence of trading powers such as China and the EU, by disrupting the global multilateral trading system (e.g., by boycotting the World Trade Organization [WTO] and starting trade wars). According to some US scholars, including Ikenberry and Deudney (2018), the country’s that approach ran counter to American traditional commitments to multilateralism and free trade. In the US, trade liberalization has enjoyed bipartisan support since 1919. Subsequently, after World War II the US supported the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947), an international body charged with encouraging freer trade. The GATT managed to reduce trade barriers during many successful rounds of negotiation. Eventually it was transformed into the WTO at the Marrakesh Conference of 1994. Is the current American hostility to free trade just a temporary aberration? In spite of current talks designed to resolve trade disputes, the agency Allianz Outlook predicts that trade wars will be permanent. Even when negotiators come to partial agreement (as with the temporary truce of December 2019), inevitably such accords are followed by new trade wars, thus sowing distrust and strategic suspicion among the US, China, the EU, and most other trading partners. Despite Joseph Biden’s victory in the 2020 presidential election, we should not rule out the possibility - even the likelihood - that a kind of “Trumpism without Trump” may continue to exert an influence on US foreign policy. That would be a factor strengthening hardliners in every country. President Trump was not the exclusive cause of the current anti-trade mood in the US. He was merely an accelerant and one who weaponized trade issues for domestic political gain. He played on certain negative emotions and perceptions among the public, such as its fear of China. Furthermore, the frustrated US middle class feels that it has been the loser, because trade liberalization certainly has had some negative domestic impacts as have (or so they believe) the current WTO rules. In contrast to the Obama strategy, the Trump administration: • • Raised tariff's against Chinese and EU imports and justifying the consequent trade wars by (implausibly) citing “security concerns.” • • Boycotted the WTO panel system, a mechanism for resolving conflicts that lies at the heart of the organizations ability to function, as a “threat to US national sovereignty.” • • Withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) - a deal signed in 2015 with 12 Asia-Pacific countries - and instead opted for a new kind of bilateral transactional and hierarchical trade arrangement exemplified by the US-Mexico- Canada Agreement (USMCA), an agreement with Mexico and Canada that will replace the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). (Notice that even the acronym FTA, standing for free-trade agreement, was deleted!) The aims of this chapter are twofold: to gauge the magnitude and scope of the current upheaval in the system of world trade and identify its historical roots, and to focus on the EU’s new trade policy as a possible contribution to an alternative mode of global trade governance. < Prev CONTENTS Source Next >
Why do you have two buttons on the toilet for so many years_Sihai network AMP Sihai network Why do you have two buttons on the toilet for so many years 4hw.org: have you ever noticed that there are two buttons, one big button and the other small button, on the toilet in general. Many people think that the function of the big button and the small button is the same. In fact, is this really the case? Then what are the two buttons on the toilet? Why are two buttons on the toilet The small button is the small punch button, and the large button is the large punch button. Two buttons are designed to save water. The toilet consists of the following main parts: water inlet pipe, water outlet pipe, seepage pipe, water plug (water inlet and water outlet), float ball, water drain knob and. Be sure to understand the function of the above parts in the work. When discharging water, pull the water release knob, and the knob will pull up the water outlet by pulling it. Then the water in the tank will drain out. After the water is discharged, the water plug falls down and blocks the water outlet. At this time, the floating ball is also at the bottom of the water tank due to the water surface falling. The falling of the floating ball drives the water inlet plug to be pulled up, and the water enters the water tank. With the rise of the water surface, the buoyancy of the floating ball will gradually increase until the water inlet is blocked by pressing down the water inlet plug. So the water tank is full of water. When the water inlet pipe leaks due to failure (for example, the water inlet plug cannot block the water inlet or the water inlet pipe is broken), the water surface in the water tank will rise continuously and eventually overflow the water tank. The setting of seepage pipe solves this problem. When the water surface rises to the water seepage pipe orifice, the water will flow into the toilet from the water seepage pipe and will not overflow the water tank. When the water inlet pipe works normally, the water surface in the water tank will not reach the seepage pipe mouth, so there is no need to worry about the water flowing away. When you pull the handle on the water tank to flush the toilet, the starting rod in the water tank will be raised. This bar will pull up the steel rope, and then let the steel rope pull up the ball plug or rubber cover at the bottom of the water tank. If the opening of the flush valve is unobstructed, the water in the water tank will flow through the raised ball plug and rush into the lower barrel. In this way, the water level of the barrel will be higher than that in the elbow. When the water gushes out of the water tank, the floating ball floating on the water surface of the water tank will descend, pull the floating arm downward, so as to raise the valve plunger of the ball valve device and make the water flow into the water tank again. The water always flows to the low place, so the water in the water tank pushes the water in the barrel, and the latter flows into the drain pipe, thus creating a siphon effect and taking away all the things in the barrel. When the water in the bucket goes away, the air is sucked into the elbow, and the siphonage stops. At the same time, the water tank ball plug will fall back to its original position and close the opening of the flushing valve. The ball will rise as the water level in the water tank rises until the height of the arm is enough to press the valve plunger into the ball valve and close the incoming water flow. If the water cannot be turned off, the excess water will flow down the overflow pipe into the barrel to avoid overflow of water in the water tank. The difference between the two buttons 1. One of the two buttons on the toilet is half water and the other is full water. The two buttons on the toilet are one big. Press the large button to drain water; press the small button to drain water. Generally speaking, the two buttons on the toilet water tank will be one big one. The big one is the large amount of flushing water, and the small one is the small amount of flushing water. This is a water-saving design. The current toilet is basically like this. Pressing the two buttons at the same time is to flush the whole water. 2. The two flush buttons are for saving water. The big button is pressed after the big solution; the small button is pressed after the small solution. Large amount of water can wash away solid feces. This can save water.
Author`s name Dmitry Sudakov Mysterious Shambhala Found in Russia Republic of Karelia that is celebrating 90th anniversary as an administrative unit is famous not only with its ancient legends but also with interesting archeological findings discovered in this northern area. In the early 1900s, Europe was discussing ancient petroglyphs – writings found by famous Russian poet Nikolai Gumilyov on the rocks of Karelia. As many representatives of Russian intelligentsia, Gumilyov was interested in history and geography and enjoyed traveling. In 1904 he explored Kuzovsky archipelago on the White Sea. He heard about Stone Book that allegedly contained information about ancient times and clues to the location of the mysterious Mu country where the ancestors of the Northern and, probably, Slavic tribes came from. The first mentioning of Mu goes back to the 4th century BC. The texts said it was located to the West of Egyptian Kingdom and could be reached by water. The place was sad to have a sanctuary of Ra, god of the sun. Captions to pictures mentioned a huge lake where a sea path led. There is information that Alexander of Macedon went to the land of Mu to obtain some sacred knowledge. He was headed to Pamir where Scythian tribes lived. According to contemporary research, the Scythians were the ancestors of the ancient Aryans populating the larger part of Slavic lands at some point in time. According to one theory, the Aryans came from Africa and populated the North, another one says they originated from Siberia but had to move South because of adverse climate. The Aryans represented a highly developed civilization. Some believe that they have built the famous Egyptian pyramids. Meanwhile pyramid-like structures can be found in middle Russia, in the Crimea, Siberia and the Urals. Researchers claim they are significantly older than Egyptian pyramids. Nikolai Roerich also thought that mysterious land of Mu was located in the North of Russia. He once thought that the “huge lake” described in writings was Ladoga. The Aryans could get there by ships across the Mediterranean Sea. The source discovered by Roerich talked about Phoebus, the Aryans leader. Phoebus (Sun in Greek) was considered a god. According to a legend he was the arch-father of all Aryans and had a gift of eternal life. Phoebus and his supporters were looking for the entrance to Shambhala, an underground dwelling of gods where the Stone Book is kept, a compilation of spiritual wisdom of ancient people. The Aryans under Phoebus’s guidance made gigantic writings on the wall continuing the texts of the Stone Book. Some petroglyphic drawings show animals, birds, fish and hunters. Others show figures that scientists think may represent celestial bodies. There are some images of strange creatures. Researchers believe many petroglyphs represent sacred symbols linked to ancient cultures. They are yet to interpret them. Nikolai Roerich thought that the land of Mu was the sacred land of Shambhala where the Aryan god was headed and which he had searched for his entire life. The explorer had no luck looking for the entrance to Shambhala on Karelia’s Valaam Island. Alexei Popov, a historian and co-chair of Karelia regional non-profit Rasea told about other curious archeological discoveries made in the Northern territory. “Karelia is famous with its seitas. This word means “divinity” and, according to geographers and ethnologists it represents cult rocks, artificial stone pyramids, and ritual handmade stone structures. Karelian Lapps believed that the souls of the dead were reincarnated in rocks. The rocks could also serve as indicators or separators. During an expedition we discovered a huge bolder 30 miles from the city of Kem placed on a stone podium. There was a crack between the bolder and the support, and the wind blowing through the crack made song-like sounds. The tonality of the sound changed depending on the strength of the wind and position of the bolder on the podium. This “singing rock” might have served as a pagan sanctuary of the ancient Lapps.” Margarita Troitsina Read the original in Russian
A misleading term used by Microsoft in adverts for Windows 95. Microsoft claimed that 32-bit equated to multitasking and stability. 32-bit really only indicates the size of data, memory, or opcodes (instructions) a CPU can handle. It has little bearing on what the software or operating system can do, even if the opcodes used are 32 bits long.
Other questions in this quiz 2. How did propaganda help Hitler gain power? • Lots of people bought newspapers and heard the radio, so the message spread • Josef Goebbels was in charge • The Nazis made the propaganda • It gained support quickly 3. What Happened First? • The Reichstag Fire • The Enabling Act • The Death of president Hindenburg • The Emergency Decree 4. What was the wall street crash? • Money became worthless so people had to carry money in a wheelbarrow just to buy a cup of coffee. • America's economy collapsed and unemployment rose to 6 million. • The Weimar government fell so the Nazis killed half of Germany's population to help. • The Great Depression began and Weimar government fell. 5. Why was the Munich Putsch a disaster? • General Ludendorf quit and went missing, Berlin was blown up, Mussolini was killed. • Mussolini was arrested, General Ludendorf was shot dead along with 16 Nazis, Khar was arrested for high treason. • 16 Nazis were shot dead, Hitler was arrested for high treason, The police and army were waiting for Hitler and the Nazis. • Prime Minister Khar died, the Nazis retreated, 600 Nazis arrested 500 communists. No comments have yet been made Similar History resources: See all History resources »See all How did Hitler rise to power? resources »
Physics Lab Questions Essay N a deep dive, a whale is appreciably compressed by the pressure of the surrounding water. What happens to the whale’s density? The whales density increases so its not compressed by the waters pressure. 20. The relative densities of water, ice, and alcohol are 1. 0,0. 9, and 0. 8, respectively. Do ice cubes float higher or lower in a mixed alcoholic drink? What can you say about a cocktail in which the ice cubes lie submerged at the bottom of the glass? Ice cubes float on water and sink in alcohol because anything with less density than the liquid it’s in will always float. 22. A half-filled bucket of water is on a spring scale. Will the reading of the scale increase or remain the same if a fish is placed in the bucket? (Will your answer be different if the bucket is initially filled to the brim? ) If no water flows over the bucket then the scale will read more, the original weight plus the fishes weight. 35. Would it be slightly more difficult to draw soda through a straw at sea level or on top off very high mountain? Explain. It would be more difficult to drink soda through a straw on a mountain than at sea. 43. When a steadily flowing gas flows from a larger-diameter pipe to a smaller- diameter pipe, what happens to (a) its speed, (b) its pressure, and (c) the spacing between its streamlines?. Pressure increases because paint spacing between streamlines still exist, they are Just crammed together to all fit through the pipe. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Lab Questions Essay or any similar topic only for you Order now
Picture Jasper Picture Jasper Birthstone Month: Jasper is associated with the birthstone month of January. Jasper is associated with the zodiac signs of Aquarius and Leo. Chemical Symbol: Chemical Make-up: History & Lore: Jasper is a protective stone and is said to align the chakras and balance the yin and yang energies. In legend Jasper was believed to protect against evil spirits and forces and was also believed to bring courage and relief from pain. It is also said to protect against venomous snake and spider bites. Picture Jasper in particular is considered to be a strong gemstone for promoting environmental consciousness and brotherhood to care for our planet. In addition to this, it is believed to contain vistas and messages from the past, and can aid the wearer with the recollection of earlier significant memories. Picture Jasper is generally readily available at affordable prices. However, availability differs from one Picture Jasper variety to the next, and some varieties are in fact classified as rare. Some of the world's finest Picture Jasper Deposits are mined in eastern Oregon and Idaho. In addition to this, noteworthy specimens have come from Brazil, Egypt, and Uruguay. Jasper is rated at 6.5 to 7 on the Moh's Scale of Hardness and should be protected from scratches and sharp blows. Picture Jasper is petrified or silicated mud that has dripped into gas pockets in molten lava, becoming super-heated, then solidified forming gemstones exhibiting stunning patterns. The presence of Iron deposits create the fascinating landscape patterns of dark greens, brick reds, creams, browns, grays, and blacks that can look like an abstract painting depicting scenes from the western United States. Common Cuts: Jasper has been used for sculptures, bowls, vases, seals, and other ornamentation purposes dating back thousands of years. As a gemstone, Picture Jasper is most commonly found cut into cabochons and beads. Routine Enhancements: There are no known enhancements for Picture Jasper. Care & Cleaning:
Anal Fissure What is an Anal Fissure? Anal fissures are a common disease in which an opening (wound) occurs in the lining of the anus (under the rectum) and is very painful. It affects all people of all ages and health status, males and females. Hemorrhoids are associated with anal fissures in some cases, noting that anal fissures do not develop into other dangerous diseases such as colon cancer. Causes of Anal Fissures The cause of an anal fissure is trauma or damage to the opening and the anal canal, defecation is what causes this trauma most often resulting in the occurrence of the fissure, the patient feels the occurrence of a fissure during defecation even if it is not fully diagnosed, but he realizes the pain and describes it to the doctor, hard stool and diarrhea both cause Anal fissure. Insertion of a thermometer into the anus, an enema, an endoscope, and an ultrasound probe for examining the prostate glands are all reasons for trauma to the anus that may result in a fissure. Natural childbirth may also cause trauma to the skin between the vagina and the anus in the posterior (perineal region), causing a fissure that extends into the anal canal. Anal fissures are often located posteriorly (90% of cases) due to the surrounding muscle structure, so the midline of the anal canal from its posterior side is the place where most anal fissures occur, and it is the part closest to the spine than the anus. There is a grouping of muscles (the external and internal anal sphincters) surrounding and supporting the anal canal. These sphincters are oval and have good support on both sides better from the front and back, but the weakest point is on the back side, so the fissure is likely to occur on the back side of the canal epithelium. Anorectal. The vagina in women weakens the stent at the front end of the anal canal, so the fissure occurs from the front in 10% of cases in women and only 1% in males, with the possibility of the formation of an appendix of skin at the end of the anal fissure called the sentinel nipple. The occurrence of the fissure in sites other than the anterior and posterior sides calls for suspicion of another condition causing it, such as anal cancer, Crohn’s disease (4% of Crohn’s disease has an advanced anal fissure), leukemia, and several infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and viral infection (CMV (impetigo)) Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, Haemophilus influenzae (chancroid) and AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)). Half of all Crohn’s disease patients develop anal ulceration similar to the anal fissure during the disease stages. Defecation and Anal Fissure The natural bowel movement Studies have indicated that the muscles surrounding the anal canal are spastic (constricted) in patients who suffer from frequent anal fissures, and this results in a higher than normal pressure in the canal. The external sphincter and the internal sphincter flank the anal canal. The first is a striated voluntary muscle that a person can control according to his desire, either by tightening it to prevent the exit of faeces or relaxing it to allow the exit of stool. While the second muscle, which is the internal anal sphincter, is a smooth, involuntary muscle, which cannot be controlled by a person, this muscle is always contracted to completely prevent small amounts of stool from leaving the rectum. But when a large amount of stool reaches the rectum when defecating, the internal anal sphincter relaxes automatically, allowing stool to pass (this happens unless the person voluntarily closes the external anal sphincter), then returns to its normal state of contraction (spasticity) and remains on it Until the next defecation. Defecation with an Anal Fissure If an anal fissure has already occurred and immediately after passing out, the internal anal sphincter muscle contracts more than normal for a few seconds, then moves to the resting position, in which it returns to another contraction level, but also higher than normal. As a result, and due to the high pressure and tension of the muscle, both immediately after defecation and also during the resting stage, both lead to pulling the edges of the incision away from each other in a way that opens the wound (the incision) and prevents its healing. The force of the incoming blood flow towards the anal canal and anal opening also has a role in preventing anal fissures from healing. Several microscopic anatomical studies have indicated that blood flow to the back of the anal canal, where most fissures occur less than to the rest of the anal canal areas in 85% of people. Also, blood flow in the posterior anal canal is less than half the blood flow in other parts of the anal canal. This helps prevent anal fissures from healing. Also, spasm of the internal anal sphincter increases pressure on the anal canal, thus increasing the pressure of blood vessels on the anal canal and increasing blood flow. Fissure’s Symptoms Dr. Khaldoun Explain about Fissure (video includes English subtitle) • One of the most important symptoms of anal fissures is very acute pain, so the patient often sees the doctor within a few days of the occurrence of an anal fissure, and there are other cases that a person has a fissure and remains for a while without the patient’s awareness of it and thus the fissure is classified as a chronic anal fissure. The pain is usually stinging during a bowel movement (the pain may last for moments or for several hours after a bowel movement). In some cases, no pain may be felt. • Burning during defecation. • Anal itching. • Bleeding; The crack often leaves a small stain of bright red blood on the toilet paper. Therefore, it is necessary to inform the doctor. It is also necessary to distinguish the location of the blood and its color • Blood separated from stool, clear color, and other things necessary to inform the doctor about it. • Blood mixed with stool is usually a sign of another condition that could be enteritis or colon cancer Note: An anal fissure may not cause any pain for some people, but it remains without healing and bleeds intermittently and does not show any other symptoms with it. Examinations and tests Anal fissure is diagnosed by a doctor, a clinical examination is done and the symptoms are known, and the examination may include the following: • Inspection of the incision by gently dividing the buttocks and looking • Touching the rectum with a finger. It feels the structure of the anal canal after wearing gloves. • Anoscopy. Through a short-range lighted endoscope to look inside the anal canal The finger examination and anoscopy are usually performed by the doctor after the fissure begins to heal, but if the examination is necessary immediately, this can be done with local anesthesia of the area. The diagnostic stage includes knowing: • Number of slits; Is it one slit or more and how many? • The location of the fissure is next to the anus, or above or below the anus. • The presence of any disease or other medical condition that causes fissures, such as: inflammatory bowel disease, anal cancer, syphilis, tuberculosis, suppressed immune system, HIV (AIDS) or Crohn’s disease, which can cause anal fissures and fistulas. • Ensuring the presence or absence of any skin lump in the anus, as this is a sign that an anal fissure is chronic. Note that the skin lump may be incorrectly diagnosed as a hemorrhoid. Fissure Treatment 1. Laser therapy 2. Advanced rectal slide therapy 3. Material injection Treatment 1. Fast 2. security 3. effective 4. It can be performed under local anesthesia 4. Drug therapy Choosing the best and most appropriate treatment method for the incision requires an intra-anal pressure test (a simple, quick one-minute test) that helps the doctor choose the best treatment method. Anal Fissure FAQ I saw blood during defecation and it was dark red in color. Does this mean that there is an anal fissure? Often no, the anal fissure is often accompanied by severe pain during defecation, and severe burning as soon as the stool ends, but the exit of blood during defecation is often an internal hemorrhoid. I had a momentary pain during the intense pressure when defecating, but I did not feel any other pain later except for a slight continuous pain but very likely, is it possible for it to heal on its own? This description often indicates the existence of an anal fissure, and we call it an acute anal fissure. You can see a doctor to prescribe medication for you, and it may also heal on its own. I have an incision whose symptoms are clear, I had it yesterday, but I did not understand what is the treatment of the incision with gel-like, so how can the wound be closed with gel-like? The treatment of anal fissures with gel-like depends on treating the pathological mechanism that causes the fissure, which is the presence of spasm in the involuntary internal muscle, this muscle in this case prevents blood flow to the wound area and thus does not heal the wound, gel-like injection is done at a number of points in the internal muscle that spasms, which leads to its relaxation and thus allowing With blood flow. I think I have an incision and will go to the doctor, but I wanted to know if laser treatment is available in the clinic that I am going to visit, and is it available to you? Lasers are available, and all treatment techniques without surgery are available to us, but I advise that you leave the decision to the doctor to choose the treatment method according to the degree of the incision. Fissure Cases Patients who previously lived suffering from Hemorrhoid, Fissure, Pilonidal Sinus, Fistulas and received treatment at the hands of Dr. Khaldoon, we list to you what they suffered from the symptoms and the treatment that was provided may be of benefit.
What did the Apostles do on the day of Pentecost? What did the Apostles do on the day of Pentecost? [Acts 2:4–6] Christ told His Apostles on Pentecost that He would send His Holy Spirit, and on Pentecost, they were given the Holy Spirit's gifts. The Apostles began preaching the Gospel in all of the languages spoken by the Jews assembled there, and over 3,000 individuals were converted and baptism that day. They also prayed for people to be saved, and the first Christians were baptized. After the initial excitement of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, the Church needed time to grow and become organized. So the apostles decided to go away from Jerusalem for some time until the number of believers increased. During this period, the Church was led by various leaders called "apostles". These included Paul, who was not one of the 12 original disciples but was instead a Pharisee named Saul who had been blinded by Jesus' enemies and was restored to sight after he had met Jesus on the road to Damascus. Paul became one of the most important leaders in the early Church and is credited with writing many parts of the New Testament. He died on his way to Rome to visit the Christians there, and was buried on the island of Malta. After about three years, the Holy Spirit again moved the Church to act, and this time they went back to Jerusalem where they started churches in its vicinity. This movement resulted in more than 500 new members of the Church joining together in these communities for worship and service. What did the Apostles do with the Holy Spirit? They were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in various languages as the Spirit empowered them to declare. The Holy Spirit then went about doing what He does today through Christians' lives. The apostles continued to preach the gospel where Jesus had sent them and healed people by laying hands on them. They also prayed for those who were sick and anointed those who were afflicted with diseases. The list goes on and on- the Bible is full of examples of the Holy Spirit's work through His people. In conclusion, the Apostles carried out the will of God the Father and Son during their time on earth. They taught everyone who would listen about Jesus Christ and changed many hearts and minds toward Him. Jesus chose them first and gave them power and authority over demons, and later they passed this authority on to other believers. It is important to understand that the Holy Spirit works through humans. It is not that the Spirit resides within humans and wakes up at times to act but rather that humans make space for the Spirit to work through them. The Spirit uses our words, actions, and feelings to accomplish His will in this world. As Christians, our role is to make this world a better place by serving others and leading them to Christ. What do Pentecostals believe about the Day of Pentecost? 1-4 explain the event: On the day of Pentecost, they were all gathered in one location. And then a sound like a strong rushing wind came from heaven, filling the entire house where they were seated. Pentecostals believe in the Holy Spirit's baptism, as proven by speaking in tongues. The spirit led them all to leave what they were doing and go into foreign countries where there were no churches - yet. They preached the gospel where ever they went and many people were saved. 5 explains why we celebrate on the day of Pentecost: It is because Jesus Christ gave his disciples the gift of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. He poured out his Spirit upon those who believed in him during that time. Now, almost 1500 years later, we still receive the Holy Spirit when we believe in Jesus Christ! 6 states that there are three gifts of the Holy Spirit today just like there were on that first day of Pentecost: 1 Prophecy. 2 Tongues. 3 Healing. We also need to realize that not everyone who claims to have the spirit will indeed be able to speak in tongues or do other miraculous things. Only those who are filled with the spirit will be able to do these things. 7 explains that anyone who believes in Jesus Christ can receive the Holy Spirit: Yes, anyone who believes in Jesus Christ for salvation can receive the Holy Spirit. What effects did the Holy Spirit have on the Apostles at Pentecost? What were the effects of the Holy Spirit on the apostles at Pentecost? They were granted the gift of tongues and miraculously found themselves speaking to the throng, everyone hearing in their own tongue form among the numerous travelers gathering in Jerusalem for Pentecost. The apostles were empowered by the Spirit to carry out his work, which included preaching to all nations and baptizing people who accepted Jesus as their Savior. Today's Christians experience the same effects from the Holy Spirit that the early church leaders experienced. He gives them wisdom with which to live their lives daily. He also helps them carry out their tasks by giving them strength and courage when necessary. Last but not least, the Spirit leads them into all truth. These are just some of the many gifts that God has given to us through the intervention of the Holy Spirit. As we follow Jesus' example and allow him to guide us through prayer, we can expect to receive all these blessings too. About Article Author Ruthie Williams Ruthie Williams is a newscaster and journalist. She's been reporting for CBS News since 2014, and she loves it so much! Ruthie has an undergraduate degree from Boston College and a master's degree in journalism from City University of New York. 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MU Mechanical Engineering (Semester 7) Power Plant Engineering December 2014 Total marks: -- Total time: -- (1) Assume appropriate data and state your reasons (2) Marks are given to the right of every question (3) Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary Write short notes on any four of the following 1 (a) Load management of power plant 10 M 1 (b) Benefits of co-generation 10 M 1 (c) Mechanical dust collectors 10 M 1 (d) Surge tank 10 M 1 (e) Cooling system for diesel power plant. 10 M 1 (f) Water hammer and its remedial measures 10 M 2 (a) Prove that the condition for economic loading of different units for a power [10] plant site is dl1/dL1=dI2=dI3/dL3=-----dIn/dLn 10 M 2 (b) A 300 MW thermal power plant is to supply power to a system having maximum and minimum demand of 240 MW and mo MW respectively in a year. Assuming the load duration curve to be a straight line estimate the Load Factor and Capacity Factor of the plant. 10 M 3 (a) Explain with a neat sketch the operation of Pressurised Water Reactor 10 M 3 (b) Calculate the cost of generation per kWh for a power station having the following data: i) installed capacity of the plant - 210 MW ii) Capital Cost : Rs.18000/kW iii)Rate of interest and depreciation = 12%. iv) Annual Load Factor = 60% v)Annual Capacity Factor = 54 % Vi) Annual Running Charges =Rs 200 × 106 vii)Energy Consulted by power plant auxiliaries - 6%. Calculate the cost of power generation per kWh and the reserve capacity. 10 M 4 (a) In a regenerative gas turbine cycle the pressure ratio is 5. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar, 300 K and leaves at 490 K. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 1000K. Calculate the cycle efficiency given that effectiveness of regenerator and isentropic efficiency of the of the turbine each is 80%. Assume Cp =1.005 kJ/kgK and ratio of Specific heats is 1.4 throughout the cycle 10 M 4 (b) The runoff data of a river at a particular site is tabulated below: Month Mean Discharge (Millions of m3) Month Mean Discharge Millions of m3 January 1500 July 3000 February 1200 August 3600 March 900 September 3000 April 600 October 2400 May 300 November 2100 June 2100 December 1800 (i)Draw the hydrograph and find the mean flow. (ii) Draw the flow duration curve (iii) Find the power developed if the head available is 90 m and the overall efficiency of generation is 86%. Assume each month of 30 days 10 M 5 (a) What are the performance characteristics of a coal based thermal power plant Discuss in brief the factors to be considered for selection of site for locating the plant. 10 M 5 (b) In a test on a single cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine with bore 400 mm and stroke 450 mm , the following observations were made Duration of test = 1 hr; Fuel Consumption = 7.5 kg ; C.V.of fuel = 44500 kJ/kg Total revolutions-12000/hr; Mean effective Pressure = 4 Bar; Net Brake load =1500N ; Brake drum diameter = 180cm ; Rope drum diameter = 3 cm ;Jacket Cooling Water = 500 kg ; Rise in cooling water temp = 42° C :Total air consumption = .361 kg ; Exhaust gas temperature - 300°C; Room temperature = 20°C ; Specific heat of exhaust gases=1.01kJ/kgK Calculate: i) Mechanical efficiency ii) Indicated end Brake thermal efficiency iii) Draw up heat balance sheet on minute basis 10 M 6 (a) What are advantages Fluidised Bed Combustion. Explain with a neat sketch the operation of Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler 10 M 6 (b) Discuss the effect of reheating and regeneration on the performance of Steam Power plant 10 M 7 (a) List the advantages of a diesel power plant 4 M 7 (b) Discuss in brief the disposal of radioactive waste 6 M 7 (c) Explain with a neat sketch any one type of Flue Gas De-sulphurization plant 10 M More question papers from Power Plant Engineering
What happens if a dog licks your cut Licking might offer some protection against certain bacteria, but there are serious drawbacks to letting your dog lick wounds. Excessive licking can lead to irritation, paving the way for hot.. When your dog licks a wound, there are healing capacities in their saliva and it can also help cleanse the area. They are natural healers when it comes to grooming and cleaning. It is a part of how they are wired. There is a belief that dog saliva can heal wounds, which dates back to Egyptian times Although both dog and human mouths have antibacterial properties that can aid in the healing of cuts and sores, don't get any ideas about having your dog lick your wounds. When a dog licks a human wound, there is a chance that bacteria called Pasteurella can be spread. Why Do Animals Lick Their Wounds? Why Do Animals Lick Their Wounds Should Dogs Lick Wounds? How Saliva & Licking Affect Although your dog means well when it tries to lick your wounds, canine saliva can cause infections in humans. As dog bites carry risk of infection, so does licking. It is rare for dog saliva to cause serious injury, but it has in more than one case When it comes to dogs licking their own wounds, a heavy amount of licking is likely to break down stitches and suture and re-open any closed wounds, leaving them vulnerable to infection and the accumulation of dirt and debris If you do manage to get your cut infected from dog saliva, there is the further risk that it can spread to your blood stream—sometimes in a matter of hours—and without strong antibiotics, it can even kill you. Be on the lookout for purple streaks emanating from a wound. They are a sign of such bloo It can also be passed onto you if a dog licks an open wound. The CDC said 40 percent of cats carry the bacteria at some point in their lives, though kittens under 1 are more likely to have it. Cats.. But Cossaboom noted that people can become infected with Capnocytophaga bacteria through bites, scratches, or close contact with dogs or cats that carry the bacteria in their mouths. The bacteria.. Bacteria in a dog's mouth in no way cause any infection to your body if there is no wound on that part of your body. Sexual contacts with animals falling under bestiality and are illegal. Hence, legally such actions are a crime Answer. Hello Dramu, You're wondering if it's normal for your dog to lick your penis? Well, that depends. Is your dog gay? Usually dogs like to lick their own penises (lucky dogs), but there. Not only does licking potentially introduce infection, but the act of licking can break down tissues and suture. Many people still feel that as a natural response of a dog to a wound, it is a good idea In fact, too much licking can cause a small, insignificant scrape or cut to become much worse. Do your best to keep your pup's curious tongue away from cuts and scrapes. Taking care of your pooch's nicks is not very much different when treating the same scratches in humans Licking can clean an area, but it can do more harm than good when your dog has stitches. Let's talk about how to keep your dog from licking their stitches after surgery. Care of Surgical Incisions. Whether your dog has been spayed or neutered or had a cut sewed up, there are some basics to know about wound care in dogs What happens if a dog licks your cut? While there are some compounds in a dog's saliva that help to clean wounds, your dog's mouth is highly likely to contain a ton of bacteria which may cause you to develop an infection instead! Should I let my dog lick my wound Your dog licks his ass, you might as well give the dog a rimjob instead, hahaha. October 28, 2016 Bobbie Blackman Log in to Reply Your hair pretty well matches your intelligence, your a joke and looking for your 15 minutes of fame, lots of luck Your dog's excessive licking habit might be something to laugh about at first, but after a while, it gets pretty annoying. If your pooch licks your feet when you're doing the dishes, sitting. Unfortunately, letting your dog lick his wounds can be detrimental to his health. This is especially true if your dog had surgery or stitches. The goal of stitches is to keep a wound closed long enough for it to heal properly. Overzealous licking can quickly turn into chewing and biting. Before you know it, any stitches that are in your dog's. This will also help new and healthy tissue to develop in the affected area. Give your dog the prescribed medicine in a timely manner. If you discontinue antibiotics all of a sudden it may have side effects, do as your vet has instructed. Do not let your dog lick or chew the open wound. Get a protective collar to prevent further injury The bacteria has to enter the skin through an open wound, such as from a bite or a cut on the skin. Typically the dog has to have a high concentration of that particular bacteria, and their saliva has to come into contact with the open wound. It is best practice to wash your hands after petting any dog. Should You Allow Your Dog To Lick You Even if your dog only licks his incision occasionally, he's likely to cause a skin infection and possibly damage his stitches enough to require a return visit to the vet, as well as sedation in order to repair the sutures. Some dogs never lick their incisions after castration, but those that do lick should be stopped immediately Theoretically, humans can be infected by these bacteria by coming in contact with the saliva from a cat or dogs lick. The Center for Disease Control reports that most pastuerella and bartonella infections are the result of bites and scratches. Little data are available to substantiate that being licked by a pet is a major means of infectio Canine Brucellosis Although this one is actually a canine venereal disease, it is a zoonotic bacterial disease, which means it can be spread from animals to humans. People typically contract it.. if a dog licks your cut, will it heal faster? thats what ive heard. well i just let my dog do it and have let him before, so i hope so! (maybe some vet or doc's opinions) Answer Save. 9 Answers. Relevance. Marlene T. Lv 4. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. Dogs licking a cut dues seem to heal faster. I had surgery on my hand and let my jackrussell. Your dog will have its own colonized set of bacteria and yeast flora. If you raised the dog since he was a pup, then it's likely his flora has come in contact with yours so you've become immune... The saliva of a dog's tongues acts to loosen any debris that may be on the surface of the wound. Any dirt or other debris will also become attached to the moisture of the saliva, thus at the very.. If your dog licks your hand obsessively, you should contextualise that with the dogs' character. If, for example, your dog is a rescue and has experienced poor treatment in the past, the licking could be a sign of separation anxiety or an attempt to self-soothe True or not - I never let my dog lick a cut or sore on my skin. My dog also licks her butt and eats cat poop from the litter box if she gets a chance!! I never saw a dog offer to brush its teeth before licking a cut When your dog licks your feet, chances are you respond immediately. This can quickly develop into an attention-seeking behavior, especially if your dog thinks it's a game. The good news is that. Nothing will happen to your dog, and nothing bad will happen to you. Just be sure to sterilize the cut by cleaning it with soap and water, and then swabbing it with rubbing alcohol. If you have. A combination of these methods can be used to stop self-trauma. Speak to a vet or vet nurse if you need advice on how to stop your pet licking. What are the dog wound healing stages? Uncomplicated wounds like small cuts, or surgical wounds, take around 10 days to heal. Usually we remove any stitches after about 10 days Do not allow your dog to lick their wound. This can only extend the healing process and could be a reason why your dog's wound isn't healing. If there is an abscess, do not let the wound close too early. Allow it to drain and make sure it stays moist and open The size of the brace is determined by the length of the dog's neck, not the width. If your dog has an extremely long neck, like a greyhound, or an extremely short neck, like a pug, the brace may not be very effective. If your dog's wound is on its front feet, a brace of this sort likely would not prevent your dog from licking its wounds If your dog has anything more intense or involved, like a major gash, open wound, a bite from a strange dog or any other forest creature, clean the wound and seek veterinary attention This is more likely to happen if the blade is too hot or has become dull from use. In my salon, if such a situation occurs, we encourage pet owners to call us immediately and take the dog in as soon as possible for a free medicated bath. We let the pet sit in a tepid bath for 10 or 15 minutes using an oatmeal dog shampoo to soothe the tender area The dog's own behavior caused the injury, but since it was in your care, paying the veterinary bill is a show of good will. A more obvious example is if you are scissoring along the edge of a Scottie's ear and it flings its head when it hears a bug, just as you close the scissors My dog recently cut his foot pad. I'm wondering what I should do to help heal the cut faster and how long it generally takes to heal. Foot pad cuts are very painful and take a long time healing. The cut needs to be cleaned and disinfected and then bandaged. If the cut is deep, it should be sutured by a veterinarian, who can also.. Why Do Dogs Always Lick Your Cuts - Wag Grass allergies in dogs are caused by pollen, which is the powdery yellow material that you see all over everything in the spring and summer. This powder is the substance that flowers and grasses put out to be transported from plant to plant by the birds, bees, or wind yeah ive let my moms friends dog lick my pussy.it feels really good!i never thought about doing that before because i thought something bad would happen but it was great!i have a female dog & im thinking about letting her lick my pussy too.every time i go to my moms friends house i go upstairs to the bathroom with her dog & let him lick my. If your dog licks and chews his paws and you notice redness, discharge or brown discoloration of the nails, he probably has an infection. This usually happens when a dog catches his toenail on. You could try preventing licking by using the dreaded cone of shame, a sock, or a t-shirt, depending on the specific location. If your dog's scratch is on his or her trunk, this might be a good time to break out those cute dog clothes. If you have a small dog, you could also try using baby clothes without the buttons Question: What happens if a dog licks your cut? (2021 If you want your dog to stop licking you, do your best to ignore the behavior; calmly get up and go into another room behind a closed door if you have to, says Dr. Coates T shirts and onsies can also work to help block licking. Gather the t-shirt over the back near your dog's waist, to keep it from hanging, and wrap the gathered bunch with white tape (do not tape to your pet!). Onsies need to be 12-24 months, and these work well on little dogs and some cats. Snap between your pet's back legs and tail between. The back and kidney area can also be very painful, there may be vomiting and your dog may be thirsty. They may also urinate frequently. Stage 2: between 12 and 24 hours after ingestion. Your dog may appear to recover from the immediate symptoms, only to worsen again as the ethylene glycol works its way through his body. Stage 3: after 36 hour If you have an aloe plant you can just break off a 'leaf', cut it open and smear the contents on the red inflamed areas. This will not harm your dog. Even a cloth rinsed in warm water should help - but try not to keep the area wet and of course, keep her from scratching the area If you think that your dog has cut or has lacerated his foot somehow, the first thing you should do is wash it thoroughly with a good antibacterial soap. Use warm water and gently clean the pad so that the wound is visible and ready to be treated. Step Two. The next thing you should do is visually inspect your dog's paw You might turn your dog gay. This may be OK if he's a poodle or Chihuahua or something like that, but if he's a German shepherd or Great Dane, he could have troubles if word gets out at the dog park If your dog is putting on an E collar, after 2-3 days, the wound should be healed to the degree that your dog will not lick it and the E collar can be removed. If you mistakenly cut your dog's quick during nail trimming, the first step is to avoid blood loss by stopping the bleeding, you can use STYPTIC POWDER. If this happens to. The family dog, however, stood up and began to lick the bleeding knee. This appeared to bother the mother much more than the wound itself, and she shooed the dog away with a look of disgust Although both dog and human mouths have antibacterial properties that can aid in the healing of cuts and sores, don't get any ideas about having your dog lick your wounds. When a dog licks a human wound, there is a chance that bacteria called Pasteurella can be spread Your adorable furbaby and newborn can be besties from afar, but when it comes to wet nose to chubby cheek contact there are quite a few reasons why you shouldn't let your dog lick your baby's face Children are at a greater risk of catching these infections from a dog's lick. Filed under animals , dogs , health and fitness , Pets , 7/30/17. Share this article: Share this:. This dog cone-like collar attaches to the collar that your dog already wears and will prevent your dog from licking or gnawing at the incision site even if you cannot watch her every move. 3. Spay. Why Do Dogs Lick Human Wounds? Cutenes Your Dog Licks His Paws a Lot. Your dog may lick at his paws for a variety of reasons including pain, but if you check his nails and they are too long, a trim might solve the problem. Your Dog's Nail Bed is Red or Bleeding. If your dog is bleeding or has redness at his nail bed it could signal an infection If you rape a dog in California you're on the sex offender registry, but you can fuck your cat in Kentucky. In Idaho and Michigan, though, sex with animals will get you life in prison This type of thing happens really often. I once worked with a very experienced veterinary technician who was grooming a cat and she thought she was cutting out a matt but she actually cut a massive amount of skin off of the cat and the cat needed stitches! Your question is a tough one for me to answer without seeing the wound Serious flea infestations and hypersensitivities to fleas can also lead to paw problems if they occur on the paw, as the itchiness, inflammation and general annoyance of the bites may lead to your dog again biting or licking their paws obsessively in order to gain some relief, which can allow infections to develop Hairballs aren't limited to cats. Dogs can develop hair accumulation during grooming when they are shedding. If your dog sheds a lot and ingests too much of that hair, a hard mass of hair can develop in the stomach or intestines. Called a bezoar, the mass can grow to a size that causes intestinal blockage and. Why Do Dogs Lick Wounds? Is Dog Saliva Really Healing As to the decision as to whether to take it. It really is what makes you feel comfortable. The positive side of having it is that you will now be pre-vaccinated, making any bite much easier to deal with! I had the vaccination last year based on a lick, but the dog died and we couldn't absolutely confirm it wasn't rabies Why do dogs lick their wounds? For dogs, licking wounds is like you rubbing your head if you hit it. The nerves used to transmit the rubbing sensation block the feeling of pain or soreness. And canine saliva does have some mild antibacterial effect. For wild or feral dogs licking is probably beneficial in cleaning a wound Tumors: If your dog is limping, is continually licking a swollen toe, or you have noticed that he does not use a specific paw when walking, it can be due to a tumor growing on his toe. As a result, the nails become fragile and can be easily damaged. This situation is rare, but if it happens to your pet, you will need the help of a vet It is a good dog owner's responsibility to notice the injuries that happen to a dog's paw. If your dog is licking his paw pad over and over again, he might have something stuck in it or it might be torn or damaged. If he does not use his paw or limps, he might have an injury to his paw pad How bad could it be if my dog licks my wound? - Quor A dog will not bleed to death from ripping a dew claw off, but it can be very uncomfortable, and their pain needs should be adequately addressed. Baby aspirin is safe for dogs to take, but you will want to contact a medical professional for dosing instructions if your dog has never taken aspirin before Styptic powder, gels or pencils can be purchased at most pet stores and is what dog groomers and veterinarians use to stop bleeding. Benzocaine works as a topical anesthetic to ease pain while ferric subsulfate stops bleeding. According to Dog Training Nation, if you are going to cut your dog's nails, you must have it.It's also useful for nail tears and breakage What Your Dog Wants. During an introduction, a timid and lower-ranking dog will lower his head, avoid direct eye contact and gently extend his tongue to lick the muzzle of a more dominant, confident and higher-ranking dog. The first dog licks the muzzle of the second dog to simply reconfirm that he comes in peace. Think of this as the doggy. Licking is the best way that they have to accomplish that free from contaminants / moisturize combo we look for when healing skin wounds (though I don't know how free from contaminants a dog's mouth really is). If your dog instinctually licks places that hurt, and your dog has petroleum jelly on its paws, then it's going to ingest. My dog got cut up two days ago on her back and near her rectom. The one cut is a puncture and the other is about a 5mm open wound, not sure if it was a fence or another animal and the wounds are looki read mor Dog hairs are really not sterile and can harbor several infectious microorganisms. When the site has been readied, the veterinary will use a scalpel to cut through the skin to the base of the sebaceous cyst. The cyst will then be cut open and allowed to drain slowly into a surgical pan. Suction may be used to speed up the process of drainage Trimming Your Dog's Nails. Perhaps no other home grooming activity is dreaded more by both owner and pet than cutting a dog's nails. The task seems simple enough, particularly with the wide array of nail clippers now available, but the procedure can go terribly wrong with one misplaced snip, leaving a dog skittish and reluctant to ever allow you near his feet again To stop a dog's quick from bleeding, try to remain calm so you don't stress out your dog and remember that your dog isn't at risk from the minor blood loss. First, find a bar of soap and press the bleeding nail into the soap at a 90-degree angle so it's 3-4 millimeters deep. Then, hold your dog's paw still in this position for 3-4 minutes Dog Licks, Loss Of Limbs: 5 Diseases Your Pets Can Give Death from a dog lick? Veterinarian explains rare 1. Capnocytophaga is normal in dogs and cats and doesn't cause symptoms in animals. But when transmitted to humans through animal saliva-usually via a bite-the bacteria can cause fever, diarrhea,.. 2. Inflammation (Starts Immediately) Your Pup's First Responders. While there are many types of dog wounds, from lacerations to abrasions to puncture wounds, most wounds go through similar stages in healing.The first of these stages is inflammation, and while it is the most painful and most noticeable stage, it is key to proper healing 3. Your dog's cut paw pad will heal faster if it's protected until fully healed. Keep him quiet, and prevent him from running or chewing at the bandage (this may require the use of an Elizabethan collar). Even after your dog's pad has healed enough that it isn't painful to touch, it will still be tender and vulnerable to reinjury What Happens If My Dog Eats Me Out ? dog licks puss The Australian cattle dog is a curious canine companion that is sure to keep you on your toes with their impressive intelligence and boundless energy. These loyal family pups may be wary of strangers, but they're eternally devoted to their families My dog got a cut on his head what should do. somehow my dog got a cut in his head, it is hard now, It feels hard skin or scab, i cant tell because of the hair what should i do, i have no money at this time. Lumps on Boxer's Leg Is there some treatment I could try. My 7 year old boxer has developed 6-7 marble sized lumps on the back of his right. Pro Tip: If your dog has a suspected or known food hypersensitivity (food allergy) causing or worsening their anal gland problems, opt for the Glandex Peanut Butter chews rather than the beef flavored powder. Beef is a protein source that can be a common culprit for food allergies in food-sensitive dogs. There's also a starter kit with both types of their supplement, their wipes, and a. dog lick my penis - TheBod Ask A Vet: Why Isn't It A Good Idea For My Dog To Lick Wounds When your dog licks your face, his saliva may get into the mucous membranes of your mouth, eyes, and nose, where they'll find it easy to enter your body. Your immune system is likely to fight the majority of these organisms off, but if you are immune compromised, already sick, young, or elderly, you may not be so lucky Resist the urge to wrap your arms around your dog, they said. Your canine pal actually despises being trapped in your embrace, they said. Well. Here's a little salt in the wound: You should ease up on the dog kisses, too. Earlier today, the New York Times published a detailed explanation of why you should not let your dog lick your face Your dog can lick your feet (or themselves) just because it is a soothing way to pass the time. When Should I Begin To Worry? When the dogs licking becomes repetitive to the point of obsession. This can indicate a problem. Constant licking can quickly become a learned mechanism for dealing with stress. When it has reached this stage, it is the. Signs and symptoms of Capnocytophaga infection include blisters, redness, swelling, draining pus, or pain at the bite wound. Then fever, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, muscle or joint pain may occur Your dog will probably need to wear an Elizabethan collar for 6-8 days to prevent him interfering with the wound. These are available from Reception. When you come to collect your pet, the nurse will advise you of the post-operative care required and will make an appointment for a vet to recheck your dog in 3-5 days Don't panic. A dog would have to eat a rather large amount of PURE chocolate in order for him to get sick. Your dog will not die not will he get ill from eating one piece of chocolate. One of my dogs once got a hold of a valentine's heart box full of chocolate and he ate the whole thing. 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Biden Pandemic Plan Highlights Vaccine Access and Therapeutic Development The broader national strategy sets seven goals, some fairly general, such as building public trust, safely reopening schools and businesses, advancing racial and ethnic equity, and restoring US global leadership. One day after his inauguration, President Joe Biden unveiled a lengthy program for combatting COVID-19 by ramping up distribution and inoculation of millions of Americans over the next three months. This comprehensive pandemic response began with the President signing a packet of executive orders that expand COVID-19 testing and required mask-wearing on federal property and in public transportation and makes wider use of the Defense Production Act (DPA) to reduce shortages of supplies such as protective equipment, lab equipment, and vaccine production and delivery materials. The broader national strategy sets seven goals, some fairly general, such as building public trust, safely reopening schools and businesses, advancing racial and ethnic equity, and restoring US global leadership, as outlined in a summary statement from the White House. A 200-page document provides more details for implementing specific initiatives, many important to biopharmaceutical manufacturers. More specifically, the Goal 2 strategy for ensuring access to safe and effective vaccines outlines ways to simplify allocation and distribution of preventives to states and localities across the country, acknowledging that rapid vaccination of millions of Americans requires access to a reliable supply of authorized vaccines. States will continue to play key roles in vaccine allocation and distribution, but the Biden plan also increased federal support for both state and national vaccination operations and for improved collection of data on vaccine distribution and inoculation. A stated change is to distribute most vaccine supplies as they are made, and not to withhold quantities for second doses. The Biden plan also aims to fill gaps in supplies needed for manufacturing and production, such as biological materials and packaging and dispensing equipment. There’s support for expanding lipid nanoparticle formulation capacity to scale mRNA vaccine production and for the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to provide ongoing technical assistance and monitoring of contracted vaccine manufacturing facilities. The government will explore dose-sparing strategies that can potentially expand vaccine supply and will work with manufacturers to devise new packaging methods that can reduce minimum shipment sizes in order to reach rural and underserved communities more effectively. An interesting wrinkle on the vaccine supply situation is whether Pfizer can count its vials as containing five or six doses. If the higher number is valid, than the company can meet its commitment of providing 200 million doses much sooner than July. FDA agreed in early January to update the vaccine’s fact sheet to confirm to clinicians that the vials contain a sixth dose. That change, however, puts pressure on pharmacies and clinics to extract that sixth dose, and that requires using special low dead volume syringes, which have been in short supply. Some vaccine clinics now find that Pfizer is shipping fewer vials, based on the expectation of more shots per vial, but are unable to access the extra vaccine. Recent press reports indicate that Pfizer has agreed to allow the government to track vaccine shipments accompanied by the special syringes to better calculate the number of doses provided and their cost. At the same time, the Biden executive order authorizing greater use of the DPA to ensure sufficient production of supplies needed for vaccine distribution, such as packaging, glass vials, stoppers, and syringes, also sets the stage for utilizing this authority to obtain more dose-saving syringes able to extract six doses from the vials for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Support for R&D One of the initial executive orders signed by Biden calls for issuing a high-level plan for developing and testing promising COVID-19 treatments. The President calls for the secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to devise a plan supporting large-scale randomized trials and other studies able to identify promising treatments that can be “easily manufactured, distributed, and administered, both domestically and internationally.” In emphasizing the need for randomized trials, the provision highlights the administration’s emphasis on relying on science in medical decisions, as opposed to the promotion of untested products by the Trump administration. To limit contamination from the coronavirus, Goal 3 of the National Strategy, which seeks to mitigate spread through expanded masking and testing and an increased medical workforce, also supports accelerated research and clinical development of new treatments. Starting with a comprehensive preclinical drug discovery and development program of treatments that can be readily scaled and administered, it also calls for diverse clinical trials to ensure that new therapies address the needs of communities of color, children, pregnant women, and high-risk populations. And it aims to improve access to more affordable, high-quality treatments by preventing shortages through investment in advanced biopharmaceutical manufacturing, advanced purchase agreements, and strengthened surveillance systems. The comprehensive vaccination campaign also supports ongoing vaccine R&D as a way to bolster vaccine access. Important goals are for the government to fund research and testing of vaccines for adolescents and children and the development of formulations that may be easier to deliver and administer. To assess whether current vaccines remain effective against new viral strains, NIH, FDA and BARDA will evaluate the need to alter current vaccines. FDA is cited as key to authorizing effective vaccines for rapid delivery, for assessing emerging viral mutations, and for establishing recommendations for dosing and expanding vaccine supply. These initiatives, moreover, look to support drug discovery and development programs to combat future pandemic threats, as well as the current virus. This larger program will develop broad-spectrum antivirals to protect against the coronavirus family, which includes SARS, MERS, as well as COVID-19. There’s an emphasis on developing basic preclinical tools for vaccine testing, including assays, high throughput screening of existing and novel chemicals, in vitro and in vivo testing, and pharmacokinetics. And it will advance chemistry, manufacturing, and controls and regulatory efforts to support early phase clinical trials.
