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January 26, 2022 The world of science and technology Why Cities Have So Many Pigeons Why Cities Have So Many Pigeons American cities are as much a place for people as they are for pigeons. Our leftover pizzas, bagels, and donuts provide an endless supply of food for these birds. Plus, we feed them. City buildings also mimic the natural seaside cliffs in pigeons’ native range — North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe — making them feel right at home. A New York City Exterminator Tells Us The Places He’d Never Live Why Cities Are Battling Raccoons And Failing The Most Extreme Milk In The Animal Kingdom #Pigeons #Animals #ScienceInsider Visit us at: https://www.businessinsider.com Business Insider on Twitter: https://twitter.com/businessinsider Tech Insider on Twitter: https://twitter.com/techinsider Business Insider/Tech Insider on Amazon Prime: http://read.bi/PrimeVideo Why Cities Have So Many Pigeons
Busy. Please wait. Log in with Clever show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Sign up using Clever Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Didn't know it? click below Knew it? click below Don't know Remaining cards (0) Normal Size Small Size show me how The Music Experience Test 1 Score Music in written form Rhythm Organization and durations of sounds and silences Tempo How fast the beat is going Beat Basic pulse in a composition Syncopation When prominent notes fall between the notes Meter Organized pattern of beats into patterns of stresses Rest Silence Rubato Expressive device of lengthening and shortening the length of a beat Accelerando Beat gets faster Dumka Melancholy with contrasting lively sections Backbeat Something noticeable happens on beats 2 and 4 Ritardando Beat slows down gradually Melody The tune, a collection of rhythm and notes organized into a meaningful whole Conjunct Melody Uses mostly single step wise motion Disjunct Melody Uses a lot of jumps Pitch The highness-lowness of something Frequency Number of wave lengths of something (Hertz) Interval Distance between 2 notes Octave A type of interval featuring a 2:1 ratio of frequency Scale A trip through the musical alphabet Program Where the list of the pieces are fora concert Program Notes Paragraphs written about the music in the program Movement Large section of a larger work, usually set apart by e pause and a change in character and style Multi-movement piece A piece with more than one movement Harmony Created whenever 2 or more pitches are sounded at the same time Accompaniment The music that accompanies the melody Consonance Combination of notes that are in harmony Dissonance Lack of harmony Western Music European based music Tonal Music Music without hierarchy of pitches Dynamics Loudness1softness Forte Strong, loud Piano Soft Pianoforte Piano the instrument Crescendo/Decrescendo Gradually getting louder/softer Texture How many musical lines are occurring at one time Timbre Tone color in music Form The structure of a piece Key Changes When a composer decides to begin using a different scale A Cappella Voices only (as in the chapel) Verse New text to a repeating melody Chorus Same text to a repeating melody Strophic Form Song with repeating melodies and text Da Capo Back to the beginning (the head) Legato Long notes, connected notes Staccato Short notes, spaced Hemiola When triple meter music changes 2x3 to 3x2 Cadence Series of chords or notes that brings the music to at least a temporary close The Seven Broad Categories Rhythm, melody, timbre, harmony, dynamics, texture, form The Four O-phones Chordophone (string), aerophone (woodwind and brass), idiophone (percussion), membranophone (drums) I Chord 1, 3, and 5 IV Chord 4, 6, and 8 V Chord 5, 7, and 2 Song #1 Chopin- Estude in E major, Op. 10, No. 3 "Tristesse" Song #2 Handel-"Alla Hornpipe" from Water Music (underlined) Composer Person who writes music Arrangement Arranger taking pre-existing piece and making it as you like Created by: 564352003 Popular Music sets Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards
5 Famous UFO Sightings Across the World From flying saucers over Washington to a WWII battle in Los Angeles, we count down five of the most famous UFO sightings in history outside of Roswell. Roswell is often considered the most infamous UFO incident of all time, but reports of unidentified flying objects certainly didn’t begin (or end) there. For thousands of years, people have described seeing strange flying structures of light, clouds, even fire. But as our cultural fascination grew with extraterrestrial life in the 20th century, so did the number of UFO sightings. As Josh Gates and the Expedition Unknown: Hunt for Extraterrestrials crew embark on their exploration of Roswell and other UFO incidents by talking to researchers, historians and eyewitnesses around the world, we’ll look back on some of the other most famous reported UFO sightings in history. The Rendlesham Forest Incident UFO trail sign at Rendlesham Forest, Suffolk, England (Photo by: Geography Photos/Universal Images Group via Getty Images) Photo by: Geography Photos Geography Photos Sometimes referred to as “Britain’s Roswell,” the U.K.’s most well-known UFO sightings were reported in late 1980 on a Royal Air Force military base near England’s east coast. On Dec. 26 of that year, the first sighting occurred when two United States Air Force members reported seeing lights falling to Earth over nearby Rendlesham Forest at around 3 a.m. According to an official Air Force memo that later documented the incident, the servicemen entered the forest to investigate and saw a metallic object giving off lights and moving around. When local police arrived, they reportedly didn’t see any lights other than the bright beacon of a nearby lighthouse, but later discovered markings near the site. A few days later, more servicemen went to investigate the forest site and reported seeing three bright lights in the sky that shone for hours. Astronomers and researchers have disputed the sightings as bright stars and the site markings as indentations made by animals, while the lieutenant who wrote the memo and a few witnesses maintain what they reported in December 1980. PS: Hear more from eyewitness and base commander at the time Lt. Col. Charles Halt when Josh Gates visits Rendlesham Forest on Expedition Unknown: Hunt for Extraterrestrials Battle of Los Angeles (GERMANY OUT) 2. World war, germany during... bomb attacks, air defence:anti aircraft searchlights and tracer ammunition during a night air raid on a german town.1943 (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Photo by: ullstein bild Dtl. ullstein bild Dtl. According to a reference book published by the National UFO Reporting Center, California tops the list of states with the most reported UFO sightings, with the highest number of incidents occurring in Los Angeles between 2001 and 2015. One of the most notable first sightings in the Sunshine State happened in February 1942, during World War II, which involved an unusual military attack. The attack on Pearl Harbor had happened only three months before, and on the night of Feb. 24, military units on the California coast were instructed to prepare for Japanese raids. On the morning of Feb. 25, an unidentified aircraft was spotted on the radar 120 miles west of Los Angeles and disappeared. From there, air raid sirens were raised, a citywide blackout was instated, bright anti-aircraft searchlights punctured the night sky and a mass defense air raid was launched. Reports of unidentified flying objects, foreign aircrafts and even airplane crash landings came pouring into local police departments. The mass chaos led to the deaths of at least five civilians from heart attacks and car accidents during the citywide blackout and vast property damage from shrapnel. Later, it was discovered that the unidentified object was not from an enemy combatant. Several contradictory reports from witnesses, the government and newspapers at the time stated seeing balloons, aircraft, hovering objects and other phenomena in the night sky, which added to the confusion and wartime paranoia. The 1952 Washington, D.C. UFO Incident This March 9, 2013 photo shows the air traffic control tower at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in Washington, DC. AFP PHOTO / Karen BLEIER (Photo credit should read KAREN BLEIER/AFP/Getty Images) Like many prominent UFO reports, it started with an unusual and unexpected aircraft on military radars. On July 19, 1952, air traffic controllers at Ronald Reagan National Airport detected movement on their radars from aircraft that weren’t scheduled to arrive in the area, and strangely, apparently moved with sudden speeds that couldn’t be detected by the radar screens. The following weekend, eyewitness accounts from area citizens, airline crew members and military personnel reported seeing flashes of light zooming in the sky, and other unusual occurrences. To calm national anxiety and slow the reports of UFO sightings that were interfering with emergency calls, the Air Force held the largest press conference since World War II at the time to address the odd activity, which they attributed to stars, meteors and meteorological phenomena such as temperature inversion, causing energy that could be detected by radars. The Belgian UFO Wave Brussels, Belgium, May 14, 2014. -- The moon over Brussels. Photo by: Thierry Monasse Thierry Monasse The longest-lasting series of reported UFO sightings in Belgium began in November 1989 and ended the following April. Around 13,500 people claimed to witness seeing large, triangular flying objects hovering low in the sky. In the spring of 1990, military fighter pilots investigated and pursued some of the unidentifiable objects, but the objects flew out of range before the pilots could observe anything further. It was written off as a harmless mystery and remains one of the largest alleged UFO sightings in history. The 'Flying Saucers' Lenticular clouds stack up like pancakes above Mt. Rainier on a December day. Photo by: Donald E. Hall Donald E. Hall The phrase “flying saucer” has been associated with descriptions of UFO sightings for seemingly forever. But the term was actually coined by the press after a sighting was reported by pilot Kenneth Arnold in 1947, the same year as the Roswell incident. While traveling to Yakima, Wash., for a business trip, Arnold noticed bright light reflecting off the side of his plane. To his surprise, he said he spotted nine aircrafts flying in a “V” formation towards Mount Rainier at around 1,700 miles per hour. He described the movement as “a saucer if you skip it over water,” which was misinterpreted by newspapers to mean the objects were shaped like saucers, thus coining the term. Over the following weeks, multiple UFO sightings were reported, followed by the largest incident in Roswell. The four-part special event Expedition Unknown: Hunt for Extraterrestrials premieres Oct. 4 at 9\|8c on Travel Channel. Next Up Former Navy Lieutenant Claims Pilots Observed UFOs Everyday For Years The 1952 D.C. UFO Sightings: What Really Happened? Terror In The Skies: The 1976 Tehran UFO Incident Timeline Of Mysterious Metal Monoliths Appearing Around The World Pop Culture’s Most Memorable Alien Invasions Stream discovery+ Subscribe Now What's New in Shows Follow Us Everywhere
Your browser is not fully supported. Please upgrade your browser. Skip to main content Design for circularity with wool Wool, by nature a circular fibre, can help brands enter more easily into the development of circular products. Circular design in the textile industry uses regenerative materials, keeps garments in use and provides pathways for reuse, recycling and biodegradation at end-of-life. Discover how wool can be used within a circular textile economy. Watch Video Wool. Designed by nature. Designed for life. WATCH NOW: This video explains why wool is an inherently circular fibre, acting as a launchpad to help achieve circular design practices. Align to the circular economy with wool Use renewable resources Every year, sheep produce a new fleece, making wool a completely renewable fibre source. Wool is grown by the simple mix of sunshine, water, grass and fresh air. That is, wool grows on a sheep’s body because of the proteins, lipids and minerals naturally absorbed through their diet, in much the same was as human’s grow hair. Environmental factors including climate, day length, soil type and feed type all contribute and influence the production of sheep’s wool. There is a use for every part of the wool fleece, nothing is wasted. If a sheep’s fleece is not shorn seasonally it can build up and potentially negatively affect the sheep’s health. Keep materials and products in use for a long time The number of times a garment is worn significantly influences the overall environmental impact of that garment. To reduce the environmental impact of garments, designers need to create garments that are designed for long life. For designers and brands to do this, here are 5 design steps to consider: 1. Choose quality fibres that are durable 2. Design garments that meet the needs of the wearer 3. Use quality dyes, finishes and construction methods 4. Design garments that don’t go out of fashion 5. Design garments that can evolve with the needs of the wearer, especially adjustable fit Wool is a quality fibre and is typically kept longer than other garments with an active service first life estimated to be 20-30 years. Wool is highly valued in the resale and recycling markets and can be recycled in the closed-loop and open-loop recycling systems. Wools performance attributes, such as odour, stain and wrinkle resistance also ensure that wool garments can be laundered less often and retain their ‘as-new’ appearance for longer. Remove & Reduce Remove pollution & reduce waste Globally, an estimated 92 million tonnes of textiles waste is created each year and the equivalent to a rubbish truck full of clothes ends up on landfill sites every second.[1] Wool is made of a 100% natural biodegradable protein, similar to that found in human hair. When a wool product reaches its end-of-life and is disposed of, the wool fibre readily decomposes in soil, slowly releasing valuable nutrients and carbon back into the earth, acting like a fertiliser. Wool is also completely biodegradable in marine environments.[2] This means that wool does not contribute to microplastic pollution. Wool uses 18% less energy than polyester and nearly 70% less water than cotton to produce 100 sweaters. [1] A New Textiles Economy: Redesigning Fashion’s Future. 2017, Ellen MacArthur Foundation [2] Collie. S, Brorens. P, Hassan. M, Fowler, I. (2021) Marine biodegradation behavior of wool and other textile fibers. Submitted for publication Regenerate natural systems Ecosystems evolved with diversity in plant and animal species. These species interact and provide stability within an ecosystem. Animals are of course, part of this biodiversity and for grassland systems to function naturally, grazing animals play a key role. This is where wool growing can play a role in regenerating grassland ecosystems. Sheep are grazing animals that fit into a regenerative agriculture system to build soil organic matter, sequester carbon and support biodiversity. Sheep act as natural fertilizers and return essential nutrients to the soil. Learn more about regenerative agriculture here. Sheep live on grasslands which are regions that are not used for growing food, and many Australian woolgrowers encourage biodiversity through riparian protection and revegetation. Repair & Recycle Repair & recycle Wool’s attributes are so highly valued that, even after a garment has finished its long service life with one person, the fibre is still suitable to be kept in use in the via three further ways: • 1st life extension – Reuse: Wool is the most reused fibre on the planet of the major apparel fibres, with wool garments often preferentially donated or sold for extended life. According to a Nielsen wardrobe study, 50% of wool and wool blend garments are donated to charity, family, friends or sold. • 2nd life extension – ‘Closed loop’ recycling: This involves high-value wool garments deconstructed to enable new yarns to be spun and new high-value garments fabricated. Wool is the most recyclable fibre on the planet of the major apparel fibres. • 3rd life extension – ‘Open loop’ recycling: This is essentially ‘down cycling’, in which wool products are pulled apart and fabricated into cheaper non-woven products for insulation, padding, interiors etc. Celebrate diversity The wool supply chain is long, complex and diverse. The industry supports the livelihoods of approximately 200,000 people in Australia. These farmers are mostly generational small farmers whose main income is their wool clip. Throughout the supply chain, wool supports the livelihoods of many individuals and communities throughout Asia and Europe and supports the continuation of cultural expertise and traditional knowledge in weaving, knitting, dyeing and garment making. 100% Natural, renewable and biodegradable 100% Natural, renewable and biodegradable No other fibre, natural or man-made, can match all of wool’s naturally inherent benefits. Reduce waste and pollution Reduce waste and pollution The most reused and recycled fibre in the world The most reused and recycled fibre in the world Natural, renewable and biodegradable, wool is the most reused and recyclable fibre on the planet of the major apparel fibres. Gain essential wool knowledge, from the properties of the fibre to the social, animal and environmental impacts of wool, tailored for designers and brands. Reduce Environmental Impacts Toolkit Drawing on circular design principles, this toolkit provides step-by-step and science-backed solutions to reduce the environmental impact of wool garments. Circular Design and Wool Toolkit Learn how wool fits into a circular economy and how you can design a circular product using nature’s original eco and performance fibre. Brands showcasing circularity with wool Victoria Beckham Natural Dyes Victoria Beckham Natural Dyes Victoria Beckham used Woolmark licensee Tintoria di Quaregna’s natural dyeing process for the luxury label’s latest knitwear collection. Using flowers, leaves and berries, Victoria Beckham was able to achieve an earthy, warm colour palette whilst developing a collection with sustainability at its core. Garments also include a label for owners and future owners to write their name, encouraging the use phase of each product to be extended. Uma Wang Traceable Merino Uma Wang Traceable Merino An increasing number of labels are end-to-end transparency, giving consumers access to track and trace the product from farm to garment. Leading Chinese fashion designer UMA WANG created a traceable, single origin Australian Merino wool capsule collection for AW2021/22. The 18-piece knitwear collection is ticketed with traceable QR codes - using blockchain technology - for consumers to trace and track the authenticity and provenance of the product. Minimising waste Minimising waste Sustainability remains at the core of lifestyle label NAGNATA, whose knitwear range seamlessly takes you from the studio to street with ease. Knitted on circular machines machines, NAGNATA’s seamless garments not only reduce fabric wastage but also environmental impact - a key pillar of the circular economy. <p>Extending the use phase</p> Extending the use phase Wool garments need less laundering, reducing energy and water consumption as well as maintaining the garment’s ‘as-new’ appearance. A wool sweater can be worn 14 times before washing. Increasing its number of wears to 400 across its entire lifespan can reduce the environmental impact of that garment by up to 68%. Three steps to design for circularity with wool Design of long life Studies show consumers hold the power to dramatically reduce the environmental impact of their clothing. For consumers to re-wear clothing and keep it in use for a long time, garments need to be designed for long life. Here are 5 design steps to consider: 1. Choose quality fibres, yarns and fabrics that are durable. 2. Design garments that meet the needs of the wearer. 3. Use quality dyes, finishes and construction methods. 4. Design garments that don’t go out of fashion. Educate consumers on best-practice care The use-phase of a garment’s lifecycle is the greatest factor in determining the environmental footprint of a garment. Here are 4 initiatives designers and brands can implement to reduce the environmental impact of clothing. 1. Promote re-wearing of wool garments. Increasing the number of wears per wool garment lifespan can reduce that garment’s environmental impact by up to 68%. 2. Communicate the care instructions for wool garments such as washing wool at 30°C (86°F) or less, air-dry wool garments and reducing the frequency of laundering - the optimal number of wears per wash for a wool sweater is 14 times. 3. Offer consumers take-back options to give wool garments a second or third life. 4. Offer repair services to extend the life of a garment. Design for after-life By 2030, we are expected as a whole to be discarding more than 134 million tonnes of textiles a year. To align to the circular economy, clothes must be designed for after-life. This doesn’t just mean recycling, this includes the second and third life of a garment. Here are five steps for you to consider: 1. Choose natural fibres - they are inherently biodegradable. 2. Communicate the benefits of natural fibres. Adopting best-practice care will ensure garments maintain their ‘as-new’ appearance and can re-enter the resale and reuse market. 3. Design for disassembly - this will ensure each component of a garment can be reused and recycled. 4. Explore wool recycling options - with a scaled, commercial recycling industry there are multiple options to create value through wool recycling. Explore take-back and donation opportunities - wool has high reuse and resale value which you can utilise to keep garments in use for a second and even third life. To learn more about implementing circular design into your workflow, download our toolkit. <p>Inherently circular</p> Inherently circular Wool has been deemed circular since 1813, when Benjamin Law famously developed a process using recycled woollen rag combined with virgin wool to make a material called shoddy. Legislative frameworks in the EU to accelerate circularity The European Union has a goal to make Europe the world’s first carbon-neutral continent by 2050. Textiles has been identified as a priority sector to achieve this with new policy and legislative frameworks focused on circularity. Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) The CEAP is a set of commitments aimed at ensuring that circularity and resources efficiency acts as a "prerequisite for climate neutrality", in line with the European Green Deal. Under the CEAP, the textile industry has been identified as a priority sector for the EU’s move towards sustainability and climate neutrality due to its high use of resources and high impact on the environment. Read more here. EU Strategy for Sustainable Textiles EU Strategy for Sustainable Textiles Under the CEAP, this strategy aims to develop eco-design requirements to ensure that textile products are fit for circularity, ensuring the uptake of secondary raw materials, tackling the presence of hazardous chemicals and empowering businesses and consumers to choose sustainable textiles and ensuring easy access to reuse, repair and recycling. Read more here. EU Sustainable Product Policy initiative EU Sustainable Product Policy initiative The Sustainable Product Policy Legislative initiative was presented in 2021 and will work to make products fit for a climate neutral, resource efficient and circular economy. The new initiative aims at making products more durable, reusable, repairable, recyclable, and energy-efficient. Read more here. Wool’s natural circular attributes, innovations in manufacturing and established recycling industry enables designers and brands to meet these new legislative and policy initiatives with wool. Wool is a low-impact fibre What are the most sustainable fabrics? Wool is a sustainable fibre. It is natural, renewable, biodegradable and recyclable. How wool aligns to the UN SDGs The wool fibre and Australian wool industry is aligned to 11 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Wool farming and sustainable fashion Wool does not cause microplastics Wool fibres are 100% biodegradable in marine and terrestrial environments according to scientific studies, meaning wool does not add to microplastic pollution or damage ocean health. <h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;">Get the latest insights</span></h3> Get the latest insights
The Fear of Monkeys - The Best E-Zine on the Web for Politically Conscious WritingThe Lar Gibbon - Issue Thirty-Seven The Fear of Monkeys Get To Know The Lar Gibbon from Christiano Artuso The Lar Gibbon is found in Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand, although their range historically extended from southwest China to Thailand and Burma south to the whole Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. They are usually found in dipterocarp forest, including primary lowland and submontane rainforest, mixed deciduous bamboo forest, and seasonal evergreen forest. They are mostly frugivorous with fruit constituting fifty percent of their diet, but leaves, insects and flowers form the remainder. Their fur varies from black and dark-brown to light-brown, sandy colors. The hands and feet are white-colored, likewise a ring of white hair surrounds the black face. They are usually active for an average of eight hours per day, leaving their sleeping sites right around sunrise and entering sleeping trees an average of three hours before sunset. They spend their days feeding, resting, traveling, in social activities, vocalizing, and in intergroup encounters. True brachiators, they propel themselves through the forest by swinging under the branches using their arms. With their hooked hands, they can move swiftly with great momentum, swinging from the branches. Although they rarely come to the ground naturally, while there, they walk bipedally with arms raised above their heads for balance. Their social organization is dominated by monogamous family pairs, with one breeding male and one female along with their offspring. Family groups inhabit a firm territory, and each morning, the family gathers on the edge of its territory and begins a "great call", a duet between the breeding pair. Each species has a typified call and each breeding pair has unique variations on that theme. Recent studies indicate that gibbon song have evolved to communicate conflict in terms of predation. In the presence of Asiatic tiger, clouded leopard, crested serpent eagle and reticulated python songs were more likely to contain sharp wow elements than normal duets. Sexually, they are similar to other gibbons. Mating occurs in every month of the year, but most conceptions occur during the dry season in March, with a peak in births during the late rainy season, in October. On average, females reproduce for the first time at about eleven years of age. Gestation is six months long on average, and pregnancies are usually of a single young. Young are nursed for approximately two years, and full maturity comes at about eight years. On average they live to be twenty-five years old. They are threatened in various ways: they are sometimes hunted for their meat, sometimes a parent is killed to capture young animals for pets, but perhaps the most pervasive is the loss of habitat. Their habitats are threatened by forest clearance for the construction of roads, agriculture, ecotourism, domesticated cattle and elephants, forest fires, subsistence logging, illegal logging, new village settlement, and palm oil plantations. Cy's Queer! Jimmy Pappas My friend rushed up to us, Have you guys heard? Cy's queer! No way I'm going in that locker room ever again if he's around! I watched Cy's life spiral downward-- fired as Little League coach, removed as Boys' Club advisor-- while he disappeared from view, until one night as I walked with a bunch of my friends, someone said, Hey, you guys, it's Cy sitting over there. Don't say hi to him! I was the only one who dared to break away, to do the unthinkable, to say hello to someone who was a queer. I walked towards him, wondering what nighttime world he lived in that I never realized existed and said, Hi, Cy. He gave me a look of such hatred, I scurried off across the street with the other boys like beetles from an overturned log. Jimmy Pappas served during the Vietnam War as an English language instructor training South Vietnamese soldiers. His poem "Bobby's Story" about the life of a Vietnam veteran won the Rattle 2018 Readers Choice Award. It is contained in his full-length book of war-related poems Scream Wounds (A15 Press, 2019). His chapbook Falling off the Empire State Building was selected as a winner of the Rattle Chapbook Contest and and published in 2020. His interview with poetry editor Tim Green can be found on YouTube at Rattlecast #34. He can be contacted on Goodreads. All Content Copyright of Fear of Monkeys
Aside from the oxygen the trees give off in order for us to live, trees are also great companies for our homes. They provide shade, fresh air and protection. They add to the aesthetic value of the landscape too. Keeping them in great health is important so their benefits to us will maximize. You may not consider taking care of already mature trees, but keeping them healthy will make them more valuable. The following are some of the ways you can keep your tree healthy. First of all, you should know the needs of your trees. Determine how much water they need and the type of soil it prefers. You should know that the tree is planted in the right site because the existing soil condition will determine how it will grow. If you are not aware of this, contact a professional tree removal or search tree cutting services in my area who is a professional in taking care of trees. 1. Protect the Tree Roots One of the reasons why a tree is healthy is because of its healthy roots, and the factor that contributes to a healthy root is a healthy soil. A healthy soil should have air space in order for the nutrients to be absorbed. That’s why it’s not healthy for your trees to be planted in a compacted soil because it impedes the water infiltration and oxygen into the root zone. Protect the soil and roots within the critical area of your tree. 1. Protect the Bark A bark is a tree’s living armor that protects it. Damaging the bark will make way for bacterial and fungal infections. You can damage the bark if the rotary spray heads hit the trunk at close range. Rubbing and entwined branches can also wound the bark. And if you hit the tree with a weed whacker, it will also affect the bark. If your trees are near the driveway, it might suffer hits from vehicles. To prevent this, remove the lower limbs so it won’t be hit. 1. Water Effectively Mature trees can survive in an existing moisture and soil condition but they can still be killed by an extended drought. That’s why it’s important to keep them healthy for them to survive such drought. You can schedule a deep watering for the trees, and during summer the trees need to be irrigated. It doesn’t need extra watering during winter season. Give the trees an occasional soak instead of misting. 1. Prune Properly A proper pruning will improve a tree’s health. If you’re new to pruning, hire a professional. But if you’ve done pruning many times just remember some few things. It’s best to prune during winter season before it pushes to new growth during spring. Remove the branches that are crossing or rubbing each other. Remove the smaller branch so push through the growth of the robust branch. Remove the broken branches to prevent rough breaks. Remove the low branches to allow more light. Remove the branches that are prone to damages.
English Reformation The Reformation: England and the “Middle Way” In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII’s quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the authority in matters relating to the English church. Henry dissolved England’s monasteries to confiscate their wealth and worked to place the Bible in the hands of the people. After Henry’s death, England tilted toward Calvinist-infused Protestantism during Edward VI’s six-year reign and then endured five years of reactionary Catholicism under Mary I. In 1559 Elizabeth took the throne and, during her 44-year reign, cast the Church of England as a “middle way” between Calvinism and Catholicism, with vernacular worship and a revised Book of Common Prayer. The Catholic Church was slow to respond systematically to the theological innovations of Luther and the other reformers. The Council of Trent, which met off and on from 1545 through 1563, articulated the Church’s answer to the problems that triggered the Reformation and to the reformers themselves. The Catholic Church of the Counter-Reformation era grew more spiritual, more literate and more educated. New religious orders, notably the Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola combined rigorous spirituality with a globally minded intellectualism, while mystics such as Teresa of Avila injected new passion into the older orders. Inquisitions, both in Spain and in Rome, were reorganized to fight the threat of Protestant heresy. Concilio Trento Museo Buonconsiglio.jpg Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Please read the chapter and the powerpoints on Addiction and Eating Disorders on the Course Homepage, related videos and any other relevant information from course homepage to address the following: What do you understand drug and alcohol abuse/addiction to be? What are the various explanations for addiction and how does sociology account for its cause? What are the consequences of addiction on the individual, their families, and society? What is binge drinking and who is most likely to binge drink? What do you see as the most effective solutions for drug and alcohol abuse? What Students Are Saying About Us Addiction and Eating Disorders was first posted on January 7, 2022 at 11:41 am.
Core 1: 1. Write-on: If you had a machine that could create anything, would you use it? Why or why not? 2. Read: How the World Was Saved. 3. What is the virtue of thinking through each of your actions? Core 2: 1. Write-on: Finish this quotation any way that you think makes sense and explain your thinking: • A government is best when it governs… 2. Read “Civil Disobedience.” and discuss the role of government in a belief structure. Core 3: 1. Discuss-On: What makes a story good? 2. Read about storyboarding. 3. Practice the concept of storyboarding. 4. Researching your topic so that you can develop your storyboard. Core 4: 1. Groups 1 and 2 present their Survival Societies.
Skip to main content Unconstrained snoring detection using a smartphone during ordinary sleep Snoring can be a representative symptom of a sleep disorder, and thus snoring detection is quite important to improving the quality of an individual’s daily life. The purpose of this research is to develop an unconstrained snoring detection technique that can be integrated into a smartphone application. In contrast with previous studies, we developed a practical technique for snoring detection during ordinary sleep by using the built-in sound recording system of a smartphone, and the recording was carried out in a standard private bedroom. The experimental protocol was designed to include a variety of actions that frequently produce noise (including coughing, playing music, talking, rining an alarm, opening/closing doors, running a fan, playing the radio, and walking) in order to accurately recreate the actual circumstances during sleep. The sound data were recorded for 10 individuals during actual sleep. In total, 44 snoring data sets and 75 noise datasets were acquired. The algorithm uses formant analysis to examine sound features according to the frequency and magnitude. Then, a quadratic classifier is used to distinguish snoring from non-snoring noises. Ten-fold cross validation was used to evaluate the developed snoring detection methods, and validation was repeated 100 times randomly to improve statistical effectiveness. The overall results showed that the proposed method is competitive with those from previous research. The proposed method presented 95.07% accuracy, 98.58% sensitivity, 94.62% specificity, and 70.38% positive predictivity. Though there was a relatively high false positive rate, the results show the possibility for ubiquitous personal snoring detection through a smartphone application that takes into account data from normally occurring noises without training using preexisting data. Surveys conducted by the National Sleep Foundation (1999–2004) have revealed that at least 40 million Americans suffer from over 70 different sleep disorders, and 60 percent of all adults report having sleep problems at least a few nights a week. In addition, more than 40 percent of all adults experience daytime sleepiness at least a few days each month that is severe enough to interfere with their daily activities. Moreover, 20 percent of all adults report sleepiness a few days per week or more. Furthermore, 69 percent of all children experience one or more sleep problems at least a few nights a week [1]. Since sleep is a restorative activity for the brain, insufficient sleep reduces the desire and motivation for physical activity, contributing to weight gain, obesity, and other associated disorders [2]. Therefore, many studies have been carried out to improve the quality of sleep, and these have developed sleep efficiency measurements and sleep stage classifications that can produce practical and comfortable techniques that can be used by anyone. Nowadays, numerous wearable fitness devices (e.g., Nike+ FuelBand™, Fitbit® and Jawbone) include sleep tracking functions that are based on movement signal detection and pattern recognition. Furthermore, smartphone-based sleep measurement techniques have also been developed to provide personalized sleep-care [3]. Snoring disturbs good sleep, and The American Association of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines snoring as "loud upper airway breathing, without apnea or hypoventilation, caused by vibrations of the pharyngeal tissues” [4]. It is a widely encountered condition that has a number of negative personal and social effects and is associated with severe health problems. Worldwide, Snoring affects over 60% of adult men and over 44% of women over the age of 40 [5, 6]. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common disease related to snoring, and an estimated 24% of men and 9% of women aged 30–60 years are reported to satisfy the minimal diagnostic criteria for OSA, which indicates that the individual must have more than five occurrences of apnea or hypopnea per hour of sleep, accompanied with daytime hypersomnolence (excessive sleepiness) [7]. However, results have shown that most subjects with at least moderate sleep apnea (82% of men and 93% of women) remain undiagnosed [8]. The main reason for this is that the subjects cannot recognize the seriousness of their snoring because it occurs during sleep. In addition, simple and low-cost instruments have not yet been commercialized for mass screening of the population. Manual recording and examination of a person's respiratory sounds for the entire night can be a very time-consuming and operator-dependent task. Therefore, an automatic sound recording technique is desirable. Polysomnography (PSG), performed over a full night's sleep, is presently the standard method used to diagnose sleep apnea [911]. It consists of recording a patient’s physiological signals, including an electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), oral/nasal airflow, intensity of snoring sounds, thoracic and abdominal movements, and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). Though, these physiological signals provide plentiful information to the specialist or the technician for proper diagnosis of sleep apnea and other sleep disorders [12, 13], various sensors or probes (electrodes, oximeter, thermistor) have to be attached to the subject’s body to measure these physiological parameters. This is a time-consuming procedure which can produce discomfort in the patient. In fact, many patients cannot sleep well during PSG tests due to the discomfort of the enormous leadwire required for these. Therefore, there is a need for simplified recording and monitoring instruments that are capable of convenient and reliable diagnosis/screening of OSA at home [14]. Numerous studies have developed portable technology that can provide personal care or home care [15]. However, these have required complex sensors and leads to measure airflow, oximetry, effort and position. Moreover, they have a major disadvantage in that they require an experienced medical technologist at the site to perform the tests so that an acceptable accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity can be obtained. In other words, the techniques based on sensors connected to the body make the devices difficult to use by untrained individuals [15]. Recent studies on snoring and asthma have arrived at similar conclusions [7, 16]. In these, sounds are often recorded throughout the entire night, including not only snoring, but also other noises. The most important goal of these studies is to distinguish between snoring and other nocturnal sounds or external noises. Unfortunately, simply monitoring the sound intensity on the sternal notch is not a sufficient solution for the problem, and more complex signal processing and analysis techniques need to be employed to properly define and measure snoring. Therefore, snoring has also been analyzed and measured over the frequency and time domain, and it should be further analyzed with a particular acoustic technique [16]. Snoring can be measured more easily relative to other physiological signals because it is a kind of acoustic signal that can be measured in a non-contact manner. Several algorithms have been presented to detect snoring in sound recordings. Most of the research so far, however, has been performed in a controlled space without noise, and the signal quality has been controlled using an expensive recording system. For example, in previous studies, a commercialized high-performance microphone, such as a Sennhiser ME 64 condenser microphone with a 40–20,000 Hz ± 2.5 dB frequency response was used to produce the recording. Moreover, the recording circumstances were strictly controlled to minimize outside noises, and the microphone was normally placed 15 cm over the patient’s head during sleep. The purpose of this study is to develop a snoring detection algorithm that can be used on a smartphone in a standard bedroom, rather than using a professional sound recording equipment in a controlled sleep environment. In other words, we have focused on developing a practical sleep monitoring solution that can provide ubiquitous healthcare. To this end, the proposed technique only used the built-in microphone of a smartphone, for which specifications are unavailable, and snoring sounds were recorded at a random distance on the bedside, like in an actual sleep environment. Moreover, unlike in previous studies, we consider the frequent noises that can be heard in a real-world setting where an individual is sleeping. To develop the snoring detection algorithm, a database was constructed that includes sounds recorded during actual sleep, including snoring, then pre-processing algorithms were developed for noise reduction and snoring feature extraction where snoring was classified via discriminant analysis. An Android smartphone, Samsung GT-I9300 (Galaxy S3™), was used to record the snoring, and Mathworks MATLAB™ 2011b was used to analyze the recorded sounds and to develop the snoring detection algorithm. Sound database The snoring detection algorithm was developd starting from sounds that were recorded during actual sleep. Thus, representative noises in sleep circumstances were defined and recorded from various sound sources. Eight representative sources of noise were listed, including fans, radio, talking, and footsteps. Each noise was generated artificially while the subjects were asleep, and the sound was recorded using an application on the smartphone. The developed application recorded the sound automatically if the input level was 3 dB greater than that of ambient noise, which had been recorded during the initial stage. Once the recording was initiated, it lasted for a minimum of 10 seconds, and then the sound was stored if there were no more sounds to be recorded. Since snoring is usually repeated several times, multiple snoring events could be included in one snoring database.Experimental data were collected from 10 subjects during actual sleep, and the subjects had no preexisting respiratory diseases or sleep disorders. The snoring sounds were recorded with an 8 kHz sampling frequency, and were stored in real time in an internal memory of the smartphone. The experimental setup for the recording is described in Figure 1, with all subjects placing their smartphone within arm’s reach just before falling asleep. All smartphones were located on the upper side of the shoulder to better record the snoring sound. However, there were no special restrictions with respect to placing the phone on the bed or on a bedside table. Figure 1 figure 1 Environmental setup to record snoring. In an actual sleep environment, both snoring and a variety of other noises were recorded simultaneously. The sounds from ringing alarms and coughing were recorded naturally and were classified by the researchers, while the other sounds were generated manually under the same circumstances. All data were collected in an ordinary bedroom, and outside noises, such as car horns, were excluded in our experiment. Table 1 shows the sound database where the recording time is the length of each sound after preprocessing. In the preprocessing stage, redundant data, such as the interval between snoring is removed to distinguish each sound event, respectively. Table 1 Information of the recorded sound Since the snoring detection function should operate for the entire duration of the subject’s sleep, it is very important to extract the region of interest in the recorded sounds, and these should be processed to distinguish whether the sounds resulted from snoring or not. Thus, in the first stage of the snoring detection, meaningful regions of sound were extracted according to the variation in sound levels and the duration of the sounds.Figure 2 shows the procedure used for snoring detection. In order to extract the snoring-related parameters from the sounds, each snoring episode should be detected in the first stage while unwanted sounds from other environmental noises are discarded. In the preprocessing stage, the signal was first divided into multiple segments each with a duration of 0.1 second, and the standard deviation of each segment was calculated. Next, the average of the standard deviations of 15 segments was calculated, and the regions of interest were defined as those that had over six times the average standard deviation of the average from the 0.1-second segments. The regions of interest were usually represented as numerous spikes from vibration, thus adjacent spikes should be interpolated to form a meaningful region. In our research, the region of interest was reformed by interpolating the empty region if the distance between the spikes was less than 0.5 seconds. After interpolation, non-snoring sounds were classified with their time duration. The lower and upper thresholds for the snoring duration were set to 0.3 seconds and 2.0 seconds, respectively, and the signals not in the range of the snoring time duration were removed. An example of the resultant waveform of this procedure is represented in Figure 3. This figure shows multiple spikes and the result of interpolation for interest range. Figure 2 figure 2 Procedure for snoring detection. The snoring detection procedure consisted of a preprocessing stage, formant analysis, and classification and validation. Figure 3 figure 3 Resulting waveforms after preprocessing. The upper figure shows multiple spikes. The spikes indicate the magnitude of the sound of the segment, which is over 6 times the average standard deviation of 15 segments. The lower figure shows the interpolation results and the interest region. Formant analysis Though snoring is a kind of bioacoustic signal that is represented by sound, it includes both mechanical vibrations of the upper airway and acoustic sounds. Previous studies have tried to identify the characteristics of snoring, but consistent results could not be obtained. The frequency of snoring recorded in most other studies differed due as a result of the individual’s characteristics or due to the experimental setup. In this research, we have focused on the acoustic and mechanical characteristics of snoring. Snoring by healthy people, without apnea episodes, has been established to have a fundamental frequency ranging from 110–190 Hz [17, 18], and frequency components higher than 800 Hz occur in patients with OSA [19, 20]. Formant analysis can be used to analyze the frequency features of snoring sounds since the formant is the frequency of the maxima of the power spectrum of the snoring sounds. In speech science, a formant is also used to indicate the acoustic resonance of the human vocal tract, and these properties could be used to analyze snoring as a kind of signal resulting from the human respiratory structure. Figure 4 shows an example of formant analysis. F n indicates the n-th formant, and f n and m n indicate the frequency and magnitude of the n-th formant, respectively. To derive the formants from the sounds, autoregressive all-pole model parameters are estimated using the Burg method. In this research, we used a 40-th order autoregressive model, and the local maximum of the spectral density from the autoregressive model, the formant, was detected using a zero-crossing method. Figure 4 figure 4 An example of formant analysis. Fn indicates the n-th formant, and fFn and mFn indicate the frequencies and magnitudes of n-th Formants, respectively. Snoring classification To distinguish snoring sounds within the database of the recorded sounds, various criteria were designed through formant analysis to detect specific features. The frequency and magnitude were mainly used for feature construction, and the energies of the specified frequency ranges were also used as a kind of feature component. In this paper, we attempted to quantify the formant information by designing features related to formant positioning and magnitude ratios. In particular, we focused on the location, total number, concentration, or energy distribution of the spectrum envelope to extract the characteristic features of the formant. Thirteen features were designed considering the above conditions, and these are described in Table 2. The first formant was regarded to be a dominant feature based on the above postulations. Snoring sounds were classified according to their features using the quadratic classifier. A quadratic classification is a machine learning technique that separates the sample into two or more classes with a quadratic surface. A quadratic classifier is described using Eq. (1), as follows: Y x =arg min k = 1 , , K x - μ ^ k T ^ k - 1 x - μ ^ k - 2 log π ^ k + log ^ k where K is the number of classes, μ k is difference in the mean between the classes, π k is the prior probability of P(Y = k), n k is the number of observations in class k, and ^ k = 1 n k j : Y j = k X j - μ ^ k X j - μ ^ k T . Table 2 Feature list from the formant analysis In this paper, the prior-probability is based on an uninformative prior, and for the classification procedure, we tested every feature in pairs and analyzed the results. Feature 7 shows the best snoring classification performance, and Features 5, 10, and 11 show higher classification performances, in that order. Evaluation and validation Ten-fold cross validation was performed in order to evaluate the proposed algorithm. This is a frequently used validation method where the total set is divided into 10 subsets, using 9 subsets for training and the remaining subset as test set. To avoid statistical bias, the subsets were constructed using the random function of MATLAB™, and the results were presented as the results of 100 repetitions of random trials. Figure 5 shows the formation of a subset of ten-fold cross validation. Figure 5 figure 5 Formation of the subsets in the ten-fold validation. To compare the classification performance, the accuracy (AC), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP) and positive predictivity (PP) were calculated. The definitions of AC, SE, SP and PP are respectively represented in Eq. (2–5). AC= TP + TN TP + TN + FP + FN ×100 % SE= TP TP + FN ×100 % SP= TN TN + FP ×100 % PP= TP TP + FP ×100 % where TP, TN, FP and FN indicate the true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative, respectively. Results and discussion Formant analysis We derived the formant from the recorded sound database. In order to derive the representative characteristics of the formants, the power spectral density was calculated using the autoregressive Burg model and was represented up to 4 kHz, which is half of the sampling frequency. Then, we calculated the ensemble average of the spectral density for each type of sound. Figure 6 shows the averaged formants of each sound source, and the amplitudes for each formant are described as arbitrary units because our experiment was carried out in a non-controlled (real-world) sleep environment. Thus, the distance between the subject’s head and the recording system can vary, and it makes a difference in the sound level of the recording. Therefore, the magnitudes of the formants derived in this experiment could not be compared since the recording distances were different depending on the subject, and the noises had not been produced at normalized sound levels, assuming a case for practical use.The formants showed differences depending on the type of sound (Figure 6). For example, continuous and colorful sounds, such as alarms (A) or music (F) had formants with a magnitude concentrated at a specified frequency, and it spreads over a wider range of frequencies. On the other hand, the formants of monotonous sounds, such as the sound of doors (C), fans (D), or footsteps (H), showed that the power is distributed over a wider range rather than a concentrated for the specified frequency. Indeed, the difference of the formants between colorful sounds and monotonous sounds can be easily distinguished intuitively. For a snoring sound, most of the energy is distributed under 1500 Hz, and it has two distinguishable peaks. The first is a narrow peak around 200 Hz, and the second is wide peak around 1000 Hz. Figure 6 figure 6 Formant analysis of sounds generated in an actual sleep environment. A) sound of a device alarm, B) coughing, C) sound of a door opening/closing, D) sound of fan, E) sound of a radio, F) sound of music, G) sound of talking, H) sound of a footstep, and I) snoring. To quantify the spectral characteristics of each sound, we found a simple and representative characteristic within the sound spectrum. First, we found the first and the maximal energy formants and formant distribution for every record. Then, we calculated the average and standard deviation for the formant’s location and magnitude. Table 3 represents the quantitative results of the formant analysis. The result shows that the average of the maximum energy frequency (f max (F)) and the first formant frequency (f 1) depend on the type of sound. In particular, the standard deviation has a large difference between colorful sounds and monotonous sounds. A monotonous sound, such as that produced by a door or a fan, has an extremely small standard variation because the sound generation mechanism or the environment is fixed. On the other hand, colorful sounds have a larger standard variation due to the variability of the sound generation mechanism. In particular, a sound generated by human, for example, when coughing or snoring, have enormous standard variations because the environment or mechanism can vary for every event. As mentioned above, the characteristic features of the formants were derived from the ensemble average of each spectral density. Nevertheless the large variation of formant frequency for the representative formants of snoring have specific frequencies of 200 Hz and 1000 Hz. Thus, we designed the classification features based on these characteristics. Table 3 Quantitative result of the formant analysis Classification results The classification was performed with a formula designed using a single subset of the ten-fold crossvalidation, and the rest of the subsets were used as test sets for the classifier. From repetitive execution, 395 snoring and 2061 non-snoring events were randomly selected and used as a training data set. Figure 7 depicts an example of the results of the quadratic classifier, which show a sample classification of each single random trial. Figure 7 figure 7 An example of snoring classification. Snoring and non-snoring features are represented as ‘▲’ and ‘’, respectively. The representative results of the classification performance, and a comparison against previous studies, are presented in Table 4. The proposed algorithm showed 95.07% accuracy, indicating the percentage of correct detection for both snoring and non-snoring sounds over the entire sound database; 98.58% sensitivity, indicating the percentage of real snoring that was correctly identified; and 94.62% specificity, indicating the proportion of real non-snoring events that were correctly identified as non-snoring events. However, the positive predictivity, which refers to the proportion of events detected as snoring that were real events, was relatively low at 70.38% because this study was performed with a dataset of various noises, some which were classified as a snoring. The input features of the classifier could induce a variation in the accuracy of the classification results, since the proposed algorithm depends on formant analysis and on a simple pattern classification technique. In this study, we postulate that snoring is a biomechanical signal that represents a vibration, and vibrations of the human organs occure over a specific range. Then, we used the formant as the discriminating point for snoring detection. Table 4 The Results of proposed snoring detection method and Comparison with previous snoring detection algorithms Formant analysis resulted in several ambiguities for snoring detection. The primary unsolved problem is a lack of clarity of the formant frequencies and lack of meaning of the formant magnitude. Since the purpose of this research was to develop a snoring detection technique, a detailed analysis related to the characteristics of the formants of snoring sounds was not carried out. In the results of this experiment, only the ratio of the magnitude of the formants was used as a feature for classification since the absolute magnitude of the formants could vary across recordings. Another ambiguity was related to the energy of the recorded sound because the energy of the frequency has different characteristic depending on the subject. These ambiguities are natural and necessary in practical situations because the measurement conditions, including the distance to the recorder or the recorder direction, could never be the same for every case. Moreover, every human has a different respiratory structure, and the vibration patterns depend on the airway structure, creating different patterns of sound for each individual. However, we could postulate that the energy of snoring is concentrated within a specific frequency range because the variations in the mechanical characteristics have a limited range. Therefore, the shape of the waveform and the energy distribution of snoring could have common factors but will be slightly different for every subject. In this paper, we empirically set the snoring-related frequencies to around 200 Hz and 1000 Hz. Several studies have referred the frequencies of snoring, but every researcher had a different definition. This may be due to the use of different approaches to define snoring. For example, snoring is regarded as a sound, but it is sometimes interpreted as a vibration or of a mixed type. In this paper, snoring was analyzed as a vibrational signal from the human respiratory structure. However, the above ambiguities still remain unsolved. In this study, we proposed a snoring detection technique that can be implemented in a smartphone application and can therefore be used during real-world sleep conditions. Though it has a positive predictivity (70.38%), the probability that the detected snoring instance is a real snoring event is relatively lower than that of other studies, but the proposed method shows performance that is competitive in terms of accuracy (95.07%), sensitivity (98.58%), and specificity (94.62%). These results indicate that a sleep management technique implemented on mobile devices, especially on smartphones, could be a promising approach to record sleep patterns and to give proper feedback to the individual. Snoring, a common sleep problem, is a very important issue for sleep management because it could cause serious sleep related diseases, such as OSA or other complications. Since the proposed method was designed for use in an uncontrolled environment of a private bedroom using a built-in recording system, some of the classification results, such as positive productivity, were low relative to the results of previous studies that had been conducted in a controlled sleep environment using a professional recording system. Moreover, the proposed method was evaluated with the inclusion of various noises, which would be another cause for false positive occurrences. Due to these circumstances, the results indicate that the proposed snoring detection algorithm showed acceptable performance since it used a dataset recorded under practical sleep conditions. The proposed method would show better performance if it were used in a noise-free environment, as in the other research. To improve the performance of the proposed algorithm, we should consider improving the detection features or the advanced classifiers as part of future work. Also, we expect that a simultaneous use of multiple detection features will enhance the accuracy. Although there is still much to be improved, the proposed method presents a competitive performance and is meaningful as a first trial for snoring detection performed by a smartphone, for simple self-diagnosis of sleep. This research will contribute to the development of mobile healthcare technology, and we expect that more techniques will be developed using a smartphone platform for bedside use for daily life. 1. 1. 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Eur Respir J 1996, 9: 2365–2370. 10.1183/09031936.96.09112365 Article Google Scholar 20. 20. Whitelaw W: Characteristics of the snoring noise in patients with and without occlusive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993, 147: 635–644. 10.1164/ajrccm/147.3.635 Article Google Scholar Download references This research was supported by the MSIP(Ministry of Science, ICT&Future Planning), Korea, under the C-ITRC(Convergence Information Technology Research Center) support program (NIPA-2014-H0401-14-1022) supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Promotion Agency). Author information Corresponding author Correspondence to Jaegeol Cho. Additional information Competing interests Authors’ contributions JC participated in the design and coordination of the study. HS conceived the study, implemented the algorithm and drafted the manuscript. JC and HS critically reviewed the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Authors’ original submitted files for images Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Shin, H., Cho, J. Unconstrained snoring detection using a smartphone during ordinary sleep. BioMed Eng OnLine 13, 116 (2014). Download citation • Received: • Accepted: • Published: • DOI: • Sleep management • Sleep disorder • Snoring detection • Formant analysis
Mass Incarceration, an American Invention (APA2326.01) Vivian Nixon This course is a primer that serves to lay the backdrop for more specialized studies in American Justice systems. It is not a criminology course. It is a cultural exploration of the growth of incarceration in the United States and its peculiar connection to racial identity. With 2 million incarcerated people, the United States has had the highest rate of incarceration for more than 25 years. How did this happen? Why did it happen? What has it changed? Who has been harmed by this phenomenon? Marc Mauer’s seminal volume, Race to Incarcerate has recently been reimagined as a graphic true story. The easy to follow, but extraordinarily thorough, text will be the guide for this introductory course. Course dates: September 12 – October 17 Learning Outcomes: Delivery Method: Awaiting Confirmation Prerequisites:Contact Aila West ( for registration. Course Level: 2000-level Credits: 1 Sa, 2:00PM-5:00PM () Maximum Enrollment: 20 Course Frequency: One time only Categories: All courses , CAPA , Updates
Grimeton Radio Station UNESCO World Heritage Site VLF transmitter Grimeton Official nameGrimeton Radio Station, Varberg LocationGrimeton, Varberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden CriteriaCultural: (ii), (iv) Inscription2004 (28th Session) Area109.09 ha (0.4212 sq mi) Buffer zone3,854 ha (14.88 sq mi) WebsiteThe Alexander association Coordinates57°6′50.4″N 12°24′15.8″E / 57.114000°N 12.404389°E / 57.114000; 12.404389Coordinates: 57°6′50.4″N 12°24′15.8″E / 57.114000°N 12.404389°E / 57.114000; 12.404389 Grimeton Radio Station Location of Grimeton Radio Station in Sweden Grimeton Radio Station (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡrɪ̂mːɛˌtɔn])[1] in southern Sweden, close to Varberg in Halland, is an early longwave transatlantic wireless telegraphy station built in 1922–1924, that has been preserved as a historical site. From the 1920s through the 1940s it was used to transmit telegram traffic by Morse code to North America and other countries, and during World War II was Sweden's only telecommunication link with the rest of the world. It is the only remaining example of an early pre-electronic radio transmitter technology called an Alexanderson alternator. It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004, with the statement: "Grimeton Radio Station, Varberg is an outstanding monument representing the process of development of communication technology in the period following the First World War." The radio station is also an anchor site for the European Route of Industrial Heritage.[2] The transmitter is still in operational condition, and each year on a day called Alexanderson Day is started up and transmits brief Morse code test transmissions, which can be received all over Europe. Beginning around 1910 industrial countries built networks of powerful transoceanic longwave radiotelegraphy stations to communicate telegraphically with other countries. During the First World War radio became a strategic technology when it was realized that a nation without long distance radio capability could be isolated from the rest of the world by an enemy cutting its submarine telegraph cables. In 1921, Sweden's geographical dependence on other countries' underwater cable networks, and the temporary loss of those vital connections during the war, motivated a decision by the Swedish Parliament to build a radiotelegraphy station in Sweden to transmit telegram traffic across the Atlantic. At the time, there were several different technologies used for high power radio transmission, each owned by a different giant industrial company. Bids were requested from Telefunken in Berlin, The Marconi Company in London, Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in New York and Société Française Radio-Electrique in Paris. The transmitter chosen was the Alexanderson alternator, invented around 1906 by Swedish-American Ernst Alexanderson and manufactured by RCA. This consisted of a huge rotating electromechanical AC generator (alternator) turned by an electric motor at a fast enough speed that it generated radio frequency alternating current, which was applied to the antenna. It was one of the first transmitters to generate sinusoidal continuous waves, which could communicate at longer range than the damped waves which were used by the earlier spark gap transmitters. After careful calculations, the station was located in Grimeton, on the southwest coast of Sweden, which allowed good radio wave propagation conditions over the North Atlantic to North America. To achieve daytime communication over such long distances, transoceanic stations took advantage of an earth-ionosphere waveguide mechanism which required them to transmit at frequencies in the very low frequency (VLF) range below 30 kHz. Radio transmitters required extremely large antennas to radiate these long waves efficiently. The Grimeton station had a huge flattop antenna 1.9 km (1.2 miles) long consisting of twelve (later reduced to eight) wires supported on six 127 m (380 foot) high steel towers. The station started operation in 1924, transmitting radiotelegraphy traffic with the callsign SAQ at 200 kW on a frequency of 16.5 kilohertz, later changed to 17.2 kHz, to RCA's Radio Central receivers on Long Island, New York. The Alexanderson alternator technology was becoming obsolete even as it was installed. Vacuum tube electronic oscillator transmitters, which used the triode vacuum tube invented by Lee De Forest in 1907, replaced most pre-electronic transmitters in the early 1920s. However the large capital investment in an alternator transmitter caused owners to keep these huge behemoths in use long after they were technologically obsolete. By the 1930s transatlantic communication had switched to short waves, and vacuum tube shortwave transmitters were installed in the main building, and a log periodic shortwave antenna on the roof. The Alexanderson alternator found a second use as a naval transmitter to communicate with submarines, as VLF frequencies can penetrate a short distance into seawater. During the Second World War 1939-1945, the station experienced a heyday, when it was Scandinavia's gateway to the outside world. Underwater communication cable connections had once again been quickly severed by nations at war and the radiotelegraphy transmissions were a link to the outside world. It continued to be used for naval transmissions until 1960. Grimeton Radio Station is now the only station left in the transatlantic network of nine long wave stations that were built during the years 1918-1924, all equipped with Alexanderson alternators. In 2004 it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Grimeton transmitter is the last surviving example of an Alexanderson alternator, the only radio station left from the pre-vacuum tube era, and is still in working condition. Each year, on a day called Alexanderson Day, either on the last Sunday in June, or on the first Sunday in July, whichever comes closer to 2 July, the site holds an open house during which the transmitter is started up and transmits test messages on 17.2 kHz using its call sign SAQ, which can be received all over Europe. Working principle The principle used is that of a generator (also called alternator) with an exact large number of poles driven to an exact speed matching the number of pole changes with the desired output frequency (f = poles/2 * revolutions). The switching on and off of the transmitter with the signalling morse key makes the driver motor change frequency just a bit, so the frequency is outside the narrow band of the antenna and thus transmitted with much less power. In fact this forms an early and clever form of frequency shift keying (FSK). In the days of construction this was the only way known to output very high power at radio frequencies. Like turning the dynamo of a bike: a dynamo has for instance four poles and by turning this at 100 revolutions (turns) per second the output will be 200 Hertz. If the number of poles in the dynamo is increased to 80 the same driving speed will produce a 4 kHz signal. Increasing both the number of poles and the turning speed makes higher frequencies possible. Schematic diagram of principle Between points a and b there will be a signal of 15 (because of 30 poles) times the number of revolutions. The turning rod with electrical windings creating a coil will undergo a sequence of north and south magnetic poles. This induces an alternating current that presents itself on the points 'a' and 'b'. This presented model has fixed (stator) magnets and a rotating (rotor) coil. The places of the two can be exchanged so the magnets are turning in the centre and the coils are in a ring around it. This makes transfer of the coil signal to the next stages (tuning network and antenna) easier. Principle of a multipole generator for creating radio frequencies Principle of a multipole generator for creating radio frequencies Antenna system The antenna system, consisting of antenna wires supported by towers like those supporting high-tension power lines, has a very low efficiency due to the fact that the length of the antenna is still relatively small compared to the output wavelength. Technical details To achieve maximum range, like other transoceanic radiotelegraphy stations of this era it transmitted in the VLF band, at a frequency of 17.2 kilohertz and so the wavelength is approximately 17,442 meters. Even though the antenna is approximately 2 km long, it is short compared with the wavelength and so it is not very efficient. The six antenna masts each have a 46m cross-arm at the top and are 127m high. Today they carry 8 antenna conductors although originally there were 12. There are 64 windings on the stator of the alternator/generator, and each provides 100 V at up to 30 A, i.e. approximately 3 kW. Thus the peak RF output power is approximately 64 x 3 kW or 200 kW, although these days it is usually limited to about 80 kW. The rotor is a steel disc measuring 1.6 m in diameter and approximately 7.5 cm thick at the periphery. Around its circumference it has 488 brass filled slots. The air gap between the stator and rotor is 1 mm or less. The motor to drive the generator is capable of delivering 500 HP (approximately 370 kW). It is supplied by a 2,200V supply from a transformer-derived 2 phase supply, and turns at 711.3 rpm to obtain the specified frequency of operation. The complete transmitter set weighs about 50 tons. Further details can be found here. See also 2. ^ "ERIH Entry: Varberg World Heritage radio station". European Route of Industrial Heritage. 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Kiwibot is a last-mile delivery service that has completed over 150,000 food deliveries using electric semi-autonomous robots. Yesterday, the company announced its official expansion into San Jose, Miami-Dade County, Pittsburgh, and Detroit. Each of the four cities will be given up to 10 robots with one human supervisor. How does Kiwibot work? Kiwibot delivers food using electric semi-autonomous robots. They look like cute lunchboxes on wheels with a cheeky little flag. (Come to think of it, I guess they are lunchboxes on wheels.) Kiwibot has built 400 robots since it launched in 2017 and deployed them on the University of California-Berkeley campus and in San Jose in 2020. It’s also been running pilot programs in the above four cities. Kiwibots secure their cargo using a locking door. The robots open the Inner Container Door without human help at the restaurant. The restaurant staff then places the food inside the container. As soon as the food is secured inside, the robot automatically closes and locks the door. When the Kiwibot reaches its delivery destination, it sends an app notification that allows the person to click “unlock door.” The door automatically opens, and the customer removes their food. Then the robot’s door closes and automatically locks again. Kiwibot has been charging $3.99 per delivery, a cost that businesses can choose to absorb or pass on to consumers. Does Kiwibot have a bigger purpose? Photo: Kiwibot Yes. The company is partnered with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, which launched a self-driving initiative in 2018. Kiwibot and the Knight Foundation have been working to increase opportunities for locally owned businesses. They also want to provide more equitable access to food, medication, and other goods. Further, Kiwibot and the Knight Foundation want to ensure that the robots are deployed in areas where they can operate safely among pedestrians, bicycles, and vehicles. What does Kiwibot mean by semi-autonomous? TechCrunch explained in July 2020, when Kiwibot launched its pilot in San Jose: The delivery bots are equipped with a camera and are capable of detecting objects and navigating around them. However, the bots are also supported and controlled remotely by humans in certain scenarios, who can monitor up to three robots remotely. These teleoperators, or supervisors, as Kiwibot calls them, provide path planning, a method of setting and adjusting way points along a route. They can also step in and take direct control of the bot when problems arise. The supervisors, many of which are located in Colombia, from where [CEO Felipe] Chavez and his cofounder Sergio Pachón originally hail, also control the bot on all traffic crossings, according to the company. What’s the robots’ range, and how do they charge? They can operate for at least 10 hours, and they can achieve a distance of up to 12.4 miles (20 km) within those 10 hours. They are completely electric and take four hours to charge. They charge on a 120v outlet. Do the robots do anything else besides look cute and deliver burritos? Yes. They map areas and collect sidewalk and infrastructure data using the Mobility Data Specifications (MDS) framework and an automated data collection system. Further, Kiwibot’s robots could eventually share data about sidewalk conditions and vehicle and pedestrian traffic with city authorities, helping US cities become more accessible and safer. How do we know the robots actually work? Since June 2021, Kiwibot’s robots in the four cities have already traveled 1,455 miles, mapped 368 miles, and delivered 20,000 data points for city and county authorities. Electrek’s Take We cover electric vehicles. These robots are electric vehicles. And so far, so good, with Kiwibot’s deployment of these little guys. Last-mile deliveries have skyrocketed, thanks to the pandemic. If the robots can operate on streets able to accommodate them and get gas cars off the streets and thus reduce emissions, congestion, and traffic, then we’re all for them. They’re an electric last-mile solution. And as the US is – hopefully – on the brink of a major infrastructure overhaul, gathering data to roll out more efficient upgrades to city streets is only going to help. You get your burrito, your city finds out what needs fixing, everybody wins. FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More. About the Author
Money Supply and Interest Rates Yield curves as a leading economic indicator There are several reasons, which indicate that the gradient of the yield curve shows a probable future downturn. Contemporary monetary policy has a noteworthy influence on the yield curve extension, therefore on actual activity over the subsequently several quarters. An increase in the short rate tends to reduce the pace of actual growth in the near term and to squash the yield curve. Prospects of actual interest rates and potential inflation enclosed in the yield curve appear to have a vital function in the forecast of economic action. It is evident that the yield curve is a very effective tool for forecasting prospective financial and economic circumstances. However, other variables also predict the economic outcomes other than the yield curve, for instance trends in stock prices. Economic analysts deem that anticipations concerning prospective dividend streams determine stock prices. Consequently, this trend influences and dictates on the future economic status of a nation (Estrella & Mishkin, 1997). Tools that the Federal Reserve policy makers use to influence the money supply and interest rates Monetary policy refers several strategies by which central banks influence the supply and accessibility of money, in addition to the interest rates. The Federal Reserve is in charge of monetary policy In the U.S. Central banks for instance the Federal Reserve can apply contractionary or expansionary policy instruments to influence a country’s money supply. Expansionary monetary policy raises money supply. For example, banks can loan much of their obtained deposits if the Federal Reserve lessens reserve obligations. Since a low rate prompts banks to maintain fewer reserves since it costs less to borrow funds to cover deficits, a decrease in the discount rate has parallel outcomes. On the other hand, contractionary policy tools decreases money supply. Central banks mostly undertake these procedures to lessen inflation. Contractionary strategies comprise rising the discount rate and augmenting banks’ reserve obligations. The former makes it extra expensive for banks to fall short of reserve obligations, forcing them to employ reduced lending while the latter decreases the amount of money accessible for loaning. These measures render borrowing more expensive since they increase interest rates (Hal, 2011). Get your 100% original paper on Money Supply and Interest Rates! Custom essay written from scratch by professional specifically for you! One strategy through which the Federal Reserve policy makers can control money supply is by altering the reserve obligations of banks. It is evident that small alterations in the amount can lead to enormous modifications for available money, which could impose severe implications on the economy. For this reason, policy makers do not use this strategy often. Consequently, the Federal Reserve just modifies the reserve obligations under intense circumstances. Similarly, there are just not sufficient dollars on margin, relative to the fiscal foundation, to make a noteworthy distinction in the money supply. Due to this, the Federal Reserve does not often alter the Federal call percentage for the stock market. In addition, the loans attainable by banks are often rather higher than the discount rate the Federal Reserve charge. This is probably the major reason why financial analysts still refer to this discount rate as a discount loan. In general, it appears that banks ought to borrow as much as they can from the Federal Reserve and then raise profits from reducing their interest expenditure. If the Federal Reserve reduces or raises the discount rate, banks become aware that they are altering monetary policy consequently increasing or reducing their rates. On the other hand, banks often borrow from other banks that have cash overflows if they require money to cover temporary liquidity predicaments (Options A to Z, 2007). The other strong tool that the policy makers use to influence money supply and interest rates is open market operations. This strategy involves the buying and selling of government bonds in the open market. In this regard, the Federal Reserve pays for treasury bonds with cash and obtains bonds from banks or investors if they purchase them in the open market. Moreover, they deposit this money into banks thereby increasing the money supply. This strategy clearly indicates that the Federal Reserve increases money supply. Consequently, when there is increased money supply, the value of the money reduces thereby reducing interest rates. This again indicates that the Federal Reserve lowers the interest rates. The Federal Reserve is also in a position of raising the interest rates. They can clearly do this by selling there bonds in an open market. By so doing, the banks and investors will tend to hold the bonds while they release cash for them. Consequently, this causes a reduction in the money supply, which reduces its value, thereby increasing the interest rates. This indicates that the open market operations utilize a reverse strategy, which either increases money supply thereby lowering interest rates or reduces money supply thereby raising the interest rates. This is far much the most easy and rational toll for controlling money supply and interest rates. Monetary policy can control the gradient of the yield curve in relation to the interest rates. Short-term interest rates increases due to a stretched monetary policy. The intention of the increased short-term interest rates is causing the lessening of the inflationary pressures. Consequently, there is expectation that there would be a strategy to ease lower rates once these pressures fall down. This means that due to the stretching, short-term interest rates increases. On the other hand, long-term interest rates seem to symbolize longer-term anticipations and increase by less than short-term rates. However, one consequence of increased short-term interest rates is that there is sluggishness in the economy and squashing of the yield curve. On the other hand, the long-term interest rates move in the opposite direction from time to time. This indicates that both long-term and short-term interest rates may lead to an inversion of the yield curve if persistent. Occasionally, long-term rates go down devoid of an apparent concurrent movement in short-term rates, an occasion that might also give rise to an inversion (Estrella & Trubin, 2006). Long-term interest rates are superior to short-term rates since evasion might become possible in the distant future if the borrower obtains several bad shocks and builds up debt. In addition, Long-term interest rates are higher due to the risk premium on prospective alterations in evasion likelihood. On the other hand, during increased debts and reduced income, evasion is probable in the near future therefore, interests become high. Furthermore, long-term interest rates increases by a lower margin compared to the short-term interest rates. This is because the borrower’s probability of paying back might increase over a stretched time scope if there are several good shocks and reduction in debt. In addition, interest rats are very dynamic and the gap between short-term and long-term rates fluctuates considerably over time. In this regard, when interests are low, long-term rates become normally higher than short-term rates. Conversely, when the extent of interests’ increases, the difference between short-term and long-term spreads seems to contract and at times overturns (Arellano & Ramanarayanan, 2010). If the Federal Reserve follows either an expansionary or a contractionary policy, what will be the effect on bonds? The decision of issuing bonds in a certain period by a company highly reflects the contractionary and expansionary monetary policies by the Federal Reserve. Due to these measures, a borrower undergoes continual income shocks and can issue short and long period bonds. The borrower can evade on debt at whichever particular time, but experiences expenses of doing so. These expenses arise due to omission from global financial markets and reduced income. In equilibrium, defaulting appears to arise in high-debt, reduced-income periods, when the rate of debt repayment overshadows the rates of evasion. In effect, bond prices reimburse for the anticipated loss from evasion and for risk premium (Arellano & Ramanarayanan, 2010). In the case of the major department store chain, the management will have to issue their bonds now if the Federal Reserve is following an expansionary policy. This is because expansionary monetary policy leads to reduction in interest rates. Consequently, this renders bonds less striking in relation to equities, thus leading to increase in the price of equities. When interest rates are low due to expansionary monetary policy, less risk-susceptible borrowers are many among those requiring loans. In effect, lenders become more eager to loan, increasing both venture and yield. In addition, Expansionary monetary policy raises bank deposits and bank reserves thereby augmenting the amount of bank loans obtainable. Consequently, this increase in loans will lead to an increase in investment and probably consumer expenditure (Mishkin, 1996). On the other hand, the management of the chain store should issue the bonds after one year if they feel that the Federal Reserve is following a contractionary policy. This is because a contractionary monetary policy will likely augment the borrowing price of companies that have to finance their working capital. In the short run, such short-run raises in financing the production cycle becomes partially the burden of consumers. Consequently, this “cost channel” controls the reduction in demands subsequent to the shock and effects in higher, instead of lower costs. In addition to this, a rise in the relative issuing of long-term bonds might reduce the costs of all bonds, even short-term bonds, whose supply reduces. The perception is that alterations in supply affect the term formation by changing the market prices of the risk factors. These risk factors are general to every bond due to the lack of arbitrage. There are diverse channels through which contractionary monetary policy reduces surplus stock market returns. Moreover, a contractionary monetary shock will cause a rise in inflation. This will only happen if the Federal Reserve has some confidential data concerning future inflation, or if their shocks increase the borrowing price of companies (Goto & Valkanov, 2002).