Skip To Content Cambridge University Science Magazine How did science in communist states like the People’s Republic of China (PRC) under Mao Zedong (1949 – 1976) differ from non-communist states like the U.S? A narrative we may hear is that communism ‘damaged’ science, because in communist states, scientific knowledge was deeply entangled with the states’ Marxist ideologies. While communism had a profound influence on scientific practice in Maoist China, two criticisms of this simplistic argument are evident: firstly, ‘politically-shaped science’ was not unique to communist nations, and secondly, this communist science was not necessarily ‘bad’ science. When Mao rose to power, he sought to validate his political ideology through emphasising that science must ‘walk on two legs’. As a result, scientific policies in Maoist China became a manifestation of Maoist thought, and reflected the political and geopolitical context of the PRC in the Cold War. Inspired by the ideologies of Karl Marx and Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, Mao sought to achieve a communist utopia through having peasants seize the means of production from the bourgeoisie (the middle classes). However, Mao’s vision was distinct because he believed that the workers should themselves drive this workers’ revolution, rather than be led by party elites. This produced contrasting visions of scientific practice – Lenin cultivated a group of scientific elites, whereas Mao sought to empower the peasants. Hence, Mao proposed that science should ‘walk on two legs’ (liǎngtiáo jiǎo zǒulù fāngzhēn, 两条脚走路方针) to bolster economic development. Here, experts formed one leg, while peasants formed the other, so science involved combining the elite knowledge of the scientists with the folk knowledge of the villagers. Scientific policies in the PRC therefore focused on blurring the knowledge gap between scientists and peasants. For science to ‘walk’ properly, the two legs had to be balanced. For this, peasants needed active engagement with science. This vision was enacted through Mao’s ‘open-door schooling’ movement (kāimén biàn xué, 开门辩学). Under this policy, researchers welcomed peasants into universities and research institutions, promoting increased contact between the scientists and the peasants. Additionally, scientific journals were also used to present science to the masses in digestible forms. The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP)’s Fossils magazine is an example. Fossils was designed for the peasants’ consumption, and they were further encouraged to contribute articles to the magazine, making it a platform for knowledge exchange between scientists and peasants. In Fossils, peasants scrutinised the arguments of IVPP scientists using their own scientific understanding that was shaped by Maoist thought. In one article, IVPP scientist Zhou Guoxing, addressed the question, “Can modern apes become human?” Zhou argued that because human evolution occurred under conditions that no longer existed, modern apes could not evolve into humans. To some peasants, Zhou’s evocation of the external environment undermined a key principle of Maoist thought: that labour was what made humans a distinct species. Therefore, his article triggered debates among peasants and scientists regarding ideas of human evolution. Through these debates, Fossils promoted intellectual equality between peasants and scientists, and encouraged peasants to participate actively in the production of scientific knowledge. ‘Walking on two legs’ also meant that scientific knowledge in the PRC combined Western science with folk knowledge. Seismology provides an insightful example. Peasants had superstitiously believed that earthquakes indicated the end of a political regime. Given the frequent earthquakes in the PRC, Mao valued seismology as a tool to protect his political power. To educate peasants on the science of earthquakes, Chinese seismologists would conduct public exhibitions in villages. Additionally, to enable peasants’ participation, Chinese seismologists also educated them on anomalous animal behaviours that could indicate an imminent earthquake. This collaboration with villagers was valuable as they were most sensitive to abnormal changes in the natural environment. For instance, just before the 1975 Haicheng earthquake, farmers were puzzled to see snakes burrowing out of their hibernation holes during winter, only to freeze to death. Following government protocol, these findings were reported to the local Office of Earthquakes. Scientists in the Office then drew connections between these observations and an imminent earthquake, and informed authorities to evacuate the village. Workers were also vital in these ‘collective monitoring’ efforts. For example, one account tells of workers in a tofu factory reporting that they could not make tofu on the eve of an earthquake, because the water from their well was “different”. These observations aligned with the scientists’ beliefs that imminent earthquakes would change the chemistry of underground water. Evidently, seismology in the PRC was a collaborative effort – peasants made macroscopic observations, and scientists legitimised these observations to save the peasants’ lives. ‘Walking on two legs’ generated a unique model of ‘self-reliant science’. By empowering peasants to engage with science, they could improve their own practices without state assistance. This model of ‘self-reliant science’ was exported to developing nations during the Cold War by the PRC government, demonstrating science’s utility as a tool for geopolitical influence. For instance, China sent experts to West Africa to show villagers how they could use animal manure as fertiliser. In another example, the TAZARA Railway which linked Tanzania and Zambia was built with China’s assistance and focused on training the skills of African workers, thereby promoting their self-reliance. Maoist China’s ‘self-reliant science’ appealed to the governments of the global South, as it reduced the citizens’ dependence on the government for resources and stoked anti-imperialist sentiments. The geopolitical utility of ‘self-reliant science’ became pertinent after the Sino-Soviet split around 1960, which occurred after Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev (1953 - 1964)'s attempt to reverse the policies of Mao’s close ally, Joseph Stalin (Khruschev’s predecessor). With the PRC now aligned with neither the USSR nor the U.S, it sought to establish itself as an alternative superpower. Providing developing nations with a distinctively Chinese model of scientific development to progress towards economic prosperity could bring these nations into the PRC’s sphere of influence. Parading ‘walking on two legs’ as a hallmark of socialist China enabled the PRC’s unique scientific model to become a weapon to win the Cold War power struggle. What should we make out of this case study of science in Maoist China? Crucially, science is never done in a social or political vacuum. Because science and scientists are socially and politically situated, they embody specific social and political values. Unlike any other country in the Cold War, the citizen-scientist collaborations in the PRC specifically emphasised the citizen as an intellectual equal, and peasants became key stakeholders in producing and practicing science in Maoist China. While Maoist science at times had disastrous consequences, Mao’s regime also produced a unique model which appreciated the ways in which modern ‘Western’ science could be combined with folk knowledge. Contrary to popular belief, communism could, and did, produce productive forms of scientific knowledge and practice. Recognising this can be a challenge given the vilification of communism in the Western world during the Cold War. Therefore, that “science is political” is a given. It is more insightful to ask instead, “how is science political?”, so that we can discern the tacit political influences in scientific practice. Eugene Chia recently graduated in History and Philosophy of Science from Fitzwilliam College. Artwork by Josh Langfield.
How CPR is performed? How to Perform Hands-only CPR Performing hands only CPR is very easy to learn and an excellent skill for everyone to have to help save a life in an emergency. There are several key steps to follow to make sure you are performing CPR correctly. 1. If you see someone suddenly collapse and you happen to be a bystander first check their responsiveness. Call 911 and tell someone to grab an AED. You can check the carotid pulse. To check your pulse over your carotid artery, place your index and middle fingers on your neck to the side of your windpipe. When you feel your pulse, look at your watch and count the number of beats in 15 seconds. Multiply this number by 4 to get your heart rate per minute. You can look to see if the person is breathing normally. We always tell people to “look, listen and feel” look to see if you have any chest rising, listen to hear for breathing, and feel if they are breathing by placing your ear close to their mouth. If we have established there is no pulse no breathing immediately begin CPR. 2. To perform CPR place the heel of one hand on the center part of the chest between the nipple line and place your other hand over it. Your shoulders should be positioned directed above your hands and your elbows should be locked into place. 3. Press down on the center of the chest using enough force to cause the breastbone to sink in to a depth of two inches 4. Compress the chest 30 times at a pace of around 100-120 a minute just a little bit quicker than one second each. You should allow the chest to recoil completely between compressions 5. Tilt the chin and open the airway to get ready to deliver two breaths mouth to mouth watch for chest rise 6. Continue this cycle of 30 compressions to 2 breaths until help arrives If you are interested in learning CPR in Austin, TX please contact our office directly 512-200-2327 Posted in
Michigan Senate panel preparing $2 billion tax cut proposal WWII bomb explodes as it is made safe in Poland, no injuries Monika Scislowska Associated Press Warsaw, Poland – A British World War II giant Tallboy bomb exploded while being made safe underwater by Navy sappers in northwestern Poland on Tuesday. No one was injured. The 5.4-ton bomb was found September 2019 beneath a waterway leading to the port of Szczecin during work to deepen the passage. Over 750 people were evacuated for the sappers’ operation, as it was located on the southern edge of the popular Baltic Sea resort of Swinoujscie, which, like Szczecin, was a busy Nazi Germany military port during the war. Polish Navy sappers were trying to neutralize it underwater through burning out its explosives, but it went off in the process. A spokesman for the sappers, Grzegorz Lewandowski, told The Associated Press that no one was injured as all the sappers were at a safe distance from the blast, which was felt by local residents in the town of Swinoujscie. “The operation was carried out perfectly and safely and the bomb is safe now,” Lewandowski said. He noted it was the biggest ever such operation by sappers in Poland, where unexploded wartime bombs, missiles and grenades are still found often. The Tallboy bomb was designed by British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis and was used by the Royal Air Force to destroy large Nazi-controlled objects though underground shocks. The one in Swinoujscie was probably used in April 1945 on the Nazi German battleship Luetzow. Experts do not know why it failed to explode at the time.
問１　According to the article, the author calls the current situation in Asia a crisis because (　　) . 1 　many more male airline pilots are quitting their jobs than before 2 　the accident rates are increasing among both male and female pilots 3 　the number of female pilots has not changed much for the last few decades 4 　the number of future pilots needed will be much larger than at present 問２　According to the article, there is little difference between men and women in (　　) . 1 　how easily they learn to operate airplanes 2 　how likely they are to be involved in accidents 3 　how much time they can spend on work 4 　how people perceive their suitability for the job 問３　In Paragraph ((4)), the author most likely mentions a Japanese female airline captain in order to give an example of (　　) . 1 　a contribution female pilots could make to the workplace 2 　a female pilot who has excellent skills to fly a plane 3 　a problem in the current system for training airline pilots 4 　an airline employee who has made rare achievements 問４　Which of the following statements best summarizes the article? 1 　Despite negative views toward female pilots, they can be as successful as male pilots. 2 　Due to financial problems the percentage of female students in a pilot academy in Asia is too small. 3 　In the future many countries worldwide may have to start hiring more female pilots like Asian countries. 4 　There is little concern about increasing female pilots in the future because major obstacles for them have been removed. 正答　問１：　問２：　問３：　問４：平成30年度試行調査　英語リーディング　第６問Ａ設問　自動送り ON　日本語訳番号ごとの自動静止 ※任意の英文をクリックしたときはその英文だけ再生され，をクリックしたときは指定中の英文から連続再生されます。
News Release Dingoes should remain a distinct species in Australia 20 leading researchers have confirmed in a new study that the dingo is actually a unique, Australian species in its own right Peer-Reviewed Publication Flinders University Since the arrival of British settlers over 230 years ago, most Australians have assumed dingoes are a breed of wild dog. But 20 leading researchers have confirmed in a new study that the dingo is actually a unique, Australian species in its own right. Following previous analyses of dingo skull and skin specimens to come to the same conclusion, these latest findings provide further evidence of specific characteristics that differentiate dingoes from domestic dogs, feral dogs, and other wild canids such as wolves. The finding that a dingo is a dingo, and not a dog, offers an opposing view compared to a another recent study that the Government of Western Australia used to justify its attempt to declare the dingo as 'non-fauna', which would have given more freedom to landowners to kill them anywhere without a license. Co-author Professor Corey Bradshaw of Flinders University in South Australia says the classification of dingoes has serious consequences for the fragile ecosystems they inhabit, and state governments are required to develop and implement management strategies for species considered native fauna. "In fact, dingoes play a vital ecological role in Australia by outcompeting and displacing noxious introduced predators like feral cats and foxes. When dingoes are left alone, there are fewer feral predators eating native marsupials, birds and lizards". "Dingoes can also increase profits for cattle graziers, because they target and eat kangaroos that otherwise compete with cattle for grass in semi-arid pasture lands,", says Professor Bradshaw. Lead author, Dr Bradley Smith from Central Queensland University, says the scientific status of the dingo has remained contentious, resulting in inconsistency in government policy. "The dingo has been geographically isolated from all other canids, and genetic mixing driven mainly by human interventions has only been occurring recently," Dr Smith says. "Further evidence in support of dingoes being considered a 'wild type' capable of surviving in the absence of human intervention and under natural selection is demonstrated by the consistent return of dog-dingo hybrids to a dingo-like canid throughout the Australian mainland and on several islands." "We have presented scientifically valid arguments to support the ongoing recognition of the dingo as a distinct species (Canis dingo), as was originally proposed by Meyer in 1793." Dr Smith says little evidence exists to support the notion that any canid species are interchangeable with dingoes, despite the fact that most canids can successfully interbreed. "There is no historical evidence of domestication once the dingo arrived in Australia, and the degree of domestication prior to arrival is uncertain and likely to be low, certainly compared to modern domestic dogs." "We show that dingoes have survived in Australia for thousands of years, subject to the rigours of natural selection, thriving in all terrestrial habitats, and largely in the absence of human intervention or aid. "The dingo is without doubt a native Australian species", concludes Professor Bradshaw.
Mars colony simulations: Crew may revolt without strong interplanetary communication – CNET Posted: November 17, 2021 at 12:36 pm After humans are sent to live on Mars, what if they stop communication with us on Earth? Earlier this month, six people began their tenure in an immersive experiment that's either your greatest dream or your worst nightmare: They're living in a simulated extraterrestrial colony while being monitored by its builders. It's part of Project Sirius, an eight-monthoff-world settlement test taking place in Moscow. Given the rampant interest in colonizing other planets -- especially from SpaceX CEO Elon Musk -- scientists behind these experiments are learning what physical and psychological consequences could be in store for future Martian or lunar settlers. And even though 2021's Sirius simulation just started on Nov. 4, there's already a good chunk of data to work with from tests in 2017 and 2019. Among those analyzing the specifics, one research team has noted two striking outcomes: Members of the "off-Earth society" grew increasingly autonomous, and they progressively communicated their feelings less often with mission control. The researcherspublished their findings Nov. 9 in the journal Frontiers in Physiology. At face value, strong independence seems promising in a potential Martian society. If settlers perceive full control of their mission, they'd function confidently on their own and work collaboratively, drawing on their comfort with one another. That could benefit later interplanetary endeavors by easing individual anxiety and enhancing group cohesion for carrying out protocols. That was one of the surprising findings of the study. "The communication characteristics of crew members with different personalities, genders and cultures became more similar during the mission," said co-author Dmitry Shved of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Moscow Aviation Institute. But on a deeper level, letting go of mission control's hand invites some challenges. "The negative side is that the mission control loses the possibility to understand the needs and problems of the crew, which consequently hinders mission control's ability to provide support," Shved said. Taking it a step (or five) further, if the crew achieves a super high level of autonomy and cohesion, according to Shved, there's another potential concern -- they might seek complete detachment from external governing structures. Basically, Martian-humans could revolt from Earthlings. But not to worry, at least not too much. "During the period when the Mars colonies will still be dependent on resupplies and people coming from Earth," he said, "the probability of severance of diplomatic relations seems rather low." Project Sirius is all-encompassing. Each simulation gave participants the whole nine yards of space "colonization" to unlock precise details of off-world group dynamics. First, subjects underwent a realistic takeoff and landing -- rockiness and all. Then they were immediately isolated in chambers from the outside world. The brave souls also weren't given an abundance of supplies, were told to utilize onboard greenhouses and even experienced signal lags while talking to mission control. After the respective 17-day and 120-day periods of 2017's and 2019's experiments, Shved's team began observing how communication between the experimental crews and mission control evolved over time. "The crews in simulated missions tended to reduce their communication with the mission control during the isolation," Shved said, "sharing their needs and problems less and less -- with rare exceptions such as important mission events, like landing simulation." On the other hand, over the course of the mission there was a convergence of communication styles among Project Sirius crew members and an increase in crew cohesion, even though the crew composition was diverse by gender and cultural background, with pronounced individual differences, according to Shved. Regarding gender, the team's study indicated that those who identified as women reacted differently to stress than those who identified as men based on speech acoustic indicators, facial expressions and content analysis of their messages. Unlike men, women manifested both joy and sadness facially, and showcased stress less audibly in speech, Shved said. That data coincides with stress management gender differences for space colonization in data obtained by Sheryl Bishop of California's Space Surgery Institute, according to Shved. Her work was derived from results of a study that involved a four-month Martian space simulation known as FMARS, situated deep in the Canadian Arctic. "However," he said, "it should be noted that all female subjects in Sirius experiments were Russian, while males were Russian, German and American -- so the cultural background could influence the observed differences." The researchers intend to continue studying communication behavior in crew members of the Sirius-21 experiment. And for both private and public agencies looking to begin extraterrestrial colonization, Shved urges that the main points revealed by his team's analysis should ideally be discussed prior to the mission, and he stressed the importance of a good chat with "home." "Considering the technical means of communication, video messaging from the crew, colonists and back seems to be preferable," he said, "as it provides better emotional connection, even under the signal lag and delay effect." Read this article: Mars colony simulations: Crew may revolt without strong interplanetary communication - CNET Related Post
More From Forbes Edit Story America's 20 Dirtiest Cities This article is more than 9 years old. The booby prize this year for Dirtiest City in America goes to Fresno, California. This Central Valley city suffers some of the worst air in the nation, and a water supply so degraded that the city used to tell pregnant women not to drink from the tap. Fresno epitomizes the environmental challenges of the Golden State. And it's not alone. Plenty of its neighbors in central California like Modesto, Stockton and Bakersfield have it almost as bad. (Other California metro areas ranked among the 20 Dirtiest Cities include San Jose, Riverside and Los Angeles -- but don't worry, they have lots of company from towns in the Midwest and on the East Coast, too.) The environmental degradation of the Central Valley has many contributing factors. First of all, its geography doesn't do it any favors. It's a big, long bowl surrounded on three sides by mountains that trap pollutants from cars and factories and oil fields in an inversion layer. Second, it's a victim of what brought people there in the first place -- rich fertile soils from which grow much of America's fruits and vegetables. For decades farmers would burn leftover cuttings from their fields after the harvest -- dumping massive amounts of lung-choking particulate matter into the air. Burning has been banned since 2004, and the air has gotten cleaner since then, but there's still a long way to go. Compounding the problem are frequent dust storms, exacerbated by water shortages. Third, all that agricultural activity has wreaked the Valley's groundwater. Decades of fertilizer and pesticide applications and manure from livestock have caused noxious chemicals to trickle down into the water table. When pumped back up into homes, the water regularly gives people rashes when they shower in it. Nitrates in the water can cause babies who drink it to come down with potentially fatal "blue baby syndrome." What's troubling is that rather than getting better, the water problem might be getting worse. An EPA report on California's waters last year found the number of rivers, streams and lakes with meaningful levels of toxicity rose more than 170% from 2006 to 2010. Of the 215,000 miles of shoreline, streams and rivers in the Golden State, 30,000 miles are not meeting water quality goals, and 20,000 need a pollution cleanup plan. What's more, says the EPA, of California's 3.0 million acres of lakes, bays, wetlands and estuaries, 1.4 million acres do not meet water quality goals and need to be cleaned up. Unfortunately, in much of the Central Valley, the water pollution is so pervasive that that there's virtually no possibility of rehabilitation. According to a study for California by U.C. Davis Prof. Thomas Harter, remediating the water in the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley would cost around $30 billion a year over 20 years. As if all that's not enough, Fresno also is home to Superfund sites like the Fresno Municipal Landfill -- which has leaked chemicals like vinyl chloride into groundwater -- as well a pesticide factory that leaked so much gunk into groundwater that nearby residents had to be provided with an alternative water supply. Depressed yet? Well help may be on the way. Last month California held its first auction for carbon allowances under the state's new cap-and-trade law that will force any company that emits more than 25,000 tons of carbon dioxide a year to reduce its emissions, or pay the price for permits. Though carbon dioxide itself doesn't contribute much, if at all, to air quality problems, the other emissions that often accompany it out of smokestacks, like sulfur dioxide and soot, certainly do. Starting in 2015 California's oil refineries will also become responsible for the emissions from cars that use their fuel. This is a cost that they will, of course, pass along to motorists in the form of higher gasoline prices. But to the extent that Californians vote with their wallets and buy more fuel-efficient cars, the effect should be to reduce air pollution in the state. (It would also likely drive refiners and other big emitters out of California entirely, but that's a different discussion.) Estimates are that for every $10 a ton in the price of carbon allowances, California gasoline prices will go up a dime. The first cap-and-trade auction resulted in a price of $10.09 per ton. If the scheme works in California, it might not be long before our intrepid lawmakers in Washington, D.C. attempt to do the same thing nationwide. A bright spot in the pollution landscape is that according to this EPA report, America's air quality has generally been getting better. Cars and trucks are more efficient, fuel blends are cleaner, and coal-fired power plants have been forced to install air-scrubbing technology. But lord knows we have a long way to go. Much of the data for our list of the 20 Dirtiest Cities In America is derived from rankings done by Bert Sperling on his website. Sperling is known for for his books like "Best Places To Raise Your Family" and "Cities Ranked And Rated." His website features tools that let you slice and dice cities by a whole host of categories, like cost of living and income, as well as by water and air quality. Sperling's air quality index is based on annual data from the EPA, which factors in ozone and pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead and volatile organic chemicals. Likewise, his water quality rankings use EPA data that measures watershed quality by looking at 15 indicators like pollutants, sediments, and toxic releases. Both indices rank metropolitan areas into an index where 1 is the worst and 100 is the best. To get a set of dirty cities, we identified which metro areas (with population of 500,000 or more) showed up on both lists for poor water quality and air quality. Then we averaged their rankings on the indices. We then took a look at some other sources, such as EPA data on the big cities with the most toxic releases (Houston, Texas -- ranked 13th -- leads by a mile), the American Lung Association's annual State of the Air report, as well as a look at the prevalence of Superfund sites in the various areas. Full List: America's 20 Dirtiest Cities Informed by these other sources, we bumped cities up and down on the list. It's a fascinating exercise to comb through reports on Superfund projects -- they're a reminder of how disgracefully careless many manufacturers were in decades past. One of America's most incredible industrial disasters continues to unfold under Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The first oil refineries were built on the Brooklyn waterfront back in the 1860s. Over the decades more than 17 million gallons of oil and petroleum products leaked from tanks, inundating the earth and decimating groundwater over 50 acres. Toxic vapors can still seep up from the spill and enter through building foundations into indoor air. The responsible parties, including ExxonMobil and Chevron, may never be able to remediate the entire mess. Good thing New York City drinking water is now piped in from the Adirondacks. (Nevertheless, New York ranks as the 11th dirtiest city in the country.) Then there's Bridgeport, Conn. (No. 4 on our list), where for decades Raymark Industries manufactured brakes and clutch parts. And lots of asbestos. Raymark regularly filled in the wetlands around its factory there by dumping soil mixed with toxic waste. For the past 20 years the EPA cleanup there has been removing lead, asbestos, arsenic, dioxins and PCB. Blight can blossom in places like Bridgeport, however. On the site of the former Jenkins Valve Company, the city and the EPA raised more than $13 million to rehabilitate and redevelop the site into what's now the state-of-the-art Harbor Yard sports complex, home to the minor league Bridgeport Bluefish. I was surprised to find that in Silicon Valley, south of San Francisco, there are 28 one-time Superfund sites in locations where semiconductor manufacturers like Intel, AMD and Fairchild once had fabrication plants. To maintain ultra-clean facilities the chipmakers used oceans of solvents like trichloroethene, which were stored in tanks under the plants. And leaked. According to a 2009 EPA update, groundwater contamination at numerous sites including Fairchild and National Semiconductor remains pervasive and is monitored and vented. The surface though has been reclaimed, and a big office building now sits there. Yet the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metro area still ranks eighth dirtiest in the nation. American manufacturers have learned the hard way how to clean up their act. Their legacy unfortunately will continue to effect the health of their communities for many years to come. We can only hope that the economic growth miracles underway in places like China and India and Brazil will be accompanied by more environmental care than was America's own economic heyday. See if your metropolis ranks among the 20 dirtiest in the nation, and please weigh in with your comments below on whether these cities got a bad rap or a fair shake. Follow me on Twitter @chrishelman.
What is HST (Harmonized Sales Tax) in Canada? May 31, 2021 \| Written by: Sohail Afzal What is Harmonized Sales Tax in Canada People often confuse Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) with Goods and Services Tax (GST) in Canada. But the difference between the two is that GST comes under the HST. Although both are the type of consumption taxes, HST is a combination of GST and Provincial Sales Tax (PST). Where PST relates to the provincial rules in Canada, GST is linked with the Federal regulations. Our main focus here is HST. So, let’s explore it in more detail. HST Explained HST is a consumption tax on the purchase of a service or good. Being a consumption tax, HST can be in various forms including, excise, tariffs, sales taxes, and other goods and services taxes. HST can also be considered as an entire taxation entity based on the consumption of the consumer. People who add to the economy are also taxed with HST for their income. The consumer and the business both have to pay HST at the point of sale. This tax reaches Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) after the HST rate has been added to the vendor’s cost of goods and services. Once the HST is remitted, it’s CRA’s job to allocate the provincial portion of the HST to the respective provincial authorities. So, now the question is, “does the same HST rate apply to all the provinces of Canada?” HST Rate Variations Here is the simple answer to the above question. HST rate varies with the place of supply. A place of supply is the place where you not only operate your business but also provide the goods or services to the consumers. For example, suppose someone asks how to file HST returns to Ontario. In that case, the answer is, you pay 13% HST when providing your services or goods in Ontario. And if you are worried about the procedure, you should take professional assistance in this regard. Filing your HST returns in Toronto, Ontario is different as compared to other provinces of Canada. The HST rates for New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are 15%. In the rest of the provinces, there is a 5% GST and then PST rates are also there but no HST. Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nunavut, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and Northwest territories are excluded from the HST list since they have their own provincial tax regulations. You can consult a professional tax consultant at any point in your business for the proper guidance on HST submission. The Take-Away It is important to know when you have to charge, collect and remit your HST to the CRA. As a responsible citizen and a successful businessman, you cannot avoid these responsibilities. Sometimes, we get so involved in business activities that the essential bookkeeping is not done in time. This then leads to the delayed submission and filing of the tax returns, and then you have to deal with the penalties. This can also damage the reputation of your business. Therefore it is recommended to hire a bookkeeper, an accountant, or maybe an accounting firm to keep your tax returns on track. Sohail Afzal CPA Toronto Sohail Afzal, CPA, CMA, MBA Article Categories Contact Us Recent Articles
Here's why you should start incorporating more into your diet. Integrating more seafood into your diet can be tricky, but it's probably worth the effort every now and then: The American Heart Association recommends eating fish at least twice a week for a reason. Salmon, in particular, is a good dish if you're trying to be conscious of your heart health. Below, you'll find 11 health benefits of salmon, according to registered dietitians. It's rich in omega 3 fatty acids Salmon is a wonderful source of omega 3 fatty acids, Keri Gans, a New York-based RDN, tells HealthAccording to the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), a division of the National Institutes of Health, research has proven that omega 3s offer a variety of health benefits, including relieving symptoms of dry eye disease, helping manage symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and improving cognitive function. Salmon is a great source of protein According to the USDA, 100 grams of salmon provides nearly 20 grams of protein. (FYI: Females 14 and older need 46 grams of protein a day.) Protein is essential in helping your body thrive, and not getting enough can lead to muscle loss. It can help your body regulate your sleep Salmon also includes an amino acid called tryptophan, Gans says. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, according to the US National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus website. This means you have to get it from your diet as your body won't produce it. Tryptophan helps the body make melatonin and serotonin, per MedlinePlus—meaning it plays a part in some pretty important bodily functions, such as mood regulation and the sleep-wake cycle. It has vitamin A, which supports eye health If you're low on vitamin A, you should definitely consider adding salmon to your routine. Gans says salmon is rich in vitamin A, which is an immune-boosting nutrient. Per the ODS, vitamin A is important not only for immune function but also reproduction and vision. The vitamin D in salmon supports your immune system Salmon is a good source of vitamin D, Gans says. Vitamin D can be obtained via sunlight and foods, according to the ODS, which points out that it helps your body absorb calcium. Gans adds that vitamin D is also an immune-boosting nutrient. It has vitamin B12, which keeps you from getting tired Another nutrient salmon contains is vitamin B12, Maxine Smith, a registered dietitian at Cleveland Clinic's Center for Human Nutrition, tells Health. Getting enough B12 is important, the ODS says, because a deficiency can cause weakness, tiredness, constipation, and loss of appetite. Salmon is a good source of B3 (niacin) Vitamin B3 (also known as niacin) can be found in salmon as well, Smith says, and its job is to transform the food you eat into the energy your body needs, the ODS states. Also worth noting: Vitamin B3 plays a role in keeping your cells functioning. It can help regulate your thyroid hormones Selenium is yet another immune-boosting nutrient found in salmon, Gans says. Foods with selenium provide a number of health benefits, as the nutrient plays a role in thyroid hormone metabolism, reproduction, DNA synthesis, and more, per the ODS. Salmon has zinc, which you should eat every day You should be consuming zinc, found in salmon, daily, according to the ODS, which states the essential mineral "is required to maintain a steady state because the body has no specialized zinc storage system" and that it supports immune function. Salmon is rich in glutamine Glutamine, too, is found in salmon, Gans says. This amino acid (a building block of protein) assists in energy production, per the ODS. The iron in salmon helps keep your tissues alive Smith adds that salmon is a good source of iron, which is crucial for many bodily processes. Iron helps with the transfer of oxygen from your lungs to other tissues, and it also supports muscle metabolism, according to the ODS. It contains an antioxidant Lastly, an antioxidant called astaxanthin can also be found in wild-caught salmon. Antioxidants also support cell functioning, and they can protect your body against disease, per the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, a branch of the NIH. Eating salmon is good for the environment Salmon is a great choice for the environmentally conscious eater, since eating salmon can do more than boost your own health. "Alaska Salmon is both wild and sustainable, good for the environment and good for us," Gans says.
Fruit salad From Hurraki - Plain Language Dictionary Revision as of 18:38, 3 December 2017 by Anansi (talk \| contribs) Jump to navigation Jump to search A fruit salad is a sweet. Some people also say: A fruit salad is a dessert. On the picture you can see a cup. In the cup are different types of fruit. The fruit is cut into small pieces. That is fruit salad. Words with same meanings Detailed explanation A fruit salad is a certain kind of salad. You put different fruits in to the salad. For example: The fruits are cut to small pieces. Some people add other things to the fruit salad. For example: Help! Check the text on Plain Language.
Open access peer-reviewed chapter Creative Haptic Interface Design for the Aging Population By Eric Heng Gu Submitted: November 30th 2017Reviewed: May 22nd 2018Published: December 13th 2018 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78991 Downloaded: 976 Audiovisual human-computer-interfaces still make up the majority of content to the public; however, haptic interfaces offer unique advantage over the dominant information infrastructure, particularly for users with a disability or diminishing cognitive and physical skills like the elderly. The tactile sense allows users to integrate new, unobstructive channels for digital information into their sensorium, one that is less likely to be overwhelmed compared to vision and audition. Haptics research focus on the development of hardware, improving resolution, modality, and fidelity of the actuators. Despite the technological limitations, haptic interfaces are shown to reinforce physical skill acquisition, therapy, and communication. This chapter will present key characteristics intuitive tactile interfaces should capture for elderly end-users; sample projects will showcase unique applications and designs that identify the limitations of the UI. • haptic interface • tactile user interface • HCI • UI/UX • aging population • assistive technology 1. Introduction Our society has been designed to be sight dominated. Information is typically presented graphically; human-computer interaction (HCI) research under-represents the needs of users with disabilities. Particularly for the elderly with diminished cognitive and motor skills, graphical user interfaces further hamper their ability to adapt to new technology. Interfaces specifically designed to engage the other sensory organs are promising alternatives. The haptic and auditory senses for example are more suitable for intuitively extracting meaningful patterns from big data. Sonification as a data processing method has had success in a number of industries, most notably NASA’s application on solar flare data [1]. Even a layman can listen to the transmuted data and pick out the rhythms of solar activity. These modalities also suffer less from fatigue than visual displays and benefit from tolerance, which filters out unimportant steady-state data and highlights anomalies. This chapter will discuss specifically the design of haptic interfaces for the aging population, while drawing examples and inspiration from other fields. By 2050, an estimated 2 billion people will be over the age of 60, with 20% suffering from a mental or neurological disorder [2]. In Japan, a projected 25% of the population will be above 65 by 2020 [3]. In the United States, a projected $17 trillion in Medicare expense will be necessary to cope with the rapidly growing segment of the population over 65. High costs associated to therapy for dementia, Alzheimer’s, and other neurological conditions [2]. Digital technological illiteracy coupled with growing societal isolationism and sedentarism severely hamper their ability to engage socially, leading to negative impacts on mental wellbeing. Loss of income, partners and friends, mobility, and sense of purpose are risk factors to health, resulting in lowered quality of life. We hope to investigate the design of technology that enhances the lives of the elderly, specifically projects that capture the following characteristics of HCI in haptic interfaces: 1.1 Immersion Effective simulation of a realistic environment, given technological limitations, to capture essential elements or within unique contexts. 1.2 Animacy Conveyance the qualities an animate being (abstract feelings, i.e., presence, intimacy, and pleasantness), on top of basic sensory information and mechanical characteristics. 1.3 Affordance Inclusive, intuitive UI design for and consistent communication of possible usage. As technology improves, higher fidelity simulations will be available, but conscious design for extreme users is still necessary. To put it simply, if individuals are struggling to perform in the real world due to their physical and cognitive limitations, then they would be equally disadvantaged in a precise simulation of the real world. Artificial generation and selective curation of sensory information based on the needs and preferences of the user is the goal. Haptic technology is far from creating precise representation of reality. At best, it can be intuitive in its conveyance or takes advantage of pre-existing quirks of our brain. This chapter will showcase examples of haptic interfaces with novel, creative designs and/or implementations that bypass the technological limitations of the devices, with a particular focus on their potential for elderly users. The word creativity in this context implies some novelty in its design and/or application, particularly highlighting designs that exploit existing quirks in our haptic perception. 2. Background on haptic processing Haptic interfaces as assistive technology gained prominence in the 1960s with the discovery of neuroplasticity and became a promising modality for treating patients with disabilities. The term “Sensory Substitution” coined by Paul Bach-y-Rita to describe the method of replaces a missing or ineffective sensory input with one that is functional [4]. This requires the translation of one form of information into another; Bach-y-Rita et al. created BrainPort to investigate the translation of visual information for the blind into electro-tactile stimuli supplied to the tongue [4]. Other examples of sensory substitution as a non-invasive technique is used in projects like haptic-vest for the deaf (sound-to-touch) [13], and sonic-glasses for the blind (sight-to-sound) [5]. Progress in sensory substitution for the disabled overlap with the elderly with diminishing sensory capabilities. We already use substitution as a treatment for age-related diseases. Age-related macular degeneration is a condition that plague predominately individuals over 60; one of its remedies is an Implantable Miniature Telescope that refocuses the light from the damaged portion of the retina to less-damaged portions originally used for peripheral vision [6]. This is substitution within the same sensory organ, swapping damaged center of vision for the better functioning peripheral vision. Haptic interfaces facilitate the development of motor skills, [paper on training motor skills using haptic interfaces]. We investigated physical skill acquisition in sports like archery, and explored the use of haptic interfaces to establish a closed-loop system for training muscle memory [7]. Instead of requiring the visual confirmation of proper posture, the haptic feedback informs the user through vibration patterns. Our brain integrates redundant information from multiple sensory organs to accelerate learning; thus, haptic feedback is frequently supplemented onto existing modalities. Telepresence physiotherapy with mediated touch is found to be more engaging and effective than visual instructions alone [8]. Cross-modal applications are also more compelling to our sensorium; haptic perception is heightened when coupled with other sensory inputs (proprioception, vision, audition). The haptic illusion of a texture is more powerful when the vibrotactile sensations are provided and synchronized with the movement of the participant’s finger [9]. The ventriloquism effect [10] is an example of cross-modal stimuli forming a compelling unified perception of disparate visual and auditory information. Researchers have been steadily improving the qualities of haptic actuators, which fall into several major categories, from most commonly used to least: (1) vibrotactile actuators, (2) electro-tactile actuators, (3) compressive/deformation (air-sacs, solenoids, etc.), (4) fluid mediums. Despite a steeper familiarity curve than other senses, haptic interfaces have several advantages. Specifically in application for the elderly with diminishing cognitive functions, the clutter of visual and auditory information become overwhelming and cause fatigue over time. Evaluation of visual, auditory, and multi-modal displays for elderly drivers (mean age 68) show that additional visual information led to less safe driving due apparently to higher demand on attention, with multi-modal being reportedly the most comfortable and useful [11]. We believe that the only limitation to immersive simulations are the quality of actuators. Mimicking reality is therefore not the focus of this chapter. Instead, we will discuss creative applications of haptic interfaces in terms of the types of experiences they allow for, given the technological constraints. Most of these fall under “haptic illusions” that our sensorium constructs. As a researcher, creating these powerful haptic experiences is most often a process of discovering an existing neurological phenomenon. Our experience of haptic information in the real world is almost always coupled with other senses, predominantly vision and proprioception. Haptic sensation itself is also vibration [12], same as audition. By connecting spatial information and haptic sensation, the tactile nature of the target is generated internally. The discovery of frequency nature of haptic stimuli, we are able to create better simulations drawn from reality. Recording and playing back textures for example has a wide range of applications from more immersive telepresence and VR experiences to very specialized utility tools for designers [9]. However, in designing tactile displays, the goal need not be to reproduce known phenomenon; the brain can learn and adapt to new interfaces with new intentions. Simplest forms of haptic interfaces of binary activation (ON or OFF) is easiest to learn. By augmenting this information temporally and/or spatially, much more complicated information can be sent to the brain. In the case of sensory substitution, Eagleman Lab showed that the deaf can make use of temporal–spatial, vibrotactile stimuli to decipher auditory input of spoken words [13]. Similar methodology applied on abstract datasets, such as stock market [14], further supports the power of neuroplasticity to adapt. 3. Haptic interface design The main focus of haptic technology development is to produce higher resolution and higher fidelity of actuators that improve simulation quality. Applications of this technology give designers versatility to conjure immersive realities or surrealities. The electrotactile feedback to simulate virtual walls [15] is a literal representation of reality; projects like the electromagnetic shoes simulating dynamic gravity [16] offer other worldly realities. There are also unique haptic interfaces allow for very specialized applications, such as Microsoft’s HapticLink, a bimanual controllers [17] that are connected and can simulate stiffness of operating two-handed objects (i.e., operating keys of an instrument, shooting a bow, etc.). Wearable haptic device like the Microsoft’s Claw [18] and EXIII’s Exos wrist DK [19] both use servos to provide resistance to your palm and fingers to “touch” digital shapes. Specialized embodiments of the design, like dynamically deformable surfaces (i.e., ForceForm) can vary in stiffness (simulate lumps, indents) to facilitate telepresence diagnosis [20]. Rather than simulating reality, “haptic special effect” are similar to sound effects in movies. The Star Wars lightsaber sounds, which have no real world counterpart, are recorded with metal wires slapping against a hard surface. When paired with appropriate visual and/or auditory stimuli, haptic illusions can be very compelling. The iconic cutaneous bunny-hop illusion involves several point source of tactile actuators on a subject’s arm; when triggered in sequence, the brain’s change bias combines the separate sources into one moving source [21]. An evolution of the illusion, the “/ed” (slashed) project by Watanabe et al. creates the illusion of being sliced in half with haptic feedback coupled with seeing a fake sword slash [22]. Speakers in front of the subject triggers, followed by those on the back, giving the subject a sensation of object passing through the body. The gaming industry makes use of haptic illusions to supplement their gameplay. REZ’s Synesthesia suit uses vibrotactile feedback to enhance the psychedelic visual and auditory gaming experience [23]. The overload of multi-modal stimulation is suitable in the context of the game. The KOR-FX haptic vest recreates a reduced version of bullet impact [24]. Disney Research’s haptic chair does not reproduce the sensation of driving, but its vibrotactile actuators can influence and possibly supplement the spatial awareness of the player [25]. The elderly are found to be more receptive toward haptic than visual interfaces [26]. Since the first graphic user interface appeared, the windows, icons, menus, and pointing device (WIMP) design has not changed. All current GUIs are derivatives of the original concept and build off of users’ prior experience with them. It is possible that as the part of the population that grew up with technology and are familiar computing esthetics age, this will change. For the currently and imminently senior population, metaphorical UI and association with tangible objects from real life are much more approachable [27]. Immersive simulations can offer a new life for those with reduced mobility. “Second-life” platforms are making a comeback as a result of VR technology [28]. Through design and improvements in technology, immersion can be powerful enough to trigger our body image plasticity that allows for remapping of motor controls and development of new habits. From remapping of existing nerves to operate a prosthetic arm [29], to EEG-enabled direct brain-computer interaction by a monkey [30], the brain demonstrates profound adaptivity in reaction to the new interfaces. Neuroplasticity and increase in brain matter have been observed in elderly subjects tasked with learning a new motor skill for 90 days (juggling & navigation games) [31], with apparent delay of Alzheimer’s [32]. These improvements, however, were seen to disappear after 90 days of inactivity, implying the need for continued intervention [31]. Therefore, the design of interfaces that accompany the elderly need to be engaging enough for continued usage, or risk atrophy and difficulties in relearning. In the following sections, we will present some key characteristics to designing haptic interfaces for the elderly with diminishing cognitive and motor functions. 3.1 Animacy Animacy is a subcategory of Immersion that deserves highlighting. If Immersion can be seen as providing enough information to make a simulation compelling, then Animacy is conveying enough information to make sentient elements believable or imbue traits of sentience. Tactile information is crucial to the expression of emotion in humans and animals [34], and to the formation of social bonds [35]. We can even form these intimate bonds with inanimate objects when the right stimuli are present; symphonic musicians respond emotionally to the haptic feedback from their instruments [36]. Social isolation and sedentarism are becoming more rampant. As the population ages alongside this shift, the elderly are more likely to be living independently and in isolated situations. Reduced mobility lead to reduced social interactions, so telepresence communication is becoming the dominant way for comprehensive communication. While our information infrastructure make this possible already, a larger amount of data can be designed into the interaction to enhance the Animacy of the communication partner. One study shows that haptic stimuli provided in conjunction with audio clips of conversations enhanced our perception of the conversations’ qualities (more animate, pleasant, warm, etc.) [37]. However, the influence of the stimuli is not reported by the participants, despite observed differences when compared to a control group [37]. Similarly, the inclusion of haptic qualities of a conversation in telecommunication is often overlooked when designing immersive experiences, despite their powerfully persuasive effects. Essential to the conveying sense of emotional intensity and Animacy, haptic telepresence, or mediated touch, is a crucial piece of telepresence technology [38]. CASPER by Tokyo University effectively uses haptic telepresence (air-cannon) to transmit instructor’s touches to parts of the participant’s body; some of the participants of the experiments noted that they could feel the presence of the instructor there with them [8]. Some elderly participants even shared their desire to have remote interactions with family and friends through the device [8]. By successfully capturing Animacy through mediated touch, we can mitigate the problems caused by social isolationism and sedentarism. These solutions can also be easily augmented onto existing platforms and other modalities. Daily interpersonal communication make use of physical contact to convey and receive haptic sensations that inform on the emotional state and animacy of others. Rigid correlation between stimuli and resulting abstract feelings has not been drawn, but the presence, not the content, of haptic stimuli reveal a non-trivial impact on the quality of communication [37]. Nevertheless, we have found that temperature, pressure and frequency of haptic outputs are important characteristics to triggering emotional responses in the user. Changes to initial body temperature affect subjects’ emotional response measured with skin conductance response (SCR); higher ratings of arousal and dominance are reported with contact to a pre-adjusted temperature source than through dynamically adjusting the contact to a target temperature [37]. The same study suggests that warmer or colder stimuli do not matter, while other literature suggests warmer stimuli are associated with pleasantness [39, 40]. A larger range of temperature thresholds is necessary to trigger avoidance and approach behaviors. Pressure is a common modality for conveying emotion, such as its use to comfort children with autism [33]. Temporally supplied stimulation is another powerful indicator: with low frequency of feedback are linked to stronger feelings of intimacy, and higher frequencies correlate to anxiety. Commercial devices such as Doppel have been built under the premise that our body’s rhythms can be influenced by an external stimulus. Doppel operates by vibrating at particular frequencies that appear to influence wearer’s heart rate [41]. Haptic feedback in telepresence situations offer unique interactions to capture non-verbal communications. Haptic pajamas that allow parents to remotely hug their children [42]. The Pebble smartwatch transmits intensity of activity (body motion) between two people through vibration [43]. User feedback for Pebble confirmed a sense of animacy and presence of their partners. Interestingly, the users combined their knowledge of the partners with the device. For instance, when the Pebble is outside the range of internet and stops transmitting, the receiver could tell their partner had entered the subway and felt reassurance when the signal re-appeared [43]. Reassurance does not have to come from a human source; Keio University’s Nene projects uses a soft robot avatar of the participants’ pets to study effect of haptic telepresence on loneliness [44]. The pet cats’ or dogs’ body temperature is reproduced in the doll, as are the sounds they make; purring is translated to vibration sensations. Compared to the control group, subjects report a decrease in loneliness over the 2 weeks of usage. The thermal, auditory, and vibrotactile stimuli produced a sense of Animacy and presence of the pet, which had a calming effect on the subjects [44]. It would be interesting to investigate whether the existence of a real-world source of the stimuli is crucial to the calming effect, or that an algorithm generated simulation of the pet is enough. The following section will discuss telepresence therapy and design for elderly in more detail. 3.2 Affordance Physical and cognitive impairments are rising alongside the growing life expectancies of an aging population. Visual and auditory deficiencies affect the sufferer’s ability to engage with much of the predominated infrastructures. Deterioration of cognitive and motor skills mean that the elderly have lowered independence and mobility, leading to decreased quality of life. Technology driven solutions in virtual reality (i.e., Rendever) and artificial intelligence [45] can mitigate some of these problems, but their designs likewise underrepresented this demographic. Virtual reality in particular offer advantages for the elderly: (1) simplified, safe, simulated space for learning, therapy, and exploration, (2) adaptive, responsive modalities based on user’s requirements and preferences. Comparable to solutions for people with disabilities or autism, these technological interventions for the elderly face the challenge of dealing with minority population of extreme or unique users. Thus, one solution is not enough for the variety of contexts, but bespoke solutions are costly. Affordances in the design of UI for these technologies can have life changing impacts. Just as visual and auditory VR have shown to help with people with physical [46], sensorial [47], and cognitive [48] disabilities, haptic feedback enhances activities like rehabilitation, learning, and behavioral change. Stroke victims regaining motion benefit from visual and haptic feedback in their training process [46]. Memory retention and information acquisition is enhanced by haptic layer of redundancy, as we found in our work on multi-modal reading [49]. Redundancy is a powerful tool in designing UI for extreme users. Especially for novel UI elements, redundant conveyance through multiple modalities can make learning easier. In the conditions that they work, jet pilots require haptic feedback in order to effectively operate their vehicles [50]. Haptic helmets and chairs are used to offer a level of redundant information on the state of their aircraft when the other senses (proprioception, vision, audition) are unreliable or unavailable. Elderly users can benefit from a similar technique of redundancy to supplement their diminishing senses: navigation for the blind through a haptic belt [51], and for the elderly through augmented reality [11] are some examples. Movement rehabilitation [8] and motor skill learning especially benefit from the haptic feedback. However, the designer needs to be conscious of the different needs and offer affordances in their product for the extreme users. The term “Affordance” arose from psychology and later adopted by HCI as the consistency between possible actions and the user’s perception of the possibilities. Dan Norman expanded on the definition in his book “The Design of Everyday Things” [52] to perceived versus real affordances. Unlike the perceived affordances of GUI design for visual displays, real affordances do not require the user to have a preconceived notion about an element’s function. Visual interfaces in our products often build off of user’s prior digital literacy and familiarity. A graphical representation of a button requires you to understand the nature of its real world counterpart; a dropdown menu is a mutation of the button that do not have a physical analog to draw prior knowledge from. For the elderly and extreme users, we should not design with reliance on domain-specific conventions and consistencies, which they may have neither the familiarity with nor the capability of using. Our interview with elderly PACE participants in the United States reveal their preference of Kindle over smart-tablet devices because of the former’s affordances for viewing content, yet apps for the elderly are still predominantly on the latter. We highlight three main challenges for the elderly subjects to using haptic interfaces, which can be overcome with Affordances designed into the device. 3.2.1 Learning/familiarity curve The most challenging aspect of learning a new haptic interfaces is need to experience the interface first-hand; an intellectual demo is often not enough. Instead, the user must try it out, which also adds difficulty for the iterative design process. The learning curve can be lowered through design. By taking advantage of our instincts and other senses, we can encode haptic information in intuitable ways. For instance, animals and insects make use of the haptic sense to construct their mental model of the world around them [53]. Biomimetic design for sensory augmentation such as Tokyo University’s Haptic Radar demonstrates the effectiveness of intuitive haptic stimuli to trigger responses with no training [54]. The radar is a good example of affordance due to its simplicity: haptic feedback equates to the presence of an obstacle which triggers user reaction. There is alternative interpretation possible. A notable product for the elderly that achieves this are the emergency alert devices (i.e., MobileHelp, Lifeline). It is a simple button that transmits a signal to the emergency response facilities; particularly useful for the elderly in independent-living situations, the device allows for only singular purpose that is intuitable even when the user is confused or in duress. Inspired by the mnemonic device of “memory palaces” in cognitive psychology [55], we created a virtual reality memory box, Keepsake, to explore the retrieval of memory using spatial coordinates around the user [56]. The association of a life event with a general direction relative to the body was a preferable alternative to the linear timeline of most graphic displays. Likewise, physical objects enhance recall: asking an elderly subject to recount memories regarding a souvenir have much more detailed responses than without the physical aide [57]. Metaphorical UIs are powerful tools for guiding intuition, as long as the users are already familiar the metaphor. In the context of design for extreme users and technologically illiterate, analogies from culture and psychology are more reliable starting points than established UI design practices. Social learning is the theory that we observe and learn from others’ behavior. Our mental model of another’s mind and action help us inform our own. Therefore, collective, group learning is another useful technique for reducing the familiarity curve. Keio University Fujisawa et al. experimented with a group of participants learning to operate artificial tails [58]. Some group of participants were allowed to communicate with each other and share their discoveries. In those groups, the experiment identified a cascade effect in which proficiency rapidly spread through all participants when a single individual discovers a breakthrough. 3.2.2 Malfunctions and failures All technology can malfunction. The results of malfunction or failures in systems we heavily rely upon can cause detrimental results for the user. In the case of telepresence devices that are linked to the user’s partner (Pebble) or pets (Nene), a severed connection can cause unnecessary stress over their perceived condition. Reviews for the commercial devices like the BOND bracelet that allow users to send “touches” to a partner is a good example of technical failure causing severe emotional responses [59]. Designers need to clearly indicate to the user of system failure rather than something catastrophic on the other end of the telepresence. If the BOND bracelet could have informed the user the difference between a problem with the app or device and a problem with the partner, customers may be more forgiving with technical difficulties. More serious cases of technology that enable certain actions or aide motion require special attention: unexpected failures in haptic feedback in devices helping the elderly with activities like maintaining balance or navigation can have dangerous consequences. Fail-safes must be implemented prior to unsupervised usage. 3.2.3 Personalization and diversity of needs One of the greatest barriers to the proliferation of this technology is the diversity of extreme user needs. Variations in body types and deficiencies require bespoke and often singular solutions, thus significantly increase the costs for development. The field of prosthetics design for the physically disabled face a similar problem. Body type difference and varying needs means one design cannot have full coverage. Techniques like crowdsourcing and rapid-prototyping have been a boon for prosthetics design and can likewise be useful for haptic interfaces. Developers of products should look upstream, prior to the actual usage, to implement ways to grant wider access for extreme users. In the case of prosthetics, makers are creating bespoke solutions from off the shelf components [60]. Open-sourced platforms (i.e., OpenBionics, Open Hand Project) provide editable templates for 3D printing. Prototypes for haptic research often use the same fabrication methods, powered by the same open-source electronics platforms, like Arduino and Raspberry Pi. Modular, DIY electronics components and kits for wearable technology have promising overlaps with creating personalized haptic interfaces, allowing users to tailor the solution to their unique needs. Manufacturers have created custom boards and components for haptic applications [61]. However, this development technique still has a technical barrier to entry. Crowdsourcing design is a promising method to overcome this barrier. Adjustable templates and modular components can enable the democratization of design, so individual solutions can be generated as iterations off of the original. These design features need to be intentional and customization perceivable by the users as intended by its creator. 4. Tactile user interfaces Tactile user interfaces incorporate all of the above discussed qualities in haptic interface design. Tangible objects in which the physical configuration of the components intuitively map to the function of the object. They have high Affordance in their design simply because the physical and mechanistic nature of the object allow for limited options and limited interpretations of those options. We encounter tangible, tactile user interfaces everywhere (i.e., flipping a wall button to turn on the lights). The physical sensation of flipping a switch gives a first level of confirmation. We commonly associate these tactile UIs with physical objects, with physical consequences and haptic feedback associated with their purpose. Even input devices with digital outputs like keyboards and mouse utilize haptic actuation to provide immediate feedback on the user’s action. UI/UX design guidelines encourage GUI counterparts to reproduce haptic feedback. For example the vibrotactile feedback on the smartphone reproduces the sensation of a button press to provide confirmation that the input is received. However, as touch displays are now dominant due to their versatility, they also inherited the windows, icons, menus, and pointing device model. This approach leaves few options for haptic feedback to supplement the interaction, evident by the “Accessibility Modes” touch displays offer the blind. Voice-overs associated with point inputs force users with disabilities to adapt to the UI schema of our graphic conventions. We are excited to see the dominance of the WIMP interaction model being challenged by novel UI devices. Designs of input systems specifically tailored to the context of the activity, in which the haptic feedback is an inherent quality of the interface rather than an accessory added after the fact. Colleague Viraj Joshi’s collection of tactile user interface (TUI) designs showcase novel and intuitive input devices. Joshi’s Beethoven TUI incorporates telescopic, rotational, and push-select motion into one device for navigating through tiers of data (Figure 1). Each degree of freedom maps intuitively to an axis of navigation through the breadth of dataset, whereas the conventional UI forces the user to interpret graphic layout to access tiered information. Figure 1. Joshi’s Beethoven TUI design, We hope that the inclusion of TUI design exemplifies the intuitive benefits of haptic design, as well as the misconception that haptic feedback must be a transmutation of digital data. The haptic output can literally be a physical characteristic of the device itself. 5. Discussion We argue that haptic interfaces when designed right have a significant advantage for the elderly, for whom visual and auditory processing can be overwhelming. Haptic interfaces have been applied in a wide range of contexts. Everyone with a smartphone has familiarity with it. As a result, the general understanding of its potential is shaped by the vibrotactile actuator in our smart devices. The development in other industries, notably the video-game industry, of multi-modal devices will steadily introduce the general public to novel haptic experiences. Complementary to the proliferation of virtual reality, haptic technology will enhance the activities VR already allow. However, the trend in Internet-of-Things and smart devices on the market show a lowered consideration for fail-safes in recent years. Cybersecurity breaches are rampant in smart devices. For products that help the disabled and elderly perform and survive, malfunctions or failures, intended or otherwise, can put the user in physical danger. Assistive technology for the elderly conjures up expectations of advanced robotic automation solutions to help perform functions of a human. In reality, our interviews show that this is not necessary. Technological interventions for the elderly do not actually need to tackle complicated tasks. We spoke with elderly PACE patients and their caretakers, revealing that the most commonly requested help is interpreting information. Bills, medicine descriptions, product setups instructions, and the like, all of which are performed through video/audio calls. House-calls are scheduled and emergencies rare. One caretaker we spoke to notes that calls from patients stems partly from loneliness. Another caretaker remarks that most of the instructional interactions with patients are reminders and repeats of previously given instructions. Due to diminished cognitive function, patients routinely forget portions of how to perform a task and seek repeated guidance. In other cases, pride and desire to be independent often keeps patients from seeking help when necessary. In one instance, a female patient fell in her home but refused to activate her emergency alert device until hours later, when her own efforts were proven to be ineffective. These varying degrees of needs and different preferences make designing for the elderly difficult. But we need not complicated solutions. Instead, we need customizable tools and interfaces for each unique situation. 6. Conclusion and future work Advancements in virtual reality technology catalyzes the development of haptic technology but do not exactly overlap with the needs of extreme and elderly users. Most of them deal with sensory and cognitive disabilities and deficiencies. Despite numerous advantages that the technology offer these people, they cannot make good use of the interfaces to access them. The most common outcome is sensory overload. This chapter outlined three desired characteristics to strive for when designing novel haptic interfaces: Immersion, Animacy, and Affordance. The goal of Immersion in this case is not more detailed simulations but more thoughtful ones, often simpler ones. Particularly for immersive experiences involving telepresence, the mediated touch need not be able to convey complex information. As previously stated, Animacy is produced simply from the presence of haptic stimulus rather than its actual content. We argue that long-term usage, rather than isolated instances of use, is the key to fostering connection. Stimuli provided organically over time informs the feeling of Animacy in the interaction. Affordances in design of the interfaces for the elderly should seek to capture and communicate the crucial elements of the interaction while filtering out the rest, resulting in an artificial model within the informational processing capacity of the user. While neuroplasticity allows the brain to adapt to new interfaces, old age does come with a reduction in its ability to remap new information and action. Therefore, taking advantage of existing neurological phenomenon (haptic illusions), using metaphorical UI’s, and/or combining with other modalities are promising ways to engage new users without training. If training is necessary, incorporating social learning opportunities is encouraged. In information design, there is already pushback from the general public on the abundance of data we are exposed to in our day-to-day. Designed visual stimuli bombard us everywhere we are, primarily through displays that we own. Trends indicate a desire for more simplified and curated representations, less clutter in our visual field. In the future, we can expect haptic interfaces to be more prevalent in our activities, where more design leads to less information but refined presentation. This shift will be a boon to the rapidly aging population. We believe that this prediction holds in the long run, even as the generation with proficiency in computing esthetics and practices become elderly. Simply because by 2050, half of the population is expected to be nearsighted due to our computer obsessed lifestyle [62]. We hope to take this work further by creating a set of heuristics for the design of haptic interfaces, expand upon the three key qualities of Immersion, Animacy, and Affordance we distilled from a broad analysis of existing products and research prototypes. We will continue monitoring this design space and categorizing the emergent features to ideally create a taxonomy and design toolkit for haptic interfaces. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard Eric Heng Gu (December 13th 2018). Creative Haptic Interface Design for the Aging Population, Assistive Technologies in Smart Cities, Alejandro Rafael Garcia Ramirez and Marcelo Gitirana Gomes Ferreira, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78991. Available from: chapter statistics 976total chapter downloads More statistics for editors and authors Access personal reporting Related Content This Book Next chapter Intelligent Communication and Patterning in Smart Cities By Roman Anton Related Book First chapter XBot: A Cross-Robot Software Framework for Real-Time Control By Luca Muratore, Arturo Laurenzi and Nikos G. Tsagarakis More About Us
• Allesandre Glover Nutrition During Pregnancy Nutrition is very important during pregnancy because because your baby requires certain nutrients to develop. Eating a balanced diet helps the baby to be healthy and can minimize some symptoms like nausea and constipation. It’s also important to stay hydrated by drinking lots of water. Some things need to be restricted or avoided altogether during pregnancy. Caffeine and artificial sweeteners should be restricted. Pregnant women can safely have 200 mg or less of caffeine per day. Alcohol needs to completely be avoided in the first trimester because it can cause defects in the baby. There are certain vitamins that need to be consumed daily to ensure the proper growth and development of the baby. Folic acid help prevent major birth defects of the fetal brain and spine called neural tube defects and pregnant women need at least 400 micrograms per day. Iron is important because pregnant women need to produce more blood to supply oxygen to the fetus and should consume 27 mg per day. Calcium is used for the development of baby’s bones and teeth and pregnant women need at least 1000 mg per day. Vitamin D Also helps with development of bones and teeth and is essential for healthy skin and eyesight. Pregnant women need 600 international units per day of Vitamin D. An antioxidant that is less known is Glutathione. Glutathione is important for the development and growth of the fetus, detoxifies pollutants before they reach the baby, and supports immune function. It is suggested that pregnant women take 500 mg of Glutathione per day. Prenatal vitamins are helpful to get necessary vitamins and minerals but do not replace a healthy diet. #Nutrition #pregnancy #Vitamins #minerals #baby #Antioxidant 11 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
Contact Information Call Us For Any Health queries Overview of Piles: Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are a commonly misunderstood condition that affects about half of the population at some point in their lives. Every day, thousands upon thousands of people suffer from various types of piles. It can be very painful and uncomfortable for people to live with. Hemorrhoids are bundles of enlarged and twisted blood vessels in the rectum and anus that are swollen due to the accumulation of blood. Swollen veins in or around your rectum formed when moist tissue inside of the anus is swollen and becomes enlarged from pressure created by hard stools while passing through the anal canal. Sometimes there is a chance that the stool can become stuck in the swollen veins. Piles can be painful, uncomfortable, and embarrassing. “Most Hemorrhoids are painless, but some people feel severe pain, itching, burning, or discomfort when they have piles symptoms. Hemorrhoids can be firm and painful, and they sometimes bleed when you move them. These can also cause pressure on nearby organs such as your stomach, leading to pain when you pass gas (a common symptom), soreness, discomfort, or itching around the anal area.” What Causes Piles or Hemorrhoids? Piles are most often caused by straining during bowel movements. However, it could also be due to factors such as low-fiber diets and not drinking enough fluids as well as pregnancy, obesity and constipation. Hemorrhoids can also run in families. Piles are neither contagious nor dangerous. Diarrhea, prostate enlargement, Crohn’s disease, polyps and cancer can also cause piles. There is a higher chance of having hemorrhoids if you have been diagnosed with chronic diarrhea or irritable bowel syndrome frequently. Pregnancy can worsen the symptoms as well. causes of Piles Causes of Piles How to get rid of Piles? There is no cure for hemorrhoids but it can be well managed with medications or lifestyle changes or treatments. For example, medications are prescribed to ease the irritation and discomfort of the anal area or surgery is performed to remove the offending pile(s). If left untreated, Piles may lead to complications such as rectal prolapse and bowel obstruction. “The best way to decrease the risk of developing piles is by maintaining a diet rich in fiber and drinking plenty of water.” Piles symptoms vary from individual to individual but include anything from swelling to bleeding: 1. Swelling, Itching or irritation at the anus 2. Lumps near the anus 3. Pain 4. Painless Bleeding 5. Painful bowel movements 6. Urge to have a bowel movement even after defecation 7. Stool Leak out 8. Loose stools 9. Blood in the stool 10. Mucus discharge 11. Rectal prolapse 1. Swelling, Itching or irritation at the anus Itching in the rectum area can be the most unbearable feeling in the world, but itching or irritation is the most common symptom when you have piles on the outside of your rectum. The swelling of the tissue inside the anus causes veins to become inflamed and fill with blood, often giving them a purple or red coloration, while also potentially causing itching or irritation that worsens while sitting or walking due to increased pressure. Swollen veins can be seen by looking at your anus. You may feel the veins move when you push on it. Symptoms usually go away after a few days. 2.Lumps near the anus There are no absolute medical guidelines for when people should be worried about their rectal lumps, but there are some factors that may suggest the lump is serious. If the lump has been growing in size over time, or if it is very firm to the touch, these may be indicators of a more serious condition that require immediate medical attention. Hemorrhoids cause Long-lasting pain in the lower rectum, anus, or groin. Some people also have pain in their thighs or buttocks. This pain can range from being mild to being severe, depending on the severity of the case. However, pain usually comes when you have a bowel movement because it puts pressure on the hemorrhoid. 4. Painless Bleeding Bleeding without pain is the most common symptom of piles. This is often the only symptom that those who have piles report. Bleeding from the anus when you urinate is also a possible condition due to piles. This usually resolves on its own, even without any treatment. 5.Painful bowel movements Hemorrhoids can cause pain during bowel movements on rare occasions. Because there are a variety of causes for painful bowel movements, it’s best to visit a doctor to figure out what the underlying cause is. 6.Urge to have a bowel movement even after defecation In people with hemorrhoids, stool can become stuck in the swollen veins. When this happens, the person may feel an urgent or frequent need to have a bowel movement even after the stool is passed. The feeling of incomplete emptying can lead to further straining, which may aggravate Hemorrhoids. 7.Stool Leak out Stool leaks out when the veins in your rectum swell, preventing your anus from closing completely (or) when your rectum is scarred or stiff, preventing it from stretching enough to accommodate stool due to surgery, radiation treatment, or inflammatory bowel disease. 8.Loose stools People with Hemorrhoids often notice that their stool has become looser than usual; it is one of the most common symptoms of hemorrhoids. 9.Blood in the stool A lot of people experience bleeding that is usually visible on toilet tissue, in the water in the toilet bowl, or in your stool. If you have rectal bleeding, you should see a doctor right away because it could be a sign of piles or any other serious medical problem. 10.Mucus discharge Mucus discharge is one of the most common symptoms that are associated with inflamed hemorrhoids. This causes your underwear to feel damp and stained. The hemorrhoid discharge can cause inflammation around the anus skin, resulting in a burning sensation that becomes itchy. 11.Rectal prolapse Rectal prolapse is not the kind of thing you want to hear about, however, it is rare and can be caused by repeated straining due to constipation, diarrhea, coughing or pregnancy. In this condition there is weakening and protrusion of the rectum and other structures in the pelvic floor through the anus. It is characterized by an anal mass or feeling of incomplete emptying following a bowel movement. Piles Treatment Options: 1. Medications – Pain relievers may be prescribed by your doctor to ease things like cramping and soreness. Some people find relief by taking warm baths. Pregnant women should speak with their doctor before using any over-the-counter pain medications while pregnant. Most over-the-counter medications can be bought without a prescription and should be avoided if possible while pregnant. Your doctor can help you choose safe products for your condition. Many over-the- counter medications for pain will not take away the symptoms of piles, while others may cause other problems. 2. Cortisone injections – These are used to help reduce inflammation of the hemorrhoid tissue. 3. Surgery – if further treatment isn’t possible or doesn’t relieve your symptoms, most doctors may recommend having surgery to help you feel better. Surgical treatment options include rubber band ligation, stapling, or surgical removal. Rubber band ligation is a non-surgical piles treatment which cuts off the blood supply to the pile causing it to shrivel up and fall away. Stapling is a way of closing off the bottom part of the rectum to cause swelling and irritation which causes the piles to fall away. In surgical removal, the hemorrhoid is cut out with a sharp instrument. For those who have had repeated problems with piles, or those who have had problems for a long time, doctors may recommend a combination of treatments to help reduce the frequency and severity of future attacks. This may include medications and/or surgery, as well as other measures such as lifestyle changes and exercises. Piles Problem Treatments Hemorrhoids are painful and annoying, but there is help, Following are the most commonly practiced Piles treatments 1. Rubber band ligation 2. Sclerotherapy 3. Infrared photocoagulation 4. Electrocoagulation 5. Hemorrhoidectomy 6. Hemorrhoid stapling 7. Harmonic Scalpel Removal Rubber band ligation: Rubber band ligation, the most common way of treating piles, is an outpatient procedure that is used to remove piles. It involves the doctor literally tying off the hemorrhoid with a strip of elastic. A rubber band is placed around the base of the hemorrhoid to cut off the blood supply to an internal hemorrhoid, causing it to shrink and eventually fall off so it can be completely eliminated from the body. Sclerotherapy: Sclerotherapy is the most common outpatient procedure to treat piles. It involves an injection of a chemical into the piles. The chemical irritates the walls of the vein, causing it to shrink and eventually disappear. This process has to be practiced over a few times. Once the affected blood vessels have shrunk, they generally stay gone. Sclerotherapy is less invasive than surgery, but more invasive than most other hemorrhoid remedies available today. Infrared photocoagulation: Infrared photocoagulation is an effective procedure for treating piles. It uses laser light to burn away the blood vessels in the anal canal. It is an out-patient piles treatment which can usually be completed in less than 30 minutes. This procedure can be used to treat early-stage hemorrhoids, but not larger or more painful ones. It doesn’t usually work well for bleeding piles because it can’t reach the deeper parts of the anus. The infrared photocoagulation method has recently been introduced as an alternative to conventional surgery. It has gained considerable acceptance in the last decade. It is a quick, safe and minimally invasive piles treatment. Electrocoagulation: Electrocoagulation is a new, effective piles treatment. It’s more effective than traditional piles treatments, and doesn’t have any side effects. Electrocoagulation piles treatment works by placing a probe on the tip of the pile to destroy it with an electric current. A few days after the procedure, the bleeding stops and the piles shrink. The results are long-lasting because this piles treatment kills all blood vessels feeding the pile. Electrocoagulation is completely painless and there is no bleeding as it does not involve any incisions or surgical procedures. This procedure is used as an endoscopic therapeutic modality for hemorrhoids or piles treatment. Hemorrhoidectomy: Hemorrhoidectomy is often used to treat piles in most severe cases. The most common type of hemorrhoidectomy is a low anterior resection (LAR), also known as a Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy, in which an incision is made between and just above your anus and scrotum (if you’re a man). Another type is a middle hemorrhoidectomy, which removes the pile through an incision made above your anus. A hemorrhoidectomy can be done to treat any types of piles. A standard hemorrhoidectomy removes the pile by cutting it away from its attachment to an anal canal or rectum. Hemorrhoidectomy is actually an outpatient procedure that only takes about 20 minutes. Hemorrhoid stapling: Hemorrhoid stapling procedure is done to stop the vein from swelling and causing pain. This procedure is carried out by a doctor in an outpatient setting, with minimal discomfort to the patient. It involves a small incision on the skin, near the base of the pile where a metal clamp will be inserted and then tightened to cut off circulation. This will cause a fast clotting reaction, which leads to a reduction in swelling and inflammation. The doctor will then bring together the ends of the hemorrhoid using staples or surgical glue to prevent any bleeding from occurring. The patient may need antibiotics for further protection against infection. Harmonic Scalpel Removal: The Harmonic Scalpel Removal is an advanced surgical procedure to treat piles involving the use of a laser-like device for performing surgery. It has gained popularity recently because it offers several unique advantages over conventional surgery techniques. Harmonic Scalpel does not cut the patient’s body, but rather uses radio waves to create vibrations that break up the piles. This process not only reduces bleeding and infection, but also speeds up recovery time by avoiding excessive damage to the body. How to Prevent Piles or Hemorrhoids? Piles can be prevented by avoiding constipation and straining during bowel movements. Adequate intake of water and fiber-rich food can prevent this condition from developing. Leave a Reply
Readers ask: How To Play Eighth Notes On Guitar? What is an eighth note on guitar? An eighth note is always an eighth of the length of a whole note. Using this rule, if we know that a whole note lasts for four beats, then that means that an eighth note is a note that lasts for half a beat. What is the symbol of 2 eighth notes? An eighth note is a solid black circle with a stem and one flag. Two eighth notes are written with their flags as a single bar between them. A sixteenth note is a solid black circle with a stem and two flags. Two sixteenth notes are written with their flags as a double bar between them. What is a symbol of eighth note? Eighth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with one flag note flag. A related symbol is the eighth rest, which denotes a silence for the same duration. In unicode, the symbols U+266A and U+266B are an eighth note and beamed pair of eighth notes respectively. Where can I get free sheet music for guitar? Best Sites To Get Guitar Music From For Free! • IMSLP. IMSLP stands for the International Music Score Library Project, which operates under Canadian copyright laws. • 8 Notes. • Guitar Forge. • Band Music PDF. • Easy Sheet Music. • Free Sheet Music. You might be interested: Question: How To Play Battlefield 2 Online Xbox 360? What does a 8th note look like? The Eighth Note looks like a quarter note with an added flag. The Eighth Note receives a value of 1/2 or 0.5 of a beat. How much is an eighth note worth? An eighth note is equal to 1/8 of the whole note and lasts for half of one beat. It takes 2 eighth notes to equal 1 quarter note. What do eighth notes say when we count rhythm? A measure of eighth notes would be counted aloud, “1-and-2-and-3-and-4-and.” Since this is how most people learn it, it’s a good idea to know it that way, too. A musician might communicate to you, “Play that B-flat on the and of 2.” That would mean to play it on the eighth note falling between beats 2 and 3. How fast is a 32nd note? Gradually make the pause between shorter, or increase the number of notes in each group. From looking online it’s a dotted quarter for the beat, so that makes these 32nd notes being played at a rate of over 13 per second. Leave a Reply
Why Body Language Isn’t an Exact Science You might be told that you are expressing something through body language that you haven’t said. Maybe you don’t agree that you were saying that, even nonverbally. Many mistakes can be made when trying to interpret body language. The most notorious mistake people make is to tell someone that he/she is showing defensive body language because he/she is crossing the arms over the chest. While that may be true, there could be other explanations that could be just as accurate. It may just mean that the air in the room is cold. Or, he/she may simply be more comfortable with the arms in that position, especially if there are no arms on the chair the person is sitting in. What’s more, if you tell a person that he/she is being defensive, his/her body language will definitely become so. Eye contact is another shady area when it comes to body language. Most people assume that you should engage the other person with as much eye contact as possible. While eye contact is important, it can be overdone. Staring is considered an aggressive move. However, it may just mean that the person is being overzealous at trying to keep eye contact. Another instance of trying to interpret the body language of eye contact is to determine honesty. It seems obvious that a person who is lying to you will not be able to look you square in the eye. The truth is that there are many reasons why a person might feel the need to look away. These might include their shyness or a feeling that you are being aggressive in your body language. The body language of a person who is actually lying to you may be quite different than what you expect. Since most people have heard that lying people look away, a person who is lying will often stare. Obviously, they don’t want to get caught and they will use what they know about body language to help them. If a person pinches the bridge of the nose with the eyes closed, people who pay attention to body language will most likely explain that this person is demonstrating a negative evaluation. However, the person could just have a headache. How many times have you seen a person who has a migraine in just this posture? Eye-rubbing is usually seen as some form of doubt or disbelief. There are really several reasons why a person would rub an eye. The person might have something in the eye. They might be sleepy. Or, they might be suffering from allergies. The body language may simply be a physical reaction, in other words. Putting your hands and fingers in a steeple or pyramid shape is often thought to convey an attitude of authority and confidence. Sometimes, that’s just what it is. Sometimes, though, the person is only trying to project these images even if they are not true. If a person knows a little about body language, they can certainly confuse things. Probably the best way to identify the meaning of body language is to look for overall patterns. While one behavior may point you towards a belief that the person has one attitude, patterns tell more. A group of behaviors appearing together will give you a better read on someone’s body language.
The water you drink at home may meet general standards. However, it may not meet the criteria you desire. Note that tap water usually contains metal elements, such as iron and lead. It may also contain mineral salts, chlorine, and nitrates. Moreover, ordinary water can have harmful substances like arsenic, asbestos, mercury, and sulfates. Nevertheless, there is a solution to all those water issues, and you can have more transparent and cleaner drinking water with Clear Water Softener & Solutions Purification System, which supplies safe water for: • Making ice cubes • Making tea and coffee • Mixing baby formula • Mixing juice concentrates • Cooking • Drinking • Watering house plants • Steam irons Clear Water Softener Systems & Solutions offers a reverse osmosis system that utilizes an exhaustive process, pushing water through several filters. Moreover, it gets rid of dissolved solids at the same time. This system will enhance your water, removing bad taste and odor while keeping the water pressure on your faucet. Note that a filtration system is less costly and more convenient than purchasing bottled water always. Most importantly, you will see its worth in the long run as it makes a massive difference in your health. Reverse Osmosis System for Drinking Water RO or Reverse Osmosis water solutions offer high-quality and safe water for cooking and drinking. Our advanced filter improves water quality coming from municipal supplies or wells. How Does RO Work? Here is how a Reverse Osmosis system works: 1. Tap water goes through filtration to eliminate particulate matter, chlorine odor and taste, and other sediments. 2. Through pressure, water is forced to pass a semi-permeable barrier that flushes and rejects a significant amount of dissolved solids. Water that has been filtered is stored in a tank until use. Before the water goes out of the faucet, a carbon block filter will remove unpleasant odors and tastes.
Copyright © 2003 jsd 1 Qualitative Reasoning: Inertia of a Cube Here’s an elegant little riddle for you. As illustrated in figure 1, suppose I take an ordinary uniform solid cube and skewer it with an axis that runs through an arbitrary point on one face, perhaps (x,y,z) = (0.5, 0.321, π/8), thence through the center of the cube, and out the opposite face. Question: what can you say about the moment of inertia of the cube as it rotates about this axis? Figure 1: Skewered Cube Hint #1: There is something very important you can say even without writing down the exact solution. This is the whole point of the question. Hint #2: Given the results of hint #1, you should be able to write down the exact answer using nothing more than a pencil and a 3"x5" piece of paper. If you are tempted to use something more than that, you’ve missed the point. Hint #3: The moment of inertia is really the tensor of inertia. It is a second-rank tensor. Hint #4: What is a vector? Is it some arbitrary collection of 3 numbers? What about a tensor? Is it some arbitrary collection of 9 numbers? Or is it more special than that? Does it have some geometric and physical significance? (The following hint is optional. If it helps you, fine; otherwise don’t worry about it.) Hint #5: Why might somebody bring such a skewered cube to a class that is discussing the Wigner-Eckart theorem? Copyright © 2003 jsd
Web Design & Hosting How To Pilot A Homebuilt Hovercraft Is Fun And Easy Hovercrafts are designed using the principles of an aircraft. Most of its benefits are attributed to air dynamics. Although it looks like it's floating on water as how a boat would, it's actually floating. When it starts moving, the correct term is gliding just as a plane would glide through the air. Hence, whether it's a homebuilt hovercraft or a commercial hovercraft vessel, the person steering the wheel is appropriately called a pilot. Homebuilt hovercrafts are piloted by steering. The engine is usually controlled by a throttle. To maneuver, a handle that works similarly as how a joystick work is used for the rudder. This simple mechanism allows you to pilot the hovercraft with ease. At first attempt, expect it to be a little bit challenging to do. Hovercrafts move via air cushion. Therefore, there is no contact to the water or ground surface below. Thus there is much less friction involved. Imagine how it feels driving on ice. It's almost like that. Piloting your homebuilt hovercraft requires a little bit of self training and skills. It also requires you to stay focused on the machine. Here are a few of the benefits that should motivate you and help you learn to pilot a hovercraft: - Island hopping escapades - Yes you can do this without having to spending anything more than fuel or energy for your homebuilt hovercraft. Since this vehicle can practically fly on water surface, visiting neighboring islands won't be any hassle. - No need for a pilot's license to steer the hovercraft. Although there may be a license for owning a boat or vehicle of this type. It is best to consult about this. - Hovercrafts can reach water paths not normally accessible by boats. Its mobility is more useful in this case. Examples of these paths are shallow bodies of water. - It is affordable. It doesn't require you to spend so much. Unlike commercial versions, this is homebuilt and you can always improvise. - You can go fishing with a hovercraft. In winter time when you want to go fishing above thin ice, the hovercraft is a good base to sit on. - In cases where you need to carry and move heavy cargoes or loads on flat but difficult surfaces such as mud and swamps, your homebuilt hovercraft is the ideal alternative means of transportation. There could be a lot more. Many hovercraft models have even appeared on major movies. The best part about this vehicle, apart from its versatility is that it comes with design kits. You can build your own homebuilt hovercraft just by this package. No need to study physics or air dynamics. Simply enjoy building and piloting it. Homebuilt hovercrafts are easy to pilot once you have the feel of the machine. You should be ready to enjoy gliding over smooth surfaces where it's best suited for. Hovercrafts can fly over frozen lakes, snow fields, and in almost all water surfaces. It is also advisable to use the hovercraft in marshes or swamp areas and muddy grounds. Discover how to build and pilot a homebuilt hovercraft. Start with an easy homemade hovercraft plan. Web Hosting
An analysis of the methods used to make the opening sequence of Troy Is the first scene of Troy effective in making the film seem more realistic and entertaining?The film Troy is an action based historical epic which portrays the adventures of Achilles the greatest hero ever, and who is meant to be the son of a god! It shows the greed of the King of Mycenae and how Achilles wants more than anything to be remembered for ever.Throughout the first scene of Troy the director uses a variety of Camera work such as slowing down shots to give a feeling of speed. He also uses sound effects like adding the sound of men shouting in the background. Both these aspects of the film make it seem more realistic and entertaining.In the establishing shot of the film the director firstly shows a map. This introduces the audience to the country that the film originally begins in, Greece. At the same time some spooky sounding music is played in the background, this makes the viewers think about death which features a large part during the film and the opening sequence of Troy. We Will Write a Custom Case Study Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now The next section with camera work is an aerial shot of the landscape that the film begins in. This makes it seem realistic because it shows a typical Mediterranean landscape, a white beach and blue sea. This also represents the fact that the film is set in foreign land. Also in this part of the establishing shot the original music stops and you start to hear some narrative dialogue. He says things like will people remember us when it is all over? This hints at something big happening, possibly a war. This makes the audience want to see the film all the way through to see this entertaining scene. Then this new dialogue stops and the original music starts again making the audience think back to the opening scene.The next piece of camera work is firstly an aerial shot of two great armies symbolising an impending battle, the camera then swoops down and shows a closer shot of each army. This makes the viewer feel like they are actually there and therefore makes it effective in creating realism. You can also hear soldiers from each army shouting orders which make it seem more realistic, this is because the shouting shows you how it would feel like to be there. Another way the director creates a sense of realism is the type of weapons the army is equipped with. The weapons are what you expect an Ancient Greek soldier to use, spear, short sword etc. the weapons also do not look particularly expensive either they are simply killing machines!The final piece of camera work in the establishing shot is a shot of the two kings in their chariots riding out and then greeting each other. They then speak of how the king has taken over practically the whole of Greece. This makes him seem greedy and unstoppable. This is much more entertaining and more realistic than say a king fighting for honour, because this rarely ever happens in real life. In the final part of their conversation they agree to let their two best men fight to the death so that the victorious king does not have to waste troops and can call upon the opponents army to fight for them when they need it .This also makes the audience expect a brilliant scene coming up of the two men fighting to the death. It then shows the first hero who is huge and brutal with red scars on his face. This indicates realism because he has fought in many battles. But then it turns out Achilles so far unmentioned in the film is not with the army. This gives the film an unexpected and entertaining comedy value as it looks like Achilles the great hero has run away in fright!The next sequence of shots is the waiting for Achilles scene. The first piece of camera work in this scene is a deep shot of each army giving another idea of the power of the army. It also expresses how every man there is waiting for just one man.The next piece of camera work is a close shot of Achilles asleep with two women beside him and a little boy trying to awaken him. This again makes the film and Achilles seem more entertaining; he is in bed whilst two armies await him to decide their fate. Then suddenly Achilles grabs the boy in self defence making him seem all of a sudden more of a great warrior and makes the film seem more realistic. The final sequence of shots is the Achilles arrival scene. The first shot of this scene is an aerial shot of Achilles riding through the great army, at the same time you can hear the soldiers chanting Achilles over and over. This shows how relived they are that he is here and the audience again starts to expect a good battle scene where each hero fights to the death. The second shot in this scene is a chest shot of each hero. This portrays each of their strengths as you see in detail how strong each of them is. This is effective in making it more realistic because Achilles isn’t glowing or wearing gold plated armour, he is just wearing practical bronze armour and a helmet. This is probably all he would have been able to afford.The next shot is the part of the scene the viewers had been waiting for – the battle scene. This starts off with Achilles running faster and faster towards his opponent. This builds up tension in the audience as they are unsure of who will win. Then the opponent throws a javelin at Achilles. Achilles blocks this with his shield and throws it away. Then the opponent pulls out another javelin and the audience doesn’t know what will happen as Achilles has lost his shield. But when the opponent throws it Achilles simply dodges it. This makes the myth that he is a son of god seem more realistic. Then the camera shows a closer shot and slows down as Achilles leaps into the air and plunges his short sword into the opponent’s neck! This gives the audience an indication of how fast Achilles was moving and again reinforces the statement that he is superhuman and son of a god. This entire shot is entertaining to the audience as an action scene and the build up to the action scene they had all been waiting for, it also is quite effective in creating realism as instead of showing Achilles whizzing about super fast and the audience not been able to follow his moves, the camera slows him down and the audience can see how he performs each move.All three of these scenes are very effective in making the film seem realistic and entertaining. They also serve as a good introduction. It starts off with the map and an introduction to the foreign landscape, it has comedy and entertainment values, it has build up in expectancy for action shots and finally has an action shot introducing us to Achilles the superhuman!