The Best Regions for Nasturtiums to Grow Nasturtiums (Tropaeolum ssp.) are like merry guests, welcome in every home but staying longer in some than others. The familiar round leaves and bright neon-hued flowers grow from seeds the size of a grapefruit pit; children love to plant them. Many nasturtiums are annuals, growing happily anywhere with a little sun; others are perennials in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 10. Nasturtium cultivars offer flowers in various shades but the familiar ones are bright orange or yellow; each blossom has five lobed petals. The leaves arrive before the flowers. They are large and green, often round as a saucer, but sometimes appear palmate. Both the leaves and the flowers are edible, and nasturtium-blossoms on salad have been cyclically popular in trendy restaurants. Some nasturtium species are dwarf, with growth under 15 inches tall; other cultivars have bushy or trailing foliage, better candidates for ground cover for sloping areas or hanging baskets. Any garden with moist, well-drained soil will be a happy home for nasturtium seeds as long as the area gets full sun. Annual species grow from seeds planted in the spring, although some continue growing and reseeding themselves in temperate climates. Perennial species regenerate from their rhizomes every spring; these require the Mediterranean climate found in USDA zones 8 through 10 to make it through the winter. However, those gardeners in cooler climes can grow perennial nasturtiums as container plants and shelter them indoors in winter. Dwarf species form loose mounds of flowers, excellent for borders and patio containers. Choose among a variety of delicious cultivar names such as "Creamsicle," with bi-color flowers, orange swirled with creamy white; "Peach Melba," growing lively yellow blossoms with vermilion throats; and "Vanilla Berry," ivory flowers with red, strawberry-shaped markings in the throat. The rambling varieties climb or spread up to 10 feet in any direction. Cultivar "Amazon Jewel" offers deep, bold shades of flowers, while "Moonlight" grows blossoms in pastel yellow. The flame nasturtium (Tropaeolum speciosum) is a perennial with crimson flowers, thriving in USDA zones 8 through 10. Sow nasturtium seeds according to your region. In areas with mild winters, spring is the best time for planting these charmers. The germinating seeds survive a late frost as long as you cover them with row covers. Gardeners in cooler regions start the seeds indoors or sow later in springtime. Perennial seeds are best started in spring in a cold frame but will only thrive in USDA zones 8 through 10.
Lela Pandak Lam This article is about a Malay nationalist. For the current ruler of Rembau, see Muhammad Sharif Othman. Sketch of Dato Maharaja Lela. Dato Maharaja Lela Pandak Lam (died on 20 January 1877) was a Malay nationalist from Perak. A descendant of Daeng Salili, Pandak Lam was the son of a Bugis king from Luwuk District, Sulawesi. During the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah III, he came to Perak and was appointed Mufti and was awarded the title "Dato Maharaja Lela Tan Lela", granting him the authority to punish by decapitation without question. Pandak Lam was a leader who later led the struggle against the British in Perak. Together with other leaders such as Dato 'Sagor and Ngah Kandin, he planned an alliance to assassinate James Wheller Woodford Birch (J. W. W. Birch), the British Resident of Perak. His decision was approved in a meeting at Durian Sebatang, chaired by Sultan Abdullah on 21 July 1875. Dato Maharaja Lela and his assistant Sepuntum speared Resident Birch to death on 2 November 1875, as Birch was taking his bath by a river near Pasir Salak, which is located somewhere around today's Teluk Intan (Teluk Anson). There is inconsistency as to the reason why Birch was assassinated. One view is that Birch's assassination was because he outlawed slavery in Perak. Dato Maharajalela, whose income depended on capturing and selling the natives of Perak or Orang Asli as slaves, was then incensed and plotted with some of the slave-traders to kill Birch by spearing him when he was taking his bath in the river.[1][2][3] The more popular view among right-wing Malay historians was that Birch was assassinated because of his disrespect of the local customs and traditions, which raised tensions with local Malay chiefs. This is because modern Malay historians generally refuse to accept that the Orang Asli were being traded as slaves in the pre-Colonial era. Some accounts claimed that Birch even entered the palace of the ruling Sultan of Perak without removing his shoes. The murder of J. W. W. Birch led the British army to attack Pasir Salak, and following several days of battle, the leaders of the rebellion surrendered. In a subsequent trial held between 14 and 22 December in Matang, Perak, Sultan Abdullah and Ngah Ibrahim was deposed and sent to exile in Seychelles. Dato Maharajalela, meanwhile, was found guilty for the murder of Birch and sentenced to death. He was executed by hanging on 20 January 1877 in Taiping. In the wake of the incident, the British administration was shifted to Taiping. The terms maharajalela (in Malay language), and merajalela (in Indonesian language), stem from his name to describe uncontrollable actions or phenomenona. See also 1. "Perak War". Britannica Online. Retrieved 25 July 2013. 2. Leasor, James (2001). Singapore: The Battle That Changed the World. House of Stratus. pp. 45, 46. ISBN 978-0755100392. 3. Hussin, Iza. "The Pursuit of the Perak Regalia: Islam, Law, and the Politics of Authority in the Colonial State" (PDF). University of Chicago. pp. 772, 773. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Japan and China, the Unforgetten War China and Japan are two different countries with two different cultures. Both of their values are different and both of their economies are different. A lot of times, being in the United States, we really don’t understand the differences between two countries that seem so similar to us. Yet, in reality, they are so different that sometimes we need a better understanding of what really goes on behind the scenes of both countries. China and Japan face many primary issues. Many years ago China and Japan become rivals. In the late 1800’s Japan and China went into a major war, calling this the Nanjing Massacre. In 1937 Japanese soldiers came into China and murdered, raped, and looted many of China’s people. One of their main issues is the economy. Before the 1980’s Japan was the giant of Asia, since than China has overpowered Japan, including taking over the United States as a major trading partner. Another issue is the oil pipeline off in the large oil fields in eastern Siberia. This issue took place in 2004 where Japan was bidding for their side to control the oil field and China was bidding for their side. Eventually Japan won. The Chinese government has worked hard to facilitate the separation of China and Japan. In recent years, the Chinese and Japanese people have protested against each other, leaving the government to control what is going on. The Chinese government has been able to control any rioting and made sure that if any erupts, they have it under control. Basically, the Chinese government is making sure that the Japanese know they don’t have any hard feelings from the past issues, which happened over 60 years ago. More recently, China and Japan have been battling over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, which falls on the international border, which is creating another battle for both countries. The Chinese government has also increasemilitary expenses. “The winners get to write history” applies to this case because even though the Nanjing Massacre happened over 60 years ago, the Chinese will still protest against Japan. Both countries will always remember what Japan did to China. We often remember things based on who triumphed than those who lost. Therefore we know that Japan was dominate over China for a long time so when looking back at history we see that Japan was always the one who was one up ahead of China. This left China with the image of being controlled, but looking further into history the tables have turned and China made a rebound. The issues between China and Japan might hinder business between Japanese and Chinese firms because one might not trust the other in the proper way. For instance, till this day there are obviously a lot of people in China who are still against Japan for the past issues they have had. Those people might be anti-Japan in anyway possible and discourage business with the other. This is also true when it comes to purchasing, Chinese people may not purchase anything that has to do with Japan leaving them limited opportunities to buy products or services. In 2004, a fifth of Japan’s total trade was with China. But soon after China decided to increase its trade with the United States, making a bigger investment with them. The Chinese and Japanese lack trust within each other and that’s going to be their biggest economical problem. Over the recent years, there have been mass demonstrations and boycotts of Japanese products from the Chinese leaving exports to only decline and take a toll on the trading business for both countries. Chinese and Japanese firms can certainly work to overcome these issues. This is an issue that has to be set forward between both governments. Both the Chinese and the Japanese need to have a trust issue and a steady balance for each to work with each other in an effective business manor. Both countries need to understand that the past is the past. The Chinese must understand that those people who existed 60 years ago are not the same people living these days. Although there might be some people who still believe in what the Japanese has done to the Chinese, there still needs to be a level of trust for business purposes. There are surely some people in both countries that both need something that the other country needs. In 1972, both countries did achieve a postwar reconciliation, but even after 4 decades the ties have not been completely normal. The problem here is that there are a large number of Chinese citizens who still see Japan as a militaristic country who is aggressive and out to get them. At the end of the day, this is a political issue in which both countries simply need to gather a level of trust in order to do business with each other. Both the Chinese and the Japanese need to understand that the past is something that will affect the future, but in order to gain business from each other they must come to a point where they have a stronger economic bond or they will never be able to maintain a stable relationship with each other. In reality, there will always be some sort of rivalry with both China and Japan, but as times grow eventually one of them will realize it’s just not worth it anymore. ReferencesJapan and China: The Unforgotten Warhttp://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2006/04/japan_and_china.html http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2006/04/japan_and_chinalinks.html China and Japan Rival Giantshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/05/china_japan/html/history.stm Private Sector Urged to do More to Help Rebuild Japan-China Relations http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/26/business/private-sector-urged-to-do-more-to-help-rebuild-japan-china-relations/#.Uc5p2xzQddw
What is poetry? Of course, each of us knows, since the history of this literary genre has its roots in very ancient times. Still not knowing the written language, humankind already understood that the information set forth in a rhymed verse is understood and remembered better than any simple story. Poetry is a genre of literature, containing in its basis poetic masterpieces with perfect imagery, achieved with a harmonious combination of the original form and new content with sensual coloring. Surprisingly, even during the time of Plato (four hundred years before Christ) - education and training consisted of gymnastics, music, poetry and mathematics. The authors themselves, creating their masterpieces, give each word no less meaning than its intentions and the content of the entire work. Poetry played a big role in creating beautiful, popular songs. Indeed, many verses fit very well on music and are transformed into a wonderful piece of music. Mostly a verse is a rhyming narrative. However, there is such a direction as writing "white poems", which do not have a rhyme. However, regardless of the fact that there are many types of verses, they are not separated from each other by a blank wall, but on the contrary, they are in great communication and interact with each other. In simple words, in such works you can state any of your feelings and emotions: feelings and joy, concern for the problem, your love for the world, city, native land, people, etc. On our website you will find a large selection in the genre of "Weekly and fortnightly poetry". Enjoy the listening. Featured free audio books — Multi-version (Weekly and Fortnightly poetry) Free public domain audiobooks LibriVox
The Chinese Take Their Calligraphy Very Seriously Herein lies the basics of A) actual knowledge vs. B) crap you pick up while only glancing at travel sites. In communicating our plans prior to arrival and looking for tour ideas, I had sent our guide, David, a terse message, “Would like to see Hutong and have a cultural experience.” Looking back – and knowing what I now know, the absurdity of the message is staggering. In a way, I’m basically saying, “Hey, we’d like to see a group of houses and do stuff.” My hometown peeps would totally understand if I were a tour guide and given the same instructions by foreign visitors, I would take them to a trailer park and then give them a lesson how to ride a rodeo bull. Narrow alley in a hutong Hutongs are a grouping (neighborhood) of traditional siheyuan – houses in a common block with an outer wall and an inner courtyard. Hutongs are characterized by narrow streets or alleys and are commonly associated with northern Chinese cities, most prominently Beijing. Many neighborhoods were formed by joining one siheyuan to another to form a hutong and then joining one hutong to another. The word hutong is also used to refer to such neighborhoods. Siheyuan dates back as early as the Western Zhou period and has a history of over 2,000 years. They exhibit outstanding and fundamental characteristics of Chinese architecture and serve as a cultural symbol of Beijing and a window into its old ways of life. Gate to a siheyuan Steps to a siheyuan gate. The more steps the more esteemed the family residing there. Modern Beijing’s population boom has made housing one of city’s biggest challenges. Siheyuan today are typically used as housing complexes, hosting multiple families, with courtyards being developed to provide extra living space. The living conditions in many siheyuan are quite poor, with very few having private toilets. In the 1990s, systematic demolition of old urban buildings took place in Beijing under rapid economic development. Many siheyuan are being torn down to address the problem of overcrowding, and have been replaced by modern apartment blocks. Each hutong has a name. Some have had only one name since their creation, while others have had several throughout their history. Museum in a hutong dedicated to the traditional Chinese drink, baijiu (it’s similar to vodka). Many hutongs were named after their location, or a local landmark or business, such as: City gates, such as Inner Xizhimen Hutong, indicating this hutong is located in the “Xizhimen Nei”, or “Xizhimen Within”, neighborhood, which is on the city side of Xizhimen Gate, a gate on the city wall. Hutong equivalent to Home Depot. Storefront for building materials. Markets and businesses, such as Yangshi Hutong (Yangshi literally means sheep market), or Yizi Hutong (a local term for soap is yizi) Temples, such as Guanyinsi Hutong (Guanyinsi is the Kuan-yin Temple) Local features, such as Liushu Hutong (Liushu means willow), which was originally named “Liushujing Hutong”, literally “Willow Tree Well Hutong”, after a local well. Cars parked in the narrow streets usually cover their wheels to protect from dogs urinating on them Some hutongs were named after people, such as Mengduan Hutong (named after Meng Duan, a mayor of Beijing in the Ming Dynasty whose residence was in this hutong). Others were given an auspicious name, with words with generic positive attributes, such as Xiqing Hutong (Xiqing means happy) Since the mid-20th century, a large number of Beijing hutongs were demolished to make way for new roads and buildings. More recently, however, many hutongs have been designated as protected, in an attempt to preserve this aspect of Chinese cultural history. Hutongs were first established in the Yuan dynasty (1206–1341) and then expanded in the Ming (1368–1628) and Qing (1644–1908) dynasties. Another gate. Banners can indicate important events like wedding announcements or funerals. Today, as in the past, hutongs are home to celebrities, business owners, and officials. Taxi driver sleeping in his cab Courtyard to siheyuan we visited One of the things we didn’t quite understand was how much calligraphy was cherished. As Westerners, we’re used to seeing fancy writing – even seeing writing as an art form, but not to the level that is respected within China. It is considered a hugely popular traditional art and many calligraphers are well-known celebrities. Our instructor explaining the significance of each tool We were fortunate to have arraigned a family calligraphy lesson by a renowned artist whose extended family of brothers and sisters resided in a siheyuan within the hutong we were visiting. Our guide explained the significance of this particular siheyuan, how the number of steps (five) to the main gate gave credence to the importance of the family, and how this particular siheyuan had been within the same family for several hundred years. We first started by sitting around a small coffee table while our teacher prepared. His sister told us stories for their family and showed black and white pictures from when they were children. We then sat at a larger table (like a dining table) and Mr. Zhang came out with a quick introduction. He showed us several traditional tools – fine rice paper, ink stones, brushes and, through translation, explained the relative histories and significance of each. On to practice. Each of us was given practice papers in which to mimic our instructor’s strokes. Every few minutes he would peer at our papers, offer encouragement and make slight adjustments. I dearly wanted to impress him and worked hard at my lines. He did praise my work a few times, but I sincerely think it was because I was the patriarch of the group and wanted me to save face. Bailey was later encouraged to continue her studies. Mr. Zhang showing us his abilities At the end of the lesson, Mr. Zhang offered to draw some souvenirs. I was grateful, because I wanted this to happen, but wasn’t sure how to ask for fear of seeming disrespectful of his time and talents. I mean, if you had met Andy Warhol, would you ask him to quickly draw a soup can? Regardless, he did so and they’re wonderful additions to our house and made great gifts. I’m glad we took the lesson seriously and our nervous laughter at being unable to make semi-coherent symbols didn’t seem disrespectful. But still, yet, we didn’t quite understand the deep respect that calligraphy draws from the Chinese people. Later that night, we had David arrange for us to see a Chinese acrobatic performance. When the show started, an announcer came out and kicked things off…pretty normal. But rather than a quick set of words, he talked for several minutes. Not understanding anything, we waited. And waited. And then after seemingly 10 minutes of the announcer talking with very little response from the audience (say, if he was a comedian to warm up the crowd), four female assistants came out, carrying two long, blank banners. A table was set up and the banners laid out on top of it. Then a man was announced to the crowd and there was some applause. A few more minutes of talking, the announcer seemed to be asking for volunteers, with several people rushing up to the stage, all gathered around the table. Several other people were being allowed to go backstage. It was all very confusing. Calligraphy demonstration at a show Later, when we re-told the story to David, he told us that the man on the stage was a well-known calligrapher and the people brought up (and those into the back) were allowed to meet him and get a personalized phrase sent home with them. What struck us was that it seemed to be so out of place by our standards. To think of an equivalent experience is difficult. The show was seemingly a very different set of audience interest (think of the kinds of acrobatics you see at a circus or Cirque de Soleil show) and yet a fair number of people were very excited to be up on stage and take pictures of the artist doing his work (he wrote on the two banners). Luckily, we didn’t show any disrespect to either Mr. Zhang nor our guide, only due to our naivety. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Skip to main content Hydrodynamics for High-Speed Marine Vehicles Course format On-site Date 2021-01-11 - 2021-05-07 The course considers the three main categories of high-speed vessels, i.e. hull-supported, air-cushion supported and foil supported vessels. Hull-supported vessels are divided into semi-displacement and planing vessels. All hydrodynamic aspects are discussed. This means resistance, trim, wash, propulsion, seakeeping, hydrodynamic stability and maneuvering. Links to automatic control and structural mechanics are emphasized. It is important to stress that methods/topics treated by the course can be applied to/are relevant for displacement vessels, as a special case of hull-supported vessels operating in the low Froude-number range. The driving questions are: What are the resistance components of different high-speed vessels? What are their seakeeping and maneuvering properties? What are the main instability mechanisms/phenomena as a function of speed? Which prediction methods are suitable to predict their equilibrium conditions, their calm-water performances, their operations at sea? The main steps of the course are the following. First, a general overview of the course is given. Then, the different high-speed vessel categories are examined in detail. The surface effect ships (SES), dealing with: static equilibrium, metacentric height, resistance components, air bag, bow seal, speed loss in waves, cobblestone oscillations. The hydrofoil vessels, dealing with: static equilibrium, lift and drag coefficients, cavitation, from hullborne to foilborne conditions, resistance, manoeuvring, automatic control, linear foil theory, Weissinger approximation, three-dimensional foil theory, free surface effects, foil interaction, wave induced motions of hydrofoil vessels. The semi-displacement vessels, dealing with: resistance components, wave resistance and wash, wave induced motions, added resistance, dynamic stability, global wave loads, manoeuvring. The planing vessels, dealing with: steady equilibrium, dynamic instability. porpoising. manoeuvring. TMR4215 Sea Loads. Learning outcomes General objectives of the course are: • To build up knowledge about different types of high-speed vehicles, their typical applications, and their hydrodynamic features. • To provide enough physical insight to interpret theoretical and experimental investigations of hydrodynamic properties applied in design of high-speed marine vehicles. • To unable performing simple analyses and calculations of hydrodynamic properties of high-speed marine vehicles. • To master the concepts and terminology of high-speed marine vehicles. Among the learning outcomes for the students, with respect to knowledge and skills, one can list: • To understand the key differences between alternative high-speed vessel concepts, their design and operation advantages and challenges; this is essential in order to select a specific concept for targeted missions. • To learn the relative importance of physical mechanisms in the resistance experienced by a high-speed vessel in calm water and to be able to estimate it by choosing the suitable prediction methods. To be able to estimate added-resistance contributions due to e.g. interaction with incident waves, maneuvering. • To be able to identify the appropriate propulsion system for a specific high-speed vehicle and to estimate, for propellers and water jets, the provided thrust and the efficiency, as well as to be able to control their operative challenges. • To be able to estimate relevant wave-induced response variables (motions, relative motions, accelerations, etc.) within linear theory and assess operational limit criteria for a specific high-speed vessel. This includes also the estimation of occurrence and features of rigid-motion resonance and flexible-mode resonance (springing/whipping). • To be able to roughly assess occurrence of violent wave-body interaction phenomena, such as water on deck and slamming and to know the physical phenomena and factors connected with slamming, its relevance and consequences. To learn the general features of the major methods used to predict slamming loads on vessels and their local and global consequences. • To be able to estimate the hydrodynamic loads during ship maneuvering as well as the loads and performance of the steering devices, including maneuvering in waves, presence of other ships or structures. • To be able to assess static and dynamic stability of high-speed vehicles and to identify relevant design and operational parameters governing their stability properties. • To be able to examine the use of automatic control and its consequences for the vessel behavior. • To be aware of scaling issues when performing model tests to estimate relevant local/global variables for different high-speed vessels. ISCED Categories Naval engineering
Best Answer A zillion is actually an undetermined number as defined by scientists around the world. They are trying to identify how many there are now, but many people recognize a "zillion" as an extremely large number (so large, it will be rarely used) or just an expression for a very large number. User Avatar Wiki User 2009-10-13 06:03:51 This answer is: User Avatar More answers User Avatar Omar Rivera Lvl 2 2020-12-21 22:28:34 User Avatar Add your answer: Earn +20 pts Q: How many zeros does a zillion have? Write your answer... Still have questions? magnify glass Related questions How many zeros in zillion? a zillion minus one How many zeros in a zillion? How many zeros are in a zillion? A gazillion. log base 10 of a zillion. How many zeros are ther in a zillion? How Many Zeros Are There in a Zillion? 1000 trillion How many zeros does xilli-yilli-zillion have? How many zeros are in a gazillion? A gazillion is a fictitious number, as are a Zillion, and Jillion. How many zeros has a zillion? 15 ------------------ Zillion has not a well-defined and generally accepted mathematical meaning; the sense is a very great number. Does the number a zillion exist? a zillion exists. it has fifteen zeros. 1,000,000,000,000,000 edit: No it does not. The number suggested above is actually 1 Quadrillion. What number has forty two zeros after it? The answer is kazillion. Most of the time it is thought that a zillion is the answer. How many zero's in a zillion? You cannot know the amount of zero's in a zillion because a zillion is an undetermined number. People only use it to describe large numbers... just like infinity. You can get more information if you type in the question "How many zeros dooes a zillion have?" It's probably the same as your question, but it has more information than I am able to provide. Hope this helps. How many millions in a zillion? there is no such thing a a zillion its made up How many 0's in a zillion? A zillion is an undetermined number. How many 0 are in a zillion? None. A zillion is not a real number. How many dollars in a zillion dollars? A "zillion" isn't a number. How many zeros are in a cajillion? Cajillion is not an actual number that can be quantified. It is just a word meaning a very large amount, like gazillion, zillion, bazillion, etc. How many 0's are in a zillion? None. A zillion is not a real number. How do you write a zillion? There is no such thing as the number "zillion". It is used only in slang term, as meaning "many". There is no definite number for zillion, because technically there isn't a 'zillion'. How many numbers are in a zillion? A zillion is a fictitious name for an arbitrarily large number. How much 0s are in a zillion? The value of a zillion has not been quantified. You can decide how many. How many zeros are in a kajillion? 37.5 zeros. Since it is a made up name for a number, it can have as many zeros as you like. How many zeros in a zillon? 100000000000000000000000000000 there you go. A zillion has an unspecified number of zeros: A zillion does not exist as a real number, but is used by writers (especially of fiction) to represent an extremely large number in a more humorous way than saying just "infinite". It can also be used to exaggerate fairly small large numbers, like million or billions, when the context suggests that the number cannot be taken seriously. How many digits in a zillion? Does a 'zillion' really exist? I thought it was just an expression, like 'umpteen'. What is a 100 zillion sided shape called? Zillion is a nonsense word that implies many. It is not a number. How many zeroes hundred zillion? One zillion is equal to 1x10^bjillion. Therefore, there are a bjillion and two zeroes in the number one hundred zillion. People also asked
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search Bisexual is a term originating from the Greek word Bi, meaning "Two, Three or Good Morning", and the Latin word sexual meaning "sexual or six digits". Bisexuals are people who have become obsessive fans of the television series Good Morning, America, seeing as bisexuals are often confused by the concept of digits and consider seven to be six or six to be nine. In most civilised societies apart from North America, bisexual means "one who wants to ride a bicycle". This is also the most common way of referring to a person who rides a bicycle frequently - a bisexual. This is also where the term town bicycle came from. In other cultures, namely geek culture, bisexual means "has had sex, twice". There are several types of bisexual, including bisexual men, bisexual women, and bisexual opponents of binary conceptions of gender. There are also militant bisexuals a.k.a. the Blue Berets, religious bisexuals such as the Pope Benedict XVI (who are very much homo - as in homosexual - but not any sexual) and rainforest bisexuals such as featured in the film King Arthur (who paint their faces in the colours of the rainbow and then ride bicycles). While homosexual marriages have been sanctioned in some places, Bisexual marriages are still rare. This is partly due to the fact that at least 3 partners would have to be involved in the marriage, rendering one aspect of the marriage to be Heterosexual. For those without comedic tastes, the so-called experts at Wikipedia have an article about Bisexual. See also[edit]
Does Elephant Garlic Make Seeds? Does Elephant Garlic Make Seeds? Do garlic plants produce seeds? Although you may see or hear it referred to as seed, seed garlic, or even seed stock, the truth is garlic doesn’t usually set true seed, and on those rare occasions when it does, garlic seed resembles the small, black seeds of onions. The flowers of garlic plants usually fade long before producing any seed. How do you get seeds from garlic? Harvest the seeds when the umbrels and ovaries dry completely, generally 45 to 60 days after pollination. Cut each scape with scissors. Put the cut umbrels in a paper sack, and shake the sack to release the seeds. What is the difference between elephant garlic and regular garlic? Elephant garlic is different, though. In the same way that leeks are milder than onions, elephant garlic is milder, and with a slightly different flavor, than regular garlic — slightly garlicy, but without the sharp, pungent bite. Does Elephant Garlic Make Seeds – Related Questions How long does it take to grow elephant garlic? Spring-planted elephant garlic can be ready to harvest in 90 days; however, it will most likely still be a single large bulb. Can you grow elephant garlic indoors? Why is my garlic seeding? You’ll notice in early to mid-June that your garlic is sending up a stalk from the center of the plant. The stalk is thicker than the leaves and is called the garlic scape. The scape, if left on the plant, will form a flower and then seed (you can eat those tiny seeds! Can you braid elephant garlic? One way to store elephant garlic (as well as other garlic and onions) is to form braids which can be hung up in a suitable spot. To make braids, leave the dry stems at the top of each of the bulbs. Does garlic reproduce? Garlic, like potatoes, is multiplied by vegetative reproduction rather than by sexual reproduction (seeds). Individual garlic cloves are planted and they each produce a bulb in which the cloves all have the same genetic makeup as the original clove. These can also be used for vegetative production. What is true garlic seed? Botanical seed derived from the garlic flowers—true seed—resembles little, black onion seeds. “True seed shouldn’t be confused with seed garlic—a term that refers to cloves or bulbs typically used to plant a garlic crop,” says Simon. Will garlic reseed itself? Can I plant the seeds from garlic scapes? Start by leaving a few scapes on garlic plants in the spring. They’ll mature into garlic seed by the late summer, and be ready for harvest once they dry and the plant begins to die back. The garlic bulb at the base of the plant will still be usable and fully formed, but likely much smaller than the other bulbs nearby. Should you let garlic go to seed? If you leave the scape intact, the plant divides its energy between scape and bulb growth, so the bulb ends up smaller. These “rounds” can be peeled and eaten, but if they’re planted for a second year they usually grow into a regular garlic bulb, with the usual cloves. Is elephant garlic any good? Should you let elephant garlic flower? For those of you with the space and inclination to grow your own, Elephant Garlic makes an attractive addition to any garden, with gorgeous flower spikes up to 1.5 m tall. It’s best to remove these (and eat the delicious scapes!), so that all the plant’s energy is used to feed the bulb, rather than the flower. Is elephant garlic healthy? Conclusion: Elephant garlic exhibits antibacterial property and has an inhibitory effect on osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) proliferation and cell activity, suggesting the mechanism of its anticancer effects on U2OS human osteosarcoma cells. How much does elephant garlic sell for? Elephant garlic, for example, routinely sell for about $15 a pound. You can produce about $8 per square foot of growing area with gourmet garlic.. Is Elephant garlic genetically modified? Is Elephant garlic genetically modified? More closely related to the leek family than the garlic family, Elephant Garlic is a large variety with cloves that have a mild garlic flavor. This variety is GMO free and can be harvested in the summer months. How long does it take to grow garlic from seed? Unlike many vegetables that are planted in spring and harvested in fall, garlic is usually planted in fall and harvested from late spring to mid summer. It’s a long-maturing crop, taking eight to nine months from seed garlic (plantable cloves) to final harvest. Can you grow garlic without soil? Growing garlic in water indoors is much easier than planting garlic plants outdoors. You don’t have to worry about soil type, weather conditions, mulch, weeds, or pests—all you need is a garlic clove, a glass of water, and some sunlight. Sprout a garlic clove. After about two days, your cloves should begin to sprout. Does garlic need full sun? Garlic thrives in full sun in loose soil. Choose a well-drained garden bed that receives 6-8 hours of sunlight per day. If the weather has been dry, water your garden bed well a day before planting. Can you eat garlic leaves? You can eat the slim green leaves and the bud-like structure. You can also just pinch or bend off the stems. They should snap off easily. Rinse them and put them in a glass of water or in a zip top bag in the refrigerator where they will keep for several days. How do you harvest and cure elephant garlic? Brush off the soil, but don’t wash the roots, since you’ll need to cure them later. Depending on the ambient humidity, you’ll need to cure your elephant garlic for 3-8 weeks in a cool, dark, dry place before storage. Some growers braid the tops together and hang them up in small bunches to facilitate curing. What is the life cycle of garlic? Planting Garlic Each clove is planted about 8 inches apart in the soil and about 2 inches deep with the pointed end up. Can you buy garlic seeds? Fall is the time to plant garlic in your backyard garden. You can buy garlic seed from several different sources both online or locally.
Is follicular lymphoma the same as non Hodgkin’s? Follicular lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. When you have follicular lymphoma, the sick blood cells can travel to many parts of your body, such as your organs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes (pea-sized glands in your neck, groin, and under your arms that are part of your immune system). Is follicular lymphoma considered non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma? Follicular lymphoma is a form of cancer. It is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which is a group of related cancers that affect the lymphatic system (lymphomas). The lymphatic system functions as part of the immune system and helps to protect the body against infection and disease. Is follicular lymphoma a high grade lymphoma? Follicular lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It is usually slow growing and called a low grade lymphoma. Why do they call it follicular lymphoma? Follicular lymphoma is a common type of slow-growing (low-grade) non-Hodgkin lymphoma that develops from B cells. It is called ‘follicular’ lymphoma because the abnormal B cells usually develop in clumps called ‘follicles’ inside lymph nodes. How long do you live with follicular lymphoma? The survival rate for follicular lymphoma at five years (that is, the percentage of patients who will be alive 5 years after diagnosis) is 80-90% and median survival is approximately 10-12 years. People with stage I follicular lymphoma may be able to be cured with radiation therapy. THIS IS IMPORTANT: Where can a secondary tumor form? Which is worse Hodgkin’s lymphoma or non? Is follicular lymphoma serious? Follicular lymphoma is usually not considered to be curable, but more of a chronic disease. Patients can live for many years with this form of lymphoma. What’s the worst type of lymphoma? Burkitt lymphoma is considered the most aggressive form of lymphoma and is one of the fastest growing of all cancers. Can you live 20 years with lymphoma? Which is worse B-cell or T cell lymphoma? Is follicular lymphoma a disability? The Social Security Administration (SSA) recognizes Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma as a potentially disabling condition that may qualify you for Social Security Disability (SSD) benefits. Is follicular lymphoma bad? Most cases of follicular lymphoma are incurable, but the average survival in advanced stages of follicular lymphoma is about 20 years. What type of lymphoma is not curable?
The initial installation of a Missile Defense System in South Korea to curb the growing capability of North Korea’s missile program has finally kicked off amid protest from China. The US government has described the project as a positive move that will ensure maximum protection of South Korean and US forces in the Korean Peninsula from potential missiles attack from the North. North Korea's persistent provocation The installation comes in the wake of a series of missile launches by Pyongyang. Despite the UN sanctions on North Korea, the secretive state has persistently launched ballistic missiles that could potentially reach distant lands. In February, a missile launched from North Korea successively landed within Japanese territory. The US administration has maintained that the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system is meant to bring Kim Jong-un to his senses. China has, however, protested the installation, arguing that it will destabilize the region. Despite calls for China to rein in on North Korea’s nuclear program, negotiations between the two states have stalled, prompting the US to proceed with the installation of the defense system. China perceives the installation as an attempt by the US to control a region that is predominantly on good terms with China. The ability of T.H.A.A.D. Pyongyang conducted a decorated military parade in which it showcased multiple short and medium range ballistic missiles. US intelligence has downplayed the ability of North Korea's nuclear ambitions. It, however, believes North Korea is seeking to develop long range missiles that could reach as far as the US. The Junta regime has further reiterated that it will readily use its missiles if provoked by the US or her allies. The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (T.H.A.A.D.) has the capability to intercept and destroy short and medium range ballistic missiles during their final phase of flight. Discuss this news on Eunomia The installation, which will become operational in 2018, comes just weeks after US vice President Mike Pence warned that the US would abandon the failed policy of strategic patience with North Korea. Reports also suggest that a US submarine has joined other warships docking within reach of North Korea and could be used if the missile launches do not cease. Kim Jong-un is unpredictable Speaking to a congressional panel, US Admiral Harry Harris warned that his troops could not guarantee that Kim Jong-un would not do something dangerous. He asserted that the new missile defense system would be essential in protecting the Korean peninsula from potential targets, as well as help US forces handle any missile targeting civilians or troops.
WHAT IS ZONE DIET? \| What Foods Allowed on Zone Diet What is Zone Diet? A Time of Traditional Eating Long ago, when people mostly eat meat, fruits, and vegetables, strength and vitality were at their peak. No grains and no bad carbs. Within its zone, only meat, fruit, and veggies are allowed. This diet comprises 40% carbohydrates, 30% protein, and 30% fat, and is known as “The 40-30-30 Diet”. Dr. Barry Sears is the founder of this diet and he believed in the concept that it is the solution to diseases with disturbance in insulin levels. He claimed that Insulin is the answer to a healthier and fit body, by maintaining its normal level, we can achieve and healthy lifestyle. He made a proportion that for every 1-gram of Fat, there should be 2 grams of Protein and 3 Grams of Carbohydrates. This diet is also recommended to diabetics and individuals with cardiovascular risk. It helps to regulate blood glucose levels and promotes weight loss. The diet aims to consume low-glycemic index food items and low-fat protein. This food distribution will help the insulin levels be at a normal level, disrupted levels of insulin are linked to inflammation, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. What are the foods inside the Zone? The zone diet plan is composed of fruits, vegetables, lean meat, and monounsaturated fats such as olive oil, avocado, and almonds. What is zone diet What is zone diet – Vegetables Fruits include berries, mango, grapes, apple, all of those that are high in vitamins and minerals. Starchy vegetables are removed, we will focus on green leafy, eggplant, tomatoes, and those that are not included in grains and rice. Dr. Sears want to build up a meal plan that will not produce too many calories, in Nutritional Biochemistry, excess calories in the body are converted into body fat. So, people that are obese and overweight will gain an advantage of balancing meals with the help of a zone diet. This also helps those people who have problems in their craving as this diet is high in satiety level. It will help an individual control their hunger and will make them full as they follow this kind of diet. There are plenty of recipes that can follow the zone diet, some are available on the internet while other recipes can be given by their Registered Dietitian and Nutritionist. Before following this kind of diet, always make sure to seek the help of your Physician or the Registered Dietitian to know the effects that it can give. Though compared to other diets like Atkins, Paleo, and Mediterranean diet, Zone diet can introduce starchy vegetables in the long run and it focuses on the Non-Starchy Vegetables, Fruits, and Low Fat Lean Meat. What does science think? Based on the study conducted by Marlyn Damiano of Rowan University Entitled “Is the Zone Diet Safe, Effective ad Practical for Everyone? 2015. She concluded, “People with Chronic Conditions such as renal disease, liver disease, and other cardiovascular diseases may not benefit from a diet like this due to a load of protein being processed by the body as suggested by the Chair of the Nutrition Committee at the American Heart Association in the article by Chambers (2002). Performance athletes would not benefit from this diet either due to reduced energy through carb-cutting (Cheuvront, 1999). The only study discussed that showed a positive outcome was with overweight or obese premenopausal women who showed no loss in Micronutrients while on the diet (Gardner et al., 2010). Productive traits of the Zone diet are as follows: The Zone Diet features good amounts of fruits and low starch vegetables and is low in saturated fats (balanced diet), provides anti-inflammatory health benefits, restricts low nutrition carbohydrates, and if followed correctly allows for steady weight loss (Sears 2015) (Harvard Medical School, 2007) (Healthy weight forum, 2003/2013)”, Marlyn Damiano quoted. Marlyn Damiano used male and female subjects aged 18 to 99 years old from different occupations, ethnicities, health levels, and education levels. They were included in the study because they are legal consenting adults who may or may not be candidates for this diet. Results of the survey showed the following: Based on Familiarity, the chart shows 30% of participants who has little idea about the Zone Diet because of acquaintances and the internet but would not like to follow the Zone Diet. In the means of safety, 30% felt the Zone diet was extremely safe and 70% felt it is moderately safe for them. 60% felt it provided a good balance for nutritional purposes. 20% felt there should be adjustments per individual fitness goal and 10% are unsure about the Zone Diet. When it comes to the effectiveness of the diet, the study showed 30% as extremely effective for the subjects, 60% rated as moderately effective, and 10% as not effective at all. The Conclusion This data based on the study of Marlyn Damiano 2015, from Rowan University showed enough evidence that people differently react with the Zone diet, it needs more study regarding differences in nationality and ethnic groups to show the accuracy and effectiveness of how the Zone Diet will react on the body of a person. But it significantly showed that some individuals react positively to the effect of The Zone Diet on their health, and some noted that it has not shown enough effect that they felt positive, and some did not claim any positive health effect at all. The Zone Diet limits itself to people who have terminal diseases and those who are currently undergoing medications and therapy, it just showed the positive and beneficial effect to obese person proving that it is effective in losing weight. The fat in the body is burned down through proper exercise and usage of the Zone Diet. Proper awareness in Nutrition and Balanced Diet to provide a significant effect on one’s health. Related Resources: What to Eat on a Vegetarian Diet How to Burn Fat Best Healthy Meal Delivery Services List of Keto Vegetables Best Intermittent Fasting Apps What Can You Drink During Intermittent Fasting
Satellite Ground Stations – Everything you wanted to know Our partner company ESS Weathertech has released a comprehensive series of articles on satellite ground stations. We would like to share them with ESS Earth Sciences’ readers. A big thank you to Amy Hewitson from ESS Weathertech who is the author of the articles. What are satellite ground stations? Satellite Ground Stations (SGS) are built for collecting and streaming remote sensing satellite data to a variety of users and applications. This may include national weather centres such as the Bureau of Meteorology or research centres like CSIRO. Such centres collect weather and other data to provide customers and the public. Satellite ground stations generally consist of the following main components: a reception antenna, a feed horn, waveguide, and receiver. All typically mounted on a pedestal. Satellite Ground Stations can also be protected by a ‘radome’; the sphere used to cover the antenna. The antenna is the eye-catching, parabolic dish. The dish shape is designed to accurately direct and reflect incoming radio waves. However, the main purpose of the antenna is to amplify the incoming signal without adding significant noise. The smaller antenna located at the focal point of the parabolic antenna is called the feed horn. The feed horn is used to gather the reflected signals from the dish and is transferred to a Low Noise Block (LNB). The LNB converts the signal for further processing. Such as demodulation where the original source signal is extracted from the received carrier wave, and eventually is visualised on a computer or television, etc. Electromagnetic waves The electromagnetic waves travelling from distant satellites are only a few trillionths of a watt by the time they reach the parabolic antenna. The dish amplifies these tiny signals thousands of times, without distortion or noise, and focuses them on the feed at the centre. Here, the electromagnetic waves are converted into electrical currents, and in this form, they can be amplified further by the LNB. Finally, they are large enough to be processed by the receiver, where the 0’s and 1’s originally sent by the satellite are recovered after their long journey. Figure 2: Labelled SGS system of how the data gets from a satellite in space to an image on a computer Labelled satellite ground station system of how the data gets from a satellite in space to an image on a computer. Then what is a satellite? A satellite (artificial) is the space equipment that orbits the Earth. They collect important weather data and transmit it back to a satellite ground station. In turn, the SGS receives the data so we can process and visualise it on a computer. Note: an example of a natural satellite, Earth’s largest, is the Moon. What is a geostationary satellite? A geostationary satellite or geosynchronous orbit (GEO) is a satellite that is synched with the orbit of the Earth. Such satellites are placed at 35,786km above the Earth’s equator. At this height, a satellite is orbiting at exactly the same rate as the Earth is spinning (11,000km/hr!), so the ground is stationary below it. Consequently, the satellite is not moving relative to the Earth, hence the antenna does not need to move. This means that the satellites are facing and recording data from the same ‘patch’ of Earth constantly. Due to the distance of these satellites, geostationary satellites tend to be lower resolution than polar-orbiting satellites, however, the continuous coverage is advantageous. Are there other types of satellites? Yes! The other type of orbit is known as a Low Earth Orbit (LEO), since it is much closer to the Earth. Because the Earth moves below the satellite, it appears to move across the sky, taking about 10-15 minutes to cross from horizon to horizon. To gather data from these satellites, the dish must move to follow the path, so the ground stations that receive this data are known as ‘trackers.’ Figure 3: Comparison of Geostationary orbits and Low Earth Orbits to the Earth Comparison of Geostationary orbits and Low Earth Orbits to the Earth Satellite Ground Station Examples ESS offer different varieties of satellite ground station systems that have been installed nationally and internationally: The Oberon system uses what is called a ‘tracking antenna’, as the name suggests, it tracks the satellites in space, on an XY mount, to collect data from a wide range of polar-orbiting environmental observation satellite systems, including those operated by NASA and NOAA. The Oberon has high precision X and L band reception and has been modified for European applications too to collect from more data sources (for more information see: These systems are not only used for Meteorology and Weather Forecasting, there are also many applications in physical and biological oceanography, hydrology, fisheries, agriculture & forestry, climate, and global change studies, and land-based change detection studies. Capella and Telesto The Capella and Telesto systems use a different kind of antenna, called a ‘fixed antenna.’ Once again in the name, suggests that these antennas do not move and are used to collect data from geostationary satellites including the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R). Capella comes with three different antenna sizes: 3.7m, 5m, and 6m, depending on the ground location from the satellite. They can be applied in the following areas: Storm detection and tracking, fire monitoring, air quality, coastal and ocean monitoring, hurricane forecasting, rainfall, and flood monitoring, land cover observations, volcanic ash detection, lightning detection, and severe thunderstorm prediction (for more information see: Telesto is also a geostationary satellite ground station which is capable of picking up a different range of data sources and can be applied in weather forecasting, cyclone detection, and tracking, and volcanic ash detection and tracking (for more information see: Figure 1: Telesto ground station install for Laos in 2015 procured by the World Meteorological Organisation Telesto satellite ground station install for Laos in 2015 procured by the World Meteorological Organisation Lastly, ESS offer a ground station specific to the Japanese Himawari-8 satellite. This includes reception of data that is higher in spatial resolution, more frequent data (every 10 minutes!), an increased amount of spectral bands improving the images produced and can provide visualisation of the following standard products: channels VIS, IR1-4, cloud-top pressure, cloud-top height, cloud-top temperature, cloud type, cloud amount, sea-surface temperature, land-surface temperature and fire points (for more information see: Data Types, Sources, and Software There are many satellites orbiting Earth, so satellite ground stations can obtain data from a variety of different sources. Regarding the ground stations mentioned above, for tracking antennas sources can come from the following satellites: • NASA Terra and Aqua; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States • US NOAA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States • EUMETSAT – METOP; European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Europe (Exact countries can be found here: • NSMC Fengyun; China Meteorological Administration National Satellite Meteorological Center, China • Suomi NPP; National Polar-orbiting Partnership, United States • JPSS-1; Joint Polar Satellite System, United States And for stationary antennas: • GOES; Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, United States • MTSAT; Multifunctional Transport Satellites, Japan (Note: replaced Himawari-5) • FY-2; FengYun-2, China (Translation: FengYun —> Winds and clouds) • COMS; Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellites, South Korea • Himawari-8/9; Japan (Translation: Himawari —> Sunflower) • GK-2A; GEO-KOMPSAT-2, South Korea Note: Typical types of data formats from satellites include – Level 1B, Level 2 products (e.g. sea surface temperature, cloud classification), HDF, NetCDF, GRIB, SYNOP Sea surface temperature. Data provided to a satellite ground station. Sea surface temperature representation calculated from the satellite tracking system For the satellite data to then be visualised, specific workstations are set up to provide processing power and visualisation. This is so spectacular imagery of various parameters as per Figures 2 and 3 can be produced. ESS provide software known as PROTEUS (soon to be PULSE) and Himawari cast, specifically for the Himawari products. Project History ESS has been involved in many satellite ground station installs including continuous work on upgrading these systems over the years. ESS is also proud to house two satellite reception systems on our roof in Richmond, Melbourne (HimawariCast and SATRAX). Project installs include local projects within Australia, but also stretch internationally to several countries such as, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, South Korea, and even to the continent of Antarctica to name a few! See below a few handpicked projects from ESS’ impressive repertoire. Himawari ground station on ESS Weathertech roof in Richmond SATRAX at Alice Springs Geoscience Australia Satellite ground station data on tasmanian fires in 2013 Image of Tasmanian fires in 2013 received by satellite tracking system at ESS Weathertech factory in Melbourne. Geoscience Australia, Australia – Satellite Reception System As COVID-19 restrictions begin to ease, our trusty local team in Melbourne are going to head to Alice Springs around December to install a fresh new satellite ground station system for reporting of Terra and Aqua, NOAA, MetOp A/B/C, SNPP, FY3-C/D and future NPAA21/22 and MetOp SG data! Watch this space. This will be the third ESS tracking antenna to be installed at the Geoscience Australia Alice Springs antenna farm in the past 25 years. Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong –Oberon Satellite Reception System In 2018, the Hong Kong Observatory commissioned a new satellite reception and data processing system from ESS to replace the originally supplied SATRAX antenna and radome installed back in 2003. The new and improved system now allows for the processing of new generation Chinese satellites (FY3B, C, and D) on top of the existing products from NOAA AVHRR, MetOpA/B, SNPP, NOAA20, Terra and Aqua. National Environment Agency, Singapore – Himawari-8 Ground Station ESS was pleased to enter a contract with the National Environment Agency (NEA) in 2015 for the design, supply, delivery, installation, testing, commissioning, and comprehensive maintenance of a Satellite Data Reception and Processing System for the reception and processing of data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Himawari-8/9 satellites and an upgrade to the ESS SATRAX satellite tracking antenna for the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS). This includes a large 3.7m antenna dish that can receive a C-band feed of data. This project is still ongoing to support the maintenance of the system. Radome on a satellite ground station in Antarctica Radome covered antenna at Great Wall Station in Antarctica.
Safety / Injuries Subscribe for more content Heart Disease: How Exercise Can Prevent a Silent Killer ISSA, International Sports Sciences Association, Certified Personal Trainer, ISSAonline, Heart Disease - How Exercise Can Prevent a Silent Killer The next time you’re standing in line at the coffee shop, notice the people around you. Some may look healthy, others less so, but appearance can’t tell you if any of them is being stalked by a silent killer. Imagine this scenario: There are six other people in the coffee shop with you on an ordinary morning: three men and three women. One of the men and one of the women have a very serious medical condition. Statistically, one in three Americans suffers from this condition (CDC website). There may be no signs or symptoms to warn them of this condition and left unchecked, it could turn into something even more serious. Two other coffee shop patrons are part of the 70 million Americans who suffer from another very serious condition. Five years ago the man at the front of the line suffered a heart attack because of his condition. He thinks he has it under control, but later this year he’ll have another heart attack and undergo a double bypass surgery. The woman behind you suffers from this condition as well. Because she is thin and rarely gets sick, she skips her yearly doctor’s appointments. At the age of 55, she’ll die from a heart attack that could have been prevented. All of her friends and family will say how shocked they are and how unexpected her death was What is this silent killer? Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women in America (CDC website). Nearly half of all Americans, according to the CDC, have at least one of the top three risk factors for heart disease: • High blood pressure (hypertension) • High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia) • Smoking Smoking is obvious, either you do it or you don’t, but the other two usually aren’t so obvious. High blood pressure and high cholesterol come with no warning signs until it is nearly too late. About 610,000 Americans die each year as a result of heart disease (CDC website). The good news is both hypertension and hyperlipidemia are mostly influenced by lifestyle choices, which means you have the power to prevent this silent killer. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are like ninjas. They’re sneaky, and to survive a ninja attack, you must understand your opponent and be one (or two) steps ahead of it. ISSA, International Sports Sciences Association, Certified Personal Trainer, ISSAonline, Heart Disease - How Exercise Can Prevent a Silent Killer, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension What is hypertension? Hypertension is high blood pressure, and it occurs when the elasticity of your blood vessels start to decrease. Your veins and arteries get stiffer, which happens naturally as you age, but if you live a sedentary lifestyle, you speed up this process (Knopf, 2012). The only way to know whether you have hypertension, or are at risk for developing it, is to check your blood pressure regularly. How to get a blood pressure test Don’t worry. It’s easy. The test for blood pressure is quick and painless. All you need to submit to is having a blood pressure cuff wrapped around your upper arm to block blood flow. As pressure is released, you get two blood pressure measurements: • Systolic blood pressure. This measures the pressure your blood exerts on blood vessels as your heart contracts and squeezes blood out to the rest of the body. • Diastolic blood pressure. This measures the pressure of your blood on blood vessels as your heart relaxes after a contraction. Your blood pressure reading will include these two numbers and look something like this: 110/60. The systolic pressure is on the top and diastolic on the bottom. Systolic: less than 120 mmHg Diastolic: less than 80 mmHg Systolic: 120-139 mmHg Diastolic: 80-89 mmHg Systolic: 140 mmHg or higher Diastolic: 90 mmHg or highe It is crucial to have your blood pressure measured and tracked regularly. It’s a good idea to visit your doctor regularly for checkups that include blood pressure measurement, but you are not limited to the doctor’s office for a blood pressure check. Most pharmacies have a blood pressure machine, as do most fire departments. You can also get a home blood pressure device and even connect it to your smartphone to keep track of readings. What is hyperlipidemia? Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is necessary for your body in small amounts, but excessive amounts can be damaging Too much cholesterol in your blood causes your blood vessels will start to stiffen—which could lead to hypertension—and creates blockages. When your arteries are blocked, you are at a greater risk for a heart attack. The only way to know whether you have high cholesterol is to head to the doctor and get tested. How to test your cholesterol levels Testing for cholesterol in the blood isn’t quite as easy as using a blood pressure cuff. You will need to go to your doctor for this test and the CDC recommends you do it every five years at least. To measure your cholesterol, your doctor will draw blood and measure total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Healthy Cholesterol Levels Total Cholesterol Less than 200 mg/dL LDL (“bad” cholesterol) Less than 100 mg/dL HDL (“good” cholesterol) 60 mg/dL or higher Less than 150 mg/dL Get two steps ahead of your enemy Over 200,000 deaths from heart disease are completely preventable (CDC Website), but as they say: “The best offense is a great defense.” You can stay two steps ahead of the twin ninjas of high blood pressure and high cholesterol by going on the defense. Use preventative measures, which mostly comes down to exercise. People who are mostly sedentary are one and a half times more likely to have a heart attack than those who live active lifestyles (Knopf, 2012). Inactive people are also three times more likely than their active counterparts to die from a heart attack (Knopf, 2012). Cardiovascular exercise benefits your heart, your blood vessels, and your lungs. Keeping your cardiovascular system healthy prevents heart disease. The American Heart Association recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each week. Think of “moderate-intensity” as a brisk walk where you are slightly winded, but can keep up a conversation. How does cardio prevent heart disease? Your heart is a muscle, similar to your biceps, hamstrings, and abdominals. However, your heart doesn’t ever get to rest. Your heart works constantly to keep blood flowing to every part of your body. To keep it healthy, you have to challenge it. When you go for a brisk walk, take a swim, go for a bike ride, take a hike, or have a dance-off with your kids, your heart rate and respiratory rate increase to keep up with the workload you place on your body. Regular cardio activity (Knopf, 2012) does the following: • Increases your cardiovascular work capacity • Lowers your resting heart rate • Lowers your total cholesterol • Increases your good cholesterol • Lowers your blood pressure • Increases your body’s oxygen consumption Your secret weapon is accountability The American Heart Association and other organizations have done their best to educate the public about how to prevent heart disease. And yet, Americans still struggle to get enough exercise to be healthy. We know what to do, so why don’t we do it? Every personal development guru, business coach, life coach, and sports coach will tell you that you must be held accountable for your goals or you will not achieve them. That is especially true when it comes to health and wellness. Don’t think you will stick to 30 minutes of exercise, five days a week? Get yourself an accountability partner; someone who is dedicated to your health and knows how to help you improve it. Hire a certified personal trainer Hiring a personal trainer might be the best investment you make in your health. Why? A good personal trainer will work closely with you and your physician to create a personalized program that meets you where you are and helps you achieve your goals and the goals your physician sets for your health markers. And, best of all, you have someone to hold you accountable, someone to make you work out, even when you feel like slacking off. When you work with an ISSA certified fitness professional, you’ll receive a comprehensive wellness plan: Cardiovascular training. Your trainer will assess your current level of cardiovascular fitness and create a specialized program to help you improve your fitness level. It will include activities that you enjoy, with a routine that fits into your schedule, and that is safe and effective for improving your current condition. Nutritional planning. Nutrition and exercise go hand-in-hand to prevent heart disease. Many ISSA Certified Trainers have a fitness nutrition or sports nutrition certification and can help you create a well-balanced meal plan that is also practical and cost-effective. Goal setting and tracking. Every certified trainer has the organizational tools to help you set and achieve your goals. Not only will you begin with initial fitness and body composition assessments, your trainer will establish a timeline for reassessments. These periodic reassessments create short-term goals to make your big goals more manageable. Accountability and motivation. Many certified trainers are the best in the industry. Many of our trainers have amazing body transformation stories. Many of them have turned their health around by becoming fitness trainers. Who better to trust your health to than someone who has traveled the same path? What are you waiting for? Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are silent killers, ninjas who sneak up and silently wreak havoc on your body. Remember, over 600,000 people die from cardiovascular disease each year and one-third of those deaths is preventable. When you partner with a Certified Personal Trainer, you’ll receive the training and education necessary to prevent heart disease. First things first: Call your doctor and schedule a check-up. Then, call a Certified Personal Trainer and schedule your initial consultation. In just a few weeks you’ll notice that you have more energy, you sleep better, and you may even like the image you see in the mirror a little better. There is no better time than now. We’ll talk to you soon. If you're interested in learning more about becoming a certified trainer and helping others, check out our ISSA Certified Personal Trainer Course. Christina Estrada 1. Heart Disease in the United States - Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2. CDC Press Release - September 3, 2013: CDC finds 200,000 heart disease and stroke deaths could be prevented 3. Knopf, Karl. Specialist in Senior Fitness, Third Edition, 2013. International Sports Sciences Association.
Why Global Education? The pandemic has created huge educational challenges globally. With many countries still in lockdown, the future seems bleak and uncertain for many children. What is the impact on our children’s future? Will Education Ministries globally just rely on digital technology and remote learning? Based on the UNESCO-UNICEF-World Bank Survey, an estimated 463 million students around the globe remain cut off from education due to: 1. Lack of remote learning policies 2. Lack of equipment for learning at home 3. Skills gaps among teachers 4. Lack of parental support Vikas Pota and Dr Kalminderjit spent an hour with us discussing our role as educators and parents and how we can come together to share knowledge and experience. Check out the full video here: Here are some top tips from the session:
Chinese researchers created a worm robot that would allow the interaction of neurons with computers A team of researchers in Shenzhen, China, created a robot worm which could enter the human body and travel along the blood vessels and connect to neurons. According to a series of videos published by the research team in conjunction with a study in the scientific journal Advanced Functional Materials earlier this month, the smart little robot worm qthey called iRobot, it can jump over a hedge, swim in a tube, or sneak into a space half its width. According to the report, the mycorobot 1mm by 3mm does not work with chips or batteries, but with an external magnetic field generator. The scientists based their creation on an ancient form of black magic from southern China, known as "Gu," a small poisonous worm-like creature that could be grown in a pot and used to control a person's mind. Xu Tiantian, scientist in charge of the project at Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said: "In a way, he is similar to Gu." “But our goal is not to develop a biological weapon. It's the opposite " Modification of magnetic fields external generator allows researchers to twist the robot's body in different ways and get a wide range of movements. According to the report, these robots can also sneak through spaces using infrared radiation to contract their bodies by more than a third. The worm's body made of a hydrogel transparent temperature sensitive it also gives you the ability to change color in different environments. A video shows that when the robot worm is immersed in a cup of water at room temperature and it becomes almost invisible. Chinese robot worms also have a "head" made of a magnet made of a neodymium-iron-boron alloy and a "tail" made of a special composite material. Xu Tiantian believes that they will be particularly useful to doctors in the future, for example, by being injected into the body and delivering a package of drugs to a specific area, such as a tumor. This would limit the effect of the drug to areas where it is needed and reduce the risk of side effects, and the robotic worm could leave the body once its task is completed. Currently, brain implants can only be inserted through a surgical procedure and have a limited capacity for integration with neurons, which means that they can only perform a few simple tasks. But the new small robots could be implanted in the brain, because their great mobility and transformative capacity allows them to survive in this difficult environment where blood flows are fast and blood vessels are small. Xu Tiantian said that could "function as an implant for the brain-computer interface" which would allow direct communication with a computer without the need for a keyboard or even a screen. According to the report, the researcher believes it would work by wearing a transmitter that would convert the signals external into an electrical pulse and would connect to brain cells to stimulate activities that are not possible with current technology. During the procedure, the patient must lie down on an MRI-type machine that generates the magnetic field necessary to control the robots. Xu Tiantian says that: New technology can be misused by turning it into a weapon. However, the researcher said there were still significant obstacles to its effectiveness. In fact, for the misuse of this technology to be made, a powerful electric field generator with a long effective range would have to be built to operate the worm robots. Furthermore, it would also be very difficult to send the microbots to their designated location without the cooperation of the person they are in, as they have to sit or lie down and remain perfectly still while the robots move on the body. Be the first to comment Leave a Comment 1. Responsible for the data: AB Internet Networks 2008 SL 3. Legitimation: Your consent
Click here to learn more! Bible Commentaries Dr. Constable's Expository Notes Genesis 1 Verse 1 1. An initial statement of creation 1:1 There are three major views concerning the relationship of Genesis 1:1 to the rest of the creation account. 1. Genesis 1:1 describes an original creation of the universe. God began fashioning the earth as we know it in Genesis 1:2 or Genesis 1:3. This view may or may not involve a gap in time between Genesis 1:1-2. [Note: Advocates of this view include Kidner; C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament: Pentateuch, vol. 1; G. H. Pember, Earth’s Earliest Ages and Their Connection with Modern Spiritualism and Theosophy; Thomas Chalmers, Posthumous Works of the Rev. Thomas Chalmers, vol. 1; Arthur Custance, Without Form and Void; et al.] Some advocates of this view believe that the original creation became chaotic as a result of divine judgment. More information on this theory follows in my comments on Genesis 1:2. 2. Genesis 1:1 describes part of what God did on the first day of creation (Genesis 1:1-5). It is a general statement followed by specific details. [Note: Martin Luther, Commentary on Genesis; Wenham; John Davis, From Paradise to Prison; et al.] 3. Genesis 1:1 describes what God did on all six days of creation (Genesis 1:2-31). It is a topic sentence that introduces the whole creation account that follows. [Note: George Bush, Notes on Genesis; Edward J. Young, Studies in Genesis One; Bruce K. Waltke, Creation and Chaos; idem, Genesis; Ross; Hamilton; et al.] I prefer this view. The "beginning" is the beginning of the creation of the cosmos, not the beginning of all things (cf. Mark 1:1; John 1:1). This appears to be clear from the context. Genesis has been called "the book of beginnings" because it records the beginning of so many things. Perhaps it would be more accurate to describe it as a book of foundations. The Hebrew word translated "God" (’elohim) is a plural noun. The plurality simply adds intensification to the name El, as does the personal pronoun "us" in Genesis 1:26. Hebrew is the only ancient Semitic language that intensifies nouns and pronouns by making them plurals. The writers of Scripture used ’elohim as a title of honor. Though it is a plural in form, it is singular in meaning when referring to the true God. This name represents the Creator’s transcendent relationship to His creation. "The Hebrew word translated ’God’ (’elohim) may be used as a plural noun and be translated ’gods.’ But when this word is used of true God, then it is not a plural but is an intensified noun, exhausting the meaning of the underlying root (’alah) which means ’to be powerful.’ He ’us.’ When used of God, this is not really a plural (despite the common translation); it is a similar intensification of the pronoun which describes God." [Note: E-mail from Ronald B. Allen, August 31, 2006.] The "heavens and earth" refer to the universe as we know it (i.e., the sky above with all that is in it and the earth below). There is no one word in Hebrew for "universe." This is a figure of speech (merism) for totality; God created everything. The translators often rendered the Hebrew word ’eres (earth) as "land." By translating it this way here we can see that Moses wanted his readers to realize that God created and therefore owned all land (cf. Genesis 12:7 and all subsequent references to the Promised Land; Psalms 24:1). [Note: Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 19.] This verse is important because it contradicts six popular philosophies: 1. Atheism-God does exist. 2. Pantheism-God is distinct from His creation. 3. Polytheism-"Created" is singular in the text. An obvious difference between the biblical account of creation and those of other ancient Near Eastern cultures is that the biblical account is monotheistic. 4. Radical materialism (matter is eternal)-Matter had a supernatural origin (emphasis on origin). 5. Naturalism (evolutionism)-Creation took place when someone outside nature intervened (emphasis on process). 6. Fatalism-A personal God freely chose to create. God created the universe from nothing (Latin ex nihilo). While the text does not state this fact per se, the reader can deduce it from the following evidence. The phrase "in the beginning" implies it, as do the Hebrew word for "create" (bara) and the expression "formless and void." New Testament passages also support this conclusion (e.g., John 1:3; Romans 4:17; and Hebrews 11:3). [Note: See Jack Cottrell, "The Doctrine of Creation from Nothing," The Seminary Review 29:4 (December 1983):157-75.] The emphasis in this verse is on the origin of the universe. God created it. [Note: Walter C. Kaiser Jr.’s article, "The Literary Form of Genesis 1-11," in New Perspectives on the Old Testament, pp. 48-65, is of great value in understanding and responding to the major critical attacks on Genesis 1-11.] He alone is eternal, and everything else owes its origin and existence to Him. [Note: Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 20.] Verses 1-3 A. The story of creation 1:1-2:3 God created the entire universe and then formed and filled it in six days. He brought order and fullness for humankind to enjoy and to rule over. He then blessed and set apart the seventh day as a memorial of His creative work. [Note: Ross, Creation and Blessing, has influenced this and subsequent introductory and concluding summaries of the major sections of the text, though I have not always footnoted his views, as I have done here.] The God of Israel, the deliverer of His people, is the creator of all that exists. ". . . Genesis 1:1 to Genesis 2:4 a is clearly recognizable as a unit of historical narrative. It has an introduction (Genesis 1:1), a body (Genesis 1:2 to Genesis 2:3) and a conclusion (Genesis 2:4 a)." [Note: John H. Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes: Genesis 1:1-2:4a," Trinity Journal 5 NS (Spring 1984):74. This article outlines some principles to use in finding the writer’s intent and purpose in selecting the events he chose to record in historical narratives. It provides an excellent introduction to the interpretation of historical narrative. ] Historical narrative is one of several biblical types of literature (French genre). Other genre include genealogy, poetry, epistolary, and apocalyptic. [Note: See Steven D. Mathewson, "Guidelines for Understanding and Proclaiming Old Testament Narratives," Bibliotheca Sacra 154:616 (October-December 1997):410-35, for help in preaching narrative portions of the Old Testament.] "Genre is of crucial importance, since the reader’s identification of a text’s genre directs his or her reading strategy . . ." [Note: Longman and Dillard, p. 29. See ibid., pp. 29-31, for clarification of genre.] "For the most part, its [the Old Testament’s] contents may be described under two rubrics: stories and poems." [Note: Ibid., p. 25.] "The creation account is theocentric, not creature centered. Its purpose is to glorify the Creator by magnifying him through the majesty of the created order. The passage is doxological as well as didactic, hymnic as well as history. ’God’ is the grammatical subject of the first sentence (Genesis 1:1) and continues as the thematic subject throughout the account." [Note: Mathews, p. 113.] "The prose narratives of the Old Testament are multifunctional. Most intend to impart historically accurate information while leading the reader to a deeper theological understanding of the nature of God and his relationship with his people." [Note: Longman and Dillard, p. 34.] Verses 1-26 Chapters 1-11 provide an introduction to the Book of Genesis, the Pentateuch, and the whole Bible. "What we find in chaps. 1-11 is the divine initiation of blessing, which is compromised by human sin followed by gracious preservation of the promise: blessing-sin-grace." [Note: Mathews, p. 60.] "His [Moses’] theological perspective can be summarized in two points. First, the author intends to draw a line connecting the God of the Fathers and the God of the Sinai covenant with the God who created the world. Second, the author intends to show that the call of the patriarchs and the Sinai covenant have as their ultimate goal the reestablishment of God’s original purpose in Creation." [Note: Sailhamer, p. 19. Cf. Mathews, p. 77.] "Evidently an interest in the way in which the world and humankind came into existence and in the history of the earliest times was characteristic of the ancient civilized world. At any rate, various ’origin stories’ or ’creation myths’ about the activities of a variety of creator-gods are still extant in what remains of the literatures of ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. But the combination of such accounts with narratives about more recent times testifies to an additional motivation. The aim of such works was to give their readers-or to strengthen-a sense of national or ethnic identity, particularly at a time when there was for some reason a degree of uncertainty or hesitation about this. . . . "The placing of Genesis 1-11 as a prologue to the main body of the work also afforded the opportunity to express certain distinctively Israelite articles of faith which it would have been more difficult to introduce into the later narratives, particularly with regard to the doctrine of God." [Note: Whybray, pp. 36-37. See Gordon H. Johnston, "Genesis 1 and Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths," Bibliotheca Sacra 165:658 (April-June 2008):178-94.] "Genesis 1-11 as we read it is a commentary, often highly critical, on ideas current in the ancient world about the natural and supernatural world. Both individual stories as well as the final completed work seem to be a polemic against many of the commonly received notions about the gods and man. But the clear polemical thrust of Genesis 1-11 must not obscure the fact that at certain points biblical and extrabiblical thought are in clear agreement. Indeed Genesis and the ancient Near East probably have more in common with each other than either has with modern secular thought." [Note: Wenham, p. xlvii.] Verse 2 2. Conditions at the time of creation 1:2 Genesis 1:2 probably describes what we now call the earth before God created it. Here "earth" refers to the whole planet, though the same English word also refers to the earth and the heavens (when combined with "heaven," Genesis 1:1), and to dry land (Genesis 1:10). ". . . no clear biblical text testifies to the origins of chaos or of the Serpent, nor to the reason for their existence." [Note: Bruce K. Waltke, An Old Testament Theology, p. 181.] "Deep" (tahom) describes the world. In the Old Testament tahom refers to the ocean, which the ancient world regarded as symbolic of chaos and evil that needed overcoming and which Yahweh overcame. However its use in the Pentateuch helps us understand the writer’s intent in using this term here. ". . . he calls the global ocean (the ’deep’) in Genesis 1:2 a ’desert.’ This is not apparent in the English translation ’formless,’ but the NASB notes it in the margin as a ’wasteland.’ . . . Moses uses this term (Deuteronomy 32:10) to describe the desert wasteland where Israel wandered for forty years. Why call an ocean a desert? What better way to teach the people that the God who will lead them out of the wilderness and give them the promised land is the same God who once prepared the land for them by dividing the waters and producing the ’dry land’? The God of the Pentateuch is One who leads his people from the wasteland to the promised land." [Note: Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes . . .," pp. 80-81.] Some scholars believe that references to the Spirit of God in the Old Testament indicate the power or influence of God, not the third person of the Trinity. Some conservative scholars believe that, though the Spirit was really the third person of the Trinity, people living during the Old Testament period did not associate the Spirit with God Himself. They thought of the Spirit as a power or influence of God. However there are several indications in the Old Testament that informed Israelites identified the Spirit as God (cf. Genesis 1:2; 2 Kings 2:9; Psalms 104:30; Ezekiel 3:12-14; Ezekiel 11:1; Zechariah 4:6). [Note: See Leon J. Wood, The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament, and idem, The Prophets of Israel, pp. 85-87.] "Waters" is also capable of being interpreted the same way as "deep." It probably refers to what covered the earth, but it also suggests chaos. Here we learn that the earth was "formless and empty" (a hendiadys meaning unorganized, unproductive, and uninhabited) before God graciously prepared it for human habitation (cf. Jeremiah 4:23-27). A hendiadys is a figure of speech in which the writer expresses a single complex idea by joining two substantives with "and" rather than by using an adjective and a substantive. Moses pictured the Spirit as a wind-the words are identical in Hebrew-moving over the unorganized creation. As God did His work of creating by means of His Spirit, so believers are to do our work by His Spirit (Zechariah 4:6; Romans 8; Ephesians 5:18). "Hitherto all is static, lifeless, immobile. Motion, which is the essential element in change, originates with God’s dynamic presence." [Note: Nahum Sarna, Understanding Genesis, p. 7.] Genesis 1:2 seems to me to describe conditions that existed before God created the earth. Whereas Genesis 1:1 explains the creation of the universe, Genesis 1:2 pictures its pre-creation condition. Genesis 1:3-31 explain the process of creation by which God formed what was formless and filled what was void. There are two basic theories of the creation process that have grown out of interpretations of Genesis 1:2. The gap theory Statement: The classic statement of this theory contains the following ideas, though there have been many variations on this theory. 1. There is an indefinite time gap (hence the name of the theory) between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. 2. Genesis 1:1 reveals the creation of a perfect heaven and earth very different from what we see around us now. 3. A preadamic race of humans inhabited this original creation. 4. Lucifer (unfallen Satan), whose "headquarters" was in the Garden of Eden, ruled over this race of people. 5. When Lucifer rebelled-many advocates see this in Isaiah 14 and or Ezekiel 28 -sin entered the world. 6. Part of God’s judgment of this rebellion was the destruction of the earth with a flood (in Noah’s day) followed by a global ice age, which accounts for the fossils. [Note: For a creationist explanation of the ice ages, see Ken Ham, Andrew Snelling, and Carl Wieland, The Answers Book, pp. 12-13, 77-87.] History: This is a very old theory that certain early Jewish writers and some church fathers held. Thomas Chalmers promoted it in 1814. [Note: See his Daily Scripture Readings, 1:1.] Chalmers’ purpose was to harmonize Scripture with Scripture, not Scripture with science. [Note: Waltke, Creation and . . ., p. 20.] Darwin’s Origin of Species first appeared in 1859, but Chalmers published his theory in 1814. Franz Delitzsch supported it in 1899. [Note: Franz Delitzsch, A System of Biblical Psychology, p. 74-76.] G. H. Pember’s book Earth’s Ancient Ages (1907) gave further impetus to this view. Many Christian geologists favored the view because they saw in it "an easy explanation for the fossil strata." [Note: John Whitcomb and Henry Morris, The Genesis Flood, p. 92.] Harry Rimmer supported it [Note: Modern Science and the Genesis Record, 1941.] as did Arthur W. Pink. [Note: Gleanings in Genesis, 1922 ] L. S. Chafer held it [Note: Systematic Theology, 1947-48, 6:67.] but did not emphasize it. Arthur Custance is one writer who has defended it fairly recently. [Note: Without Form and Void, 1970.] Arguments and Responses: 1. The first word in Genesis 1:2 (Heb. waw, "and") is a conjunction that indicates consecutive occurrences. (This verbal form, by the way, is the basic characteristic of narrative in the Hebrew Bible. [Note: Longman and Dillard, p. 54.] ) It introduces something that happened after what precedes. Response. The verb tense and word order in this sentence do not permit this use of this conjunction (Genesis 1:1-2). Rather here, as is normal, the conjunction indicates a break in the consecutive order of events and introduces a circumstantial (independent) clause (Genesis 1:2) that describes something in a preceding clause (Genesis 1:1). This is a waw disjunctive, not a waw consecutive. A better translation of the waw would be "now." In short, the Hebrew grammar does not support a chronological gap between Genesis 1:1-2. 2. The verb (hayata, "was") can and should read "became." The translators have rendered it this way in many other places in the Old Testament. Response. This is a legitimate translation, but "became" is not always the best translation (cf. Jonah 3:3; Zechariah 3:3). Here the translation should be "was." 3. The chaos (tohu wa bohu, "waste and void," perhaps another hendiadys) describes an evil condition (cf. Isaiah 24:1; Isaiah 45:18; Jeremiah 4:23). Response. This is usually the case, but not always (cf. Deuteronomy 32:10; Job 6:18; Job 12:24; Job 26:7; Psalms 107:40). It is not so here. 4. "Darkness" is a symbol of evil in Scripture (cf. 1 John 1:5). This supports the badness of the condition that resulted from Satan’s rebellion. Response. This is true in some cases, but not always (cf. Psalms 104:19-24). Furthermore evening was part of the days God declared good. 5. The two primary words for "create" (bara and asah used respectively in Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:25) refer to two different kinds of creativity. Bara usually refers to primary creative activity. Since Moses used bara in Genesis 1:1 this was the original creation and not just a general description of the process that follows (in Genesis 1:3-5 or Genesis 1:3-31). If Genesis 1:1 was a general description he would have used asah since some of what God created in the six days He formed out of previously existing material (e.g., man and woman). Response. These two words are not so distinct. For example, Moses used bara of the creation of man out of previously existing material (Genesis 1:27), and he used asah of the whole creation as the primary creative activity of God (Exodus 20:11). Furthermore, he used bara of the creation of some animals (Genesis 1:21) and asah of the creation of other animals (Genesis 1:25). The real difference between these two words is that Moses used bara only of divine activity, and he used asah of both divine and human activities. [Note: See Thomas J. Finley, "Dimensions of the Hebrew Word for ’Create’ (bara)," Bibliotheca Sacra 148:592 (October-December 1991):409-23.] Thus, bara and asah are very close together in meaning. We should not distinguish them on the basis of bara describing primary creative activity and asah referring to the reforming of previously existing material. 6. Adam was to "replenish" the earth (Genesis 1:28, AV) implying a previous race. Response. The Hebrew word used means "fill," not "refill." Many modern English translations so render it. Summary: Though many evangelicals still hold the gap theory, few Hebrew scholars do because the Hebrew grammar does not favor a chronologically sequential reading of Genesis 1:1-2. Rather, Genesis 1:2 in some way clarifies Genesis 1:1. [Note: For a good explanation of the gap theory, as well as the atheistic evolution, theistic evolution, progressive creation, and fiat creation views, see James M. Boice, Genesis , 1:37-68. See also Henry M. Morris, "The Gap Theory," Creation Ex Nihilo 10:1 (December 1987-February 1988):35-37; and Ham, et al., pp. 16, 157-75.] The no-gap theory The crux of the Genesis 1:2 interpretive problem lies in the identification of the chaos (tohu wa bohu, "formless and void") mentioned. There have been three primary views concerning the chaos referred to in this verse. 1. The chaos was a condition that resulted after God judged the earth that He had originally created good. [Note: Chalmers, Keil and Delitzsch, Pember, Scofield, Custance, et al., favored this interpretation.] Explanation: Genesis 1:1 refers to God’s original creation of the universe. Genesis 1:2 is a reference to the form He gave it thereafter. Genesis 1:3 refers to the beginning of the process of reforming the judged earth into the form in which we know it. Vocabulary: We should translate the first word in the verse (waw) "and" or "then" (not preferable grammatically) and the verb (hayeta) "became" (possible but not preferable). We should interpret the chaos (tohu wa bohu) as an evil condition (not necessarily so). Sequence: This interpretation permits, but does not require, a gap in time between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. 2. The chaos was the condition that characterized the earth when God created it good. [Note: Luther; Young; Davis; Ross; J. Dwight Pentecost, Thy Kingdom Come, p. 29; Mark F. Rooker, "Genesis 1:1-3: Creation or Re-Creation?" Bibliotheca Sacra 149:595 (July-September 1992):316-23; and 596 (October-December 1992):411-27; Targum Neofiti; et al.; favored this view. See Gary Anderson, "The Interpretation of Genesis l:1 in the Targums," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 52:1 (January 1990):23. The Targums are expanded translations of the Old Testament made during the Babylonian captivity in the Aramaic language.] Explanation: Genesis 1:1 states the creation of the universe as we know it, and it is a general statement of some kind. Genesis 1:2 describes the earth at the time of its creation. Genesis 1:3 describes God bringing order out of chaos, which continued through the six creative days. Vocabulary: We should translate waw "now" (better) and hayeta "was" (also better). We should also take tohu wa bohu to mean either unformed or evil. Sequence: This interpretation involves no gap in time between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. 3. The chaos existed before God began creating the earth good. [Note: Bush; Waltke, Creation and . . .; idem, Genesis; Ross; Sailhamer, "Genesis;" et al.; advocated this view.] Explanation: We should take Genesis 1:1 the same as in view 2. Genesis 1:2 describes conditions as they existed before creation. We should also take Genesis 1:3 the same as in view 2. Vocabulary: Advocates translate and interpret the key Hebrew words the same as in view 2. ". . . the disjuncture at Genesis 1:2 is employed by the author to focus his creation account upon the land." [Note: Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes . . .," p. 77.] The more popular theory among evangelicals now is the no-gap theory in either one of the last two forms described above. Let me restate these last two views. 1. View 2 above: God created the earth in a formless and void state. He then proceeded to give it form and to fill it. [Note: Young, et al.] "We would affirm that the first verse serves as a broad comprehensive statement of the fact of creation. Verse two describes the earth as it came from the hands of the Creator and as it existed at the time when God commanded the light to shine forth. The first recorded step in the process of fashioning the earth into the form in which it now appears was God’s remarkable utterance, ’Let there be light’ [Genesis 1:3]." [Note: Ibid., p. 14.] Problem: It seems unusual that God would create the earth formless and then form it. It seems more likely and consistent with His activity in Genesis 1:3-31 that He would create it fully formed. [Note: Brevard S. Childs, Myth and Reality in the Old Testament, p. 30.] Answer: The whole process of creation in Genesis 1:3-31 is a movement from a more primitive to a more advanced stage of existence. I prefer this view. 2. View 3 above: Before God created the earth there was nothing where it now exists, and Genesis 1:2 describes that nothingness. [Note: Waltke, et al.] Problem: Some terms in Genesis 1:2 (darkness, surface, deep, waters) imply that something existed at this time, suggesting some creative activity before Genesis 1:3. Answers: Genesis 1:1 may be part of the first day of creation. Moses may have used these terms to describe, in terms that we can begin to understand (i.e., figurative terms), a condition that is entirely foreign and incomprehensible to us. Verse 3 The world came into being by God’s word (cf. Psalms 33:9; Hebrews 11:3). Each of the six creative days began with God speaking. God’s ten pronouncements in this chapter anticipate His ten commandments at Mt. Sinai (Exodus 20:2-17). All but one of Jesus Christ’s miracles occurred immediately after He spoke. The exception occurs in Luke 8:25 when He laid His hands on a blind man. Jesus Christ, the Word of God, was the Creator (John 1:3). The theme of God’s word (spoken, written, or incarnate) continues through the Bible. His word is consistently powerful, as here. Fiat (the Latin word for "Let there be") creation means creation that came into being by God’s word. "The idea of creation by the word preserves first of all the most radical essential distinction between Creator and creature. Creation cannot be even remotely considered an emanation from God . . . but is rather a product of his personal will." [Note: Gerhard von Rad, Genesis, pp. 51-52.] The "light" might not have been sunlight (cf. Genesis 1:14). Perhaps it came from a source fixed at a distance from the earth such as the shekinah, the light that manifests God’s glory (cf. Revelation 22:5). [Note: Hamilton, p. 121.] Perhaps God created the sun on the first day, but it became visible on the fourth day. [Note: Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 26.] A third view is that God created the sun, moon, and stars on the first day and assigned them their specific functions on the fourth day (cf. Genesis 1:14-18). [Note: Ibid., pp. 33-34.] Verses 3-5 The first day 1:3-5 Verses 3-31 3. The six days of creation 1:3-31 Cosmic order consists of clearly demarcating the various elements of the universe. God divided light and darkness, waters and dry land, the world above from the world below. Likewise people should maintain the other divisions in the universe. [Note: See Mathews, p. 124.] In three "days" God made the uninhabitable earth productive, and in three more "days" He filled the uninhabited earth with life. The process of creation, as Moses described it, typically follows this pattern for each day of creation: announcement, commandment, separation, report, naming, evaluation, and chronological framework. [Note: Waltke, Genesis, p. 56.] One writer sought to retain six literal days of creation and to harmonize them with an old age earth model, allowing a long period of time (possibly billions of years) between Genesis 1:2-3. [Note: Gorman Gray, The Age of the Universe: What Are the Biblical Limits?] However, this explanation does violence to the Hebrew text. [Note: For a critique of this book, see Douglas C. Bozzung, "An Evaluation of the Biosphere Model of Genesis 1," Bibliotheca Sacra 162:648 (October-December 2005):406-23.] Verse 4 Darkness was not a creation like light but the absence of light (cf. Genesis 1:2). Darkness (Heb. hosek) in Scripture often connotes evil (cf. Exodus 10:21-23; 1 Samuel 2:9; Job 3:4-5; Psalms 35:6; Joel 2:2). Moses presented God as knowing what was good for man (wise) and as providing that for him (loving). This not only reveals aspects of the Creator’s character, but it also prepares the reader for the tragedy of the Fall (ch. 3). Verse 5 God named things as well as creating them. Having a name equals having existence, in biblical thought, and the act of giving a name meant the exercise of a sovereign right (cf. Genesis 41:45; 2 Kings 24:17; Daniel 1:7). In this chapter naming or blessing follows some act of creation seven times. The Hebrews regarded the number seven as connoting a complete, divine act, as will become clear later. The terms day, night, evening, and morning imply the beginning of the earth’s rotation on the first day. [Note: See my further comments on 2:3.] The use of the Hebrew word ’ehad ("one" day, cf. "second day," "third day," etc.) as an ordinal number also supports this view. [Note: See Andrew E. Steinmann, "’ehad as an Ordinal Number and the Meaning of Genesis 1:5," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 45:4 (December 2002):577-84. Ordinal numbers express order (e.g., first, second, third, etc.) whereas cardinal numbers are used in counting (e.g., one, two, three, etc.).] The Jews reckoned the beginning of a day with the evening rather than the morning. "A few years ago in England some Christians became excited about the Big Bang theory, thinking that it favored Christianity. But they really missed the point-either the point of Scripture or the Big Bang theory or both. The simple fact is that what is given in Genesis 1:1 has no relationship to the Big Bang theory-because from the scriptural viewpoint, the primal creation goes back beyond the basic material or energy. We have a new thing created by God out of nothing [Lat. ex nihilo] by fiat, and this is the distinction." [Note: Frances Schaeffer, Genesis in Time and Space, pp. 28-29.] Nevertheless, though it is not the same, "The Big Bang theory sounds very much like the story that the Old Testament has been telling a long time." [Note: Lance Morrow, Time (Feb. 5, 1979), p. 149.] From the beginning God made divisions. He later divided the clean from the unclean, the holy from the profane, the Holy Place from the Holy of Holies, and Israel from the nations. This shows His sovereignty (i.e., ultimate authority). Verse 6 The "expanse" refers to the heavenly vault above the earth. Moses called it the "firmament" (AV) or "sky" (NIV). God placed the sun, moon, and stars in it (Genesis 1:16-17). The ancients grouped the stars and planets together referring to the former as fixed stars and the latter as wandering stars (cf. Judges 1:13). Verses 6-8 The second day 1:6-8 Verse 7 God separated the waters so some of them remained on the earth and some were above the earth in the atmosphere. Before He made this division there may have been a dense fog over the whole surface of the earth. [Note: See my comments on the "canopy theory" at 2:4-6.] Verse 8 "Heaven" is the same as the "expanse." Moses used it here as a general term to describe everything above the earth from man’s viewpoint (Genesis 1:8). Verse 9 "Seas" (Heb. yammim) probably refers broadly to all bodies of water, not just oceans. Verses 9-13 The third day 1:9-13 Verse 10 "Good" indicates beauty as well as purpose and order. [Note: See von Rad, p. 50.] It was only when the land was ready for man that God called it good. This shows God’s loving concern for human beings. It was good for people. A good God provided a good land for good people. The separation of water from the land so that man could enjoy the land prepares us for the stories of the Flood (chs. 6-9) and the Red Sea crossing (Exodus 14-15). God later used the waters as His instrument to judge those who opposed His will. The waters were an obstacle to man’s enjoying the land, so God removed them from the land. Verse 11 Since God created plants with seeds in them, the original creation evidently had the appearance of age. He created trees with rings and Adam an adult. [Note: See Whitcomb and Morris, pp. 232-39.] Why did Moses mention only shrubs and trees that bear seeds and fruits? Perhaps he did so because these are the ones that provide food for man. He created others, of course, but Moses was stressing God’s care for humans. Some feminists have restricted the use of "man" to males, but this is not the primary meaning of the English word. Its primary meaning is "human being" or "human race," according to the standard Oxford dictionaries. Likewise "mankind" normally means "the human race" or "humanity" unless it is in contrast to "womankind." The Hebrew word adam also has a broad range of meaning, from "the human race" to "Adam." Consequently I have used these English words trusting that the reader will interpret them in harmony with their customary meanings. Verse 12 "Kind" (Heb. min) is not a biologically exact term. It indicates that God created several different families of plants as separate acts of creation (cf. Genesis 1:21; Genesis 1:24-25; Genesis 6:20; Genesis 7:14; Leviticus 11:14-29; Deuteronomy 14:13-18). All plants, therefore, did not evolve from one. Creationists generally affirm microevolution (the development of different varieties of plants and animals through crossbreeding) but deny macroevolution (the development of all plants from one plant, animals from plants, and humans from animals). "With the conclusion of the third day yet another color is added to God’s cosmos. To the basic white and black of day and night has been added the blue of sky and sea. Now the canvas is adorned with green. The golden-yellow sun and the reddish human being will complete this rainbow of colors." [Note: Hamilton, p. 126.] Note that on the first and second days God did one work each day. He created light and the firmament. On the third day He did two works. He created the land and vegetation. Similarly, on the fourth and fifth days God did one work. He created the lights’ functions on the fourth day and the birds and fish on the fifth day. Then on the sixth day He again did two works. He created the land animals and man. [Note: Ibid., p. 125.] On the first three days He gave form to what was formless, and on the last three days He filled what was void. "Both vegetation and humanity, symbolizing the fertility of life, were considered pinnacles of creation in the ancient Near East. The first triad [of days] ends climactically with the creation of vegetation; the second, the creation of humanity." [Note: Waltke, Genesis, p. 36.] Verses 14-19 The fourth day 1:14-19 The luminaries served four purposes. 1. They distinguished day from night. 2. They provided signs. 3. They distinguished the seasons. 4. They illuminated the earth. "The narrative stresses their function as servants, subordinate to the interests of the earth. . . . This differs significantly from the superstitious belief within pagan religion that the earth’s destiny is dictated by the course of the stars." [Note: Mathews, p. 154.] "Here is a stern warning for our times for any who would seek the stars in charting their lives." [Note: Ibid., p. 155.] "The term ’signs’ has been given special attention by the author elsewhere in the Pentateuch. For example, the so-called ’plagues’ of Egypt are, in fact, called ’signs’ by the author of the Pentateuch (e.g., Deuteronomy 29:2-3). The meaning given this term in the Exod account . . . is that the acts of God in the bringing of disorder upon the Egyptians were ’signs’ that God was more powerful and majestic than the Egyptians’ gods. This sense of the term ’signs’ fits well in Genesis 1:14. The author says that not only are the sun and moon to give light upon the land but they are to be visual reminders of the power and majesty of God. They are ’signs’ of who the God of the covenant is. The [sic] are ’telling of the glory of God,’ as the psalmist puts it (Psalms 19:1). Not only does the term ’signs’ serve as a reminder of the greatness and glory of God for the author of the Pentateuch, ’signs’ are also a frequent reminder in the Pentateuch of his grace and mercy (Genesis 4, 9, 17)." [Note: Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes . . .," p. 79.] Moses did not mean that they were the signs of the zodiac or astrological signs. Why did Moses use the terms greater and lesser lights to describe the sun and moon (Genesis 1:16)? He probably did so because these Hebrew words, which are very similar in other Semitic languages, are also the names of pagan gods. [Note: Hamilton, p.127. See G. Hasel, "The Polemical Nature of the Genesis Cosmology," Evangelical Quarterly 46 (1974):81-102.] He wanted the Israelites to appreciate the fact that their God had created the entities their pagan neighbors worshipped as gods. "This, the fourth day, is the only day on which no divine word subsequent to the fulfillment is added. On days 1-3 this divine word names the created objects (Genesis 1:5; Genesis 1:8; Genesis 1:10); on days 5-6 the creatures are blessed (Genesis 1:22; Genesis 1:28). The omission may be just elegant stylistic variation, or it may be a deliberate attempt to avoid naming ’sun’ and ’moon’ with their connotations of deity." [Note: Wenham, p. 23.] The Hebrew word translated "seasons" appears elsewhere in the Pentateuch. It means "appointments," but the translators have also rendered it "feasts" in Leviticus. "They [the sun and moon] were not mere lights or reminders of God’s glory, they were, as well, calendars for the celebration of the covenant. The world is made for the [Mosaic] covenant. Already at creation, the land was being prepared for the covenant." [Note: Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes . . .," p. 80.] The writer’s perspective throughout is geocentric rather than heliocentric. He used phenomenological language (of appearance) that is very common in the Old Testament. Even modern scientific textbooks use such language without fear of being criticized as unscientific when they refer to sunrise, sunset, etc. Perhaps God created light on the first day (Genesis 1:3), but then on the fourth day the sun, moon, and stars appeared distinctly for the first time. [Note: Idem, The Pentateuch as Narrative, p. 93.] Creationists have proposed several solutions to the problem of how light from stars that are millions of light years away could get to Adam if the universe was only days old. These explanations are too involved to discuss here, but I have included some sources for further study in the following footnote. [Note: D. Russell Humphreys, Starlight and Time, discussed five creationist models. See also Ham, et al., pp. 18, 187-95; "’Distant Starlight’ Not a Problem for a Young Universe" DVD featuring Dr. Jason Lisle.] I think the best explanation is the appearance of age. As God created humans, plants, and animals fully formed, so He created the light from distant stars already visible on the earth. Verses 20-23 The fifth day 1:20-23 "Great sea monsters" (Heb. tauninim, Genesis 1:21) were large fish, whales, squid, and all large creatures living in the water. The pagans worshipped these, but they are under God’s authority. The Old Testament writers adopted pagan imagery, but not pagan theology. Note that Moses wrote that God created both marine animals and birds on the same "day". Evolution claims that birds evolved from reptiles and that this process took millions of years. "The blessing of God is one of the great unifying themes of Genesis. God blesses animals (Genesis 1:22), mankind (Genesis 1:28), the Sabbath (Genesis 2:3), Adam (Genesis 5:2), Noah (Genesis 9:1), and frequently the patriarchs (Genesis 12:3; Genesis 17:16; Genesis 17:20, etc.). God’s blessing is most obviously visible in the gift of children, as this is often coupled with ’being fruitful and multiplying.’ But all aspects of life can express this blessing: crops, family, and nation (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). Where modern man talks of success, OT man talked of blessing." [Note: Wenham, p. 24.] Birds and fish rule their respective realms by multiplying. [Note: Waltke, Genesis, p. 63.] Verses 24-25 "Creature" translates the Hebrew word nephesh, which is usually translated "soul" (e.g., Genesis 2:7). This Hebrew word and the English "soul" imply conscious life, in contrast to plants that have unconscious life. So in the sense of having conscious life, animals as well as people have souls. "Cattle" refers to domesticated animals (that man could tame) and "beasts" to wild animals. What happened to the dinosaurs? Conservative Bible interpreters generally believe they existed but became extinct before the Flood or after it. "Before the Flood, dinosaurs and man lived together on our planet. Extinction of the great marine reptiles, along with the majority of all other types of sea creature, would have been caused by the violent upheavals of the Flood, many being buried and preserved as fossils." [Note: Ham, et al., p. 10. See also pp. 21-39.] Verses 24-31 The sixth day 1:24-31 Verses 26-27 "Us" is probably a plural of intensification (see my comment on Genesis 1:1 above), though some regard it as a plural of self-deliberation (cf. Genesis 11:7; Psalms 2:3). [Note: E.g., Claus Westermann, Genesis 1-11 : A Commentary, p. 145.] Others believe that God was addressing His heavenly court (cf. Isaiah 6:8). [Note: The NET Bible note on 1:26.] This word involves "in germ" the doctrine of the Trinity. However, we should not use it as a formal proof of the Trinity since this reference by itself does not prove that one God exists in three persons. [Note: See Ross, Creation and . . ., p. 112; Wenham, pp. 27-27; Oswald Allis, God Spake by Moses, p. 13.] "Although the Christian Trinity cannot be derived solely from the use of the plural, a plurality within the unity of the Godhead may be derived from the passage." [Note: Mathews, p. 163.] The theological controversy in Moses’ day was not between trinitarianism and unitarianism but between one self-existent, sovereign, good God and many limited, capricious, often wicked gods. [Note: Hamilton, p. 133.] "Secondly, in Genesis 1, man, the image bearer, is the object of God’s blessing. According to the account of creation in Genesis 1, the chief purpose of God in creating man is to bless him. The impact of this point on the remainder of the Pentateuch and the author’s view of Sinai is clear: through Abraham, Israel and the covenant this blessing is to be restored to all mankind." [Note: Sailhamer, "Exegetical Notes . . .," p. 80.] "Man" refers to mankind, not Adam individually (Genesis 1:27). "Them" indicates this generic significance. God created (cf. Genesis 1:1-2) mankind male and female; they did not evolve from a lower form of life (cf. Matthew 19:4; Mark 10:6). Adam was not androgynous (i.e., two individuals joined physically like Siamese twins) or bisexual (i.e., one individual possessing both male and female sexual organs). There is no basis for these bizarre ideas in the text. God formed Eve from Adam’s rib, not from half of his body or from his genitals. "By ruling as one, male and female fulfill the purpose of God for which they were created. United as one humanity, male and female are one with God and his heavenly court. And it is this unity between male and female, and between humanity and God, that is destroyed in the Fall described in Genesis 3." [Note: Henry F. Lazenby, "The Image of God: Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter?" Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 30:1 (March 1987):67, 66.] As a husband and wife demonstrate oneness in their marriage they reflect the unity of the Godhead. Oneness involves being in agreement with God’s will and purposes. Oneness is essential for an orchestra, an athletic team, and a construction crew, as well as a family, to achieve a common purpose. Oneness in marriage is essential if husband and wife are to fulfill God’s purposes for humankind. (Generally speaking, women feel a marriage is working if they talk about it, but men feel it is working if they do not talk about it.) God created man male and female as an expression of His own plurality: "Let us make man . . ." God’s plurality anticipated man’s plurality. The human relationship between man and woman thus reflects God’s own relationship with Himself. [Note: Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 38.] "Image" and "likeness" are essentially synonymous terms. Both indicate personality, moral, and spiritual qualities that God and man share (i.e., self-consciousness, God-consciousness, freedom, responsibility, speech, moral discernment, etc.) These distinguish humans from the animals, which have no God-consciousness even though they have conscious life (cf. Genesis 1:24). Some writers have called the image of God man’s "spiritual personality." [Note: E.g., Keil and Delitzsch, 1:63. See Wenham, pp. 27-28; Charles Feinberg, "The Image of God," Bibliotheca Sacra 129:515 (July-September 1972):235-246, esp. p. 237; Boice, 1:77-79; Mathews, pp. 164-72.] In another sense man is the image of God (e.g., he rules and creates [procreates] as God does, thus reflecting God). [Note: See James Jordan, "Rebellion, Tyranny, and Dominion in the Book of Genesis," Christianity and Civilization 3 (Summer 1983):38-80. See also Merrill, pp. 14-16.] The Fall obscured but did not obliterate the image of God in man. [Note: See John F. Kilner, "Humanity in God’s Image: Is the Image Really Damaged?" Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 53:3 (September 2010):601-17.] Does the image of God in man include his body? "Most theologians have recognized that that [sic] we cannot interpret it [i.e., the phrase ’the image of God’] literally-that is, that man’s physical being is in the image of God. Such an interpretation should be rejected for at least four reasons. In the first place, we are told elsewhere that God is a spirit (John 4:24; Isaiah 31:3) and that he is ubiquitous (1 Kings 8:27). In the second place, a literal interpretation would leave us with all sorts of bizarre questions. If man’s physical being is in the image of God we would immediately wonder what, if any organs, God possesses. Does he have sexual organs, and if so, which? Does he have the form of a man, or of a woman, or both? The very absurdity that God is a sexual being renders this interpretation highly unlikely. Thirdly, it seems unlikely that man’s dignity above the rest of the animals (Genesis 9:5 f.; James 3:7-9) is due to his slight physiological differences from them. Is it credible that animals may be killed but that man may not be killed because his stature is slightly different? Finally, a literal interpretation seems not only contradictory to the rest of Scripture, and unlikely, but also inappropriate, Gardener aptly observed: ’But our anatomy and physiology is demanded by our terrestrial habitat, and quite inappropriate to the one who inhabits eternity.’ For these reasons, theologians have concluded that the statement in Genesis 1:26-28 must be metaphorical of man’s spiritual or immaterial nature." [Note: Bruce K. Waltke, "Reflections from the Old Testament on Abortion," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 19:1 (Winter 1976):8. His quotation is from R. F. R. Gardener, Abortion: The Personal Dilemma. See also Waltke’s helpful discussion of image and likeness in Genesis, p. 65-66. For the view that the image of God includes the body, see Jonathan F. Henry, "Man in God’s Image: What Does it Mean?" Journal of Dispensational Theology 12:37 (December 2008):5-24.] Genesis 1:27 may be the first poem in the Bible. If so, the shift to poetry may emphasize human beings as God’s image bearers. There is some disagreement among Old Testament scholars regarding what distinguishes biblical poetry from biblical prose. [Note: See Tremper Longman III, Song of Songs, pp. 9-54, for a discussion of the subject.] Verse 28 Note that God’s blessing of man finds expression in terms of posterity that connotes the ideas of seed and life, two prominent themes as Genesis and the whole Bible unfold. [Note: Sailhamer, "Genesis," p. 38.] God’s blessing enables humanity to fulfill its twofold destiny: to procreate in spite of death and to rule in spite of enemies. "Blessing" denotes all that fosters human fertility and asists in achieving dominion. [Note: Waltke, Genesis, p. 67.] Interpreters have generally recognized the commands to "be fruitful and multiply" as commands to Adam and Eve (and later to Noah, Genesis 9:1) as the heads of the human race, not simply as individuals. That is, God has not charged every human being with begetting children. This seems clear from the fact that God has made many men and women incapable of reproducing. [Note: For a good book on childlessness, see Vicky Love, Childless Is Not Less.] Consequently one should not appeal to this command as a support for the theory that God wants all people to bear as many children as they possibly can. This verse is a "cultural mandate," not an individual mandate. It was to Adam and Eve as heads of the human race that God gave this command. "This command, like others in Scripture, carries with it an implicit promise that God will enable man to fulfill it." [Note: Wenham, p. 33.] Sexual union is God’s ordained method of implementing His command to multiply descendants. Consequently sex is essentially good. When God gave this command Adam and Eve were in an unfallen condition. Therefore the descendants they would produce would be godly. It is particularly a godly seed that God has charged the human race to raise up. Likewise He commanded Noah and his wife, who were both righteous, to be fruitful (Genesis 9:1). God did not make men or women emotionally, spiritually, or physically capable of raising children without a marriage partner. Consequently single parents struggle. As children observe both godly parents modeling a harmonious marriage they learn to appreciate their own sexual identity, the roles of husband and wife, and unconditional love. Unconditional love is necessary for a harmonious marriage. "Subdue" and "rule," the second aspect of this mandate, imply a degree of sovereignty and control that God delegated to man over nature. [Note: See Eric Sauer, King of the Earth. Cf. Hebrews 2:8-9.] This constitutes God’s "Magna Charta" for all true scientific and material progress. God commanded Adam and Eve to acquire knowledge so they could master their material environment, to bring all its elements into the service of the human race. "The dominion which man enjoyed in the Garden of Eden was a direct consequence of the image of God in him." [Note: Davis, p. 81.] For a married couple oneness in marriage is necessary to manage God’s creation effectively. "Our Christian proclamation of hope has antecedents in the theological soil of three divine programmatic expectations first heard in Genesis: (1) God will bless the human family with procreation and dominion (Genesis 1:26-28); (2) he will achieve victory over mankind’s enemy (Genesis 3:15); and (3) he will bring about both through the offspring of Abraham (Genesis 12:1-3)-namely, the one man Jesus Christ." [Note: Mathews, p. 22.] We have in this verse the three essential elements of a dispensation (stewardship, household rule): a divine revelation of God’s will for human conduct, consequent human responsibility, and a period of time during which God tests people as to their obedience to this responsibility. A dispensation is a period of time during which God tests man in relation to his obedience to a specific revelation of God’s will. The dispensations constitute a progressive, connected revelation of God’s dealings with humankind. God gave them to the whole human race or to a part of it (e.g., Israel). They are not separate ways of salvation; in each dispensation man is saved by God’s grace because of the work of Jesus Christ. Before the Cross, people were saved in prospect of Christ’s sacrifice, as on credit so to speak, by believing a revelation given to them by God. After the Cross, people are saved in retrospect of Christ’s sacrifice, by believing the revelation that He satisfied God’s just demands against sinners (1 John 2:2). Whereas specific human responsibilities change as divine revelation unfolds and dispensation succeeds dispensation, people have a continuing responsibility to live in the light of previous revelation. For example, even though the dispensation of the Mosaic Law has ended, Christians are helped to discharge our responsibilities to God by being aware of what God required of the Israelites under the Law (cf. Romans 15:4; 2 Timothy 3:16-17). The purpose of each dispensation has been to place people under a specific rule of conduct, not as a condition for salvation but to demonstrate that people always fail to live up to God’s standards and so need to accept salvation that God extends to them as a gift. I believe that seven dispensations are distinguishable in Scripture. These are Innocence (Genesis 1:28), Conscience (Genesis 3:7), Human Government (Genesis 8:15), Promise (Genesis 12:1), Law (Exodus 19:1), Church (Acts 2:1), and Kingdom (Revelation 20:4). This verse marks the first dispensation: Innocence. God created man innocent, placed him in a perfect environment, subjected him to a simple test, and warned him of the consequences of disobedience. Adam did not have to sin but chose to do so. The serpent deceived Eve (cf. 2 Corinthians 11:3), but Adam sinned deliberately (cf. 1 Timothy 2:14). This dispensation ended when God judged Adam and Eve guilty and expelled them from the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:24). Verses 29-31 God gave man authority and responsibility to regulate nature and to advance civilization. Nature was to serve man, not vice versa. This does not give man the right to abuse nature, however. [Note: See Gina Hens-Piazza, "A Theology of Ecology: God’s Image and the Natural World," Biblical Theology Bulletin 13:4 (October 1983):107-110.] Neither does it justify giving animals and plants the "rights" of human beings. "Man is the climax of creation, and instead of man providing the gods with food, God provided the plants as food for man (Genesis 1:29)." [Note: Wenham, p. xlix.] Genesis 1:29 suggests that man was originally a vegetarian. After the Flood, God told man that he could eat animals (Genesis 9:3). The animals may also have been herbivorous at first (Genesis 1:30). [Note: See Ham, et al., pp. 29-30.] Genesis 1:27-31 are a general account of human creation. The more detailed account of the creation of Adam and Eve follows in Genesis 2:4-25. These two accounts do not necessarily reflect a two-document composition of the creation story, but they illustrate the writer’s purpose. In chapter 1 He wanted to emphasize the creation of humankind in the larger context of the cosmic creation. There are three major viewpoints regarding the origin of man as recorded in Genesis 1:26-31; Genesis 2:7; and Genesis 2:21-25. 1. "Evolution" (both Darwinian and neo-Darwinian) asserts that all living organisms arose from a single, simple cell through a process that took millions of years. This first cell resulted from the accumulation of chemical and protein elements that came together because of unknown change factors over a long time period. This view contradicts Scripture, and it is not scientifically demonstrable. [Note: See John C. Hutchison, "Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory and 19th-Century Natural Theology," Bibliotheca Sacra 152:607 (July-September 1995):334-54.] 2. "Theistic evolution" attempts to blend Scripture and scientific theories. It holds that God ordered and directed the evolutionary process. This view fails to explain specific statements in the text of Scripture adequately; it accommodates the text to scientific theory. The major problem with this view is that it is not completely true to either science or Scripture but is inconsistent. [Note: Representative evangelicals who hold this view include Kidner; Waltke, An Old . . ., p. 202; and Edward J. Carnell, An Introduction to Christian Apologetics. See David H. Lane, "Special Creation or Evolution: No Middle Ground," Bibliotheca Sacra 151:601 (January-March 1994):11-31; and idem, "Theological Problems with Theistic Evolution," Bibliotheca Sacra 151:602 (April-June 1994):155-74, for refutations of this view.] 3. "Special creation" asserts that God produced the world and all life forms through a series of supernatural acts. Some special creationists believe He did this in a relatively brief period of time. Others, such as progressive creationists, believe the creation process took thousands of years. This view gives primacy to the text of Scripture and interprets it more literally, historically, and grammatically. [Note: Representatives include Bush, Davis, Schaeffer, Young, et al. See Warren H. Johns, "Strategies for Origins," Ministry (May 1981), pp. 26-28, for good brief explanations of the evolutionary theories and eight creationist theories of origins. David L. Willis, "Creation and/or Evolution," Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 29:2 (June 1977):68-72, set forth criticisms of both creationism and evolutionism. Every Christian who accepts evolution should read Charles C. Ryrie, "The Bible and Evolution," Bibliotheca Sacra 124:493 (January-March 1967):66-78; and Kenneth A. Ham, The Lie: Evolution. See also idem, Genesis and the Decay of the Nations, for an explanation of the effects of evolutionary teaching on humanity. Jobe Martin, The Evolution of a Creationist, is also helpful.] "Progressive creationism" teaches that God created the universe in several acts of creation that time periods of indefinite duration separated. The process of evolution was at work within these eras and accounts for the development of phyla, species, etc. [Note: See Hugh N. Ross, Creation and Time: A Biblical and Scientific Perspective on the Creation-Date Controversy. For a critique of the claims in this book, see Mark Van Bebber and Paul S. Taylor, Creation and Time: A Report on the Progressive Creationist Book by Hugh Ross.] The following quotation distinguishes theistic evolution from progressive creationism. "I do not believe in theistic evolution. Theistic evolution means simply that God guided the evolutionary process so that it is not to be explained on a purely naturalistic basis. It assumes that all living things, including man, are biologically descended from a common ancestor. By contrast with theistic evolution, Scripture indicates that God made different basic kinds of beings and that all existing plants and animals are not descended from a common ancestor." [Note: Russell L. Mixter, "A Letter to President Edman, March 26, 1962," Bulletin of Wheaton College (May 1962), p. 5. See also Bernard Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture; Pattle P. I. Pun, "A Theology of Progressive Creationism," Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 39:1 (March 1987):9-19); and W. I. LaSor, "Biblical Creationism," Asbury Theological Journal 42:2 (1987):7-20.] I do not believe that Scripture supports progressive creationism, as these notes will explain. Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Text Courtesy of Used by Permission. Bibliographical Information Constable, Thomas. DD. "Commentary on Genesis 1". "Dr. Constable's Expository Notes". 2012.