Sam Houston elected as president of Texas Born in Virginia in 1793, Houston moved with his family to rural Tennessee after his father’s death; as a teenager, he ran away and lived for several years with the Cherokee tribe. Houston served in the War of 1812 and was later appointed by the U.S. government to manage the removal of the Cherokee from Tennessee to a reservation in Arkansas Territory. He practiced law in Nashville and from 1823 to 1827 served as a U.S. congressman before being elected governor of Tennessee in 1827. for the complete article … The article proves white privilege was always a given
May 5, 2011 Swaying high-rises and resonance frequencies Posted by Austin Elliott The swaying is especially clear in the following video, likely filmed during the 7.9 aftershock that happened shortly after the 9.0. The tsunami is already on the news, and smoke is billowing from the distance. It must have been alarming to start shaking again while watching the startling consequences of the first quake unfold. The triplet of skyscrapers below is linked together by walkways high in the air. Clearly the walkways were engineered with earthquakes in mind, as they collapse and bend while the buildings swing differently. From inside one of the swaying towers you can hear the surrounding building creak: While high-rises do rattle and shake from earthquakes, the “gentle” swaying is a result of their resonant response to the low frequency waves unleashed by large earthquakes. Imagine an especially tall building being pushed to the side, from the bottom. The huge building has a lot of inertia, and it takes time for the force at the bottom to be transmitted up through the beams to the top. When the forces reach the top (a matter of less than a second, probably) the whole building will be in motion, moving to the side. If you suddenly stop the bottom, the top maintains its momentum and overshoots this position until the structure’s stiffness halts it and the elastic property that allowed it to flex forces it to recover that deformation and swing back the other way. This single impulse (pushing the building to the side a finite distance) results in an oscillation of the un-anchored end of the building (the top) as the force imparted at its base is gradually dampened or absorbed by flexing, heating, and creaking of the beams. Now, if instead of stopping the bottom of the building you reverse it and push it back the other way, this would amplify the distance the top has to travel once it swings back, adding momentum to the return oscillation and enhancing the swaying. The same thing goes on when you push someone on a swing: you give them pushes just as they swing “forth” so that the energy you input into the system is added to the energy they already have being pulled forth by gravity. If you pushed them as they were coming at you, all of your energy would be expended resisting the force of their swing “back,” and the system (you and the swinger) would lose all of its energy. To make a tall building really sway, the seismic waves must drag its base back and forth at a frequency that matches that of the building’s natural oscillation–its resonant frequency. That is to say, if you “plucked” a building and let it wobble it would do so at a frequency that is determined by its material properties, geometry, and weight, among other things. If you then continue to shake it at that same frequency, you’ll accentuate the motion, just like the swing set, causing “resonance.” Taller buildings have lower natural resonant frequencies than short buildings, meaning that if a broad spectrum of seismic wave frequencies is released, buildings with different resonant frequencies will sway differently. Small 2-story houses have extremely high resonant frequencies, and are thus more susceptible to the very sharp seismic waves experienced most strongly near the epicenter of a quake. Sky-scrapers may start swaying at huge distances from a quake, where high-frequency waves have died off and all that are left are the low-frequency seismic waves people can barely feel (we have even higher resonant frequencies than houses, if you want to think of it that way: it’s sort of why a bus braking hard makes us fall over whereas a train stopping for hundreds of yards leaves us upright). In fact, there’s an impressive video from the May 2008 M8.3 Wenchuan earthquake in central China… filmed over 1,000 miles away in Taipei! At the top of Taipei101, currently the second tallest building in the world, is a “tuned mass damper”, essentially a giant dense metal pendulum designed to counteract the swaying of the building due to wind or earthquakes. On the afternoon of the Wenchuan quake, tourists looking at the orb witnessed it in action as it counterbalanced the passing seismic waves from the distant quake. The video illustrates just how slow this swaying is. Without the pendulum for reference it is unlikely anyone would have noticed. On the other hand, the magnitude of each oscillation in the Tokyo high-rises is almost certainly enough to have made plenty of their occupants nauseous. Fortunately the slow swaying keeps their contents from being thrown around too violently, making them among the safer places to be in a quake.
NC State Extension Publications Skip to Introduction The quality of a forage for livestock is ultimately determined by its impact on animal performance. Thus, forage quality is evaluated in terms of the amount of milk produced, animal weight gains obtained, reproductive efficiency, and other animal responses. Common terms when referring to forage quality relative to the above respective animal responses are “milk in the bucket,” “pounds on the scale,” or “calves on the ground.” To better allocate forages to groups of animals with different nutritional needs, to assess the marketable value of forage crops, or to formulate supplemental diets, producers need to send forage samples to a laboratory to obtain analyses of each sample’s nutrient concentrations and estimates of digestibility. Both measurements are estimates of the nutritive value of the forage. Nutritive value analyses (Figure 1) are useful in providing a first assessment of the relative potential of a forage to impact animal performance. Animal performance, however, is also affected by other factors, such as palatability, anti-quality constituents, and the amount of forage consumed by the animals (intake). Schematic of lab analysis and chemical constituents of forages Figure 1. Schematic of laboratory analysis and chemical constituents of forages (adapted from Moore et al., 2007); ADF = acid detergent fiber, ADL = acid detergent lignin; NDF = neutral detergent fiber; NDS = neutral detergent solubles. Factors That Affect Forage Quality Skip to Factors That Affect Forage Quality Nutritive Value The nutritive value of forages is assessed by measuring nutrient concentration and digestibility and by studying the nature of the end products of digestion. The three major nutrients found in forages are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as described below. 1. Nutrient Concentration Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for the ruminal microorganisms responsible for forage digestion in the rumen. In reality, we feed the ruminant animal by feeding the rumen microorganisms first. These microorganisms are extremely important for ruminants consuming forages because they convert the carbohydrates in the forage into volatile fatty acids, which are the major energy sources for grazing ruminants. Forage carbohydrates are divided into structural carbohydrates, found in plant cell walls, and nonstructural carbohydrates, which represent cell contents. Nonstructural carbohydrates: These consist of a group of different types of sugars (e.g., sucrose) and reserve carbohydrates (starch and fructans). Starch is present in all forages, but fructans occur only in cool-season grasses. Starch can be found especially in seeds and roots. Fructans are located in leaves and stems, especially in the lower parts of the plant. As long as these carbohydrates are accessible to rumen microbes (through mastication or seed processing), they are rapidly and completely digested. Structural carbohydrates: The plant cell wall is comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, β-glucans, and polysaccharides. Lignin is a noncarbohydrate component of the cell wall that is formed by phenolic compounds and has a negative impact on digestibility. Detergent fiber analysis divides plant cell walls into neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The NDF fraction encompasses cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Pectin and β-glucans are not included in the NDF fraction and they are rapidly and thoroughly digested by microorganisms in ruminants. The ADF fraction encompasses cellulose and lignin; but if not analyzed sequentially after NDF, this fraction may contain some pectin contaminants, especially in legumes. Finally, the ADL fraction represents lignin. Proteins are polymers formed by amino acids. Protein concentration is typically analyzed as crude protein (CP), which is a measure of the total concentration of nitrogen (N) multiplied by 6.25 to estimate total protein concentration in the sample. In forages, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN, which includes free amino acids and ammonium compounds) typically represents 10% to 20% of the total N, but this proportion can increase during wilting and especially if the material is ensiled (Hatfield et al., 2007). The NPN can be turned into bacterial protein in ruminants, but it has little or negligible nutritive value for swine and poultry. Total crude protein is typically greater in legumes (15% – 25%) compared with grasses (10% – 20%), and concentrations usually decrease as plants mature due to the accumulation of the fiber fraction (Hatfield et al., 2007). Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as ether (ether extract or EE). Lipids are the most energy-rich fraction, typically containing 2.25 times more energy than either carbohydrates or proteins. The most relevant lipids in animal nutrition are fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Fatty acids typically constitute 1% to 3% of forage dry matter (DM), with the majority being polyunsaturated (Hatfield et al., 2007). Most unsaturated fatty acids will be modified by ruminal microorganisms and become saturated in the rumen. Lipids are typically measured as ether extract, but this measurement also includes lipids of no nutritional value (such as waxes and terpenes). In general, fatty acids represent only 50% or less of ether extract in forages (Hatfield et al., 2007). Table 1 describes the nutritional composition of the main forages fed to livestock in North Carolina. 1. Digestibility Digestibility is the breakdown and absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. The most direct measurement of digestibility is conducted with an animal (in vivo) by measuring DM consumed and DM excreted. Then, the proportion of DM that disappeared is assumed to have been digested. Obtaining digestibility data using animals is expensive (in vivo digestibility). However, alternative methods have been developed in the laboratory (in vitro) to estimate digestibility (referred to in the literature as either in vitro DM digestibility or disappearance). Digestibility is always highest in young immature plant tissue and lowest in mature plant tissue. Broadly, DM digestibility is usually lesser in warm-season forages (45 – 66%), intermediate to greater in cool-season forages (49 – 81%), and greatest in legumes (67 – 81%) (Collins and Fritz, 2003). The in vitro disappearance of NDF (IVNDFD) has been identified as a major predictor of animal performance in lactating cattle (Oba and Allen, 1999). A one-unit increase in IVNDFD is associated with 0.37 lb/day increase in DM intake and 0.55 lb/day increase in 4% fat-corrected milk (Oba and Allen, 1999). The response is especially noticeable with more productive cows. Thus, forages with greater IVNDFD should be allocated to the most productive animals. Voluntary Intake The amount of forage DM that animals consume when they have an unrestricted supply is considered voluntary intake. Animal performance depends then directly on the daily intake of DM multiplied by its digestibility. Intake is the main determinant of animal performance, followed by digestibility. Forages are especially influential on altering DM intake due to their greater concentrations of fiber, which makes them bulky and difficult to digest compared with concentrates (processed feed). Animals consuming forages with greater fiber concentrations may not meet their energy requirements due to rumen fill, as shown in Figure 2 (Relationship between fiber concentration and intake (adapted from Collins and Fritz, 2003). The first half of the figure shows that dry matter (DM) intake increases as fiber concentration in the forage increases. Energy intake remains constant, however, as a result of physiological mechanisms regulating energy metabolism (physiological control). Once ruminal fill reaches maximum capacity, DM and energy intake decrease as forage fiber concentration increases (fill control). During this stage, energy requirements are likely not being met due to high fiber concentration of the mature forage). However, ruminants will regulate intake to meet their energy requirements when rumen fill is not a limiting factor. This will happen in diets with lesser fiber concentration, and intake will decrease as fiber concentrations further decrease due to increasing energy density of the diet. Unfortunately, intake is the forage attribute most difficult to measure because actual intake is a function of forage characteristics (i.e., palatability, physical properties, and nutrient availability), animal characteristics (i.e., capacity, appetite), and management (i.e., feeding, stress). Nevertheless, NDF concentration and IVNDFD can be used to predict intake. The IVNDFD has been shown to be not only a good predictor of intake, but also related to milk production (Oba and Allen, 1999). Palatability is the characteristic of a feed affecting its acceptability by animals. When given free-choice access to forages, animals can select one forage over another or parts of the same forage based on plant characteristics such as smell, texture, moisture content, height and density of sward, infestation, color, and taste. Thus, palatability can also affect the rate at which animals consume forages. Greater quality forages are generally very palatable. Anti-quality Factors Several compounds can be present in forages that affect animal performance, cause sickness, or possibly cause animal death. These include such compounds as alkaloids, tannins, and phytoestrogens in many legumes, nitrates in many grasses, and cyanoglycosides in white clover and sorghum, as well as mycotoxins in many forages. The presence and concentrations of these compounds vary among plant species (including weeds) and are often influenced by environmental factors and animal sensitivity. For example, elevated concentrations of tannins can reduce intake and rumen digestibility. But in relatively reduced concentrations, condensed tannins can be beneficial by increasing bypass protein. In general, forages of desirable quality should not have these compounds. Or if these compounds are present, they should be at reduced concentrations that do not negatively affect animal responses. Relationship between fiber concentration and intake Predicting Forage Quality Skip to Predicting Forage Quality Two systems have been developed to express forage quality in terms of an index that combines both intake and digestibility. The relative feed value (RFV) index was developed by the American Forage and Grassland Council (Rohweder, 1978), and the relative forage quality (RFQ) system was developed by Moore and Undersander (2002). The RFQ system was developed to overcome the limitations of RFV, particularly its limited ability to compare among forage families and its inability to update prediction equations. This was achieved by introducing IVNDFD in the calculations and using total digestible nutrient (TDN) equations. Relative Feed Value (RFV) This index ranks forages relative to the digestible dry matter intake (DMI) of full-bloom alfalfa (assumes 41% ADF and 53% NDF with an RFV of 100 at this growth stage). RFV = (DMI x DDM) / 1.29 DMI = Dry matter intake (% of BW) = 120 / (% NDF) DDM = Digestible dry matter (% of DM) = 88.9 – (0.779 x % ADF) Relative Forage Quality (RFQ) This index is calculated by estimating the digestibility of the forage dry matter and how much an animal eats based on its “filling” capacity. Variations in the digestibility of NDF can result sometimes in variation in animal responses when fed similar RFQ forages. RFQ = (DMI x TDN) / 1.23 DMI = dry matter intake (% of BW) TDN = total digestible nutrients (% of DM) For legumes (alfalfa, clovers) and legumes-grass mixtures: DMI = (120 / NDF) + (NDFD – 45) x (0.374 / 1350) x 100 TDN = (NFC x 0.98) + (CP x 0.93) + (FA x 0.97 x 2.25) + (NDFn x (NDFD / 100)) – 7 For grasses (warm- and cool-season): DMI = -2.318 + 0.442CP – 0.0100CP2 – 0.0638TDN + 0.000922TDN2 + 0.180ADF – 0.00196ADF2 – 0.00529CPADF TDN = (NFC0.98) + (CP0.87) + (FA0.972.25) + (NDFnNDFDp / 100) – 10 ADF = acid detergent fiber (% of DM) BW = body weight CP = crude protein (% of DM) DMI = dry matter intake EE = ether extract (% of DM) FA = fatty acids (% of DM) = ether extract – 1 NDF = natural detergent fiber (% of DM) NDFCP = neutral detergent fiber crude protein (not found being used) NDFD = 48-hour in vitro NDF disappearance (% of NDF) NDFDp = 22.7 + .664NDFD (for grasses only) NDFn = nitrogen-free NDF = NDF – NDFCP, else estimated as NDFn = NDF*.93 NFC = nonfibrous carbohydrate (% of DM) = 100 – (NDFn + CP + EE + ash) The RFQ is especially advantageous over the RFV index when evaluating grasses and grass-and-legume mixtures compared to legumes. In both systems a 100 value represents roughly a full-bloom alfalfa. The greater the index, the better is the forage quality. Calculation of RFQ requires values of NFC, FA, NDFn, NDFD, and NDFDp added to the list provided in Table 1 compared to calculating RFV. Based on the RQF values of alfalfa (165.9) and bermudagrass (80.2) (Table 2), alfalfa hay in this example should be fed to early lactation cattle to take advantage of its excellent quality (Table 3). On the other hand, the bermudagrass hay used has a very low quality and should be fed to animals on maintenance. It is important to clarify at this point that RFQ should not be used to formulate a ration, but instead to assess if a forage source will be an adequate base for the diet of the target animal. If greater levels of animal performance are desired than what the forage allows as a sole source of feed, then additional supplementation will be needed to overcome the limitations of the lesser forage RFQ values. It is recommended, however, that producers evaluate the economics of such a practice. Table 1. Nutritional composition (% of total dry matter) of forages typically fed to livestock in North Carolina1. Forage TDN (%) Ash (%) CP (%) EE (%) NDF (%) ADF (%) Alfalfa hay2 60.0 9.2 19.9 2.9 39.3 31.9 Bermudagrass hay3 49.0 8.1 7.8 2.7 73.3 36.8 Corn silage4 72.0 3.6 8.7 3.1 46.0 26.6 Fescue hay5 44.0 6.8 10.8 4.7 70.0 39.0 Ladino clover hay6 60.0 9.4 22.4 2.7 36.0 32.0 Orchardgrass hay7 65.0 8.5 12.8 2.9 59.6 33.8 Ryegrass fresh 84.0 - 17.9 4.1 61.0 38.0 Sorghum silage 60.0 5.9 9.4 2.6 60.8 38.8 1 Values from Beef NRC (2000); TDN = total digestible nutrients, CP = crude protein, EE = ether extract, NDF = neutral detergent fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber 2 Sun-cured, early bloom; 3 Coastal, sun-cured, 43 – 56 day regrowth; 4 Well eared; 5 Kentucky 31; 6 Sun-cured; 7 Sun-cured, early bloom Table 2. Calculation of relative feed value (RFV) and relative forage quality (RFQ) indexes of alfalfa and bermudagrass. Index Alfalfa Bermudagrass Relative Feed Value RFV = (DMI x DDM) / 1.29 DMI = 120 / 39.3 DMI = 3.05 DDM = 88.9 – (0.779 x 31.9) DDM = 64.05 RFV = (3.05 x 64.05) / 1.29 RFV = 151.6 RFV = (1.63 x 60.23) / 1.29 DMI = 120 / 73.3 DMI = 1.64 DDM = 88.9 – (0.779 x 36.8) DDM = 60.23 RFV = (1.64 x 60.23) / 1.29 RFV = 76.4 Relative Feed Quality RFQ = (DMI x TDN) / 1.23 DMI = (120 / 39.3) + (49.1 - 45) × 0.0277 DMI = 3.17 TDN = (31.45 × 0.98) + (19.9 × 0.93) + (1.9 × 0.97 × 2.25) + (36.55 × (49.1/100)) - 7 TDN = 64.42 RFQ = (3.17 x 64.42) / 1.23 RFQ = 165.9 RFQ = (DMI x TDN) / 1.23 DMI = -2.318 + 0.442 × 7.8 – 0.0100 × 60.84 – 0.0638 × 48.31 + 0.000922 × 2333.86 + 0.180 × 36.8 – 0.00196 × 1354.24 – 0.00529 × 7.8 × 36.8 DMI = 2.04 TDN = (13.23 × 0.98) + (7.8 × 0.87) + (1.7 × 0.97 × 2.25) + (68.17 × 51.12 / 100) - 10 TDN = 48.31 RFQ = (2.04 x 48.31) / 1.23 RFQ = 80.2 Table 3. Suggested RFQ according to cattle type1. RFQ Cattle Type 140 - 160 Dairy, early lactation; dairy calf 125 - 150 Dairy, mid and late lactation; heifer, 3-12 mo; stocker cattle 115 - 130 Heifer, 12-18 mo; beef cow and calf 100 - 120 Heifer, 18-24 mo; dry cow 1 Source: Undersander (2003) Postdoctoral Researcher Crop & Soil Sciences Associate Professor and Forage Specialist Crop & Soil Sciences Crop & Soil Sciences Extension Associate Animal Science Extension Mountain Livestock Specialist Animal Science Find more information at the following NC State Extension websites: Publication date: Jan. 1, 2014
Date of Award Document Type Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences (PhD) College, School or Department Name Department of Biomedical Engineering First Advisor Rupali Datta Excessive use of heavy metals in industrial applications has resulted in widespread contamination of the environment. Lead (Pb) is one of the heavy metals used extensively without realizing its toxic nature, in various household products such as paint, toys, water pipes etc. Lead also was released into the environment via the use of leaded gasoline and fertilizers. Lead is second most toxic substance only next to arsenic. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in the U.S. banned lead-based paint in 1977 in residential properties.Lead-based paint in pre1978 homes is currently the major source of lead poisoning in children. Soils of millions of homes in United States have high levels of lead as a result of deteriorating paint over the years. Lead laden dust is readily available for inhalation and ingestion, which cause severe health problems such as neurological, renal, gastrointestinal, developmental problems in children below six. Remediation of soils is crucial to abate the lead poisoning cases. Phytoremediation has been demonstrated as an economical and efficient alternative over physico-chemical remediation methods. Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver), a tropical grass plant is one of the primary choices for lead remediation due to various advantages such as hyperaccumulation ability, extensive root system, resilience to co-contaminants and different soil conditions. Lead has no biological role in plant systems and elicits toxic effects and various stress responses. Lead stress effects are poorly reported and molecular implications are completely unknown in hyperaccumulator plants such as vetiver. Our study aimed to unravel the biochemical mechanisms of lead stress, tolerance and hyperaccumulation in vetiver grass under hydroponic conditions. Using “omics” approach, we report the proteomic and metabolic profiling of lead stress in non-model hyperaccumulating vetiver plant and also compared metabolic changes with the susceptible maize plant. Metabolic changes mainly included significant increase in stress responsive amino acids, altered carbon metabolism and enhanced antioxidative mechanisms. Proteomic changes include increased expression of transporter proteins, lignin biosynthesis enzymes, antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, and negatively impacted proteins related to photosynthesis, protein synthesis and phosphatases. These results could be useful in gaining insights for identifying potential targets for improving the remediation, tolerance and hyperaccumulation ability in vetiver through genetic engineering leading to more efficient phytoremediation practices.
What are the parts of the marine outboard? What are the parts of the marine outboard? Outboard motors are a common element in the world of boating. Factors like outboard, powerheads, skeg give you an amazing experience. But outboard motors are something different from all other sections of boats. Outboard motors have a great working mechanism that has a major impact on your boating. If you are new one to the marine industry, it is more important to understand the working concept of outboards. Outboard parts include different parts that work together. Gain knowledge of working and parts of outboard motors on this page. Outboard motor The motor serves as the propulsion system for most boats. The system follows motorized methods for propelling watercraft. These types of motor are designed to be installed in the transom, which allows more rooms in the interior of the boats. The best Honda outboard parts can benefit you with high horsepower. This power is important to handle the weight ratio of the boat. Outboard motors are easy to install and maintain with high durability. As with various parts of machines, outboard motors also have two different varieties. Motors with two strokes and the other with four strokes. But both these strokes are much more reliable in comparison to weight, speed, fuel, and economy. This is due to the technology development of outboard motors. Parts of outboard motors. The outboard motor includes three main sections of motor for the best process of running. Sections are named as top, midsection and outboard lower unit. The top section is said to be the outboard powerhead, and the powerhead is the combination of several different components. And the middle section contains the Honda outboard parts, which is referred to as the middle part of the engine. Outboard powerhead The outboard powerhead is designed of various components that bring the combustion engine. It includes the engine block, cylinder heads, pistons and valves, which works together to run the engine. The experts say that powerheads are the bare bones of the engine with three main components. Engine block: the moving components are located at the engine block. The engine block works with the support of piston rods, pistons and crankshaft. A cylinder surrounds the pistons for proper working. Engine blocks also have strokes based on their variety. It may be two strokes or four strokes that work with the pistons. Crankshaft: the pistons are attached to the crankshaft inside the engine block. The crankshaft spin along with the pistons to generate power. Once the power has been generated to the piston rods, it pulls the piston towards the cylinder. Cylinder heads: this cylinder heads masks up the piston and the engine block. You must buy cylinders according to the stroke count of your outboard motor. Cylinders are the main part for durability and smooth performance. Middle part The midsection of the outboard motor serves as the connective element between overhead and the lower unit. It includes a bracket that is used to attach the motor with the transom. These attachments and fixation of the middle part support the engine to turn in a different direction as per the angular handling. Here the tilt mechanism is being used to lift the engine out of water. Outboard lower unit The outboard lower unit works with various components such as driveshaft, prop shaft, gear set, clutch dog, bearings, seals and shims. With the help of these parts, the outboard lower unit sits under the water and controls the propeller’s rotation. It works under the shift mechanism that includes BRP. The electrical shift and hydroelectric shift is also used for the effectiveness of control. Bottom line: Gaining knowledge about parts helps you to buy perfect parts for your boat. Your whole idea about the mechanism will support your effective boating.
English 2013: Introduction to American Literature Assignment Eleven-- The Absence of Love Edward Estlin Cummings The thematic focus of the literature that we are examining in assignments nine through the twelve is love. This eleventh assignment focuses on the absence of love. You are assigned to read work written by three twentieth-century fiction writers --Zora Neale Hurston, John Cheever and John Updike -- and two twentieth-century poets -- Thomas Stearns Eliot and Edward Estlin (e.e.) Cummings. In some of these works the failure of love seems to reflect the emptiness and inauthenticity of modern existence John Cheever and John Updike each became noted for the stories they published in New Yorker magazine. Each author focused on the suburban region outside New York City, exploring the problems faced by white upper-class or middle-class men and their families. John Cheever Cheever's "The Swimmer" slowly reveals the delusion of its protagonist, the affluent and successul Neddy Merrill, whose life we discover has been destroyed by his alcoholism. Cheever employs surrealism and symbolism to reflect Neddy's disturbed state of mind and to comment on the unreality of the privileged life that Neddy had led. Updike's "Separating" is, at least on its surface, more straightforward. It describes how Richard and Joan, a long-married couple, inform their children that they are separating. Beneath the story's controlled, almost emotionless surface, the reader senses dark layers of emotional damage. John Updike Zora Neale Hurston moved to Harlem to pursue a literary career in the 1920's during the expansion of African-American art of all types that has been called the Harlem Renaissance, but her most important work, including her masterpiece Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) was published during the 1930's. Her story "Sweat" is a disturbing and violent depcition of an abusive marriage. Zora Neale Hurston T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings both experiemented with poetic style. Eliot wrote intellectual poetry that combined allusions to classical literature, ancient myth, with popular culture. His fragmented approach forces the reader to piece together meaning. Cummings' approach is more radical and more musical, ignoring ordinary rules of grammar, punctuation and diction, but employing traditional poetic devices such as rhyme and meter in unusual ways. Thomas Stearns Eliot Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" immerses its reader in the anxious thoughts of an aging, middle-class man who fears that his need for love will be unfulfilled. In the poem Prufrock's need for passion and romance is buried beneath the superficial formality of a tea party and restrained by his own inability to express his needs. The poem suggests that Prufrock's situation mirrors the sterility of post-World-War -II society in general. Cummings' "anyone lived in a pretty how town" displays a disdain for the artificiality of much existence that parallel's Eliot's. The "anyone" in Cummings' poem lives a repetitious life devoid of passion or love. Despite the playful and almost childish sound of the poem, Cummings' message is a serious demand that people live more aware and immediate lives. The Modern American Poetry page "On 'anyone lived in a pretty how town'" presents seven brief commentaries onthe poem. Yusef Komunyakaa's poem "My Father's Love Letters" concerns a broken marriage as well as the relationship of a child to his parents. Kommunyakaa ws born James Willie Brown, Jr., son of an illiterate carpenter in Bogalusa, Louisiana. He served in Vietnam and began studying and writing poetry after leaving the military. Komunyakaa has taught creative writing at Indiana University, Princeton University, and New York Univeristy. The Poetry Foundation's page on Komunyakaa summarizes his writing career. updated: June 15, 2018
How do I find my USB serial converter? Instructions for Windows 10 1. Press the Windows (a.k.a. Start) button. Type device manager and press Enter. 2. In Device Manager, expand Ports (COM & LPT) and select your serial port. The port number may not match what is shown here. 3. Double-click the serial port and the USB Serial Port Properties dialog will appear. What is USB to serial converter? USB to serial adapters are cables that convert the data sent by a serial-enabled device for use by a USB port. The serial end has a DB9 connector, which plugs into the serial device. The USB connector plugs into the computer’s USB port or a connected USB hub. What is a RS232 cable? First and foremost, it is a form of serial data transmission. At one time, it was the most used form of data transmission. You will probably recognize the standard 9 pin DB9 cable. Simply put, a RS232 connection transmits signals using a positive voltage for a binary 0 and a negative voltage for a binary 1. Do USB to serial adapters need drivers? When you connect a USB-to-Serial cable to your computer, the driver doesn’t install. No driver found.” The devices for some USB-to-Serial cables aren’t installed by default on 64-bit operating systems. These cables use unsigned device drivers and must be installed manually. Why is my USB to Serial not working? Your not working Prolific USB to Serial driver problem could be caused by the corrupted, missing or outdated driver itself. So it would help if you update the driver to the latest version. You can update your Prolific USB to Serial driver to the latest version either manually or automatically. Is USB a RS232? Although RS232 and USB (universal serial bus) are both serial communication standards to connect peripherals to computers, they are totally different in design. A simple cable is not enough to connect RS232 devices to a computer with only USB ports. Does serial to USB work? Yes, a RS232 to USB converter does have a full-blown UART circuit built-in. As any standard UART, it does have Rx, Tx, and flow control pins. As any UART, it must be properly configured to be able to communicate with the “partner” at the other end of UART link. To do so, the UART circuit is “bridged” to USB interface. What is the difference between RS-232 and Ethernet? Ethernet is a type of serial communication. There are many differences between Ethernet and other serial protocols though. The voltage levels and cable impedances are different but the primary difference is that Ethernet is an intelligent communication while RS422, RS232 are not. Is RS-232 and serial the same? RS-232 signals are similar to your microcontroller’s serial signals in that they transmit one bit at a time, at a specific baud rate, with or without parity and/or stop bits. The two differ solely at a hardware level. On most PCs these signals swing from -13 to +13V. What is the best serial to USB adapter? Top Pick: BENFEI USB to Serial Adapter RS-232 Male Prolific Chipset. This cable from BENFEI offers the best connection from your serial device to your USB device. It’s an RS232-compatible cable with a 9-pin male DB9 serial connector on one end and a standard USB type A male connector on the other. How to connect AirNav RadarBox to your computer? Included is the award winning software interface developed by the world’s leader in flight tracking and monitoring solutions, AirNav Systems. 1. Connect the AirNav RadarBox to your computer using the USB cable provided How to connect AirNav shiptrax receiver to computer? How does the AirConsole Universal serial adaptor work? The Universal Serial Adaptor: – Instant, all-in-one serial connectivity via Wifi, Wired Ethernet or Bluetooth 4 (Low Energy) – Works with everything – iPhone, iPad, Android, Mac and PC – use our Apps or bring your own – Includes Built in Web Terminal client – get on the console with just a browser (Airconsole 2.0) What kind of decoder do I need for AirNav? With years of experience, AirNav Systems has developed the AirNav ACARS Decoder, a product with extreme performance (low messages loss), with all the features an aviation enthusiast needs. Stop using expensive and complex ACARS decoders that require hardware and is difficult to set up.
Benefits of Eating Whole Foods Whole foods are those which have not been processed or refined before consumption. They are free of any unwanted additives and artificial flavors. Hence, they are nutrient-rich, plant-based and good for your body and health. So, skip the processed goods and turn to foods that are closer to Mother Nature. There are many benefits to consuming whole foods: Help maintain a healthy weight A whole foods based diet ensures that you get your daily calorie requirement packed into colorful fruits, vegetables and grains, etc. Whole foods will keep you feeling fuller for a longer time and this will ensure that you do not indulge in any unnecessary snacking. Also, the fact that whole foods are rich in fiber and have a nutritional value unlike any other helps guarantee that consumers will retain a healthy and ideal BMI (Body Mass Index). Decrease the risk of heart disease The abundance of fiber that can be obtained from a whole foods diet helps prevent cardiovascular disease. Also, eating healthy whole foods has the added advantage of keeping blood cholesterol levels in check. Eating foods other than red meats and those without additives, extra sugar and salt keeps a person healthy and lowers the risk of various heart problems. Lower the chances of getting diabetes Eating whole foods, plant-based diet guarantees that you will maintain an ideal blood sugar level. Also, they lower your risk for developing type-two diabetes if you do not have it; and if you are already diabetic, a plant-based diet can help lowering your risk for developing the ailments that result from this disease. Provide a balanced nutrient intake The amount of nutrients contained in whole foods is very balanced. Supplements cannot provide the amount of balance that is provided by whole foods and often do not contain the rare nutrients that can be found easily in whole foods (e.g. green leafy vegetables have an abundance of iron which cannot be found anywhere else). Have been reported to reverse certain diseases Some people have found that indulging in a whole foods, vegan diet has helped them in reversing heart disease, diabetes and certain cancers. Also, whole food diets can help reverse the effects of anemia (especially iron deficiency) and also certify the health of pregnant women and their babies. More variety and color on your plate Having diverse ingredients and colors on your plate help in maintaining proper functioning of the body. From your nervous system to your digestive system, you can make sure that you and your family live a long, happy and healthy life. There’s also the added advantage of attracting kids to their plates and making the consumption of vegetables and fruits easier with the multiple colors of green beans, red bell peppers, yellow squash, blueberries, etc. So, what are you waiting for? Hop on board and ride the express train to health because you know it’s the right choice and you don’t want to miss out on knowing where your food is coming from. Leave a Reply
Functional Medicine embraces much of the philosophy of Integrative medicine but also employs a systems-oriented medical approach that works to identify and understand the underlying or root causes of a disease. This discipline takes into account the personalization of healthcare, as each patient care plan is distinct and unique. The relationship between patient and practitioner effectively becomes a partnership; every aspect of a patient’s medical history is reviewed in detail. Much like integrative medicine, functional medicine treats the individual rather than the disease. Often, individual genetic and environmental research is conducted to obtain a deeper knowledge of the patient’s health status. Understanding the biochemical individuality of a patient can lead to the underlying causes of disease and furthermore, the prevention of additional health risks in the future. Functional Medicine has gained much popularity, even spurring the creation of the Institute for Functional Medicine. Personalized medicine is without a doubt, the future model of medical care. • Functional Medicine incorporates the latest in genetic sciences, biological systems, and understanding of how environmental and lifestyle factors influence the emergence and progression of disease. • Incorporating a patient-centered rather than a disease-centered approach to treatment • Addressing the web-like interconnections of internal physiological factors Make an Appointment
Military Wiki A Royal Air Force station is a permanent Royal Air Force operations location. Most RAF stations are aerodromes, or airfields, being the home to one or more flying squadrons. Other RAF stations are training units, administrative units, headquarters (HQ), or carry out ground-based operational tasks. Although many RAF units are often called stations, they can only be properly classified as an RAF station if they are self-accounting with their own station commander and headquarters.[1] Units without a station commander or headquarters staff will ordinarily be a satellite of an RAF station proper. In the early years of the RAF, very few of its bases were classified as stations. Some bases which were locally known as RAF location name were officially listed under the unit's title. For example, No. 1 Stores Depot was at RAF Kidbrooke which was described as No. 1 Stores Depot in the official lists. In the years before World War II the RAF went through a period of rapid expansion. One means of achieving this expansion was to group several units together at one location, which then required a separate headquarters staff. This resulted in a considerable growth in the number of stations.[1] Vehicle plate for an RAF station commander The Commanding Officer (CO) in charge of an RAF station is titled as the Station Commander. On flying units the Station Commander normally holds the rank of Group Captain. Most RAF stations are administratively sub-divided into Wings, and are controlled by a Station Headquarters (SHQ). On a flying station the subordinate Wings have usually been called Operations Wing, Engineering Wing (or Engineering and Supply Wing), and Administration Wing. Engineering Wings are being split into Forward Support Wing and Depth Support Wings, while many Administration and Operations Wings have been renamed Base Support Wing. RAF stations typically have a fenced perimeter, and flying stations have the airfield - with its runways, perimeter track, dispersal areas, hangars, technical buildings, offices and accommodation for personnel who live on the unit. Flying stations are typically in remote or rural areas, and are geographically quite large in area. Non-flying RAF stations are often much smaller in area than flying stations. They may be close to urban conurbations, and may sometimes be situated in historic mansions, manor houses, or other notable buildings of fine architectural quality. Current RAF stations are mainly in the United Kingdom; however RAF Akrotiri is in the UK Sovereign Base Area of Cyprus, RAF Gibraltar is in Gibraltar, and RAF Mount Pleasant is in the Falkland Islands. Over the last 90-years, there have been hundreds of RAF stations around the world, a reflection on the involvement of the RAF in wars and conflicts, and colonial policing in many areas across the globe. RAF Station badges are similar to Squadron badges; the emblem is surrounded by a light blue ring containing the words "Royal Air Force Station", and the station name, surmounted by a Crown, and with the motto in a scroll underneath. See also External links
COVID – Where we are and where we’re going COVID-19 Vaccination Updates Who is eligible? Every resident over the age of 11 is eligible COVID-19 Testing Information The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID) is a “new” form of the Coronavirus (which has been causing “colds” in humans for thousands of years). At this time, we believe that humans first contracted this virus from bats used in China for food or medicinal purposes. Why is it a problem? Any time humans encounter a “new” virus, our bodies’ defense mechanisms (the immune system) need to identify the virus and, essentially, build a new antibody (called an IGM antibody) to destroy that virus. That takes time and while the body is building those antibodies, the virus is reproducing and causing illness. Once the IGM has done its job and killed the virus, the body then makes a different antibody (IGG) which “remembers” the virus so that you can mount a defense much more quickly the next time you encounter the virus. IGG tends to remain in the system for an extended period of time (months to forever, depending on the antibody). Humans have never “seen” this virus before, so everyone is starting out with no defense. Furthermore, some people seem to have a violent reaction to this virus – almost like an allergic anaphylactic response some people have to peanuts or bee stings. It is the body’s reaction to the virus, rather than the virus itself, which is causing the elevated mortality of this particular virus. What about testing? Early in the pandemic we were unable to test for the COVID-19 virus. Eventually a test became available (in very limited numbers), but the results were being returned in 1-2 weeks, by which time most victims had either improved significantly or had deteriorated to the point where there was no longer a question as to what the problem was. QwikCareMD, for example, was seeing 1000 patients per week and we were initially allocated 5 tests per week. We had to limit testing to the CDC guidelines which we came to realize were not helpful. Our initial tests for COVID-19 consisted of a culture which identified the virus itself (also know as an “antigen” test, since the virus is an antigen). This was useful to identify an active COVID infection, whether or not the patient was symptomatic. The biggest problem with this virus is that a large majority of people who are infected (80% in our practice) have no significant symptoms. This does NOT mean that they can’t spread the virus to people who WILL get sick. On the contrary, it makes our job that much more difficult because we have no idea who is infected and who is not. Because of this, the only effective testing for this disease is widespread testing of symptomatic AND asymptomatic people, so that EVERYONE who is infected can be isolated to prevent the spread. We now have available antibody testing for COVID. Antibodies come in two major groups, IGM and IGG. The IGM antibodies are the antibodies the body produces to actually fight the infection. They rise early in the infection and disappear after the infection is gone. The body then also produces IGG antibodies to “remember” the virus. IGG carries a “blueprint” of the IGM antibody so that if the body sees COVID again, it can quickly build IGM antibodies – hopefully before there are enough viruses to cause illness. This is what immunity is all about. Antibody testing, therefore, tells you if you have been exposed to COVID-19 in the past. We assume that if you have IGG antibodies you are at least partially immune to a repeat infection. At this time we don’t know how effective that immunity is nor do we know how long it lasts. Similar viral infections tend to lead to 1-2 years of relatively effective immunity. How do I get antibodies? There are generally two ways to get IGG antibodies. The first is by being infected by COVID-19. The second is through being immunized against COVID-19. Thus far we haven’t developed an effective COVID-19 immunization, but there are over 100 vaccines presently in development. Some are in Phase 2 testing, none (as of early May) have reached Phase 3 testing. We don’t expect an effective vaccine before the end of 2020 at best. It may be significantly longer. What is Herd Immunity and why do I care? Herd immunity is our best defense against future pandemics from a given virus. See the discussion on elementary epidemiology below for a more in-depth explanation. The short answer is that the more people within the “herd” (world, country, state, city, neighborhood) who are immune to the virus, the less likely an epidemic or pandemic will occur if someone contracts the disease. This is why immunization (when available) needs to be as universal as possible. Not just to protect the immunized individuals, but also to increase the herd immunity and keep un-immunized people safe. Epidemiology 101 There is a considerable amount of math involved in epidemiology (why epidemics happen and how to prevent them or make them less severe). The important number to know is “1”. Epidemiology revolves around the question “How many other people will the average “victim” infect before he is either cured or dead?”. If that number, across the population, is more than 1, you will have an epidemic. If it is less than 1, you won’t. That number is called R0 in epidemiology. It depends on several factors: 1. How many susceptible people will the Victim come in contact with while he is infective 2. How effective is the virus in infecting that contact. Let’s say, for example, that the virus is 20% effective in causing an infection in a given contact and the average victim comes in contact with 10 people while he is infective. That would mean that R0 would be 20% of 10 or 2. Since R0 is 2, an epidemic is inevitable, unless you do something to prevent it. What we have been doing so far is by decreasing the number of contacts through using masks, social distancing, etc. That clearly brings down R0 , but not yet to below 1 in our country. As more people become immune (by having been exposed to COVID or by being immunized with a vaccine), the number of SUSCEPTIBLE people decreases even if the number of contacts remains the same. If our “herd immunity” was 90% in the above case, R0 would be decreased from 2 to 0.2 and an epidemic would be impossible. So now what? What we are doing with masks, “stay in place”, hand washing, and so forth is essentially waiting for an effective vaccine. Some people will get infected with COVID-19. Some of those people will get ill. Some people will get very ill and some people will die. Minimizing contacts (chances to spread the virus) will minimize those deaths until we can induce an artificial herd immunity through the use of an effective COVID vaccine. In the meanwhile, get tested – as often as necessary. Get an antibody test to see if you’ve already been infected. If you get ill or have any reason to think you are infected, get an antigen (viral) test and, if positive, stay away from other people.
A Look at the US Program on Resettlements of Refugees A refugee is defined as a person who is subjected to removal from their country of nationality or birth due to the Security Council resolution 815(ocide) on Darfur. A potential refugee is usually not in a position to seek protection within their own country, as their home may be in danger or they may be in violation of their human rights. In these cases, international protection is needed. The term “refugee” is used, with some variations, to describe those people who have crossed borders to seek safety and protection. A refugee is not only vulnerable but also exposed to risks. Being displaced means you have nowhere else to go. So, not being able to return to your home could mean certain death for them and their families. A large number of the displaced people are children. Most of them do not know how long they will be gone and what awaits them. This makes it difficult for them to decide and act responsibly in situations where they might have influence, such as how to vote or participate in an election. For these reasons, a large portion of the six.7 million people fleeing violence in the Middle East and Africa are considered as refugees. They are most vulnerable during periods of intense violence and need international assistance for protection. During the Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, tens of thousands of people were killed. At the time, the government and opposition had a difficult time putting together a united response that would benefit all. When people fled their homes and crossed borders in search of safety, they took along the necessary belongings, including family members and elderly people. Some made dangerous journeys into Europe or the United States. While they may have been seeking peace and security, they may have also been exposing themselves to further human rights violations, which can increase their risk of death and other serious risks. International law was created to protect people against acts of aggression, terrorism, and crimes against humanity. According to the United Nations High Commission for International Relations, “Rights of the refugee should be universal and equal among all states irrespective of race, nationality, gender, religion, political or economic position, or social composition.” The Universal Declaration on the Rights of the Family states that every individual has the right to seek refuge in the country that he or she chooses, regardless of nationality, religion, or birth. Additionally, the declaration adds that every person has the right to return to his or her country provided that security and safety conditions are present and safe. Resettlement programs allow refugees to resettle in the United States under the terms of an agreement between the US and the country of origin. Though the United States accepts certain populations and sponsors others, there is no mandate for resettlements from other countries. Because the United States does not accept unsolicited requests for resettlements, most individuals who are displaced or who have fled because of war or violence do not make known their exact circumstances to the US authorities, leaving them in dire situations where they may receive an unwanted settlement offer. Taking Refuge From Ourselves When faced with the suffering of civil war or natural disaster, many people seek refuge in Australia. Today, there are many government-assisted safe haven programs throughout Australia that have come to the help of those who need assistance. However, what does a refuge really mean? In the legal context of international human rights law, a refuge is typically a country or region that is outside of an independent international legal system and that offers a state of refuge to displaced persons. Such a zone may be created for political or economic reasons, but has the same effect as a prison. The protection offered to displaced people is not limited to national security issues, but also covers the violation of human rights by others. The major focus of this legislation is the safety of the individual, to be granted a safe place to live and work. In the case of domestic abuse, a person may be offered a refuge from such harm by a government agency or non-government organization that specializes in the protection of women and children. There are several agencies that provide this service across the country. However, they all operate on similar principles of offering refuges to victims of domestic abuse, and of protecting the victim and ensuring she is able to safely return to her home country. They also provide information on other services that might be available to victims in their home country, if the need arose. The term “refuge” can also refer to giving up an abusive situation. In this context, however, it normally indicates an official sanctuary from physical harm, rather than temporary protection or safety. For example, when a person who is being harassed takes refuge at a sangha, this is seen as a renaming or a profession of trust, and not a mere refuge. Similarly, when a person taking refuge at the Australian embassy or consulate is being abused physically, or subjected to other severe acts of violence, this is normally considered a renaming or profession of trust, rather than a mere refuge. Of course, it could be argued that both of these situations – refuge and renaming – actually exist in some cases, but the point is that such actions do not amount to “taking refuge in the example of dharma”. In taking refuge in dharma, on the other hand, victims make a clear commitment to stand up to violence and abuse, whatever form it takes. This is because they understand that their well-being lies at the bottom of the entire structure of dharma. It is through their participation in dharma that they become aware that they have a responsibility for ending violence and other abuses in the world, and thus becoming responsible for themselves, and those they will come in contact with. In looking at the concept of taking refuge in dharma, we also need to look at how the concept applies to today’s world, where there is much more violence and sexual harassment than in the two thousand and two hundred years before. There are many more crimes in the United States, for example, than in the whole history of the world, including the slave trade and the Jim Crow laws. And while sexual harassment is on the decline in the United States as a whole, it has been on the rise in certain areas (like Los Angeles). A person who lives in a patriarchal society, or who faces daily gender discrimination, is literally taking refuge in dharma in order to protect him/herself and others from violence. This is not “relying” on anyone else, which is an essential feature of taking refuge in dharma. And it’s important to note that the phrase “relying on your own knowledge” was not used in the twelfth century to describe taking refuge in dharma. As you can see, the concept of taking refuge in dharma doesn’t really exist in the twenty-five hundred years that modern society has advanced. It exists primarily in premodern cultures, especially those where domestic violence is the primary social norm. We need to ask ourselves if we’re really taking refuge in dharma from ourselves and our environment, or in our fellow beings, and this can be an important question to ask all over the world. What Is Domestic Abuse Found In Refuges? What exactly are refuges? A word borrowed from French, meaning “a sheltered place.” Refuges are places which have been radically changed by human interference, either in their physical form or their biological as well as social structure. In fact, the word came from a Latin word, sanctus, which means “sacred.” Although, refuges are frequently called, “refuge spots” or “refuge areas,” what they really mean is a patch of land where some kind of natural predator may be eying on a few species of prey. This predator has to hunt other species of prey first, before it can take down one of the birds residing in the region. For instance, an open ocean protected by islands may not be the preferred nesting ground for the sandpiper, but rather a rocky shoreline protected by islands. A refuge based on conservation efforts, such as that of the red and green turtles, are typically safe havens for these threatened species. One of the most common forms of habitat in refuges are islands. Reserves are sometimes formed close to islands, for example, to create a landing and take-off space for aircraft. Reserves are also used by wildlife reserves as a habitat for those animals that are native to the area and cannot migrate to another location. This simple past participle refuged means that the area in question has been devastated by human interference, and has thus been protected by conservation efforts. In this sense, a reserve may be termed, simply, a sanctuary. What are the common predators found in refuges? Every refuge has its own predators, and some, such as sea lions, are over-invited. Other kinds of predators, however, prefer a more secretive life, and thus are not commonly seen by the general public. Examples include bears, foxes and skunks. The most common kind of predator that cannot always be seen is a cat, although there are several large cats that feed exclusively on birds. It is important to note that these cats will attack if they feel threatened, which could make them seem like they are not part of the refuges’ ecosystem. What is domestic abuse found in refuges? Although rarely deadly, domestic abuse can lead to mental and physical damage, and is a criminal offence. When it is reported, it is usually by residents looking out for other residents. In most cases, domestic abuse is an ongoing problem, which could see vulnerable people made vulnerable even more by refuges, both physically and emotionally. A problem with domestic abuse in refuges, therefore, needs to be addressed by domestic abuse prevention agencies, and refuges themselves, if necessary. Finally, pets may decide to stray from their owners. This is often seen as a result of boredom, or loneliness. However, if a pet does not have a stable owner, then it may decide to enter a refuges, or perhaps even end up in a street, and become a nuisance. If a national domestic violence helpline was offered to the local population, then anyone who had a pet that left the premises could call the helpline and ask for help.