What idealist means? What idealist means? 1 : one guided by ideals especially : one that places ideals before practical considerations. 2a : an adherent of a philosophical theory of idealism. b : an artist or author who advocates or practices idealism in art or writing. idealist. adjective. What is a realist person like? When you are a realist, you see the world “as it is,” and you have the natural inclination to view all sides of an issue from an objective stance. Realists are not as swayed by unconscious bias or idealistic aims that easily move most people. Rather, they see the truth and prefer it to be unvarnished. Can you be a realist and an optimist? Being both optimistic and realistic, i.e. combining the two into one behavioral style of realistic optimism creates a special breed of very successful people. Realistic optimists stay positive and upbeat about the future, even – and especially – if and when they recognize the challenges ahead. What is the opposite of idealism? Opposite of the unrealistic belief in or pursuit of perfection. realism. cynicism. defeatism. Why do pessimists call themselves realists? Because they believe optimists take an unrealistically hopeful view of the future, and that bad things are more likely to happen than good. In reality, of course, the truth may be in between. Because I’m not a pessimist; I’m a realist. What is the meaning of pragmatic? What are the characteristics of idealism? 6 Most Important Fundamental Principles of Idealism • Idealism Believes in the Universal Mind: • Idealism Regards Man as a Spiritual Being: • Real knowledge is perceived in mind: • Stress on the Principle of Unity of Diversity: • Importance of Personality Development: What is modern idealism? Modern idealists also believed in two worlds: a material world and a world of the mind. These idealist educators act as moral and mental role models for their students and encourage them to achieve ideas of the highest quality possible by learning from the wisdom of great thinkers of the past. What is another word for idealism? SYNONYMS FOR idealist 1 optimist, perfectionist, reformer, visionary, utopianist. 2 romantic, romanticist, dreamer, stargazer. Is being a realist a good thing? Lots of studies over the years have shown optimists to be healthy and happy. But being a measured realist might be even better for your mental health, researchers say. Life coaches and motivational speakers often treat positive thinking as the key to happiness. Why is idealism bad? The downside of being an idealist is feeling as though dreams are often dashed – yet this usually leads to discerning what is and isn’t within your control. 4. They’re the most effective problem solvers. They are able to imagine an outcome that is better than anything otherwise conceived of. What are the basic principles of idealism? Do idealists believe in God? What do you teach idealism? Is pessimist a bad thing? Is being pessimistic always such a bad thing? Actually, the latest research suggests that some forms of pessimism may have benefits. Pessimism isn’t just about negative thinking. While optimists expect positive outcomes will happen more often than not, pessimists expect negative outcomes are more likely. What is the opposite of a realist person? The opposite of being a realist is being unrealistic. Such a person will understand the situation. What is the importance of idealism? Thus, Idealism has influenced other philosophies as well. Idealism emphasizes the principle of self-discipline. This principle leads to the development of the ‘Self’ of an individual. Because of the Idealistic philosophy and education, the school has grown into an important social organization. Is Buddhism idealist or materialist? The Buddha is not a gross materialist, but neither is he an idealist, as the state of enlightenment is unconditioned and can not be reduced to an inwardly generated state of mind. The Buddha teaches non-identification with thought (i.e. non-attachment), proving that Buddhism is non-idealistic. What is idealism in simple words? 1a : the practice of forming ideals or living under their influence. b : something that is idealized. 2a(1) : a theory that ultimate reality lies in a realm transcending phenomena. (2) : a theory that the essential nature of reality lies in consciousness or reason. Are realists pessimists? Realists accept their flaws; pessimists put themselves down over them. If you’re a pessimist, then you have negative thoughts that won’t go away no matter what the odds are. If you’re a realist, you are just coming to terms and accepting a situation rather than feeling like it was yours or someone else’s fault. What is curriculum according to idealism? Curriculum of Idealism: Since the aims of education according to the philosophy of idealism are to make the child an ideal or spiritual man, the curriculum should be framed to enable child to develop fully. Aurobindo and Radhakrishnan favored moral, religious, spiritual and physical education. What’s the meaning of a realist? (Entry 1 of 2) 1 : a person who recognizes what is real or possible in a particular situation : one who accepts and deals with things as they really are a political realist She considers herself a realist when it comes to parenting. What is the difference between materialism and idealism? Materialism is the view that material objects exist. Idealism is the view that every object either is, or depends for its existence upon, mental entities. Note that, as stated, these aren’t opposing views, for it could be that material objects are either identical to or depend upon mental entities for their existence. Is being realistic negative? Research has shown that true realistic thinking (read optimism) not only increases hopefulness, but also decreases negative coping skills, depression, and even suicidal thinking. So next time you’re telling yourself “I’m just being realistic,” ask yourself – are you?
Don’t Try This At Home: Electrical Training for DIY Electricians Electrical system is one of the dangerous parts in our home. Many people appreciate DIY approach and handle various electrical works at their home. Electrical repairs require some sort of extensive knowledge as well as appropriate tools, which the common people are not aware of. Many people feel that they can handle some of the electrical work by themselves, but in reality, handling of electrical system quite complex and is not an easy task to perform. Why Not Do It Yourself? It’s never a good idea to handle any electrical repairs because: • It is illegal to carry out any of the electrical work by your own, until you possess an electrical license. • Inappropriate techniques can result into electrocution and in some cases; it can result into fatality as well. • Many of the people are not aware of that the electrical fires are caused by people that try at fixing electrical issues on their property. • Electrical fire caused due to DIY repairs can also cause substantial damage to your property. • Illegal wiring has also a great impact on your property insurance cover. Simply changing an outlet cover, ceiling fan or light fixture can be easily done by DIY project, but for the larger scale problems, you must hire the services of electricians, as they are trained professionals who can repair their projects safely. Potential Dangers of DIY Electrical Work Here is the list of some of the potential dangers and these are listed below: 1. Use Wrong Size Wire for a Circuit The electrical wires are available in varied thicknesses. If you accidentally select and install the wrong wire, then it will heat up and as a result, the circuit breaker may trip. Normally, the thicker wires can control more electrical current. If you use a small wire on a circuit, which generates more electricity than its capacity of control, the wire will short out and gets overheat, before the circuit breaker fuse gets activated. So, it’s important to correctly use the devices and wires that are rated accurately that is required in a particular location and this can only be done by an electrician. 1. Stripped or Wires Cut the Wrong Length If you cut the wires too short, then it can make the connections more dangerous and difficult. Plus, the electric code must of the specific length of stripped wires that are actually attacked to your outlets and switches. Excessively stripped wire that is exposed inside the electrical box can cause several major problems. 1. Incorrect Fitting of Outlets and Switches If the fitting of switches and outlets are not properly installed, then it can be categorically hazardous. When the appliances get plugged into loosely fitted outlets, then the wires can loosen from their terminals and can cause arcing and overheating. 1. Faulty Connections in Electrical Boxes The main purpose of installing electrical box is to provide the protection against external elements. It is tremendously important to certify that no electrical connections are made outside these boxes. The other thing to be kept in mind is that the electrical boxes should be filled to a certain capacity. Adding too many wires and connections in a single box can result in overheating and in some other cases, it can also result in short circuiting. 1. Incorrect Fuse Replacements Incorrect replacement of a fuse is one of the most common causes of electrical fires. When the fuses keep on blowing or tripping, then the property owners must replace them with the fuses or breakers of large size. If a fuse trips very frequently, then it is important to ascertain that what is causing it to trip. This problem can only be accessed by an insured and licensed electrician. 1. Loose Fuse Connections Make sure that all the connections in a fuse box are correctly and tightly placed. If in some case, the connection gets loose, then you may find that the lights and appliances will start to flicker. In severe circumstances, the connections get overheated too. 1. Overloading of Outlets and Drop Cords Overloading outlets or power boards is one of the most commonly seen electrical mistakes made by the people. It is essential that you must check how many amplifiers a circuit can tolerate and then plug in only those appliances that do not overload the board. Appliances like dishwashers, refrigerators and air conditioners etc. can overload the circuit, if it exceeds the amperage of the board. Hire the Services of Trained Electrician It is essential that you should look for the services of electrician to solve any electrical problem in your home. The high quality of electrical work plays a very important role and the electricians can meet these high service standards as they have undertaken proper electrical training. They possess the necessary essential equipment’s to deal with the electrical issues. They follow a planned process and ensure safety measures. Final Words Electrical wiring and repairs are extremely dangerous and difficult and to deal with them you must seek the services of a trained electrician as one wrong move can harm you and your family. Eric Marsh works as an editor at Electricians Success Academy, world's most engaging electricians growth platform. He possesses immense subject knowledge and has flair of writing about the latest trends and technologies in the electrical field. You can follow him through the buttons below. Leave a Reply
Financial Planning A good Financial plan is a road map that shows us exactly, how the choice we make today will affect our future. Financial Planning is a comprehensive statement of an individual's long-term objectives for security and well-being and a detailed savings and investing strategy for achieving those objectives. Invest after identifying your cash-flows, goals & risk tolerance, the outcomes from your investments will be far more desirable. 5 steps to create a good Financial plan 1. Documenting all your investments and important papers. Before making a financial plan, one should sit down with all the documents and not just have ideas in the head. Your investments should be documented and your family should be aware of them. 2. Discover your long-term and short-term goals. 3. Start with creating a fund that is with you in liquid form, so you don’t liquidate your other investments in times of need. 4. Risk planning - Risk is divided in three sub parts: Health, Life and Asset. It is important to save your investments and protect yourself for times of uncertainty. A health insurance, a life insurance and an insurance for your assets are a must to make sure your investments don’t take a hit in times of a natural disaster, calamity or accidents etc. 5. The next step for an investor is to figure out how to achieve their financial goals. One should inflate the amount one needs for goals like education, marriage, house, travel etc to get a realistic figure and then choose the schemes and products.
By Veda Rodewald Mumbai. One of the largest metropolitan cities in India. When we think of Mumbai, we think of films, shopping, fancy malls etc. A city full of resources and place to house and educate millions. We never take a moment to think about the unfair treatment in the educational system or whether all children are receiving the rightful and good quality education that they deserve. India all together has a literacy rate of 74.04%. But Kerala has a literacy rate of 93.91%. It is certainly not as fancy of state as the others, but still managed to have one of the highest literacy rates among all the states. Why this difference? Looking outside the window all I see are children of the slum roaming around wasting time whereas they could be using it to study and become something in life. Yes, we have municipal schools and other such small institutions which may come across as sustainable. This although, leads me to my next point which is, why does there have to be such a segregated school going community. This may only be my opinion but honestly there is no need to have schools where parents pay unaffordable prices just to get high quality education. Isn’t a good education every child’s right? Isn’t a good education every child’s right? If we look at a country like Germany, then all we see is a really good system. All public schools are free of any costs apart from stationary and this is why most families prefer these schools. In a public school where one receives a good quality education in an environment where we cannot tell who’s family is wealthier or who lives in a temporary shelter. People still get an education, sometimes even better than what we get in schools here in India, despite paying a large amount of money and perhaps Everyone should be treated equally as well. India needs to pull up it’s socks in making our country a fair and equal community where no child is left out. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Featured Stories Filter By Categories August 12, 2019 What is the Difference Between 2D & 3D Construction Drawings? estimating_4-1Having accurate construction drawings is an essential part of effective estimating. Most companies rely on either 2D or 3D construction drawings, but what are the differences and when should you use each type? Let’s take a closer look at distinctions between 2D and 3D construction drawings and the benefits associated with each. What Are 2D Construction Drawings? 2D construction drawings are also known as PDF drawings. They are created using black ink on white paper, often by drawing horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines to create a 3D look, but the image itself remains flat. By using software to create 2D construction drawings, companies can easily make corrections when they find errors in the sketches rather than having to start from scratch each time when drawn by hand. The biggest downside to using traditional 2D paper drawings is that these do not contain intelligent information. That is, they exist on paper rather than in a digital format, and they are limited to whatever is on paper. What Are 3D Construction Drawings? As the name implies, 3D construction drawings are computer generated images that give clients and construction companies a better idea of what a project will look like in real life. Designs come to life and can have a positive impact on marketing and project approvals. They look more professional and modern than their 2D counterparts. In short, they are fully rendered versions of what a project will look like when it’s finished. Similarities of 2D and 3D Construction Drawings Because 2D and 3D construction drawings remain in digital format, you can easily send them to clients or other parties for review. You can edit them simply and swiftly rather than starting from scratch. And, you can organize and color code specific layers or features to strengthen your presentation. If you wanted to create a few different mockups of the same project, you can save and edit multiple copies rather than having to create each one by hand. Best of all, by using 2D and 3D modeling software, you can let the program handle all your measurements giving you the most accurate measurements. You don’t need paper plans and all the required gear when you’re able to produce digital copies of 2D and 3D drawings. You can perform all your takeoffs within the software to save you time, resources, and more than a few headaches. Getting the Best of Both 2D and 3D Construction Drawings in a Single Solution Though many companies are beginning to incorporate 3D modeling in their construction drawing, 2D drawings are still far from obsolete. Sage Estimating gives you the best of both 2D and 3D construction drawings in eTakeoff, a powerful electronic quantity takeoff software. This software was designed to improve estimating productivity as you transition from takeoff to building your estimate. Take a free tour of eTakeoff and the 2D and 3D construction drawing features to see how you can make your bids stronger and more profitable. Subscribe to Receive Our eNewsletter
What sort of character is Jesus in the Gospel of Mark? What did Jesus do in the Gospel of Mark? The Identity of Jesus: Mighty Messiah & Son of God (Mark 1:1-8:30) ). Before we can catch our breath, Jesus launches into his ministry, announcing the kingdom of God, calling disciples to follow him, and beginning a campaign of preaching, healing, and casting out demons. How is Jesus represented in the Gospels? This book forms the joining link between Old and New Testament, focusing on the fulfillment of prophecy. Through a dramatic and action-packed sequence of events, the Gospel of Mark shows Jesus Christ as the suffering servant and Son of God. … Luke portrays Jesus as Savior of all people. How is Jesus identity gradually revealed in Mark’s Gospel? Describe its gradual recognition. Though the reader knows who Jesus is from the first line, his identity is only gradually revealed. At his baptism God identifies him as his Son. Then the reader is told the demons recognize him; next Peter confesses but fails to comprehend that this involves suffering. What is unique about Mark’s Gospel? The Gospel of Mark has several unique characteristics. It reports nothing concerning Jesus’ birth, his childhood, or his activities prior to the time when he was baptized by John. … Throughout the gospel, Mark particularly emphasizes Jesus’ humanity. THIS IS IMPORTANT: Best answer: Is Psalm 117 the shortest chapter in the Bible? How does John portray Jesus in his gospel? John portrays Jesus as “a God striding over the face of the earth.” He does this by highlighting his divine qualities which can be seen in many of the gospels stories. John portrays Jesus’ relationship with Judas much differently than in the gospel of Mark. … The next part is Jesus’ march to the place of his death. How would you describe the character of Jesus in Mark’s Gospel? an absolutely trustworthy and all-knowing guide. a staunch, otherworldly being manifest among mortals. a sufferer who is vulnerable to all things human. These conflicting aspects make Jesus’s characterization tough, and Mark needs to make it work.
Undiagnosed vision problems are a major factor in many children with poor educational performance, decreased attention spans and learning difficulties It just is not enough that they can read the chart at the pediatrician’s office or at the school screening performed by the nurse. There are many times when the child’s previously undiagnosed vision problem is corrected, and other educational or behavioral issues decrease or resolve entirely. Dr. Hirano and Dr. Fukunaga recommend that at a absolute minimum, all children should have a complete eye exam by age 4. Sooner if there are any concerns that the parent may have. These concerns may include the child not looking at the parent’s face in infancy or with a crossed eye, a toddler unable to see the plane in the sky that is plainly visible, a preschooler that gets very close to look at a book or closes one eye to read. With any symptom like this, the child should be seen as soon as possible. The eye doctors both have extensive training in taking care of children’s vision and eyes. Through decades of experience and thousands of examinations they have developed methods to accurately and thoroughly assess the eyes of children as young as infants. We look forward to taking care of your kids!
Two images of Wadjet appear on this carved wall in the Hatshepsut Temple at Luxor. Wadjet (/ˈwæət/; Ancient Egyptian: wꜢḏyt "Green One"),[1] known to the Greek world as Uto (/ˈjt/; Koinē Greek: Οὐτώ) or Buto (/ˈbjt/; Βουτώ) among other renderings including Wedjat, Uadjet, and Udjo,[2] was originally the ancient local goddess of the city of Dep.[3] It became part of the city that the Egyptians named Per-Wadjet ("House of Wadjet") and the Greeks called Buto (now Desouk),[4] which was an important site in prehistoric Egypt and the cultural developments of the Paleolithic. There was also a Per-Wadjet in Upper Egypt. Wadjet was said to be the matron and protector of Lower Egypt, and upon unification with Upper Egypt, the joint protector and patron of all of Egypt. The image of Wadjet with the sun disk is called the uraeus, and it was the emblem on the crown of the rulers of Lower Egypt. She was also the protector of kings and of women in childbirth. Wadjet was said to be the nurse of the infant god Horus. With the help of his mother Isis, they protected Horus from his treacherous uncle, Set, when they took refuge in the swamps of the Nile Delta.[5] Wadjet was closely associated in ancient Egyptian religion with the Eye of Ra, a powerful protective deity.[6] The hieroglyph for her eye is shown below; sometimes two are shown in the sky of religious images. Per-Wadjet also contained a sanctuary of Horus, the child of the sun deity who would be interpreted to represent the pharaoh. Much later, Wadjet became associated with Isis as well as with many other deities. In the relief shown to the right, which is on the wall of the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Luxor, there are two images of Wadjet: one of her as the uraeus with her head through an ankh and another where she precedes a Horus hawk wearing the pschent, representing the pharaoh whom she protects. Nekhbet/Wadjet illustration from Pantheon égyptien by Leon Jean Joseph Dubois. The Egyptian word wꜣḏ signifies blue and green. It is also the name for the well-known "Eye of the Moon".[8] Indeed, in later times, she was often depicted simply as a woman with a snake's head, or as a woman wearing the uraeus. The uraeus originally had been her body alone, which wrapped around or was coiled upon the head of the pharaoh or another deity. Her image also rears up from the staff of the "flagpoles" that are used to indicate deities, as seen in the hieroglyph for "uraeus" and for "goddess" in other places. Egyptian hieroglyphs N33 N33 N33 X1 I13 Egyptian hieroglyphs ḏt "cobra" Egyptian hieroglyphs The name Wadjet[9] is derived from the term for the symbol of her domain, Lower Egypt, the papyrus.[10] Its hieroglyphs differ from those of the Green Crown or Deshret of Lower Egypt only by the determinative, which in the case of the crown was a picture of the Green Crown[11] and, in the case of the goddess, a rearing cobra. Protector of country, pharaohs, and other deities Wadjet - Eye of Horus Egyptian hieroglyphs Eventually, Wadjet was claimed as the patron goddess and protector of the whole of Lower Egypt and became associated with Nekhbet, depicted as a white vulture, who held unified Egypt. After the unification the image of Nekhbet joined Wadjet on the crown, thereafter shown as part of the uraeus. Wadjet was associated with the Nile Delta region and was more associated with the world of the living. She was closely linked to pharaohs as a protective deity. She was associated, along with other goddesses, as the "eye of Ra".[6] Wadjet was often depicted as an erect cobra with its hood extended as though she were ready to strike. At times she was depicted wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. Wadjet was depicted many times in her cobra form alongside her Upper Egyptian counterpart Nekhbet, in her vulture form wearing the Red Crown on wall paintings or on the pharaoh's headdress.[12] Wadjet, as the goddess of Lower Egypt, had a large temple at the ancient Imet (now Tell Nebesha) in the Nile Delta. She was worshipped in the area as the "Lady of Imet". Later she was joined by Min and Horus to form a triad of deities.[13] Other uses The Nazit Mons, a mountain on Venus, is named for Nazit, an "Egyptian winged serpent goddess".[14] According to Elizabeth Goldsmith, the Greek name for Nazit was Buto.[15] See also 1. ^ Also spelled Wadjit, Wedjet, Uadjet or Ua Zit 2. ^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (1969). Gods of the Egyptians, The (Studies in Egyptian Mythology) 3. ^ Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, p.297 4. ^ Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, 1, 268.18 5. ^ "Wadjet \| Egyptian goddess". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-04-19. 6. ^ a b Wilksinson, Richard H. (2003) The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 227 7. ^ Herodotus ii. 55 and vii. 134 8. ^ Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache 1, 268.13 9. ^ Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, 1, 268.17 10. ^ Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, 1, 263.7–264.4 11. ^ Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, 1, 268.16; 12. ^ "Nekhbet and Wadjet". (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-19. 13. ^ Vincent Razanajao, D'Imet à Tell Farâoun : recherches sur la géographie, les cultes et l'histoire d'une localité de Basse-Égypte orientale. (English synopsis) 14. ^ "Nazit Mons". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. 15. ^ Goldsmith, Elizabeth Edwards (1924). Life Symbols as Related to Sex Symbolism. Putnam. p. 429. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Buto".
Stress is a strange condition. It can be caused by anything and take the form of just about anything. This is the reason that you are asked about stress when you are in the doctor's office. Sadly enough, most people do not pinpoint the symptoms of physical stress correctly. This is because it is easy to mistake this condition for an illness or injury. So, what should be done at the first sign of stress? The tips below can help you learn how to deal with stress. Keep your eyes closed. The one good thing about this method of getting rid of stress is that it can be utilized anyplace 24/7. Don't try it while driving or operating heavy machinery though. If you start to feel achy and stressed at work, take thirty seconds to stop what you're doing and just close your eyes. You can roll your eyes around slightly while your eyelids are unopened. This will slow things down in your head. However, if you discover that you are irritated by light, then talk to your doctor. Decrease the amount of salt you use. A lot of things can be said for eating healthy. Although you should use the food pyramid as a guide, you should also watch the amount of salt that is eaten. Salt competes with your muscles and blood flow, which can make the physical aches you feel much worst. Keep in mind that your food can be seasoned with herbs and spices. These items have a better impact on your body than salt does. Try finding a salt alternative so that you will be completely salt free. Modify the way you eat. It is important, when you are dealing with physical stress, to make sure that the other parts of your life are as healthy as they can be. You need to eat a nutritious and balanced diet and reduce the junk food as much as you can, even if it does provide temporary stress relief. Make sure that you are getting enough servings of veggies, fruits and, especially grains. Grains help to soak up excess bile or stomach acid that could be caused by high level of stress. There are dozens of methods for taking care of stress when it manifests itself physically. You have the option of doing breathing and stretching exercises and getting professional counseling when needed. The truth is that until you uncover the root of your stress, you won't know how to go about fixing it. Many times it might be something as easy as a medical condition coming out. It may or may not be one that can be taken care of with medication. Sometimes it will take a while to find out what is causing your stress before it can be fixed. You can do it. watch Game of Thrones Season 2 Episode 10
How many clay bricks are in a pallet? How many clay bricks are in a pallet? For the facing option, the number of bricks on a pallet will be 670–700 pcs. For slotted – from 380 to 672 pcs. Hollow double brick is placed on a special pallet in the amount of 448 units. How many red blocks are in a pallet? Red Clay Blocks (4″), Grade 1, per pallet – VBEL Hardware. How many bricks are in a standard pallet? Bricks specifications Bricks per square metre – 76mm 50 Bricks per square metre – 62mm 62 Brick Weight approx 3.1kg Brick Dimensions 230mm x 110mm Bricks per pallet 500 How many bricks are in a block of pallets? How many bricks can a bricklayer lay in a day? On an average day, a bricklayer will lay between 600 to 800 face bricks a day. How much does a pallet of red brick cost? Brick Prices by Volume Amount of Bricks Typical Cost Single Brick $0.50-$0.60 Pallet $250-$800 1,000 $500-$600 How much is a pallet of red bricks? How much does a pallet of blocks cost? Pallet of cinder blocks price One pallet of cinder blocks costs $115 to $225 on average. A pallet of cinder blocks weighs 2,500 to 3,250 pounds. A standard pallet holds 70 to 90 cinder blocks. Each 8”x8”x16” cinder block weighs 28 to 36 pounds on average. Why do bricks have 3 holes in them? The holes make the bricks weigh less. 3. Holes allow a consistent heat distribution throughout the brick when it is cooking in the kiln, resulting in a thorough and even cure. These holes, filled with mortar provide a “keyway,” locking one brick to the next. How many bags of cement do I need for 1000 bricks? 3 bags 1000 bricks = 3 bags cement + 0.6m3 sand. How much is a bricklayer per 1000 bricks? Bricklaying cost checklist The average cost per 1,000 bricks is £800. Factors such as type of brick, location, supply and demand, and manufacturing process will influence the cost. Bricklayers charge an average day rate of £400. How much does a bricklayer cost per day? How much area will 1000 bricks cover? For example, if you are using King Size brick on 1000 square feet, your calculation would be 1000 * 4.7 = 4700 bricks for the job…. Ratios for Brick to Sand and PROSOCO’s SureKlean 1000 Brick 1 Yard of Sand 1500 Brick 1 Gallon of SureKlean Are reclaimed bricks cheaper than new? One of the primary advantages of using any recycled material, brick included, is that it tends to be less expensive than buying brand new building materials. Which makes sense, given that used bricks don’t have to have the clay mined, transported, molded, fired, and then transported again. How much does a bricklayer charge per brick? What is the cheapest retaining wall block? What is the cheapest retaining wall material? • Treated pine and is the least expensive material. • Hardwood is more expensive than treated pine. • Concrete sleepers are more expensive. How many concrete blocks can a Mason lay in a day? When a mason is laying between 90 to 120 block per day, every pound matters. ProBlock’s light unit weight and its open end design allows the mason to go around rebar instead of up and over, thereby reducing the risk of back and shoulder injuries. ProBlock allows masons to install CMU in the safest way possible. Which is the strongest brick? Class A engineering bricks are the strongest, but Class B are the more commonly used. Engineering bricks vary in colour from red to blue. What is frog in a brick? A frog is a depression in one bearing face of a molded or pressed brick. The frog reduces the weight of the brick and makes it easier to remove from the forms. Some experts say that bricks containing frogs should be laid with the frog up so that the frog is completely filled with mortar. How many bricks can 1 cement make? 250 bricks are utilized in one cement bag. How many bricks are in a pallet build it? Additional information Quantity 500 Bricks per pallet 250 Product Type Cement maxi brick Size 140mm x 290mm Thickness 90mm A pallet of used red bricks likely runs from $300 to $700 or $600 to $1,400 per thousand, but you’ll have to get a quote from a distributor for an exact number. 3 bags cement What is the average wage for a bricklayer? The average salary for a Bricklayer is £31,800 gross per year (£13.80 net per hour), which is £2,200 (+7%) higher than the UK’s national average salary. A Bricklayer can expect an average starting salary of £22,500. The highest salaries can exceed £50,000. How do I calculate how many bricks I need? How Many Bricks Do I Need? For a singular layer brick wall, multiply the length of the wall by the height to get the area. Multiply that area by 60 to get the number of bricks you should need, then add 10% for wastage. That’s the short answer and assumes ‘standard’ brick and mortar sizes. What is the cheapest brick? How many bricks does it take to measure 25 cm? How many bricks, each measuring 25 cm x 11.25 cm x 6 cm, will be needed to build a wall of 8 m x 6 m x 22.5 cm? = 6400. How big is a pallet of common bricks? Standard delivery is 3 to 5 working days. Terms & Conditions Apply* Common Bricks (720 Pcs/Pallet) . Common Clay Bricks (Common Clay Bricks) . Dimension = 220mm (L) x 96mm (W) x 68mm (H) . Unit = Pallet . 1 Pallet = 720 Pcs . 1 Pc = ~2.2 Kg . MOQ = 1 Pallet . Suitable for all construction brickworks. . How many bricks are in a pack of blocks? How Many Bricks or Blocks in a Pack or Pallet? Bricks are not sold by the pallet but by the pack. Most packs contain between 400 and 500 bricks but there’s no universally accepted quantity, each manufacturer is different. Further Reading We’ve got many more helpful guides on our site, so explore these related pages: How many bricks are in a Boral block? 150 End Unit 6.2kg 114 per pallet connst Stretcher Unit 16.0kg 60 per pallet conncr End & Corner Unit 16.0kg 60 per pallet connhh Half Unit 9.0kg 120 per pallet 76 230 110 110 230 110 230 90 290 90 162 110 230 162 110 162 110 230 162 11 Bricks How to calculate how many bricks you need for a project? How to calculate how many bricks you need for a project 1 First calculate the square metres of surface area you need to cover. 2 Then divide the square metres by how many bricks are required per square metre 3 For standard bricks, there are 50 per square metre (more details below) 4 Then you have your total number of bricks needed for the job!
Can Gum Disease be Cured: 5 Crucial Tips You Must Know How many times have you seen some blood spots when brushing your teeth.Can gum disease be cured? Well, bleeding is among the first symptom that someone has gum disease. The moment our gums get infected, the only option we have is to treat them. This is because when left untreated for a long time, the infection may travel right below the patient’s gum line to the bones. And this may, in turn, be a serious gum disease known as periodontitis. is gum disease curable I don’t want to scare you, so without further ado allow me to take you through below honest and detailed review about gum disease. What is gum disease gum disease? Gum disease or periodontal disease affects the patient’s soft tissue right in our mouth, which is gums. Generally, this disease is mainly caused by plaque. And this is bacteria built up right on someone’s teeth, primarily due to lack of proper dental hygiene such as poor brushing, flossing etc. Thus, once this plaque builds and hardens up tends to form tartar. Further, you get tartar; you should seek professional dental care because flossing and brushing from home will be challenging to typically remove. As a result, if you are suffering from tender, sore, bleed, or red gums, especially when your floss or brush your teeth, take it seriously. You may also be suffering from gingivitis which can progress to severe stages to the extent of even losing your teeth. Below are common signs and symptoms that you are suffering from gum disease: Symptoms of gum disease • Gums getting smaller If you start noticing that your teeth look a bit longer than usual, then chances are the gum is shrinking. In this case, when gums begin breaking, your gums will start separating right from the teeth and create a pocket. And this pulling is known as receding gums. • Swollen, red gums This is the first signs that a patient’s gums require attention. Your gums start with inflammation on the gum line. And without getting treatment, you might start feeling pain, bleed or tendering in your mouth, particularly when your brush or floss. • Sensitive teeth Does a cold drink sip make you wince? If yes, your teeth might be alerting you of something wrong. • Bad breath Our mouth is warm, pleasant, and wet, making it home to billions of bacteria. These bacteria tend to feed on the plaque; they release some toxins that may irritate your teeth and gums, leading to a foul smell based on the dental experts. • Shifting or wiggly teeth Gum disease may also attack bones that hold patients’ teeth right in place to make them move or loosen. In this case, periodontitis is a major cause and can change your teeth’ perfect arrangement. Also read: Can Gingivitis be cured and how long it takes How quickly can you develop gum disease? This is another essential point to know also. In essence, this gum disease is caused by dental plaque. In deep, this is a colorless, sticky bacterial which constantly forms on a patient’s teeth. As a result, plaque continues to harden, forming tartar, and only dental hygienists can safely remove tartar. How to diagnose gum disease? This specific dental disease can easily be diagnosed by the dentist. Your professional dentist will be able to look for different signs and symptoms for cavities, knowing the far they have progressed. At the first step, your dental expert will ask the patient for particular factors and conditions which might be putting the patient at risk of developing gum disease. Also read: How to prevent gum recession? Some conditions such as medications, HIV/Aids, hormones, and smoking are common in causing gum diseases. Second, the dentist might need to examine the patient’s mouth and look for apparent symptoms such as bleeding and red gums. Further, he can also recommend taking x-rays to get further information regarding the patient’s periodontitis. Overall, the dentist will look and examine many things the patients cannot be able to perform by themselves. Common types of the gum disease • Aggressive periodontitis This is rapid gum loss attachment alongside bone destruction in a very short duration. • Necrotizing periodontal disease This is an infection that may result in the death of your gum tissue surrounding connecting bone and tooth. Besides, the common signs are painful bleeding gums and foul odor. • Chronic periodontitis This is a severe form of gum disease, and its progress slowly • Chronic gingivitis This is a milder, reversible form of gum disease marked mainly by redness, inflammation, and bleeding gums. How to prevent gum disease? The trick is simple to maintain the proper level of dental hygiene day after another. Further, refrain from sugar foods, smoking and visit your dentist at least after six months. Is gum disease curable The good news is that gum disease can be cured. However, it might challenge to treat this disease without a supportive guide. With different and many curing methods recommended by professionals, you need safe and functional methods for best results. Below are top-ways we go for to treat gum disease: 5 Crucial ways to cure gum disease • Non-surgical treatment This is the first treatment line for your gum disease. Deep cleaning is different from standard cleaning as it goes deep under the gum line. First, proper oral hygiene should begin from home. We should always brush our teeth about twice a day alongside flossing them once a day. Further, the second essential aspect is getting your teeth to be cleaned by a professional. The dentist will utilize an ultrasonic device, hand tools that will effectively break the calculus and plaque. Besides, the root planing might also be needed to typically smooth the rough zones on your teeth roots alongside discouraging other bacteria or buildups that contribute to inflammation formation. Based on the patient’s calculus and plaque, someone might need two to one visits. • Gum Grafts Patients with exposed roots because of gum recession caused by gum disease may need gum grafting. The dental professional will take your gum tissue and use it to cover your teeth’ roots. Besides, covering the exposed roots aids in reducing the sensitivity alongside protecting the roots from decaying, stop bone loss & gum recession. • Pocket reduction procedure This treatment is for patients with severe periodontitis. Generally, if your gum tissue tends not to fit snugly around your specific tooth even after planning and scaling, the pocket reduction might help. Therefore, by folding back your gum tissue, the dentist will remove the smooth zones of injured bone and infectious bacteria. And you um tissue can now reattach right to healthy bone. Related: Can cavities Go Away: The 5 Stages You Must Know • Clearing the periodontal abscess This treatment can sometimes happen because of advanced gum disease. Besides, abscess occurs as swollen, red lesion right your gumline. In this case, gum treatment typically includes draining abscess alongside the deep cleaning zone. Also, antibiotics can help in clearing the infection. • Regenerative procedure Bone grafting promotes bone growth in zones where gum disease has impacted the bone. In his specific treatment, the dental professional will clean bacteria that affect your gums, followed by placing either synthetic or natural bone in the zone where you have bone loss. Besides, this includes tissue-stimulating proteins to aid the patient’s body to regrow tissue and bone effectively. It also includes applying effective gel on affected tooth roots. Generally, this gel has the same proteins in developing tooth enamel, which also stimulates the growth of healthy gums. Can Gum Disease be Cured Our Final Verdict The above treatment is helpful and functional in treating and curing your gum disease. However, sooner treatment means better chances of saving patients’ healthy teeth. Further, implementing a healthy lifestyle like activating oral hygiene dairy routine, cutting down on the sugar foods, visiting your dentist often are also helpful treatments. I hope that the above guide will significantly help you understand gum disease, including how to treat, signs, and prevent it. Scroll to Top
The Supernatural in Macbeth Essay Published: 2021-10-01 23:10:06 essay essay Category: Macbeth, Witchcraft Type of paper: Essay Hey! We can write a custom essay for you. All possible types of assignments. Written by academics Shakespeare and other people during that time believed in the supernatural and were very weary about it. They wrote books on witches, demons, and eventually held trials for witches. Shakespeare incorporated their beliefs into Macbeth. In Macbeth, the supernatural is a force guiding Macbeth’s actions and is creating hallucinations, which is why he is not responsible for his actions. The supernatural is a very important subject in “Macbeth”. “Macbeth” is full of important supernatural elements that made the play more eerie and modern. From witches to floating daggers and apparitions, the supernatural was something that they believed highly in. Out of all the supernatural elements they believed in, witches seemed to be the most popular. James the king of Scotland wrote a book about witches called “Daemonology, he stated that “witches were thought to be agents of the devil who used prophecies to tempt faith and virtue”(King James. Daemonology. 1597). People thought witches used their abilities to harm and destroy virtuous people. Shakespeare used that thought to show how the witches would trick and deceive people. When the witches are first seen they are talking about where the will go to meet Macbeth. The witches then utter their famous line “fair is foul, and foul is fair”(1.1.11). When the witches meet Macbeth they used “prophecies” to trick Macbeth into falling under their spell. The witches tell Macbeth: Haven’t found the relevant content? Hire a subject expert to help you with The Supernatural in Macbeth Essay Hire verified expert All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be king hereafter.”(1.3.48-50). By telling these prophecies to Macbeth, they put a spell like trance on him. Macbeth fell into the witches trap by listening and believing the prophecies. The way the witches tricked Macbeth it shows that the witches don’t care for humans but enjoy tricking and torturing them. Witches in the supernatural are known to be “particularly active during stormy weather.”(1.1.notes), which is why they’re only seen in dark or rainy times throughout the play. In act 3 scene 5, the witches are talking to Hecate, the ruler of the witches. Hecate is angry when she first appears, she thinks that the witches aren’t doing their jobs correctly. Hecate was forming a plan to cause Macbeth’s downfall. Besides the witches, Macbeth starts to have hallucinations, like the floating dagger. In the first scene of act 2 we see Macbeth have his first hallucination, “Is this a dagger which I see before me?”(2.1.33). Macbeth saw the dagger when he was thinking about what the witches told him and what his wife wanted him to do. When Macbeth sees the dagger he starts to question its existence, he can see it but he can not touch it. Macbeth realizes that he is going crazy and seeing things but chooses to follow the dagger. As Macbeth follows the dagger it leads him to Duncan’s tent and where he then murders Duncan while he is sleeping. This hallucination was possibly a form of guilt that is soon to come from Macbeth. At the same time we see that the dagger is evil and pushes Macbeth to kill Duncan. After Macbeth kills Duncan he seeks out the witches who call upon their “masters”. When Macbeth seeks out the witches for more prophecies they start to deceive him more than before. Alexander Leggatt states that in act 4 the witches refer to “our masters” (4.1.63) who turn out to be the apparitions (1). When the witches call upon their “masters”, apparitions appear to Macbeth giving him more prophecies. The apparitions tell Macbeth: “First Apparition: Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough.Second Apparition: Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn. The power of a man, for none of women born, shall harm Macbeth. Third Apparition: Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no care. Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are; Macbeth shall never be vanquish’d be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.” (4.1.71-94) When the apparitions told Macbeth the prophecies he thought he would never die. Out of insanity he killed Macduff’s family. In the end Macduff kills Macbeth after he tells Macbeth that he was removed not born. By listening to what the witches told Macbeth he fell under a trance that led him to his death. We can write your paper just for 11.99$ i want to copy... People also read
For other uses, see Mistletoe (disambiguation). European mistletoe attached to a silver birch Mistletoe in a tree. The name mistletoe originally referred to the species Viscum album (European mistletoe, of the family Santalaceae in the order Santalales); it was the only species native to Great Britain and much of Europe. A separate species, Viscum cruciatum, occurs in Southwest Spain and Southern Portugal, as well as North Africa, Australia and Asia. Over the centuries, the term has been broadened to include many other species of parasitic plants with similar habits, found in other parts of the world, that are classified in different genera and even families — such as the Misodendraceae and the Loranthaceae. In particular, the Eastern mistletoe native to North America, Phoradendron leucarpum, belongs to a distinct genus of the Santalaceae family. The genus Viscum is not native to North America, but Viscum album has been introduced to California.[1] European mistletoe has smooth-edged, oval, evergreen leaves borne in pairs along the woody stem, and waxy, white berries that it bears in clusters of two to six. The Eastern mistletoe of North America is similar, but has shorter, broader leaves and longer clusters of 10 or more berries. The word 'mistletoe' derives from the older form 'mistle', adding the Old English word tān (twig). 'Mistle' is common Germanic (Old High German mistil, Middle High German. mistel, Old English mistel, Old Norse mistil).[2] Further etymology is uncertain, but may be related to the Germanic base for 'mash'.[3] Mistletoe groups Parasitism has evolved at least twelve times among the vascular plants;[4] and of those, the parasitic mistletoe habit has evolved independently five times, in the Misodendraceae, Loranthaceae, and Santalaceae, including the former separate families Eremolepidaceae and Viscaceae. Although Viscaceae and Eremolepidaceae were placed in a broadly defined Santalaceae by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, DNA data indicate they evolved independently. The largest family of mistletoes, the Loranthaceae, has 73 genera and over 900 species.[5] Subtropical and tropical climates have markedly more mistletoe species; Australia has 85, of which 71 are in Loranthaceae, and 14 in Santalaceae.[6] Life cycle Mistletoe plants grow on a wide range of host trees; they commonly reduce their growth and a large plant stunts and commonly kills the distal portion of branch it grows on. A heavy infestation may kill the entire host plant. Viscum album successfully parasitizes more than 200 tree and shrub species. Mistletoe in winter The Mistletoe Seller by Adrien Barrère Technically, all mistletoe species are hemiparasites, because they do perform at least a little photosynthesis for at least a short period of their life cycle. However, this is academic in some species whose contribution is very nearly zero. For example, some species, such as Viscum minimum, that parasitize succulents, commonly species of Cactaceae or Euphorbiaceae, grow largely within the host plant, with hardly more than the flower and fruit emerging. Once they have germinated and attached to the circulatory system of the host, their photosynthesis reduces so far that it becomes insignificant.[7] Most of the Viscaceae bear evergreen leaves that photosynthesise effectively, and photosynthesis proceeds within their green, fleshy stems as well. Some species, such as "Viscum capense", are adapted to semi-arid conditions and their leaves are vestigial scales, hardly visible without detailed morphological investigation. Therefore their photosynthesis and transpiration only take place in their stems, limiting their demands on the host's supply of water, but also limiting their intake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Accordingly their contribution to the host's metabolic balance becomes trivial and the idle parasite may become quite yellow as it grows, having practically given up photosynthesis.[7] At another extreme other species have vigorous green leaves. Not only do they photosynthesize actively, but a heavy infestation of mistletoe plants may take over whole host tree branches, sometimes killing practically the entire crown and replacing it with their own growth. In such a tree the host is relegated purely to the supply of water and mineral nutrients and the physical support of the trunk. Such a tree may survive as a Viscum community for years; it resembles a totally unknown species unless one examines it closely, because its foliage does not look like that of any tree. An example of a species that behaves like that is Viscum continuum.[7] A mistletoe seed germinates on the branch of a host tree or shrub, and in its early stages of development it is independent of its host. It commonly has two or even four embryos, each producing its hypocotyl, that grows towards the bark of the host under the influence of light and gravity, and potentially each forming a mistletoe plant in a clump. Possibly as an adaptation to assist in guiding the process of growing away from the light, the adhesive on the seed tends to darken the bark. On having made contact with the bark, the hypocotyl, with only a rudimentary scrap of root tissue at its tip penetrates it, a process that may take a year or more. In the mean time the plant is dependent on its own photosynthesis. Only after it reaches the host's conductive tissue can it begin to rely on the host for its needs. Later it forms a haustorium that penetrates the host tissue and takes water and nutrients from the host plant.[7] Species more or less completely parasitic include the leafless quintral, Tristerix aphyllus, which lives deep inside the sugar-transporting tissue of a spiny cactus, appearing only to show its tubular red flowers,[8] and the genus Arceuthobium (dwarf mistletoe; Santalaceae) which has reduced photosynthesis; as an adult, it manufactures only a small proportion of the sugars it needs from its own photosynthesis, but as a seedling actively photosynthesizes until a connection to the host is established. Some species of the largest family, Loranthaceae, have small, insect-pollinated flowers (as with Santalaceae), but others have spectacularly showy, large, bird-pollinated flowers. Most mistletoe seeds are spread by birds that eat the 'seeds' (in actuality drupes). Quite a range of birds feed on them, of which the mistle thrush is the best-known in Europe, the Phainopepla in southwestern North America, and Dicaeum of Asia and Australia. Depending on the species of mistletoe and the species of bird, the seeds are regurgitated from the crop, excreted in their droppings, or stuck to the bill, from which the bird wipes it onto a suitable branch. The seeds are coated with a sticky material called viscin. Some viscin remains on the seed and when it touches a stem, it sticks tenaciously. The viscin soon hardens and attaches the seed firmly to its future host, where it germinates and its haustorium penetrates the sound bark.[9] Specialist mistletoe eaters have adaptations that expedite the process; some pass the seeds through their unusually shaped digestive tracts so fast that a pause for defecation of the seeds is part of the feeding routine. Others have adapted patterns of feeding behavior; the bird grips the fruit in its bill and squeezes the sticky-coated seed out to the side. The seed sticks to the beak and the bird wipes it off onto the branch.[10] Biochemically, viscin is a complex adhesive mix containing cellulosic strands and mucopolysaccharides.[11] Once a mistletoe plant is established on its host, it usually is possible to save a valuable branch by pruning and judicious removal of the wood invaded by the haustorium, if the infection is caught early enough. Some species of mistletoe can regenerate if the pruning leaves any of the haustorium alive in the wood.[12][13] Ecological importance Mistletoe was often considered a pest that killed trees and devalued natural habitats, but was recently recognized as an ecological keystone species, an organism that has a disproportionately pervasive influence over its community.[14] A broad array of animals depend on mistletoe for food, consuming the leaves and young shoots, transferring pollen between plants and dispersing the sticky seeds. In western North America their juicy berries are eaten and spread by birds (notably Phainopepla, or silky-flycatcher). When eaten, some seeds pass unharmed through their digestive systems; if the birds’ droppings happen to land on a suitable branch, the seeds may stick long enough to germinate. As the plants mature, they grow into masses of branching stems which suggest the popular name "witches’ brooms". The dense evergreen witches' brooms formed by the dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium species) of western North America also make excellent locations for roosting and nesting of the northern spotted owl and the marbled murrelet. In Australia the diamond firetail and painted honeyeater are recorded as nesting in different mistletoes. This behavior is probably far more widespread than currently recognized; more than 240 species of birds that nest in foliage in Australia have been recorded nesting in mistletoe, representing more than 75% of the resident birds. Cultural references Mistletoe is relevant to several cultures. It is associated with Christmas as a decoration, under which lovers are expected to kiss. Mistletoe played an important role in Druidic mythology in the Ritual of Oak and Mistletoe. In Norse Mythology, Loki tricked the blind god Hodur into murdering Balder with an arrow made of Mistletoe, being the only plant to which Balder was vulnerable. Some versions of the story have mistletoe becoming a symbol of peace and friendship to compensate for its part in the murder.[16] Mistletoe continued to be associated with fertility and vitality through the Middle Ages, and by the 18th century it had also become incorporated into Christmas celebrations around the world. The custom of kissing under the mistletoe is referred to in late 18th century England:[17] the serving class of Victorian England is credited with perpetuating the tradition.[18] The tradition dictated that a man was allowed to kiss any woman standing underneath mistletoe, and that bad luck would befall any woman who refused the kiss.[19][20] One variation on the tradition stated that with each kiss a berry was to be plucked from the mistletoe, and the kissing must stop after all the berries had been removed.[18][20] See also 1. USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 28 August 2009). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA 2. Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. "Deutsches Wörterbuch". Woerterbuchnetz. Retrieved November 30, 2014. 3. Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, December 2000 4. JH Westwood, JI Yoder, MP Timko, CW dePhamphilis (2010) The evolution of parasitism in plants. Trends Plant Sci 15:227-235 5. WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens & MJ Donaghue (2002) Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland Massachusetts, USA. ISBN 0-87893-403-0 6. B.A. Barlow (1983) A revision of the Viscaceae of Australia. Brunonia 6, 25–58. 7. 1 2 3 4 Visser, Johann (1981). South African parasitic flowering plants. Cape Town: Juta. ISBN 0-7021-1228-3. 8. Susan Milius, "Botany under the Mistletoe" Science News' 158.26/27 (December 2000:412). 9. Zulu Journal. University of California Press. pp. 114–. GGKEY:5QX6L53RH1U. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 10. Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 869–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7266-7. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 11. International Society for Horticultural Science. Section for Ornamental Plants; International Society for Horticultural Science. Commission on Landscape and Urban Horticulture; International Society for Horticultural Science. Working Group on New Ornamentals (2009). Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops: Funchal, Portugal, June 11–15, 2007. International Society for Horticultural Science. ISBN 978-90-6605-200-0. Retrieved 17 May 2013. 12. "Mistletoe". University of California - Davis. Retrieved November 30, 2014. 13. Torngren, T. S., E. J. Perry, and C. L. Elmore. 1980. Mistletoe Control in Shade Trees. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2571 14. David M. Watson, "Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands Worldwide" Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (2001:219–249). 15. Susan Milius, "Mistletoe, of All Things, Helps Juniper Trees" Science News 161.1 (January 2002:6). 16. "Norse, Greek & Roman mistletoe traditions". The Mistletoe Pages. Retrieved 4 February 2015. 17. "The pendant mistletoe, hung up to view/ Reminds the youth, the duty youth should do:/ While titt'ring maidens, to enhance their wishes /Entice the men to smother them with kisses..." The Times (London England) 24 December 1787 p.3 (poem),The Approach of Christmas 18. 1 2 "Why do we kiss under the mistletoe?". History.com. Retrieved July 8, 2015. 19. Beam, Christopher. "What's the deal with mistletoe?". slate.com. Retrieved July 8, 2015. 20. 1 2 Norton, Lily. "Pucker up! Why do people kiss under the mistletoe?". livescience.com. Retrieved July 8, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mistletoe. Look up mistletoe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Mistletoe.
Is the management function through which managers compare present 1. ________ is the management function through which managers compare present performance to preestablished performance standards. a. Organizing b. Planning c. Controlling d. Monitoring e. Influencing 2. Which of the following is an error managers make during the controlling stage of management? a. Establishing improper communication networks b. Not exploring enough viable alternatives for reaching objectives c. Not taking the time to communicate properly with organization members d. Not establishing departments appropriately e. Not monitoring progress in carrying out plans 3. ________ resources refer to the machines used during the manufacturing process. a. Capital b. Hardware c. Monetary d. Raw material e. Technology 4. ________ resources refer to the ingredients used directly in the manufacturing of products. a. Capital b. Technology c. Raw material d. Hardware e. Monetary 5. According to Katz, human skills are required for ________. a. understanding how changes in one part of the organization affect the rest of it b. working with individual and group interests c. understanding how the organization relates to its environment d. designing work processes and procedures e. applying specialized knowledge and expertise to work-related techniques 6. According to Katz, technical skills involve ________. a. understanding how the organization relates to its environment b. applying specialized knowledge and expertise to work-related techniques c. understanding how changes in one part of the organization affect the rest of it d. working with people, both individuals and groups, to achieve organizational goals e. working with people, but not their attitudes and communication 7. People-related activities within an organization include ________. a. consulting when making decisions b. clarifying objectives of jobs in organizations c. proposing new strategies and vision d. short-term planning e. encouraging innovative thinking 8. ________ skills involve acting considerate, showing sympathy when someone is upset or anxious, and providing encouragement. a. Developing b. Clarifying roles c. Recognizing d. Supporting e. Consulting 9. Sarah has been working full-time at Eves Golf Inc. for three years. While in college, she worked as a part-time employee at Burger King and as an office assistant for a manufacturing organization. She was recently promoted to manager, and manages a small team that is responsible for procuring raw materials for their line of golf bags, hats and other accessories. Considering that careers evolve through a series of stages, in this scenario Sarah’s career is at the ________ stage. a. decline b. maintenance c. establishment d. plateauing e. exploration 10. The Gilbreths aimed to increase worker efficiency by ________. a. reducing the number of movements taken to accomplish a task b. instituting the piece-rate system for remuneration c. enforcing minimum criteria for the types of workers hired for a job d. encouraging teamwork rather than individual work e. understanding what motivates employees to complete a task 11. Which one of the following conclusions was drawn by the experimenters from the bank wiring observation room experiment? a. The subjects did not find working in the test room enjoyable. b. Human factors within organizations could significantly influence production. c. Improved working conditions resulted in increased production. d. Social groups in organizations could effectively exert pressure to influence individuals to disregard monetary incentives. e. Members of the work group pressured one another to work harder so that each group member would receive more pay. 12. The Hawthorne Studies sparked the ________, a people-oriented approach to management in which the interaction of people in organizations is studied to judge its impact on organizational a. behavioral study movement b. motion studies initiative c. “one best way” model d. human relations movement e. scientific management movement 13. Dress codes are a contentious subject in workplaces with Gen Y workers favoring a more casual style than older workers, who are often uncomfortable with the idea of wearing casual clothes to work. Human resources departments often find it difficult to enforce company dress codes appropriately. Managers find that one of the ways to address this situation is using the contingency approach. Which of the following is the best example of the contingency approach to management? a. Rotec Inc. requires all employees to dress formally throughout the week and allows business casuals on Fridays. b. Sandman Designs allows employees who don’t meet clients to dress casually, while employees who must meet clients are required to wear formals. c. Waterstones observed and compared employee behavior and productivity on “formal wear” and “casual wear” days and used the findings to devise a company dress code. d. Letterman Inc. invited employees to share their clothing preferences and used these suggestions to frame a company dress code. e. G&B Solutions developed a series of guidelines to let employees know what is considered appropriate and inappropriate office wear. 14. The use of the classical, behavioral and management science approaches as sources of information to analyze the management system is referred to as ________ management. a. triangular b. laissez-faire c. lower-level d. democratic e. open-system 15. Every Monday morning, the hundred-odd employees at Axis Systems Ltd. meet to discuss the work situation. The managers of various departments summarize what their departments have done over the past week. Employees can track the various stages of any project and understand how their tasks fit into the whole process. This illustrates the ________ aspect of a learning a. team learning b. triangular management c. systems thinking d. the contingency approach e. the behavioral approach 16. Which of the following propositions of the Davis Model of Corporate Social Responsibility states that business cannot be expected to completely finance activities that may be socially advantageous but economically disadvantageous? a. Proposition 3: The social costs and benefits of an activity, product, or service shall be thoroughly calculated and considered in deciding whether to proceed with it. b. Proposition 2: Business shall operate as a two-way open system, with open receipt of inputs from society and open disclosure of its operations to the public. c. Proposition 1: Social responsibility arises from social power. d. Proposition 4: The social costs related to each activity, product or service shall be passed on to the consumer. e. Proposition 5: Business institutions, as citizens, have the responsibility to become involved in certain social problems that are outside their normal areas of operation. 17. Managers can fulfill their social obligation towards consumers by ________. a. abiding to the laws b. providing safe products c. increasing the value of the organization d. providing safe working environments e. repaying debts 18. Which of the following statements is true about the social responsiveness approach? a. It sees business as having societal goals, but lacking economic goals. b. It considers business as having primarily economic purposes and confines social responsibility activity mainly to existing legislation. c. It considers business as having both societal and economic goals as well as the obligation to anticipate potential social problems and work actively toward preventing their occurrence. d. It sees business as having both economic and societal goals. e. It sees business as having societal goals and the obligation to anticipate potential social problems, but lacking economic goals. 19. Which of the following occurs during the controlling process? a. Determining how the organization will get where it wants to go b. Guiding the activities of organization members to help attain organizational objectives c. Making things happen as they were planned to happen d. Establishing orderly uses for all the organization’s resources e. Determining how the organization will achieve its objectives 20. A firm that is involved in assisting community organizations dedicated to education, charities and the arts is conducting a social responsibility measurement in the ________ area. a. problem-recognition b. problem-solving c. quality-of-life d. economic function e. social investment 21. The Finance department at Lewis & Sons only accounts for 10% of the employees, but wields the most decision-making power and controls resources and information. As a result, the Finance department is considered to be a ________ within the organization. a. majority group b. determinant group c. secondary group d. splinter group e. model minority 22. In an organization, the group of people who lack critical resources, acceptance and social status is known as the ________. a. special interest group b. prime group c. majority group d. advocacy group e. minority group 23. ________ are statistical characteristics of a population. a. Chronographics b. Demographics c. Reprographics d. Biographics e. Psychographics 24. In the ________ stage, managers are unaware of behaviors they engage in that are problematic for members of other groups. a. conscious competence b. unconscious incompetence c. controlled competence d. conscious incompetence e. unconscious competence 25. According to Donaldson and Scannell, managers in the ________ stage are the most effective with respect to interacting in a diverse workforce. a. conscious competence b. unconscious competence c. unconscious incompetence d. conscious competition e. conscious incompetence Place your order (550 words) Approximate price: $22 Calculate the price of your order 550 words Total price: The price is based on these factors: Academic level Number of pages Basic features • Free title page and bibliography • Unlimited revisions • Plagiarism-free guarantee • Money-back guarantee • 24/7 support On-demand options • Writer’s samples • Part-by-part delivery • Overnight delivery • Copies of used sources • Expert Proofreading Paper format • 275 words per page • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman • Double line spacing Our guarantees Money-back guarantee Read more Zero-plagiarism guarantee Read more Free-revision policy Read more Privacy policy Read more Fair-cooperation guarantee Read more
(1912–88). U.S. cartoonist Charles Addams, whose works appeared mostly in The New Yorker magazine, was famous for his macabre sense of humor. His best-known cartoons centered on a family of ghouls whose activities satirized those of a conventional family. Addams’ ghoulish characters served as the basis of The Addams Family, a popular television series in the mid-1960s, whose characters reappeared in a pair of theatrical films in the 1990s. Charles Samuel Addams was born on Jan. 7, 1912, in Westfield, N.J., in a neighborhood filled with the types of Victorian houses that he would later depict in his cartoons. As a child, he enjoyed playing in the nearby Presbyterian cemetery, and he drew many cartoons as the art editor for his high school newspaper Weather Vane. In 1932 he began working as a commercial artist and free-lance cartoonist, selling his first work to The New Yorker in 1933. His cartoons began to attract considerable attention by 1940. Collections of his cartoons include Drawn and Quartered (1942), Addams and Evil (1947), Monster Rally (1950), Homebodies (1954), Nightcrawlers (1957), Dear Dead Days (1959), Black Maria (1960), The Charles Addams Mother Goose (1967), My Crowd (1970), Chas. Addams Favorite Haunts (1976), and Creature Comforts (1981). Addams died on Sept. 29, 1988, in New York City.
Historical Literature War and peace Essay August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer Pacifism may portray various meanings to different people. One common meaning of this terminology is the ability to settle disputes without engaging in real war. To pacify primarily means making peace. However, the terse questions still remain unanswered. Is it possible for a Christian to remain pacifist in the contemporary world? Can conflict be avoided at any point in life in spite of being a Christian? Can we employ force to stop an intruder from interfering with us? When we use violence as Christians in regards to certain issues, does it reflect the authentic position of God? What about the will of God in mankind when the latter is faced with difficult moments? These are some of the questions that ought to be explored even as we investigate the subject of Christian pacifism. If indeed the act of being a pacifist is Godly, then Christians are definitely compelled to understand that it cannot be addressed as a separate entity from other values of Christianity. For example, pacifism ought to be explained alongside other aspects of Christianity such as trusting in God, rejecting the pleasures of this world, and love for one another. We all appreciate the fact Christian pacifism is a true value of Godliness. However, the point of diversion comes when the very Christians are faced with challenges that may demand violence to resolve. Even in the life of an ordinary Christian, greed and lust for worldly possessions may lead to sin. Hedges observes that “there are always people willing to commit unspeakable human atrocity in exchange for a little power and privilege” (88). If the latter is true, then it implies that human nature if full of violent acts aimed at seeking the best opportunities for survival. At a personal level in the life of a Christian, engaging in war or acts of violence in order to resolve emerging conflicts is not part of the biblical doctrine. Christians are called to be peace makers (according to the beatitudes). Even in instances when we are wronged, we are supposed to not merely forgive those who offend us. We should also pray for them so that they may come to know the truth. In fact, Christians should ‘turn the other cheek’ to be slapped by an intruder without turning to violence or retaliation. From this perspective, it is vivid that Christians should not engage in war (Lon 84). According to Hedges, “the enduring attraction of war…can give us what we long for in life. It can give us purpose, meaning, a reason for living” (3). The latter appears to be rather contrary to the biblical principles as comprehended by Christians. In the physical world of a Christian, any form of violence cannot offer any meaning or purpose in life. On the other hand, if the above statement by Hedges is understood in the spiritual realm, then it can make great sense to any serious minded Christian. Spiritual war gives reason for living as a Christian. Christians continually fight in the spiritual world with the principalities of darkness. They do so through Christian practices such as prayer, fasting, meditation, purification of oneself, and even worshiping God in the spirit. When this Christian perspective is embraced, then any form of physical war is not within the will of God for mankind. The writing by Hedges do not address spiritual war as mentioned in the previous paragraph. It speaks of physical war in practicality. All the same, the author still stands against any form of war as noted down when he comments that “in the beginning war looks and feels like love. But unlike love, it gives nothing in return but an ever-deepening dependence, like all narcotics, on the road to self-destruction” (162). Hedges adds that “it destroys the outside world until it is hard to live outside war’s grip” (162). Hence, there is no doubt that violence is dangerous even in the physical world. If that is the case, why should Christians engage in war in order to resolve the challenges facing them? If war is detestable in the physical world, why should christens serving God in the spiritual realms engage in violent resolution to problems? Christians should embrace pacifism at all costs so that they can remain true to their faith in God. Perhaps, it is not spiritually profitable to listen to radical schools of thought in regards to Christian pacifism. For instance, there are those who may be tempted to argue that even God promised victory against nations that would be hostile to Israel. Well, we have witnessed Israel going into physical war with Palestine several times. Besides, Israelites have commanded victory over rival nations since the Old Testament times. Hedges in his book asserts that the “the moral certitude of the state in wartime is a kind of fundamentalism…has come increasingly to color the modern world of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam” (428). From this outset, it is clear that the contemporary world has largely adopted the ideals of fundamentalism as the expense of pursuing peace. Even the world’s major religions are following the same suit. During the Old Testament times, God spoke to his people directly and would command them whether to make war or peace. The modern day Christians are supposed to be guided by the Holy Spirit and not physical desires (Lon 92). In conclusion, it is spiritually logical for Christians to maintain sanity by being pacifists. From the above deliberations, it is vivid that even physical war is unhealthy to any nation irrespective of its global status. Christians are called to be peace makers since “blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God” (Mathew 5:9). Works Cited Hedges, Chris. War is a Force that Gives Us Meaning. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2002. Print. Lon, Edward Le Roy. Facing Terrorism: Responding as Christians. Louisville: Knox Press, 2004. Print. Read more In the Realm of the Queen of the North: Reading between the Lines of Erin Robinson’s Work Essay (Critical Writing) August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer It is hard to nail down what exactly makes dark stories so appealing to the general audience. Whether it is the fact that the author leads the reader beyond the boundaries of the socially acceptable or makes a cautious warming about the threats that await for the reader in the craziest of all the crazy worlds, the weird charm of “dark” stories magically works, and Edin Robinson’s “The Queen of the North” is a graphic example of that. A very dark parable about a young teenage girl who had her fill of suffer, “The Queen of the North” offers a journey into the mind of the victim who managed to fight her own way to finding her own identity and leaving the tragic past behind. Among the issues that immediately drive the reader’s attention, the scene where Jimmy finds the gift and tries to take his revenge on Josh on Karaoke’s behalf (Robinson) must be the most tension-filled elements in the whole story. As a matter of fact, the vengeance thread in the story disrupts the atmosphere of desperate, yet accepting state that Karaoke is in. Though one might think that the given thread is included into the fabric of the story to restore the balance between the good and the evil and introduce the idea of a noble vigilante, the actual meaning of the given scene is much more prosaic. Succumbing to the cruelty of the world around her, Karaoke is dragged to share the same ideas of morality as her offenders have. Thus, the picture of despair is complete – even the victim is unable to escape the vicious circle of meanness. At the same time, the fact that Karaoke and Jimmy succumb to the meanness of their environment means that they finally become accountable of their actions and are ready to take decisive steps. The above-mentioned turns the story into a farewell to the childlike innocence that the lead character used to have and signifies her maturity and readiness to enter the world of adult life. Among the specifics of the Queen of the North, the fact that Robinson put Karaoke’s life track in the context of history is rather peculiar. Helping Robinson allude not only to certain issues, such as feminist or anti-colonial movement, but also to exact instances of violation of people’s rights, the historical context serves its purpose perfectly in the book. The novel renders the numerous aspects of feminism as much as it explores the gloominess and loneliness of being a teenager. Karaoke is, perhaps, one of the few female teenage characters that are neither taken for granted, nor introduced into the novel as a token girl and a damsel in distress. The story is told from the perspective of the lead character, and even the title of the novel points to Karaoke and her life track. At this point, the reader starts understanding that the scenes of violence in the book were actually added not for the sake of raising shock values, but for the sake of showing the audience the reverse side of chauvinist world. Finally, the issue of anti-colonialism should be addressed. Though voiced in a much more subtle way than the feminist ideas and having considerably less emphasis on it, the problem of colonialism is also considered in the novel. On a more subtle level, the idea of colonialism as a completely pointless practice that was bound to wear its welcome very early is expressed through the liberation of the main character. As it has been mentioned above, getting rid of her naivety, Karaoke finally learns to take account of her actions and make mistakes. The given transformation makes Karaoke a symbol of the victim of colonialism that was finally liberated. However, even incorporating the elements of feminism and hope into her work, Robinson still does not let the reader shake the weird feeling of despair off the shoulders; in the chosen settings and with the chosen life story to tell, there is no wonder that the reader feels dismay. Absorbing the bitter experiences that the humankind had to go through over the past few decades, including the new wave of feminism that has helped women win over several positions, yet did not lead to any cultural revolution; the effects of colonization and the hopes that went astray as soon as the colonization showed its negative side; and the relations of power, which proved another bubble to burst, the story leaves a lot of food for thought and even more questions to be answered. Erin Robinson has shown the reader the dark side of life, leaving no room for naïve delights. However, the darkness pays off; knowing the enemy means winning half the battle, and Erin Robinson knows it. The Queen of North still keeps hear head high, which means that not all hope has been lost. Works Cited Robinson, Erin. “Queen of the North.” Traplines. Toronto, CA: Knopf Canada, 2011. 207–208. Print. Read more “Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview” by Bonita Lawrence Essay (Critical Writing) August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer The article “Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview” by Bonita Lawrence talks about the Native people, the way the laws and relationships between the modern world and long standing traditions have changed and shaped the present treatment of a whole population. It is evident that previously Native people had a much different life and the population of Canada and the United States has drastically changed the lives and freedoms of Natives. Presently, things have changed for the better but there is still much discrimination that is seen everywhere. There is no doubt that the Native population of Canada and the United States was greatly segregated and deprived of their land and freedoms, at the time of colonization. The white man has taken possession of land as if it was empty of people who lived there for generations. The Natives of North America had established traditions and cultures, which were not considered and abused during the populating of the Americas. The Indian Act was put in place to regulate and control the Native people and greatly limit their freedom, movement rights, ability to participate in the country’s matters and use the land that was rightfully belonging to Natives (Lawrence 5). It is clear that the Act itself and the actions of people who came to the North America are much discriminator. The oppression that Native people faced was accompanied with much violence and unequal treatment. Even the word “Indian” itself is politically incorrect and shows how little attention and care people have paid to those they have deprived of rights, equality and deserved ability to enjoy a life free of stereotypical behavior. The land was divided and Native people were placed into Reservations, which were strictly regulated by the government and the necessary laws. The Indian Act violates the rights of Native people, it limits their movement, deprives them of the rights of possession towards land and the available resources, as well as their reputation and acknowledgement. Gender is another major issue that is present in the Indian Act. A woman of Native descent would lose her Native status after marring a white man. This is ridiculous, as it is unreasonable and is not admissible. This sort of thing does not happen to people of other races and origins and so, the discrimination is clearly evident here (Lawrence 8). Another article titled “Housing America’s Native People” by Wendy Helgemo, talks about the legal provision of housing that the government has put in place towards the Native people. A large number of Native population was homeless due to the hardships they had to experience. This has become a significant problem and the government was forced to change several things. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was created to administer changes and provide Native population with housing (Helgemo 10). The policies that are being enacted in the present days are the proof of how much segregation Native population had to face. The change in laws and the life of a whole population have changed the conditions that go back very far in history. For thousands of years Native people have enjoyed their freedoms unmarred by the forced ruling of others and the “civilized countries”. Staring in the 18th century, the colonizers would use gifts and promises of prosperity to the Natives, in order for them to change into their culture and forget their own. This was a trick to assimilate the whole population and enforce own rules and government. The Europeans dominated in power and technology and thus, were able to enforce their influence and will. The seeming peaceful relationship that was prevalent at the first stages of the interaction was very temporary. There were a number of treaties that were based on peace and mutual cooperation and communication. But, it seemed that there was no obligation for Europeans to honor those Treaties and many were ignored and broken. There are many examples of how colonizers used trickery and deviant ways to fool the Native people. The trading and influence of alcohol was one of the major changes that Natives have experienced in their relationship with the “white man” (Trigger 205). It is outrageous that such a great number of educated people from Europe were able to behave in such a way towards others. The disrespect that was so great that often there would be violent conflict, as Natives had no other avenue to fight back. Overall, this sort of behavior from colonizers is nothing new. This has been happening all over the world with all the Native people. The colonizers think it is their right to use their technology and knowledge, to discriminate against those of different cultures and way of life. The fact that Native people have different traditions and beliefs that the colonizers cannot understand, does not give people the right to take over and deprive of respect and natural rights, which have existed long before any colonizing took place. Works Cited Helgemo, Wendy L. Housing America’s Native People. Washington, United States: Poverty & Race Research Action Council, 2008. Print. Lawrence, Bonita. “Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview”. Hypatia, 18.2 (2003): 3-31. Print. Trigger, Bruce. Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s “Heroic Age” Reconsidered. McGill-Queen’s Press – MQUP, 17.6 (1986): 10-13 Print. Read more Götz and Meyer, written by David Albahari Research Paper August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer Fictions on holocaust are often shocking because they depict murders by the Nazi prosecutions and cold-blooded massacre of Jews. Such stories are full of unsparing depiction of human sufferings and genocide to such an effect that, one fails to see perpetrators as humans, who used to be viewed as faceless entities that were programmed to commit murders. The book Götz and Meyer, written by David Albahari, tries to prove the fact that the perpetrators have a human face. It is emphasized that the protagonists in the novel, who are two Nazi drivers of the gas trucks, are not mere murder machines. The author humanizes the characters in order to present a different way of perceiving the nature of evil. Through the humor and empathy implemented in the novel, the characters that embody two Nazi soldiers are given human faces instead of the sole image of a murderer. A nameless teacher from Belgrade narrates the story about the destruction of the Serbian Jews during the war. He was obsessed with reconstructing his family tree, therefore, he toiled endlessly in the archives to gather information, but failed miserably for he could find only a few members of his family while there were sixty of them killed. The narrator says, “For me to truly understand real people like my relatives, I had first to understand real people like Götz and Meyer.” . The novel is about these two characters, who were Nazi soldiers, being unknown to the narrator though. When the narrator begins his narration, he knows nothing about William Götz and Erwin Meyer except for their names: “Götz and Meyer. Having never seen them, I can only imagine them.” Initially he describes them as unknown people or characters as described in a tale. They were German soldiers, they were SS commissioned, who were assigned the duty of driving a large truck for a “special purpose”. Their duty was to drive the truck every day to and from the fairground in Belgrade. The narrator constantly repeats the following line, “Having never seen them, I can only imagine them” (1) in order to imprint their images in the mind of the listeners, as well as in his own mind. One might say the narrator plays a dangerous game by trying to understand the characters at the risk of becoming them. At this point, one must note the importance of memory in the novel. Robert Eaglestone in the book The Holocaust and the Postmodern highlights the fact that “memory” helps to “evoke nearly everything there is to a person and to a society.” (74) Eaglestone also believes that the way “we remember the past” helps in framing our identity. Like most of the Holocaust fictions, the narrator too is nostalgic of his destroyed past and tells the story from memory. However, unlike most Holocaust fictions, Albahari does not depict an ugly picture of the time. His stories deal with death, killing, mass murders in gas chamber, but they do not describe all the sufferings in detail to haunt the reader’s imagination of the Nazi carnage. Rather, the “memory narration” of the novel builds a humane figure for the two people who were Nazis. Albahari describes the two protagonists, playing with children on the ground before they go back to work. He further underlines that both of them are married and worry about the children at home. One of them, maybe Meyer (again the narrator is unsure which one of them) is fond of children and like presenting them chocolates. Now these children could easily be Jewish youngsters at Belgrade Fairground whom he had to transport in his truck. Such a scene shows that these two men were the victims. They were there to perform their duty, in reality, they were not monsters with evil eyes and poisonous fangs. The narrator talks of the ambitions and desires of the protagonists. One of them, (again the narrator is unsure which one), wanted to be a pilot, and the other one has other dreams in his mind. The narrator is often unsure how to differentiate between them, and often forgets to stress out who was doing some particular things in this or that scene, but these characters are not presented to the readers as caricature of evil villains. Rather, they are presented as individuals committed towards one task. The narrator describes the truck that the protagonists drive: The truck was a Saurer, a five-tonner with a boxlike body, 1.7 meters high and 5.8 meters long … A full hundred people could stand in the back … During these trips, the souls became real souls, no longer human in form. Götz and Meyer most certainly knew what was happening in the back of the truck…After all, the people they were driving had no souls, that, at least, was a commonly known fact! Jews were nothing more than milder on the face of the world! And so, day in and day out, they would repeat their practiced routine. This paragraph shows two protagonists in a bad light to the readers, showing that they were carriers of death to men, women, and children they carried in their truck and believed that they were soulless and faceless creatures. The routine involved the protagonists in the destruction of the Serbian Jews. The novel shows a host of killings that were conducted by SS squads; they shot hundreds of people face to face. However, such mass killings made the German soldiers weary and took a toll on their morale. Therefore, a less personal means of massacre was employed through these mobile gas vans. For the first time, the readers view Götz and Meyer as murderers who helped in asphyxiation of many women and children in their truck. The narration of the killings makes the narrator more involved, he describes how the protagonists would drive the truck into the distance, and one of them would put the exhaust pipe into the truck. After that, they were never involved in killing. Then, the dead bodies were driven to the Serbian prison where the bodies were dumped. While this gruesome process is being put into effect, the narrator imagines Gotz and Meyer “chatting with their commander”, again enabling the readers to look at these two bearers of death as humans. The memory of the narrator plays a major role in the description of the biographical or historical fiction, especially that of the Holocaust . This piece of fiction is also drawn from the memory, but the narrator is truthful enough to say that he has not met the characters Goth and Meyer, and therefore, he is obliged to draw from his imagination, which of course has been discoursed with stereotypes. Individual memory exists in a collective form, adhering to the social norms and framework . For example, in the story, the memory of the narrator was reconstructed by events and incidents that had been externally infused in his mind by those groups that influenced his memory. Consequently, it is obvious that he will embitter feelings towards the two German soldiers he describes. His imagination is bound to have the stereotypes, and Jewish constructs influence his description of the story as well as the characters. This has helped in humanizing the characters as well. The novel can be called humorous due to the deadpan tone of the narrator, presenting the story to the readers in a satirical tone. This gives the novel an uncanny comical feature. Once the readers pick a book on holocaust, the prevalent stereotypes play in their mind and eventually they expect a horror story of human atrocities and sufferings. The element of empathy and humor present in the story is evident in the way the narrator describes the two Nazi protagonists. In a non-committal voice, as if he was narrating the story of any other man, he described how Götz and Meyer were performing their work and duties. He tried to imagine these men, having with their personal lives, full of concerns and problems. The implementation of humor in describing an act of atrocity makes it more tragic . Humor in holocaust fiction does not imply that the whole story becomes a “carnival”; what is strives to portray is a different perspective of life at the time when it seems it can only be filled with death . Presence of puns and double meaning in dialogues is the essence of Holocaust fiction that is reiterated in Götz and Meyer. The episode when the narrator describes his untimely desire to itch in the classroom and the episode where he subsequently visits a dermatologist is full of dark humor. After school, the narrator visits a doctor to get the problem of his itching examined. The doctor inquires of any past complaint of skin disease in the narrator’s family. To this query, the narrator sarcastically answers, “Most of them died of poisoning” . Another instance where the narrator presents a case of dark, double edged humor was when he asked his students to imagine a journey to the camp and when he tells one of his students that she will not be allowed take her pet to the camp. She then contemptuously says “Why, this is inhuman” . Even the protagonists Götz and Meyer are subjected to dark humor as the narrator, making them human as well as inhuman at the same time. The story uses various tropes to show Götz and Meyer as humans. One of them is when the narrator directly questions the readers: What kind of man would … consent to do a job that meant putting five or six thousand souls to death? I find it hard to give a student a bad grade at the end of the semester, let alone at the end of the year, but that is nothing compared to the way Götz and Meyer must have felt. The narrator at once makes the protagonists human and the very next moment brings out the ugly side of their work. By comparing his work as a teacher and their job as killers, the narrator puts two juxtaposing professions to bring out the satire in it. Thus, through interplay of human and inhuman characters to demonstrate the protagonists, Albahari has actually made Götz and Meyer two ordinary men rather than Nazi soldiers. Albahari, David. Gotz & Meyer. London: Random House, 2005. Print. Eaglestone, Robert. The Holocaust and the Postmodern . London: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Pres, Terrence Des. “Holocaust Laughter.” Pres, Terrence Des. Writings into the World. London: Viking, 1991. 279-286. Print. Read more Witchcraft Fiction Essay August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer The Malleus Maleficarum is a historical book that was written in the middle age. The term Malleus Maleficarum means ‘The witch hammer’. The book guided investigators as they eradicated witchcraft in the society. The effect of this historical book is intensive in the modern society despite the time that has elapsed since it was first published. The essay will discuss women’s victimization and affirmation in relation to witchcraft. Moreover, the relationship between witches and demons will be outlined. Historical ideologies based on witchcraft as discussed in the Malleus Maleficarum and how such ideas can be transformed by fiction will be scrutinized. Christianity doctrines failed to accept the existence of witchcraft and dismissed the ideology of Malleus Maleficarum as mere superstitions. Witchcraft victimized women to a great extent as sentence of witches was fatal. The historical book solved the problem of uncertainty, as witches would only be branded if they fitted the description. In fact, approximately 9 million women were hanged or burnt alive after they were regarded as witches. Before the guidelines, witches were branded based on mere suspicion or failure to comply with Catholic doctrines. The Malleus Maleficarum intensified the works of investigators and was regarded as a book that was soaked in blood. The witch hunting exercise took place for a period of 250 years and realized good results (Kieckhefer 24). Witchcraft Fiction Transformation Witch hunting was meant to eradicate evilness that was associated with witchcraft in the society. Emphasis was on witches and not wizards since women engaged in witchcraft more than men did. The investigators’ court judged both witches and those that were accused of sacrilege. The Catholic doctrines did not agree with ideology of existence of witches who could transform nature permanently. According to Christians, belief in magic powers of witches was regarded as blasphemy. The devil and witches could not cause permanent transformation on human beings, according to Christian doctrines. For example, the suffering that was inflicted on Job involved natural factors like diseases, which are manipulated by God. Christians argue that if witches and demons had power to transform nature, then there would be a lot of disorganization in the world (Ankarloo and Clark 11). The Malleus Maleficarum argues that the power that is influenced by physical factors, like that of a witch cannot exceed natural phenomena (Broedel and Hans 9). The devil has power to study the stars and witches call on his intervention in their evil acts by observing certain star patterns. It should be noted that, the devil and witches cannot manipulate the pattern of stars; nature cannot be transformed by demons or witches. The craft that is used by the devil, like in the instance of studying the stars, can never be adequate to transformation nature permanently. Permanent situations like disease or cure can only exist by other power and not that of devils and witches (Ankarloo and Clark 16). Power influence among the witch, devil and God has been scrutinized in the Malleus Maleficarum. Permanent transformation can only occur when the superior power influences the weaker powers. For example, the devil could cause permanent transformation of nature only when permission is granted by God. There are those scholars who postulate that witchcraft and magic do not exist. Others argue that there is witchcraft although its influence and effect on nature exists in the mind. In addition, there are postulations that although magic may be imaginary the cooperation between the witch and devil is real (Kieckhefer 20). The three postulations have been nullified in the Malleus Maleficarum as none of them adequately explains the effects of the devil and witches. According to Thomas S., witchcraft exists and it is a sacrilege to argue that there are no witches. However, transformation of nature by demons and witches is only possible if permission is granted by God. Notably, it is wrong to postulate that effects of witches are imaginary. Devils have power over men and can transform them if God permits. According to Malleus Maleficarum, angels who fell from heaven became devils and were more powerful than human beings. Witches are defined as women who try to behave like these devils and win more people to their religion (Kieckhefer 12). The belief that the effects of witchcraft can only be presented mentally was also misplaced and its application led to false persecution of people. For example, there are women who were branded as witches simply because they confessed having a strange illusion. According to the Canon law, witches were supposed to be killed as stated in the Holy Scriptures. Malleus Maleficarum has been associated with death and suffering of many people based on social structure. The book encouraged hunting of witches and in the process innocent people were killed. It should, however, be noted that Malleus Maleficarum also had positive impact especially on women. Witch branding was more specific and there were more investigations than judgments after Malleus Maleficarum was introduced. There are arguments that the historical book was discriminative as women were the only victims. Moreover, the method used to suspect and brand witches was not fair. Witch hunting was the only way to cleanse the society off evil and prevent spread of crime to male gender (Ankarloo and Clark 17). The scientific field was regarded as being sacrilegious in the middle age. The historical book used the information that was well known to enable people cope and understand nature. Malleus Maleficarum tried to unite people by eradicating witchcraft in the society in the best way possible. Although Christians differed with the analogy of witchcraft, the effect of Malleus Maleficarum was intensive and penetrated all levels. It should be noted that, before the Bible, Malleus Maleficarum guidelines were universally used to save people from evil (Broedel 16). Women Victimization and Affirmation There are different approaches that have been used to comprehend the nature of witchcraft. The female gender has been associated with a higher incidence of witchcraft as compared to the male gender. The Malleus Maleficarum compares a woman, tongue and Ecclesiastes as they commonly reach extremity. When a woman is holy and righteous she is known for the best virtue and when she becomes evil her wickedness is extreme. A woman is described as evil that can never be avoided by the society. Women are portrayed as being naive and are easily tricked by the devil into witchcraft. Moreover, women are easily influenced by spirits than men thus are easily converted into witchcraft and superstitions (Kieckhefer 18). In addition, women are portrayed as gossipers and, therefore, spread evil to fellow women at a higher rate than male gender. There are postulations that the subordinate role assigned to female gender renders women vulnerable to witchcraft and superstitions. Society victimizes women and they shield themselves with witchcraft. There are perceptions that women are less intellectual than men are and are thus likely to fall into witchcraft. For example, according to Malleus Maleficarum, only one woman could comprehend philosophy. Furthermore, the first woman was formed from a bent rib, which shows that women are imperfect and cunning. Women are described as being weak in faith and easy trusting, traits that are required in witchcraft (Ankarloo and Clark 11). There are allegations that the women who were weak and intellectually challenged by men saw witchcraft as the only means of vengeance. Women are associated with poor memory and most married men said that their wives were the cause of their sorrow. Women who practiced witchcraft had their love converted to hatred and by all means sought vengeance. The voice of a woman is said to be deceitful, as she does not mean what she says. Most of kingdoms have suffered due to women wickedness. For example, wicked Jezebel was cursed due to her wickedness and led to destruction of Jews. Women are also known to go to extremity to get what they desire. For example, women dress and adorn themselves to capture the attention of men. According to Malleus Maleficarum unsatisfied sexual desires that are more pronounced among women are the root causes for witchcraft and superstitions. It should be noted that witches are more likely to be infidel, ambitious and sexually unsatisfied. Since women were most likely to be involved in witchcraft as compared to men, Malleus Maleficarum aimed to reduce the majority (Broedel 27). Despite the wickedness that is associated with women, there are instances where they are praised in the Malleus Maleficarum. When the naive nature of a woman is not corrupted by witchcraft, then she will be holy and righteous. For example, God appointed Mary to be the mother of Jesus Christ because she was righteous. Women innocence is greatly valued as virgins are seen as being pure and not evil. Sex was sacred and adultery was punished by death. Women accused of having sexual relations with the devil were branded as witches and killed (Kieckhefer 22). On the other hand, those who valued their purity were greatly rewarded. Women, Satan and God According to varied arguments, witches work in conjunction with devil and it is impossible for them to cause harm on human beings without cooperation. The Malleus Maleficarum uses various approaches to determine whether harm can be a sole responsibility. The analogy of Job in the Bible has been used to show how devil inflicted suffering on him in absence of a witch but with permission of God (Ankarloo and Clark 21). The superior power of the devil must not consult the inferior power of the witch before any action. Consequently, inferior power only consults superior power when the task is beyond its ability. Christians dismiss the idea of existence of any power that can transform nature permanently. The Malleus Maleficarum states that permanent transformation can only be done in accordance to the will of God. The devil does not need the witches to complete his mission but rather uses them and in the end destroys them. According to this perception, witches are used involuntarily by the devil and should not be punished for actions that are beyond their control. On the contrary, there are arguments that evil is voluntary and should not be seen as a responsibility. For example, a person rapes for pleasure and not obedience to some power. Witches should be punished because they find pleasure in evil deeds (Stewart 8). Since the devil is in a spirit form, he requires witches to get in contact with humans. It is impossible for the devil to cause harm or cause permanent transformation without any intervention by witches. There are arguments that transformation can be realized by power of imagination and not necessarily by body contact. For example, a person is not likely to sit on a broken chair simply because he imagines the possibility of falling. Transformation in this case is not caused by body contact but by invisible power of imagination. Malleus Maleficarum argues that magic should not be associated with evil powers simply because we are not aware of how the effect of transformation is realized (Broedel and Hans 23). Malleus Maleficarum played a great role in eradication of witchcraft in the middle age. Women have been prejudiced and affirmed in this literature. Scholars and psychologists have different perceptions in regard to Malleus Maleficarum. There are those who criticize the book for being responsible for deaths of many innocent people in the middle age while others appreciate its efforts. Historians should appreciate the efforts of Malleus Maleficarum in eradicating witchcraft. The guidelines could not be perfect to ensure that no innocent soul was lost during the witch hunting exercise. The approach was directed to women because they were the majority, and this should not be seen as discrimination. Works Cited Ankarloo, Bernard, and Stuart Clark. Witchcraft and Magic in Europe in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2002. Print. Broedel, Peter. The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft: Theology and Popular Belief. Manchester: Manchester University. Press. 2004. Print. Kieckhefer, Richard. Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2000. Print. Stewart, Maxwell. Witchcraft in Europe and the New World. New York: Palgrave publishers. 2001. Print. Read more Leadership Skills: “The Prince” by Niccolo Machiavelli Essay August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer The Prince is a story written by Niccolo Machiavelli after his downfall in the government as a diplomatist and political consultant. Machiavelli directs his pieces of advice to both readers and leaders assuming that all of them have similar leadership skills or strategies. Although it is an ancient story, personally it is a revelation to good governance and enables me to understand the behavior of our current leaders. During his tenure in the government, Machiavelli rubbed shoulders with prominent politicians in his country. His role as a diplomat and political consultant enabled him to study politicians and governors. Therefore, The Prince is not only advising the princes, but also anybody else (reader) with intentions of acquiring leadership positions especially in the government. In addition, Machiavelli intention is to enlighten the public or his readers on governing skills and the common behavior observed in leaders or princes. Machiavelli career as a politician and diplomat motivated him to write about princes and governance. At only twenty -five years old, he joined government therefore, being fully involved in politics. Unfortunately, he did not exhaust his role in politics when the ruling government was overturned leading to his imprisonment, harassment, and eventual exile. The hopes of rekindling his political career motivated him to write the story, The Prince. The prince is a story set in the ancient republic of Florence in which Machiavelli once worked. According to Machiavelli, princes who receive praises from their subjects have different ruling qualities from those who continually receive opposition (1513, cited in Kishlansky, p.17). Anger, oppression, and cruelty lead to opposition, while humanity and humbleness promote good governance. On the other hand, Machiavelli calls for princes to distance themselves from their subjects because close ties lead to insecurity (cited in Kishlansky, 2002, p.19). Furthermore, he advises princes not to fully trust military or mercenaries because they might overthrow them. Finally, princes should honor their subjects through holding parties or festivals and giving them awards. When Machiavelli was writing his story, he assumed that princes who rule all the states in the West have a similar method of governance. Additionally, he assumed that all subjects, army, and mercenaries under the governance of a prince have similar behavior. He also assumed his readers are political aspirants with intentions of acquiring political offices. Personally, Machiavelli doctrines are true because he describes the consequences of good and bad governance. The prosperity of a kingdom or government is always in the hands of the ruler whether a prince or any other leader. In summary, Machiavelli directs his doctrines to readers with intentions of leading in future. His hopes to continue his career as a political consultant motivates him to write the document, which explicitly outlines leadership skills. During his writing, he assumes all states in West are under the governance of princes while all subjects have similar behavioral conducts. Personally, I believe in the document’s doctrines because Machiavelli compares failure and achievements of leaders. Therefore, all leaders should adapt humanity, equality, appreciation, and peace for prosperity of their kingdom or areas of jurisdiction. Machiavelli, N. (1513). The Prince. In M.A. Kishlansky, Sources of the West Reading in Western Civilization (4th Ed.). (pp. 17-20). London: Longman. Read more “Triumph at Kapyong: Canada’s Pivotal Battle in Korea” by Dan Bjarnason Essay (Book Review) August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer ‘Triumph at Kapyong:Canada’s Pivotal Battle in Korea’ by Bjarnason, is a book that revolves around Princess Patricia’s second battalion comprised of about seven hundred participants who were dispatched into the line of the United Nations forces with the aim of plugging a hole. Starting 24th of April 1951 at night, a group of Chinese troops which were battle –hardened communists crossed into Kapyong with the intention of surrounding and destroying the Canadian strong points completely. The number of the troops was estimated at more than five thousand. The Canadians did not surrender but instead kept on fighting the troops. The number of their rivals outnumbered theirs by almost seven times. The PPCLI managed to counter serious attacks that threatened causing Seoul city, the capital of South Korea to fall. The book is a tribute that recognizes not only a war that was often neglected, but also the vital play and significant contribution that Canada made to peacekeeping and how it actively thwarted the incursions spearheaded by Chinese communists. The book was released as the celebrations of marking 60 years of the war were in progress. Its date of release was as important as the story itself. While the focus of the book was the Kapyong battle, a tiny collection of hills to the Northeastern part of Seoul, Bjarnason deemed it necessary to explain the circumstances that triggered Canada’s involvement in the war, the establishment of the combat group that was instrumental in fighting the new war, and the courageousness of the main leaders in ensuring that the command closely worked with the wider UN personnel, but remained free of direct control from the Americans. Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book Bjarnason succeeds in identifying the key people who participated in the war and represents them very well in the book. Through such key individuals, the book focuses on the crucial role Canada played in a defense mission sponsored by the UN to secure the sovereignty of South Korea. The defense led to the loss of lives of more than five hundred Canadians. The book tells the story in such a manner that the soldering of the Canadians is notable and the reader can quote their stories. Among the important people highlighted in the book is platoon commander Mike Levy who led the PPCLI to defeat the Chinese communists despite the many challenges they were going through. In the book, Bjarnason describes the leadership portrayed by Levy during the war as having originated from his character as opposed to the training he had received. The strong character of Levy that led to their success is explained in the book when a lull was experienced during the battle. The author points out that Levy overheard instructions from a Chinese commander urging his troops to move and finish the American pigs. He understood Chinese well and shouted back at the officer and informed him that they were Canadians and there were a large number of Canadian soldiers. When the communist troops were about to overwhelm the Canadians, Levy devised an SOS and DFSOS tactic that defeated the Chinese communists. This is a strength of the book since it successfully brings out the strong character of Levy who used his bravery to drive the Chinese communists away during a time they almost overwhelmed the Canadians. Bjarnason concludes that the bravery portrayed by Levy was a legendary stuff. He writes that the battle was eventually forgotten just like the war had been forgotten. He says that the story of Kapyong is representative of the qualities of modesty, courage, self-belief and initiative that the Canadians believed constituted the national character of the people. The soldiers who were on the battlefront at Kapyong were Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry second battalion. The troops had proved themselves capable and had earned respect at Ortona and Vimy. As a result of what they had achieved in the past, they were given the first priority to participate in the Korean battle. The book successfully, explains how important leadership was for PPCLI, starting with the brigadier who commanded the troops, John Rockingham. Brigadier Rockingham was a highly treasured veteran in combat activities whose desire was to have the job executed in a professional manner. There were also other subordinates who facilitated the Kapyong defense. The book gives a detailed explanation of the crucial role played by Lieutenant-colonel Jim Stone, who commanded PPCLI second battalion. He had trained the soldiers in such a way that they were prepared to face a first fire trial in a dangerous territory against an enemy who was heavily armed and attacked mostly at night. The book presents a clear picture of how a US patrol was brutally massacred after they were found in their sleeping equipment. During this period, Stone instructed that his men on patrol were to use only blankets for keeping themselves warm. The idea behind the blanket was that it would only provide them with minimal warmth that would not prevent the soldiers from launching counter attacks. The US troops on patrol had been massacred because they were in the sleeping bags hence they were caught without their knowledge. That attack carried out at Kapyong was motivated by the fifth phase of the Chinese 1951 offensive. It might have been likely that majority of historians knew little of the role Canada played in the battle, but probably they knew about the serious fighting that was witnessed at the Gloustershire Regiment, which was part of the British army to the west. There were also tales of the defeat of the third Battalion Royal Australian Regiment after the war intensified. While these groups were losing their ground in the battle front, the Canadians remained strong and prevailed at the end. The book manages to make a clear comparison of the defense and victory of Canadians to stands such as the Spartans and Little big Horn. While the PPCLI was not widely known like the British section during the battle, it was able to counter an onslaught from about five thousand Chinese communists hence averting a deadly attack although they lost their ten members. The book provides an undoubtedly fast-paced and engaging comprehension. Bjarnason points out that the scope of the book is to reach a high number of readers for them to appreciate the sacrifice made by Canadian soldiers as opposed to having it read by only military historians. Bjarnason briefly outlines the history surrounding the formation of the unit following the Second World War thus enabling the readers to acknowledge the sacrificial nature of the soldiers and the circumstances under which they fought and eventually lost their lives. Bjarnason very effectively includes a personal perspective to the battle when he mentions the men together with their prior history, during the war and after the war ended. Some of the personal tales mentioned in the book include the deeds of Wayne Mitchell who received the DCM medal since he offered fire support using a Bren gun at the height of the attacks. He sustained injuries two times as he attempted to rescue his colleagues by offering covering fire. Bjarnason also points out that Mike Levy exhibited bravery during the fighting at Kapyong through provision of artillery and mortar fire. At the same time, Levy was hurling insults at the opponents because he understood Chinese. The book also points out that Captain Mills received an award for his important role of passing information between the support units and the soldiers while Levy’s concentration was on fire. Bjarnason attempts to make corrections on historical records by describing the valiant performance portrayed by Levy and how his Judaism proclamation made his actions lack the right recognition. This was a form of anti-Semitism that prevailed in the 1950s. Detailed accounts of how the soldiers acted bravely and sacrificed their lives adds strength to the authors attempt to explain the commitment of the soldiers. The book offers a clear description of the joint effort where the Americans assisted the Canadians to get into the battle front together with the efforts shown by the gunners from New Zealand and medical personnel from India. The author uses the concerted efforts from different parties to clearly show that the battle was the efforts of the United Nations. In addition, Bjarnason interestingly brings out how Colonel Stone clamored for acclimation, training and patrols in the regions before the soldiers were taken to the line, something that assisted the Canadians so much in surviving the most dangerous stages during the battle. Despite the strengths that can be pointed out in this book, it nevertheless has some weaknesses. One of the weaknesses of the book is that it cannot be regarded as an absolute military history. Use of maps was enough in complementing the story, but its clarity could have been improved if advanced tactical maps indicating the movements and locations of the Canadian soldiers and the Chinese communists had been used. Through the book, the reader is provided with various histories of the battle and an outline of the historical role played by Canada in the war. Such works are responsible for giving a big picture view of the war. Nonetheless, it is of essence to take into consideration that the book does not give a comprehensive war history, rather it highlights the first key battle that the Canadian soldiers participated in Korea, and the crucial nature of the battle that might be sidelined. Regardless of the nationality of the Korean natives, the book manages to bring out the sense of being slighted experienced by Koreans because they do not have adequate information on their war. Most of them lack information on the horrific situations that prevailed on the Peninsula of Korea. For instance, there were constant patrols and the war seemed static meaning that the conditions were terrible and the disparities in fighting material among the participants. Bjarnason explains that the Patricia’s used a bolt Lee-Enfield rifle which was slow to counter attacks from the Chinese fighters. However, what brought about the difference in the end was the bearer of the weapon rather than the weapon itself. The book manages to capture the contribution made by the Canadians in the war and the sacrifices they made including losing their lives. Read more Highway of the Atom: Essay (Book Review) August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer The book commences with an explanation by the author about the meaning of its title, Highway of the Atom. The author bases his work on a certain period in history about uranium mining and the impact it had on the local natives in Canada. The mining at Port Radium at Great Bear Lake affected the inhabitants of that area and the environment. To grasp the gist of the mining tragedy, the author goes through phases of the reconstruction background where all this happens. In the beginning of his research on this piece of work, he attempts to get archived records about the mineral exploration by the Eldorado Mining and Refining Company. However, he gets other sources of information on which to base his research. This Company was in charge of the uranium mining at Port Radium at the Great Bear Lake region from 1930 to 1960. The author tells the story how the foundation of the North was laid. He also reveals various views of many writers that seek to grasp what it is all about. From the various field notes on the different parts of the North where he travelled, the reader gets the different aspects of the region and its people. The author comes up with a constructive argument about different perceptions about the North, and the reader plunges into this debate. Once the background and foundation is laid in the reader’s mind, the author describes the process of exploration of minerals before and after 1930. His information on this period of time comes from different sources about the discovery of the uranium at Port Radium. He explains the Dene’s involvement in the discovery of the mineral and the mining. He gives an account of his interactions with the Dene community and their responses. This entire exercise does not yield to the answers he expected to receive, but gets a deeper insight into what really happened during the mining period and afterwards. The author tries to argue the ethical stand of the Dene community who were victims of the uranium mining at Port Uranium. They took responsibility for the Atomic bomb explosion and apologized to the Japan bomb victims. How could they take responsibility for something they did not knowingly do? The Dene community sent a group of elders to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan to apologize for their involvement in the mining of the uranium used to make the atomic bomb that killed almost 80,000 people in 1945. This is an ethical move because the Dene has been suffering cancers and related diseases that have been linked to their unprotected handling of nuclear active material. The uranium and radium leaked as it was carried to the boats, they used the bags to construct their houses and slowly these materials got into their bodies and surrounding environment. The author takes the reader through a journey to understand who these people are, where they come from and what made them do such an admirable thing. As we embark on this journey, one asks how the writer became an authority on nuclear material issues. In 2005, he researched on nuclear activities at a plant in New Mexico which formed a prequel to the Highway to the atom. The book examines the mining process and the impacts on the lives of all the involved at Great Bear Lake. The author explains what the highway to the atom denotes in this book. The first definition is the highway or colonial path used for the purposes of trade. The Great Bear Lake was a path way of northern frontiers where goods and people passed through. The second definition of the high way would be how the uranium was carried from the mines to the boats and affected people in form of cancers and other diseases. It is a history that persists in the present in form of ruins and memories (Wyck 21). Author’s goal The author’s goal is to explain the Dene mining tragedy in Northern Canada. He starts by explaining his sources of information that makes him come to certain conclusions. He is able to communicate this by explaining how the mining started, the involvement of Dene and the repercussions of this uranium mining. The pace of the story is a little slow at first, but it is consistent and finally makes sense as one reads on. After making the title of the film ‘Village of widows’ and visiting by ten Dene members, the author decided to find out more about these people and the tragedy brought about by the uranium mining around 1930. It is said that “Something happens here and there because it really happened over there and then’’ (31). The mining company that discovered the uranium at Great Bear Lake hired Dene to move the uranium from the mine to the boats in order to transport it to various places and different companies. for example the Manhattan project. The nuclear material mined at the port radium found its way to Manhattan and was a part of the uranium used for manufacturing the World War II atomic bombs. The uranium contaminated the environment around it and the people who were in direct contact with it. The mineral leaked in transit contaminating the travelling vessels. After the closing of the mines, they felt the effects uranium poisoning around the Great Bear Lake region. Radon gas found in the uranium causes lung cancers, that is way the miners who were working in the mines during that period developed related diseases. The miners and their families are still exposed to radiation through the contaminated environment. Many men who were working in the mines died from cancers related ailments due to the radiation exposure. The Dene people did not know that the uranium could harm their health and had no idea of its use until the end of World War II. The arguments presented by the author are good, the reader gets to ponder over and wonder with him as he seeks answers. They are well-supported with content of well researched and thought out material. When explaining the authenticity of various sources of information about the discovery of the uranium, the writer presents various sources from local newspapers to accounts by the explorers. There are different versions of the story how Gilbert LaBine discovered the uranium ore deposits at the Great Bear Lake. The author takes the reader through several occurrences leading up to the discovery of the uranium ore. He creates vivid pictures in the reader’s mind about the places he is writing about with help of the pictures and detailed descriptions. The author uses the field notes of the places he has been to in his research to bring out various perceptions by people and places. When I have read this book, I have learnt a few things about Canada’s history since 1945. It was actively involved in World War II. The Mining Company sold uranium mined at Port radium to the Manhattan project to make the atomic bomb that ended World War II. Canada acquired the Eldorado mining and refining company and was responsible for the safety of the mine workers. This shows the injustice towards the Dene and other native tribes in northern Canada. The crown owned operation did not even bother to clean up their radioactive waste which is still lying in the ground of the lake area affecting both animals and plants. The former mine workers are dying of cancers and other related diseases from unprotected labor during the mining of the uranium ore. The Southern and Northern parts of Canada are distinctively different. The idea of the north has been shrouded by myths and fascination. One can describe it as an inhospitable, dark and cold frontier (Wyck 12). The author leads the reader to get a perspective of how to define the North as he tries to lay a foundation for his research and the reader tries to get the background of the unfolding events. This is mostly influenced by the works of various writers concerning the idea of North. There have been attempts to make the Canadian government compensate the Dene for the exposure to radiation as they worked for a crown owned company. As much as there are disputes going on about the cause of death and cancers in the Deline community and the supposed radiation exposure, scientists from the government claim that there was no direct link between those deaths and the radiation exposure. It is also argued that none of the Dene worked inside the mine, so the level of exposure was minimal as they only transported the ore to the boats. The ideas and arguments presented by the author are consistent; this is evident from the beginning of the story as he develops the meaning of his title and background for his research. He follows through to explain how the mining took place, the Dene involvement in the project and the effects of the mining. From the very beginning and up to the end, reader gets the entire image of the book as ideas combine with each other giving a flow to the work. The research that he bases this book on seems credible since he considers all the sources of information in his study. His interaction with the Dene and their elders gives him more information for his book. At the beginning of the book, the author explains his attempts to get archived documents about the mining process by Eldorado Company. He is unable to do so because of the access and privacy legislation that protects such documents as Eldorado was a crown owned entity. He was not able to get information on the policies, practices and directors of the mining company.The Library and Archives Canada contain these records. He gathers information from Journals written by people who lived at Port Radium before and after the mining began. Maps and photos can link ideas in this history. The author had to separate the truth from the myths of radium mining and the North. He started his research 9 years before the publishing of the book, I am sure this gave him enough time to research thoroughly the material used in this book. He spent time with the Dene community and interacted with them. Although at first, the people were not really interested in what he was there to talk about, as most of those who had worked in the mines were dead. The author could get information that confirmed what he had already known from other sources and see a new perspective. The author presented his ideas clearly throughout the book. He even used photographs of the places relevant to this history which make the reader get a better understanding of these places. In the first chapter of his book, the setting takes place in Great Bears Lake in 2003, he starts by examining the meaning of the title of his book, the road the uranium atom takes, which is from Port radium to Manhattan and eventually to Japan thereby ending World War II. It leaves a lot of destruction and deathes along the way with leakages and waste dumping at the mining sites and radiation exposure to the miners and ore carriers. The highway that was used as trade route became the highway of contamination and death. The 2nd chapter is about the author’s inspiration to tell the story of the Deline community in Northern Canada. He is intrigued by the Dene community elders’ journey to Hiroshima and Nagasaki and questions why they took responsibility for something they did not do. The documentary Village of Widows by Peter Blow played a great role in inspiring Wyck to write this book. The 3rd Chapter focuses on what happened around 1930; there were explorations North of Canada aided by the local natives before the discovery of the Pitch Blende. Based on information from journals and newspaper clippings from that period, the author highlights the fact that copper and natural silver mining brought a lot of people to the Great Bear Lake region. Gilbert LaBine was one of Eldorado mining and refining company’s directors and claimed that he discovered the Pitch Blende that had the uranium ores. The people of the Dene say that Gilbert stole a sample of the uranium from one of their members and did not just stumble on the Pitch Blende ore, but was led there. This chapter also explains how the uranium found its way to the Manhattan project. Upon the discovery, the Canadian government acquired shares in the Eldorado mining and refining company. During the War period, all the allies wanted to increase their uranium deposits making the demand high and this led to the reopening of the mines around 1944 with the aid of the government. In this chapter, the author visited the Dene community to get answers from them. His experience sheds light on the native communities of Canada in the North and their relationship with the South. The last chapter concludes this history about the Dene community, the historical implication of the uranium mining as well as the effects. The author makes an interesting quote that death can make claim on the living through the highway of the atom. The contaminated bodies show all the awful consequences through their progeny. The contamination of the land and body is only seen as disease through the poisoning of someone or something (Wyck 4). The Dene only discovered later on that the radium rock they carried for Eldorado and the Canadian government was causing cancers among their people and also poisoned their soils. Works Cited Wyck, V. Peter. Highway of the Atom. Canada: McGill’s University Press, 2010. Print. Read more In the World of Mirrors: Looking for the Author’s Image Explicatory Essay August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer The Scent of Garlic: China Postmodernism and Mo Yan In spite of the fact that postmodernism in China, like every influence coming from the West turns into something completely inimitable and unique, the art of Chinese authors can be still understood by the European dwellers. Among the issues which modern Chinese writers touch upon the one concerning the political life of the country takes one of the key places. Since expressing direct critique is not the Chinese refined style, Mo Yan, one of the most prolific modern – or should it be said, postmodern? – writer uses the most refined and exquisite style of metaphors. As Jensen explains, “Interfamily struggles and intrigues, involving complex and sensitive historical and political issues, lend the novel an allegorical quality” (166). Putting his ideas into his characters and making them speak the way he does and think the way he thinks, the Chinese author creates the world of his own where there are no boundaries for people’s will, the specific “’my’ world” (122), as Lu says. Exploring the political issues is one of those spheres where Mo Yan is most brilliant. With the most subtle hints and the most picturesque descriptions he exposes the life of the ordinary people to the eyes of the audience, making the readers live in China fro a while. Thus, plunging into the fascinating, wise and enticing stories, one can touch upon the versatile and yet so conservative Chinese culture. Cai explains this in the following way: “the post-Mao move toward modernity has also been designed and implemented under an acute awareness of the need to position china in an increasingly globalized environment” (154). However, like a real wise man, Mo does not speak his ideas in the novel, leaving this complicated issue to his characters. And they do talk, in an impressive and convincing way. Yet there is quite an important question: whom should the reader listen to? The Faces of the Author No matter what one can read between the lines of a novel, the author will never reveal his/her true face to the reader. However, trying to draw certain parallels between the lead characters of the book and the author him-/herself, it could be possible to come to certain conclusion. Thus, it would be better to consider the ideas which the works of Mo Yan are shot through with. What Mo Yan was trying to convey in his book was the desperate state of Chinese peasants in the so-called Paradise County. His heart was aching for the country stamped into dirt straight after its short revival. With great pain for the results of the situation in China, he managed to express his sorrow through the novel. However, Mo Yan did not accuse either of the parties. Like a wise man should do, he only observed what was going on. Not able to speak out loud, he created the characters who could speak the truth louder than anyone else. Thus, Sollars comments on the works of Mo Yan in the following way: In Mo Yan’s The Garlic Ballads, the rural world is moved to China in the 1980s. Set in the fictional Paradise County in northern China, the novel relates the stories of Gao Yang and Gao Ma, two peasants participating in a riot of the garlic farmers. (533) Pointing that Yan is greatly concerned with the political situation in China and its tragic past, Sollars gives a hint to understanding which character speaks the words of Mo Yan. It is obvious that the character whom Mo Yan has chosen as the herald of the author’s own opinion is supposed to be a person of certain social position concerning the politics of the Chinese “the powers that be”, with the soul of a rebel and with the eyes of a wise man. Contrasting to the typical Shifu who will “do anything for a lunch” (Yan 50), these self-assured little people have great power and even greater influence. It seems that Mo Yan has added a piece of his own ideas into each of the characters – otherwise his novel would not have been so impressive and convincing. One of the characters who could convey Mo Yan’s ideas was the lawyer. The author’s idea of justice for China and lenience to the politicians who led China to its decay was perfectly demonstrated by the lawyer and his position towards the chaos in China. Another character who could impersonate Mo Yan and speak his ideas was the Storyteller. Old and wise, the man merely observes the situation, the people and the results of their actions, and keeps the story for the descendants. As Yang said, “Mo Yan has never persisted in the ideal of root seeking” (207). Yet it seems that the one and only character who could embody the ideas of the author was the blind minstrel. It is a peculiar detail that Mo Yan’s pen name is translated as “Don’t speak”. Mo Yan cannot speak openly about his ideas; likewise, the minstrel cannot see what is going on. Yet both of them know how to make the situation change, and they change it. The minstrel convinces people to create a riot, which drives them to even worse condition than they used to be. Because of his concern for the country and its citizen, Mo Yan cannot keep silence, yet knowing that bald accusations would be of no use, he makes the characters of his novels speak on his behalf. With such simple and yet efficient way of making people listen to his reasons, the author can afford being as sincere as possible. Choosing different characters with various backgrounds, Mo Yan can make readers see the versatility of the aspects which he discusses. Proving his geniality, Mo Yan revives the old stories and makes his characters completely alive. Works Cited Cai, Rong. The Subject in Crisis in Contemporary Chinese Literature. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. Print. Jensen, Lionel M., Timothy B. Weston. China’s Transformations: The Stories Beyond the Headlines. Lahlam, MD: Rowman&Littlefield, 2007. Print. Lu, Tonglin. Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Chinese Literature and Society. New York, NY: SUNY Press, 1993. Print. Sollars, Michael D. The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel, 1900 to the Present. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2008. Print. Yan, Mo. Shifu, You’ll Do Anything for a Laugh. New York, NY: Arcade Publishing, 2003. Print. Yang, Xiaobin. The Chinese Postmodern: Trauma and Irony in Chinese Avant-Garde Fiction. Ann Atbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2002. Print. Read more Children’s Literature for Literacy Essay August 17, 2021 by Essay Writer Literature is one of the most amazing forms of art in the world. Words of different writers, their ideas, and unbelievable imagination – all this make each piece of literature unique and captivating. Nowadays, in the world of literature, there are no limitations, inequality, and other problematic issues. Everyone has the right to enjoy a story and learn something new. However, if a person is at the age of 7 or 12, the works by Dickens, London, or Ngai will be a bit complicated to comprehend. This is why literature may simply divided into adult and children’s one. “One of the delights of children’s literature is that it does not fit easily into any cultural or academic category.” (Hunt, 2001, p.1) Children literature deserves lots of attention; it provides the reader with an opportunity to investigate the worlds of different people, analyze oneself, and comprehend each piece of information because of such features as a friendly and simple language, captivating illustrations, and the length. There are three brightest examples of children’s literature to discuss: Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson, Wilfred Gordon McDonald Partridge by Mem Fox, and Memorial by Gary Crew and Shaun Tan. Bridge to Terabithia is one the best works written by Paterson. It is a story about a young boy, Jesse Aarons, his neighbour, Leslie Burke, and their imaginary world called Terabithia. Jesse has no friends and tries to find a kind of support from Leslie’s side. Leslie is fond of captivating stories and likes to create unbelievable things. The desire to invent something together leads to the creation of Terabithia. This is a wonderful world without enemies and quarrels. Leslie, as a queen, and Jesse, as a king, decide to visit this country together only. However, one day, Leslie makes a decision to go there without Jesse (he has a meeting with a teacher he falls in love), and accidently, she falls into a creek and dies. Jesse cannot but blame himself. He has no right to leave Leslie alone, and now, she is gone, and he has to continue living, living in Terabithia without her. “How could they dare? Leslie belonged to him. More to him than anyone in the world.” (Paterson, 2004, p. 145) This story is about friendship, love, trust, and fantasy. Our life is so unpredictable, people do not know for sure when it is their time to leave this world. This is what the author wants to tell the reader. Even if people have own worlds and share them with the others, nothing can save from the destiny, good or bad. In 1989, Mem Fox presented Wilfred Gordon McDonald Partridge, another interesting work for and about children. This is a story about a boy with such a complicated name – Wilfred Gordon McDonald Partridge. One of the peculiar features of this character is his burning desire to know more and ask questions. “There was once a small boy called Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Partridge and what’s more he wasn’t very old, either. His house was next door to an old people’s home and he knew all the people who lived there.” (Fox, 1989) Lots of them have some health troubles, the others just have no place to go. Wilfred befriends with one old lady, Miss Nancy, in order to help her brainstorm some memories. His actions are so naive and kind. His desire to help elder people is the best lesson the reader should learn. The peculiar feature of this very book is that it can be interesting either adults or children. There are several types of children literature: books written by children, books for children, and children books for both parents and children. This story may be interesting to parents because it describes how children may be helpful. This book also presents several methods, which may help to train child’s memory and even improve it. Gary Crew and Shaun Tan present another amazing children story – Memorial. In spite of the fact that it is a short picture book, it calls lots of emotions and feelings. Illustrations created by Tan are really powerful and splendid. The attention to each detail, correct shapes, and sense of light – this all is about one little book, the book that will be interesting both for grown ups and children. This story is devoted to soldiers and their families, who struggled for our future generation and happier life. Memorials, built in soldiers’ honour, remind people about the courage and fame that play a crucial role in this life. With the help of such book, children get a wonderful opportunity to learn more about people’s duties and even comprehend deeper the sense of life. Illustrative examples and a simple language make this book clear for children. The structure of Memorial reminds a kind of box full of memories. In such case, this book serves as an artifact and comprises both functions as an educative device and a kind of entertainment. There are so many worlds, people can share with each other. It may be an imagery country without evil (Bridge to Terabithia), a real world, where children and elder people live together (Wilfred Gordon McDonald Partridge), and a world of history, which is necessary to respect (Memorial). It does not matter what kind of world you prefer, the major point is that they all are available within children’s literature pieces of art. “The status of children’s literature as the focus of serious study is relatively recent. Indeed the definition of what constitutes a children’s literature has been a subject of debate.” (Hawkis-Dady, 1996, p. 138) However, it is not quite reasonable to start arguing about the role of children’s literature and its position in the world of literature in general. Children’s literature helps to investigate and analyze the inner world of any person from two possible perspectives: adult and child. It is important to have an opportunity to analyze and study life from early years. For lots of children, it is not that easy to comprehend the essence of all books, so they get a chance to learn the world of literature by means of children literature. It is a good beginning of something really important and crucial in this life. Reference List Crew, G. & Tan S. (2004). Memorial. Simply Read Books. Fox, M. (1989). Wilfred Gordon McDonald Partridge. Kane/Miller Publishers, Incorporated. Hawkins-Dady, M. (1996). Reader’s Guide to Literature in English. Taylor & Francis. Hunt, P. (2001). Children’s Literature. Wiley-Blackwell. Paterson, K. (2004). Bridge to Terabithia. HarperTeen. Read more Order Creative Sample Now Choose type of discipline Choose academic level • High school • College • University • Masters • PhD Page count 1 pages $ 10
What is a programming language One goal for this site is to examine some questions relating to programming languages: • What is a PL? • How are they created (constructed)? (Why is this so hard? Can it be easier?) • What programming languages have interesting ideas, but aren't much used? • etc Let’s start with the first question What is a programming language? I think our first task should be to define what exactly a language is. There are a lot of complexities around how languages are implemented and how they tend to operate today. Our definition should be about the essence of what it means to be a language. A language has four parts: • abstract structure • concrete syntax • statics • dynamics TODO say a bit about each of these. Of course, these four parts only encompass the pure analytical (academic?) heart of what a PL is. There are many more pragmatic (and more important) concerns when actually using a language: • The core team building it • documentation • the ecosystem (the community (welcoming?, size), libraries) • how it runs, which platforms • is it compiled? interpreted? does it have a nice repl? editor integration? These are important, but we don't have much to say about them in this post (we’ll come back to most of these in the future).
1. Fair dinkum. \| An affirmation or response to good news. This one of the most commonly used Australian expressions and one of the most difficult to define. The origins are said to have come from the gold-mining days when a Chinese miner was asked if he was finding a fair amount of gold. “Din-gum” meant “good gold.” Throughout time, this saying evolved into a positive response to good news. “Fair dinkum” can be used in a few different ways and it’s not always easy to know when to throw it into conversation. It can be used to say that someone is genuine. “You can trust Jill, she’s fair dinkum.” But it can also be used to ask if you’re telling the truth. “I just got a job in Africa!” “Fair dinkum?” 2. Cross as a frog in a sock \| This person is angry. If you were to capture a frog in a sock, it wouldn’t be too happy. Another way to put it? They’re mad as a cut snake. 3. Handy as an ashtray on a motorbike \| This person is useless. If someone is as handy as a back pocket on a singlet or as tits on a bull, you could probably do without them. 4. He couldn’t organize a booze-up in a brewery. \| He is disorganized. How difficult is it to get alcohol at a brewery? Not very. If you can’t organize a bucket of sand at the beach, you’re not much better. 5. Flat chat. \| I’ve been busy. This is just one of the ways an Aussie may tell you that he has been very busy. He might also claim that he was flat out like a lizard drinking, or busy as a one-legged man in an arse-kicking contest. 6. Whim wham for a goose’s bridle! \| None of your business! It’s not a good idea to press this further. Or ask what a whim wham is or why a goose needs a bridle. This phrase has a number of variations. Whim wham originally meant a “fanciful object” but over the years the phrase has changed to sometimes include “wigwam” and “wing wong.” 7. A bullock short of a deck. \| Not very bright. A very bush-Australian way of saying someone isn’t all there — they aren’t the sharpest tool in the shed. Australians love to come up with their own phrases. They may also refer to someone as a six-pack short of a slab or that they have a few kangaroos loose in the top paddock. 8. Dry as a dead dingos donger. \| I’m thirsty. Don’t ignore this information. It’s time to crack a beer. 9. All sizzle and no steak. \| Not living up to expectations. 10. I could eat the arse out of a low-flying duck. \| I am very hungry. This Australian is so starving, they’re prepared to eat whatever comes by. If they’re not quite hungry enough to eat the backside of bypassing fowl then they may just be hungry enough to eat a horse then chase the jockey! 11. She could put a horn on a jellyfish! \| She’s hot! Sounds like it could be an insult but it’s actually the opposite. 12. Gone walkabout. \| Disappeared. This saying originated from the Australian Aboriginals. As a rite of passage, the adolescent male Aborigines would go on a spiritual journey through the wilderness. They would spend up to six months on their own, following paths their ancestors travelled and embracing the traditional Aboriginal life. The phrase is now used by many Australians in reference to something disappearing. “My keys have gone walkabout!” Or to someone leaving without letting you know where they have gone. “He’s gone walkabout.”
Animal spirits Animal spirit is a term used by the famous British economist, John Maynard Keynes, to describe how people arrive at financial decisions, including buying and selling securities, in times of economic stress or uncertainty. In Keynes’s 1936 publication, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, he speaks of animal spirits as the human emotions that affect consumer confidence. Today, animal spirits describe the psychological and emotional factors that drive investors to take action when faced with high levels of volatility in the capital markets. The term comes from the Latin spiritus animalis, which means “the breath that awakens the human mind.”—Read more at Investopedia. Tardi, Carla. “Animal Spirits.” 20 April 2019.