If you can’t find what you’re looking for, feel free to reach out to info@regreener.eu Questions about our projects We are planting trees together with our partners Eden Reforestation Projects and WeForest in Kenya, Mozambique and Zambia. Our tree planting partners plants native species trees only. They never plant or introduce any invasive species at any of their project sites. Our projects in these countries include various species. In Kenya and Mozambique, the main focus is on mangrove trees for now. Research indicates that mangroves sequester carbon at a rate two to four times greater than mature tropical forests. Mangroves also contain the highest carbon density of all terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, it is known that mangroves play an important role in coastal ecosystems, and are renowned for an array of ecosystem services, including fisheries and fibre production, sediment regulation, and storm/tsunami protection. In Zambia, the main restoration approach here is Assisted Natural Regeneration. This involves protecting and nurturing wild tree seedlings. This process is carried out all year round and serves to promote the natural succession of the forest. ‘Trees are the lungs of the earth’, you’ve probably heard that before – and for a reason. That’s because trees help the planet breathe by turning carbon dioxide into clean, pure oxygen. In addition to that trees and forests around the world also act like the planet’s air conditioning system and keep the planet cool. Global tree restoration is considered as one of the most effective carbon drawdown solutions to date. The main species we plant through our partner, Eden Reforestation Projects, are mangroves. The name ‘mangroves’ refers to approximately 110 tree species that are able to survive in saline or brackish water and are found in intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical coasts around the world. Each mangrove tree planted removes over 308kg of CO2 over its 25-year lifespan, or 12 kg of CO2 per tree per year. Importantly, investment in mangrove protection and restoration is key to helping developing countries meeting their National Determined Contributions of the Paris Agreement. We value the importance and impact of tree planting but are nonetheless conservative in the amount of CO2 sequestration that we attribute to our trees. Although 300 kilograms of CO2 per tree is scientifically defendable, we calculate 125 kilograms per tree. This is related due to the fact that trees first new to fully grow before to become truely effective and because our tree planting projects are not verified. Certification of carbon compensation is important as it creates a measurable impact, but we feel that the actual impact of a project is what matters most. Although these planting projects are not certified for now, the impact of these projects is huge. Next to the fact that trees do capture big amounts of CO2, the tree planting projects also present a great benefit to local communities. Our planting partners utilize an “Employ to Plant” methodology to benefit the members in these local communities. Through steady employment, impoverished villagers can begin to afford daily necessities such as food, shelter, clothing, and medicine. Category: Projects Our partners hire local villagers to grow, plant, and guard to maturity native species forest on a massive scale. Their “employ to plant methodology” results in a multiplication of positive socio-economic and environment measures. In this way, they alleviate extreme poverty within the impacted community. This also ensures that the villagers have an economic incentive to ensure the wellbeing of the reforestation project. They also have a sense of “ownership” over the trees and restored forest and they protect it with great care. Category: Projects If a project is certified this means that voluntary carbon credits have been issued. A carbon credit is a certificate representing one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent that is either prevented from being emitted into the atmosphere (emissions avoidance/reduction) or removed from the atmosphere as the result of a carbon-reduction project. For a carbon-reduction project to generate carbon credits, it needs to demonstrate that the achieved emission reductions or carbon dioxide removals are real, measurable, permanent, additional, independently verified, and unique. Additionally, it is important that appropriate safeguards are in place to ensure projects comprehensively address and mitigate all potential environmental and social risks. If a project meets these criteria—as specified by independent standards such as Gold Standard and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS)—credits can be issued. The impact of a carbon credit can only be claimed—that is, counted toward a climate commitment—once the credit has been retired (cancelled in a registry), after which it can no longer be sold.1 In the case of our users, Regreener retires the credits their behalf. For example, in case of a renewable energy project, the amount calculated is the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that the climate protection project reduces or avoids. If the renewable energy project avoids the emission of 100.000 metric tonnes of CO2, 100.000 credits are issued for this project. Once issued, these certificates can be traded on carbon markets. Once certificates are bought, these can be retired. A retired credit can never be traded again. Retiring a credit means taking it off the market. Therefore, the party that retires a certificate can claim the amount of CO2 (in metric tonnes) compensated through these certificates. Before we invest in a certain project by buying and retiring carbon credits, we discuss the relevant project with one of our Climate Science Advisors, which are experts with a background in climate and environmental science. Category: Projects Gold Standard is considered the most rigorous climate standard by many NGOs, including WWF and the David Suzuki Foundation. Gold Standard verified projects provide additional social and community benefits in addition to high quality carbon offsetting. Gold Standard-certified projects have created over $20.5 billion in shared value for climate action and sustainable development. Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) was founded in 2005 by environmental and business leaders who saw the need for greater quality assurance in voluntary carbon markets. VCS now serves as a secretariat for the various standards they develop and programs they manage, as well as an incubator of new ideas that can generate meaningful environmental and social value at scale. VCS is a global leader helping to tackle the world’s most intractable environmental and social challenges by developing and managing standards that help the private sector, countries, and civil society achieve ambitious sustainable development and climate action goals. The VCS Program is the world’s most widely used voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) program. Over 1,600 certified Verra VCS projects have collectively reduced or removed more than 500 million tonnes of carbon and other GHG emissions from the atmosphere. Category: Projects The impact and quality of a carbon-reducing project is measured by a third-party that certifies the project to international standards. These standards ensure that the projects are what we say they are: real, permanent and truely green. The third-party will monitor the project to ensure it delivers to its promises. Additionally, these certification bodies also employ third parties to audit the projects to completely remove any conflict of interest in the reporting. The are different standards, but we have choosen to pick the best projects out there through Gold Standard and Verra Carbon Standard (VCS). Category: Projects Based on the data from Eden Reforestation Projects (our tree planting partner), the survival rate of the trees we plant is well over 80 percent. The great thing about mangrove trees is that between years three and five these trees begin to produce their own propagules (baby mangrove trees). This results in a proliferation of natural regeneration. Multiple studies demonstrate the initial survival rate combined with natural regeneration results in a luxuriant impact ranging between 150-500 percent. On a personal or business level, you can keep track of your impact in your profile. In here you can find detailed information about the projects you have supported. On community level we publish monthly updates on our Financials page. We believe transparency is key and believe leaving a full paper trail of what we do and why we do it is the way to is the right thing to do. We publish certificates of how many tonnes of CO2 (‘carbon credits’) were prevented from entering the atmosphere or removed from it. The standards of these projects are certified by Gold Standard and Verra Carbon Standard. Additionally we publish donations receipts related to our rainforest protection program that we have established with our partner Rainforest Partnership. As for the trees planted, you can see the corresponding proofs of purchase from our tree planting partners, Eden Projects Projec and WeForest. If our community grows big enough: yes! In the fight against climate change, every step in the right direction is important. Human behavior has a huge impact on climate change. We don’t say this to point a finger here, but it is up to us as mankind to undo the damage that was done by us. Billions of people across the world are worried about the direction we are heading. If lots of people join our platform to compensate their carbon footprint, whilst becoming more conscious of their footprints’ impact, this will make a huge difference. As a matter of fact: this will alter the course we’re on. It is important to say that even a gigantic Regreener community alone won’t cut it though. This initiative will not stop climate change or undo all damage that has been done. However, we do sincerely believe that our community will make a difference. We need joint action, and all green initiatives are helpful. If you want to do your part, please sign up now! Category: Projects In addition to directly funding CO2-reducing projects such as tree planting and green energy projects, we feel that innovation has a big role to play in accelerating the process of reaching our goals. More efficient ways to plant trees and a data-driven approach to (common) progress are examples of what can make a huge positive impact. Therefore our aim is to be an innovative company that works on solving the challenges we face by doing research, developing new tools and supporting innovation throughout the ecosystem services sector. Category: Projects Questions about Regreener No, Regreener is not a non-profit organisation but a sustainable commercial company. Being a non-profit organisation comes with certain (financial) limitations. Although Regreener is a sustainable commercial company, we are otherwise operating like a charity, by picking the best elements that serve our cause: publicly publishing financial information, customer revenue data, and impact data. Also, our margin of 25% is up there with the best charities. As it is our mission to have as big as an impact as possible, having a self-sustaining business model is the most efficient way of running our business. We want to be as streamlined and efficient as possible, being able to scale and attract top talent to reach our goals: regreen the world and fight climate change. Category: Regreener We are not a charity, but a sustainable commercial company. So, you might wonder what our business model looks like. This is what happens to your money after you subscribe to our platform: Step 1: After receiving your money, we pay VAT (value-added tax) to the government. On your invoice, you can see that 21% VAT is added to the purchase price. This 21% is paid to the tax authorities immediately. What’s left after paying the VAT is our revenue. Step 2: 75% of our revenue goes into our climate change fighting projects and relevant transaction costs. This part of our revenue is called the Regreener Climate Fund. Through this fund we support some of the best climate change fighting projects out there. We plant trees, support anti-deforestation groups and invest in green energy and renewables. These projects compensate your carbon footprint. In your profile, you can see how much impact you have had so far by supporting these climate change solutions. Your profile shows the amount of trees planted and the CO2 that is compensated on your behalf. Your impact is visible and measurable, and the way your money is spent is transparent. We also publish proof of our tree planting, our carbon certificates and the donations that were made on behalf of the Regreener community. Therefore, the impact of the entire Regreener Community is transparent as well. Step 3:The other 25% of our revenue is used to to run Regreener and to grow our platform. This part is used for things like transaction fees, team member compensation, hosting, licenses, marketing, IT & software, accounting, office rent and office costs. As it is our goal to create a big Regreener community, it is unavoidable that we make these costs. We want to create a community that has the power to really make a change. That’s why we need to spread the word. For that, just like any other company, we need people and resources. Category: Regreener You can spread the word by telling everyone around you about your experience with Regreener, and you can help up by leaving a (positive) review on Trustpilot. Furthermore, feel free to share your profile on your social media using the sharing options in your profile. Category: Regreener You change, cancel or pause your subscription at any time in your profile settings, or by sending an email to info@regreener.eu Category: Regreener To calculate a baseline footprint, which we use for our monthly plans and one-time contributions we use multiple data sets: • Data from the World Bank which reports CO2 and other greenhouse emissions that occur in your country. • Data from the Global Carbon Project which reports emissions embedded in imports from overseas. We combine these imported emissions with the country of residence emissions. On top of that we add an extra 10% to ensure that each member is becoming climate positive by offsetting more than their footprint. Category: Regreener At the moment, we are busy creating a personalized footprint calculator, which will provide our users with a precize estimate or their actual footprint. However, creating and optimizing a good and reliable calculator takes time. If you wish to receive updates on the footprint calculator and the geolocation, please sign up to our newsletter by using the sign-up function at the bottom of this page. If you already wish to calculate your carbon footprint now, we recommend the WWF Footprint Calculator. Category: Regreener The two factors responsible for this difference in prices are VAT (value-added tax) and commuter traffic. Prices for personal plans are including 21% VAT. The VAT is paid to the tax authorities in whole. The prices voor business are exluding VAT, because businesses can reclaim the VAT they pay at the relevant tax authority. Therefore, VAT is irrelevant for businesses. So, when we compare the personal and business prices including VAT, the prices for businesses are in fact higher than the prices for personal plans. These prices differ because of commuter traffic. We feel that carbon emissions as a result of commuter traffic should be compensated by the employer, not the employee. That’s why, for businesses, commuter traffic is included in the average carbon footprint calculations, and prices are a bit higher. Category: Regreener
“Covid-19 vs. Intercultural Dialogue: What Impact?”, by Fethi Mansouri Professor Fethi Mansouri, UNESCO Chairholder, Cultural Diversity and Social Justice, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia responded to Ann-Belinda Preis, Chief of the UNESCO Intercultural Dialogue. Ann-Belinda Preis (ABP): How is the COVID-19 pandemic impacting the social fabric of societies across the world? COVID-19 has obviously been a very important event globally. It is primarily a health challenge but it has also been a deeply social challenge. It has impacted societies, individuals and communities in many ways. Probably one of the obvious challenges is how to minimise the health risks of the way we used to live our lives, which depended very much on contact and mobility and travel. All of the sudden we are in a situation where all of those things needed to be cut down. People had to avoid others, they had to embark on a social distancing practice. They had to also make sure that they have all that is required for them to survive and to live away from their places of work, places of worship, places of entertainment, places of sports etc. etc. So I think the challenge has been multidimensional and it has meant that we really had to rethink the way that we operate, as individuals, as groups and as communities. And the more we go deeper into the pandemic in terms of its spread, the deeper these challenges also become, as people are starting to perhaps feel the strain of living and working in ways that do not allow them to interact. And as we know, human beings are primarily social beings; they need the social interaction to be able to sustain what they do and they need the exchange and the contact, and they need to move around. So a lot of the characteristics that shaped our modern, or even post-modern life, have been impacted severely by COVID-19. Part of the impact of COVID-19 is not only the impact on individuals and on communities, but also the challenge of, for instance, educating the youth. And as we know, more than a billion young children the world over have now been impacted and they no longer go to schools, and that creates a lot of challenges in terms of how to ensure that those young people continue to receive their education through distance or online teaching, and there is obviously the impact on the global economy which is estimated to be in the vicinity of 10% of global GDP. That is a massive, massive hit to the global economy which will impact societies in the medium to long term, and again those kind of disruptions really reinforce and highlight the extent to which COVID-19 has been a challenge to the global community that is very much unlike any other challenge we have seen, at least since World War II. ABP : How does lack of contact and social interaction impact the broader Interculturla Dialogue (ICD) agenda, which is built on connectivity, contact and exchange? This is perhaps where COVID-19 presents a significant challenge to the ICD agenda. Intercultural dialogue has, as one of its core premises, contact between people. And the reason why we have contact as a core premise is because there is an assumption that when people get to know one another, prejudice might be reduced, and that issues of discrimination might disappear. So COVID-19 and its emphasis on social distancing means that a lot of what we would like to achieve through intercultural dialogue, in particular in bringing people together, bringing communities together, bringing diverse communities together (and diversity here means diversity of ethnic backgrounds, religious beliefs, nationalities etc.). I think all of that now is being impacted because social distancing, whether it’s happening at the local level or whether it’s happening, as we know now, globally, means that we eliminate all forms of contact between individuals, between communities and between societies. And as we now know, not only are there restrictions on mobility and travel between countries, but there are restrictions even within countries, between cities and there are restrictions within cities between neighbourhoods and between communities. The other challenge to ICD of course, is that intercultural dialogue is in itself an essential tool that we will need in the post-COVID-19 environment. We will need to renegotiate a new global compact, a new social contract, and I think dialogue will have to play a key role in that. So it is being perhaps compromised right now but it has a big role to play in the post-COVID-19 world that will emerge. ABP : How are communities overcoming the access and support gaps recorded across societies? It is interesting that of course societies and communities responded in ways that reflect the extent to which they have certain characteristics, they have certain structures, they have certain attributes, and also the extent to which they are developed, or not developed, or less developed. And across all those types of societies, communities have engaged in very creative ways in responding to COVID-19. Be it responding to, really the problematic issue of social distancing, and we’ve seen a lot of videos of how communities have become creative, and how they maintain contact with their neighbours, with their loved ones etc. But also we’ve seen that a lot of communities have mobilised to raise, to collect and to distribute resources to those who are in need. And we’ve seen many initiatives whereby people have acted in a way that reflects a stronger solidarity locally than probably what was thought to be possible. And we are still seeing many new initiatives across communities where people are not only spreading the message of needing to keep certain hygiene practices, in relation to washing hands and to getting the message across, but also in terms of ensuring that in particular those most vulnerable in our societies, the elderly, the disabled, those who are lacking in economic means, are able to access what they need to be able to survive in isolation. And I think we are seeing that kind of new form of solidarity emerge in the context of COVID-19. Now the challenge is how we are going to maintain that post-COVID-19 in terms of a new kind of global ethics. And in all of this, of course social science has a very important role to play in understanding the dynamics of certain societies and why certain actions or certain initiatives might work better than others ABP: What is the role of humanities and social sciences research in all of this? COVID-19 is primarily a public health challenge, we all know that. It is about a very quickly-spreading virus and the challenge, the first challenge, is how the global community works together to stop the spread of this virus, or to “flatten the curve” as we are now referring to it. But also what we know is that COVID-19 has really presented itself as also a deeply social challenge, and as we know from previous experiences with other pandemics, we have to really listen to social research to understand how messaging works, to understand how human behaviour works, to understand how certain strategies may work in particular conditions, and other strategies do not work in those same conditions, and what we need to do to adjust the settings so that certain policies, certain strategies, might be optimally successful. And in all of this, of course social science has a very important role to play in understanding the dynamics of certain societies and why certain actions or certain initiatives might work better than others. We need to be able to couch the public health messaging in ways that reflect our understanding of the local specificities, both in terms of cultures, in terms of social norms, in terms of values, in terms of behaviours. There is no surprise that now there is a lot of reflection on why East Asian countries have managed to bring the spread of the pandemic under some sort of control much quicker than other societies in the West. There are many reflections now on the values in those East Asian societies, in particular the priority of collective, if you like, of the collective good – that someone has always to put the community ahead of their own interest. Whereas in Western societies, we are still very much attached to the notion of individual rights, to the notion of liberties and the notion of “I can do what I want to do”, and so to get a message that goes counter to that is obviously very difficult to sustain. And again this is where we think that humanities and social sciences research has a big role to play. ABP: How do we envisage a post-COVID-19 global community? What challenges lie ahead? There is no doubt that post-COVID-19 it will not be business as usual. Well at least we hope to not be business as usual. Why? Because if anything, COVID-19 has really exposed many positive but also many negative aspects of the global world order. For a start, the interconnectedness is there to see; if there is a problem somewhere on planet Earth, doesn’t matter where it is, it will have serious implications for the global community, and therefore it is in the interest – the best interest – of the global community that we work together to build and scale up the preparedness of all societies to the dangers of pandemics like COVID-19. As we know, the strength of the health preparedness will be as good as the least strong public health system in the world. That is, if we allow a particular society not to have the requisite means to really combat the spread of COVID-19 for instance, it means that the virus will not be suppressed and it means that the virus will re-emerge at some point in time and it will keep on presenting a challenge to all of us globally. So that interconnectedness is a key message that we need to understand, but we need to understand in ways that we develop, for instance, economic goals in ways that we work with less developed and underdeveloped societies, to build their capabilities across a whole lot of areas, including health, including economics, including employment, including creative innovation. So I think we really need to understand what we need to do differently post COVID-19 so that every single individual living in every single country in the world will have a fighting chance of being able to fight against the spread of pandemics. So I think social inequalities, as reflected in this particular challenge, is one thing that we need to look at differently post COVID-19 because failure to do so means that the price is going to be extremely high for the global community. Diversity is a core advantage and it needs to be upheld as a core advantage in the face of global challenges ABP: How can we all contribute to building a more equitable global community post-pandemic? Every individual has a role to play and regardless of where you are located, you have a role to play. I think starting with issues of inclusive design of policies, also issues of being not only tolerant but respectful of diversity. And unfortunately some of the problems we saw in the immediate aftermath of the spread of COVID-19 is a spike in racism against particular communities, and so I think all of us have a role to play in ensuring that we do not start to be even more divided as communities, more divided as individuals, and that we develop the solidarity that is required for us to face up to challenges, major global challenges. And this time it is COVID-19, but we know that climate change will remain as a big challenge, we know that economic inequalities will remain as a big challenge, we know that the digital gap, the growing digital gap globally, will remain as a critical challenge. And for those challenges to be overcome we will rely on every individual, every single citizen in every single jurisdiction to do the right thing, which is to embrace an ethics of care towards all human beings regardless of race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, rather than simply to say that we will only reserve our care, or all the good values, for people who look like us or people who live right next door to us, or for people who share our worldviews. Diversity is a core advantage and it needs to be upheld as a core advantage in the face of global challenges. COVID-19, climate change, economic sustainability; all of these challenges will require us to operate differently as individuals, as communities and as societies. Professor Fethi Mansouri, PhD, is Director of the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation at Deakin University in Melbourn, Australia. He is UNESCO Chairholder, Cultural Diversity and Social Justice and UNESCO UniTwin Convenor, Inter-religious Dialogue and Intercultural Understanding (IDIU) (http://www.unesco-cdsj.com/) Email: fethi.mansouri@deakin.edu.auhttps://www.fethimansouri.com/ http://www.adi.deakin.edu.au \| http://www.unesco-cdsj.com/ Recent/Current Scholarly Books: (2019), ‘Contesting the Theological Foundations of Islamism and Violent Extremism’. Palgrave, NY.https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9783030027186 (2019, 2nd ed in French): ‘L’interculturalisme à la croisée des chemins: perspectives comparatives sur les concepts, les politiques et les pratiques. UNESCO Publishing, Paris.https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000369243 %d bloggers like this:
Effective Listening Skills – A Weird Fact About How We Process Foreign Languages How often have you wondered how the brain processes sound? After all, that is what contributes to effective listening skills. Not that often. I guess. Why would you? I know I didn’t. At least, until I have stumbled across the research of Dr. Emili Balaguer-Ballester and her colleague Andrew Rupp of Heidelberg from Bournemouth University’s (BU). Their goal was to answer the following question… What Affects How We Hear? Do we hear sounds as they are, or do our expectations about what we are going to hear instantaneously shape the way sound is processed? Through the use of computational neuroscience models, Dr. Balaguer-Ballester and his team intend to map the way that the brain processes sound. Here is the most interesting conclusion they have come to: “Almost 80% of connections between central and pre-cortical areas during sound processing seem to be top-down i.e. from the brain to the auditory peripheral system and not bottom-up, which is perhaps unexpected,” he explains. “As sound comes from an external stimulus, it would be fair to assume that most of our processing occurs from what we hear, but that is apparently not the case. What your brain expects to hear can be as important as the sound itself.” – Dr Balaguer-Ballester This is backed up by the fact that it takes hundreds of milliseconds for sound to be processed along the neurons from the ear to the brain, which does not explain how we can immediately recognize the sex of a speaker or identifying a melody after just a few milliseconds More information: “Understanding Pitch Perception as a Hierarchical Process with Top-Down Modulation.” PLoS Comput Biol 5(3): e1000301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000301 Does Your Mind Play Tricks On You? Actually, it’s quite likely that you have already fallen victim to this phenomenon! It has happened to me dozens of time. Especially after a longer session of speaking some foreign language. I’m sure you KNOW the feeling! Your brain switches into the “X language” mode. Suddenly, you hear some voices outside the window. Why the hell are they speaking Swedish?!!! Especially in Poland?! And why can’t I understand what they are talking about? What kind of dialect is it?! Oh, wait. It’s not Swedish. It’s Polish. Damn you brain! Fool me once, shame on me. Fool me 60 times, I’m an idiot! Possible Explanation Of This Phenomenon It seems that the most plausible explanation is as follows – the brain is all about expectations and context. Have you ever noticed that when you learn something in one context, like the school, it becomes difficult to recall when that context shifts? It turns out that in the long-term people learn information best when they are exposed to it in different ways or different contexts. When learning is highly context-dependent, it doesn’t transfer well or stick as well over the years. How Does It Affect Your Learning? Effective Listening Skills Picture by: Sanja Gjenero Here are some methods I have come up with which might aid your listening: (and here are over 20 more) 1) Browse dictionary before listening Just browse. You don’t have to learn any words nor do you have to memorize them. If you know in the advance what the programme/audition/episode is about, pay special attention to the vocabulary which might appear there. That is pure logic – it’s unlikely that you’ll need to know the names of herbs if you intend to watch an action movie. Of course, the best possible dictionary which you might use for this purpose is a pocket dictionary. It’s very handy and it contains the most frequently used words and sentences. So far this technique has been working really great for me! If you test it, make sure to let me know about the results! 2) Read the transcription before listening It’s not always possible to do so. But there are some listening materials which facilitate this approach. For example podcasts or language programmes for beginners. You can also read lyrics of the song before listening to it. This method is much more effective than just trying to figure out what your favorite artist is singing about. It’s also so much better than the awkward muttering “mmmnaaaahh” when you forget the lyrics. That’s also a guarantee that you won’t butcher the song with the stuff you THINK you hear (read more about effective listening here) 3) Read the general outline of the thing you’re going to listen to Watching TV series in original? Read an episode description beforehand! This way, you will know (more or less) what to expect. And as you have learned so far – it’s all about what your brain expects to hear! You can find them on IMDB. Just a word of warning! I’m sure you have heard many times the following piece of advice – watch movies / TV series with subtitles. This is the utter BS. The ROTI (return on time investment) from this method is incredibly low. You’ll better off just listening to a random radio audition. Whether you like it or not, our brains are NOT able to simultaneously follow the images, subtitles, sounds and a plot. What’s more, following this piece of advice gives you the illusory feeling of understanding. You usually concentrate on reading subtitles and start feeling that you understand most of the things happening on the screen. The bitter disappointment comes later when you try to re-watch the same thing without subtitles. You have no damn idea what these funny figures on the screen babble about! Why do I sound so sure? Because I’ve been there! Luckily, I came to my senses pretty quickly and realized that this method is, let’s not be afraid to use this word, absolutely useless. One thing you should remember after reading this article is this: If you want to acquire listening skills and get the most out of every minute of listening, you should always try to get familiar with the material you are going to listen to. Do you have any other ideas how this fact might help others to improve their listening skills? Let us all know! All The Factors Affecting Listening Comprehension 1. Your pronunciation Read more: How to improve your pronunciation. 2. Your grammar 3. Knowledge of how sounds merge or get reduced 4. Your overall listening time Photo by rawpixel on Unsplash 5. Visual support 6. Vocabulary size 7. Concentration The Two Most Important Factors Affecting Listening Comprehension As a reminder: 1. The total amount of listening practice And that leads me to the factor no 2. 2. The size of your vocabulary Let me demonstrate it. First, improving your listening comprehension can be understood as: 1. getting used to the prosody of your target language Calculate Your Listening Effectiveness 200/5000 = 0.040 = 4% 1000/5000 = 0.20.= 20% Photo by Noah Näf on Unsplash Important Factors Affecting Listening Comprehension – Summary Studies confirming the importance of the aforementioned factors affecting listening comprehension Done reading? Time to learn!
Posted by Allen Jesson on Welcome to the new normal, where the fear of getting sick from a global pandemic is driving even the healthiest into a cyclone of stress. Stress isn’t always bad of course; feeling stressed is a necessary part of our survival mechanism. When humans sense an oncoming threat approaching at top speed, the amygdala, the part of the brain responsible for processing emotions, sounds the alarm to the rest of your body, alerting the nervous system’s control centre, the hypothalamus, that you’re at risk. The hypothalamus then triggers the release of adrenaline and later cortisol hormones to push your body into action and prime yourself to respond to the said threat. All of this together is what’s referred to as the “fight or flight” response. It was really designed for acute, short-term stressors. Our traditional stress response was not designed for the constant stressors of modern life, such as demanding jobs, poverty, unemployment and racism. For one, long-term stress weakens the immune system, making the body more susceptible to illness as well as flare-ups and outbreaks of pre-existing conditions that may have been previously under control. Additionally, the chemicals released into the blood stream as a result of stress can have their own unwanted side effects. Stress can manifest emotionally where you may feel anxious or depressed or physically with symptoms such as headaches, palpitations and chest tightness. Even though we can’t control what’s going on in the world around us, we do have some control over our stress levels as well as the ability to veer away from the types of behaviours that will only make matters worse. Maintaining a steady sleep schedule wherever possible, keeping alcohol and coffee intake to a minimum and physical activity in some capacity can all have a steadying effect. Here’s how stress can affect your body Disrupted sleep - Are you waking up every hour or unable to fall asleep? Are you tossing and turning with strong emotions? Stress and anxiety work to make us more vigilant and reactive, so you may feel both ‘tired and wired’ during the day but have trouble relaxing or unable to take a nap. Stress also makes it harder to get REM sleep - the super restful kind that our bodies need to recharge, which further exhausts and stresses the body. Lack of refreshing sleep can in turn make us more impulsive and reactive, which can make stress worse as essentially it becomes harder to stop thinking about the stressor. Skin break-outs - The jolt of cortisol released when you’re stressed leads to a responding increase in the production of other hormones like testosterone. Increased testosterone levels stimulate sebaceous gland activity in your skin, which boosts oil production and leads to blocked pores and more. Skin condition flare-ups - Conditions like eczema, psoriasis and rosacea can all be triggered by stress, as the increased cortisol and adrenaline responsible for the fight-or-flight response can lead to inflammation. All of these conditions are inflammatory ones. Thinning hair - When there’s overproduction of oil on the scalp it can cause Seborrheic dermatitis resulting in dandruff and hair shedding. Hair loss occurs a few months after the initial stress inducer. Migraines and headaches - These are caused by major shifts in neurotransmitters like cortisol and adrenaline. They can also cause muscles, including those around your eyelids to seize up and twitch. Teeth grinding - Teeth grinding or clenching of your jaw is frequently spurred on by stress and pent-up energy. You may not even notice you’re doing it until a headache sets in or your jaw hurts. Sore muscles and low back, hip, knee or ankle pain - Our diaphragm is our main breathing muscle. When we get stressed, it gets tight and cannot fully contract to allow a full inhalation or fully relax to allow a full exhalation. Instead of engaging in healthy, deep breathing, we begin taking shorter, shallow breaths that emanate from our neck and shoulders rather than our core - similar to hyperventilating which results in pain or tension in both regions. When we are stressed, we lose the ability to control our diaphragm and create good quality core stability which may contribute to low back pain, hip pain, knee and ankle pain, even pelvic floor disfunction. Digestion - Your gut houses hundreds of millions of semi-independently functioning neurons which send and receive signals to and from the brain called the gut-brain axis, making your digestive system deeply sensitive to stress and other emotional responses. When your body enters fight or flight mode, it reroutes all your internal energy to battling whatever force of evil is coming your way, putting your digestive system on pause until the threat is alleviated. This disrupts your normal digestive flow and could potentially contribute to constipation, diarrhoea or stomach aches. Stress can also impact the functioning of your gut microbiome which are the organisms that live in your gut that help you digest food, produce hormones and support your immune system. Low sex drive - Daily stress in general is associated with a low libido with a reduced amount of sex. When we are in a state of flight/flight/freeze due to many stressors we are unlikely to want to have sex. The primitive parts of the brain cannot seem to switch off sufficiently to relax sufficiently to enjoy sex. Menstrual cycle - Stress can even disrupt your entire menstrual cycle. The hypothalamus controls the hormones in your ovaries and your uterus through the endocrine system. Elevated cortisol levels caused by stress tell your hypothalamus to stop producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); low levels of GnRH mean that the pituitary gland doesn’t know to release other hormones that spur ovulation in the ovaries, which then throws off your menstruation. A person could stop ovulating, or have a late or skipped period, among other potential effects. Your body doesn’t want you to be menstruating or ovulating, it wants to save all your hormones to keep the cortisol functioning so you can run away faster from the stress. Leave a comment Please note, comments must be approved before they are published
Top 10 Coldest Places In The World There are places in this world that are so cold that people can only stay there with the appropriate equipment. Siberia is considered to be the coldest still habitable area. It doesn’t get quite as cold in Switzerland and Europe. But there is also a region in this country that is called Siberia of Switzerland. In this article, we introduce the top 10 coldest places in the world. 10) La Brévine, Switzerland Image Source : Twitter The lowest temperature ever recorded in Switzerland was recorded in La Brévin in January 1987. The thermometer then showed -41.8 degrees. The valley, also known as Siberia of Switzerland, celebrates its cold record every year with the “Fête du froid”. In addition to the snow party and the igloo bar, you shouldn’t miss the pleasure of a traditional “Saucisson Siberian”. 9) Ulan Bator, Mongolia The Mongolian city of Ulan Bator is considered the coldest capital in the world. In winter it gets cold down to -44 degrees. In the summer months of July and August, the average temperature is between +7.6 and +10 degrees. Anyone planning a stay in Ulan Bator should definitely not forget their winter jacket. The annual average temperature is a frosty -2 degrees 8) Grünloch, Austria Haidelber . Wikipedia The coldest place in Central Europe may be in Austria. In the green hole, favored by its cauldron-like location, a temperature of -52.6 degrees was measured in 1932. However, such record values only occur very rarely. The vegetation is similar to that of the tundra, which is probably one of the reasons why the Wehrmacht tested vehicle engines here during World War II with regard to their suitability for warfare in Siberia. Read Also: Top 10 Countries with the Happiest People 7) Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan The city of Nur-Sultan, better known under the old name Astana, is the second largest city in Kazakhstan with around 1 million inhabitants. The city was founded as a Russian fortress in 1830. Today Nur-Sultan is the capital of Kazakhstan. It is considered the second coldest capital in the world. The temperature differences are enormous between the seasons. While the temperature can drop to -51.6 degrees in winter, peak temperatures of over +35 degrees are common in summer. In the winter months, the average temperature is around -15 degrees, in summer around +24 degrees. 6) Prospect Creek, USA Image Source Prospect Creek is located in the USA, more precisely in Alaska. The settlement was created during the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Today there is only one pumping station there. In 1971, Prospect Creek recorded the lowest temperature ever recorded in the USA at -62.1 degrees. Despite the extreme temperature fluctuations, various wild animals such as black and brown bears and bald eagles live in the area. In January the average temperature is -20 degrees, in July +20 degrees. 5) Snag, Canada (Image credit: David Cartier) In the small village of Snag in the Canadian Yukon, which is now uninhabited, the lowest temperature ever recorded on the American continent of -63 degrees was recorded in the winter of 1947. In 1947 the village of Snag had eight to ten residents. In addition, there were fifteen to twenty airport employees who were stationed at the military airfield in Snag, which operated from 1947 to 1968. 4) Greenland One of the coldest places in the world, called North Ice, is in Greenland. In 1954, a US-funded wintering station called “Summit Camp” was set up in this wasteland. This research station has been continuously manned since 1989. The station is at the top of a huge glacier, also known as the Greenland Ice Sheet. The cold record of -65.9 degrees measured there was recorded in 1954. 3) Verkhoyansk Top 10 Coldest Places In The World Verkhoyansk Image Source Wikipedia The small town of Verkhoyansk has 1,311 inhabitants and is located in Siberia. Along with Oymyakon, this small town is considered to be the coldest of all still inhabited areas on earth with a minimum temperature of -67.8 degrees. In December and January the temperatures never rise above -40 degrees. In the summer months, however, the temperatures are moderate, the daily average temperatures in June, July and August are between +11 and +16 degrees. 2) Oymyakon Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia: Source Wikimedia The small Siberian town of Oymyakon has around 500 inhabitants and, together with Verkhoyansk, 650 kilometers away, is considered the coldest still habitable area on earth. On the Kaltepol monument in Oymyakon, a low temperature of -71.2 degrees is indicated, but this record from 1926 is not recognized. Officially, the lowest temperature ever measured is currently -67.8 degrees (the same value as in Verkhoyansk). In contrast, it can get up to +34.6 degrees in summer, which means that temperature differences of more than 100 degrees are possible in one year. 1) Vostok Station, Antarctica Photo of Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was measured in Antarctica. At the Russian Vostok station on July 21, 1983 a temperature of -89.2 degrees was measured. It is impossible for humans to live here. Outside the building, you can only stay there with protective clothing and breathing apparatus. In 2004, satellite measurements to the northwest of the research station even recorded a surface temperature of -98.6 degrees. However, the satellite measurement cannot be compared with the air temperature measured at the research station in 1983 and was therefore not recognized as a cold record by the responsible World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 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Does The Media Hold Government Accountable? 334 Words2 Pages Does the Media Hold Government Accountable? “Culturally, the ability and willingness of the citizens to engage in political life alongside the quality of public communication play an important part in strengthening the link between those in power and the citizenry” (Voltmer). The competition between news channels has developed a haze between real reporting and TV ratings. Mr. Colbert made a valid point using sarcasm in his comedic speech at the White House Correspondent’s Dinner in 2006. In addition, the news media focuses on formats that are designed to produce news that sells. The constant points on drama, eye catching headlines, and strategic games of power fail to provide substantial information about government accountability. What does a politician’s number of marriages have to do how they are performing in office? The media looses site of real issues for example unemployment rates, poverty, health issues, balancing the budget, the list goes on. In my opinion, people in general do not like conflict. I think that the media centers on single events, on conflict, and what goes wrong. The repercussions are citizens do not vote or tune out politics as a whole. In conclusion, we as citizens have to take part in some of the blame. More reality shows are broadcasted today than ever before. The demand to see inside of peoples personal lives is very appealing to the overall public. We as citizens should focus more on improving our daily lives by not buying in to the garbage. If we as citizens stop watching such mess, the media will have no choice but to report the news that strengthens our country instead of demising it. References David B. Magleby, P. C. (2011 National Edition). Government by the People. In P. C. David B. Magleby, Government by the People (p. 625). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Voltmer, K. (n.d.). Retrieved March 03, 2012, from More about Does The Media Hold Government Accountable? Open Document
How to dispose of your wipes safely Learn how to get rid of used wipes and Washlets™ safely and responsibly. Learn what goes down the toilet and what goes in the bin. Not disposing of wet wipes in the correct way can have a detrimental impact on the sewage system, your home’s pipework and the planet. Many brands of baby wipes, cosmetic wipes and household cleaning wipes contain plastic, which gives them a soft feel. But if flushed down the toilet they can pollute the rivers and oceans. There are wipes that are flushable, like Andrex® Washlets™. They can be disposed of down the toilet and will break down in the sewer system and not cause blockages. In this guide, we look at how to dispose of biodegradable wipes, getting rid of wipes that are non-recyclable or biodegradable, and provide advice on how you can spot whether or not the wipes you use in the bathroom can be flushed. Disposing of wet wipes The incorrect disposal of wet wipes is a worsening problem that is having a significant impact on the natural environment. In the last decade, the amount of wet wipes found on coastlines in the United Kingdom has increased by 400 percent . Out of all the plastic found washed up on coastlines in Europe, around eight percent of it comes from wet wipes When flushed down the toilet, wet wipes containing plastic bunch together and trap waste that forms large blockages. These act as nets and catch all kinds of waste including hair, food remains and paper. They don’t go away on their own and can be extremely costly to remove from the sewer system. The only correct way of disposing of wet wipes once you have used them is to place them in a rubbish bin. People often flush wet wipes either because they are unaware of the harm they cause, or because it is the most convenient method for them. For parents, when teaching children how to wipe, remember to let them know that while toilet paper is safe to flush down the toilet, they need to place wet wipes in the bin. Even older children might need a reminder about how bathroom habits can impact the environment. How to dispose of Andrex® Washlets™ While wet wipes must go in the waste bin, all products in the Andrex Washlets range are safe to be flushed down the toilet. The Andrex® Washlets™ range has been made with sustainability and environmental safety in mind. Andrex® Washlets™ have been rigorously tested to ensure that they do not block pipes and sewer systems and their new range disperses even faster than the previous Andrex® Washlets™. Flushable products can be identified by the Water UK’s official Fine to Flush Standard icon on their packaging and the Andrex® range is the first brand in the UK to meet the requirements of this standard. They have also passed the international INDA/EDANA flushability standard. How to dispose of biodegradable wipes It is a common misconception that wet wipes marked as being biodegradable are safe to flush down the toilet. This is often due to confusion about what biodegradability actually is and how it is different to compostability. When a material is biodegradable, it can be broken down into smaller components by microorganisms with the help of bacteria and fungi. There are a number of things So, if biodegradable wipes can be broken down does this mean that they can be flushed down the toilet? The answer is actually no. The only correct way to dispose of biodegradable wipes is by putting them in a waste bin. Any wipes that contain fossil-based synthetic fibres can potentially release microfibres into the environment when they decompose. This means that while there is less chance that biodegradable wipes will clog up pipes and sewage systems, they can still pollute waters and harm creatures living in marine or river environments. Rather than being made with fossil-based synthetic fibres, wipes made with cellulosic fibres are made from wood, a renewable raw material. Wood based fibres are able to completely decompose in soil and are biodegradable in both fresh and salt water. These materials take around six weeks to degrade in fresh water and only four weeks in salt water providing the temperature is warm enough. Click here to learn more about how Andrex® Washlets™ are flushable Baby Soft® Fresh White Toilet Tissue Baby Soft® Fresh White Minis Toilet Tissue Need to enter first name
Early-stage EGFR-mutant NSCLC can potentially be cured with surgery or radiation therapy, either with or without chemotherapy. Therapies specifically targeting the EGFR mutation can help stop or slow the progression of the disease after a person has surgery, but it’s not yet known whether those therapies improve a person’s overall survival or the likelihood that their lung cancer can be cured. Advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutant NSCLC isn’t yet considered curable. However, many patients can have a long response (sometimes for multiple years) with EGFR-targeted therapy, though they typically become resistant to it eventually. These targeted therapies are considered to be quite different from conventional chemotherapy, usually with fewer side effects. Osimertinib has largely replaced earlier generation targeted therapies, like erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatanib, as the first-line treatment for advanced EGFR-mutant disease. The medication targets the EGFR protein and blocks its activity. Compared to the other therapies, osimertinib leads to longer overall survival and more time spent without disease progression. Half of patients on this drug can have their disease controlled for over 1.5 years, and many others have even better outcomes. It also comes with fewer side effects than other therapies. Osimertinib can also be useful for certain patients whose disease continued to progress when taking the earlier-generation targeted therapies. There may continue to be improvements in future generations of EGFR-targeted therapy. Researchers are also investigating other targeted therapies for less common types of EGFR mutations, such as the exon 20 insertion mutation. Newer combinations of immunotherapy and chemotherapy are being studied for patients who’ve had recurrences after targeted therapy. Furthermore, localized radiation therapy or surgery for tumors that have continued to grow are showing promise at making targeted therapy more effective and durable. These treatments may also help a person avoid the need to switch from targeted therapy to a different type of medication. EGFR, or epidermal growth factor receptor, is a protein that can cause tumors to grow if it becomes mutated. That can lead to a type of enzymes called tyrosine kinases to cause unregulated growth, which can lead to cancer and cause it to spread. Targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like osimertinib can block these out-of-control tyrosine kinases and help control EGFR-mutated NSCLC. When lung tumors harbor this specific mutation, they may respond favorably to these targeted therapies with generally less severe side effects than more conventional chemotherapy. Most of the time, EGFR-mutant NSCLC isn’t hereditary. However, there are some rare reports of inherited lung cancer syndromes, especially in patients who didn’t have a history of cigarette smoking. EGFR-positive NSCLC is more common in people who are nonsmokers, women, and people of Asian ancestry, though most of the time it’s not carried down through families. EGFR mutations are found in about 15 percent of people with lung cancer in the United States, according to the advocacy group EGFR Resisters. That rate is higher among people of East Asian descent, accounting for 35 to 50 percent of their lung cancer cases. If you’re currently smoking cigarettes, this would be a good time to consider cutting back or stopping altogether. It may be helpful to ask your oncology team or primary care office to support you in this endeavor. Otherwise, maintaining as healthy of a lifestyle as possible regarding diet and regular exercise is ideal. Dietitians and physical therapists can help you develop a personalized lifestyle regimen that would be healthy and realistic for your situation. Henry S. Park, MD, MPH, is a thoracic radiation oncologist with Yale Medicine’s Department of Therapeutic Radiology who cares for patients at Yale Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital. Dr. Park specializes in advanced radiation techniques like stereotactic radiosurgery, stereotactic body radiation therapy, image-guided radiation therapy, and intensity-modulated radiation therapy to treat patients. Also an assistant professor of therapeutic radiology and the chief of thoracic radiotherapy at Yale School of Medicine, he is passionate about being involved in research that may lead to further improvements in cancer care and survival.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) in men \| Pokenga pūaha mimi Urinary tract infections (UTIs or pokenga pūaha mimi) can affect any part of your urinary system – kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. UTIs are also known as cystitis or bladder infections. Key points about UTIs 1. Urine infections are rare in men aged under 50 years. They become more common in older men. 2. Symptoms of a UTI include burning or pain when peeing, and needing to pee more often and more urgently. 3. All symptoms of a UTI should be checked by a doctor. 4. In rare cases, the infection can spread to your kidneys. This is known as pyelonephritis and needs urgent medical care. 5. UTIs can be treated with antibiotics. See other pages for UTIs in pregnancy, UTIs in women, and UTIs in children. What is a UTI? A UTI is a bacterial infection in some part of your urinary system. Your urinary system includes all the organs involved in making and releasing urine (pee): • Kidneys – these filter your blood to remove waste and extra water to make urine (pee). • Ureter – two thin tubes of muscle, one on each side of your bladder, through which urine flows from your kidneys to your bladder. • Bladder – where you store urine until you need to pee. • Urethra – when you pee, urine passes along your urethra, a central tube that carries urine out of your body. Male urinary tract. Image credit: Urology Care Foundation When the infection is just in the bladder (cystitis) and urethra (urethritis), it is called a lower UTI. If it travels up to affect one or both kidneys as well (pyelonephritis) then it is called an upper UTI. An upper UTI can be more serious than a lower UTI as the kidneys can become damaged by the infection. What causes a UTI? An infection in your urinary system may be caused by: Who is at risk of developing a UTI? A UTI is uncommon in men because the urethra is long so bacteria have a harder time travelling up to the bladder. UTIs are more common if you: • are over 60 years of age • have had UTIs in the past • use a urinary catheter (a long thin tube used to drain urine) • have diabetes, kidney failure or a weakened immune system • have other urinary tract problems such as urinary stones or inadequate emptying of the bladder • have a condition that makes it difficult to fully empty the bladder such as constipation • engage in unsafe sex. What are the symptoms of a UTI? If you have any symptoms of a UTI, you should see a doctor. Your symptoms could mean that you have a UTI or another condition, eg, a sexually transmitted infection STI, prostatitis or pyelonephritis. Symptoms of a UTI include: • pain or burning during or immediately after peeing (dysuria) • needing to pee more often than usual during the night (nocturia) • pain in your lower tummy (abdomen) • feeling the need to pee more often • needing to pee without much warning • suprapubic pain (pain just above the pubic bone of the pelvis) • recent antibiotic use • urine that smells bad or looks cloudy or reddish. Older men may have no symptoms or fever. Often the only symptoms are being more muddled, sleepier, incontinent, off food, or just generally unwell. Confusion and sleepiness can put older adults at risk of falls. Call Healthline or see your doctor urgently if you have any of the following symptoms: • a very high temperature, or feeling hot and shivery • a very low temperature (below 36º C) • confusion, drowsiness or difficulty speaking • have not been for a pee all day • have pain in the lower tummy or in the back, just under the ribs • blood in your pee These symptoms suggest a kidney infection (pyelonephritis), which can be serious if it's not treated quickly. How is a UTI diagnosed? To diagnose a UTI, your GP will examine you and ask you questions about your general health. Sometimes that might be enough to diagnose a UTI. Your doctor may want you to do a urine sample to identify what bacteria is causing the infection. Other tests could include a blood test, and checking your temperature and heart rate. How is a UTI treated? The main aims of treatment are to relieve your symptoms, treat the infection and prevent the infection spreading to your kidneys. UTIs are generally treated with antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin, cefalexin or trimethoprim. Usually, a 3–5 day course of antibiotics is needed to treat the infection and reduce the risk of it spreading to your kidneys and causing pyelonephritis. Your symptoms should begin to improve within the first 2 days of taking antibiotics. If your doctor advises you to take antibiotics, it's important to finish the whole course of antibiotics, even if you start to feel better before the course is finished. If your symptoms continue for more than 2 days after starting treatment, or you get worse, see your doctor as soon as possible in case you need a different antibiotic or the infection has spread to your kidneys. If you have recurrent UTIs (you keep getting them), or are at higher risk of complications, your doctor may give you a low dose antibiotic to take for a few months. How long you need to take the antibiotic depends on how frequently your UTIs happen. Can I get antibiotics for a UTI from my pharmacy without a prescription? No. Because UTIs in men are rare, it is important to see your doctor for checks and treatment. Pain relief only is not recommended Allowing your immune system to fight the infection (by taking only pain relief and not using antibiotics) is not recommended. Antibiotics can reduce the length of time you have symptoms by about 2 days, and they also reduce the risk of developing complications like pyelonephritis. What self-care can I do with a UTI? • Take your antibiotics as prescribed. • Take paracetamol or ibuprofen for pain. • Drink plenty of water so you don't get dehydrated. This helps to flush out the bacteria. • There is no evidence that it helps to take products that alkalise your urine (such as Ural®). If you are taking antibiotics they can actually reduce the effect of the antibiotic. • Avoid being constipated by eating plenty of fibre (such as fruit) and drinking enough fluid. • Don't hold your pee in if you feel the urge to go. • Try to empty your bladder fully when you pee. Try sitting when you pee or peeing twice to make sure your bladder is empty. • Pee as soon as possible after sex. • Don't use condoms or diaphragms with spermicidal lube on them – try non-spermicidal lube or a different type of contraception. • Stay safe when you are having unprotected sex or are changing partners. Cranberry, probiotics, D-mannose You may see some of these options recommended for preventing UTIs but there is no evidence that they work. Read more about cranberries and UTIs and D-mannose and UTIs. Learn more Urinary tract infection Ministry of Health, NZ Urine infection in men Patient Info, UK Urine infection in older people Patient Info, UK Urine infections Healthinfo, NZ UTIs and delirium Lifted Care Why do urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect dementia? Unforgettable 1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) NHS, UK, 2021 2. Urinary tract infection (UTI) in males MedScape, 2018 3. Lower UTI in Men Canterbury HealthPathways. Subscription only 4. UTI in Men 3D Lower North Island HealthPathways. Subscription only 5. Laboratory testing for UTIs Chose Wisely, NZ, 2020 6. Urinary-tract infection NZF, 2021 Credits: Health Navigator Editorial Team.