I recently completed a software disassembly of the 1980 coin-op arcade game Missile Command. I'm curious whether a feature of the hardware is unique or commonplace. First, a bit of background: Missile Command uses a 256x231 indexed-color display. Most of the screen is 2 bits per pixel, packing 4 pixels per byte of memory. The bottom 32 lines use 3 bits per pixel, with the 3rd bit coming out of a separate area of RAM that packs 8 pixels per byte. The 2bpp RAM is linear, but the 3bpp RAM is creatively interleaved. Most of Missile Command's animation code draws individual pixels. Even the planes and killer satellites that fly across the screen are drawn as a handful of pixels (leading edges drawn, trailing edges erased... very efficient). The 6502 only operates on whole bytes, so it would be helpful to have a way to access one pixel per byte. The hardware designers implemented a scheme where a signal called MADSEL (Multiplexed Address Select) is asserted when a 6502 instruction with the bit pattern xxx00001 takes more than 5 cycles to execute. The signal causes the address space to function differently: a read or write to memory from $1900 to $ffff accesses a single 3bpp pixel value. In practical terms, it means that LDA (zp,X) and STA (zp,X) instructions access memory in "MADSEL mode", one byte per pixel, while any other memory access instruction uses "normal mode". My question: how common was this? Is this a standard trick, or something unique? I nosed through a few MAME drivers. Most of the contemporary games for the 6502 were Atari vector or tile/sprite-based. (Missile Command is well suited to a plain framebuffer because it draws very little per frame, and it looks better with solid filled shapes.) I'm not sure if a scheme like this would be useful or possible on other CPUs. • Do you mean "this particular trick" or "interpret CPU instructions differently" or "some way to address pixels somehow differently"? The latter was common, one better known example is EGA with 4 planes that can act "in parallel". There's at least a handful of example of custom interpretation of CPU instructions. – dirkt Nov 30 '21 at 4:25 • 1 @dirkt: It's really the "make specific instructions behave in unexpected ways" part that caught my attention. Remapping address spaces is a popular thing to do, but I hadn't seen anything that approached it this way before. – fadden Nov 30 '21 at 4:40 • 2 I wouldn't really call that "unexpected behaviour". It's exactly why CPUs provide a SYNC (6502) or M1 (Z80) signal. It provides a hook for detection and decoding of instructions fetch to add instruction specific behaviour by external logic. – Raffzahn Nov 30 '21 at 9:40 • @Raffzahn: The usefulness of SYNC could have been enhanced if e.g. instead of providing an SO wire, the 6502 had interpreted all instructions whose bottom bits were 11 as a "branch if special-branch input is asserted at the end of the opcode-fetch cycle". That would have made it easy for a system to add up to 64 custom I/O instructions in whatever way would best fit the system designer's needs. Some instructions could be used as branches, some could be used to set and clear latches, some could trigger operations, etc. and the cost of a typical "I/O poll" sequence would drop from 7 to 3. – supercat Dec 2 '21 at 19:15 make specific instructions behave in unexpected ways As I wrote in the comment, I think there's at least a handful of examples that do this, unfortunately I didn't take notes when I encountered them, so I'll add them to this answer when I find them again. One example that takes the "let's reinterpret instructions" to the extreme is the KimKlone: [...] logic capable of interpreting the instruction stream in tandem with the cpu. To the programmer they appear seamlessly as a super-65C02, a new branch on the 65xx tree. Undefined 65C02 opcodes are used to support 6 new registers and 44 new instructions. The main feature is a 24-bit address space (similar to the WDC52C816) through four external bank or segment registers that get included when accessing memory, just as your MADSEL signal reinterprets the address. PDP autoincrement Going a bit back, many DEC PDPs and also the Data General Nova/Supernova had autoincrement addresses: As core memory needs to be written again after being read, and since the ALU was unused on indirect memory operations, using the internal "indirect operation" signal together with a partial address code (just like your MADSEL and the address range $1900 to $ffff) to gate the memory value through the ALU before writing it back is an operation that's cheap to implement. • The Apollo guidance computer had a number of those tricks up its sleeve, as example the CYR cycle right register. ibiblio.org/apollo/… – ghellquist Nov 30 '21 at 15:09 • @ghellquist See Transport triggered architecture for a generalization of this principle (the ALU/functional units are triggered on moving data, just like the CYR register). But this is different (because the whole architecture relies on this) compared to "let's add a few gates/ICs to make the instruction to something special". – dirkt Nov 30 '21 at 18:59 • 1 The ZX80 video display logic is another exercise in making "specific instructions behave in unexpected ways". Dec 2 '21 at 21:09 Your Answer
Battery Bikes At Walmart – What’s An Ebike? What is an Ebike? To put it short, an Ebike is a hybrid vehicle that was originally designed as a bike with both an electric motor and also a battery. They are similar to hybrid automobiles but have the advantage of not using both gas and also power when they remain in movement. Instead they use their very own source of power, which can either be a battery or a gasoline engine. Although Ebikes have been around for quite a while, they are becoming much more prominent in the last few years as even more people are realizing the advantages they supply. The reason why more people are picking to make use of e-bikes is because they’re quiet, they’re simple to navigate, as well as they’re fairly low-cost. A lot of e-bikes weigh under 3 extra pounds, which makes them much easier to handle than a typical bike. If you wish to ride your bike, you just band it to your handlebars. You don’t need to worry about adjusting it as you would with a traditional bike. Something you might ask is “What’s an ebike?” An ebike is additionally known as an electric bike, recumbent bike, or merely a bike. E-bikes are identified by their handlebars as well as their pedals. Whereas traditional bikes have pedals, an ebike has no pedals. Battery Bikes At Walmart Ebikes are not just thought about to be a kind of bicycle, however additionally a way of transport. Numerous Ebikes work on electricity, so they can be used as a way of transport. This is most often used by those that have a great deal of problem increasing from a seated setting. Others use e-bikes as a means of working out, given that a number of them are able to utilize their pedals in case of an emergency. Ebikes have actually come a long way throughout the years. There was a time when bikes were nothing greater than straightforward, regular bikes with expensive names. Today, electric bikes have experienced a complete remodeling, becoming what lots of people would certainly think about to be a full-fledged motorcycle. The initial e-bikes were not very effective, however points have actually changed considerably for many years. Today’s ebike is as reliable as any other bike out there, and also a lot of are extremely streamlined as well as contemporary in design. If you have been asking the question “what is an ebike?” for rather a long time, after that it’s most likely that you will certainly prepare to buy among your very own. Electric bikes are more prominent than ever before, and you might find yourself wishing to purchase one as soon as possible. If this is the case, make certain to take your time as well as search prior to choosing, since you want to obtain the best bargain possible. There are a couple of things you require to keep in mind when you are buying an ebike. You should first off guarantee that the motorcycle you choose is legal in the place where you live. Some cities do not allow you to ride an ebike when driving as they consider them to be a prohibited task. Likewise, you require to examine the motorbike over meticulously to ensure it does not have any sort of troubles that can influence you while riding it. Lastly, see to it you do not end up investing more money than you intended by purchasing a bike that has some type of damage. If you are considering acquiring an elite, you need to most definitely learn more concerning them. In particular, you will certainly want to know what the existing regulations are so you can make an enlightened choice regarding whether or not you desire to purchase one. It’s important to bear in mind that bikes are still a reasonably brand-new principle, and so there are lots of possible issues that can develop as technology proceeds additionally. Additionally, if you decide to go on with purchasing an elite, you will want to bear in mind that they often tend to cost a great deal more than routine motorcycles. While you can conserve money by searching, it is likewise possible to pay too much for something that becomes a dud. Battery Bikes At Walmart
Nikola Tesla: an energy story On January 7, another year of the death of Nikola Tesla was commemorated. A visionary who developed the area of electromagnetism by leaps and bounds in the 19th and 20th centuries. Nicola Tesla was born in Serbia on July 28, 1856, according to the Julian calendar or July 10 according to the Gregorian calendar, in the village of Smiljan, his father was Milutin Tesla, a priest of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and his mother Đuka Mandić a housewife of Serbia descent who was a scientist who developed small home appliances. Despite being a Serbian family, Tesla grew up in Croatia given his intellectual interests. Resultado de imagen para Tesla Nikola In 1862 they moved to Gospic where Tesla completed his studies. In 1975 Tesla enters the University of Graz to the Electrical Engineering career where he would graduate according to certain sources despite the fact that the University of Gospic states that Tesla did not continue his studies after the second cycle of the third year. At the end of 1878, Tesla leaves Graz and stops interacting with his relatives, due to a great crisis with the game that cost him his scholarship, to later lose the allocation and the tuition money, going to Maribor where he would get his first job as an engineer. Here he works for a year until he is persuaded by his father to continue his studies at Carolina University in Prague in 1880, where he would study only one course until his father died and only complete one course. After leaving Carolina Tesla he goes to Budapest where he began working in a telegraph company in which he meets Nebojša Petrović with whom he establishes a short friendship but with which he begins his first continuous energy project. In 1882 he moved to Paris to work in the. CONTINENTAL EDISON COMPANY, to create improvements for the equipment brought from America. This same year, Tesla creates the induction motor and many more patents he would receive in 1888. In 1884 Tesla travels to New York with a recommendation from his former boss to work with Edison directly who immediately hires him as an electrical engineer but Tesla’s effectiveness made him climb the company. Until 1885 where due to an unpaid payment by Edison to Tesla and denying him a salary increase of $ 18 to $ 25 he resigned immediately. In 1886 he founded his own company but his investors, not believing in his creations, relieved him of his position, so he had to work as a worker the following year so that in 1887 he created a brushless induction motor, although it was built by another the same way and lost the patent, later the same year, he worked at the Westinghouse company. By 1891 Tesla created his coil (which would bear his last name) while becoming a US citizen, with his Tesla coil it would take two years to discover a phenomenon called “tesla light”. After these inventions, Tesla would succeed for his patented inventions although he would continue to have economic problems to finance his projects, which he would pay with the money from the patents of his inventions and the following that he would continue inventing over the years until in 1943 he would die at the age of 86 on January 7. Facebook Comments Share via Copy link Powered by Social Snap
This animal is bored. Make sure your kids aren’t like this animal. At a workshop, somebody asked me how C.I. language teaching deals with boring stuff. Some things are essential, but boring. • hellos and goodbyes • weather • time • numbers • days, dates & months • the alphabet • pronouns • parts of speech (eg articles, accents etc) • pronunciation • colours • location words • por and para in Spanish, or etre/avoir passe-composé verbs in French • Capitals and countries (Spanish teachers I’m looking at you 😉) • reflexive verbs • any grammar “rule” such as adjective agreement, bu placement, German verb position YAWN. Some textbooks– e.g. Avancemos— do entire units on this stuff. DOUBLE YAWN. I used to make games to teach this stuff TRIPLE YAWN I AM FALLING ASLEEP. Boring stuff is like a nice salsa: a bit makes everything better; an entire jar at once will turn you off Mexican food forever. As Bill VanPatten says, “you don’t want a textbook with kids. That’s not what they need. And you don’t want to teach them traditional vocabulary. You don’t want to sit around and teach colors: that’s boring. And you don’t want to sit around and teach numbers: that’s dumb. But they can learn a lot of language through stories.” Today’s question: How do we teach boring stuff without boring our students? d) Also works for location words: in stories the characters are and/or move somewhere. So when you say “there was a boy in Spuzzum, B.C.” and then you ask “where in Spuzzum was the boy?” (and kids make suggestions) you can add something like “the boy was in the purple Ferrari behind his Spanish teacher’s house.” J) Greetings/goodbyes: use a different one in each story. They’ll have them by June. K) Parts of speech. Things like articles, reflexive pronouns etc are omnipresent. I just use them and clarify meaning and kids acquire them. N L) Pronunciation. Aside from some very specific “move your mouth like this” demos– eg making the tu sound in French or the sh of Mandarin– there is no need to teach or practice pronunciation if you are providing an ocean of aural input. Kids will pick up something like the accent they hear. And if they don’t, no biggie: even if your kids sound like the proverbial American tourist (“hoe-la! May lamo George! Yo queero una serveza!”) or, worse, like me (ja I am hafink a Cherman accent venn I am speakink Shpanish ja) people will still understand them. M) Capitals and countries are the Spanish teacher’s way of torturing kids with knowledge that matters only to, well, Spanish teachers and geography nerds. Kids do not need to know these so forget the map-and-labeling projects, and just use one capital and one country per story. They’ll acquire them over time. N) Reflexive verbs. Just because these all use reflexive pronoun + verb and cos many involve daily routine (bathed, dressed etc), the text says hey let’s have a daily routine unit! But how boring is it to say “I got up. John washed his face. Dave sat down for breakfast”? PRETTY BORING With reflexives, just use them in every story. If it was hot, why, se duchó la chica. If we are talking about what we did yesterday, pués me cepillé los dientes pero no con pasta de dientes…con vino 🤣🤣. Morning routine stuff is fun in most stories as a delayer/problem maker. Why was Johnny late? DUH because he washed his face with olive oil DUH. There are fun vids to Movietalk. Eg Mr Bean getting up late. O) ANY GRAMMAR RULE. Question: I want my kids to practice adjective agreement. Does anybody know a good song for this? The answer to this question is, no, cos it’s boring and it doesn’t work. Any “grammar rule” is acquired over time via input. And relax: if the kids write “me gusta chicos guapo,” they are perfectly comprehensible 😁😁. 1. I do the date and weather everyday. I am just now starting time and plan to circle randomly throughout the unit. I have to follow the progression of the text because our county exams and my students’ grades depend on it. Next year, we are supposed to be moving away from Avancemos and I am SO excited! 2. THANKS!!! I have a very flexible curriculum and apart from a district wide textbookish final (but fortunately with ZERO conjugation charts), complete freedom. The one catch in my 1a classes is I need to teach numbers, dates, time, etc. (Which from a communicative perspective is useful – wherever they rank on frequency, numbers, time, date are absolutely essential for actually using the TL outside of my class.) Your suggestions, especially for weather, are super helpful. 1. You should be fine circling days, date, weather, etc– during course of year it all adds up to acquisition. One crucial thing: make sure kids see all this in stories as well. Aural input minus visual reinforcement = lack of acquisition. 3. This is essentially the “reports” model I train teachers to use. Any thematic lump of vocab can be done that way — and frequently find their way into actual speech in class. 4. That’s great if your classes are for the whole school year. Those on the block schedule don’t have the luxury of introducing one month, one weather expression, one time, etc. in such a leisurely manner. 1. This is easy to deal with. I’m on block also and see my kids for 75 min/day for 5 months. 1. Talk about weather elsewhere. 2. We don’t need to introduce every time expression in one year. Kids will get them after awhile. 3. You might have to intro a bit more vocab each day but the principle is the same. 5. Thank you for this! I’m a first-year teacher in an Avancemos classroom struggling to keep my kids (and myself) from dying of boredom. The whole-year pacing rather than a unit of misery is so refreshing. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
What are Zen’s major sects? Five major schools or “houses” developed during Zen’s early years in China, where it was known as Chan. By the 13th century, only two of the original schools remained active—the Linji and the Caodong. Most Zen schools in the world today trace their lineage back to one or the other of them. The Linji school, named for the Chinese master Linji Yixuan (d. 866 CE), developed the practice of meditating on gong’an (Jp., koan), brief stories that point to an aspect of enlightenment. These anecdotes are further boiled down to their essence, called the huatou, the “head of the phrase” or “source of the thought.” Using koans or huatou to focus the mind is the central practice of the Linji school. One oft-cited gong’an features the 8th-century monk Zhaozhou [Jp., Joshu] who, when asked if a dog has buddhanature (the potential in all sentient beings to become enlightened), enigmatically replied, “Wu [Jp. Mu],” or “emptiness,” referring to the fundamental empty nature of the mind. Over time, this gong’an was shortened to the huatou “What is Wu?” or simply “Wu. The Caodong school was founded by Dongshan Liangjie (807–869), and its central practice is mozhao chan (Jp., shikantaza), or silent illumination zen, a form of zazen that involves sitting with deep and open mindfulness of present experience. Dongshan Liangjie is also notable for his teachings on suchness (tathata), the ultimate nature of all things and beings. In Chinese Zen, called Chan, Linji is by far the larger and more dominant tradition. Chan is perhaps best known in the West through Dharma Drum Mountain, an international organization founded in Taiwan by master Sheng Yen (1931–2009). Linji was transmitted to the Korean Peninsula from China in the 9th century. In the 12th century, Korean Zen (Soen) Buddhists formed the Jogye order, combining elements of Linji with forms of Buddhism already practiced in Korea. Today, Jogye is the largest and oldest Zen school in Korea, and a 20th-century Jogye master founded what is now the West’s best-known Korean Zen order, the Kwan Um school. Another Soen order, Taego, was founded in the 14th century and emphasizes a more purely Linji approach. Although it’s believed Zen reached Vietnam sometime in the 1st millennium, today’s Vietnamese Zen (Thien) evolved primarily from a branch of Linji that arrived in the 17th century. In the West, Vietnamese Zen is represented by the Order of Interbeing, founded by the Zen master, author, and peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh (b. 1926). Both Linji and Caodong Zen reached Japan in the 13th century. Eihei Dogen (1200–1253 CE), a Zen master in the Caodong tradition, founded the Soto school, which became the largest Zen school in Japan. Japanese Linji, called Rinzai, developed a unique approach to huatou meditation: Students work through a curriculum of hundreds of koans over their lifetime. Later, a third Zen school arose in Japan when Linji teachers from China were rejected by the Rinzai establishment, which objected to devotional practices that Chan had absorbed from the Pure Land school. The Chinese delegation was, however, allowed to continue as a separate sect called Obaku Zen. Tricycle is more than a magazine Subscribe now
Pet health Can Dogs Eat Celery? Can Dogs Eat Celery? Dog owners commonly wonder about the toxicity of foods both before and after they feed human foods to their dogs. The questions about the safety of different foods increased after learning that particular foods are toxic which has received a lot of press coverage. The most important foods are chocolate, grapes and raisins, and peanut butter. Exposure to the dangers of these foods has encouraged pet owners to ask about vegetables such as celery. Learn more about what dogs can and can't eat in this article: The Ultimate Guide to What Dogs Can't Eat. Can Dogs Eat Celery? Dogs often love the crunchy texture of celery and can enjoy this as a healthy snack. Celery is low in calories and has approximately 94 to 95% water and known for its long green crunchy stalks. Celery is a good source of fiber, folate, vitamin C, vitamin K, potassium, vitamin A, and other antioxidants. Many human nutritionists highly regard celery for its touted anti-inflammatory benefits. Celery has been cultivated as a vegetable for centuries. In fact, there is documentation of celery garlands in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun (King Tut who died 1323 B.C.). There are different types of celery including wild celery, celery root, and leaf celery. Depending on the type, the stalk, leaves, or base may be eaten or used in cooking. Celery became popular in the United States in the mid-1850s. In North America, the most common celery is primarily the cultivar called Pascal celery. The stalk can be eaten raw or included in many stews, soups, salads and as a common ingredient in dressing (also known as stuffing). Celery seeds are used in herbal medicine and to make celery salt. Celery salt is used in seasonings such as Bloody Mary cocktails or in Old Bay Seasoning. To answer the question, “Can dogs eat celery?” The answer is, “Yes.” Celery can make a very good low-calorie treat for overweight dogs. Please note: Any food can cause gastrointestinal upset in dogs. What may not bother one dog may bother another dog. The same can happen in people. Some foods can bother some people and not others. The Dangers of Celery to Dogs When researching the safety of celery for dogs, there are three considerations that impact the danger. 1. Risk of choking from eating large prices of Celery or the very stemmy parts. This is more common in small dogs but can occur in any dog. Some dogs are not good at “chewing” their food and the danger of choking can occur. 2. Pancreatitis or gastrointestinal upset can occur in dogs that aren't used to celery, including celery that is cooked with seasonings and butter. Too much oil, fat, or seasoning can lead to gastrointestinal upset or pancreatitis in some dogs. 3. Toxicity can occur when celery is fed to dogs with peanut butter that contains the toxic ingredient xylitol. Learn more about Peanut Butter Toxicity in Dogs. However, be aware that just because your dog can eat an occasional small piece of celery, doesn't suggest it is safe to give him your leftover salad or meal. For example, salads or chicken salad that includes celery may also include additional ingredients, such as onions, garlic or even raisins, which can be toxic. However, it is generally okay to give your dog a piece of celery. Do Dogs Need Celery? There is nothing in Celery that dogs require. What dogs do need is a high-quality AAFCO approved dog food. Learn more about what dogs require in their diet with this article: Nutrition in Dogs. The Safest Way to Give Celery to Dogs The safest and healthiest way to give celery to your dog is to give small pieces of fresh cut or cooked celery. Make sure the celery is washed thoroughly to remove pesticides, fertilizers and potential contaminates such as E. coli or listeria. Cooked celery is a healthy option and best when unseasoned and steamed. Excess butter or seasoning can cause gastrointestinal upset in some dogs. If your dog shows any sign of illness after eating celery, please call your veterinarian or closest veterinary emergency clinic immediately. Can Dogs Be Allergic to Celery? Although uncommon, dogs can be allergic to celery. In humans, celery allergies can cause severe allergic reactions that can be fatal. It appears that the allergen in celery is not destroyed by cooking. Other food allergies are more common in dogs such as to chicken and beef. Food allergies in dogs can cause skin infections and/or gastrointestinal problems. Additional Articles that May be of Interest About Can Dogs Eat Celery:
An Introduction To Credit Ratings If at any point in your life you have applied for a credit card, started a phone contract, took out a loan, financed a car, leased a flat or bought a house—chances are, someone checked your credit rating. But, what is a credit rating – and why is it so important? What Is Your Credit Rating? Sometimes called a ‘financial CV’, your credit rating is a three-digit number which lenders use as an indicator for your financial trustworthiness. Essentially, the higher the number, the more likely you will be (in the eyes of the lender) to pay off your loan on time. If your credit rating is high, not only you will be approved for loans and mortgages in the first place, but you will also get the best deals. Essentially, the higher your credit rating, the lower the risk you are. The lower risk you post, the lower you’re your APR will be. On the other hand, if your rating is very low, lenders will reject you for any credit cards, loans or mortgages you are applying to. Your Credit Rating is calculated by a Credit Reference Agency (or CRA), who gather information about your credit history and compiles it into a credit report, as well as calculating your credit rating. When you’re applying for a loan and lenders want to determine how likely you are to pay it back on time, they will ask the CRA for access to your credit report and/or rating. Who Determines Your Credit Rating? In the UK, there are three main Credit Reference Agencies (CRAs), namely Equifax, Experian and TransUnion (formerly Callcredit). Each of these uses their own algorithms, data sets and scales to calculate your credit rating. So technically, you don’t just have one credit rating, you have three—and it is likely that they will look fairly different. This also means that, no, you are not able to calculate your credit rating by yourself. While Equifax ratings you out of 700, TransUnion ratings out of 710 and Experian out of 999. Since different banks and lenders use and report to different CRAs, you shouldn’t be surprised if say, your Experian rating is 999, but your Equifax rating is only 610. Each company calculates your rating differently, and they don’t all have access to the same data about you. While this may seem complicated, the most important point to keep in mind is this: the factors that influence whether your credit rating goes up or down are largely the same. So, regardless of what the actual numbers say, your actions will be reflected in them similarly. So, What Actually Influences Your Credit Rating? Here are some of the main factors which will influence your credit rating: • How much you currently owe to various parties. • This one seems obvious, but it’s not as easy as ‘the less you owe, the better’. Lenders want to know that you can responsibly manage credit and that you stay on top of your payments. What is important is your current debt balance compared to your credit limit. Owing £500 out of £10,000 (20% owed) is more favourable than owing £500 out of £1000 (50% owed). • The length of your credit history. • Perhaps surprisingly, someone who has never taken out a loan is likely to have a worse credit rating than someone who has taken out several loans but always paid them off. To lenders, a long and diverse credit history shows that you can manage and pay off loans responsibly, regardless of the circumstances, which means you are more than likely to do so again. • Whether there are any late or missed payments on existing or past credit card or loan accounts. • These will stay on your accounts for six years. Although if they are quite old, their negative impact won’t be as serious. These missed payments cover everything from things like rent payments to mobile phone contract payments. • Whether your home has been repossessed or you have moved away while still owing money, as well as any major court filings, such as bankruptcies, Individual Voluntary Arrangements (IVAs), or County Court Judgments (CCJs) • These are quite serious and will stay on your account for six years. • The number of credit enquiries. • A credit enquiry happens when a lender asks to take a full look at your credit report and rating, which happens anytime you apply for a loan or mortgage, or—sometimes—when you open a new utility account or start a new phone contract. These ‘hard searches’ stay on your account for 12 months for other prospective lenders to see, as they are an indication of how many loans you have applied for. Too many credit enquiries may be an indication that you are desperate for credit, making you a less trustworthy borrower in the eyes of the lender. What Doesn’t Influence Your Credit Rating? • The amount of money in your current account • Your salary • Your savings accounts • Student loans • If you have a criminal record • Your medical history • Parking or driving fines • Council tax arrears Additionally, keep the following in mind: • There is no such thing as a ‘credit blacklist’. • While your rating may not be ideal, that does not mean that you will be rejected for every loan application—and just because you get rejected for one, does not mean you will be rejected for all. • Do keep in mind though that too many applications will negatively impact your rating, especially if done over a short period of time. • Credit reference agencies do not decide the outcome of your credit applications—lenders do. • Your credit rating is not affected by the financial status of those you live with unless you have a ‘financial connection’ with them—i.e., a joint bank account or joint mortgage application. How To Improve Your Credit Rating A healthy credit rating is important, so if you are worried about yours, there are a few things you can do to maintain or improve yours: • Make sure you are on the electoral roll. Not only does this make it easier to confirm your identity, but it also shows that you are settled, which is a sign of stability. • Pay off your current debt. Ideally, use up less than 30% of your rolling credit at any time. Also, having a credit card with a high credit limit will reflect positively on your credit rating, as it demonstrates that you have been trusted to manage this level of credit responsibly. • Never miss a payment. • Set up direct debits or put monthly reminders on your calendar to ensure that you always pay your bills on time. • Avoid multiple credit enquiries. • Before making a formal loan or credit card application, you can check your eligibility using a ‘soft search’. Such personal searches do show up on your credit report but are only visible to yourself and have no impact on your credit rating. • Make sure your report is correct. • This includes names and addresses, but also factors like debt levels and account status. If there are any accounts missing, especially ones you have been handling well, make sure to have them added to your report, as they will positively impact your credit rating. • If you have no credit history, you will automatically be a less reliable lender as there is no proof of you being able to pay off loans well. • To improve your rating, you can use a credit builder card, which is a credit card with low credit limits and high interest rates—use it responsibly and always pay it off in full to build up your credit rating. What To Do Next Now that you have an overview of what a credit rating is, how it is calculated, and what you can do to improve it, it’s time for some concrete action. Viewing your credit rating and credit report has no impact, in fact, it is recommended that you check your credit rating with each of the three CRAs regularly (at least once a year). You can either get free statutory one-off reports or use external companies which let you access your rating, and sometimes full report, for free. When viewing your report, make sure that all your accounts are listed and that there are no mistakes anywhere. Do keep in mind that not all banks and lenders report to the same CRAs, so if you are missing anything, be sure to contact your bank/lender to find out who they report to first. Keeping your credit rating healthy helps you to future-proof your finances and makes sure that you will always get the cheapest rates on loans, mortgages and credit cards, saving you money in the long run. 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Information Sheet 18: The wood fuels market Wood fuels are sustainable and carbon-neutral and offer a real opportunity for New Zealand to become greener and less dependent on fossil fuels. We grow trees as quickly as anywhere in the world but currently do not make full use of this value resource. Wood fuel is a solid biofuel and can be produced from any source of woody biomass. Until recently the parts of a tree left over after processing were often considered as waste (also often referred to as forest residues or wood processing residues). Today this so called ‘waste’ is recognised as a valuable source of energy and reference to it as waste in particular under-values its economic potential. Considering wood fuel on the same basis as fuels such as coal or gas reinforces that it is a valuable commodity (which we often overlook). Click here to read the full document.
Bladder cancer Bladder cancer is a type of urological cancer. It is a rare cancer which affects more men than women and is more common in people over the age of 60 years. The Cancer Institute NSW recommends that all people with cancer have their care overseen by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). In addition, people with bladder cancers may need complex treatment and should be seen at a specialist centre. Use our Canrefer website to find multidisciplinary teams and specialist centres in NSW and ACT. Being diagnosed with cancer can be stressful and confusing. Having the right information can help you talk to your cancer care team and be more involved in your care.
Can you replace your healthcare team with Dr Google? In a word, no. Working out if online diabetes information is evidence-based or just an idea can be tricky. Often information is biased or an opinion with no scientific basis at all. And we all have very different opinions about things, don’t we? Quite frankly, some of the online diabetes articles and products are whacky. When it comes to your health, beware. Read our tips to help weed out the nonsense. Check the following points: • Firstly, who is operating the website? Is it a government department, a non-profit organisation (like Diabetes Queensland), a professional organisation (like Dietitians Australia or the Australian Diabetes Educators Association), a company (which might be selling a product), a university, individual health professional or a person with no qualifications but lots of enthusiasm? Organisations such as government departments, non-profits, and universities are accountable to their funding bodies so would be expected to provide accurate, evidence-based information. • Secondly, who is funding the website? Some websites are funded by organisations or companies which are trying to get you to buy something from them. The information they provide may or may not be accurate but it could definitely be biased to get you to buy from them. Be aware many websites are tools for marketing products and services. Who is the author? • Thirdly, who is the author? Do they have appropriate qualifications to provide the information? What is within one health professional’s scope of practice is generally quite outside another type of health professional’s scope. If someone uses the title “Dr” it doesn’t necessarily mean they are a medical doctor. And medical doctors aren’t expert in everything to do with health anyway. There are also many health professionals with strong opinions which don’t always follow the scientific evidence. These professionals may be well known media personalities or authors. Use your nose to determine if they might be trying to sell their latest book or tv series by making rash claims. There’s also lots of online forums, social media influencers and even your friends from Facebook: they all have their own opinions. That doesn’t mean they’re experts in your health conditions so while they may provide support and encouragement your own health professional team will be able to provide appropriate health treatment advice for you. Are they based in Australia? Some countries have different levels of accountability or the information they refer to may be correct for their country but not for Australia. For example, the food data for Australia is different to the US and labelling requirements are different in each of these countries. What the US considers to be gluten free oats is not gluten free in Australia. • Can you contact the organisation operating the website? People are motivated by different reasons so shonky websites full of false health information might just be someone’s idea of fun. • Is the information up to date? Health information, diagnosis and treatment changes as research occurs so what was accurate 10, 5 or 2 years ago may be quite out of date today. Beware testimonials • Are there testimonials? Testimonials are social proof: they give us confidence that something that works for others will work for us. But businesses that use testimonials don’t post the bad ones. They are only ever going to post the good ones in the hope you will buy from them. Health professionals legally can’t allow testimonials on their websites or social media as part of their code of ethics. If they do use testimonials it’s an indicator that their ethics are questionable. • Are they using marketing tricks like unrealistic claims? If a website is making a claim that something can be cured, reversed, treated without using medications or traditional treatments then it’s generally a red flag that the website, and the information it contains, is shonky. • Lastly, are references included? Sometimes websites will include references to scientific studies to support their information. Bear in mind some scientific studies are better than others, while some are funded by the organisations that might benefit from favourable research. What are reliable sources of information about diabetes and health in Australia? Here’s a few to start with: If in doubt, always check information you have found online with your own health professional team. Article by Dale Cooke, Diabetes Queensland Accredited Practising Dietitian Join our community of over 33,000 people living with diabetes
Union Method (Rect) \| Spread Windows Forms 14.0 Spread Windows Forms 14.0 GrapeCity.Spreadsheet Assembly / GrapeCity.Drawing Namespace / Rect Structure / Union Method A rectangle to union. A rectangle to union. In This Topic Union Method (Rect) In This Topic Gets a Rect structure that contains the union of two Rect structures. Public Shared Function Union( _ ByVal r1 As Rect, _ ByVal r2 As Rect _ ) As Rect Dim r1 As Rect Dim r2 As Rect Dim value As Rect value = Rect.Union(r1, r2) public static Rect Union( Rect r1, Rect r2 A rectangle to union. A rectangle to union. Return Value A Rect structure that bounds the union of the two Rect structures. See Also
possesive pronouns Hi, in lesson 4.9. la vostra amica e bellissima is translated as your friend is beautiful. Why is not la tua amica since we are only talking about a singular person? Hi Gary, In this case the speaker says "vostra" as she is talking to a group of people rather than to one person. The person she is referring to in the conversation (amica) is friend with multiple people, not just one person. If she were friend with just one person, the speaker would have said "la tua amica". This module has additional information on possessive adjectives. Let me know if you need more help! :) Ask a question or a post a response If you are already a member login here .
What are Socks and HTTP proxies? Ana Quil An Agent is another computer that makes requests on your behalf and looks like it's coming from a proxy server rather than your machine. Depending on which layer of the OSI model you want to broker on, all the protocols specified are available for the broker. The third layer is IP camouflage, which hides various IP traffic. For the most part, it allows a private network to connect to the Internet, but again, your IP appears to come from a fake device, not a computer IP address. There is also a VPN, in which your traffic is safely transmitted to another computer and then out again. VPNS will assign you an IP address from their network, and all traffic appears to be coming from that IP address. SSH is interesting because its primary purpose is to establish shell connections to remote machines (thus, at Layer 7), but you can also establish a TCP connection through it (layer 4). When you connect to a local port on your machine, you can tell the SSH tunnel computer to connect to another server on another port. SSH encrypts computer traffic over SSH, and then the SSH tunnel computer sends traffic according to the configuration. You can also tell SSH to set up a SOCKS proxy that listens on a port (typically 1080) on the local computer, and the SSH tunnel computer establishes all connections according to the SOCKS protocol. All connections made in this way appear to come from SSH tunneling machines. The SOCKS proxy is typically used to proxy TCP traffic, and applications must support the use of SOCKS. Again, at layer 4, the SOCKS protocol negotiates the remote hosts and ports that it wants to connect to. Connects from the SOCKS proxy server. A single HTTP proxy is used to proxy HTTP(or Web) traffic (layer 7), which interprets the proxy HTTPGET(POST, etc.) request and rewrites it, possibly performing caching, adding header information and sending the request to you, and then modifying the response to add its own header information. In addition, it is not possible to cache HTTPS traffic, as HTTPS proxies only proxy TCP traffic (layer 4), but HTTPS proxies can be configured to deny connections to any port, allowing only well-known HTTPS ports to be used. Again, traffic is displayed from the proxy server, but the HTTP proxy adds x-Forwarded-For :head-for, which shows your real IP address (this may be bogus, but if you're running a Web server, this header can't be trusted). If the IP needs to be an e-commerce platform or social media, consider selecting roxlabs dedicated computer room IP. Fast IP, easy to set, unlimited traffic. More on: Roxlabs proxy Recent posts Sandra Pique Why do we need HTTP proxy? Ana Quil What is ISP proxy?
Keyword Analysis & Research: technology addiction stats Keyword Analysis Keyword Research: People who searched technology addiction stats also searched Frequently Asked Questions What causes addiction to technology? Theoretically, anyone can become a technology addict, Strohman says, but people with such conditions as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder are more likely to become over-dependent on the Internet. In some cases, the technology addiction may cause these other conditions. What is technological addiction? Technology addiction is an impulse control disorder that involves the obsessive use of mobile devices, the internet or video games, despite negative consequences to the user of the technology. The disorder may also be referred to as digital addiction or internet addiction. What are the statistics for addiction? Statistics on Addiction Treatment. In 2017, an estimated 20.7 million people age 12 and older needed treatment for a substance use disorder. The relapse rate for substance use disorders is estimated to be between 40% and 60%. Addiction is considered a highly treatable disease, and recovery is attainable. Search Results related to technology addiction stats on Search Engine
When you quake, you tremble and shiver. A scary sound in a dark basement might make you quake. To quake is to move rapidly back and forth, so quickly that the movement is almost a vibration. If you've ever felt the floor quake during an actual earthquake, you know the fluttery, shaking kind of movement. A person can quake with fear, and a building can quake during a wind storm. You can also use the word quake as a noun, to describe the feeling itself. The Old English root is cwacian, or "tremble or clatter of teeth." Definitions of quake 1. verb shake with fast, tremulous movements synonyms: palpitate, quiver see moresee less type of: move or jerk quickly and involuntarily up and down or sideways 2. verb shake with seismic vibrations “The earth was quaking synonyms: tremor see moresee less type of: agitate, shake move or cause to move back and forth 3. noun synonyms: earthquake, seism, temblor see moresee less show 5 types... hide 5 types... seismic disturbance, shock an instance of agitation of the earth's crust earth tremor, microseism, tremor a small earthquake seaquake, submarine earthquake an earthquake at the sea bed a tremor preceding an earthquake type of: geological phenomenon a natural phenomenon involving the structure or composition of the earth Word Family Test prep from the experts Boost your test score with programs developed by Vocabulary.com’s experts. • Number of words: 500+ • Duration: 8 weeks or less • Time: 1 hour / week • Number of words: 500+ • Duration: 10 weeks or less • Time: 1 hour / week
You've successfully subscribed to Warp News Great! Next, complete checkout for full access to Warp News Welcome back! You've successfully signed in. Thank you! Check your email inbox to activate your account. Success! Your billing info is updated. Billing info update failed. 💪 Space experiment on muscles could give us longer lives 💪 Space experiment on muscles could give us longer lives By studying muscle tissue in microgravity, the MicroAge project hopes to enable the elderly to maintain muscle mass. This could mean healthier, more independent and longer lives. Jakob Holgersson Jakob Holgersson Those who object against ventures into space often argue that those investments do not benefit ordinary people. After all, results tend to be abstract, seemingly far away from our everyday lives. Yet, there are projects where the practical advantages are in focus. With support from the UK Space Agency, the University of Liverpool is conducting the MicroAge experiment. As astronauts spend time in space, they grow weaker like older people, and upon their return, they gradually restore their strength. The project is built upon the theory that by studying contracting muscles in microgravity, there's a lot to be learned about how muscles with age become less likely to respond to exercise. Enabling the elder to maintain muscle mass could substantially improve their autonomy, life quality, and even life expectancy. "Our hypothesis is that an analogous failure of muscle adaptations to contractile activity occur in both ageing and in muscle exposed to microgravity and that by studying the way that muscle responds to repeated contractions in microgravity we will gain further understanding of the way that muscle fails to respond to exercise in older people and in astronauts in space", an article explains at the University of Liverpool homepage. The researchers have attached lab-grown human muscle cells to 3D-printed scaffolds. The tissue is then placed in a container full of collagen-based gel. Upon its arrival at the ISS, the containers will be installed in the KUBIK incubator, a piece of equipment that's a permanent feature at the famous station. There, the cells are subjected to electric stimulus to provoke contractions. Scientists will carefully study what happens. The experiment was launched at the International Space Station on December 21 of 2021. The samples will return to earth later this month for further analysis. If you want to follow the project, you might want to download the MicroAge app for iOS and Android.
Decade after one of world's worst nuclear disasters, what is happening in Fukushima? Written By: Bharat Sharma A huge earthquake struck Japan on March 11, 2011, which was followed by a tsunami that wreaked havoc across coastal towns and triggered nuclear meltdowns in Fukushima - dubbed the world's worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl. We tell you what happened, what went wrong, and how the region is recovering after 10 years How intense was the quake? The Fukushima Dai-chi plant was affected by the 9.0 magnitude earthquake, which sent high waves crashing through the coast, killing at least 20,000 people. What really happened at the plant? Tsunami waves affected the cooling systems of reactors, after which radiation was leaked into the air. As radiation from the plant spread, 160,000 residents were evacuated. How bad was the radiation? After explosions in the reactors, officials found high radiation levels in local food and water supplies, after which consumption was banned. Is Fukushima safe now? Since the disaster, the government has spent $300 billion the rebuild the region devasted by the tsunami. Even then, areas surrounding the plant continue to remain off-limits. What next? Decommissioning of the plant will take decades, and require billions of dollars. How many reactors are operational now? In the aftermath of the accident, 9 of 33 reactors in Japan have been approved for restarts. Currently, only 4 are operating, as opposed to 54 before the accident. How long till Fukushima springs back to life? Japan is a resource-poor country, and nuclear power supplied just 6% of Japan's energy needs in the first half of 2020 compared with 23.1% for renewable sources. Even though contamination levels have decreased dramatically, some species in the exclusion zone still remain highly radioactive. Read in App
Automatic Transfer Switch Testing Procedures: When and How to Do Them? What happens when the primary power source goes off? Alternate source starts operating and powers the electrical equipment. How does this happen? There is a transfer switch that switches the electrical loads between two power sources. Sometimes, these transfer switches are manual. In this, an operator throws the switch whenever any of the two power sources lose or gain power. However, now you can find an automatic transfer switch. This switch has a specific control panel system that makes the switch automatic. The control panel detects the primary source failure and leads to the start of the engine generator. To ensure that the ATS works properly, you must conduct ATS testing. Here are the helpful automatic transfer switch testing procedures. How do Automatic Transfer Switches Work? The automatic transfer switch is a self-acting device. The control logic of the switch is automatic and microprocessor-based. It regularly monitors the frequency and voltage of power sources. In general, automatic transfer switches connect to the primary power source or utility by default. However, when the primary power source fails, it connects to the alternate power source i.e., generator or backup utility. The switch transfers the load to the primary power supply on normal power restoration. You have to install these switches at the location of the backup generator. NFPA guidelines for automatic transfer switch testing: • You must do inspection and operational testing. • Test all the EPSSs along with all internal and mechanical components once a month. • Operate the automatic transfer switch monthly. • You must perform an electrical function test periodically that includes transferring of switch to the alternate source of power from the standard source and returning. ATS installed under a building water Image: ATS installed under a building water Automatic Transfer Switch Testing Procedures– Monthly Automatic Transfer Switch Functional Testing Most facilities such as hospitals, data centers, factories, etc. require continuous power to deal with power failure circumstances. They use an emergency system for alternate power sources. This can be an engine generator or any other backup utility. If your automatic transfer switches (ATS) do not work, it may lead to serious issues. Thus, you must do operational testing of automatic transfer once a month to ensure the smooth working of the automatic transfer switches. Precautions to take: • Firstly, make sure that you close the enclosure door of the generator set to prevent injury. • Secondly, ensure that the normal and emergency sources of power should be there. • Finally, make sure that the emergency sources of power should be in working condition. Follow these steps for electrical operation transfer testing of an ATS and standby generator • First of all, turn the isolation handle anti-clockwise to the test position. This will turn on the transfer switch connected to normal and normal source accepted lights. • Now, turn and hold the transfer control switch in a clockwise direction to the transfer test. The delay to the engine start timer begins its cycle. This cycle will take 15 seconds until the engine starts and runs. When the cycle completes itself, the “engine start contacts” close and it starts the generator. With this, the emergency power source lights will turn on. • This triggers a 2B time delay, and after this, the transfer switch will work in an emergency position. As a result, the transfer switch connected to the emergency light or the S2 position LED turns on. Along with this, the transfer switch connected to normal will turn off. • After the feature 3A time delay, the transfer switch will go back to the normal position. • To re-transfer at once, turn the transfer control switch in an anti-clockwise direction to retransfer delay bypass. As a result, the transfer switch connected to normal will turn on and the transfer switch connected to emergency or the S2 position LED will go off. Now, turn the isolation handle in a clockwise direction to the connected position. • After feature 2E time delay, the generator will stop. The cycle of the delay engine stop timer starts. During this time, the generator set runs without load. • It is important to give a minimum 5-minute delay for the unloaded running of the generator. Let the engine cool down during this time. With these steps, you can verify whether: • All the necessary functions are running correctly when load shifts to an emergency power source in case of primary source failure. • S1 (source1) LED and S2 position LED are working properly. • There is any vibration or noise during operation. • All the time delays during the load transfer are working correctly. Automatic Transfer Switch Testing Procedures– Annual preventive transfer switch maintenance process To ensure the reliability and life of the automatic transfer switches, proper maintenance is important. The switch uses dangerous voltage that can lead to shock, burn, and even death. Thus, make sure that you disconnect ATS with the normal power source and the emergency power supply system before any automatic transfer switch maintenance activity. • First of all, conduct a visual inspection and look for any dirt, dust or moisture. With the help of a soft brush or a vacuum cleaner, remove all the dust. Clean the moisture with a cloth. • You will find a manual operator handle in the switch for maintenance purposes. You must check for any issues in manual operation. • Next, remove transfer switch barriers. Check all the internal components and contacts of the switches. Contacts must last till the life of the switch. Reinstall all the barriers carefully. • Due to harsh operating conditions, the lubrication on the switch may get lost. Thus, apply lubricants on all movements and linkages. • Then, check the connections of all cables and wires. Re-tighten them if required. • Finally, make sure that the switch has manual transfer warnings to avoid accidents. Automatic Transfer Switch Testing Procedures–Who performs this test? If it is a normal automatic transfer switch testing, any local person can do it. However, for advanced testing procedures, you have to contract out this task to experts. When doing so, make sure the contracting company meets all the safety requirements of the OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Also, the company must also have industry-trained technicians to do this job. Having qualified personnel means they are very well familiar with the procedures, related risks, and safety procedures of the ATS. Testing an automatic transfer switch ensures that you get a continuous power supply. Additionally, it will also ensure that the load transfer process, from primary power supply to emergency power supply, is efficient, safe, and fast. During the installation of ATS, if you need any help regarding wires and cable assemblies, contact Cloom. We deal in high-quality ones for your electrical system needs. Reach me at to get a quote for your projects. Lets Cloom Suport Your Projects
Exercises - Arrays Some of the exercises below provide sample runs to better clarify what the program in question is supposed to do. In these sample runs, text given in green has been typed by the user, while white text has been output by the program. Additionally, the "$" symbol indicates the command prompt, while the "↵" symbol indicates the user has pressed the return key. Exercises identified with a breadboard logo (shown at left) require the following library: 1. A rumor spreads in the following way: a person picks at random another person to inform of the rumor. If that person hasn't already been informed of the rumor, that person starts spreading the rumor as well. If that person had already been informed of the rumor, neither person spreads this rumor any further. Starting with 999 people who don't know the rumor and one who does and starts spreading it, write a class named RumorSpreader that simulates this situation and then prints the final percentage of the population that ends up knowing the rumor... 2. The median of a list of values is the value that would occur in the center of the list, if the list was ordered from least to greatest, or -- in the case of an even number of values -- the average of the two center-most values in the same ordered list. Write a class named MedianFinder that prompts the user to enter some number of integer values, separated by spaces, and then identifies the median value for this list. Remember, you'll need to sort the integers before identifying the "middle" value. $ java MedianFinder↵ Enter some number of integers, separated by spaces: 1 2 9 3 7 8 5 4 6↵ The median is 5.0 $ java MedianFinder↵ Enter some number of integers, separated by spaces: 1 2 4 3↵ The median is 2.5 3. A mode of a list of values is a value that occurs with maximum frequency. Write a class named ModeFinder whose main method prompts the user to enter some number of integer values, separated by spaces, and then prints the number of modes present, followed by the modes themselves, separated by commas. (Note that in the case only one mode is found, the word "mode" when displayed to the user is in a singular form, versus when more than one mode is found, the plural form of "modes" is used instead.) $ java ModeFinder↵ Enter some number of integers, separated by spaces: 7 1 2 3 2 4 5 2 5 6 8 9 8 10 5 9 8↵ There were 3 modes: 2, 5, 8 $ java ModeFinder↵ Enter some number of integers, separated by spaces: 1 2 3 2 8 9 2 8 9 2 2↵ There was 1 mode: 4. Suppose we wish to write a simple Instagram-like program that will cycle through the application of three filters (i.e., "photo effects") to an image of the user's choice. The three filters that we wish to apply include making the image grayscale; creating an image negative; and blurring the image (the effects of which are shown on the masks of Guy Fawkes below). Use the code in PhotoProcessor.java to get started with this task. Note, code has already been provided to allow the user to load an image from a file, and handles the cyclic display of the images produced. Add the appropriate code to the three methods makeGrayscale, makeNegative, and makeBlurred to complete the PhotoProcessor class. Note, both the argument and output of the three methods you must write are GImage objects. You may wish to read about the GImage class in the Breadboards API. You may also wish to read Images, Pixels, and the Breadboard Library as you attempt to complete the PhotoProcessor class. 5. The image below is a section of the famed fractal, the Mandelbrot Set. Fractals are strange sets whose dimension often lies between integers -- that is to say, something more than a line, but not quite a surface; or more than a surface, but not quite a volume; and so on... As it happens, writing a program to draw the Mandelbrot Set is actually very easy to do with a programming language like Java -- as long as you have a basic understanding of complex numbers. With that in mind, recall a complex number is any number of the form $a+bi$ where $a$ and $b$ are real numbers, and $i = \sqrt{-1}$. So for example $(1.2+0.7i)$ is a complex number. These numbers are added, subtracted, and multiplied together in a natural way (i.e., we treat them like polynomials in $i$, and remember that $i^2 = -1$. For example: $(1+3i) + (2 - 5i) = (3 - 2i)$ $(1+3i) - (2 - 5i) = (-1 + 8i)$ $(1+3i)(2-5i) = 2 - 5i + 6i - 15i^2 = 2 - 5i + 6i + 15 = (17+i)$ Suppose the central drawing area of the breadboard represents the part of the complex plane where both the real part (the value of $a$ above) and the imaginary coefficient (the value of $b$ above) fall between -2 and 2. Suppose $c$ is the complex number that corresponds to some pixel in this area. For each such pixel and complex number $c$, we create a sequence of complex values $z_0, z_1, z_2, z_3, \ldots$, such that $z_0 = 0$ and $z_{n+1} = z_n^2 + c$ We say the sequence thus produced from a starting complex value "escapes to infinity" if it contains a term whose magnitude (i.e., distance to the origin) exceeds $2$, as it can be easily proven that the later terms of the sequence start to get farther and farther away from the origin once this happens. Suppose we are interested in seeing which points of the complex plane produce sequences that escape to infinity, and which ones don't... As a practical matter -- since we can't actually calculate the infinitely many terms of each sequence in finite time -- suppose we calculate $M$ terms of each sequence. If none of the $M$ terms for a particular sequence have magnitude greater than $2$, we color the pixel corresponding to that sequence black. Otherwise, we color the pixel some other color. Often, for pixels that correspond to sequences that escape to infinity, one chooses the color according to how long it takes to produce the complex term with magnitude (i.e., distance to the origin) is greater than $2$. Calculating the pixel content/color in the following way will result in an aesthetically pleasing image: //supposing the nth term is the first in the sequence with magnitude exceeding 2... int blue = 35 + 10 * (n % 23); int red = 75 + 10 * (n % 19); int green = 95 + 10 * (n % 17); 6. The Mandelbrot Set is defined to be the set of complex values that produce sequences that fail to escape to infinity. Write a class named MandelbrotSetPlotter.java that extends the TwoButtonBreadboard class, and plots the Mandelbrot set in black, while coloring the rest of the planar region shown on the canvas using the algorithm above or another one of your own design. Additionally, if the user clicks-and-drags a rectangle and then clicks the "Zoom" button, the region shown on the canvas should be updated accordingly. If a number has been entered in the breadboard's text field, the maximum number of iterates to be considered should be updated accordingly. Clicking the "Reset" button should return the region of the plane drawn to that between $-2$ and $2$ on the real axis, and $-2i$ and $2i$ on the imaginary axis. Check out the video below to see what this program should look like when executed... 7. Newton's method provides an efficient way to approximate solutions to equations of the form $f(x)=0$. Suppose you start with a value $x_1$ that you believe to be close to a root. The line tangent to the curve $y=f(x)$ through the point $(x_1,f(x_1))$ is pretty close to the curve, so wherever that line crosses the $x$ axis should be pretty close to the root. Suppose we call this point $x_2$. The tangent line's equation, of course, can be found using the derivative of $f(x)$, and is given by: $$y=f'(x_1)(x - x_1) +f(x_1)$$ To find $x_2$, we let $y=0$ and solve for $x$, yielding: $$x_2 = x_1 - \frac{f(x_1)}{f'(x_1)}$$ So now we have $x_2$, a value which hopefully is even closer to the root than $x_1$. By repeating the process above on $x_2$, we can find $x_3$, which is likely to be closer still: $$x_3 = x_2 - \frac{f(x_2)}{f'(x_2)}$$ In a similar manner, we can produce $x_4$, $x_5$, etc... which should provide better and better approximations for the actual root we seek. Newton's method works great, provided our initial value of $x_1$ is "close enough" to the root in question - much like water poured in a water basin is guaranteed to run straight towards the drain. However, when the initial value of $x_1$ isn't close enough to the root, what happens can be a little strange. For example, we might end up a an entirely different root altogether - or worse yet, we might never converge to a root at all! Newton's method isn't limited to functions that only operate on real values -- functions with complex domains will work too. We could, for example, use Newton's method to approximate the four roots of $f(z) = z^4-1$ (i.e., $\pm 1$ and $\pm i$), by picking appropriate initial values of $z_1$ that are "close enough" to the roots. Finding the complex roots of this function is not the interesting piece, however -- they are easy enough to find by hand for this function. Instead, we would like to get a better understanding of what goes on at the edges of the "Newton basins", where we aren't really close to any one root. Write a Java class named Newton to examine a uniform distribution of points in the section of the complex plane where the real part and the complex coefficient are bound between -2 and 2. Each of the points examined should successively be used as the initial value in a sequence $\{z_i\}$ where $$z_{i+1} = z_i - \frac{f(z_i)}{f'(z_i)}$$ Recall, if $f(z)=z^4-1$, then $f'(z) = 4z^3$. If the sequence approaches $1$, color the initial point red; if it approaches $-1$, color it blue; if $i$ is approached, color it yellow; and if $-i$ is approached, color the initial point green. If everything goes as planned, you should end up with an image like this:
The UVic Writer's Guide Grades—Or, Why Did I Get That B-? What A Grade Means The University of Victoria uses a nine point grading system divided into first class (A+, A, A-), second class (B+, B, B-), pass (C+, C, D) and fail (E, F). The Department of English offers these guidelines to its instructors on the meaning of the grades that are assigned: First Class ("A" range) Given for excellence in style and content, with evidence of perceptiveness and originality; ideas are formulated clearly and understood fully by the writer; the first class paper demonstrates a superior performance in most areas of expression and content. Second Class ("B" range) Given for good work, which may be flawed by omissions or by minor weaknesses of style or organization; often the paper tends toward vagueness or formlessness, as if the ideas are not quite clear in the writer's mind; often, too, it may contain a limited number or range of ideas, as if the writer has some general knowledge of the subject, but has not thought the material through; although papers in the upper range may suggest superior work, the second class essay remains a good, solid, but not spectacular performance. Pass ("C" range and "D") Given for satisfactory writing which contains errors in content, style, and organization; ideas are pedestrian and suggest no firm grasp of the material; sentences and ideas are dull and repetitive; "C" papers (C+ and C; there is no C- grade) are in no danger of failing, but have little hint of anything more than an average performance. "D" papers are on the borderline; they suggest incompetence in content and style; organization and substantiation are probably deficient, and the writing shows difficulty in dealing with written language; there may be some redeeming factors, but the result suggests failure rather than a passing grade. Fail ("E" and "F") Given for unsatisfactory performance; mechanical errors seriously inhibit understanding; any points made tend to be superficial; there is no sense of audience, of paragraphing, of making an argument, or of understanding the material. An "E" paper may suggest possibilities for improvement (and may qualify for a supplemental examination), but both failing papers clearly demonstrate incompetence. Here is another comment, specifically on the kind of paper that earns a respectable but unspectacular grade, a B-: The common B- paper will have nothing really bad, nothing really good. There will be a thesis, but it will probably be obvious, almost a truism; there will be paragraphs, but they will be short, and there will be only a few details of support for generalizations; there will be a conscious attempt at organization, but it will again be obvious (this is my introductory passage. . . here comes the conclusion. . .); sentences will be accurate but short, and will tend to be monotonous; there will be a few comma errors (one where there should be two) but probably no run-on sentences; vocabulary will be unadventurous. Then there is the less common, more frustrating B-. There will be ideas, and signs of an active intelligence, but there will be more serious problems of expression: syntax in particular will be unbalanced or contorted, with awkward parallel constructions, problems of agreement, and dangling modifiers; there may be more spelling errors, often of less common words (though this is the kind of paper where you get the its/it's confusion). Grading is more complicated than summaries such as this can show; if you do not understand why you were given a particular grade, you should first of all read over the essay carefully, deciphering the instructor's comments. Then, if the reason is still not clear, you should consult the instructor directly. There are many reasons why you may not be performing as well as you expect. Statistics show that students coming to university from high school will on the whole earn grades almost one grade point lower than they are used to; those transferring from colleges may expect to perform about half a grade lower. Essays at the university level inevitably require more intellectual effort, and the result of dealing with more complex ideas is that sometimes the sentences and paragraphs you are used to using are no longer adequate.< p> The purpose of this manual is to give you the tools to improve your performance, not only in English courses, but in all courses that require thinking, organizing, and writing. There are not many at the University that do not. Topics About Marking Start Over Table of Contents Copyright, Department of English, The University of Victoria, 1995 This page updated Sept. 24, 1995
Novoyelnya \| Grodno / Maria A. remembers that the Jews were forced to wear yellow stars just after after the German invasion. ©Nicolas Tkatchouk/Yahad - In Unum Vera L. remembers that the ghetto was surrounded with barbed wire. ©Nicolas Tkatchouk/Yahad - In Unum The Yahad team conducting an interview. ©Nicolas Tkatchouk/Yahad - In Unum Execution of Jews in Novoyelnya 1 Execution site(s) Kind of place before : Near the railway station Memorials : Period of occupation: Witness interview Vera N.: "There was a clay mine in the field. In 1942, we were told that the Germans shot the Jews there. We found some bones. The bodies were probably dug up after the event. Four people were killed in all, but the main mass shooting took place at the Jewish cemetery." (Witness N°336, interviewed in May, 2010) Historical note Novoyelnya is a small village situated 60km northwest of Baranovichi. Before the war, it seems that the majority of the inhabitants were Jewish. The city was under German occupation from 1941 to 1944. Holocaust by bullets in figures Little is known about the events during the Holocaust in Novoyelnya. A small, enclosed ghetto was established in some houses a few months after the arrival of the Germans. The ghetto was liquidated in spring 1942. The Jews were shot either near the train station or at the Jewish cemetery. Nearby villages Please contact us at
4th December 2019 What is the difference between dicing and mincing? Dice can also refer to cutting vegetable into cubes of a specific size while chop is less precise. In general, chop is more casual and has more leeway while dice is more specific. The word mince means a very small dice. From left to right, above: large chop, medium chop, small chop (diced), and minced. What does it mean to mince in cooking? Can you substitute onion powder for minced onion? Write Your Answer 4 / 5 based on 2 votes. Press Ctrl + D to add this site to your favorites!
What is ultrapure water? Ultra-pure water is water produced by the US scientific and technological community in order to develop ultra-pure materials (semiconductor original materials, nano-fine ceramic materials, etc.) using distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis technology or other appropriate supercritical fine technology. Except for water molecules (H20), there are almost no impurities, no bacteria, viruses, chlorinated dioxins and other organic matter. Of course, there are no mineral trace elements needed by the human body. Ultra-pure water has no hardness and tastes sweeter. It is called soft water and can be drunk directly or boiled. Ultra-pure water is a degree that is difficult to achieve with general technology. If the resistivity of water is greater than 18MΩ*cm (without obvious boundaries), it is called ultra-pure water. water treatment public drinking commercial water purification system with RUNXIN automatic valve filter China CHIWATEC Do you have a water treatment project we can help with We will answer your email shortly!
The Other Senses We humans have a visual bias. Experiments have demonstrated our preference for sight, but there is no need for experiments. “The proof of the pudding is in the eating,” not the tasting, but “Seeing is believing,” they say. Whenever we want to illustrate something, well, we illustrate it. Our language and culture reify vision. Even our metaphysical discussions are rife with visual references: consider Mary the color scientist, spectrum inversions, and Gettier problems. Our belief in seeing privileges our sense of sight relative to our other senses, and we are likely to take its instruction more seriously. We wave off any perceptual conundrums arising from our other senses as foibles of inferior organs. But we should take our nonvisual phenomena more seriously, for they have lessons for us if we do. Those lessons start at the bottom, with our sense of smell. Though it is our crudest sense, and arguably the one sensory modality that we could most do without, the structure of smell has weighty implications. Olfactory neurons each bear a single kind of receptor. The odors we experience are mediated by activation of a set of receptors entirely. The number and distribution of that activation determines everything about a smell: its intensity, favorability, and motivational power. An odor is something which can be described, but not named. There is no equivalent to “red” in our odor palette. However, there are good and bad smells, and as with moral qualities (supposedly), smells are intrinsically motivating on the basis of their goodness and badness. That motivational power lies in the smell itself. A chemical in a test tube which smells like a steaming pile, produces the same revulsion as the smell of a steaming pile itself. It is tempting to say that the odor of the chemical in the test tube is just an olfactory misrepresentation of crap. The common scent is supposed to smell just as it does, though. The smell is a conjunction linking an aversive mood, and things to be avoided. The smell and the mood are about a broad landscape, stretching over memory, history coded in our genetics and cultural instruction, all mediated by a particular pattern of receptor activation. A similar sort of two-directional representation occurs in our auditory experience. The organ which generates auditory nerve signals, the cochlea, is tuned to the range of the human voice. The structures at the auditory end of the line are primed to respond directly to voices and music, and indirectly, to stimulate an emotional response to voices and music. As with smell, when hearing evokes a mood, it builds a memory of itself and its circumstances on a broad and sturdy base. A good framework improves the recollection’s relevance, and therefore its odds of survival. Here is another temptation. Fans of evolutionary psychology and divine teleology may see the beginnings of a good story in this structure. But those sorts of stories are unnecessary, and far beyond the point, which is: our hearing shapes the map of our experience in terms of words and music, as much as it recognizes musical and linguistic experiences. The other senses break down the uni-directionality of representation, but even further, they blur the internal/external division itself. Taste receptors give us the sensations of sweet, salt, sour, bitter, and umami. Our conscious experience of taste locates those sensations on the tongue. But there are taste receptors for bitter and sweet in the pharynx, and sweet taste receptors throughout the intestinal tract. Those sweet receptors attach to neurons which do not reside in the central nervous system, but instead, lie in the intestinal tract itself, and the pancreas. Though these sense organs have no direct connections to the central nervous system, they still contribute to conscious experience. They simply do so via the adjacent somatosensory system. Our somatic senses are a bit of a jumble. As a whole, they are the thing that represents our status. Though there are a few specialized sense organs in the system, it mostly relies on bare nerve endings and chemical signals built in to the tissues surrounding the nerve endings. This sense tells us where our limbs are, and what each appendage is doing. The somatosensory system lets us know when our gallbladder is on the fritz, and, indirectly, when we are hungry or full.. Though they are rarely the center of our conscious attention, our somatosensory experiences are always present in our conscious states. If I interrupt Dr. Penrose’s visualization of a 5 dimensional object, he will immediately be able to tell me whether he is standing or sitting, feeling hungry, feeling warm or cold, fit or tired. Somatosensory experience serves as the shade tree, grass, and sky in the painting of our phenomenal picnic. Of all the senses, our somatic sense most effectively dissolves the boundary between what is internal and what is external. Because, our hunger is apparently our hunger. Our cold is our cold. These are things that seem to incorrigibly belong to us, just like our thoughts or our moods. The thought that any of these things belong to us is a bit off anyway. Words and music, hunger, thought, and mood are constituents, but there is no separable “us” to which they may belong. We come by this error regarding identity via our most favored sense. Because we rely so heavily on vision, we confer an unmerited degree of independence to our visual experiences. We conceive of sight as purely received information, which given the limitations of the medium, naïvely represents an unconditioned reality. The plain truth gets transmitted through our optic nerves, into the dark room behind our eyes for the viewing pleasure of a little man in front of his little screen – the real us. Visual realism leads to other mistakes in its turn, regarding what is real and what is not. We begin to believe that numbers may be real because our eyes see objects as very discrete. Geometric shapes may seem real because we are able to depict them visually. A separate observer made up a separate stuff must sit behind our eyes to validate the reality of our visions. Our other senses beg to differ. They give as good as they get. Their contributions to our experience only make sense in reference to our global experience itself and do not rest on some outer, hard surface. Our world may be a ship sustained by the tension of its own spars, but it works for us – better than a brittle realism would. Tagged , , , , , , , 2 thoughts on “The Other Senses 1. And so: “We live, while we see the sun, Where life and dreams are as one; And living has taught me this, Man dreams the life that is his, Until his living is done. The king dreams he is king, and he lives In the deceit of a king, Commanding and governing; And all the praise he receives Is written in wind, and leaves A little dust on the way When death ends all with a breath. Where then is the gain of a throne, That shall perish and not be known In the other dream that is death? Dreams the rich man of riches and fears, The fears that his riches breed; The poor man dreams of his need, And all his sorrows and tears; Dreams he that prospers with years, Dreams he that feigns and foregoes, Dreams he that rails on his foes; And in all the world, I see, Man dreams whatever he be, And his own dream no man knows. And I too dream and behold, I dream I am bound with chains, And I dreamed that these present pains Were fortunate ways of old. What is life? a tale that is told; What is life? a frenzy extreme, A shadow of things that seem; And the greatest good is but small, That all life is a dream to all, And that dreams themselves are a dream.” Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
the compass in a sentence "the compass" in Chinese 1. The data taking is divided into the COMPASS I and II phases. 2. Each ring has one peg hole at each point of the compass. 3. The Compass Center on South Washington Street was one of the tragedies. 4. Reversing the compass is a small act, but it has huge consequences. 5. Their weapons are the scorp and gutter adz and the compass plane. 6. It's difficult to find the compass in a sentence. 7. Around the globe are eight large stone blocks that represent the compass. 8. The compasses also are available from specialty retailers such as Sharper Image. 9. The Riddle of the Compass : The Invention that Changed the World, 10. But just what are the compasses that companies'leaders should be using now? 11. Tapping involves lightly touching the Compass card flat against a card reader. 12. The runway can just be seen to the left of the Compass. 13. I have attempted to clarify the compass system in " Gameplay ". 14. Emma and Mary Margaret take the compass and jump into the portal. 15. There are four gates which roughly correspond the points of the compass. 16. The Compass Group : http : / / www . compass-usa . com 17. More: 1 2 3 4 Related Words 1. the comparative in a sentence 2. the comparative law bureau in a sentence 3. the comparative law bureau of the american bar association in a sentence 4. the comparison in a sentence 5. the compartment in a sentence 6. the compass center in a sentence 7. the compass centre in a sentence 8. the compass institute inc in a sentence 9. the compass players in a sentence 10. the compass point sessions in a sentence PC Version简体繁體日本語日本語
Tourism delivers a $7 billion economic impact and another $2.2 billion in labor impact. That economic impact – totaling nearly $7 billion – is greater than the entire national gross product of numerous nations. Tourism impacts the community in other ways. Tourism accounts for more than half of the jobs along the Grand Strand. Those employees use their wages to purchase goods and services, including housing, transportation, food, clothing, healthcare and entertainment. The money invested into our local economy by tourists circulates throughout our economy several times over, providing an ongoing economic impact that would disappear entirely without tourism. Tourists also pay taxes. Transaction taxes collected from tourists include sales tax, hospitality fees, fuel tax, accommodations tax and education tax. Some tourists decide to relocate here, and purchase a home. Other tourists invest in investment properties and/or second homes. How does tourism benefit businesses other than hotels, restaurants and golf courses? Many businesses throughout the Explore Ibeju Lekki enjoy a balance of customers that include both tourists and residents. This includes retail outlets, grocery stores, entertainment venues and transportation providers. Ultimately, these tourism-dependent businesses need other service which is paid for in part by tourist dollars. Likewise, employees in the tourism industry use their wages to make purchases throughout the Grand Strand. Even though a business may not think of itself as benefitting from tourism, the indirect benefits of tourism impact nearly every business along the Grand Strand. Doesn’t tourism put added burden on our local infrastructure and essential services? Tourists use much of the same infrastructure and services that residents use, including roads, bridges, highways, airports, police/fire protection, medical services, etc. In an area like the explore ibeju lekki our average tourist population nearly equals the permanent population. During peak season, the total population (visitor and resident combined) can more than double. No doubt, a growing tourism industry requires adequate investment and maintenance of our local infrastructure and public services. The positive impact of tourism on infrastructure and public services benefits everyone – residents, tourists and businesses. Without tourism, the area would not be able to expand publicly-owned facilities, like the Oniru beach. Without tourism, the area would not be able to fund new road projects, including Eleko beach, Elegushi beach. Without tourism, the area would not be able to fund much of the planned expansion of educational facilities. Without tourism, the burden of paying for police protection, fire protection, emergency management and emergency medical services would fall entirely upon the local residents, ultimately reducing the scope and perhaps the quality of service. Tourists help pay for infrastructure and services that everyone benefits from. It is true that tourism requires an additional investment, but that investment pays off each and every day for our local residents. What kinds of jobs does tourism generate? Most people associate tourism with hourly jobs in the service sector, and there’s no doubt that tourism is accountable for thousands of jobs locally. What are often overlooked are the management jobs that are a part of the tourism industry. We see desk clerks and maids, but don’t notice the managers, supervisors, accountants and marketers that work in a hotel or resort. We see waiters, bartenders and cooks but don’t notice the team of managers, chefs, accountants and supervisors that run a restaurant. We see flight attendants and counter attendants but don’t notice the pilots, auditors, engineers and other professionals that run airlines. While tourism does create hourly jobs, it also supports and sustains an overlooked corps of managers and other professionals that play an integral role. Beyond the direct employment within businesses that serve tourists, the impact of tourism spreads well beyond the traditional definition of tourism. Many industries exist to support businesses within the tourism industry: advertising agencies, accounting firms, distributors, furniture makers, etc. Why should public funds be used to promote tourism? Public funding of tourism promotion is quite common. In fact, most tourism destinations invest far more public funds in destination promotion than private funds, with many destination marketers receiving 70% or more of their funding from public funds. Ibeju Lekki has historically seen a larger investment by private industry in destination promotion than most other destinations. Public funds are typically used to promote a destination, such as the entire Ibeju. Individual businesses are responsible for marketing their own business, but destination marketers must first create interest in visitation before an individual business can effectively market itself. From an industry perspective, this is no different than the Department of Agriculture spending funds promoting agricultural products, the Lottery Commission promoting the Education Lottery, or the Department of Commerce promoting business opportunities in our state. With the beautiful scenery and multiple golf courses we have here, why do we have to promote tourism? Wouldn’t people come anyway? There’s no doubt Ibeju Lekki is fortunate to be home to exceptional amenities and attractions, most notably our beaches. And while most visitors who choose to vacation here rank the beach as the most popular draw, research confirms that the non-beach amenities --- restaurants, attractions, golf courses, entertainment venues, retail outlets, etc. --- are what differentiates our destination and make it so popular. Otherwise, the Ibeju Lekki would be just another vacation destination with no more visitors than any other beach destination. To build the appeal of the destination, the non-beach amenities must be effectively marketed. Visitors who have never been to Ibeju Lekki are often surprised to learn just how much the area offers. Good marketing builds the awareness and desirability of a vacation destination. Once the consumer is interested in visiting; individual businesses can then begin to market themselves to the tourists. Destination marketing is essential to growing and sustaining tourism.
Add This to Your New Year’s Resolution: Avoid the “Sitting Disease” Many people spend the vast majority of their day sitting. Whether it’s working at a desk, reading, lounging or watching television, most of the tasks we’re called upon to complete every day don’t require full-body movement. This has become especially true since the pandemic shutdown, when people learned to function while staying home. Even shopping, which used to be a regular physical activity, can now be done without getting up from your chair. And all this time spent sitting every day has led to an increase in something called Sitting Disease. What Is Sitting Disease? Sitting disease is a group of conditions combined – increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, especially around the waist, and high cholesterol. These conditions all together are also known as metabolic syndrome. It’s easy to see why these conditions all together could lead to health problems such as heart disease and potentially lead to early death. People who work a desk job, or those who are retired and enjoying a relaxing lifestyle, could be doing a lot of prolonged sitting. Recent studies show that this is potentially a serious problem with potentially serious consequences. Why Is Sitting Harmful? Scientists refer to the fact that for many thousands of years, a normal human life was active. From the earliest days of hunters and gatherers, an entire lifetime was spent performing physical activity. And after those earliest days, until about 200 years ago, about 90% of the world’s population regularly practiced some form of agriculture. To survive throughout this long history, people were built to move. The sedentary lifestyles that became common in the 20th century are relatively new in terms of human development. And the advancements in technology that have led to even less need for physical activity have increased dramatically in just the last several years. Many people can now get through an entire productive day and never have to physically exert themselves. And scientists are now seeing the serious negative effects of sitting on people’s’ health. What About Regular Exercise? Even people who exercise regularly have an increased risk of sitting disease if they spend the remaining hours of their day sitting. This may be surprising, but the science says it’s true. It’s certainly better to exercise than not, but people must also make an effort to avoid sitting for long periods even if they’re generally healthy and even physically fit. How to Avoid Sitting Disease We all have times when we’re required to sit still to get work done. Or we may have times when we’re relaxing, enjoying a mentally stimulating activity, reading, or watching television. This is normal in modern times and can’t be avoided. But sitting disease can still be avoided with some simple and easy adjustments. Simply take a break from your seated task every 30 minutes, or at least every hour. Stand up, stretch, walk around, go get a drink of water. If you move around for even five minutes for every half-hour you’re sitting, you’ll cut your risk of sitting disease considerably. Better yet, if you can alternate between sitting and standing for equal intervals, say 30 minutes each, you can really boost your metabolism, increase blood flow, and vastly improve your overall health and well-being. If you need to meet with someone, see if your meeting can be on the move. Take a walk while you talk. There’s evidence that the metabolism boost of a walk can sharpen your thinking, problem-solving and creativity. Adapt Your Environment to You Consider using a standing desk, or a desk that can be raised to accommodate if you want to stand. You could work at a kitchen counter or cabinet that’s taller than regular desk height. Standing desks are becoming more common and accepted in the workplace. And if you work at home, you’re free to set up your home office as you like, so set it up with your long-term health and well-being in mind. You don’t have to be working to get up and move around. Remember to move even when you’re reading or watching television. Set a timer for 30 minutes or an hour as a reminder to get up, stretch, move around, or just stand for a while. The Benefits of Standing and Moving It doesn’t take much effort to avoid sitting disease, and the benefits can be tremendous. • Improve your posture and lessen back pain • Reduce your risk of heart disease • Increase blood flow to your brain • Reduce your risk of osteoporosis • Have an easier time avoiding weight gain • Improve your balance • Strengthen your muscles • Improve your mood The health problems of metabolic syndrome, now also known as sitting disease, haven’t been understood for very many years, but the evidence has quickly come into focus. Regular exercise every day is great, but it’s not enough. Remember, people were built to move. It’s easy to do, so make sure you keep moving, too. Active Lifestyle at Heritage Senior Living With so many services and amenities meant to keep our residents active, engaged and healthy, they never run out of things to do. Exercise rooms, walking areas, therapy services and more are all available, as is the expert staff to meet your every need. Our commitment to innovation means we’re always aware of the latest science on health and wellness. We’re committed to providing our residents with the most modern information and techniques to maximize their health and wellness. Contact us to find out more. Have Questions? We're to Help. (844) 658-4475
What country does Little Women take place in? New England during and after the American Civil War The town where the March and Laurence families live is never given a name in the novel, but it’s clearly somewhere in New England and loosely based on Concord, Massachusetts, where Louisa May Alcott’s family lived all her life. Where is the setting of the story Little Women? Concord, Massachusetts Little Women is set in the 1860s in a New England town modeled on Concord, Massachusetts. Most of the action in Part I revolves around the March’s family’s home. Where is the real Little Women house? The real Louisa May Alcott’s Orchard House, where the writer spent part of her childhood, is located at 399 Lexington Road, in the city of Concord. Here is where she wrote Little Women back in 1868. As local media WBUR reports, today the house still survives as a museum. Where does Beth March live? She is the third daughter of Margaret and Robert March and the second youngest March sister. During her first years the March family was pretty wealthy but when Beth was three their father had lost his money. The vast majority of her life, Beth has lived in genteel poverty. Did Jo March marry in real life? Alcott herself never married. One of the lines that Gerwig gives to Jo in the movie — “I’d rather be a free spinster and paddle my own canoe” — is actually the author’s own. Where is the March House? Concord, Massachusetts Orchard House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Orchard House, summer 2013 Location 399 Lexington Road, Concord, Massachusetts, U.S. Significant dates What was Beth March’s secret? Summary — Chapter 36: Beth’s Secret Did Jo ever love Laurie? What was Beth March sick with? It turns out that they had scarlet fever, and Beth—then 13 years old in the book—gets it herself after being in contact with them. According to the Mayo Clinic, “scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that develops in some people who have strep throat.” Symptoms include a fever, bright-red body rash, and a sore throat. What is Beth March’s full name? Elizabeth “Beth” March was the third daughter of Margaret and Robert March. Elizabeth March. Elizabeth “Beth” March Birth and Death No information Also Known As Beth Bethy Angel my Beth (by Jo) Betty (by Jo) Hair Color Light Brown Eyes Blue How much older is Professor Bhaer than Jo? How old is Amy March when she gets married? After Beth dies, Professor Bhaer woos Jo at her home, when “They decide to share life’s burdens just as they shared the load of bundles on their shopping expedition.” She is 25 years old when she accepts his proposal. What is the age difference between Laurie and Amy? I know the age difference between Amy and Laurie is only three or four years, but their love and marriage would seem more normal to me if Laurie was ten years older yet they simply hadn’t had much interaction when Amy was a kid. Why did Jo marry Mr bhaer? But originally, Jo wasn’t supposed to get married. She did it because she thought that was the thing she had to do to please her readership and her publisher and to make it financially successful,” Gerwig explains to OprahMag.com. Who did the March sisters marry? Who is the eldest March sister? The four March sisters are enduring characters in children’s literature. Meg, the oldest, beautiful and rather vain but sweet; Jo, the main focus of the books, a spirited tomboy; Beth, a sickly, gentle musician who dies in the first novel; and Amy, pampered and artistic. How old are the March sisters at the end? They are aged 16, 15, 13 and 12. The story is set during the American Civil War, and tells the story of the sisters’ adventures and life as they grow up. Who was the youngest of the March sisters? Amy Curtis March Amy Curtis March is the youngest March sister in Louisa May Alcott’s classic Little Women, herself based on Alcott’s own youngest sister, May. Of all four March sisters, Amy is the one most concerned with adhering to the rules and acquiring the trimmings of high society.
Peppers: Mexico’s Spicy Twist Peppers are among the main staples of Mexican food. Diners worldwide often associate Mexican dishes with a spicy twist that makes them fun to eat. Spanish even has the word “enchilado” to describe when someone’s mouth is on fire. “If you didn’t add pepper to it, don’t expect the food to taste. Although one must say that there is spicy food and spicy food,” said David Alonso López, a gastronomy graduate from the Mexican University. “We are talking about something that goes hand in hand with our national culture.” Mexicans have enjoyed peppers since pre-Hispanic times. The word “chilli” comes from Nahuatl, the Aztecs’ language. Mexicans grow 64 different varieties of pepper. (v2osk/Unsplash) “What Mexican stew is cooked without peppers? If [the recipe for] a stew does not have peppers, we will add them” afterward, said Alonso López. Mexicans grow 64 different varieties of peppers. Some are mild, others may be a bomb and a few may itch in the mouth but not hurt the stomach. Endemic to the Mayan region, the habanero pepper is among the spiciest but least damaging. “We could say that the hottest peppers in Mexico are the chile de árbol and the habanero, although the [popularization of the] habanero is more recent,” said the chef, explaining that from the mid-1990s, Mexican cuisine has seen a rebound in its use. The most popular pepper in Mexico is the serrano. It grows mainly in Puebla, Veracruz, Sonora, Hidalgo, Guerrero and the State of Mexico. Mexicans enjoy it raw, cooked, roasted or fried. Many dishes in Mexican cuisine require dry peppers. But Mexicans are very particular because they know that all peppers have different properties and flavors. Some pepper transformations are central to Mexican cuisine. When jalapeños are dried they become chipotle or morita peppers. Dried mirasol turns into guajillo, while dry chilaca becomes pasilla pepper. Dried poblanos becomes ancho peppers. Habaneros receive the same name when fresh and dry. Mexicans often call dehydrated serranos just dry peppers, and they are the most common in Mexican salsas, moles and marinades. Some peppers bring more heat than flavor, while others add color to some emblematic Mexican dishes. Peppers are part of almost all types of Mexican salsas. In this picture, one can see the ingredients for pico de gallo, including jalapeño or serrano peppers. (Jamie Coupaud/Unsplash) “Among the dried peppers, we can say that guajillo gives color and serrano brings a touch of heat. Those would be the most used throughout the country, especially in the central area that includes the state of Veracruz,” said Alonso López. “I grew up eating spicy my whole life,” said 54-year-old Genaro de Jesús Alvarez. “Now it is not common to give pepper to children, but my parents taught me to eat it, from chilpaya to green peppers [serranos], and now I can’t eat anything without a spicy twist on my plate.” Spicy food can be addictive. People who have grown used to it endure more and more the heat, and sometimes they prepare their salsas and condiments increasingly spicy. “It has to bite. If it doesn’t, there is no point [in having a dish],” said Álvarez. “Sometimes I don’t think a particular food is spicy, but other people can’t eat it. It is a matter of taste.” The post Peppers: Mexico’s Spicy Twist appeared first on Zenger News.
The position of minimal characters in doctor Essay Topic: Doctor Faustus, Paper type: Literature, Words: 1147 \| Published: 04.09.20 \| Views: 437 \| Download now Doctor Faustus, Faust, The Tempest Shakespeare’s minor characters are as often as varied and important to the story as their leading part counterparts, used within his plays to illuminate the main characters’ goals and feelings. The presence of these personages also expands upon the audience’s encounter while giving target audience members heroes to which they will relate. Inside the Tempest, for instance , Antonio helps you to illuminate Prospero’s last challenges, creating sympathy with the market, where as Shakespeare uses Stephano to parody Antonio, creating humour in this mockery. The character of Antonio is usually introduced to the group first in scene a single, on the boat, and further explained in Prospero’s tale about how having been forced to Miami. Prospero’s explanation of his brother, “Thy false uncle” and “that a sibling should be and so perfidious”, provides the audience indication as to the characteristics of the persona. This would be seen as an biased affirmation, causing the group to think Prospero’s understanding, were it does not for Antonio’s actions on the boat, where he demonstrated himself to become an extremely unpleasant character in his treatment of individuals both reduce that him in station, the Boatswain, and parent than him in intelligence, Gonzalo. For instance , the quotation “Hang cur! Hang you whoreson, insolent noisemaker. We could less scared to be drowned than thou art”. Antonio later makes it clear that he would not regret supplanting his brother’s power, as when he comes up about his conscience he says, “Ay, Sir: where lies that? inches. This has the dramatic effect of alienating him from the audience as he feels no sense of guilt after betraying his family. Antonio works well as a slight character when he is one of the only characters on the island of st. kitts who has the energy to stop Florido. Prospero requirements Alonso, the king, to re-instate himself as Fight it out of Miami. However , Antonio’s plot to kill the King and Gonzalo, “draw together, and when I back my hands, you do the like, to show up on Gonzalo”, threatens this and produces a sense of anticipation and fear within just his several appearances. Where William shakespeare uses Antonio to color the overall disposition of the enjoy, he counter tops this with another small character, Stephano, who’s plan is designed to be funny. His story revolves around a plot to kill Florido with Caliban, “yea, yes, my lord: I’ll produce him the asleep, wherever thou mayst knock a nail into his head”, which William shakespeare presents as being a parody with the plot to kill the king. The humour on this character is usually evident throughout the lines, “I was the person in the celestial satellite when the period was”, because the modern day audience would know he had one of many lowest cultural positions of all of the characters on the island of st. kitts, yet Caliban foolishly thinks him a god. Shakespeare once again uses his minimal characters to reduce his primary plot lines, as Stephano’s treatment of Caliban heightens the audience’s compassion of him, as well as giving them a harsh view of Prospero, as a result of connotations of slavery. When ever analysing the play by using a post colonial time reading, the associations of racism and Prospero’s purchase of the island that once belonged to Caliban, present Caliban because less associated with an antagonist. Even the accusation of rape, “til thou didst seek to violate the honor of my personal child”, from Miranda can be related to the white population’s assumption that people from the colonised countries had been savages who were seen to kill and rape. The heroes of Robin and Rafe from Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus are used within a similar approach, as they illuminate the foolishness of the main character, Faustus. Although Faustus is educated and focused, Robin copie many of his wishes. For example , Faustus’ wants for the most fabulous woman in the world as his wife whereas Robin intends to ‘make all the maidens in our parish dance at my pleasure abgefahren naked”. The crudeness of Robin’s ambition gives the audience a new point of view with which to see Faustus, because both equally men wish to influence ladies against their very own will employing magic. This kind of causes the group to reconsider whether Faustus is as reasonable or knowledgeable as he thinks he is. Another minor character inside the Tempest is the Boatswain, a character that uses the damage of the surprise to turn social standards of the time on their head. For example , when he is offering orders he berates the nobles for their cries inside the cabin, “Down with the topmast! Yare! Lower, lower! Bring her to try while using main-course. A plague after this howling! They are even louder than the weather, or our office”. Dr. murphy is the first personality to take charge within the performance and although he is outranked by the chief and the Nobel men, he proves much more logical and useful inside the storm. This is shown throughout the captain’s quick dependence on the Boatswain just before his exit, as well as the strong language of the Boatswain on the Nobel’s. He says, “what cares for you these roarers for the king”, which in turn follows the consistent motif within the Tempest of the ‘power of civilisation’, namely the possible lack of it inside the island’s site. The Boatswain and the tornado are the start of the idea that society and civilisation is usually turned on it’s head on this island then, where character and magic have power, as the king does not have power to preserve himself or his persons. The role change of the Boatswain is shown within Doctor Faustus, the moment Wagner echoes to the College students, friends of Faustus. Whilst they are knowledgeable men and Wagner is known as a servant, they can easily outwit them with lines like, “yet if you were certainly not dunces” and “For can be not he corpus natural”. Once again the minor character types of Marlowe are used to parody Faustus him self, as Wagner speaks in a mockery of educated dialect, using Latin as Faustus would, to insult persons. Both plays therefore use small characters to be able to illuminate the primary plot collection and expand on the two humorous and dramatic features of the play. Antonio’s plan acts as the main hindrance for the success of Prospero, on the other hand Shakespeare reassures his viewers through the parody account of Antonio’s plot through the drunken and condemned plot of Stephano. Solido himself is known as a more elderly and reputable character, so minor heroes allow the play to explore the themes of class turmoil, nature, and deceit much more effectively, bettering the experience of The Tempest. Related posts Save your time and get your research paper! Get My Essay
Juveniles and crime Juvenile Justice Juvenile Justice Offenders who have not yet reached 18 years of age typically enter the juvenile justice system rather than the adult criminal justice system. Countries differ in the ages of young people considered legal juveniles, in how juvenile courts are organized, and in the types of institution used to sanction juvenile offenders. Strain theory fails to explain violent crimethe type of youth crime that causes most anxiety to the public. Karne Newburn in his article, The Prospect of an International Sex Offender Registry, pointed out some serious flaws in the proposed bill, such as creating safety issues within the Juveniles and crime for the sex offenders placed on the registry. In some cases one crime may result in several arrests especially among youth, who frequently commit crimes in groups. The bill was introduced due to the fact that because laws differ in different countries someone who is on the sex offender registry in the U. Although adequate juvenile incarceration figures do not exist in the United States, the incarceration rate for homicides committed by juveniles is illustrative of the difference in incarceration rates. Juvenile delinquency Four of these meetings were preceded by workshops Juveniles and crime which experts presented information on selected topics and engaged in discussions with panel members. For classicists, offenders are motivated by rational self-interestand the importance of free will and personal responsibility is emphasized. Chapter 3 examines factors related to the development of antisocial behavior and delinquency. Prevention services may include activities such as substance abuse education and treatment, family counseling, youth mentoring, parenting education, educational support, and youth sheltering. The maximum age of juvenile court jurisdiction is younger in many U. To meet this charge, the study panel and staff gathered information in a number of ways. This makes the legal use of the term juvenile difficult when discussing multiple jurisdictions. A great number of crimes committed each year go unreported. The Belgium Youth Court Protection Act specifies that the only measures that can be imposed on a juvenile are for his or her care, protection, and education. Because the development of delinquency in youth is influenced by numerous factors, prevention efforts need to be comprehensive in scope. The study also points out the male to female ratio of sexual predators. With mandatory reporting laws in place, it became a necessity for providers to report any incidents of disclosed sexual abuse. Furthermore there is the question of how the delinquent peer group became delinquent initially. Juvenile Delinquency and Crime. The four types of control can help prevent juvenile delinquency are: A juvenile that does not show sufficient financial need will be told to hire his own attorney. Juvenile Justice Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice. Strain theory holds that crime is caused by the difficulty those in poverty have in achieving socially valued goals by legitimate means. Once the juvenile continues to exhibit the same behavioral patterns and turns eighteen he is then at risk of being diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and much more prone to become a serious criminal offender. In one case in a foster home a year-old boy raped a 9-year-old boy by having forced anal sex with him, in a court hearing the 9-year-old boy said he has done this multiple times, that the year-old boy was charged for sexual assault. Juvenile Crimes Arrest records do not present a precise picture of how much crime has been committed, in part because: This often leads to an impulsive and aggressive reaction. The term delinquency 4 in this report refers to acts by a juvenile that would be considered a crime if committed by an adult, as well as to actions that are illegal only because of the age of the offender. Critique of risk factor research[ edit ] Two UK academics, Stephen Case and Kevin Haines, among others, criticized risk factor research in their academic papers and a comprehensive polemic text, Understanding Youth Offending: At perthe U. You may improve this articlediscuss the issue on the talk pageor create a new articleas appropriate. These courts are considered civil, not criminal and the minor is charged with committing a delinquent act, rather than a crime. Rational choice[ edit ] Classical criminology stresses that causes of crime lie within the individual offender, rather than in their external environment. This section offers a guide to juvenile crime, the laws governing minors, and the court procedures involved in juvenile cases. Either pre-trial services or the judge will determine if a particular defendant needs a public defender. Looking for other ways to read this? Males drove the spike in the murder arrest rate, and the increases were seen in acts committed with firearms. The term juvenile crime is used synonymously with criminal delinquency. For many of the analyses of crime trends in Chapter 2juvenile refers to those between the ages of 10 and 17, because those under the age of 10 are seldom arrested. Education also promotes economic growth, national productivity and innovation, and values of democracy and social cohesion. Seeking the Services of a Juvenile Lawyer In many cases, a public defender will be appointed if the juvenile does not have income or resources in excess of a specific economic threshold.Note: Arrest estimates for and were developed by the National Center for Juvenile Justice based on data published in the FBI's respective Crime in the United States fresh-air-purifiers.com are preliminary estimates that will be updated upon release of final estimates on the Bureau of Justice Statistics' Arrest Data Analysis Tool. This section offers a guide to juvenile crime, the laws governing minors, and the court procedures involved in juvenile cases. Aug 17, · Juvenile delinquency—negative behaviors of children and teens that may result in crimes or legal action—frequently causes widespread problems in communities. RAND's research on juvenile delinquency includes populations from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and features studies related to crime and juvenile justice, at-risk populations, violence, bullying, substance abuse. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) compiles arrest information provided by law enforcement agencies each year and creates reports examining the trends, rates and statistics for juvenile fresh-air-purifiers.com four years the OJJDP publishes a comprehensive study as part of its Juvenile Offenders and Victims National Report Series. Juvenile crime is one of the nation's serious problems. Concern about it is widely shared by federal, state, and local government officials and by the public. As part of the NIJ Study Group on the Transition from Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Crime, several scholars examined the differences between juveniles who persist in offending and those who do not, and also looked at early adult-onset offending. Juveniles and crime Rated 3/5 based on 97 review
Re regulation of third countries economy The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct "command-and-control" regulationcalibrate incentives "incentive" regulationor change preferences "preferences shaping" regulation". In China, a national currency system existed and paper currency was invented. In such markets, only supply and demand dictate prices of goods. This became a source of instability in many economies, threatening the entire international economic system. Proposals to address this too-big-to-fail problem have concentrated so far on additional capital requirements and improved supervision rather than on restructuring. In the s, lawmakers believed that unregulated business often led to injustice and inefficiency; in the s and s, concern shifted to regulatory capturewhich led to extremely detailed laws creating the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Full Answer A market economy contrasts with a planned model because in the former, forces of demand and supply dictate business decisions. Thus prices in financial markets sometimes overshoot, sending the wrong price signals for extended periods of time. Having gained independence, many of these countries, especially smaller ones, were faced with the challenges of nation- and institution-building on their own for the first time. These institutions vary from industry to industry and at the federal and state level. The concept itself has become outdated as it no longer represents the current political or economic state of the world. Intervention due to what economists call market failure. Deregulation was in part a response to pressure from the financial sector, but it was also part of a generalized trend towards less government intervention in the economy. Re-regulation of the financial system Re-regulation of the financial system Financial liberalization and deregulation was based on a widespread belief in the greater efficiency of market forces. Economies in socialist countries, such as China and Yugoslavia, enjoy little freedom. Thus, the aggregate term "Third World" was challenged as misleading even during the Cold War period, because it had no consistent or collective identity among the countries it supposedly encompassed. The world's most and least over-regulated nations Further, much of the impetus for financial re-regulation has stalled in developed countries, and the renewed risks of a financial crisis associated with the ongoing European crisis, suggest that a new global financial crisis cannot be completely discarded. There exists varying models defining the extent to which governments can influence the market economy and address its short comings. At the federal level, one of the earliest institutions was the Interstate Commerce Commission which had its roots in earlier state-based regulatory commissions and agencies. New financial instruments and continued liberalization in the financial system allowed speculative activities to expand significantly, so that gambling became an important feature of financial activities. Monitoring is an important tool used by national regulatory authorities in carrying out the regulated activities.Jan 28, · The world's most and least over-regulated nations Next I ndia has topped a list of the most 'over-regulated countries in the world' in a survey on Asian business and politics by Hong Kong-based. Regulation & the Economy The Relationship & How to Improve It. A Policy Statement by the Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board. October Regulation and the Economy: ffe Relationship and How to Improve It. Third World 2. Table of Contents. failures in regulation. In advanced countries this concept is evolving into. Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority, contractual obligations (for example, contracts between insurers and their insureds), social regulation (e.g. norms), co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation or market regulation. Two studies of American deregulation provide a background for a series of able papers by European academics about comparable issues in various countries, the European Community, and some industries. Deregulation Or Re-Regulation? The Political Economy of Financial Regulation after the Crisis re-regulation mandated by the U.S. legislation that was enacted to prevent future crises, most, of the observations I advance here could apply equally well to. settlement of all transactions in the economy, so that any failure in one segment sources of funds grow more rapidly in countries where regulation allows for stron- to examine the impact that financial system regulation may have on small firms, the ones most likely to face limited options in terms of access to. Re regulation of third countries economy Rated 0/5 based on 44 review
Military Wiki Battle of Borgerhout Part of the Eighty Years' War Slag bij Borgerhout, 1579.JPG Engraving of the Battle of Borgerhout by Frans Hogenberg, 1579–81. Date2 March 1579 LocationBorgerhout, Flanders (present day Antwerp, Belgium) Result Spanish victory Spain Spain For the Union of Utrecht: • Kingdom of England • Croix huguenote.svg Huguenots Commanders and leaders Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma François de la Noue John Norreys 5,000 infantry and cavalry, 2 or 3 cannons 3,000–4,000 infantry, 100 cavalry, unknown artillery Casualties and losses Max. 500 killed Max. 1,000 killed Despite the rebel victory at the Battle of Rijmenam in July 1578, much of the Southern Netherlands were lost to the Spanish Army during the autumn; Brussels was menaced, and the States General were moved to the safer Antwerp. Taking advantage of the Dutch rebel army's indiscipline, Farnese decided at the beginning of 1579 to besiege Maastricht. As a feint to distract the Dutch rebels from his goal, but also aiming to scare Antwerp's inhabitants, Farnese moved with his troops to surprise the village of Borgerhout, very close to Antwerp, where a part of the Dutch States Army had its quarters, namely 3,000 or 4,000 infantry which were the backbone of the rebel army and consisted of French calvinists under François de la Noue, and English and Scottish troops under John Norrey's orders. On 2 March Farnese deployed elements of his army in a plain stretching between his position at the village of Ranst and the Dutch camp at Borgerhout, which Norreys and De la Noue had fortified with moats, palisades and earthworks. The assault was divided into three columns, each one provided with a mobile bridge to pass over the camp's moat. After one of the attacks, undertaken by Walloon troops, succeeded in securing a bridge, the Spanish forces were able to attack the States-General's soldiers inside their camp. Norreys and De la Noue's men opposed a strong defence, but Farnese, throwing his light cavalry to the battle, forced the Dutch troops to abandon Borgerhout and look for shelter under the artillery of Antwerp's walls. William of Orange, leader of the Dutch revolt, and archduke Matthias of Habsburg, Governor-General of the Netherlands appointed by the States General, wittnessed the fight from Antwerp's walls. The battle meant the destruction of the villages of Borgerhout and Deurne and saw up to 1,500 men killed between both armies. Farnese then proceeded to besiege Maastricht, which the Spanish Army invested less than a week after the battle and was taken by assault on 29 June of the same year. Farnese's successful campaign opened the way to a nine-year period of Spanish reconquest of much of the Netherlands. The Dairy Cow, an English anonymous painting that depicts Philip II, William of Orange, Elizabeth I and the Duke of Anjou fighting over the Netherlands, which are embodied in a cow (c. 1585). Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. In 1566 the Burgundian Netherlands, Charles V of Habsburg's original realm, which had passed to his son Philip II of Spain on his abdication in 1556, were in disarray due to religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics and the nobility and cities' unwillingnes of funding Philip's wars and ceding its powers to the Royal administration.[1][2] In 1567 Philip sent an army to the Netherlands under Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, to restore his authority, but Alba's persecution of the religious and political dissenters led William of Orange, the leader of the nobility, to exile into Germany and prepare an invasion of the Netherlands to expel Alba.[3] Orange invaded the Netherlands twice, in 1568 and 1572, but in both ocasions Alba defeated him. The second time, however, the revolt spread into the provinces of Holland and Zealand, and Alba was unable of quelling it.[4] In 1576, the lack of an authority due to the death of Alba's successor Luis de Requesens, together with a Spanish general bankruptcy, led the Spanish mutinuous soldiers to sack several towns, including Antwerp. In reaction, the loyal and rebel provinces united to expel the foreign troops under the Pacification of Ghent.[5][6] John of Austria, the victor of Lepanto and replacement to Requesens, had no choice but to sign the Perpetual Edict in 1577, accepting the Pacification of Ghent, but later, frustrated by the intransigence of Orange and his supporters, he seized the citadel of Namur and recalled his troops.[7] John's striking victory at the Battle of Gembloux in January, 1578, was followed by a tactical defeat at Rijmenam in July, and John himself died of plague in October.[8] However, despite the Spanish failure to exploit militarily the victory of Gembloux, it rendered important political benefits to the royal cause in the Netherlands, as it shattered the unity of the Dutch rebels.[9] As a consequence of the battle's outcome, the leaders of the main families of the Southern provinces lost faith in Orange's cause and the promises of aid made by the English queen Elizabeth I, which meant an important setback to Orange.[10] Aiming to restore the military capability of the Dutch rebels, Elizabeth arranged with John Casimir, brother to the Calvinist Elector Palatine, the raising of a German Army under English pay to assist the Dutch troops[11] John Casimir brought to the Netherlands 11,000 men, but instead of fighting the Spanish, he sided with the Calvinist extremists at Ghent and widened the gap between the Catholic and Protestant rebels.[9][11] The States General also called for help Francis, Duke of Anjou, brother and heir of the King of France, who entered Mons in July, 1578, but was back in France in a short time.[12] The Catholic nobility and southern provinces' defections, already started in the autumn 1578, expanded further when the provinces of Hainaut and Artois concluded on 6 January 1579, the Union of Arras, which the Walloon Flanders joined soon –the Catholic provinces of Namur, Luxembourg and Limburg were already controlled by the Spanish–. The Union of Arras opened talks in February with Alexander Farnese, who succeeded his uncle John of Austria as the Royal-appointed Governor-General of the Netherlands, to reconcile with Philip II.[13] In response, a meeting took place in Utrecht shortly thereafter between deputies from the northern provinces of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Gelderland and Ommelanden, which signed an alliance and union on 23 January.[14] In the south, meanwhile, Farnese was planning the capture of Maastricht to use the city with its stone bridge over the Meuse as a base to conquer Brussels and Antwerp in the following campaigns.[15] In november, 1578, the Spanish Army left Namur and crossed the Ardennes and Limburg. However, Farnese deemed too risky starting the siege of Maastrich at midwinter and with the John Casimir's numerous cavalry on the countryside.[16] Engraving of Alexander Farnese by Emanuel van Meteren. Peace Palace Library. For the 1579 campaign, Farnese planned two different movements. A portion of his army, under Cristóbal de Mondragón, was to clean the area between Maastricht and the German border from Dutch garrisons, while Farnese himself, ahead of the main army, decided to move against Atwerp with two objectives: to neutralize the Dutch field army, or primarly its German cavalry, before laying siege to Maastricht and to distract the Dutch from the campaign's real objective.[17] The first part of the plan was accomplished when Mondragón took the towns of Kerpen, Erkelenz and Straelen between 7 and 15 January.[18] On 24 January, Farnese moved to attack the States General army, which was at Weert, east of Antwerp.[19] Outnumbered, François de la Noue, who had taken to role of field commander of the States' army after the Count of Bossu's death, left some States' troops in the Castle of Weert and withdrew to Antwerp with his unpaid men. They asked the city council to allow them to enter the city, but it was refused, and De la Noue had no choice but to entrench his army outside the walls, in the village of Borgerhout.[20] This was a residential area for the wealthy inhabitants of Antwerp where they had country houses and gardens, among them Peeter van Coudenberghe's botanical garden, which had more then 600 exotic plants.[21] In the meantime, Farnese entrusted to Count Hannibal d'Altemps the capture of Weert and continued his advance upon the Dutch Army. D'Altemps encircled Weert with 6,000 men and breached its walls with a two-cannon battery.[19] The defenders of the castle surrendered at discretion but, on Farnese orders, were hanged on the windows, which the Count willingly did because his steward had lost an eye during the siege.[22] Farnese, instead of following the Dutch Army to its quarters, lodged in Turnhout with his troops and his court to forage.[20] Before moving to Antwerp he dealt with John Casimir's German Army. Spanish troops attacked and defeated part of the German reiters near Eindhoven on 10 February.[23] Moreover, while John Casimir himself was in England dealing with Elizabeth I, Farnese agreed with his lieutenant, Maurice of Saxe-Lauenburg, the withdrawal of the Calvinist Army, which the Spaniards allowed to leave the Netherlands freely.[24] Once this matter was finished, Farnese advanced upon Borgerhout.[25] Order of battle Map of Antwerp with its defenses by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg, c. 1572–79. The Dutch States' troops quartered in the village of Borgerhout numbered 25 or 40 infantry companies which comprised from 3,000 to 4,000 soldiers,[26][27] plus 100 additional mounted troops. They were the backbone of the rebel army and William of Orange referred to them as "his braves".[28] Moreover, they were led by officers of renown such as François de la Noue and John Norreys. To confront the Spanish Army, they were detached along the village of Borgerhout, which they had fortified by dugging a moat and building an earth rampart around the village, from the bridge of Deurne over the Groot Schijn stream, which flowed into the Scheldt, to the road of Voetweg, which ran parallel to the canal of Herentals.[27] Orange deployed four additional French infantry regiments and Walloon troops from the nearby garrisons of Ath and Termonde behind Borgerhout and under the protection of Antwerp's citadel and moat.[27] The city's civic guard, numbering 80 flags of armed and trained burghers, was ready to defend the city if necessary, but not willing to get out to join the battle neither to allow the regular troops to come within Antwerp. The Spanish soldier and chronicler Alonso Vázquez claimed that Orange's army had, in all, 25,000 men.[29] Farnese deployed a 5,000-men vanguard, both infantry and cavalry, in the plain which sepatared his camp at Ranst from Borgerhout.[30] Three small battalions, not surpassing 12 companies each one, but made up of chosen men, went in advance; the right was taken by the Spanish tercio of Lope de Figueroa, the center by a Lower German regiment under Francisco de Valdés and the right by a Walloon regiment under Claude de Berlaymont, known as Haultpenne.[31] Each formation was supported by a sleeve of 100 musketeers, a group of men armed with axes to cut the palissades and a wheeled bridge to cross the moat.[31] A corps of light cavalry led by Antonio de Olivera followed the infantry at some distance with instructions to cover its withdrawal if the attack went bad, or to follow up the victory, if took place.[31] According to Alonso Vázquez, Farnese made the Walloon soldiers of the Spanish Army wore white shirts over their armors, a practise common in night attacks known as camisades, to distinguish themselves from the Walloons who fought for the Union of Utrecht. Thus the Walloons look, in his words, like "a very colorful procession of clerics and sacristans".[32] In reserve, Farnese deployed a large battalion made up by the German regiments of Hannibal d'Altemps and Georg von Frundsberg, flanked on its right by troops of reiters under Duke Francis of Saxe-Lauenburg, elder brother of Duke Maurice, John Casimir's former lieutenant, and on its left by lancers under Pierre de Taxis. The remaining Spanish cavalry, led by Ottavio Gonzaga, covered the rear.[33] Farnese led his troops personally, and before the battle was started, he scouted the Dutch position, having ordered his troops not to move until his return.[34] On the Dutch side, while De la Noue and Norreys directed the men standing in Borgerhout, William of Orange witnessed the battle from the walls of Antwerp in company of archduke Matthias, brother of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, whom the States General had elected as Governor of the Netherlands in oposition to the deceased John of Austria.[35] Anonymous portrait of François de la Noue, c. 1609–33. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The fight started with the three battalions of the Spanish first line advancing upon the Dutch camp, each one trying to be the first to laid its bridge over the moat.[36] Haultpenne's Wallons, headed by Sergeant-Major Camille Sacchino, moved up to Deurne, crossing the Schijn river at the small village of Immerseel. Valdés' Germans advanced frontally to Borgerhout across the Borsbeek road, and Figueroa's Spaniards took the Voetweg road to assault the Dutch camp from the south.[37] While the sleeves of musketeers from the Spanish and German units exchanged fire with the Dutch troops covered by the rampart, Sacchino's Walloons drove the defenders of Deurne behind the Groot Schijn stream and took its bridge. De la Noue sent reinforcements there to content the assault, but they arrived too late to prevent the Walloons from laying their bridge over the moat and began to climb the rampart, starting a close combat with the Dutch troops.[37] In the meantime, the Spanish and German troops, supported by two or three artillery pieces, breached the rampart, crossed the moat and also started to come inside Borgerhout, where De la Noue and Norreys' men reorganized and standed on the barricaded streets.[28] Farnese, seeing that his attack was going well, ordered Olivera to advance with his cavalry to support the infantry's push. While the light horsemen penetrated into Borgerhout across the breach opened by Figueroa's men, Farnese himself took the command of Taxis' lancers and did the same across Valdés' path.[38] The French and English soldiers offered a strong resistance, but after two hours of battle inside the quarters, De la Noue began to withdraw his forces to Antwerp to avoid destruction.[39] The retreating troops set fire to their lodgements and looked for shelter under the coverage of Antwerp's artillery. Many of the Spanish soldiers went in persecution, despite their officers ordered them to stay together, and chased the rebels until Antwerp's moat.[40] At William of Orange's orders, the artillery of the city walls fired then sharpnel over the Spanish troops with different results, depending on the sources. The Spanish soldier Alonso Vázquez claimed that the shots were ineffective because the battlefield was covered of the smoke produced by the fire of Borgerhout.[41] On the other hand, the Flemish official Guillaume Baudart claimed that it was precise and made "arms and legs fly on the air".[35] By then, Farnese, unwilling of having for a longer time his troops close to Antwerp's cannons, made drums and trumpets to call for withdrawal and gathered his men at Borgerhout. Meanwhile, people from Antwerp sallied to carry the wounded French, British and Walloon officers and soldiers into the city to receive treatment.[42] The Spanish soldiery, once the fire of Borgerhout was finished, looted the basements of the burned buildings and had a meal before praying to thank God. After that, the Spanish Army marched across the roads of Lier and Herentals to Turnhout, where Farnese wanted to arrive the next day.[29] Fearing a new attack, Antwerp's civic guards spent the night at their posts.[39] Political map of the Netherlands in 1579 with the Spanish campaign and the main actions signaled. The number of casualties endured by both armies differs according to the authors. The Italian Jesuit Famiano Strada noted that Farnese, in a letter to his father Ottavio, Duke of Parma, put the Dutch loss as 600 men killed and gave eight men killed and 40 wounded amongst his troops. Strada also mentions that other estimations pointed to 1,040 men killed in the Dutch ranks.[43] On the other hand, the Flemish author Guillaume Baudart set the Dutch loss as 200 men killed and claimed that the Spanish Army lost 500 men.[35] The villages of Deurne and Borgerhout were seriously damaged by the fire during the battle: in 1580 Deurne had 133 standing buildings, while 146 had been destroyed by the fire; in Borgerhout 206 buildings remained and 280 were ruined.[21] Farnese's attack achieved his goal of distracting the Dutch States forces from Maastricht.[16] After the battle, the Spanish Army moved quickly to Turnhout, taking the castle of Grobbendonk on its way and appearing before Masstricht on 8 March, just six days after the battle of Borgerhout.[44][45] François de la Noue followed the Spanish till Herentals with some troops, but when he realized that Farnese was to lay siege to Maastricht, it was too late for him to reinforce the city's garrison.[16] Moreover, mutinies and defections hampered the Dutch efforts to save the city. The English soldiers under John Norrey's orders, who remained out of Antwerp, kidnapped the abbot of St. Michael's Abbey in demand for back pays, and William of Orange's had to mediate to placate them.[45] In political terms, the battle increased the Walloon defections from the States General to the Spanish party in the following months. Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing joined the Spanish Army with 5,000 Walloon troops of the Dutch States army and expelled from Menen a garrison loyal to the States General.[46] Farnese besieged Maastricht in command of 15,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, 20 cannons and 4,000 sappers, joined later by 5,000 additional troops.[44] In May, while the siege developed, peace talks were held at Cologne under the mediation of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf to preserve the unity of the Netherlands.[13] However, divisions become more serious during the process. In Brussels, fight erupted in early June between Catholics headed by Philip of Egmont, son of Lamoral of Egmont, whom the Royalist authorities had executed in 1568 and Calvinists under Olivier van den Tympel, resulting in the expulsion of Egmont and his supporters. At Mechelen, the Catholic inhabitants forced the Dutch garrison to leave, while in 's-Hertogenbosch an armed struggle resulted in the magistrates declaring support to the Royalist side.[47] The revolt took a character of civil war, and as a result of the religious problem, the peace conference at Cologne failed.[47] Henceforth, Farnese reconquered Flanders and the Brabant town after town, even forcing Antwerp to surrender after a long and exhausting siege in 1585.[48] 1. Limm 2014, pp. 22–29. 2. Van Geldern 2002, pp. 30–40. 3. Limm 2014, pp. 30–32. 4. Van Geldern 2002, pp. 40–45. 5. Limm 2014, pp. 42–43. 6. Darby 2003, p. 123. 7. Limm 2014, p. 47. 8. Darby 2003, p. 21. 9. 9.0 9.1 Wilson 1976, p. 161. 10. Van Geldern 1993, pp. XXII. 11. 11.0 11.1 Doran 2002, p. 37. 12. Limm 2014, pp. 50–52. 13. 13.0 13.1 Limm 2014, p. 52. 14. Limm 2014, p. 51. 15. Verstraete 1865, p. 814. 16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Verstraete 1865, p. 850. 17. Verstraete 1865, pp. 816–817. 18. Verstraete 1865, p. 817. 19. 19.0 19.1 Vázquez 1875, p. 168. 20. 20.0 20.1 Vázquez 1875, p. 170. 21. 21.0 21.1 Vandewiele 1990, pp. 11–12. 22. Vázquez 1875, p. 169. 23. Strada 1681, p. 25. 24. Strada 1681, p. 26. 25. Strada 1681, p. 27. 26. Merkes 1826, p. 6. 27. 27.0 27.1 27.2 Verstraete 1865, p. 845. 28. 28.0 28.1 Strada 1681, p. 28. 29. 29.0 29.1 Vázquez 1875, p. 177. 30. Camus de Richemont 1833, p. 259. 31. 31.0 31.1 31.2 Verstraete 1865, p. 846. 32. Vázquez 1875, p. 174. 33. Verstraete 1865, pp. 846–847. 34. Vázquez 1875, p. 175. 35. 35.0 35.1 35.2 Baudart 1616, p. 318. 36. Strada 1681, p. 30. 37. 37.0 37.1 Verstraete 1865, p. 847. 38. Verstraete 1865, pp. 847–848. 39. 39.0 39.1 Verstraete 1865, p. 848. 40. Strada 1681, pp. 30–21. 41. Vázquez 1875, p. 176. 42. Baudart 1616, p. 319. 43. Strada 1681, p. 31. 44. 44.0 44.1 Verstraete 1865, p. 851. 45. 45.0 45.1 Baudart 1616, p. 320. 46. Strada 1681, pp. 31–32. 47. 47.0 47.1 Darby 2003, p. 100. 48. Darby 2003, p. 101.
Does The Indian Elephant Have Fur? Does The Indian Elephant Have Fur? Distribution and habitat The Indian elephant is native to mainland Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Laos, China, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It is regionally extinct in Pakistan. It inhabits grasslands, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Does Elephant have fur? All mammals have hair, even naked mole rats. And for a lot of mammals, thick fur is important for warmth. But even mammals in hot environments, like elephants have hair. Are Indian elephants tusks? In Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), females do not have tusks. Among males, some have tusks and some don’t (called makhnas). The second most important factor for a winning male was his size, just like in African elephants. They found that whether a male had tusks or not was least important. What Colour are Indian elephants? Indian elephants are greyish-black animals that are a subspecies of the Asian elephant. They are about 6.6 to 11.5 feet in height and weigh about 4000 to 1000 pounds. These elephants go by the scientific name Elephas maximus indicus and have long trunks that are completely boneless. Does The Indian Elephant Have Fur – Related Questions Why do elephants not have fur? It’s easy for the beasts to overheat: they may face temperatures of up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, and they don’t have much skin surface area to radiate the heat relative to their big body volume. That’s where the hair comes in. Does a rhino have fur? While a rhino’s body is mostly just covered in thick skin, they do have some hair. Some species have a little hair around their tails and ears. How do elephants sleep? Do female elephants have teeth? In African elephants both males and females have tusks, while in Asian elephants only the males do. While our incisors are used only for biting food, elephants use theirs for a whole range of activities, from digging holes and stripping bark from trees to fighting. They’ll even rest a weary trunk upon their tusks. Are human teeth ivory? They are made up of stuff similar to human teeth Are elephants GREY or black? Are African and Indian elephants related? According to the new research, the two major types of African elephants are about as genetically distinct from each other as the Asian elephant is from the extinct woolly mammoth. And that difference has deep roots in the elephant family tree, the DNA evidence suggests. Is a dude a hair on an elephant? This is not an infected hair. It is a regular hair on an elephants butt – in the Bangladesh language. Do all baby elephants have hair? (articles for the young & young at heart). Baby elephants may look fuzzy and soft…but they’re not! Baby elephants have patches of long hairs on their head and on their bodies. And even though baby elephants aren’t fuzzy or soft, they are very cute and sweet. Do cows have fur? Hair or fur? For the record, cows have hair, not fur, even though they only grow to a certain point like furs do and appear more fur-like. Cows, pigs, and horses are regarded as mammals, the hair on the mammal’s body is taken as hair. So, we prefer taking the leathery hide on the cow’s body has hair, not fur. Are rhino’s skin bulletproof? Is Rhino skin bulletproof? No, it is not bulletproof. Rhinos skin is usually 1–5 cm in thickness. They are protections against thorns and thick grasses where Rhinos spend a lot of time. Do hippos have hair? Unlike most other semiaquatic animals, hippos have very little hair. The skin is 6 cm (2 in) thick, providing it great protection against conspecifics and predators. What are rhino’s skin made of? A rhinos skin is around 1.5 – 5 centimetres thick and is formed from layers of collagen (the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals), positioned in a lattice structure (crisscrossed framework). Rhinos have relatively small brains for mammals this size. Do elephants eat meat? Do elephants have teeth? Like humans, elephants have a limited number of teeth. Over the course of its life, an elephant will have six sets of teeth. The first two are present at birth. As each set of teeth wears out, it breaks off and is replaced by a new set. What are elephants most afraid of? Do elephants have breasts? It is a known fact that among elephants, the females have breasts that are quite similar to human breasts, and placed in the front (in the chest area) like humans. How do elephants drink? Are pig tusks ivory? The tusks are teeth of continuous growth and therefore increase in size and weight with age. Other factors determining tusk size include species, sex, and habitat (see above p. 17). Toward the distal end, or tip, the tusk consists of solid ivory.