The black circle is located in the upper right hand corner of the canvas. When a person first sees the painting, it appears to be a simple black circle on a white background, but upon closer inspection, a person is able to see that the circle seems to draw you in, causing several significant spiritual feelings to surface. The piece is one of the best known paintings of the style, along with his other works including Black Square. It illustrates pure geometric shapes in one of the primary colours. The painting was first displayed in an exhibition held in St. Petersburg in December 1915. It was one of the 35 pieces shown, all of which were abstract art pieces. The exhibition was held at the same time that Malevich released his manifesto entitled “From Cubism to Suprematism”, launching what was known as the Suprematism movement. He described the Black Circle, Black Cross and Black Square paintings as new icons in the spiritual world for the aesthetics of the modern are movement. Malevich thought that the style of his work reflected the simplicity and clarity of traditional piety as seen in Russia as the time. His ideas about the style were later in-line with Bolsheviks and his art. The pieces were well received by critics but they did not get the same reception with the general public and as a result, he lost public approval. Stalin would later persecute Malevich due to the mistrust that he had with modern art works. In Malevich’s manifesto, he explained how he was trying to break artists from the objective world to the pure forms that he believed to be superior. He was attempting to give his paintings the same kind of feeling to the general viewer as other religious works did and ultimately wanted them to be understood by everyone. Michael Brenson talked about Malevich’s pieces (1990) saying that the one thing that remained constant throughout the paintings was the white background that was always selfless yet distinct. He continued with remarks such as the white background was neither closed or open but somehow both simultaneously. Nothing felt trapped by the background. The work that Malevich did had a strong influence on 20th-century art as well as photography in the 1920’s and 30s. It also influenced the op art movement (1960). Kazimir Malevich was a Russian painter that is seen as the pioneer of the geometric abstract art style and one of the first painters to work on the genre. He started the avant-garde Suprematist movement with his artistic creations. He believed that the ultimate goal of art was to capture a feeling of spirituality as an emotion. Kazimir Malevich was born on 23 February 1878 and died on 15 May 1935.
• Link Centre - Search Engine and Internet Directory Dictionary definition for: Engagement 2. (n) a meeting arranged in advance; "she asked how to avoid kissing at the end of a date" 3. (n) a mutual promise to marry 4. (n) the act of giving someone a job 5. (n) employment for performers or performing groups that lasts for a limited period of time; "the play had bookings throughout the summer" 6. (n) contact by fitting together; "the engagement of the clutch" "the meshing of gears" 7. (n) the act of sharing in the activities of a group; "the teacher tried to increase his students" engagement in class activities" WordNet 2.1 Copyright Princeton University. All rights reserved.
How to write a reflective essay for university Reflective writing for university Writing a reflective essay for university is a common requirement. Indeed, university lecturers are increasingly using reflective essays as a means of assessment. That’s because, done properly, a reflective essay is an excellent way of demonstrating the extent of your learning and understanding. Keep a journal The first step in writing a reflective essay happens before you even start planning what to write. To ensure that you are able to write a good reflection after several weeks of study you need to make sure you keep a reflective journal It’s best to write your journal every day. That way your thoughts will be current and you are unlikely to forget things. If you wait until near the deadline it is inevitable you will forget things that struck your mind several weeks beforehand. Write down what happened The first step in writing your reflective essay is to summarise what happened. This is going to be the shortest part of your essay. One of the reasons why so many students get poor marks for reflective essays is because they focus on logging what they studied, rather than dealing with the implications. So, take each of your weekly journal notes and write a short summary of what you have studied in the period running up to the deadline for the essay. This summary does not have to be long, or in great detail. All you are doing is providing context for what you will be writing next. Explain how it made you feel The next part of your essay should be your reaction to what you have been studying. This ought to be a substantial part of your essay. You need to explain what emotions were triggered. These can include all kinds of feelings from pleasure, to surprise or even anger. It doesn’t matter what you say about how you felt; after all, this is a personal reflection it is about you. Hence, there is no right or wrong thing to say. Another key component of this part of your reflective essay would be to explain how your understanding or knowledge of the topic had changed. What happened to improve your ability to think about the topic? These are key factors which any lecturer or tutor will expect you to write about in this section of your reflective essay. Say what you will do in the future The final part of your essay should explain what you are going to do as a result of your analysis. Your emotional reactions, for instance, might lead you to study things in a different way in the future. Or you may have discovered that a particular way in which you increased your understanding could be applied to other topics. Again, there is no right or wrong answer here. However, university lecturers will expect you to discuss the implications for your future studies as a result of your reflection. Four steps to a reflective essay There are four steps to writing a successful reflective essay that will gain high marks. These are: 1. Keep a daily journal of your studies 2. Summarise how you learned that week’s material 3. Explain how the studying of the topic made you feel and how it increased your understanding 4. Provide details of what you will do in the future as a result of thinking about how you studied the topic That’s all there is to it. Write your journal every day and you will then be able to use it as the basis of your reflective essays or other reflections that you are required to compile. A journal is central to good reflective practice.
Reduce your carbon footprint Now days we often hear about various problems that are associated with proper disposal of waste, the article is focused on various steps that can be taken to manage the problem efficiently. Compost is a word that can be used as the good stuff in the soil known as humus that endures plant life. It helps the soil retain moisture, assists with the formation of good soil structure and provides nutrients. Much of the waste that is send to the landfills is actually wet waste that can be easily used in the gardens. A lot of vegetable left-over is thrown out by each family, every year. Manifold that by millions of folks and that’s a lot of waste that needs to be transported and then treated. If a compost pile is set at the backyard of every home it will not only help your home garden with good compost but also end up helping our planet on various ways. Most importantly decreasing the problems related to waste management. The concept of composting is very simple and doesn’t include any rocket science–you just need to throw stuff in a pile, the next step is taken over by most responsible bacteria that breaks down the entire pile into something that can be easily decomposed – but nature mechanisms consists of some incredible and intricate magic for this to happen. Nature by no means leaves any chance to leave us awestruck, even when it comes to managing its own waste. The term “bacteria” is often considered as a something related to bad things, and is generally associated with nasty stuff, but the truth is bacteria are very essential for our health and the well-being of our entire planet. For exampleScience Articles, the absence of certain bacteria in our digestive system will result in non-processing of our food and is enough to make us very ill. There are 3 major groups of bacteria that are involved in the entire composting development and each sequential group is dependent on upon the preceding in order to do their work most successfully. There are various ways following which composting garden waste and composting kitchen waste becomes easy and also helps in reducing the carbon footprint. Important tips for composting By providing the finestsituations potential of helping in composting the entire process can be made to occur much earlier than it does in normal natural circumstances. The complete process of intensive composting can be completed in just a couple of months with just providing mere atmosphere for the composting to happen faster. Leave a Reply
Skip to main content The Futility Of Benchmarking Mice The fact that none of the mice failed our testing was interesting, and it compelled us to conduct yet another set of evaluations. First, we checked for the manufacturer-reported tolerances of each mouse, namely their top movement speed. Razer's Orochi, for example, is rated for the lowest speed at 100 inches/second, and yet even that seemed unnecessarily high to us (particularly given the size of a typical desk). Obviously, you're not going to drag your mouse across your entire desk, and especially not in one second. So, in order to overwhelm the Orochi, you’d need to drag it across a 10-inch mouse pad, pick it up, move it back to the starting position, and drag it across nine more times, all in the span of a second. In other words, regular movement inside the boundaries of a mouse pad could never exceed the maximum speed rating of these devices. With this in mind, we wanted to determine the maximum speed of an average person’s wrist movements. To do so, we set up two switches ten inches apart. We then had a subject rapidly activate both switches. The activation time was recorded, and we subtracted the first switch’s activation time from the second, arriving at an approximation of the time it takes to traverse our mouse pad. The average activation time of the second switch was around 92 ms, with a standard deviation of three. The total measured time was between 243 and 268 ms. Using the lowest recorded value, the maximum recorded speed over 10 inches was around 49 inches/second. This means that there is a huge difference between the speed an average person can move his or her wrist and what a third-gen laser sensor can reliably pick up, record, process, and transmit. Under normal operation, we're exceedingly confident that you won't approach the tolerances of these devices. You're just not fast enough to cause them to fail. Sure, we're taking a big leap by calling our test subject average. But you'd have to move two times faster to even touch Razer's rating. Acceleration, the rate at which the velocity of an object changes, is closely linked to speed, and therefore, to DPI. Given that there were no inconsistencies in the output of any of these mice during our speed tests, we can also conclude that they had no issues with acceleration. Still, we wanted to crunch the numbers and figure out why. To begin, the Razer and Logitech devices are rated for up to 30 G (gravitational constant) of acceleration, and while I couldn’t find any data for Thermaltake’s submission, this doesn't really matter, either. It's important that you understand just how ludicrously high 30 G is. That’s the pull of a planet 30 times as massive as Earth. If you were subjected to that, you would immediately lose consciousness. If you were to free fall at that rate, you would be traveling at over 650 miles per hour within one second. Achieving this kind of force in daily life is utterly unfathomable. With that in mind, we can start looking at what kind of acceleration that would be realistically encountered. The most basic formula for acceleration is as follows: Where a is acceleration, delta v represents the change in velocity, and delta t represents the change in time. Using the numbers we collected earlier, we’re able to figure out that over the course of about 0.15 seconds, the human wrist can consistently achieve an average velocity of 49.6 inches per second. That works out to 1.26 meters per second over 0.15 seconds, or less than 1 G. Again, we should be fair and state that we used average velocity and, as a result the figure we see is an average acceleration. But, it does beg the question, what would 30 G really mean for a mouse? Working the equation backwards, beginning with acceleration: a=30 G =294 m/s2 * 0.15 s =44.1m/s=1,736 in/s We’d need to have held an average velocity of over 1,736 inches per second to reach the limits of the device. That’s over 17 times the maximum speed that the Orochi can handle, giving us a pretty clear understanding of how and why our measured acceleration is so low. It is, of course, to be expected that, at some point in those 151 milliseconds, the acceleration of the mouse was greater than 1 G, but if it had hit anywhere near 30, one or more of the mice would have failed our velocity test. At the 1 ms reports per second these mice make, it is unreasonable to think that they would ever have any serious problems. Modern laser imaging is too fast, and the human body is far too slow to hit those limits without causing serious damage to the mouse itself. Understanding what it takes to make these things fail, and the fact that they haven't, certainly gives us an enormous amount of respect for the engineering behind today's mouse technology.
use credible in a sentence, make example sentences of the word 150 credible witnesses, including, English words and Examples of Usage Example Sentences for "credible" More than 150 credible witnesses, including several scientists, have told the authorities that they saw a missile destroy TWA Flight 800The lawyer for the defense claimed the witness was not credible, and as such, should not be believed. Citing sources will help increase the credibility of the information in your research essay. Authorities insist that warnings of possible terrorist bombings targeting aid workers in the region are based on credible information. Police say that several witnesses have provided a credible account of the accident. The Bush administration lost a bit of credibility after the report came out stating that no weapons of mass destruction had been found in Iraq. The Russian hockey team will finally meet a credible opponent when they play the Americans tomorrow. The credibility of the young boy who claims he was inappropriately touched by Michael Jackson will likely determine the outcome of the singer's trial. Under the new immigration policy, refugees with no credible claim could be immediately expelled. The actor proved to be a credible singer in his first musical role. The government has failed to present any credible evidence supporting its claims. The commission has concluded that there is no credible evidence linking Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein with the al Qaeda terrorists who hijacked commercial airliners and crashed into the World Trade Center. The goal of our organization is to advance scientific inquiry and knowledge by publishing credible peer-reviewed articles in various scientific fields. According to a recent study, 28% of Democrats and 24% of Republicans gave high credibility ratings to the PBS news program. The website for the Cancer Society offers credible research-based information for many common, alternative therapies. The President says he was credibly informed of the terrorist threat by various sources. The government has been credibly accused of abusing prisoners of war. Business performance expert Pamela S. Harper has noted that there's a big difference between simply transmitting information and communicating credibly. The witness has credibly stated that he was not in a position to see how the incident started. Credibility ratings for the major television outlets have diminished somewhat in recent years, due in large part to increased public cynicism toward the media. A leading official at NASA has stated that is it not possible for the organization to complete a credible space-station program within its current budget. Any attempts by the government to interfere with the way the BBC handles its news programs will compromise the credibility of the outlet. External auditing of government agencies ensures credibility in the disclosure of information. Citing credible threats that terrorists might be planning attacks on American targets, the U.S. government recently raised the threat level to orange, indicating a high risk of a terrorist attack. Studies show that almost 30 percent of those surveyed find astrological claims to be credible. The student's excuse for handing his essay in late simply wasn't credible. Friedrich Nietzsche once suggested that all credibility, all good conscience, all evidence of truth come only from the senses. She did not make a credible witness because she contradicted herself several times. Example sentences with the credible, a sentence example for credible, and how to make credible in sample sentence, how do I use the word credible in a sentence? How do you spell credible in a sentence? spelling of credible Search Example Sentences for any English Word here .... Share on Facebook Learn words with English sentences with us use English words in a sentence
use tiny in a sentence, make example sentences of the word a tiny country, probably, English words and Examples of Usage Example Sentences for "tiny" Monaco is a tiny country, probably the smallest in the worldTheir new Chihuahua puppy is really tiny. Monaco is a tiny country, probably the smallest in the world. Gordie has a tiny brain in his pointed head. Junko's apartment in Tokyo was tiny, but it cost her almost $1,000 a month. I like to watch the tiny bubbles floating in my champagne. Their baby was born a month early, and was just a tiny little thing. Can I have just a tiny sip of your beer? She has a wonderful little dollhouse, with beautiful, tiny furniture. Ralph Waldo Emerson once said that what lies behind us, and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. Norman Lear once remarked that happiness is made up of tiny successes. A human has tiny bones meant for a tail, and unworkable muscles once meant to move his ears. Flamingos are not naturally pink; they get their color from their food - tiny green algae that turn pink during digestion. Israel has an amazing variety of landscape for such a tiny country. The teenage boy stared as the girl walked by in her tiny bikini. In Burkina Faso, tiny wooden dolls are sold to protect children from harm. Example sentences with the tiny, a sentence example for tiny, and how to make tiny in sample sentence, how do I use the word tiny in a sentence? How do you spell tiny in a sentence? spelling of tiny Search Example Sentences for any English Word here .... Share on Facebook Learn words with English sentences with us use English words in a sentence
题库> 逻辑 CR> CR-31ltrj Economist: Paying extra for fair-trade coffee-coffee labeled with the Fairtrade logo-is intended to help poor farmers, because they receive a higher price for the fair-trade coffee they grow. But this practice may hurt more farmers in developing nations than it helps.By raising average prices for coffee, it encourages more coffee to be produced than consumers want to buy. This lowers prices for non-fair-trade coffee and thus lowers profits for non-fair-trade coffee farmers. To evaluate the strength of the economist's argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following? 【选项】Whether there is a way of alleviating the impact of the increased average prices for coffee on non-fair-trade coffee farmers' profits • 所属科目：逻辑CR • 题目来源1：OG19-语文分册-162 • 题目来源2：OG20-语文分册-173 难度：难
By Manavi Nag, If you have been a part of the Middle School for the past six weeks, then you would be aware of the New India Party and the elections that took place. The New India Party was a political party created by the 8th Grade as part of their Individuals and Societies (IS) summative. What seemed like it came out of nowhere, was a full-fledged campaign race. As an 8th grader who was an avid participant in the NIP’s campaign race, I can definitely say that this political race, was one of the most knowledge enriching and teaching processes of all time. The IS summative was meant to teach us all about politics and how to run a campaign. It was also mean to teach us about political systems, voting and voter apathy, existing political parties and how to create policies that will benefit India. The 8th grade split up themselves into various different sectors like education, environment, equality, economics, facilities, water shortages, transportation, military and health. From these, we compiled policies and wrote speeches and reports explaining some of the policies that we created. The policies of the NIP were different and similar from other parties’ policies in the ways that our views had some common aspects with other parties but mainly we have policies catered more to inequality and sustainability. In the end, after much backlash in the forms of other children in Middle School and our own teachers creating parties to run against us and accusing us of corruption, amongst other, the NIP emerged victoriously. As someone, that contributed heavily to the campaign, I learned so much about how to make a political party and how to gain people’s support and attention. For the elections, we set up election booths and their constituencies. I learned that politics is truly a dirty but very teaching game and it taught me so much. More than a unit and a summative, I think of it as a lesson and a learning course. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Luis Castaneda Inc./The Image Bank / Getty Images Plus/Getty Images. There is more to agricultural biotechnology than just fighting disease or improving food quality.There are some purely aesthetic applications, and an example of this is the use of gene identification and transfer techniques to improve the color, smell, size, and other features of flowers. Animals that have been modified to express recombinant DNA are called transgenic animals (Figure 10.9). In a dihybrid cross, the progeny of an Fl individual (hetero2ygous for both characters) will show a phenotypic ratio of A. 1:2:2:1 C. 9:3:3:1 D. 3:1:1:3 Ans: A. Madan Livestock Production Systems, 842-sector 6, Urban Estate Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India Summary In most developing countries, biotechnological applications relating to livestock need to be suitable for animal owners who are resource-poor small-scale In this, the udder cells from a 6-year-old Finn Dorset white sheep were injected into an unfertilized egg from a Scottish Blackface ewe, which had its nucleus removed. Animal biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing or production of materials by animals or aquatic species to provide goods and services (NRC 2003). Biotechnology includes any use of science or technology to alter the characteristics of a particular breed or animal. Various biotechnology methods are used in improving the breeding stock of animals. A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". Following are the examples of transgenic animals: Dolly Sheep. Animal biotechnology: applications and economic implications in developing countries M.L. (It has been used to:) bake bread, brew alcoholic beverages, and breed food crops or domestic animals (2). Citation: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020 11:101 Content type: Research. By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 25, 2020 4:53:47 PM ET. Biotechnologists also use animals to produce antibodies. Introduction … Biotechnology can be broadly defined as "using organisms or their products for commercial purposes." Food biotechnology is the use of technology to modify the genes of our food sources. Earliest examples of biotechnology. This example uses a type of insect-resistant corn called “Bt corn.” Keep in mind that the processes for creating a GMO plant, animal, or microorganism may be different. PLUS: Download citation style files for your favorite reference manager. The impact of a biotechnology can be measured by the influence it has on genetic progress. New vaccines employing green biotechnology innovations are changing the processes of preventing illnesses, particularly in developing countries. Scientists of Harvard produced a mouse carrying the genes which help in development of cancer. e d u . 99. keys are conceived by artificial insemination because males have so much breast meat that it interferes physically with natural mating. With food biotechnology, we create new species of animals and plants, for example, specifically animals and plants that we eat. Cloning animals is a reliable way of reproducing superior livestock genetics and ensuring herds are maintained at the highest quality possible. Our food sources are animals, plants, and microorganisms. It has developed certain feed additives or enzymes like prebiotics, single-cell protein, etc. They named the mouse oncomouse or Harvard mouse. 11. Biotechnology can also be misused, for example for the production of new diseases or for the creation of animals or plants which could have unwanted negative effects on specific ecosystems. For this reason, genes have been cloned and expressed in animals such as sheep, goats, chickens, and mice. Domestication began over 10,000 years ago when our ancestors started keeping plants as a reliable source of food. Research institutions, biotech companies and producer groups engaged in the growing field of animal biotechnology place animal well-being as a top priority. The animals in research labs help us better understand biology and serve as biological test systems. The probability and possibilities behind this kind of interest towards biotechnology lie behind to its boundless potential and promising approaches to serve and to benefit every aspect of man’s life. Applications of Transgenic Animals in Biotechnology:- A h m e d @ s u . 1:1:1:1 B. Published on: 15 September 2020. The earliest example of biotechnology is the domestication of plants and animals. Biotechnology has a significant application in pharmacogenomics, genetic testing, serological tests, and genetic therapy. Examples of Transgenic Animals. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Figure 10.9 It can be seen that two of these mice are transgenic because they have a gene that causes them to fluoresce under a UV light. provided as nutrients for animals. Outline 1. Biotechnology can be good or bad ... A mouse has been created, for example… 12. Biotechnology has helped to improve the nutritional content of our food supply. Biotechnology News. k r d M o b i l e n o : 0 7 5 0 4 9 3 5 0 9 9 2. For example, all tur-Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture. Application of animal biotechnology 1. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Objective Questions and Answers ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Objective type Questions with Answers. Read the latest research from around the world on genetic engineering, drug development and more. As such, (traditional) biotechnology has been practices since he beginning of records history. Transgenic Fish: Gene transfers have been successful in various fish, such as common carp, rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, catfish, goldfish, zebra-fish, etc. Biotechnologists do this by sequencing, or reading, the DNA found in nature, and then manipulating it … Examples of Transgenic Animals: Some important examples of transgenic animals are as follows: 1. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology citation style guide with bibliography and in-text referencing examples: Journal articles Books Book chapters Reports Web pages.
The Spanish Flu in Saskatchewan The Spanish Flu in Saskatchewan As the First World War was coming to an end in 1918, the Spanish Flu epidemic was running rampant across the globe. Influenza killed more people worldwide in less than two years than the war did in five. It’s estimated that 20 million people died from the Spanish Flu worldwide, while an estimated 17 million people were killed during the Great War. In Canada 50,000 people died of the Spanish Flu, of which 5,000 were from Saskatchewan. Although the Spanish Flu took so many lives, it was overshadowed by the end of the First World War, which was concluding around the same time as the peak of the epidemic. The first cases of what would come to be referred to as the ‘Spanish Flu’ were reported on the Western Front in early 1918. Recent evidence suggests that the flu epidemic may have originated in rear areas along the Western Front but, due to censorship it was not covered by the press until the disease took hold in neutral Spain. The first wave of what then came to be known as the “Spanish Flu” spread across the globe during the spring and summer of 1918, but it was the second wave of the flu that spread in the fall that would prove far more deadly. The Spanish Flu was causing concern in Saskatchewan as soldiers returned from the front. The first public mention of the disease was in the October 1, 1918 issue of the Regina Leader. The first case of the flu occurred later in October and the disease continued to spread over the next three months, with the peak of deaths occurring in mid-November 1918. Unlike many other diseases that strike the very young and the very old, the Spanish Flu largely affected people between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. Once infected, many victims died within 24 hours, although deaths seemed to be most common on the tenth day of illness. Hotels and schools were converted into makeshift hospitals to accommodate the overflow of patients. People were discouraged from holding meetings or attending public events. Schools, theatres and public buildings were closed until the end of the epidemic. While the Spanish Flu had a major effect upon Saskatchewan, there is no single large archival collection to tell the story of this disease’s impact upon the province. This exhibit pieces together several different archival sources to show how the epidemic affected the province. It is a good example of the diverse nature of archival records and archival research. Archival Sources: Newspaper Ads Government Records Local Histories Archival Collections Saskatchewan's first female MLA Cliquez ici pour obtenir la version française de cette exposition.
Maurice of Nassau The Dutch general and statesman Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (1567-1625), was the founder with Oldenbarnevelt of the Dutch Republic, or United Provinces of the Netherlands. Maurice of Nassau was the second son of William I, "the Silent," and the only child of his second marriage, to Anna of Saxony. Born at the Nassaus' ancestral castle of Dillenburg, Germany, on Nov. 14, 1567, he spent the first decade of his life in Germany and then went to the Netherlands, where his father was leading the revolt against Spain. Only 16 years of age when his father was murdered, he was called at once to preside over the Council of State, then the principal organ of central government in the north, the United Provinces. His career was aided by the sponsorship of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, the advocate of the States of Holland and the political leader of the province. As soon as he reached the age of 18, in 1585, Maurice was named stadholder (governor) of Holland and Zeeland at Oldenbarnevelt's initiative, as well as provincial captain and admiral general, in order to provide a Dutch political and military authority to set against the Earl of Leicester, who was coming to the United Provinces as governor general on behalf of Elizabeth I of England. Maurice was later elected stadholder of Utrecht and Overijssel (1590), Gelderland (1591), and Groningen and Drenthe (1620). After Leicester's recall in 1587, Maurice became in effect the commander in chief of the army of the United Provinces, although legally he was in command only in the provinces where he was stadholder and in the lands under the direct authority of the States General. Maurice undertook reorganization of the Dutch military forces on the basis of the principles and methods which he drew from study of the warfare and the military writings of the Romans of antiquity. He paid special attention to siegecraft, employing the great mathematician Simon Stevin as a military engineer and introducing the use of regular soldiers in trench digging and similar operations. His success in creating the most modern army of his time was demonstrated in a series of victories beginning with the capture of Breda in 1590, followed the next year by the conquest of Zutphen and Deventer in Overijssel and Delfzijl in the north, the defense of Arnhem against Allessandro Farnese, and then the capture of Hulst in Zeeland and Nijmegen far to the east. The successful siege of Geertruidenberg in 1593 was the supreme achievement of his military science. A period of reversals followed until 1597, when Maurice defeated the Spaniards at Turnhout and then captured a chain of towns in the eastern Netherlands which deprived the Spaniards of their last foothold north of the Rhine River: the Dutch proclaimed that he had completed fencing-in their "garden," and the United Provinces became in reality the independent republic they already claimed to be in law. Although Maurice was able to win a brilliant victory over the Spaniards at Nieuwpoort in 1600, the southern Netherlands remained under Spanish control, especially after Ambrogio de Spinola took over command of the Spanish armies in 1603. The close political collaboration between Oldenbarnevelt and Maurice broke up, especially after peace negotiations began with the Spaniards in 1607 over the prince's objections. Maurice, himself indifferent to theological questions, aligned himself with the Contraremonstrants against Oldenbarnevelt, because, as strict Calvinists, they were adamant against peace with the papist foe. However, the Twelve Years Truce was concluded in 1609. It was not until expiration of the truce began to approach that the question of its extension or renewal of the war brought Maurice and Oldenbarnevelt into mortal enmity. When the States of Holland, led by Oldenbarnevelt, began to raise its own troops in an effort to enforce its authority upon the Contraremonstrants, Maurice saw his own powers put in jeopardy, and he arranged the arrest and trial of Oldenbarnevelt and three collaborators (among them Hugo Grotius) and the former's execution as a traitor in 1619. Meanwhile, in 1618, he had inherited the title of Prince of Orange when his elder brother, Philip William, who had remained a Catholic and loyal to Spain, died. The war was resumed in 1621, but Maurice was now a worn old man and unable to recapture his battlefield gifts. He was the victim of an unsuccessful assassination attempt in 1623 in which two sons of Oldenbarnevelt were implicated, but he lived until 1625, dying at The Hague on April 23, only 2 months before Spinola recaptured Breda. However, he had trained his younger brother, Frederick Henry, to be a military leader after his own best principles, and the United Provinces remained intact and free. Further Reading on Maurice of Nassau Although there is no adequate biographical study of Maurice in English, he is discussed in several useful background works: Pieter Geyl, Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century (2 vols., 1936; rev. ed. 1961-1964); Charles Wilson, Dutch Republic and the Civilization of the Seventeenth Century (1968); and Edward Grierson, The Fatal Inheritance (1969).
Open Redirect Vulnerability This post is about open redirect vulnerabilities; the story of two three vulnerable websites, why it’s bad, and how to prevent and detect abuse. First, a primer on what an open redirect vulnerability is. As described by MITRE’s Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE), this attack (also known as a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site) is where a web application takes user-controlled input and redirects to the provided value. Imagine if this URL on the domain redirected to this blog: There are a number of flavours of the attack, user input could be set by different HTTP methods and there are a number of methods to legitimately cause a redirect in a web application. GET-based open redirects with query strings are probably the most dangerous as they are typically easy to exploit. Methods for redirecting Method 1: Location header and 3xx status response Setting the Location response header with a 3xx status code (commonly 301 – Moved Permanently or 302 – Found) tells user agents (browsers) where to go before loading any of the body. Location: https[:]// Method 2: Meta redirect in HTML head Meta tag redirect runs after the user agent has processed the body. Method 3: JavaScript JavaScript redirect that runs after the user agent has processed the body and where JavaScript is enabled. window.location = ''; Two Three vulnerable websites (yes, that NCSC, the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre) I found an open redirect vulnerability on NCSC website and reported to NCSC on the 13th July 2021. The redirect was a result of a query string (curPage) that would set a location header in the response. It’s not clear what webserver or origin NCSC are using, as the site is fronted with AWS CloudFront, but it’s likely they implemented some logic in a proxy (maybe even using AWS Lambda@Edge) to handle redirects for old paths. It wasn’t as obvious as setting curPage to http[:]// as it looks like they are using a WAF – something was picking up “http” and blocking the request, however dropping the scheme and setting ?curPage=// worked! Fortunately, NCSC confirmed that the vulnerability was fixed recently so the above now doesn’t work. My first reaction was that I didn’t expect NCSC to have such a vulnerability but after checking out their blog post Securing the NCSC’s web platform they explain being secure enough and not aiming for as secure as possible. The website just hosts public information, it doesn’t contain sensitive or personal data, or link to other systems; it’s more appropriate for NCSC to spend their (likely limited) resources focused on systems with a larger impact, such as Active Cyber Defence services. Merit to NCSC for implementation of a security.txt and a vulnerability programme using HackerOne. They are also strong advocates of responsible disclosure and have a vulnerability disclosure toolkit to help others implement reporting programmes. Having a clearly signposted reporting process demonstrates that your organisation takes security seriously. It’s a shame that the NCSC programme isn’t a funded bounty, monetary rewards make it less likely that someone would sell a vulnerability to a third party. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has recently shown that it is possible with public funds – Ethical hackers collaborate with Defence to strengthen cyber security. NCSC shared the following quote with me for this post. Responsible vulnerability reporting is vital. Thanks to Ollie for alerting us to this vulnerability, it was quickly fixed on the site and we’ve flagged to our development teams so they can check other systems. It may be a good time for readers to check for open redirects on their own sites! Dr Ian Levy, Technical Director, NCSC 2. US ISP (rhymes with salinity) I found this one a few weeks back when I received a phishing email exploiting the vulnerable open redirect, I reported it (after reaching out on Twitter as they didn’t have a security.txt file) the same day. Unfortunately, it was deemed a duplicate and still hasn’t been fixed, so is still likely being used maliciously. Sad times. What’s interesting about this vulnerability is that it’s an example of method three. The page in question has ‘legitimate’ JavaScript that can be exploited to redirect to a chosen URL. It looks something like this (pro tip – don’t do this): var location_search = "?continue="; var continue_url = /.(^\|$\|\?)continue\=(.+?)(\&\|$)./ var url = ''; if (continue_url && continue_url[2]) { url = decodeURIComponent(continue_url[2]); if (url) { // window.location = url; console.log("Would have redirected to: " + url); By setting the continue query string parameter, the JavaScript takes the unsanitised value and redirects using window.location, bleurgh. Also, that use of regular expressions… no. Colin Farrell pulling a disgusted face 3. Canadian Media Site As I was writing this post I received another phishing campaign using an open redirect vulnerability. Unfortunately, I’ve not been able to get a response from the vulnerable website yet. It’s an example of method one, the u query string parameter is set in the Location response header. Screen shot showing a redacted curl -I command and result to the vulnerable website Edit: while I haven’t had a response, it looks like this one is now fixed. Why’s it bad? For most websites it’s not intentional to have this vulnerability. Abuse can undermine message filtering systems, increase victim trust in phishing campaigns and result in legitimate websites being flagged as malicious. Take the NCSC example, they host lots of content for people in the public and private sector to use and download (such as PDF threat reports – side note: it’d be amazing if these were HTML pages instead 🙏). So imagine hosting a malicious PDF and crafting a URL like: https[:]// If that was sent in a malicious email to NCSC saying “Typo on page 6”, do you think they’ll notice? Would they click that link instead of finding the page themselves? Maybe the mention of S3 would be suspicious, but NCSC use S31 so they might not think twice. Don’t allow unsanitised or unverified user input to set the redirect URL. There’s a number of ways you could achieve this. Here’s some example code for an origin response2 AWS Lambda@Edge function: exports.handler = async (event) => { const response = event.Records[0].cf.response; let headers = response.headers; if ('location' in headers) { const location = headers['location'][0].value; const url = new URL(location); // if not ends with if (!url.hostname.endsWith('')) { delete headers['location']; // you may want to send a notification to // yourself here so you can fix the root // cause Here’s what the US ISP could use in their client-side JavaScript to check that the output URL has a hostname which is expected: const location_search = "?continue="; // use URLSearchParams to parse query strings // instead of using regex const qs = new URLSearchParams(location_search); // get the expected query string const continueValue = qs.get("continue"); // array of allowed hostnames const allowedHostnames = [""]; if (continueValue) { // use URL to parse the value so that the // lowercase hostname attribute can be assessed const parsedUrl = new URL(continueValue); if (parsedUrl) { if (allowedHostnames.includes(parsedUrl.hostname)) { // window.location = continueValue; console.log("Would have redirected to: " + continueValue); Another note, if you are using JavaScript and URL be careful using pathname and redirects. For example: (new URL("https://x.y//")).pathname == // Detecting as defenders It can be quite difficult to detect if you have an open redirect vulnerability being exploited. It may be possible if you can look at the response body from your origin servers – it is likely possible with most Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or with edge functions such as AWS Lambda@Edge (CloudFront Functions can’t access the body) or Cloudflare Workers. Method one can be spotted if you log response headers from your web server. You can look for a 3xx response status code and a Location header that isn’t expected. It’s not typical to log the Location response header but the W3C Extended Log File Format suggests this field name will be sc(Location) which some monitoring tools (like Splunk) will likely rename sc-location. Here’s an example Sigma rule to assist detection: title: Open redirect from web server logs Id: tbc status: experimental description: Detects the open redirects author: OllieJC date: 2021/08/07 category: webserver sc-status: '3' cs-method: 'GET' - 'http' - '//' uri: '?//' c-uri-query: '//*' condition: selection and (selection_header or selection_uri or selection_querystring) - uri - sc-status - sc-Location - Legitimate redirects are likely to be captured in this default rule so it likely needs tweaking to not match valid domains level: medium - attack.initial_access - attack.t1190 - attack.t1566.002 I’d love to hear about any other prevention or detection techniques for this vulnerability. Thanks for reading! 1 NCSC’s Content Security Policy response header mentions https[:]// so S3 is or was likely used for hosting static content. 2 A Lambda@Edge origin response will cause the response from the origin to be cached in CloudFront. This may or may not be desirable. The benefit is that the Lambda wouldn’t need to run every time. Leave a Comment You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Famous Gems: The Most Famous Diamond in the World The Hope Diamond has been called the most famous diamond in the world due to its rare blue color and size of 45.52 carats. Earliest records of the diamond are from 1666 when the original stone, a 112 3/16-carat diamond originally from the Kollur mine in India, was purchased by French gem merchant Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. The stone, called the Tavernier Blue, was sold to King Louis XIV in 1668. In 1673, it was recut, yielding the French Blue which was set in gold and worn via a neck ribbon by the king. In 1791 the jewels of the French Royal Treasury were turned over to the government after Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to flee France and the diamond was stolen in 1792. The Hope Diamond then traveled to England where it may have been owned by King George IV before being sold. Somewhere along the way the stone was recut, with the largest section becoming the “Hope” diamond when it appeared in a catalogue of the London banking family, Hope, in 1839. Many years and owners later, the Hope Diamond was purchased in 1949 by Harry Winston, a New York gem merchant, who eventually gave it to the National Museum of Natual History in Washington, DC where it is on permanent display. The Hope Diamond is set in a pendant with 16 white diamonds, both pear-shaped and cushion cut. The necklace chain contains 45 white diamonds. A beautiful gem with a colorful history! Have you seen the Hope Diamond in person? Check out Bridgewater’s Facebook page and share your favorite famous gem!
boiler parts and their functions pdf Boiler Parts And Their Functions Pdf On Sunday, May 2, 2021 3:07:46 PM File Name: boiler parts and their functions .zip Size: 2290Kb Published: 02.05.2021 This is the basic definition of water tube boiler. Basics of Steam Generation — KTH Energiteknik Basics of Steam Generation Sebastian Teir Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering … boiler water through radiation, … Fire tube boiler parts explained — Learn about the working … … fire tube boiler, … We will learn about fire tube boiler parts … The main feature of the boiler is that the furnace of the boiler is surrounded by water and …. Factory owners must ensure the boiler is — Labour Factory owners must ensure the boiler is: … boiler. Boilers, were a major part of the Industrial Revolution beginning about They are major consumers of industry and building energy consumption today. Industry: boilers are used for power generation, process heat e. boiler parts and their functions pdf Two primary principles are used with this form of tank design: thermal and vacuum. This depends on which type of boiler being used. Each principle also has different pump construction requirements. A tank using the thermal principle is connected to the atmosphere. This design is normally used in smaller plants. Here, an ejector pump is used to create a vacuum in the tank. This causes the tank water to start boiling because of the low temperature, which in turn removes air from the water. This principle is normally used for steam turbine applications. Historically, economizers have only been used in large-scale power plants. However, the demand for more efficient boilers within industry and marine means that economizers are now far more commonplace. An economizer is a heat exchanger that is placed in the exhaust from a boiler or in the exhaust funnel of the main engine of a ship. Pump requirements differ greatly, depending on where the economizer is installed. It is integral part of boiler and is placed in the path of hot flue gases from the furnace. The heat recovered from the flue gases is used in superheating the steam before entering into the turbine i. Its main purpose is to increase the temperature of saturated steam without raising its pressure. Natural gas boilers employ one of two types of burners, atmospheric burners, also called natural draft burners and forced draft burners, also called power burners. Due to more stringent air quality regulations, low NOx burners and pre-mix burners are becoming more commonly used and even required in some areas. By ensuring efficient mixing of air and fuel as it enters the burner, these types of burners can ensure that NOx emissions are reduced. The combustion chamber, usually made of cast iron or steel, houses the burners and combustion process. Temperatures inside the combustion chamber can reach several hundred degrees very quickly. Heat exchangers may be made from cast iron, steel tube bundles, or, in the case of some smaller boilers, copper or copper-clad steel. The exhaust stack or flue is the piping that conveys the hot combustion gasses away from the boiler to the outside. Typically this piping is made of steel, but in the case of condensing boilers it needs to be constructed of stainless steel to handle the corrosive condensate. Another consideration is whether the exhaust stack will be under a positive or negative pressure. This can determine how the joints of the exhaust stack must be sealed. Boiler controls help produce hot water or steam in a regulated, efficient, and safe manner. Combustion and operating controls regulate the rate of fuel use to meet the demand. The main operating control monitors hot water temperature or steam pressure and sends a signal to control the firing rate, the rate at which fuel and air enters the burner. These controls are considered safeties or limits that break the electrical circuit to prevent firing of the boiler. For example, if the event pressure in the boiler exceeds the pressure limit setting, the fuel valve is closed to prevent an unsafe, high pressure condition. The safety circuit of a flame safeguard control system typically includes switch contacts for low water cutoff, high limits, air providing switches, redundant safety and operating controls, and flame detectors. Flame detectors often consist of flame rods, and ultraviolet or infrared scanners to monitor the flame condition and deactivate the burner in the event of a non-ignition or other unsafe condition. Flame safeguard controls are programmed to operate the burner and cycle it through the stages of operation. water tube boiler parts and functions pdf PDF \| A steam boiler is a closed vessel, generally made of steel, in which in the different parts of the world such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Russia. water tube boiler parts and functions pdf Water tube boilers were developed for a variety of reasons, including the need for higher steam pressures, higher steam generation rate, superheated steam. We briefly discuss about Water tube boiler parts and functions. In the water tube boiler, the water and steam flow inside the tubes and the hot gases flow over the outside surfaces. In the last session, we had discussed Lamont boiler , Benson boiler , Cochran boiler , Babcock and Wilcox boiler in a detailed way whereas, in today's session, we will discuss What is a Boiler? Selection of a boiler, Essentials of Good boiler, Classification of a boiler, Diagram of the boiler, Boiler Mountings, and Boiler Accessories in a detailed way. The working principle of the boiler is very simple. For bathing, especially in winter, you need to heat water so you should not feel coolness around you. However, at home, you cannot collect the steam but in the industries, that steam is used to generate electricity. ГЛАВА 28 Сеньор Ролдан восседал за своим столом в агентстве сопровождения Белена, чрезвычайно довольный тем, как умело обошел глупую полицейскую ловушку. Немецкий акцент и просьба снять девушку на ночь - это же очевидная подстава. Интересно, что они еще придумают. Стратмор не скрывал недовольства. - Он ничего не спрашивал про ТРАНСТЕКСТ. - Нет. Но если он посмотрит на монитор и увидит в окне отсчета значение семнадцать часов, то, будьте уверены, не промолчит. Теперь у нее была другая функция: любой турист, входящий в собор, должен купить билет. Дверь высотой в шесть метров закрылась с гулким стуком, и Беккер оказался заперт в Божьем доме. Он закрыл глаза и постарался сползти на скамье как можно ниже: он единственный в церкви был не в черном. Откуда-то донеслись звуки песнопения. Вы из полиции. Беккер покачал головой. Панк пристально смотрел на. - Вы похожи на полицейского. - Он провел рукой по подбородку, на котором темнела полуторасуточная щетина. - А что Следопыт. Я сижу у себя точно на раскаленных углях. - Пока. Есть вести от Дэвида. Рассказ канадца показался ему полным абсурдом, и он подумал, что старик еще не отошел от шока или страдает слабоумием. Тогда он посадил его на заднее сиденье своего мотоцикла, чтобы отвезти в гостиницу, где тот остановился. Но этот канадец не знал, что ему надо держаться изо всех сил, поэтому они и трех метров не проехали, как он грохнулся об асфальт, разбил себе голову и сломал запястье. - Что? - Сьюзан не верила своим ушам. - Офицер хотел доставить его в госпиталь, но канадец был вне себя от ярости, сказав, что скорее пойдет в Канаду пешком, чем еще раз сядет на мотоцикл. Наконец он нашел его и снова выстрелил. Пуля ударила в закрывающуюся дверь. book pdf pdf download 1. Melvin N. Describe essential parts of boiler and their functions. ➢ List out design criteria of various pressure parts and furnace, material of construction. 05.05.2021 at 20:51 Reply 2. Yair N. Genetic algorithm pdf free download control system engineering by nagrath and gopal 5th edition pdf 11.05.2021 at 11:45 Reply 3. Ethel V. Guide to personal finance pdf knowledge of the holy free pdf 12.05.2021 at 15:26 Reply Leave your comment Subscribe Now To Get Daily Updates
Jack and the Beanstalk From Wikisource (Redirected from Jack and the Bean-stalk) Jump to navigation Jump to search Versions of Jack and the Beanstalk English fairy tale. The earliest known written versions are the anonymous "The Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean" (1734) and Benjamin Tabart's "The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk" (1807). Many other popular versions have appeared since, with the most popular being that of Joseph Jacobs in English Fairy Tales (1890). Versions of Jack and the Beanstalk include:
Green Gas The gas grid currently delivers gas into the homes over 85% of the UK population which is achieved through a first-class distribution network developed over many years. Rather than rip out heating systems and make the grid obsolete, it makes sense to decarbonise the gas we use; using so called green gases such as Biomethane and bio SNG in addition to hydrogen, will deliver affordable and sustainable solutions to the challenges the UK face.
An Unbiased View of music This post desires more citations for verification. Remember to help strengthen this short article by incorporating citations to reliable sources. Unsourced content may be challenged and taken out. Inside the arts, music can be labeled for a accomplishing artwork, a wonderful artwork, or being an auditory art. Music may very well be played or sung and read Are living in a rock concert or orchestra performance, heard Are living as Component of a extraordinary work (a music theater exhibit or opera), or it could be recorded and listened to on a radio, MP3 participant, CD participant, smartphone or as film score or Tv set exhibit. [10] Folks who examine these Attributes are often known as music theorists, they usually usually operate as professors in colleges, universities, and music conservatories. Some have applied acoustics, human physiology, and psychology towards the explanation of how and why music is perceived. Music theorists publish their exploration in music principle journals and College push guides. Elements The DMA normally takes three to 5 years following a master's diploma, and consists of State-of-the-art courses, assignments, and performances. In Medieval times, the examine of music was among the Quadrivium of your 7 Liberal Arts and thought of crucial to greater Discovering. Inside the quantitative Quadrivium, music, or even more properly harmonics, was the study of rational proportions. Musicology The incorporation of some music or singing education into basic education and learning from preschool to put up secondary schooling is popular in North The usa and Europe. Involvement in enjoying and singing music is thought to show essential skills for instance concentration, counting, listening, and cooperation even though also selling understanding of language, enhancing the ability to recall info, and creating an ecosystem more conducive to learning in other parts.[87] In elementary faculties, little ones normally learn to play instruments such as the recorder, sing in smaller choirs, and find out about the historical past of Western artwork music and conventional music. Some elementary faculty kids also find out about well-known music types. Women comprise an important proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and The proportion of girls in orchestras is rising. A 2015 post on concerto soloists in important Canadian orchestras, even so, indicated that 84% of the soloists Together with the Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal had been Adult males. In 2012, Women of all ages continue to produced up just 6% of the best-rated Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Gals are significantly less popular as instrumental players in common music genres such as rock and major metallic, Despite the fact that there happen to be a variety of noteworthy woman instrumentalists and all-woman bands. Нечаянная Любовь стихи Людмилы Лобачёвой музыка Владимира Корнейчука Indian Women of all ages dressed in regional attire actively playing a variety of musical instruments well known in several areas of India The physical characteristics of sound that identify the perception of timbre involve the spectrum, envelope, and overtones of the Observe or musical sound. For electric instruments produced in the 20th century, which include electrical guitar, electric bass and electric powered piano, the performer may also alter the tone by adjusting equalizer controls, tone controls to the instrument, and by utilizing Digital results models for instance distortion pedals. The tone of the electric Hammond organ is controlled by modifying drawbars. Expression Though there have already been a tremendous variety of Females composers in classical music, from your medieval time period towards the NaijaVibes present working day, Girls composers are drastically underrepresented from the frequently carried out classical music repertoire, music history textbooks and music encyclopedias; for example, during the Concise Oxford Heritage of Music, Clara Schumann has become the only feminine composers that's stated. The PhD, which is necessary for college kids who want to perform as university professors in musicology, music history, or music idea, can take three to 5 years of review following the master's diploma, for the duration of which time the scholar will finish Innovative courses and undertake investigate for your dissertation. The DMA is a relatively new diploma which was designed to provide a credential for Experienced performers or composers that want to work as College professors in musical functionality or composition. Idea, even of music on the common exercise period, may possibly take a number of other sorts. Musical set principle is the applying of mathematical set concept to music, to start with applied to atonal music. Speculative music concept, contrasted with analytic music principle, is dedicated to the Evaluation and synthesis of music elements, for instance tuning programs, frequently as preparation for composition. Zoomusicology Even though music is notated relatively exactly, as in classical music, there are many choices that a performer has for making, simply because notation isn't going to specify all of The weather of music specifically. The process of determining the best way to execute music which has been Beforehand composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Various performers' interpretations of the exact same function of music could vary commonly, concerning the tempos which are picked along with the playing or singing type or phrasing of the melodies. polyphony: multiple independent melody lines that interweave jointly, which are sung or played at the same time. Choral music prepared during the Renaissance music period was typically created In this particular model. Leave a Reply
Tag: Linux Classes How Does Linux Works How Does Linux Differ From Other Operating Systems? Introduction: Linux is the most widely-used open-source operating system. Linux is an open-source operating system that sits on top of all other software on a computer. It accepts requests from other programs and then transmits those requests to the machine’s hardware. Let’s take a look at Linux and how it differs from other operating systems. […] Read More Quick Enquiry
mail.filter is a program called by sendmail, that forward mails to some cyrus account. Optionally, mail.filter use spamprobe for spam detection, and clamav for virus detection. (Well, it's not really optional actually.) For defining rules, see CREATING-RULES file. Configuring the script ---------------------- mail.filter contains several variable definition that you should review and edit. Testing ------- 1] Check that Python is able to run the script by running: mail.filter -h 2] Try mail.filter without feeding the mail to Cyrus by running: mail.filter -t -v < somemail with somemail a file containing a email you want to feed to mail.filter for testing purpose. Output log should show you what action is deduced from mail contents and user rules. 3] You can test again by removing the '-t' option to actually feed Cyrus with the mail, and test if Cyrus accept the mail as expected in the right folder. 4] Check that sendmail can run the script (permission, sendmail restriction,..) Installation ------------ Add the following TWO lines: -=-=-=-= Mmailfilter, P=/usr/sbin/mail.filter, F=lsDFMA5:/\|@qSPn, A=mail.filter $u define(`confLOCAL_MAILER', `mailfilter')dnl -=-=-=-= in your, then regenerate (be carefull if was not in sync. with your ! I suggest to generate 'm4' to a different file, and use diff to see what really change.) The first line define a new mailer. The second line define it as default mailer for delivering mail to local system. Then, you just need to restart sendmail. Todo ---- [ ] Make spam and antivirus detection more modular, to support other antispam or antiviruses program. [ ] Try to create folder if Cyrus answer with unknown folder error, then feed again the mail. [ ] Add size match (really usefull?) [ ] Support feature such as vacation, automatic answer, forwarding, calling external script (or even "just" python module.)
Hi Readers! In today’s article, let’s go deep into what are smart contracts. Imagine a system in which, to take a loan you have to enter the amount and give collateral and after verifying you’ll get the amount you desired while sitting in your home on your favourite chair. No need to go to banks, stand in a line and wait for approval. This is now becoming a possibility with smart contracts. A smart contract is a computer program based on blockchain that allows you to do financial transaction without needing a third party like banks. What are Smart Contracts? A centralized system relies on a trusted third party like banks to do financial transactions between participants. Unlike the centralized system where you have to rely on a third party, smart contracts are blockchain-based computer codes that can be self-executed and self-verified without needing much human intervention. Smart contracts once executed on a blockchain cannot are impossible to change. The terms and conditions mentioned in the smart contract will execute automatically when they meet the specified conditions. The concept of smart contracts was first proposed in the 1990s by Nick Szabo. However, it didn’t get much attention as there was no platform or technology to execute smart contracts at that time All this changed with the introduction of blockchain and Bitcoin. Although, Bitcoin’s blockchain does not allow the creation of conditions that execute a transaction in a new block, as it only contains information on the transaction itself, the technology itself was crucial for the development of smart contracts The development of protocols and codes for smart contracts has become popular after the introduction of Ethereum. Today, there are many platforms that allow you to use smart contracts, but Ethereum still remains one of the most widespread. How Smart Contracts Work Smart contracts are computer codes that are used to enter the terms of the contract between parties into the blockchain. The conditions are given in the form of “if-then”. Let’s say, there’s an eCommerce store that uses smart contracts instead of banks to handle transactions. You order a smartphone from them, but instead of debiting the amount from your bank account, smart contracts will wait for the smartphone to be delivered to your address and then transfer the amount to the eCommerce store. The contract itself is stored on a decentralized ledger and the information cannot be tampered with or deleted. The data is encrypted which assures anonymity. Smart contracts can be currently linked with digital assets. Connecting the virtual and real-world is currently one of the primary focus in the development of smart contracts. Smart contracts are really useful for a financial transaction without involving third parties. But there are various possible applications where smart contracts can be applied. Let’s look at few more applications of a smart contract: • IoT Smart property: using smart contract nodes to share or give access to assets without requiring a third party e.g. Slock.it is a German company that is using eth based smart contracts to provide renting, selling or sharing anything without involving a third party • Music Rights Management: Smart contracts can be used to record ownership rights of music in the blockchain. A smart contract can enforce payment for music owners once their music is used Ujo is a company working on the use of smart contracts in the music industry. • E-commerce: Smart contracts can be used to facilitate trade between buyers and sellers. Payment can only be released to the seller once the buyer is satisfied with the product or service. • Smart contracts can also be used for E-voting, mortgage payment, digital right management, insurance, distributed file storage, identity management and supply chain. Benefits of Smart Contracts • Speed: Processing takes a lot of time when humans are involved. Smart contracts are fast and efficient as they don’t require much human intervention, saving valuable time. • Independence: Smart contracts rule out the need for a third party to manage and guarantee transactions. The guarantee is taken by the code itself. • Reliable: Smart contracts once executed cannot be altered or changed so if one party does not complete the condition mentioned in the smart contract, the other party will be protected by the conditions of the smart contract. • Error Free Transactions: Since everything is automated and there’s very less or no human intervention involved, it ensures high accuracy and no payment delays. • Savings on Fees or Commission: Since smart contracts are eliminating the middlemen from the transaction. It reduces the operation cost as well as giving room for more advantageous terms for the parties involved Disadvantages of Smart Contracts • Weak Legal Regulation: Smart contracts are being used for a very less period so due to the lack of understanding there are not many regulations implemented on its usage. • Difficulty in Implementing: Smart contracts require you to have knowledge of coding languages. • Changing a smart contract: Once a contract is deployed on the blockchain, it is impossible to change the conditions Smart contracts have the true potential to change how we handle our daily transactions. They can handle transactions in a no-trust environment without requiring much human interaction or any third party to handle operations. However, there are a lot of puzzles that need to be solved before using them at scale. Was this article useful? Let me know in the comments.
Building Strength & Balance: Multi-Planar Exercises for Shoulders, Low Back, & Glutes Maintaining–or in some cases restoring–physical balance is a vital aspect of preserving good health as people age. But it takes work. Regular practice of exercises aimed at strengthening the body’s core, as well as the muscles of the shoulders, low back, and upper legs can make a world of difference in health and quality of life. Balance is an essential concept in holistic medicine. The word is everywhere: we talk about work-life balance, balancing hormones and neurotransmitters, keeping an ideal acid-alkaline balance. All of those types of balance are important. But the reality is, many people struggle with a more basic issue: physical balance. This is especially true as people age. Poor balance raises the risk of falls, injuries, and compromised mobility. Helping patients to build strength and improve their balance will mitigate those risks. In this second of our three-part series, I’ll explore how strengthening the shoulders, lumbar spine, and gluteal muscles will contribute to improved balance, greater overall wellbeing, and reduced risk of falls and other injuries. Once someone demonstrates mastery of the core musculature (see “Core Values”: How to Help Patients Build Strength & Improve Balance) she or he is ready to progress to multiplanar exercises. Stabilization of the shoulder complex and the lumbar spine, and strengthening the gluteal muscle group are essential for improving balance and low back health. Common conditions such as sciatica and chronic low back pain are a direct result of muscle imbalances in the anterior and posterior core. Exercises that accomplish all three aspects —shoulder stabilization, gluteal strength, and core contraction—are efficient and demonstrate how the various parts of the body work in tandem. Rehabbing Rounded Shoulders Rounded shoulders and a forward-tilted head increase strain on the cervical spine. This also creates tightness in the pectorals, anterior deltoids, ribs, and serratus, and upper latissimus dorsi. Anterior tightness leads to posterior lengthening and weakness. The trapezius, rhomboids, and rotator cuff muscles are weakened and they lose the ability to hold the scapula in place. For these reasons, rehabilitating rounded shoulders is the first step toward proper posture, better balance, and overall spinal health. Here are a few exercises that really help: Retraction/Depression: This exercise, based on scapular retraction and depression, gives clients a sense of where the scapula should sit. It goes like this: Lie supine, feet firmly planted on the floor, arms comfortably at the sides. Retract the scapula by squeezing the shoulder blades together and opening the chest. While holding the retraction, depress the scapula by pulling them down towards the hips. Hold for 2 seconds then release. Continue for two sets of ten repetitions. Concentrating on these moments brings awareness to the upper back area. This creates neural pathways and strengthens the upper back muscles while simultaneously stretching tight chest and shoulder muscles. Stoplights: This exercise incorporates strength while keeping the core stabilized against the floor. In the same supine position as the Retraction/Depression exercise, bring arms up so elbows form a T with the body, palms face forward. Depress the scapula and pull them down towards the hips. Then, push upper arms (triceps) into the floor with 40-50% effort and hold for 2 seconds. The point is not to push as hard as possible, but rather to start with 50% effort so as to bring awareness and strength to all the muscles in the upper back, posterior shoulders, and triceps. You can then increase the isometric hold time as tolerated. Rows: This is the perfect exercise for strength training of the upper back muscles. You can use bands, cables, or even a towel. The key here is not the weight being pulled but the degree of muscular contraction. Positions for rowing exercise using elastic cables. This is an excellent way to strengthen and stabilize the muscles of the upper back Stand with shoulders down and back (retracted/depressed), the Transverse abdominis (TVA) muscle contracted, soft knees, and wide feet for stability. Holding the handles of the cable or the ends of the towel, extend the arms with soft elbows. This produces slight protraction in the scapula and allows for natural movement. Then, generating the movement from the latissimus (back muscles), pull the handles towards the body, squeezing the shoulder blades as if trying to hold a coin between the scapula. Keep the elbows at an approximate 45o angle from the body. There’s no need to keep them close, but do not allow elbows to flare up. Under control, extend the arms and return to start. Keep the scapula depressed through the movement, but a bit of protraction (forward movement) is okay, to allow full range of movement. The eccentric portion of the movement (where the back muscles will be lengthened) is just as important as the concentric (pulling the hands back and squeezing the upper back). This strengthens the muscles and also builds awareness. Lumbar Strength & Stability Prolonged sitting and improper lifting/bending techniques can wreak havoc on the low back. Simply stretching the low back muscles is not enough to remedy these problems, as tight hip flexors, iliotibial (IT) bands, and inflamed piriformis muscles set off a chain reaction leading to chronic low back and sciatic nerve pain. Anti-rotation movements are most effective for stabilizing the lumbar spine. When practiced diligently, they create a solid foundation for more complex movements. Dead Bugs: Lie supine on the floor, arms raised, palms facing each other. Bring legs up, knees bent to 90o. Firmly flatten the low back onto the floor during the entire exercise. Keeping TVA contracted, extend left leg and right arm towards the floor. Pause, then bring arm and leg back to start position. Repeat this movement with the right leg and left arm together. This contralateral movement is deceptively challenging; it simultaneously works on shoulder and lumbar stabilization, as well as increasing proprioception and coordination of the limbs. The key to this exercise is keeping the low back imprinted on the floor. Shoulders are down and back, retracted and depressed. As the arms reach overhead, it is important to maintain this scapular depression so the shoulders don’t unconsciously “float” up toward the ears—a very common tendency. Bird Dog: The Birddog exercise is the inverse of dead bugs. Instead of the lumbar spine being stabilized against the floor, the patient is on hands and knees, and must work against gravity to keep the hips steady. Begin in a quadruped (aka “tabletop) position, with the shoulders pulled down and back, and the joints stacked: Shoulder joints right over the elbows which are over the wrist; hips are stacked over the knees, and knees are hip width apart. Keep the neck in neutral alignment, not dropping down and not curved upwards. This is another contralateral movement that will be challenging at the beginning. From the quadruped position extend the left leg and the right arm, holding for 2 seconds and increasing this hold time as tolerated. Repeat with right leg/left arm, alternating each repetition. Do 10 repetitions on both sides. This exercise strengthens and stabilizes shoulders, lumbar spine, and glutes. Patients may find it is more challenging to stay balanced on one side than the other. Planks: This classic anti-rotational movement focuses on contracting and strengthening the entire core from shoulders to glutes. The plank position is, essentially, the top of a push-up. Keep the shoulders down and back, the joints stacked, and with a microbend at the elbows. On knees or toes, create a straight line running up along the entire body, from the legs to the top of the head. Pull the pelvis in, imagining there are cords connecting the hip bones and the ribs. Keep those cords short and taut throughout the exercise. Keep the shoulders stable, contract all core musculature, and engage the glutes. Hold this plank position for 30 seconds, increasing the time as tolerated. Strengthening the Gluteals As discussed in the first article in the series, there’s a common phenomenon I refer to as “sleepy butt.” I see it in most people. It’s the result of prolonged sitting and lack of physical movement, in addition to incorrect movement patterns, all resulting in a lengthening and weakening of the gluteal muscles, with a concurrent tightening of the hip flexors becoming tight and painful. These issues must be addressed together to correct the muscle imbalance, or the problems will persist. The lowest (fig 1A) and highest (fig 1B) positions comprising the Glute Bridge exercise. Though the glutes are the prime movers in this exercise, the low back muscles are also working and strengthening without being strained. I recommend the following three exercises to begin to directly strengthen the glutes. These exercises carry the added benefit of also addressing weaknesses in the posterior shoulders and in all muscles along the spine. Glute Bridges: Lie supine, arms at the sides, shoulders down and back, with the feet firmly planted on the earth, knees in line with the hip bones. Feet should be hip width apart, with the heels close to the glutes. Pushing through the heels, use the glutes to lift hips, squeezing glutes at the top of the movement. Avoid hyperextending low back, and focus on keeping the torso in a straight line, with the hips in neutral alignment. If there is lack of sensation in the gluteals, or there’s any strain in the low back, experiment by changing foot placement. Also, touching the gluteal muscles while working them will aid in building the neural pathways. By keeping the shoulders down and back, and the chest broad and open, this exercise aids in shoulder stabilization. Though the glutes are the primary movers, the low back muscles are also working and strengthening without being strained. Weighted Hip Hinges: Adding front weights to the hip hinge exercise will strengthen the entire posterior chain from shoulders to hamstrings, in addition to the anterior core muscles. Dumbbells, barbells, or kettlebells are all appropriate depending on patient preference. Dumbbells have the added benefit of working shoulder rotation. Upper and lower positions for the Weighted Hip Hinge exercise Stand in an athletic stance, dumbbells at sides. With the weight on the heels, push the hips back. Keep the knees soft, but do not bend them. Remember, this is a hinge, not a squat! As the hips hinge back, keep the shoulders down and the chest up, and allow the dumbbells to rotate forward so they are scraping the thighs (quads). Keep the entire back engaged in order to keep a straight spine from crown to tail. Notice the stretching sensation in the back of the legs, the hamstrings. Once you feel a deep stretch, push through the heels, bring the hips back up to neutral and squeeze the glutes. Dumbbells should rotate back to the sides. Take care to avoid hyperextension in the low back. Squats: Squats are a complex movement, so introduce them only after patients show good control over their hip hinges. Hip hinges are the beginning of the squat and it helps load weight to the heels, activating the gluteals. To practice squats, begin in an athletic stance, sit hips back into a hip hinge, weight on the heels, chest up. Reach hips back as if sitting in a chair, then begin the knee bend, still keeping chest up. The upper body and tibia should be at roughly the same angle. Squat as low as possible while still being able to get up. The optimal position, for a full range of gluteal motion, is to bend the knees 90o, keeping the thighs parallel or just below parallel with the floor. If that is too difficult, begin with quarter squats for a while, to build strength. Squats are a full-body movement. They tax the entire posterior chain and core muscles, and they also activate the Central Nervous System. When practiced regularly, squats increase balance and control. In many cases, this can lead to improvements in carrying out Activities of Daily Living (ADL). By learning how to squat properly patients learn how to protect the low back and the knees while doing things like getting on and off the floor, shifting from sitting to standing, lifting something off the ground, and much more. Combined, these exercises help people connect with their bodies in a way that will increase their confidence in moving through life pain-free. Learning how to connect and control the muscles in the shoulders, lumbar spine, and glutes will reduce risk of falls by minimizing improper movement patterns. It is common that fear of certain movement patterns leads to avoidance, which in turn solidifies muscle imbalances, leading to more pain and fear. As people age, their repertoire of movement patterns decreases, and their apprehension about various movements or positions increases. These exercises, which are gentle, corrective, and appropriate for any age, are effective tools for interrupting this endless loop. In the third, and final installment of this Building Balance series, we’ll look at building on the foundation and increasing stability, strength, and function. Watch for that in the Fall edition of Holistic Primary Care. Stacy Collier is an independent practice management and billing consultant based in Anchorage, AK. She is also a certified personal trainer with a special focus on Corrective Exercise Therapy, helping people living with low back, shoulder, hip, and knee pain. Stacy recently launched Attainable Fitness, LLC, her personal training and fitness coaching practice. Subscribe to Holistic Primary Care
The pitiful and warped psychology of anti-vaxxers, page-48 1. 12,321 Posts. lightbulb Created with Sketch. 1757 Feature Article: If Vaccines Work, Why Do Unvaccinated People Pose a Risk? Published on Sep 12, 2017 in Parents PACK Some people ask the question, “If vaccines work, why do unvaccinated people present a risk to those who have been vaccinated?” Two simple facts contribute to this answer. First: Vaccines aren’t 100 percent effective. So even some people who are vaccinated will still be at risk. Second: The greater the number of unvaccinated people in a community, the more opportunity germs have to spread. This means outbreaks are more difficult to stem and everyone is at greater risk of exposure — including vaccinated people. This latter concept is known as community immunity, or more commonly, herd immunity. Each member of the community contributes to the collective health of the community because the way a pathogen survives is by finding new people to infect. The fewer susceptible people in a community, the less opportunity the pathogen has to spread. Interestingly, people often do not think about the fact that there are times when every family needs the protection of their community. New babies and infants may be too young to be vaccinated, and older adults or adults being treated for illnesses may be more susceptible to infections as well.
IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 ( Passage 1 Food for thought 2, Passage 2 Biology of Bitterness, Passage 3 Internal and External Marketing ) we prefer you to work offline, download the test paper, and blank answer sheet. For any query regarding the IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139, you can mail us at [email protected], or you can mention your query in the comments section. Or send your questions on our IELTSfever Facebook page. Best of luck with your exam Question PDF IELTSFever-academic-reading-test-139.pdf For Answers Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Answers Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Reading Passage Food for thought 2 below. Food for thought 2 {A} There are not enough classrooms at the Msekeni primary school, so half the lessons take place in the shade of yellow-blossomed acacia trees. Given this shortage, it might seem odd that one of the school’s purpose-built classrooms has been emptied of pupils and turned into a storeroom for sacks of grain. But it makes sense. Food matters more than shelter. {B} Msekeni is in one of the poorer parts of Malawi, a landlocked southern African country of exceptional beauty and great poverty. No war lays waste in Malawi, nor is the land unusually crowded or infertile, but Malawians still have trouble finding enough to eat. Half of the children under five are underfed to the point of stunting. Hunger blights most aspects of Malawian life, so the country is as good a place as any to investigate how nutrition affects development, and vice versa. {C} The headmaster at Msekeni, Bernard Kumanda, has strong views on the subject. He thinks food is a priceless teaching aid. Since 1999, his pupils have received free school lunches. Donors such as the World Food Programme (WFP) provide the food: those sacks of grain (mostly mixed maize and soybean flour, enriched with vitamin A) in that converted classroom. Local volunteers do the cooking, turning the dry ingredients into a bland but nutritious slop, and spooning it out onto plastic plates. The children line up in large crowds, cheerfully singing a song called “We are getting porridge”. {D} When the school’s feeding programme was introduced, enrolment at Msekeni doubled. Some of the new pupils had switched from nearby schools that did not give out free porridge, but most were children whose families had previously kept them at home to work. These families were so poor that the long-term benefits of education seemed unattractive when set against the short-term gain of sending children out to gather firewood or help in the fields. One plate of porridge a day completely altered the calculation. A child fed at school will not howl so plaintively for food at home. Girls, who are more likely than boys to be kept out of school, are given extra snacks to take home. {E} When a school takes in a horde of extra students from the poorest homes, you would expect standards to drop. Anywhere in the world, poor kids tend to perform worse than their better-off classmates. When the influx of new pupils is not accompanied by any increase in the number of teachers, as was the case at Msekeni, you would expect standards to fall even further. But they have not. Pass rates at Msekeni improved dramatically, from 30% to 85%. Although this was an exceptional example, the nationwide results of school feeding programmes were still pretty good. On average, after a Malawian school started handing out free food it attracted 38% more girls and 24% more boys. The pass rate for boys stayed about the same, while for girls it improved by 9.5%. {F} Better nutrition makes for brighter children. Most immediately, well-fed children find it easier to concentrate. It is hard to focus the mind on long division when your stomach is screaming for food. Mr Kumanda says that it used to be easy to spot the kids who were really undernourished. “They were the ones who stared into space and didn’t respond when you asked them questions,” he says. More crucially, though, more and better food helps brains grow and develop. Like any other organ in the body, the brain needs nutrition and exercise. But if it is starved of the necessary calories, proteins and micronutrients, it is stunted, perhaps not as severely as a muscle would be, but stunted nonetheless. That is why feeding children at schools work so well. And the fact that the effect of feeding was more pronounced on girls than on boys gives a clue to who eats first in rural Malawian households. It isn’t the girls. {G} On a global scale, the good news is that people are eating better than ever before. Homo sapiens has grown 50% bigger since the industrial revolution. Three centuries ago, chronic malnutrition was more or less universal. Now, it is extremely rare in rich countries. In developing countries, where most people live, plates and rice bowls are also fuller than ever before. The proportion of children under five in the developing world who are malnourished to the point of stunting fell from 39% in 1990 to 30% in 2000, says the World Health Organisation (WHO). In other places, the battle against hunger is steadily being won. Better nutrition is making people cleverer and more energetic, which will help them grow more prosperous. And when they eventually join the ranks of the well off, they can start fretting about growing too fat. Questions 1-7 IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 The IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below. Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. List of Headings (i) Why better food helps students’ learning (ii) A song for getting porridge (iii) Surprising use of school premises (iv) Global perspective (V) Brains can be starved (vi) Surprising academics outcome (vii) Girls are specially treated in the program (viii) How food program is operated (ix) How food program affects school attendance (x) None of the usual reasons xi How to maintain academic standard (1) Paragraph A (2) Paragraph B (3) Paragraph C (4) Paragraph D (5) Paragraph E (6) Paragraph F (7) Paragraph G Questions 8-11 IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage? Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet 8 __________ are exclusively offered to girls in the feeding programme. 9 Instead of going to school, many children in poverty are sent to collect________ in the fields. 10 The pass rate at Msekeni has risen to____________with the help of the feeding programme. 11 Since the industrial revolution, the size of the modern human has grown by_________. Questions 12-13 Choose TWO letters, A-F. Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements are true? (A) Some children are taught in the open air. (B) Malawi have trouble to feed its large population. (C) No new staff were recruited when attendance rose. (D) Girls enjoy a higher status than boys in the family (E) Boys and girls experience the same improvement in the pass rate. (F) WHO has cooperated with WFP to provide grain to the school at Msekeni. Reading Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on the IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Reading Passage Biology of Bitterness below. Biology of Bitterness To many people, grapefruit is palatable only when doused in sugar. Bitter blockers like adenosine monophosphate could change that. {A} There is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses: Most people don’t want to drink more than a few ounces at a time. Naringin , a natural chemical compound found in grapefruit, tastes bitter. Some people like that bitterness in small doses and believe it enhances the general flavor, but others would rather avoid it altogether. So juice packagers often select grapefruit with low naringin content, even though the compound has antioxidant properties that some nutritionists contend may help prevent cancer and arteriosclerosis. {B} It is possible, however, to get the goodness of grapefruit juice without the bitter taste. I found that out by participating in a test conducted at the Linguagen Corporation, a biotechnology company in Cranbury, New Jersey. Sets of two miniature white paper cups, labeled 304 and 305, were placed before five people seated around a conference table. Each of us drank from one cup and then the other, cleansing our palates between tastes with water and a soda cracker. Even the smallest sip of 304 had grapefruit’s unmistakable bitter bite. But 305 was smoother; there was the sour taste of citrus but none of the bitterness of naringin. This juice had been treated with adenosine monophosphate or AMP, a compound that blocks the bitterness in foods without making them less nutritious. {C} Taste research is a booming business these days, with scientists delving into all five basics—sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami, the savory taste of protein. Bitterness is of special interest to industry because of its untapped potential in food. There are thousands of bitter-tasting compounds in nature. They defend plants by warning animals away and protect animals by letting them know when a plant may be poisonous. But the system isn’t foolproof. Grapefruit and cruciferous vegetables like brussels sprouts and kale are nutritious despite and sometimes because of their bitter-tasting components. Over time, many people have learned to love them, at least in small doses. “Humans are the only species that enjoys bitter taste,” says Charles Zuker, a neuroscientist at the University of California School of Medicine at San Diego. “Every other species is averse to bitterness because it means bad news. But we have learned to enjoy it. We drink coffee, which is bitter, and quinine [in tonic water] too. We enjoy having that spice in our lives.” Because bitterness can be pleasing in small quantities but repellent when intense, bitter blockers like AMP could make a whole range of foods, drinks, and medicines more palatable—and therefore more profitable. {D} People have varying capacities for tasting bitterness, and the differences appear to be genetic. About 75 percent of people are sensitive to the taste of the bitter compounds phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil, and 25 percent are insensitive. Those who are sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide seem to be less likely than others to eat cruciferous vegetables, according to Stephen Wooding, a geneticist at the University of Utah. Some people, known as supertasters, are especially sensitive to 6-n-propylthiouracil because they have an unusually high number of taste buds. Supertasters tend to shun all kinds of bitter-tasting things, including vegetables, coffee, and dark chocolate. Perhaps as a result, they tend to be thin. They’re also less fond of alcoholic drinks, which are often slightly bitter. Dewar’s scotch, for instance, tastes somewhat sweet to most people. “But a supertaster tastes no sweetness at all, only bitterness,” says Valerie Duffy, an associate professor of dietetics at the University of Connecticut at Storrs. {E} In one recent study, Duffy found that supertasters consume alcoholic beverages, on average, only two to three times a week, compared with five or six times for the average nontasters. Each taste bud, which looks like an onion, consists of 50 to 100 elongated cells running from the top of the bud to the bottom. At the top is a little clump of receptors that capture the taste molecules, known as tastants, in food and drink. The receptors function much like those for sight and smell. Once a bitter signal has been received, it is relayed via proteins known as G proteins. The G protein involved in the perception of bitterness, sweetness, and umami was identified in the early 1990s by Linguagen’s founder, Robert Margolskee, at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Known as gustducin, the protein triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to changes in ion concentrations within the cell. Ultimately, this delivers a signal to the brain that registers as bitter. “The signaling system is like a bucket brigade,” Margolskee says. “It goes from the G protein to other proteins.” {F} In 2000 Zuker and others found some 30 different kinds of genes that code for bitter taste receptors. “We knew the number would have to be large because there is such a large universe of bitter tastants,” Zuker says. Yet no matter which tastant enters the mouth or which receptor it attaches to, bitter always tastes the same to us. The only variation derives from its intensity and the ways in which it can be flavored by the sense of smell. “Taste cells are like a light switch,” Zuker says. “They are either on or off.” {G} Once they figured out the taste mechanism, scientists began to think of ways to interfere with it. They tried AMP, an organic compound found in breast milk and other substances, which is created as cells break down food. AMP has no bitterness of its own, but when put in foods, Margolskee and his colleagues discovered, it attaches to bitter-taste receptors. As effective as it is, AMP may not be able to dampen every type of bitter taste, because it probably doesn’t attach to all 30 bitter-taste receptors. So Linguagen has scaled up the hunt for other bitter blockers with a technology called high-throughput screening. Researchers start by coaxing cells in culture to activate bitter-taste receptors. Then candidate substances, culled from chemical compound libraries, are dropped onto the receptors, and scientists look for evidence of a reaction. {H} In time, some taste researchers believe, compounds like AMP will help make processed foods less unhealthy. Consider, for example, that a single cup of Campbell’s chicken noodle soup contains 850 milligrams of sodium chloride, or table salt—more than a third of the recommended daily allowance. The salt masks the bitterness created by the high temperatures used in the canning process, which cause sugars and amino acids to react. Part of the salt could be replaced by another salt, potassium chloride, which tends to be scarce in some people’s diets. Potassium chloride has a bitter aftertaste, but that could be eliminated with a dose of AMP. Bitter blockers could also be used in place of cherry or grape flavouring to take the harshness out of children’s cough syrup, and they could dampen the bitterness of antihistamines, antibiotics, certain HIV drugs, and other medications. {I} A number of food makers have already begun to experiment with AMP in their products, and other bitter blockers are being developed by rival firms such as Senomyx in La Jolla, California. In a few years, perhaps, after food companies have taken the bitterness from canned soup and TV dinners, they can set their sights on something more useful: a bitter blocker in a bottle that any of us can sprinkle on our brussels sprouts or stir into our grapefruit juice. Questions 14-21 IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-1, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet. (14) Experiment on bitterness conducted (15) Look into the future application (16) Bitterness means different information for human and animals (17) Spread process of bitterness inside of body (18) How AMP blocks bitterness (19) Some bitterness blocker may help lower unhealthy impact (20) Bitterness introduced from a fruit (21) Genetic feature determines sensitivity Questions 22-25 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet. The reason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance called 22_______contained in it. However, bitterness plays a significant role for plants. It gives a signal that a certain plant is_23________.For human beings, different people carry various genetic abilities to taste bitterness. According to a scientist at the University of Utah, 24________ have exceptionally plenty of 25_________, which allows them to perceive bitter compounds. Questions 26-27 Write your answers in boxes 26-27 on your answer sheet. Question 26 What is the main feature of AMP according to this passage? (A) offset bitter flavor in food (B) only exist in 304 cup (C) tastes like citrus (D) chemical reaction when meets biscuit Question 27 What is the main function of G protein? (A) collecting taste molecule (B) identifying different flavors elements (C) resolving large molecules (D) transmitting bitter signals to the brain Reading Passage 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on the IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Reading Passage Internal and External Marketing below. Internal and External Marketing {A} Employees need to hear the same messages that you send out to the marketplace. At most companies, however, internal and external communications are often mismatched. This can be very confusing, and it threatens employees’ perceptions of the company’s integrity: They are told one thing by management but observe that a different message is being sent to the public. One health insurance company, for instance, advertised that the welfare of patients was the company’s number one priority, while employees were told that their main goal was to increase the value of their stock options through cost reductions. And one major financial services institution told customers that it was making a major shift in focus from being a financial retailer to a financial adviser, but, a year later, research showed that the customer experience with the company had not changed. It turned out that company leaders had not made an effort to sell the change internally, so employees were still churning out transactions and hadn’t changed their behaviour to match their new adviser role. {B} Enabling employees to deliver on customer expectations is important, of course, but it’s not the only reason a company needs to match internal and external messages. Another reason is to help push the company to achieve goals that might otherwise be out of reach. In 1997, when IBM launched its e-business campaign (which is widely credited for turning around the company’s image), it chose to ignore research that suggested consumers were unprepared to embrace IBM as a leader in e-business. Although to the outside world this looked like an external marketing effort, IBM was also using the campaign to align employees around the idea of the Internet as the future of technology. The internal campaign changed the way employees thought about everything they did, from how they named products to how they organized staff to how they approached selling. The campaign was successful largely because it gave employees a sense of direction and purpose, which in turn restored their confidence in IBM’s ability to predict the future and lead the technology industry. Today, research shows that people are four times more likely to associate the term “e-business” with IBM than with its nearest competitor, Microsoft. {C} The type of “two-way branding” that IBM did so successfully strengthens both sides of the equation. Internal marketing becomes stronger because it can draw on the same “big idea” as advertising. Consumer marketing becomes stronger because the messages are developed based on employees’ behaviour and attitudes, as well as on the company’s strengths and capabilities, indeed, the themes are drawn from the company’s very soul. This process can result in a more distinct advertising idea because marketers are more likely to create a message that’s unique to the company. {D} Perhaps even more important, by taking employees into account, a company can avoid creating a message that doesn’t resonate with staff or, worse, one that builds resentment. In 1996, United Airlines shelved its “Come Fly the Friendly Skies” slogan when presented with a survey that revealed the depth of customer resentment toward the airline industry. In an effort to own up to the industry’s shortcomings, United launched a new campaign, “Rising,” in which it sought to differentiate itself by acknowledging poor service and promising incremental improvements such as better meals. While this was a logical premise for the campaign given the tenor of the times, a campaign focusing on customers’ distaste for flying was deeply discouraging to the staff. Employee resentment ultimately made it impossible for United to deliver the improvements it was promising, which in turn undermined the “Rising” pledge. Three years later, United decided employee opposition was undermining its success and pulled the campaign. It has since moved to a more inclusive brand message with the line “United,” which both audiences can embrace. Here, a fundamental principle of advertising-find and address a customer concern-failed United because it did not consider the internal market. {E} When it comes to execution, the most common and effective way to link internal and external marketing campaigns is to create external advertising that targets both audiences. IBM used this tactic very effectively when it launched its e-business campaign. It took out an eight-page ad in the Wall Street Journal declaring its new vision, a message directed at both customers and internal stakeholders. This is an expensive way to capture attention, but if used sparingly, it is the most powerful form of communication; in fact, you need do it only once for everyone in the company to read it. There’s a symbolic advantage as well. Such a tactic signals that the company is taking its pledge very seriously; it also signals transparency – the same message going out to both audiences. {F} Advertising isn’t the only way to link internal and external marketing. At Nike, a number of senior executives now hold the additional title of “Corporate Storyteller.” They deliberately avoid stories of financial successes and concentrate on parables of “just doing it,” reflecting and reinforcing the company’s ad campaigns. One tale, for example, recalls how legendary coach and Nike co-founder Bill Bowerman, in an effort to build a better shoe for his team, poured rubber into the family waffle iron, giving birth to the prototype of Nike’s famous Waffle Sole. By talking about such inventive moves, the company hopes to keep the spirit of innovation that characterizes its ad campaigns alive and well within the company. {G} But while their messages must be aligned, companies must also keep external promises a little ahead of internal realities. Such promises provide incentives for employees and give them something to live up to. In the 1980s, Ford turned “Quality is Job ! ” from, an internal rallying cry into a consumer slogan in response to the threat from cheaper, more reliable Japanese cars. It did so before the claim was fully justified, but by placing it in the public arena, it gave employees an incentive to match the Japanese. If the promise is pushed too far ahead, however, it loses credibility. When a beleaguered British Rail launched a campaign announcing service improvement under the banner “We’re Getting There,” it did so prematurely. By drawing attention to the gap between the promise and the reality, it prompted destructive press coverage. This, in turn, demoralized staff, who had been legitimately proud of the service advances they had made. Questions 28-34 IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Use the information in the passage to match the company (listed A-F) with correct category or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more than once (A) legendary anecdote inspire employees successfully (B) advertisement campaigns inspire employees and ensure a leading role in business (C) improper ads campaign brings negative effect (D) internal and external announcements are different (E) the campaign brings positive and realistic expectations internally (F) a bad slogan that failed both to win support internally and raise standards to its poor service (28) One health insurance Company (29) British Rail (30) IBM (31) United Airline (32) A financial service company (33) A Shoemaking company (Nike) (34) The Company of (Ford) Questions 35-38 IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 In boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is True FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN If the information is not given in the passage (35) Employers in almost all companies successfully make their employees fully understand the outside campaign. (36) Currently IBM is more prominent in the area of E-business (37) United Airlines finally gave up on an ads slogan due to a survey in 1996. (38) Nike had improved company performance by telling employees legendary corporation stories. Questions 39-40 IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Choose Two correct letters below Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet. Please choose TWO approaches in the IELTSFever Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 passage mentioned that were employed as company strategy: (A) promoting the visual effect of their products’ advertisement (B) launching inspiring campaigns internally (C) introducing inner competition (D) learning how to tell stories among senior executives (E) applying an appropriate slogan For Answers Academic IELTS Reading Test 139 Answers Leave a Comment Scroll to Top
Skip to Main Content EOP Students: Engaging with Information and Research: Preparing to Do Research This guide has been developed for EOP students in their first year at the University at Albany, but may prove useful beyond that year. It provides resources for engaging with information both as a consumer of it, as well as a producer. Before You Start Searching for Information It is very likely you will find many sources on the topic you select. Selecting two from the first screen is not the best way to proceed. Instead, before you start searching, think about these questions: 1. Who is your audience? 2. What type of information would they find interesting? 3. Consider your topic. What aspects of it might be particularly interesting? 4. How could you narrow it down when you start to search? Worksheet: The 4 W's Use these questions to guide you as you develop your research topic. This worksheet will download to your device. Choosing a Manageable Research Topic College Research: Choosing and Evaluating Sources Avoid Research Anxiety! You’ve just been assigned a research paper/project/presentation. You aren’t sure where to start and you are feeling a bit queasy. You aren’t alone. Many students feel exactly the same way. Take a look through these tips, take a deep breath, and you are on your way! stress free zone
Ignore the URL at your peril In the online world, the URL is ever-present. It is the digital home of businesses large and small, the currency of social exchange, the thread on which the hyperlinked web exists. There can be few more important building blocks to the internet as we know it, but all too often the humble URL has been abused or even downright ignored as technologies have pushed their way to the limelight. The URL has a long history. As with most the building blocks of the internet, the specification for a URL can be found online in form of RFC 1738, a technical document laying out the particular structure of http://domain/path we all know so well. RFC (or Request For Comment) 1738 was published in 1994, and specifies how a URL is composed of the scheme (we know http best), an optional port, the domain, the path of the resource, and any query parameters. This can be written as ://:/?. Knowing how to break a URL down into its constituents can be useful. For example, many people do not know that the query part (everything after the first question mark) can be further broken down into name=value pairs, separated by ampersand (&) symbols. As an example, the URL http://www.google.com/search?q=rfc1738&btnI=1 takes me straight the RFC — in this case setting the parameter “btnI” equal to “1” is like pressing “I’m Feeling Lucky” on a google.com search. The URL is great because it lends itself to being a readable, copyable identifier for bits of content on the web — kind of like cards in a gigantic library index system, allowing us to precisely reference information quickly and easily. However, they have not always been used in this manner and over the years many technologies have either ignored them or abused them, often with significant consequences. In the ignored category, a front-runner must surely be Flash websites. While Flash does in theory support deep-linking to content within a Flash application, in practice this is rarely done and a Flash site is presented as a single URL, no matter how deep into the (no doubt immersive) content one has travelled. This makes sharing that content difficult, and causes no end of problems for applications that use these sites such as search engines. In turn, Flash has greatly suffered from its opaqueness, leading (in part) to its waning popularity today. Also in the ignored category is Facebook. Despite the immense volume of content being produced on Facebook, there exists no consistent way to get a link to a post on Facebook, let alone a comment to that post. This criticism could perhaps be extended to most blog comments, but at Facebook’s scale it’s either deliberate or a gross oversight. We should not have to screenshot posts and comments to share them with our friends. Abusing URLs on the other hand is something almost everyone was guilty of in the past. Ten years ago (before the rise of SEO, Social and Web 2.0) URLs were often very long and difficult to read as developers created frameworks and sites without regard for the aesthetics or utility of their URLs. Luckily however, the need for clean, concise URLs containing relevant keywords became important and URL abuse began to recede. It’s really great to see platforms like Ruby on Rails use thoughtful convention over configuration to make URLs like http://www.mylibrary.com/books/list commonplace. More recently, however, the URL has been under siege from something called the hashbang. These are URLs that look like http://twitter.com/#!/craigraw, containing a hash symbol and a bang (exclamation mark). The interesting thing here is that according to RFC 1738, everything after the hash is not transmitted to the server — hashes are designed to be used locally on a single page to jump to different areas on that page without needing to go back to the server. With Twitter, though, the use is entirely different. The JavaScript on the homepage looks at the part after the hash and updates the page dynamically with my tweets. If I change something on the page, the hash can be updated by the JavaScript and if I paste the URL into another browser tab the same updated page should be rendered. Sounds fine, except when I share a hashbang link with a friend who’s on mobile, and the server redirects him to the mobile site. Since the server doesn’t receive what comes after the hash, it cannot possibly send my friend to the actual content. Worse, if you’re a search engine spider without JavaScript, that content is completely unavailable. Google has tried to fix this, but ultimately it’s a fix for a broken way of doing things. The problem lies with abusing the URL — the hash was only meant to be used to jump around a single page, not to identify the different pages in a JavaScript application. Luckily, in the case of hashbangs, HTML5 has come to our collective rescue and we have the History API, enabling us to have gorgeous JavaScript-enabled applications that still allow deep linking to content with normal URLs. Given the importance of the URL, it’s a critical feature as we move to a world of JavaScript-driven sites and applications. Hopefully we can learn from history and give the URL the proper respect it deserves. Indeed, we have no alternative as we embrace the concept of a semantic web and all the benefits it promises. In closing, consider these three points: Ignore the URL at your peril: History has shown that technologies that do so are ultimately swimming upstream. Cool URLs don’t change: Tim Berners-Lee made this point back in 1998, and it’s still true today. Consider URLs modern day business cards: They represent you, your products and your data – make them usable and they will more likely get used. Image: contacturl Welcome to Memeburn
Write An Essay Separate Introduction Body Paragraph S Conclusion About The Follo Write an essay (separate introduction, body paragraph[s], conclusion) about the following poem. • minimum of 350 words • The submission will not be a summary of the poem or a line-by-line retelling of the poem’s meaning. • Include information about how at least six different literary devices affect the poem, referring to specific items within the poem using line numbers or by citing words/phrases that support the discussion. • Be sure to include your interpretation of the poem within the analysis of these devices. “O my Luve’s like a red, red rose” by Robert Burns Can anyone answer this in the next 30 minutes? Order Now
How Can We Help? < All Topics What is BPA and do People in Plastic products contain BPA? BPA stands for Bisphenol A, which is an industrial chemical that is used to make polycarbonate and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastic is a lightweight, high performance plastic that is used in a variety of products, including some reusable food and drink containers. Epoxy resins are used mainly in plastic protective coatings, for example, as protective liners in metal cans. Plastics marked with a #7 are often polycarbonate and may contain BPA. People in Plastic do not sell products made with #7 plastic. We sell Australian made products and our suppliers use top grade resins that are BPA free. Previous What is the difference between a keg, a carboy and a drum? Next Are your products UV Protected? Table of Contents
Deformable Microphone Arrays This post describes our paper “Motion-Robust Beamforming for Deformable Microphone Arrays,” which won the best student paper award at WASPAA 2019. When our team designs wearable microphone arrays, we usually test them on our beloved mannequin test subject, Mike A. Ray. With Mike’s help, we’ve shown that large wearable microphone arrays can perform much better than conventional earpieces and headsets for augmented listening applications, such as noise reduction in hearing aids. Mannequin experiments are useful because, unlike a human, Mike doesn’t need to be paid, doesn’t need to sign any paperwork, and doesn’t mind having things duct-taped to his head. There is one major difference between mannequin and human subjects, however: humans move. In our recent paper at WASPAA 2019, which won a best student paper award, we described the effects of this motion on microphone arrays and proposed several ways to address it. Beamformers, which use spatial information to separate and enhance sounds from different directions, rely on precise distances between microphones. (We don’t actually measure those distances directly; we measure relative time delays between signals at the different microphones, which depend on distances.) When a human user turns their head – as humans do constantly and subconsciously while listening – the microphones near the ears move relative to the microphones on the lower body. The distances between microphones therefore change frequently. In a deformable microphone array, microphones can move relative to each other. Microphone array researchers have studied motion before, but it is usually the sound source that moves relative to the entire array. For example, a talker might walk around the room. That problem, while challenging, is easier to deal with: we just need to track the direction of the user. Deformation of the array itself – that is, relative motion between microphones – is more difficult because there are more moving parts and the changing shape of the array has complicated effects on the signals. In this paper, we mathematically analyzed the effects of deformation on beamformer performance and considered several ways to compensate for it. Continue reading
Social Control of Children—Chicago Neighborhood Study Social Control of Children—Chicago Neighborhood Study Sampson‚ Morenoff & Earls‚ 19992 How likely is it that your neighbors can be counted on to “do something” if … 1. Children were skipping school and hanging out on a street corner? 2. Children were spray-painting graffiti on a local building? 3. Children were showing disrespect to an adult? • social cohesion This instrument can be found on page 357 of Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes‚ Behaviors‚ and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools‚ available online at: Point values are assigned as follows: Very likely = 5 Likely = 4 Neither likely nor unlikely = 3 Unlikely = 2 Very unlikely = 1 Point values are summed and then divided by the total number of items. Higher scores indicate higher levels of child-centered social control. Sampson RJ‚ Morenoff JD‚ Earls F. Beyond social capital: spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review 1999;64:633-660.
Data Storage and Memory Overview What Is Data Storage? The term data storage refers to any type of device that has information recorded to it, although today, it generally refers to a device that will store digital information. Many different types of digital data exist, including digital video, pictures, databases, text, programs, email, and more. Primary data storage is the RAM, random access memory, which is rewritten and erased regularly. It is a method of temporary data storage before being saved to the secondary devices, and most will generally feel that this falls more firmly into the category of memory rather than storage, since it does not store permanently. Secondary data storage includes other sorts of storage that are not the primary storage. These could be internal hard drives, flash memory, CD-ROM disks, and other secondary storage elements described later within this article. When most people use the term data storage, they are thinking of these secondary devices rather than the information on the RAM. What Is Memory? Computer memory can refer to many different types of memory inside of a computer. Most of the time, people use the term to refer to random access memory. This type of memory is electronic rather than mechanical, and when you turn off the computer it disappears since the information is stored in the RAM rather than the hard drive or other secondary data storage device. Most computers today will have several GBs of RAM, and this can help them to perform more tasks at the same time. What Is the Difference Between Data Storage and Memory? The two terms are often used interchangeably since they are both measured in bytes, and it is easy to confuse them. They are different though. Data storage allows the user to save information and files from their computer to their hard drive. The memory allows the user to access those files. Along with processors speed, hard drive speed and other factors, the speed and capacity of RAM plays a significant role in the perceived speed of computers. The RAM will keep the items, such as text, on the computer screen while one is working and has the file open. Saving the information to the hard drive allows you to turn off the computer and still retain the information. The information is not in the RAM though; it is not on the data storage device. What Types of Data Storage and Memory Solutions Exist? How Does Each Type Work and What Are They Used For? What Are Card Readers? A card reader, sometimes called a media card reader, is a piece of hardware that allows users to read and write data to and from a memory card. Some of the readers have just a single slot for a single type of memory card, such as an SD card. However, others have solutions for multiple types of cards. They will typically connect to a computer via a USB. However, some computers have card readers built into them. Laptops, as well as some printers, cameras, and even televisions may have a card reader on them for utilizing different types of media. Some of the common slots found on card readers include MiniSD, MicroSD, MS/DUO, and M2 cards. What Are Compact Flash Cards? A compact flash card, or CF card, is a type of storage device that features a 50-pin connector. The device is quite common for storage with digital cameras, as well as other portable devices. The storage capacity on these cards can range quite a bit – from a mere 2 MB in the case of the older cards, but that number is constantly expanding. What Are Computer Memory Modules? A computer memory module, or memory board, is part of the internal workings of a computer. They are circuit boards that feature connectors that will plug into a computer’s motherboard. They go right into the memory slot. The circuit boards feature DRAM integrated circuits of various sizes. Once, they were proprietary for different types of computers, but today, most of the memory modules will work with the majority of computers. However, laptops may still have proprietary memory in some cases. What Are Data Tapes? Data tapes are another form of storage for digital information. The user stores the information to magnetic data tapes, which are usually packed into some type of cartridge. The only way to use these devices to record data is via a tape drive. One of the advantages of this type of storage is that it is possible to store a large amount of data in a very small space at a relatively low cost. They can be useful for those who need to store massive amounts of data. What Are Desktop Hard Drives? Desktop hard drive generally refers to external hard drives and backup drives, although it can also refer to the internal hard drive on the desktop. The external drives often connect to the computer through a USB connector, which makes it easier to send or receive data quickly from the desktop to the drive. Many manufacturers make these external drives today, and they are readily available in many different storage capacities. The capacity of the drives is constantly increasing and what were large drives yesterday end up being comparatively small drives today. As the price of storage drops, it is making more sense for buyers to choose larger hard drives. What Are Floppy Disk Drives? A floppy disk drive, or FDD, is a type of disk drive that lets the user save data on removable diskettes. Over the years, many different types of floppy drives have been on the market with the original 8” drives starting all the way back in 1971, before there was a consumer need for them. Later came the 5.25” floppy drives, and then the 3.5” drives. While they were popular for quite a while, and some still have diskettes they use, they are out of style because they simply do not have the requisite space that people need today. Other types of storage replaced them. What Are Floppy Disks? The first floppy disk was created by IBM in 1967, but it did not come out until 1971. As mentioned in the previous section, it was an 8” disk. It featured a cardboard case and magnetic coating. The capacity for the disk was just 1 MB. The 5.25” floppy from later in the 1970s had only 160 KB of space at first, but eventually went up to 1.2 MB. They were quite common from the late 70s all the way through to the late 80s. The 3.5” diskettes replaced them in the 90s and were in use for most of the decade, although CDs supplanted them by the first part of the 2000s. What Are Internal Hard Drives? The internal hard drive disk, or HDD, is the main area where the computer stores all of its information permanently. These have been around for more than half a century, with the first one introduced in 1956. The drives are usually in the internal drive bay located toward the front of the computer. They will connect to the motherboard via a cable (ATA, SATA, or SCSI). Hard drive disks are starting to be replaced in the newer computers coming onto the market with solid state drives, discussed later in the article. What Are Portable Hard Drives? Portable hard drives are similar to external hard drives. The main difference between the two is the size. While the external drives are generally portable, technically, they are usually too large to fit into a pocket and they are not convenient to take with you on the go. The portable hard drives are a different story. They are smaller, and they will connect to the computer through a USB cable as well. Because of the small size of hard drives denoted as being portable, it is easy to take them with you. What Kinds of Accessories Exist for Hard Drives? A number of different types of accessories exist for hard drives today, including mounting brackets and kits for HDDs that go inside of your computer. Some of the other types of accessories include hard drive docking stations, power adaptors for cables, enclosure kits, USB adaptors, and even carrying cases for the external and portable hard drives. What Are Memory Sticks? Memory sticks have been around since 1998 when Sony introduced them. They started as flash memory cards used for digital cameras, and over the years, a number of different models of these memory sticks came to market. The memory sticks vary in their storage capacity and manufacturers are always increasing the amount of storage that they can provide. What Are NAS? NAS stands for Network Attached Storage. This is any type of storage device connected to a network and whose purpose is simply to provide that network with more storage space. This type of storage does not actually have any processing power at all, as the processing is done on the server side. It is impossible to use the NAS for running programs shared on a network. What Are Secure Digital Cards? Secure digital cards, known by most as SD cards, are some of the most common types of memory cards used with electronics today. Hundreds of different brands are on the market today, and they work with countless types of electronic devices. Some of the most common devices that make use of the SD cards include digital cameras, as well as phones. In addition to the standard SD cards, there are also MiniSD cards and MicroSD cards. Even though they are smaller, the cards can still hold the same amount of data as their larger counterparts. The reason for the smaller cards is simply to accommodate many of the smaller electronic devices that make use of them. What Are SmartMedia Cards? SmartMedia cards are flash memory cards and they were one of the first of these sorts of cards to enter the market. They were common for use in many electronic devices, but most people remember using them with digital cameras. They were on the market for a number of years, but they had a small capacity that could not keep up with the greater storage demands of most people. They could hold between 2 MB and 128 MB, and they consider these obsolete today. What Are Solid State Drives (SSD)? Solid state drives are a type of storage device that is gaining quite a bit of popularity today. They do not involve any moving parts, thus the name solid state. They do not use magnetic disks either. RAM uses this sort of memory. The reason for the rise in popularity in these types of drives is the speed for the most part. They can help computers and devices to boot quickly and to operate better than those utilizing HDDs. People like the better performance. However, that does come at a price. The cost of the SSDs is higher than HDDs, and they are currently not able to hold quite as much data as the older HDDs. Another one of the benefits of the SDDs is that they are durable. Since they do not have any moving parts, they can last quite a bit longer. What Are USB Flash Drives? USB flash drives, also called data sticks, thumb drives, and jump drives, are a type of portable drive that will fit right into the USB port on computers and other devices. Some televisions have USB drives, so people can access some of their media right through their televisions. They are very easy to use, and are convenient for those who want to store and transfer information. Flash drives have, like other such products, greatly increased in size over the years and continue to increase in size as manufacturing techniques an technology itself become more advanced. As the price of memory comes down, the price of these types of drives is falling. With so many different options for storing data, make sure you take the time to find the storage options that are the best for you and your needs. Leave a comment
Battery Ebike Soldering – What’s An Ebike? What is an Ebike? To put it short, an Ebike is a crossbreed automobile that was originally created as a bike with both an electric motor and a battery. They are similar to hybrid vehicles but have the advantage of not using both gas and electrical power when they remain in motion. Rather they use their own source of power, which can either be a battery or a gasoline engine. Although Ebikes have been around for a long time, they are coming to be more preferred in the last few years as even more people are realizing the advantages they supply. The reason that even more people are choosing to use e-bikes is due to the fact that they’re quiet, they’re simple to navigate, and they’re reasonably economical. A lot of e-bikes evaluate under 3 extra pounds, that makes them a lot easier to take on than a traditional bicycle. If you want to ride your bike, you simply band it to your handlebars. You don’t need to bother with readjusting it as you would with a standard bike. One point you might ask is “What’s an ebike?” An ebike is additionally called an electric bike, recumbent bike, or just a bike. E-bikes are differentiated by their handlebars and also their pedals. Whereas standard bicycles have pedals, an ebike has no pedals. Battery Ebike Soldering Ebikes are not just taken into consideration to be a type of bicycle, yet likewise a way of transportation. Several Ebikes work on electrical energy, so they can be utilized as a way of transportation. This is usually utilized by those who have a great deal of problem rising from a seated position. Others make use of e-bikes as a means of working out, given that a lot of them have the ability to use their pedals in case of an emergency. Ebikes have actually come a long way for many years. There was a time when bikes were absolutely nothing greater than easy, regular bikes with fancy names. Today, electrical bikes have actually undergone a total transformation, becoming what many individuals would consider to be a full-fledged bike. The first e-bikes were not really efficient, but points have actually altered substantially for many years. Today’s ebike is as efficient as any other motorcycle out there, and a lot of are incredibly streamlined and contemporary in style. If you have been asking the concern “what is an ebike?” for rather a long time, then it’s most likely that you will be ready to acquire one of your own. Electric bikes are a lot more preferred than ever, and you may find yourself wanting to acquire one asap. If this holds true, make certain to take your time and search prior to making a decision, since you wish to obtain the most effective deal possible. There are a few things you need to bear in mind when you are acquiring an ebike. You need to first of all make sure that the motorbike you choose is lawful in the area where you live. Some cities do not permit you to ride an ebike when driving as they deem them to be a prohibited activity. Additionally, you require to inspect the motorbike over very carefully to ensure it does not have any type of troubles that could affect you while riding it. Finally, make sure you do not end up investing more money than you meant by getting a bike that has some kind of damage. If you are considering purchasing an elite, you need to certainly learn more about them. Particularly, you will need to know what the present regulations are so you can make an informed choice concerning whether you wish to acquire one. It is necessary to bear in mind that bikes are still a reasonably new idea, therefore there are lots of potential issues that can develop as modern technology advances additionally. Additionally, if you choose to go on with purchasing an elite, you will certainly wish to bear in mind that they tend to cost a large amount greater than regular motorcycles. While you can save cash by looking around, it is also possible to overpay for something that becomes a dud. Battery Ebike Soldering
Online Reference For Body, Mind & Spirit Term: Homeopathy Homeopathy is a medical science that uses the energy pattern of natural substances to mimic illness and stimulate healing. It is based on two principles: “Like Cures Like” and “The Minimum Dose.” The first principle, “Like cures like,” means that any substance which can produce symptoms in a healthy person can cure the same symptoms in a person who is sick. For example, when you chop onions it produces the symptoms of watering eyes and burning nose. A remedy made from onion can cure those symptoms in a person with allergies or hay fever. Poison ivy produces a burning, itching rash and stiff, painful joints. A homeopathic remedy made from poison ivy is used to treat everything from rashes and burns to rheumatoid arthritis. The second principle, “The Minimum Dose,” tells us to use the least amount of medicine necessary to stimulate healing. To conform to this principle, homeopaths use remedies from which all toxic substances have been removed, leaving only the energy pattern. It is this energy pattern that evokes a healing response. The remedy provides information to your body/mind about healing. It is similar to the way a floppy disc can provide information to your computer. Today there are over two thousand homeopathic remedies that are used to treat everything from colds and flu to arthritis, depression, and cancer. Homeopathy is practiced in clinics and hospitals throughout the world. It is part of the National Heath Service in England, France, and the Netherlands. SOURCE: Homeopathy, by Alan V. Schmukler
Engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behaviour under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.” The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts. Browse Subcategories Featured Articles Draper Prize Draper Prize, award given by the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for specific engineering achievements that have significantly affected modern society “by improving the quality of life, providing the ability to live freely and comfortably, and/or permitting access to information.” The... Encyclopedia / Engineering naval architecture naval architecture, the art and science of designing boats and ships to perform the missions and to meet the requirements laid down by the prospective owners and operators. It involves knowledge of mechanics, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, steady and unsteady body motion, strength of materials, and... Encyclopedia / Engineering A cargo ship passing the Golden Gate Bridge, near San Francisco. 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Despite modern technological advances in air and ground transportation, inland waterways continue to play a vital role and, in many areas, to grow substantially. This... Encyclopedia / Engineering Encyclopedia / Engineering Seto Great Bridge electronics, branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons and with electronic devices. Electronics encompasses an exceptionally broad range of technology. The term originally was applied to the study of electron behaviour and... Encyclopedia / Engineering Encyclopedia / Engineering compound microscope radiation measurement radiation measurement, technique for detecting the intensity and characteristics of ionizing radiation, such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays or neutrons, for the purpose of measurement. The term ionizing radiation refers to those subatomic particles and photons whose energy is sufficient to cause... Encyclopedia / Engineering hand tool hand tool, any of the implements used by craftspersons in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A craftsperson may... Encyclopedia / Engineering hand tools harbours and sea works Encyclopedia / Engineering Engineering Subcategories Annadurai, Mylswamy Aerospace Engineering & Aviation Civil engineering Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public. The term was first used in the 18th century to distinguish the newly recognized profession from military engineering, until then preeminent. Vannevar Bush with Differential Analyzer Electrical Engineering Gilbreth, Lillian Evelyn Industrial Engineering ax Mechanical Engineering Meigs, Montgomery C. Military Engineering Military engineering, the art and practice of designing and building military works and of building and maintaining lines of military transport and communications. Military engineering is the oldest of the engineering skills and was the precursor of the profession of civil engineering. subcategory placeholder Naval Architecture subcategory placeholder Nuclear Engineering Nuclear engineering is based on fundamental principles of physics and mathematics that describe nuclear interactions and the transport of neutrons and gamma rays. These phenomena in turn are dependent on heat transfer, fluid flow, chemical reactions, and behaviour of materials when subjected to radiation. subcategory placeholder Robotics Robotics, Design, construction, and use of machines (robots) to perform tasks done traditionally by human beings. Robots are widely used in such industries as automobile manufacture to perform simple repetitive tasks, and in industries where work must be performed in environments hazardous to humans. Many aspects of robotics involve artificial intelligence.
List of top 10 largest economies of the world by GDP List of top 10 largest economies of the world by GDP • A country’s GDP is the major determinant to rank the country’s position among the global economies. • Based on the GDPs of different countries, the order might shift slightly from year to year though the key players largely remain the same. • Here are the top 10 largest national economies for 2020 based on their latest GDP 1. United States Confronting some domestic challenges around these times, USA is also pitted against the fast changing global landscape. However, till date, the US economy is the largest in the world. Making up 20% of the global output, the US economy exceeded USD 21 trillion in 2019. The most sophisticated service sector of the US accounts for 80% of its GDP. In 2020, the estimated growth of the US GDP is 1.7%. 2. China Over the last few decades, China’s economy has experienced phenomenal growth following the 1978 economic reforms. China’s manufacturing hub accounts for the largest share of the country’s GDP. Modernization in China has given momentum to the growth of the tertiary sector also during the present times. China takes a novel approach to economy known as “New Normal” and a 6.3% growth rate is projected of the USD 13.41 trillion. 3. Japan Ranked as the third in the world, the Japanese economy is estimated in terms of its GDP valued at USD 5.2 trillion in 2019. The wide spread measures known as Quantitative Easing helped the country outperform the economies of the US and UK in 2004. Following a setback in 2008, forecasts say Japan’s economy will grow by 1.1% 4. Germany Between the years 1999 and 2008, Germany experienced 1.6% average growth in its GDP. The main determinant of Germany’s economy is its capital goods export segment. Flowing a slowdown in growth between 2011 and 2013, the German’s economy has been bouncing back over the recent years. However, with its GDP of USD 4.2 trillion, the country’s economy is growing at the rate of 1.8% annually. 5. United Kingdom On average, UK’s GDP grew at an average of 2.8% from 1999 to 2008. Plummeting of private fixed investment led to the falling of GDP by 5.2% in 2009. Rebounding eventually, the country’s GDP experienced 1.7% expansion in 2010. Since the beginning of 2017, the GDP growth has stuttered and fell behind the EU average. With its nominal GDP of USD 3.2 trillion, UK is expected to continue its position among the top 5 economies with a growth rate of 1.5%. 6. India Very soon, India is projected to overtake the UK's economy to capture a place among the five top economies of the world. In 2018, India overtook France's economy with a GDP of USD 2.9 trillion. Decrease of current account deficit and the booming of stock market in India has contributed to its economy bouncing back after a temporary setback over the past decade. Recently, India’s economy became the fastest growing in the world overtaking the growth rate of that of China. The growth rate is forecasted at 7.4%. 7. France The seventh largest in the world as on date, France’s economy makes up one-fifth of the Euro area GDP at USD 2.9 trillion. The country’s services sector accounts for 70% of its GDP. France leads the world in the automotive, aerospace and railway sectors. Enduring the economic crisis very well, France’s economy is growing at a steady pace expected to increase by 1.7%. 8. Italy Despite political instability, stagnation of economy and slow structural reforms, Italy has managed to grow its GDP at a steady pace. The nominal GDP of the country is valued at USD 2.1 trillion increasing by 1.3% annually seeing the country occupy the 8th position among the global best performers in GDP. 9. Brazil For so long, Brazilian commodities were highly in demand which accounted for the GDP growth of 3.4% between 1999 and 2008. After shrinking 0.3% in 2009, Brazil’s GDP witnessed the highest growth ever of 7.5% in 2010. Reporting a steady growth since then with 0.3% contraction in 2015 and 2016, Brazil is expected to see a nominal GDP of USD 2.0 trillion. 10. Canada The 10th largest economy of the world just ahead of Russia, Canada showed up a strong economic growth between 1999 and 2008. Following a short contraction in the next year, Canada has been showing up a steady growth in GDP Canada could expand it by 1.4% year on year. Shortly Canada’s GDP might touch 1.8 trillion with an annual growth rate of 2.0%.
Quirks & Quarks Blowing up Batteries - for Science! Researchers take 3-D, high speed x-rays of Lithium-ion batteries as they are heated to the point of failure, in an attempt to make them more reliable. Scientists test rechargeable batteries to destruction Thermal camera image of battery at failure, with hot gases escaping through vents at the top of the battery (Donal Finegan, UCL) Lithium ion batteries are ubiquitous in our modern electronic devices, powering everything for medical implants to cell phones to electric cars. They fail rarely, but when they do, it can be spectacular - and dangerous. To understand how these batteries do fail, Dr. Paul Shearing, a senior lecturer in Chemical Engineering at University College London, and his colleagues, stress-tested batteries by massively overheating them, and observing the explosive outcome with thermal cameras and high-speed X-ray imaging to get a slow-motion 3-D picture of what happens when these batteries fail. They hope understanding battery failure will help with the development of safety features that will make rechargeable batteries even more reliable. And as Dr. Shearing admits, watching stuff blow up is fun. Related Links - Paper in Nature Communications - University College London release BBC News story Scientific American story
Stories, Context, and the Lived Experience of Black Entrepreneurs, Module III: Housing Insecurity William Romani January 3, 2022 Ethics & Social Justice 1 page Housing, Homelessness, Redlining, Black Women, Shelters, Design Thinking, Case Study, Oral History, racism, investments, Social Wealth Creation Student Price: Average rating: Each night in Baltimore approximately 2700 people are without a consistent or overnight place to live. For these residents, the barriers to affordable housing stem from historically discriminatory policies that segregated Blacks into overcrowded, underfunded communities and a systematic reduction in public housing units. The goals of this module are for students to apply pre-requisite knowledge, skills, and concepts related to housing policy, federal loan programs, and key court decisions in order to state, comprehend, and evaluate the devastation of the anti-Black housing practices from both a business and human perspective. Click "Play" or the link below to access the full module. Learning Outcomes: After completing this module students should be able to… 1. Identify the anti-Black private, public, and legal structures that created and sanctioned the following discriminatory practices in predominantly Black U.S. cities 1. Red lining 2. Restrictive covenants 3. Deed restriction 4. Public housing demolition 5. "White Flight" 6. Section 8 housing voucher program 2. Understand the cumulative impact that redlining, restrictive housing and deed covenants, and government funded public housing demolition have had on forced displacement and availability of public housing for Black and housing insecure individuals and families in Baltimore. 3. Understand the relationship between poverty and food, health care and housing insecurity. 4. Compare and contrast the additional burdens of housing insecurity on the following; families, children, LGBT, college students, persons with physical and emotional disabilities. 5. Be prepared to refute the "common myths" of homelessness both verbally and in written form including; housing costs, employment, healthcare, and the perceived causes of homelessness. 6. Compare and contrast the economic and social impact that historically anti-Black public housing practices have had on the investment and availabilty of housing for white and Black residents in and around Baltimore. 7. Evaluate the intended and realized outcomes of historic and current local and federal prorams like HOPE VI, McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, and the Fair Housing Act on the access safe, affordable housing in predominantly Black cities like Baltimore. 8. Identify areas of need and opportunities that exist to create safe, affordable transitional and long term housing in cities like Baltimore. 9. Identify how organizations, businesses, and institutions like Smalltimore Homes are using a user centered, community owned process to create an equitable system of transitional and long term housing. 10. Demonstrate the personal growth and empathy required to make investments in entrepreneurs and companies that are creating transitional housing models. (in historically redlined neighborhoods.)
FAQ: Which Composer Worked For The Esterhazy Family Haydn Mozart Beethoven Bach Nextreset? Which composer worked for the Esterházy family Haydn Mozart Beethoven Bach? Answer: Haydn was the composer who worked for the Esterhazy family. Explanation: Franz Haydn was one of the most important composers of the classical period. Which composer worked for the Esterházy family quizlet? What genres did Haydn explore under the Esterhazy family? What began to happen as Haydn worked with the Esterhazy family? What was Haydn’s relation to mozart? Who did Haydn work for? Haydn served Prince Miklós for nearly 30 years. He frequently visited Vienna in the prince’s retinue, and on these visits a close friendship developed between himself and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The two composers felt inspired by each other’s work. Who are the big three composers of the classical period? You might be interested: Quick Answer: How Does Mozart Create A Musical Conversation In Piano Concerto No. 17 In G Major? What is one of Mozart most famous pieces of music? What similarities do Mozart and Beethoven share? Explanation: Both Mozart and Beethoven became a famous music composer in their period. Both at a younger age learned to play the piano and showed musical talent. Both Mozart and Beethoven fathers engaged in music. Why is Haydn’s String Quartet Op 76 No 3? 76, No. 3 is nicknamed “Emperor” because: the theme in the second movement is based on a hymn written for the Austrian emperor. How many string quartets did Haydn write? What meter does Haydn use in the second movement of his Symphony No 100 to emulate a march? The second movement of Haydn’s Symphony No. 100 is composed in triple meter. Which composer was a transitional figure? What is the most important instrument in classical period? How did Haydn make a living? After leaving school, Haydn earned a living as a freelance musician, music teacher, and composer. His first steady job came in 1757 when he was hired as music director for Count Morzin. During his time with Count Morzin, Haydn wrote 15 symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas, and possibly his first two string quartets. You might be interested: FAQ: What Did Mozart Look Like In Real Life? Who was his earliest music teacher Haydn? Early Life Haydn soon became an assistant to composer Nicola Porpora in exchange for lessons, and in 1761 he was named Kapellmeister, or “court musician,” at the palace of the influential Esterházy family, a position that would financially support him for nearly 30 years. Why classical music is bad? Who is the most famous composer of classical period? What Really Killed Mozart? December 5, 1791 Leave a Reply
Question: What Instruments Did Mozart Play? What instruments did Mozart play best? One of the greatest composers in Western music history, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a versatile child prodigy. Not only did Mozart begin composing at the age of five, but he was also a multi-instrumentalist, widely known for his ability to play the violin and the piano. What instrument did Mozart learn first? Mozart was a child prodigy. His father—a talented violinist—taught him basic notes on the harpsichord. Mozart composed his first piece of music in 1761, at age five; by age six, he had performed before two imperial courts. What instrument was Mozart afraid of? Mozart — An Irrational Fear of the Trumpet. What instrument did Mozart and Beethoven play? During his youth and musical training in Bonn, Beethoven had extensive, intimate exposure to Mozart’s music. He played Mozart piano concertos with the Bonn court orchestra and performed (playing viola ) in Mozart’s operas. What Really Killed Mozart? Mozart decided to settle in Vienna as a freelance performer and composer and for a time lived with friends at the home of Fridolin Weber. Mozart quickly found work in Vienna, taking on pupils, writing music for publication, and playing in several concerts. You might be interested: What Type Of Piano Did Mozart Play? Who killed Mozart? What two instruments did Mozart play as a child? What is the best Mozart piece? What Are Mozart’s Greatest Masterpieces? • Serenade No. 13 “Eine kleine Nachtmusik” • Symphony No. 41 “Jupiter” • The Magic Flute. • Requiem. • And one more: the “Jeunehomme” Piano Concerto. Did Mozart dislike the flute? Was Mozart a manic? Did Mozart play clarinet? Mozart’s Clarinet Concerto, his final instrumental work, was completed in October 1791, less than two months before the composer’s early death, at the age of just 35. By this stage, the clarinet was still a relatively young orchestral instrument. You might be interested: FAQ: When Did Mozart Meet His Wife? Who was a better pianist Beethoven or Mozart? What would Mozart think of Beethoven? Who is older Mozart or Beethoven? The thirteen-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770, therefore, he was 14 years younger than Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. During Mozart’s time as a child prodigy, the wife of a valet in Koblenz, Mrs. Ludwig van Beethoven, her son, became one of the greatest composers of his time. Leave a Reply
Arts and Leisure 7 Fun Facts About the Trapp Family, Before & After The Sound of Music There’s a lot more to the Trapp Family Singers than you’ll find in The Sound of Music, one of the most beloved (and lucrative) movies of all time. In the film, an Austrian novitiate named Maria leaves the convent temporarily to work as a governess for the seven children of Georg von Trapp, a wealthy widower. She sings with the children and plays outdoors with them. The widower and the novitiate fall in love as Hitler rises to power. They win the Salzburg Festival and start singing professionally. Finally they decide to flee when Hitler annexes Austria. In the final scene, they carry their luggage to freedom over the Alps. The broad outlines of the story are true. Baron Georg von Trapp was indeed a widower, and Maria a young novitiate. The von Trapp family did live in Salzburg and they did sing professionally, starting in 1934. The rest of the real story takes place elsewhere. They toured internationally, then arrived in the United States in late 1938 with little money. They continued performing to critical and popular acclaim. Within four years they could buy a 660-acre farm in Stowe, Vt., which they turned into a summer camp and later a ski lodge. Until 1956, the Trapp Family toured extensively. Then they followed separate careers, though they kept the ski lodge in Stowe. The movie came about because Maria published her memoirs in 1949. She called it The Story of the Trapp Family Singers. A West German film company, Gloria, bought the rights to the book and made a musical comedy drama called Die Trapp Familie, released in 1956. A sequel, The Trapp Family in America, followed in 1958. Rodgers and Hammerstein turn it into a Broadway musical in the fall of 1959, and it ran for more than three years. Then in 1965 came the big one: The Sound of Music, the film But what really happened before – and what happened after — the film now viewed as a cultural treasure? Here are seven fun facts. 1. Georg von Trapp was a war hero. The patriarch of the von Trapp Family, Baron Georg von Trapp, was a highly decorated naval hero for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He served as commander of two U-boats during World War I, sinking 13 Allied vessels. Baron Georg von Trapp, when he was commander of U-5 He received the Military Order of Maria Theresa, Knight’s Cross, for sinking the French armored cruiser Leon Gambetta – the first underwater nighttime attack on a vessel in the Adriatic. While Georg had been born a hereditary knight due to honors bestowed on his father, his valor earned him a knighthood in his own right. Then he was later elevated to baronetcy. But the collapse of the Austro-Hungary Empire after World War I left Austria landlocked and Georg without a naval post. He didn’t need to work for a living, but he did. He lectured and wrote on military history and strategy, published his memoir, To the Last Salute, and ran several international shipping companies. He married Agathe Whitehead, the granddaughter of Robert Whitehead, who invented and manufactured the torpedo. Agathe inherited quite a bit of wealth, but died of scarlet fever in 1922. Georg then married Maria in 1927, when he was 47 and she was 22. Georg von Trapp aboard his U-boat 2. Some of the Trapp Family Singers wanted out. Not all the children wanted to spend their lives singing The Carol of the Drum on stage. By the time the group disbanded, most had reached their thirties and forties and were ready to focus on their own careers, families and interests. Both Rupert and Werner served in The Tenth Mountain Division during World War II and had already spent long stretches not performing during their service. Only Maria’s iron will kept them together until 1956. The real Maria was indeed a novitiate in an Austrian convent. However she bore little resemblance to the sweet, lovely character played by Julie Andrews. She could be difficult and demanding, with an explosive temper. Maria herself told the Washington Post in 1978 that the characters “were too gentle — like girls out of Bryn Mawr.” The Trapp Family Singers actually included Georg’s seven children by his first wife and three with Maria. Later non-family members joined the group as the children moved on to their own careers. Rupert went to medical school and became a doctor. Agathe taught kindergarten in Maryland, and Werner went into farming, Hedwig taught music and Johanna married and eventually returned to live in Austria. Martina also married and died in childbirth; Rosmarie and Eleonore both settled in Vermont. The Trapp Family Singers. When the group broke up, Maria and three of the children went to Papua New Guinea as Catholic missionaries. Maria Franziska worked there as a missionary for 30 years. Johannes ran the Stowe lodge as a ski resort. Years later, the von Trapp grandchildren and great-grandchildren continued the family tradition. Elisabeth von Trapp, Werner’s daughter, became a folk singer who toured, recorded albums and sang the Star Spangled Banner three times at Fenway Park. And four of Werner’s grandchildren formed a singing group, recording five albums over 15 years before disbanding in 2016. Others record and perform in various groups, and some perform with professional symphony orchestras. 3. The Trapp family traveled in a bus for their first two years in the U.S. The bus had “The Trapp Family Singers” painted on the side. They had arrived in the United States in 1938 with only $4.00, having left all their possessions behind. To support themselves, the von Trapp family traveled the country performing. Their first big U.S. concert happened at The Town Hall in New York on Dec. 10, 1938. For 15 years their Town Hall performance was a Yuletide tradition in the city. In December 1940 they performed at Jordan Hall in Boston. They also visited the Massachusetts Statehouse and signed Gov. Leverett Saltonstall’s guest book. Baron Von Trapp gave their address as 252 Merion Rd. in Merion Pa.., where a music lover had offered them refuge. The von Trapps didn’t move to Stowe until 1943. They chose it as their home because it reminded them of the Austrian Tyrol. 4. They didn’t hate The Sound of Music. But they didn’t love it. Some people find The Sound of Music too saccharine. Among those critics were Maria von Trapp and her youngest son, Johannes. Johannes von Trapp said in a 1998 New York Times interview, “it’s not what my family was about. . . . [We were] about good taste, culture, all these wonderful upper-class standards that people make fun of in movies like ‘Titanic.’ We’re about environmental sensitivity, artistic sensitivity. ‘Sound of Music’ simplifies everything. I think perhaps reality is at the same time less glamorous but more interesting than the myth.” The family especially didn’t like the film’s portrayal of Georg as a cold martinet. In reality, he was a warm, attentive father. Maria, appearing on Julie Andrews’ TV show, told her she was “wonderful” in The Sound of Music. Maria complained the film got geography all wrong. “Don’t they know geography in Hollywood? Salzburg does not border on Switzerland!” Had they crossed the Alps from their home in Salzburg, they would have reached Germany. And in reality, they didn’t walk over the Alps. They just crossed the railroad tracks behind their house to the train station. And they went to Italy, not Switzerland. However Maria, a devout Catholic, praised the film for its religious sensibility. She said it brought joy and hope to millions of people, according to her New York Times obituary in 1987. “The great good the film and the play are doing to individual lives is far beyond money,” she said. “So many people write about how much the film has helped them in restoring their confidence in God.” The von Trapp family only made very little money from the movie, which grossed $180 million. 5. Maria didn’t turn the family on to music. The family, including Georg, already sang together when Maria arrived in 1926. They all had grown up with music in the household, and all played instruments. Maria did teach them to sing madrigals. Maria von Trapp from her naturalization photo In 1935, the von Trapps lost a large portion of their money in an Austrian bank collapse. Maria, who had married Georg eight years earlier, dismissed the servants and took in boarders to make ends meet. A local priest, Father Franz Wasner, came to their home to perform a Mass. He was a musical genius who recognized their talent. He taught them Baroque and Renaissance music, ultimately becoming their musical director and helping to mold them into professionals. According to Maria’s book, Trapp Family Book of Christmas Songs, their repertoire included a sixth-century Ambrosian chant, medieval lullabies, dance carols from France and Sweden, a somber Spanish song, a majestic Polish air, a bagpiper’s tune from Naples, gay and haunting German and Austrian music and American folksongs. At Christmas they sang Carol of the Drum, Shepherds Come A-Running, and Il est ne, le Divin Enfant. 6. When the Trapp Family Singers fled their home, they had already been to the U.S. They had gotten their big break when a famous opera singer, Lotte Lehman heard them sing in their home. She suggested they compete at a folk song festival in Salzburg. Then they decided to go on stage. Then known as the Trapp Family Choir, they performed in Austria and Germany in 1936. In 1937 that expanded into Italy, France, the U.K. and Scandinavia. Georg didn’t like the idea of the family performing in public because he felt protective of his children and was uncomfortable with the attention. But Eleonore told the Washington Post in 1987 that he “accepted it as God’s will that they sing for others.” From 1937 to 1938, they toured France, the U.K., the Netherlands, Italy and the United States. In 1939 they returned to Europe where they toured Scandinavia and the Netherlands. Several developments led to the family’s decision to leave Austria. Rupert, who had just finished medical school, was offered a post at a hospital that had sudden vacancies left by known Jewish doctors who had gone missing. Then Hitler offered Georg a naval commission and invited the family to sing at his birthday party. The von Trapps realized they could either go with Hitler or go against him. So they left for the United States. Heinrich Himmler, who engineered the Holocaust, later moved into the von Trapps’ Salzburg home, turning one of the children’s bedrooms into his office. 7. The family went to court over the Trapp Family Lodge. Johannes von Trapp, Maria’s youngest son, was one of several family members who managed the lodge as president. Maria had run the lodge after Georg passed, then Johannes ran it. His nephew George took over for a time until Johannes returned. He said he resented his older siblings because they couldn’t or wouldn’t run the business. Johannes had earned a master’s degree in forestry at Yale while still an undergraduate at Dartmouth and designed the ski trail system. In the late 1960s he hired a Norwegian ski instructor to teach guests to cross country ski. The Trapp Lodge at Christmas The original lodge, a rustic chalet with 28 small rooms and shared bathrooms, expanded but in 1980 burned to the ground. The von Trapp family lost the contents of the lodge and some of their personal effects. They replaced the lodge with a 73-room, $7.5 million building, since expanded to 96 rooms. When Maria died in 1987, 32 family members owned stock in the lodge. By 1994, they wanted to leave the business. The rest of the family sued, believing they didn’t get enough money for their share of the business. Five years later, they won the lawsuit. He regretted it, according to a New York Times interview on Dec. 24, 2008. He said he really wanted to ranch in Montana, and would have preferred a tasteful, dignified hotel to the Trapp family tourist resort. Johannes was horrified when he discovered the gift shop sold a stuffed goat that sings The Lonely Goatherd. The staff hid it from him, and when he found out about it he let it stay because it sold well. Images: The Sound of Music poster By May be found at the following website:, Fair use, To Top

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