Battery Electric Bike Pump – What’s An Ebike? What is an Ebike? To place it short, an Ebike is a crossbreed lorry that was initially designed as a bicycle with both an electric motor and also a battery. They are similar to hybrid automobiles however have the advantage of not making use of both gas and also power when they remain in motion. Rather they utilize their own power source, which can either be a battery or a gasoline engine. Although Ebikes have actually been around for a long time, they are becoming much more popular over the last few years as even more individuals are recognizing the advantages they provide. The reason more people are selecting to utilize e-bikes is since they’re quiet, they’re easy to steer, as well as they’re fairly economical. Many e-bikes weigh under 3 pounds, which makes them much easier to handle than a traditional bike. If you want to ride your bike, you just band it to your handlebars. You don’t need to bother with readjusting it as you would with a standard bike. Ebikes are not only considered to be a kind of bike, but also a means of transportation. Several Ebikes work on electricity, so they can be utilized as a way of transport. This is most often used by those that have a great deal of problem climbing from a seated placement. Others make use of e-bikes as a means of working out, since most of them are able to utilize their pedals in the event of an emergency situation. Ebikes have come a long way throughout the years. There was a time when bikes were nothing greater than easy, regular bikes with elegant names. Today, electrical bikes have undergone a complete transformation, becoming what lots of people would consider to be a full-fledged bike. The initial e-bikes were not very effective, yet things have actually transformed greatly for many years. Today’s ebike is as effective as any other motorcycle around, and also many are incredibly streamlined as well as contemporary in design. If you have been asking the question “what is an ebike?” for quite a long time, after that it’s most likely that you will be ready to buy one of your own. Electric bikes are a lot more popular than ever, and you might find yourself intending to buy one asap. If this is the case, make sure to take your time as well as search prior to deciding, considering that you want to get the best bargain feasible. There are a couple of things you need to remember when you are acquiring an ebike. You must to start with guarantee that the motorbike you choose is lawful in the place where you live. Some cities do not allow you to ride an ebike on the road as they deem them to be an unlawful task. Additionally, you need to examine the motorbike over meticulously to see to it it does not have any kind of issues that could influence you while riding it. Ultimately, make certain you do not wind up spending even more money than you planned by buying a bike that has some kind of damages. If you are considering getting an elite, you must most definitely find out more regarding them. Particularly, you will certainly would like to know what the current policies are so you can make an enlightened choice concerning whether or not you wish to buy one. It is essential to bear in mind that bikes are still a fairly new concept, and so there are a lot of possible problems that can emerge as technology proceeds additionally. Also, if you make a decision to proceed with purchasing an elite, you will certainly intend to remember that they often tend to cost a large amount more than normal motorcycles. While you can save cash by searching, it is likewise possible to overpay for something that ends up being a loser. Battery Electric Bike Pump
Who are You: Rogi, Bhogi, or Yogi? A person who eats once a day is called Yogi while the one who eats twice a day is called Bhogi and the one who eats thrice a day is called Rogi. Bhogi is the one who is slave to sensory pleasures while a Rogi is a sick person. Our ancestors were hard working, and they used to walk from one place to another. This helped them to acquire the requisite Vitamin D and were therefore hale and hearty. The regular eating habits of the ancients were quite simple. They would just have two meals a day and were content with a snack meal in between. These wise people drank enough water and ensured that they ate to live. Dinner was had just before sundown and food was never consumed after sunset. There used to be a healthy interval of 14 hours at least between dinner and the morning meal which may consist of tiffin or rice. Sweets were seldom consumed during the time of their dinner and were preferred during the hours of the day. Fruits were part of the daily intake and food was chewed well. One was supposed to maintain silence during the time of meals. It was considered to be inappropriate to open the mouth while eating. Many people would purse their lips while chewing the food. This helped in generating sufficient saliva and this process aided easy digestion. However, the system, particularly the digestive system, was also given rest on particular days. Our elders resorted to fasting in order to evolve physically and mentally. Each one used their own sweet methods when it came to fasting. While some fasted on krithika, sashti or vishakam (days auspicious to Lord Karthikeya) a few others would fast on pradosham or the monthly Shivaratri in order to propitiate Lord Parameshwara. The followers of Lord Lambodhara (Ganapathy) were known to fast on sankatahara chaturthi and the devotees of Lord Vishnu fasted on Saturdays and ekadashi-s. Many of them fasted on Thursdays in order to offer their devotion to the guru. The guru could be Brihaspathi, Dakshinamoorthy, Hayagreeva, Saraswathi, Adi Shankara, Ramanuja or Raghavendra. Fasting helped people to cleanse the body and the mind. The Hindu way of life had identified the goals which are commonly known as purushaartha-s i.e., dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. Attainment of the goals of life was possible through a combination of methods and this included fasting. The person who undertakes a fast is known as upavaasi and they are supposed to stay calm throughout the fasting period. The upavaasi was supposed to abstain from conjugal life during the fasting period. It was important to stay free from spices, sweets, and oily substances from the day prior to the day meant for fasting. People stayed away from onion and garlic at those times. They avoid the use of heavy spices. The individual who undergoes a fast would normally stay away from everyday activity. But this did not mean that one keeps sleeping throughout the day. Upavaasi-s would meditate, read, and contemplate on the almighty while fasting. Travel was avoided. Upavaasam (Fast) helped people to reset their body. Issues connected with digestion, blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol, and insomnia would get settled. Abstinence and fasting heralded contentment. Every Indian community was known to fast and the Jains are popular for their rigorous fasting habits. They fast for days on. Several of the temples following the Maadhva philosophy (Dwaita) are known for keeping the temples open and also keeping activities subtly within the temples. There are numerous instances and stories connected with upavaasi-s. Members of the ISKON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) are known to fast rigorously on ekadashi-s. The ekadashi occurs 24 times a year and it helps one to rejuvenate our system. Similarly, the pradosham occurs 24 times and offers a similar benefit. It is easy to make a beginning and helps people to lead a better life. The followers of Santoshi Maata are known for their own fasting methods. Young women are keen to get a suitable husband are known to undertake a fast on Tuesdays and prayers at the shrine of Vishnu Durga on Tuesdays. Karyasiddhi upavaasam-s are also practiced. People seeking good children, long life, freedom from physical and mental ailments, success in business and work, undertake fast according to the advise of astrologers or well-wishers. Fasts were the order of the day and if one notices a 365-day-calendar, some branch of Hinduism would suggest that it would be good to fast on that day. Therefore, all 365 days are appropriate and suitable for fasting. All that one needs to do is to make up the mind and begin to fast. Fasting and abstinence are part of our culture and tradition. Let us try to begin with intermittent fasting and then work towards a fasting format which is bound to help us become better and healthier people. India that is Bharat has been familiar with fasting from time immemorial and let us maintain the tradition. Mr. Rajesh Govindarajulu is one of the founding members of the Verandah Club Pvt. Ltd. He is a leading columnist, historian, jeweler, entrepreneur, and a heritage enthusiast who is earnestly working to revive the past in the light of the present. Experiential learning about the history of Coimbatore is his main course of interest and he is also a panel member of many colleges in the city.
Danger of poisoning: residues from blood pressure lowerers endanger drinking water quality Authorities sound the alarm: high residues of blood pressure lowering endanger drinking water For years, studies have repeatedly shown an often extremely dangerous high proportion of pharmaceutical residues in water. Experts have now reported that residues from special blood pressure lowerers in Berlin's waters also pose a risk of poisoning to humans. They suggest that doctors should prescribe medication that is as unproblematic as possible. Pharmaceutical residues in water In recent years, numerous studies have repeatedly shown drug residues in water. According to experts, although new processes are always being worked on, the residues can hardly be removed. Among other things, consumers are therefore repeatedly asked not to dispose of medication residues in the drain. Another contribution to solving the problem could also be the increased consideration of suitable medication alternatives. Residues from special blood pressure lowering pose a risk of poisoning Residues from special blood pressure lowerers in water not only pose a potential risk for aquatic animals, but are also significant for drinking water and pose a risk of poisoning for humans. Experts from the Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB) and the State Office for Health and Social Affairs Berlin (LAGeSo) reported at the heart days of the German Society for Cardiology - Cardiovascular Research (DGK) in Berlin. According to Dr. Sebastian Schimmelpfennig (BWB) and Dr. Claudia Simon (LAGeSo) has been increasingly finding highly effective, poorly biodegradable and large quantities of prescribed medicines and their residues in the water, for example sartane-type blood pressure lowerers. Due to their specific properties and the increasing prescription quantities, these are the only blood pressure lowerers that can endanger the quality of drinking water resources in Germany. Suitable medication alternatives The experts therefore suggest that the treating physicians adjust the prescription practice accordingly as an "efficient measure at the source" and advocate increased attention to suitable medication alternatives, according to a DGK statement. Because not all sartans have the same active ingredient concentrations per daily dose, the study authors recommend selecting those products within the group of sartans that are least harmful from an environmental point of view. "Ultimately," according to the study authors, "the decision to choose the appropriate blood pressure lowering remains with the doctor in charge." 15 billion daily doses of antihypertensive drugs in Germany every year In Germany, 15 billion daily doses of antihypertensive drugs are prescribed (2014); the average annual increase since 2007 is 4.5 percent. The total amount of antihypertensives in Germany adds up to over 400 tons / year, of which more than half is caused by the active ingredients metoprolol and sartans. The prescribed medication usually gets into the water cycle through the patient's excretions via sewage treatment plant surface water. "With the Sartans, the prescribed amounts of active ingredient are almost completely found in the wastewater treatment plant process," said the study authors. Sartans are also detected in comparatively high concentrations in surface waters, "even with bank filtration for the purpose of drinking water production, the sartans are only slightly degradable." Berliner Wasserbetriebe supplies 3.5 million inhabitants with drinking water, 70 percent of which is drawn from bank water and groundwater enrichment from groundwater that is influenced by surface water. For this reason, the quality of surface water has a major impact on the quality of drinking water. (ad) Author and source information Video: Testing for Arsenic in water (January 2022).
Visual Basic (classic) Last updated Visual Basic Visual Basic 6.0 logo.png Visual Basic 6.0 on Windows XP.png Visual Basic 6.0 IDE on Windows XP Paradigm Object-based and event-driven Developer Microsoft First appearedMay 1991;30 years ago (1991-05) Stable release 6.0 / 1998;23 years ago (1998) Typing discipline Static, strong OS Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS Major implementations Microsoft Visual Studio Influenced by Visual Basic .NET, Windows Forms, Gambas, Xojo, Basic4ppc, Basic4android and NS Basic The original Visual Basic (also referred to as Classic Visual Basic) [1] is a third-generation event-driven programming language from Microsoft known for its Component Object Model (COM) programming model first released in 1991 and declared legacy during 2008. Microsoft intended Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use. [2] [3] Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. A programmer can create an application using the components provided by the Visual Basic program itself. Over time the community of programmers developed third-party components. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Programs written in Visual Basic can also make use of the Windows API, which requires external functions declarations. The final release was version 6 in 1998. On April 8, 2008, Microsoft stopped supporting Visual Basic 6.0 IDE. The Microsoft Visual Basic team still maintains compatibility for Visual Basic 6.0 applications through its "It Just Works" program on supported Windows operating systems. [9] In 2014, some software developers still preferred Visual Basic 6.0 over its successor, Visual Basic .NET. [4] Visual Basic 6.0 was selected as the most dreaded programming language by respondents of Stack Overflow's annual developer survey in 2016, 2017, and 2018. [10] [11] [12] A dialect of Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), is used as a macro or scripting language within several Microsoft and ISV applications, including Microsoft Office. [13] Language features An empty form in Visual Basic 6 Form vide VB.JPG An empty form in Visual Basic 6 Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily used to develop Windows applications and to interface with database systems. Dialog boxes with less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the basic functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic within the appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box automatically displays a list. When the user selects an element, an event handler is called that executes code that the programmer created to perform the action for that list item. Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, and instead provide ActiveX objects to other programs via Component Object Model (COM). This allows for server-side processing or an add-in module. The code windows in Visual Basic, showing a function using the If, Then, Else and Dim statements Visual Basic function.PNG Visual Basic builds upon the characteristics of BASIC. Visual Basic for MS-DOS Microsoft Visual Basic for MS-DOS (Professional Edition Version1.00).png Visual Basic for MS-DOS VB DOS icon VBDOS-icon.PNG VB DOS icon • Project 'basic Thunder' was initiated in 1990. [25] Thunder persisted through to the last release of Visual Basic in the name of the primary internal function, "ThunderRTMain". • Visual Basic 1.0 for DOS was released in September 1992. The language itself was not quite compatible with Visual Basic for Windows, as it was the next version of Microsoft's DOS-based BASIC compilers, QuickBASIC and BASIC Professional Development System. The interface used a text-based user interface, using extended ASCII characters to simulate the appearance of a GUI. • Visual Basic 3.0 was released in the summer of 1993 and came in Standard and Professional versions. VB3 included version 1.1 of the Jet Database Engine that could read and write Jet (or Access) 1.x databases. • Visual Basic 6.0 (Mid-1998) improved in a number of areas [26] including the ability to create web-based applications. Derivative languages Some of the derived languages are: Performance and other issues Criticisms levelled at Visual Basic editions prior to VB.NET include: [31] Legacy development and support Example code OptionExplicitDimCountAsIntegerPrivateSubForm_Load()Count=0Timer1.Interval=1000' units of millisecondsEndSubPrivateSubTimer1_Timer()Count=Count+1Label1.Caption=CountEndSub See also Related Research Articles Microsoft Access Database manager that is part of the Microsoft Office package Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the relational Access Database Engine (ACE) with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the Microsoft 365 suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions or sold separately. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6, which was declared legacy in 2008, and is an associated integrated development environment (IDE). Although pre-.NET Visual Basic is no longer supported or updated by Microsoft, the VBA programming language was upgraded in 2010 with the introduction of Visual Basic for Applications 7 in Microsoft Office applications. As of 2020, VBA has held its position as "most dreaded" language for developers for 2 years, according to some who participated in surveys undertaken by Stack Overflow.. The Windows API, informally WinAPI, is Microsoft's core set of application programming interfaces (APIs) available in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. The name Windows API collectively refers to several different platform implementations that are often referred to by their own names ; see the versions section. Almost all Windows programs interact with the Windows API. On the Windows NT line of operating systems, a small number use the Native API. Visual Basic .NET Object-oriented computer programming language Visual Basic, originally called Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET), is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on .NET, Mono, and the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language, the last version of which was Visual Basic 6.0. Although the ".NET" portion of the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses "Visual Basic [.NET]" to refer to all Visual Basic languages released since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with C# and F#, it is one of the three main languages targeting the .NET ecosystem. As of March 11, 2020, Microsoft announced that evolution of the VB.NET language has concluded. Windows Script Host Delphi (software) Managed Extensions for C++ or Managed C++ is a now-deprecated set of language extensions for C++, including grammatical and syntactic extensions, keywords and attributes, to bring the C++ syntax and language to the .NET Framework. These extensions were created by Microsoft to allow C++ code to be targeted to the Common Language Runtime (CLR) in the form of managed code, as well as continue to interoperate with native code. The Access Database Engine is a database engine on which several Microsoft products have been built. The first version of Jet was developed in 1992, consisting of three modules which could be used to manipulate a database. In Microsoft Windows applications programming, OLE Automation is an inter-process communication mechanism created by Microsoft. It is based on a subset of Component Object Model (COM) that was intended for use by scripting languages – originally Visual Basic – but now is used by several languages on Windows. All automation objects are required to implement the IDispatch interface. It provides an infrastructure whereby applications called automation controllers can access and manipulate shared automation objects that are exported by other applications. It supersedes Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), an older mechanism for applications to control one another. As with DDE, in OLE Automation the automation controller is the "client" and the application exporting the automation objects is the "server". C# and Visual Basic .NET are the two primary languages used to program on the .NET Framework. Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) is a set of development tools available in the form of a Visual Studio add-in and a runtime that allows Microsoft Office 2003 and later versions of Office applications to host the .NET Framework Common Language Runtime (CLR) to expose their functionality via .NET. .NET Framework Software platform developed by Microsoft The .NET Framework is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library called Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment named the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR is an application virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called "managed code". FCL and CLR together constitute the .NET Framework. Windows Runtime (WinRT) is a platform-agnostic component and application architecture first introduced in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 in 2012. It is implemented in C++ and officially supports development in C++, Rust/WinRT, Python/WinRT, JavaScript-TypeScript, and the managed code languages C# and Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET). Visual Basic .NET was released by Microsoft in 2002 as a successor to the original Visual Basic computer programming language. It was implemented on the .NET Framework 1.0. The main new feature was managed code. Programmers familiar only with Visual Basic would probably have encountered difficulties working with the new version or adapting existing programs for it. ASP.NET Web Forms is a web application framework and one of several programming models supported by the Microsoft ASP.NET technology. Web Forms applications can be written in any programming language which supports the Common Language Runtime, such as C# or Visual Basic. The main building blocks of Web Forms pages are server controls, which are reusable components responsible for rendering HTML markup and responding to events. A technique called view state is used to persist the state of server controls between normally stateless HTTP requests. 1. Classic Visual Basic \| TIOBE - The Software Quality Company 4. 1 2 ISpliter (14 January 2014). "Visual Basic 6.0: A giant more powerful than ever". Retrieved 3 April 2014. 10. "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2016". Stack Overflow . 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-18. 11. "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2017". Stack Overflow . 2017. Retrieved 2020-12-18. 12. "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2018". Stack Overflow . 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-18. 13. "VBA for Office Developers". Microsoft. 14. "Tip 2: Use line numbers in your source code. : Visual Basic". 15. Microsoft Visual Basic Programmer's Guide Version 3.0 - Microsoft Corporation 1993 16. Visual Studio.NET Lexical Grammar - Reference Visual Basic Language 19. "Microsoft Basic Logical Expression Evaluation". Retrieved 2009-06-16. 33. Andrew Troelsen (2008). Pro VB 2008 and the .NET 3.5 Platform: The expert's voice in .NET. Apress. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-59059-822-1. 36. Dan, Brust (14 September 2015). "Installing Visual Basic/Studio 6 on Windows 10".
Molecular manufacturing promises to change the way many products are assembled. Billions of dollars are being poured into nanotechnology-the science of building devices at the scale of individual molecules. Because it promises to revolutionize many industries, ranging from automotive to aerospace and consumer products to medical devices, commercial nanotech applications appear to be endless. And, after several years of hype and hoopla, nanotech-based products are starting to emerge from laboratories and R&D centers. Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating atoms and molecules to fabricate materials, devices and systems. Unlike current production methods, in which existing parts and components are combined, nanotechnology takes individual atoms and precisely assembles them to produce items with desirable characteristics. Objects are built in a manner similar to the way bricks are stacked on top of one another to build a wall. According to Dave Bishop, vice president of nanotechnology research at Lucent Technologies' Bell Labs (Murray Hill, NJ), nanotechnology deals with things whose length scale is "bigger than an atom, but smaller than a human red blood cell." The typical human red blood cell is about 10 microns in diameter-that's a tenth of the diameter of a human hair. One nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, which is approximately the width of 10 hydrogen atoms. Many observers believe nanotechnology is the next logical step in miniaturization and that it is only a matter of time before the impact is felt in many industries. As a result, investment bankers and venture capitalists are jumping at the chance to profit from numerous start-ups and joint ventures. "We believe nanotechnology could be the next growth innovation, similar in importance to information technology over the past 50 years" says Steven Milunovich, global technology strategist at Merrill Lynch & Co. (New York). "Nanotech is real-the questions generally are when, not if." "Building at the nano-scale enables new interactions in materials, semiconductors and biological agents," adds Milunovich. "The new scale allows manipulation on the cellular level, which should enable new discoveries in pharmaceuticals, biodefense and many health care industries." "Like the Internet, nanotechnology risks being overhyped," warns Milunovich. However, he says there is a significant difference between the Internet and nanotechnology. "Unlike the Internet, significant intellectual property and patents are barriers to entry, and yet barriers to adoption are low," explains Milunovich. More than 1,500 companies worldwide have announced nanotech R&D plans. Lux Research Inc. (New York) predicts that $8.6 billion will be spent on research in 2004. But, this year marks a turning point for the field of nanotechnology. It will be "the last year that governments outspend corporations on nanotechnology," claims Mark Modzelewski, managing director of Lux Research. "This year, governments will pour $4.6 billion into nanotechnology research, while corporations will sink in $3.8 billion globally. Smaller amounts will come from universities and other sources." Tiny Technology, Big Applications While most nanotech firms are small startups, traditional manufacturing heavyweights such as General Electric Co. (GE, Fairfield, CT), General Motors Corp. (GM, Detroit) and Lucent Technologies are pouring vast resources into the field. General Motors is currently using nanocomposites to build lighter, stronger running boards for the GMC Safari van, cargo beds for the Hummer H2 sport utility vehicle and exterior panels for the Chevrolet Impala sedan. According to Alan Taub, executive director of GM's Research and Development Science Labs (Warren, MI), nanocomposites are stiffer and lighter than traditional thermoplastic olefins, and less brittle in cold temperatures. In addition, they are more recyclable because there is less additive material. And, no new tooling is required to mold or assemble the parts. The 2004 Chevrolet Impala, GM's highest volume car, features body side moldings made with nanocomposites that provide a 7 percent weight savings and improved surface quality. The 2005 H2 SUT cargo bed uses 7 pounds of molded-in color nanocomposite parts for its trim, center bridge, sail panel and box rail protector. "We designed this vehicle to use the nanocomposite parts because they are lightweight, and they don't change shape when subjected to temperature changes, which enhances the overall quality of the vehicle," says Bill Knapp, H2 program engineering manager. Taub claims that GM currently uses 660,000 pounds of nanocomposite material per year, which is the highest volume of olefin-based nanocomposite material used in the world. Like other thermoplastics, nanocomposites are made by introducing a solid material into a plastic resin to give it added strength. Taub says GM's nanocomposites achieve a unique combination of strength and flexibility by altering the molecules of a clay so that they cling to an oil, which they wouldn't otherwise do. The company's researchers have devised a way to peel apart very thin flakes of the clay, similar to the way pages are separated in a book. Compared to conventional fillers, the size of the nanofiller is on the molecular scale, a thickness of one-billionth of a meter, or about 1/100,000 the width of a human hair. "The virtue of using a nanocomposite for automotive applications is that less filler material is required to provide the same or better performance characteristics when compared to conventional materials," says Will Rodgers, a GM staff scientist. "Our next applications for nanocomposite materials will be in exterior claddings, interior parts and nonsupport trim." Scientists at the GE Global Research Center (Niskayuna, NY) have filed numerous nanotech-related patent applications. Margaret Blohm, GE's advanced technology leader for nanotechnology, says nanotech is the ultimate material science, with the potential for creating materials such as nanoaluminum with new properties, such as strength, conductivity and heat resistance, that could be used to build better diagnostic scanners or higher-efficiency energy systems. For instance, GE is pursuing ways to use high-temperature and high-strength nano-metal alloys and nano-ceramics to reduce weight in aircraft engines and allow them to run at higher temperatures, which would significantly boost fuel efficiency and decrease emissions. Blohm says her research team recently developed diodes built from a carbon nanotube-a tiny, hollow, molecular cylinder that exhibits remarkable tensile strength and varying electrical properties-which will enable smaller and faster electronic devices with increased functionality. Unlike traditional diodes, GE's carbon nanotube device has the ability for multiple functions, which should enable it to both emit and detect light. "Just as silicon transistors replaced old vacuum tube technology and enabled the electronic age, carbon nanotube devices could open a new era of electronics," notes Blohm. "We are excited about this breakthrough and we're eager to start developing new applications." Another application that GE researchers are exploring is a new generation of advanced sensors that promise unsurpassed levels of sensitivity. For example, Blohm says next-generation sensors in security applications could detect potential terrorist threats from chemical and biological hazards, even if they are present in extremely small quantities. "This would enable enhanced security at airports, office buildings and other public areas," she points out. According to Bell Labs' Bishop, in addition to sensors, "there's a lot of R&D work going on in various kinds of radio frequency components to build a radio on a chip. If you had a radio the size of a button that cost you all of 5 cents, then you could put radios everywhere. You could put a radio on your dog, on your kid, or on the book you've lent to your buddy so that you know where it is. "There are also opportunities to create microscopic devices to repair human beings," adds Bishop. "Everything from implantable ears and eyes, to devices that go inside blood vessels to make repairs or remove clots. We are, for example, developing very sensitive sensors you can put on catheters and place inside people's hearts to measure mechanical properties of the heart." Molecular Manufacturing Traditionally, the typical manufacturing process involves cutting or deforming large chunks of matter, then joining together the remaining pieces into electromechanical products. In sharp contrast, molecular manufacturing-one of the long-term goals of nanotechnology-involves building complex structures by mechanochemical and nanomechanical processes. Mechanochemical refers to chemistry accomplished by mechanical systems directly controlling reactant molecules-the formation or breaking of chemical bonds under direct mechanical control. Nanomechanical refers to a small, mechanical device, such as a robot, that can manipulate single molecules. To add an atom to a surface, researchers start with that atom bound to a molecule called a "tool tip" at the end of a mechanical manipulator. Molecular manufacturing promises to be more efficient than traditional manufacturing, resulting in better quality products, by assembling products directly from the smallest pieces: Atoms and molecules. The basic idea is to develop a small set of chemical reactions that can be applied repeatedly to build large molecules, then control the sequence or position of the reactions by computer to build engineered molecular systems. "Molecular manufacturing is different from biology in that biological systems are not engineered," says Mike Treder, executive director of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN, Brooklyn, NY). The functional properties of a cell, or even a protein, are complex and hard to predict, he points out. "However, the process of building protein molecules from small molecular fragments is quite programmable, and scientists are developing the ability to design and synthesize proteins with desired properties," notes Treder. "This will allow protein chemistry to be used in an engineering, rather than a biological, context. This would be one approach to molecular manufacturing. Other approaches using different kinds of chemistry may also work, producing better materials." According to Treder, discussion of molecular manufacturing has often been distorted. For instance, some prominent scientists have claimed that molecular manufacturing is impossible. "However, their arguments are weak," claims Treder. "Some of the arguments elevate engineering difficulties to the status of fundamental limitations. Others are built on basic misunderstandings of the proposals. "Although there are some practical questions remaining to be answered, there is no scientific study demonstrating a limitation or problem with molecular manufacturing theory," Treder points out. "Indeed, the chemical mechanisms of life demonstrate that machines of a sort can be constructed out of molecules and can build more machines. "Some predicted phenomena, such as exceptionally low friction in certain cases, have been observed," adds Treder. "A single atom has been mechanically removed from a crystal and put back in the same place. Although these were not intended as demonstrations of molecular manufacturing theory, they indicate that at least some of the predictions are valid." Some observers believe molecular manufacturing could be revolutionary. And, because chemistry is very precise and repeatable, the manufacturing operations should be reliable enough to allow complete automation. A single fabricator could build a wide variety of products by changing the control program. "Furthermore, machines built this way could have very precise features," says Treder. "This is a good thing, because building with molecules would be quite slow, and small machines can be built more quickly. "In fact, if the calculations are right, a complete nanoscale manufacturing system could build a complete copy of itself in a few hours," claims Treder. In addition, he says it appears that the materials produced by the manufacturing system may be extremely high-performance, allowing products to be far more compact and powerful. Nanofactory: Fiction or Fact? Some day, nanofactories could apply the principles of molecular manufacturing and assemble products from the bottom up, molecule by molecule. Tiny machines, called fabricators, would manipulate atoms and molecules to make small parts and then join them together. A single fabricator could not build large items, so a nanofactory would include numerous fabricators and perform multiple steps to assemble products. Many problems must be solved before a self-contained, automated, programmable nanofactory that can make useful human-scale products becomes more than just science fiction. But, Treder and his colleagues believe the concept is feasible. To build a nanofactory, scientists need to start with a working fabricator-a nanoscale device that can combine individual molecules into useful shapes. "But, once you have that, the rest is pretty straightforward," claims Chris Phoenix, CRN's director of research. "Large-scale molecular manufacturing could be easier and faster to develop than many people think. "An early plan for molecular manufacturing imagined lots of free-floating assemblers working together to build a single massive product, molecule by molecule. A more efficient approach is to fasten down orderly arrays of chemical fabricators, instruct each fabricator to create a tiny piece of the product, and then fasten the pieces together, passing them along within the nanofactory as on an assembly line." Phoenix says products made by a nanofactory would be assembled from nanoblocks, which would be fabricated within the nanofactory. The product that comes out of the nanofactory would be a solid block or brick that would unfold like a pop-up book or inflate like an air mattress. "Computer-aided design programs will make it possible to create state-of-the-art products simply by specifying a pattern of predesigned nanoblocks," claims Phoenix. A human-scale nanofactory would consist of trillions of fabricators, and could only be built by another nanofactory, Phoenix points out. But, a fabricator could build a very small nanofactory, with just a few fabricators in it. A smaller nanofactory could build a bigger one, and so on. "Most of the mass of a nanofactory is in the form of working fabricators, and according to the best estimates we have today, a fabricator could make its own mass in just a few hours," explains Phoenix. "So a nanofactory could make another one twice as big in just a few days-maybe less than a day. Do that about 60 times, and you have a tabletop model." Inside a nanofactory, each fabricator would make nanoblocks. According to Phoenix, a good size for a nanoblock might be a cube 200 nanometers on a side-the distance human fingernails grow in 3 minutes. "This is small enough to be made by a single fabricator in a few hours, but large enough to contain a small CPU, a microwatt of motors or generators, or a fabricator system flexible enough to duplicate itself if given the right commands," says Phoenix. "In other words, each fabricator could make a substantial piece of nanofactory functionality-and the same modular pieces would be reused in other products." Once the nanoblocks are made, Phoenix says "they would be assembled by simple and reliable robotics. The surfaces of each block will be covered with mechanical fasteners, so that simply picking up two blocks and pushing them together will make them stick. Eight cubes will fit together to make one twice as big: A factory that makes 8 trillion nanoblocks can push them together to get a trillion larger, but still very tiny, cubes. "The question of when we will see a flood of molecular nanotechnology products boils down to the question of how quickly the first fabricator can be designed and built," concludes Phoenix. "Every aspect of nanofactory design, other than the fabricator mechanism, is well within the capability of today's engineering practice. Building a fabricator entails chemical design, which will require significant research and development. But, there is no known reason why a basic fabricator can't be built-and then a nanofactory soon after."
How Will Artificial Intelligence Affect Dentists? Florian Hillen If a dentist’s only job was to fix teeth, there would nary be an unhappy dentist. But the reality is that dentists are so much more than their namesake, and the job comes with extremely nuanced duties that only a dentist can understand. The pressure of running a dental clinic can be immense, and most of it falls on the dentist’s shoulders. After all, dentistry is a business, which makes the dentist a businessperson, and a surgeon, and a primary care provider, and a diagnostician. Perhaps if dentists only had to build their own clinics brick by brick, the calling would be wholly answered. As such, dentists are frequently overwhelmed, which can affect quality of care and the success of their practice. If only there was something that could streamline the workflow and make their job more intuitive, efficient, and even modern… Enter artificial intelligence (AI). AI in the Dental Business Dentistry is a business, and the dentist’s job is to keep the customer happy and the clinic operating at maximum efficiency. It’s also to attract qualified talent, maintain a reputable standing, remain cost effective, and stay in step with technology and medical knowledge, to name a few obligations. In the midst of so much responsibility, dentists must also rely on their own abilities to minimize the capacity for human error. On all of these fronts, AI has the power to enhance how a dental clinic operates and penetrate every single step of the value chain. With AI, dentists can get a taste of automation through machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and computer vision algorithms that help identify pathologies while charting seamlessly with the clinic’s practice management system (PMS) and digitized data. AI can offer precision accuracy with a second opinion based on a comprehensive assessment of thousands to millions of data points on everything from images and pathologies to patient histories and patient or provider input. Also, AI can align the clinic’s operations with business intelligence software that can include a personalized assessment of patients, treatments, financials, clinical performance, training resources, and more. All of this leads to an improved workflow, efficient administration, and advanced treatment plans that result in higher-quality care, cost efficiency, faster service, and a better patient experience, and that’s good for business. AI and the Dental Surgeon With the advance of AI technology, robots are taking on an ever-growing role in surgical procedures across various medical fields. And while AI-assisted robotic surgery has yet to grace the environs of the dental clinic, AI algorithms are already doing wonders in giving dentists incisive surgical gumption by way of enhanced diagnosis and judgment prior to and after procedures. AI can leverage surgical and clinical data to make suggestions on the appropriate treatment plan in relation to the condition, history, and input of the patient. Referencing vast stores of dental knowledge and “learned” assessments, AI may offer a valuable second opinion on how a surgery should be performed and the potential treatment outcomes. Like a second set of eyes, AI performs image analysis on x-rays, 3D scans, and other imaging techniques in near real-time and in multiples faster than when done manually. It also offers the support of data-driven treatment plans as they are proposed to patients, who may otherwise be unsure about surgery when it is simply pitched as a “good idea.” AI and Primary Care Providers As primary care providers, dentists assume the responsibility of providing fundamental care for local patients, often extending to their families and friends. This puts them in an influential position over the quality of life of local patients and standardized dental care for the community as a whole. AI works alongside dentists in their goal of automating countless segments of the primary care process from diagnosis and documentation to treatment and creating a real-time bridge between patients, dentists, and insurance providers. All of this allows for a decrease in administrative burdens while achieving a more patient-focused service model. Patients who lose trust in their primary care providers or who do not feel prioritized often relegate treatment needs to emergency care, while falling through the cracks as far as having a consistent patient history goes. With AI, dental service not only becomes better informed and coordinated among providers, but it also can occur in leaps and bounds compared to traditional care, which puts patients back in control of their lives. AI and Dental Diagnostics As standalone diagnosticians, dentists rely almost entirely on their own professional observation to diagnose pathologies, symptoms, and patient histories while aligning treatment with the input and data they create through a manual charting system. And while dental clinics employ technology in virtually every aspect of diagnostics, that technology is limited to the tools that make those assessments and records possible in the first place. This does very little to remove the element of human error in analysis of conditions that may or may not be detected due to something as trivial as the contrast or brightness of an x-ray image, or pulling up the wrong code in a PMS. Instead, such manual linchpins of traditional diagnostics become single data points among thousands or millions within an AI’s automated algorithm, allowing it to detect patterns that may reveal previously invisible or otherwise undetected signs of concern while offering a second opinion on diagnostic accuracy. And that’s a really big deal. Mr. Hillen is the founder and CEO of VideaHealth, an MIT spinout and leading dental-AI company working with leading DSOs, insurers, and other companies in the dental industry. Previously, he conducted research at the intersection of engineering and social science at MIT’s Institute for Data, Systems and Society and at Harvard Business School. He also worked for McKinsey & Company and founded Ninu, a digital healthtech startup. He holds two master’s degrees from MIT in computer science and technology policy and a bachelor’s in management and technology. He completed the first German State exam in medicine as well. This article is the product of a discussion between Mr. Hillen and Dr. Paul Feuerstein, editor in chief of Dentistry Today. Related Articles AI and Dentistry: Envisioning the Dental Clinics of the Future—and Today Ask the Expert: Teresa Duncan on Claims Submission, AI Suspicion, and More Dentistry Shakes Hands With Artificial Intelligence
Hunter Essay 1. Maizuru Maru E.H. Hunter set up Osaka Iron Works, the predecessor of Hitachi Zosen, on the Ajigawa River in Osaka in 1881. Had Hunter not decided to make ships, Hitachi Zosen would not exist today, and we would have no colleagues with whom to clink cups of sake. Hunter's motivation for shipbuilding, according to the Seventy-Five Year History, came from his experience with Maizuru Maru1 at E.C. Kirby & Co.(1) Photo 1 Manufacturer: Edward Hazlett Hunter, E.C. Kirby & Co. (Englishman) Vessel name: Maizuru The Hundred Year History(2)has this to add. Edward Charles Kirby set up business in 1868 in Kobe "for Japan was a country surrounded by water, like his British homeland . . . [He] established Onohama Shipyards . . . Business was slow, however, and it folded for the present, except that Kirby had already accepted an order from Lord Hosokawa of the Higo [Kumamoto] Domain for the wooden steamship Maizuru Maru . . . Kirby resolved to complete the construction of Maizuru Maru, and he thought of Hunter for the project. As construction supervisor, Hunter brought the Maizuru Maru to completion and lived up to Kirby's expectations." The product of Hunter's pains is captured in an 1871 document (photograph) archived at Kobe University.(3) An October 1874 survey by the Meiji government(4) says that Maizuru Maru was a steamship under the control of Shirakawa Prefecture (currently Kumamoto Prefecture), and it was manufactured in "Kobe, Japan" in "Meiji 4 [1871]" measuring "16.5 ken2 [30.0 m] in total length" and "2.5 ken [4.5 m] in deck width." The New History of Kumamoto City(5) lists under Western ships owned by the Higo (Kumamoto) Domain, "Maizuru Maru: 40 horsepower, 171.5 tons, cargo capacity 160 koku3 [24 tons], crew size 13 persons," suggesting it was a small transport ship. At the onset of the Saga Rebellion in February 1874, Maizuru Maru carried Kumamoto soldiers from Hyakkanseki Port in Higo to Hayatsue at the mouth of the Chikugo River.(6) "Arriving at Hayatsue at 8 p.m. . . . it put the soldiers ashore, and was prevented by the low tide from departing, when it was seized by Saga rebels."(7) The ship was recaptured in March by Meiji government troops.(8) Meanwhile, the Shizoku (former samurai) uprisings went on and escalated into the Shimpuren Rebellion of 1876 in Kumamoto and into the Seinan War (aka the Satsuma Rebellion) of 1877 in Kumamoto. The Hundred Year History notes, "Many wealthy merchants made a colossal fortune from this [Seinan] war. Hunter was one of them. The large profits that he reaped from military supplies enabled him to reinforce the foundation of his business."(9) One only wonders if Hunter himself realized that the steamship he built played a role in linking the turbulence of Meiji-era Japan with his own destiny. Hunter's eldest son, Ryutaro, spent his post-retirement years, from the Taisho (1912–26) to Showa (1926–89) periods, touring the Seto Inland Sea and the Kyushu coastal region in his yacht. He named this yacht Maizuru Maru.(10) He must have heard stories of the hardships his father endured in youth. 1. 1The suffix Maru was frequently added to ship names in the Meiji era. Of the various explanations that exist, the most common dates to the 6th century, when the convention emerged to attach Maru to the names of people and pets, and even musical instruments and swords, as an expression of affection. 2. 2Ken was a unit of length unique to Japan used until the 1950s. One ken was equivalent to 1.818 meters. 3. 3Koku was a unit of capacity based in China and used in Japan until the 1960s. Fifty koku was equivalent to 7.5 tons. 1. 1『日立造船株式会社七十五年史』、昭和31年、日立造船株式会社　3p 2. 2『日立造船百年史』、昭和60年、日立造船株式会社　5p 3. 3「D2-1404 蒸気船製造出来候ニ付き免状御下渡可被下願候」『神戸開港文書』、1871、神戸大学附属図書館（2020年3月26日閲覧） 4. 4『全国艦船及び乗組員砲銃弾調査』、明治7年、太政官 5. 5新熊本市史編纂委員会『新熊本市史通史編第5巻近代Ⅰ』、平成13年、熊本市　414p 7. 7川副町誌編纂委員会『川副町誌』、昭和54年、川副町誌編纂事務局　251 p 8. 8大宅由耿『郷土隠史肥前の軍事と風教を語る』、昭和11年　94p 9. 9『日立造船百年史』、昭和60年、日立造船株式会社　6p 10. 10『日立造船百年史』、昭和60年、日立造船株式会社　756p Click here for various inquiries Contact Us Hunter Essay
Updated: Jun 06, 2021, 21:00 IST Why Indian Parents Need To Stop The Chappal Carnage & Comparisons With Sharmaji Ka Beta While, traditionally, parents use many detrimental means to control their kids, one of the most negative tactics used is inducing embarrassment. Whether it’s using an absurd nickname in front of their child’s friends or, even worse, asking them to perform uthak baithak in public—Indian parents are infamous for harsh ‘disciplining’ and we guarantee that one in every three kids would relate to this. So here’s the thing—embarrassing your kids may make them acknowledge they did something wrong in the moment but, in the long run, it is bound to dent their confidence. R. Alford, Senior Counselor at 1to1Help in Bangalore spoke exclusively to iDiva, sharing her thoughts on this topic. 1-2021-06-03t170949167-60b8c1a7d9af1 Image credit: Aamir Khan Productions Shame is not a powerful deterrent “Instilling the fear of being ridiculed is not healthy. Children should be allowed to make mistakes without having to worry about embarrassment. When you insult your child and expect them to take that as a lesson, it may not only impact their self confidence but also challenge their faith in you as a parent. Sometimes, kids that have been exposed to extremes of this behaviour, grow up to resent their parents and hold a deep-set grudge. There are plenty of healthy ways to correct your child’s behaviour. Resorting to these techniques should be a thing of the past,” Alford says. 3-2021-06-03t170953267-60b8c1bfa0a19 Image credit: Aamir Khan Productions Child psychologists are in consensus that embarrassment for a child or an adolescent is not a trivial emotion. It has been found that embarrassment is an uncomfortable response to any public exposure that demonstrates their personal deficiency and sets them apart from the crowd. So, the message is clear: Go ahead and embarrass your kids in front of their friends but be sure there will be consequences. 4-2021-06-03t170957373-60b8c1d6b9c21 Image Credit: Ajay Devgn Ffilms Chappals and belnas belong on the feet and in the kitchen If embarrassing your kids is bad, beating them is absolutely the worst thing you can do. Unfortunately, spanking kids is so commonplace in our culture that many parents think that it is acceptable simply because they were subjected to it when they were kids. Psychological and social studies have shown overwhelming evidence that corporal punishment is totally undesirable. Interestingly, a study found that within 10 minutes of the punishment, 73% of kids had resumed the same behaviour for which they had received the punishment. To put it simply, not only does hitting kids do little good, it can worsen their long-term behaviour. 5-2021-06-03t171002644-60b8c1ff06edb Image Credit: Ajay Devgn Ffilms A large number of children who are subjected to repeated physical assault, develop aggressive behaviour, display a lot of aggression in school, and are also at a higher risk of mental health disorders and cognitive issues. So, contrary to the popular “spare the rod, spoil the kid” advice people dish out so freely, the rod is what could actually ‘spoil’ a perfectly healthy kid. Talk the walk Then comes the verbal abuse. While this might not leave any physical scars, the damage it does to children is comparable to physical abuse and, as a practice, is equally reprehensible. Verbally abusing children encompasses several things. While the obvious manifestations might be name-calling, swearing, belittling or insulting them, indirect criticism, rejecting or threatening them with abandonment, threatening bodily harm, scapegoating or blaming them, using sarcasm and berating your spouse are also aspects of verbal abuse. 6-2021-06-03t171011247-60b8c21930fc9 Image credit: YRF Among other effects, repeated verbal abuse can severely undermine your child's self-esteem and damage their ability to trust and form relationships. Alford shares, “When you verbally or physically abuse a child, remember that you’re basically telling them it’s acceptable to resort to this behaviour when things are not going in your favour. It’s even highly likely that when they grow up, they will replicate what they thought was ‘normal’.” Apples and pears... Now let’s talk about comparisons—you know, the whole “Sharma ji ka beta” narrative. Most parents are infamous for using this technique to make their kids realise they’re lagging behind in some way. What they don’t understand is that by comparing children to their siblings or friends, there is a great risk of losing sight of what makes children special and unique. Children inherently want to please their parents and failing to do so can make them anxious. It also lowers their self-esteem when they believe that everybody is better than they are. As Einstein said, “If you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” 7-2021-06-03t171254500-60b8c243b6764 Image Create a safe space The last in this checklist of ‘no-nos’ is something that is again ubiquitous in Indian families—emotional blackmail. Most parents think that this is a harmless practice, but the truth is that blackmail does not teach children how to solve problems or do something that is best for them. At best, it can change their behaviour just for that moment or for that purpose, but there is seldom any real change. Also, when parents use emotional blackmail and subsequently don’t carry out the threat, they are certain to lose credibility. Raising children is a complex process. It is rewarding, enriching and enjoyable. Yet, it can also be laborious, exhausting and thankless. However, taking shortcuts is almost certain to ruin the process for both the parents and the children. Children are fragile! Handle them with care. Lead Image credit: Roy Kapur Films and The Conversation Start a conversation, not a fire. Post with kindness.
Why Intellectual Property is Essential to STEM Education The Importance of Intellectual Property Because intellectual property (IP) gives individuals and companies the protection and incentive to transform their ideas into inventions, it is an essential part of the innovative process. Unfortunately, due to the subject’s perceived complexity, rarely is it taught in schools. This is a mistake, as a quality STEM education must address these important skills in order to best prepare students for the future. It is not enough to simply teach our future innovators how to code, design and invent; they must also learn how to protect what they create. This paper explains why IP is an essential part of STEM education and explores how these protections were crucial to the to the very foundation of the United States. Highlights include: • The risks of failing to correctly patent an invention, as discussed by National Inventors Hall of Fame® Inductee Gordon Gould, inventor of the optical laser. • The story of how the United States’ revolutionary patent system helped transform a fledgling nation into a world economic power. • An explanation of why IP is important, how it’s applied and why STEM education is incomplete without it. Free White Paper! Download Here
Diode array actinic radiation spectrometer A Metcon DAS istrument is available at the Station for Climate Observations at Lampedusa, for measurements during campaigns. The instrument has an actinic radiation input optical system, that is coupled through an optical fiber to a Carl Zeiss spectrometer. A diode array detector measures the actinic radiation between 280 and 700 nm. The instrument is calibrated with 1000 W NIST traceable FEL lamps, by means of the field calibrator developed at NOAA. The actinic flux is the radiative flux of spherically integrated solar radiation through a volume of air, where the radiation is not weighted by the incidence direction (as in the irradiance definition). The actinic flux is the proper quantity to deal with when chemical processes activated by solar radiation have to be treated. In fact, the photolysis rate of a photodissociation reaction like $AB + hv \rightarrow A + B$ can be expressed as \begin{equation} J_{AB} \equiv \int_{\lambda_{min}}^{\lambda_{max}} F_\lambda^J \sigma_\lambda(T)\phi_\lambda(T)d\lambda \end{equation} where $F_\lambda^J$ is the spectral actinic flux, $\sigma_\lambda$ and $\phi_\lambda$ are the absorption cross section and the quantum yield, respectively, both wavelength and temperature dependent. One of the key reaction in tropospheric chemistry is the photolysis of ozone $(O_3)$ into $O(^1D)$ and $O_2$ \begin{equation} O_3 + hv \rightarrow O(^1D) + O_2 \end{equation} $O(^1D)$ can react with water vapour to form the hydroxyl radical $(OH)$, which is the primary oxidizing species in the low atmosphere. The spectral actinic fluxes have been measured at Lampedusa for several periods in 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2008 by means of the DAS spectrometer. The measurements have been used to calculate the ozone photolysis frequency $J(O^1D)$ by means of $equation (1)$: the two integration limits are set at $\lambda_{min}=295 nm$ and $\lambda_{max}=340 nm$. The dependence of $J(O^1D)$ on columnar ozone and aerosol optical depth at $416 nm$ has been studied and published in the paper by Casasanta G., A. di Sarra, D. Meloni, F. Monteleone, G. Pace, S. Piacentino, and D. M. Sferlazzo (2011). Large aerosol effects on ozone photolysis in the Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ. 45, 3937-3943. The actinic radiation diode array spectrometer on the roof of the Station at Lampedusa.
It all comes down to one basic principle: news is what news editors think it is. They are the gatekeepers. Their job is to know what will interest the public. Then, choosing from all the stories available to them, they decide what will make up those TV and radio news shows, or the articles that will appear in newspapers and magazines. To get noticed, proposals for stories must be newsworthy, as defined by a news editor, or by a reporter who may have to ‘sell’ the idea to a news editor. Watching the local media is the best way to learn this. Document and analyze not just what news stories are covered, but also how they are covered. That is, get to know how different media approach the stories they air or publish. Preparing News Releases Use this knowledge to prepare news releases. They are the best way to deliver key facts for a potential news story to a news editor or reporter. Don’t try to write the news story for them. Start news releases with a brief one-sentence summary written in a way that will catch the attention of the news editor or reporter. Adopt their approach. That is, most media coverage begins with a tight focus on one aspect of a broader news story. This is often called a ‘news peg’. The focus, or lead, will vary according to the type of media, but in all cases it is designed to capture the attention of readers, listeners and viewers. Be Brief Keep the news release to one page. Editors and reporters are busy people. Use brevity to help catch their attention, but include enough content to help them understand how the proposed story might work for them. Always provide contact names and numbers. Be forewarned. News stories intended for imminent use face constantly changing circumstances. A top news story one minute can become a secondary story the next. And what was a secondary story moments earlier can get sidelined. It all depends on what else is happening at any given time. Just because a reporter returns a phone call, or records an interview, don’t count on coverage later in the media until it appears. And if it doesn’t appear promptly, a sidelined story does not necessarily mean it won’t be used later, unless it is time sensitive or succeeded by developing events. A story passed over but with a long ‘shelf life’ is often welcomed by news editors. It may be held for a while as a backup story. So-called ‘bank’ stories serve as insurance for the news editor in the event some other story falls through at the last minute, leaving a hole to fill. News Attracts Advertising Not surprising, a key role for news stories is to help attract viewers and readers to the media outlets, and above all the paid advertising these outlets carry. After all, advertising pays the bills. Just like websites. Always find out the most appropriate contacts in the media and email the news release to them. Send news releases about a business expansion to the business editor. News releases about a service club’s latest sponsorship go to the lifestyles editor. Provide Expertise Opportunities for media coverage can come other ways, as well. One can be when a local issue is receiving heavy coverage in the media, and some aspect of that issue coincides with the expertise or interests of a business or an organization looking for coverage. Someone from the business or organization might be well versed on some aspect of the issue, and could become an expert adviser to a reporter or media outlet. To be considered, get on the lists many reporters and news editors keep with the names of experts they can call upon for quotable quotes. Another option would be to offer a product or service the company or organization might provide to assist with the issue. One example would be compassion aid. These are win-win opportunities for the media and the company or organization, by ‘piggybacking’ on a news event or message. It’s Show Biz For the broadcast media, entertainment is their raison d’être. While the majority of the public today get their news from the broadcast media, make no mistake, it still is ‘show biz’. Radio and TV news reporters are indeed reporters, but they are also very much a part of the show biz/entertainment milieu. Competition is fierce in the broadcast media, especially in major markets. Ratings come first. Careers depend on ratings. News managers constantly exhort reporters to find exclusives and fresh angles ahead of their competitors. As a result, TV and radio reporters are always looking for stories with the potential for “sound bites” that are exclusive, quotable, memorable and controversial.
“When we confer quickly, we will want to invite writers to identify their problem or question. Then we may not always need to read the draft. It is important to remember that the purpose of a conference is not to resolve the problem, but to identify it, suggesting resources and ways to proceed. If Rory is losing energy over her seemingly endless fiction story, it is enough to suggest that she needs models of very short fiction and set her up with a magazine. If Sam needs to talk about his topic, pair him up with a friend. During conferences intended to be quick and efficient, the writing teacher can act as a switchboard that connects writers to each other and to appropriate resources.” –Lucy Calkins The purpose of an individual writing conference is to “nudge” the writer along, to help the writer discover what he/she knows. Respond to the writer, not the writing, and trust that if you help the writer, the writing will come. The basics of a conference: 1. Listen to what the student has to say. 2. Tell the student what you understand. (Paraphrase. Point out what stuck with you.) 3. Ask the student to clarify or expand on what you don’t understand, or would like to know more about. Let your questions arise naturally, from the context of what the student shares. For example: “You went tuna fishing in Hawaii last summer? How do you fish for tuna? I’ve never been tuna fishing.” Some useful “generic” questions. (Be careful not to let your use of them become “robotic.”): To find out the writer’s purpose: What’s this writing about? What’s the best part of this piece? To help the writer evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a piece of writing: How can I help you? What do you think? To discover how things are going for the writer: Where are you right now? What’s the best thing you’ve written so far? To help the writer find a focus for a piece of writing: You talked about ____ and _____ and ____. If you had to pick the most important part, which would it be? To help the writer nail down a direction for the writing: What will you do next? What are your plans for this piece? To help the writer articulate an experience he is writing about: What was this like for you? Note: It is certainly okay to make suggestions to improve a piece of writing, but only when you think the student is ready for them. 1. The writer may introduce a story (this is a mystery), but may not apologize for it (it’s not very good). 2. Critique group members take notes while story is read aloud and share comments afterward. COMPLIMENTS: “I liked the part about…” “I liked the words you used to describe…” CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM: “I think you could strengthen the beginning if you did….” NOT “That’s a lousy idea.” 1. The writer may discuss points of the critique, but may not argue with it. “I was trying to show…” and “What would make this part clearer for you?” NOT “You’re wrong.” REMEMBER: The writer always has the final say in deciding which suggestions (s)he thinks will improve a story. The job of the critiquer is to encourage the author, to suggest ways to strengthen the story, and to point out where the story needs tightening or clarifying. Use “I” statements, rather then “You” The job of the author whose story is being discussed is to–before the story is read–briefly introduce the manuscript– what kind of story, what audience is aimed at, etc. During the Critique: 1. Treat everyone with tact, courtesy and compassion. 2. If listening, jot down specific comments while the work is being read to jog your memory during discussion; consider passing on the written comments to the author at the end of the critique. 3. Take turns, when commenting after the manuscript has been read; avoid interrupting another critiquer’s comments. 4. Avoid words such as good/bad, right/wrong. 5. Offer your comments as your opinion. 6. Make all comments relevant to the manuscript being discussed. 7. Refrain from making comments that attack the author’s subject matter. 8. Avoid defending your work when it’s being discussed, or arguing about a critique comment. 9. Listen respectfully to all criticism, but remember it’s just someone else’s opinion. Take the advice that seems useful. Leave the rest. 10. End the critique session with an affirmation: I am a writer, I believe in myself and my writing, and I will continue work on my manuscript. Things to Look For In a Manuscript: Does the opening grab you? Does it give a sense of time and place, set the mood for the story and introduce the conflict? Are the characters well defined, believable, consistent, and do they move the plot along? Is the voice fresh, original, compelling? Does the plot build with tension, conflict, a satisfying resolution, etc.? Are there strong scenes that show, rather than tell? Are sensory details woven in? Do the transitions work? Does the dialogue seem natural, advance story , and show character? Is there clarity, rhythm and power (strong verbs and nouns, and, few, if any, adverbs) in the language? Source: Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators “Peer conferences won’t work unless writers can trust that their peers won’t shoot them down.” –Nancie Atwell All writers are vulnerable and easily wounded. As teachers, we need to model positive ways to respond to writing. First reactions to a piece of writing should be a warm response to content. Model telling a writer what a story meant to you, what mattered and touched you most, or what you remembered most. After students have become proficient in listening to each other’s writing and reporting back what they hear, they will be ready to ask questions about things they didn’t understand, and to offer suggestions. To ease into peer conferencing, have students respond first to an anonymous piece of writing, or a piece that you have written yourself. To steer students away from cutdowns some teachers require children to respond with prompts such as “I liked the way you…”; “You touched my feelings because…”; “I noticed how well you created…” etc. Sometimes it is also helpful to ask students to fill out a response form while reading or listening to a peer’s writing, or to hand out conferencing guidelines. (examples follow). Encourage students to pinpoint the kind of feedback they are looking for (e.g. “Does my dialogue sound natural to you?” “Does this part make sense?” “Is my main character likable?” etc.) Response groups of two to four students seem to work best. Note: Once in a while children begin to use the opportunity for talking with a peer to avoid writing. Children can usually solve the problem by addressing it in a class meeting, but if not, one solution that works for some teachers is to tape sign-in sheets in sharing centers and require children to record the time they arrive and leave the area. (You don’t need to actually check the sheets either, just let the children think you will!) Revision Questions Name of Peer Editor_______________________________ Name of Author__________________________________ Name of piece of writing________________________________________________ 1. What stuck with you? (What did you like?) 2. What wasn’t clear? (What didn’t you understand?) 3. What would you like to know more about? (What do you wonder about?) Name: ___________________________________________ 1. Catchy Opening? Yes Sort of No… Suggestions? 2. Characters: described enough? Yes Sort of No… Suggestions? 3. Use of “Show” instead of “Tell”? Yes Sort of No… Suggestions? 4. Use of dialogue? Yes Sort of No… Suggestions? 5. Is/are the problem(s) developed enough? Yes Sort of No… Suggestions? 6. Is the solution satisfying? Yes Sort of No… Suggestions? 7.List at least 3 questions you have about the story: From the Writing Curriculum Files of Children’s Author, Suzanne Williams
Watching a Protein “Quake” Watching a Protein “Quake” Watching a Protein “Quake” Watching a Protein “Quake” Read time: Want a FREE PDF version of This News Story? Complete the form below and we will email you a PDF version of "Watching a Protein “Quake”" First Name* Last Name* Email Address* Company Type* Job Function* Would you like to receive further email communication from Technology Networks? The result, from an x-ray laser experiment at the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE)’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, could provide clues to how more complex processes unfold as chemical bonds form and break. “This work helps us to see how proteins work, in general,” said Marco Cammarata, who led the experiment at SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray laser, a DOE Office of Science User Facility. The research is detailed in Nature Communications. The study focused on myoglobin, a protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is considered a model protein that is sometimes referred to as the “hydrogen atom of biology.” The unique LCLS pulses enabled researches to measure, for the first time at such an ultrafast timescale and under very natural conditions, how the entire protein shook in response to a light-triggered break in a molecular bond. Proteins are a vital part of the body’s microscopic machinery. Their movement and shape help determine their function, and studying them is key in designing new drugs to fight disease, for example, and in replicating natural systems to produce new fuel sources. Understanding the natural motion of proteins in response to such basic and essential biochemical reactions as bond breaks could provide insight about a range of biological processes. Scientists had previously seen some evidence of a quaking motion in a bacterial protein jarred by much higher energies, and had also observed myoglobin motion at longer timescales. In the LCLS experiment they triggered the quake by attaching carbon monoxide molecules to the myoglobin and then breaking this bond with a light pulse. They then hit the samples with LCLS x-rays, and varied the timing of the x-rays to view the triggered motion. Within a fraction of a picosecond, or trillionth of a second, after the bond broke, a quake-like wave rolled across the entire protein, causing it to stretch out. The rapid expansion, which researchers precisely measured from the scattering of ultrabright x-rays that hit the samples, was followed by a vigorous shaking, like rustling leaves on a jounced tree limb. They found that this quake-like effect, which had its “epicenter” at an iron atom at the core of the protein, dies off after just a few picoseconds. Based on their x-ray observations of the expansion and oscillations, researchers are working on a 3-D model detailing the protein’s motion. The way the protein responds to the shaking motion could provide clues to how myoglobin functions in the body. “This could suggest how the protein opens up channels to let oxygen in and out,” said Henrik Lemke, an LCLS staff scientist who participated in the experiment. A similar oxygen-release process occurs in photosynthesis. Cammarata said follow-up experiments, using a combination of x-ray techniques, will help determine whether more complex proteins, including other metal-containing proteins, exhibit the same kind of response as myoglobin. “We’ll be able to see if this type of quaking is a feature common to other proteins, too,” he said.
Bootstrap Numerical Bootstrapping is a form of statistical procedure that enables you to create multiple simulated datasets from a single dataset. It is an alternative approach to traditional statistical approaches but has the same general goal - to allow calculation of descriptive and inferential statistics on your data. So how does it work? Essentially the bootstrapping process takes every value within a dataset (see below example dataset) and using a random selection it resamples the same quantity of values into a new simulated dataset. Some values from the original set may be selected once, multiple times or not at all. The result is a new dataset with the same quantity of values but a slightly differing result. Essentially what you may expect if you went out and repeated the original experiment. Using bootstrapping you could perform this resampling process hundreds or thousands of times. Why would you do this? The main benefit of bootstrap methods is that they don’t require assumptions to be made about the distribution of data, unlike parametric methods bootstrapping does not rely on a normal distribution. Additionally, due to the resampling process you can generate a larger pool of data without the inconvenience of repeating your experiment (IF your initial dataset is of good quality). Worked example: Download below example excel file ‘Bootstrap Numerical’. In the file there are five columns, Groups A, B, C, D and E. Each column has 25 values between 1 - 10 (this is just example data, but it could represent questionnaire answers or blood tests results for instance). 1. Click analyze above open the numerical bootstrap program. 2. Browse your computer for ‘Bootstrap Numerical.xlsx’ (or the dataset you would like to analyse) 3. Wait for it to upload 4. If you have used a .csv file at this point you need to define your separator from the multiple options 5. Select the variable you would like to bootstrap. For instance ‘Group A’. 6. You may then click on one of three options. • Bootstrap Mean - calculates the bootstrapped mean and Confidence Intervals • Bootstrap Quartiles (BCa) - calculates the bootstrapped quartiles with Bias Corrected and Accelerated. • Bootstrap Quartiles (Perc) - calculates the bootstrapped quartiles using percentiles 7. By viewing these tabs you will see the statistical output. 8. If you would like to download your output, select the format and click download 9. Congratulations you have run a bootstrap numerical analysis Should I use bootstrap BCa or bootstrap Perc to calculate my confidence intervals? The short answer is BCa intervals are adjusted intervals that are more accurate at the expense of taking slightly longer to compute. Are there any disadvantages to bootstrap analyses? Only values within the original dataset will be sampled, if you have significant outliers or other issues with your data quality then bootstrap methods will only exacerbate these issues. Written by Daniel Richardson
Dr. Beth Recommends these products: Nutrition Counseling Nutrition Counseling with Dr. Beth - click here What You Need To Know About Water Water is great medicine, needed to maintain a healthy body, a clear mind, and a good balance within your tissues. There's more water in your body than anything else, with every cell containing mostly water. About 60-70 percent of your body is water, and you must constantly replenish the supply, as it's used up in the processes of life. It is true, many people fail to drink enough of it. When you don't have enough water in your body, your cells start to draw water from the bloodstream. The blood gets sludgy, your heart has to work harder, and your body starts to redirect blood away from less vital areas. Dehydration can set in even before you start to feel thirsty. This is a great strain on the body because it impairs the kidneys in their vital function of purifying the blood and helping the body get rid of toxins. If you've lost just 2 percent of your body weight in water, your brain power and performance level may start to weaken. It can cause a headache. Another 4 to 7 percent may leave you feeling dizzy. Do We Really Need Eight Glasses of Water a Day? Traditionally, we are often told that we all need to drink at least eight eight-ounce glasses of water a day. Another rule is for every 50 pounds of body weight, you should drink one quart of spring or filtered water per day. This would increase daily water intake to 12 to 16 glasses for many. I have always questioned this advise... Where did they come up with these amounts? In the book of Ezekiel, God instructed the prophet Ezekiel to drink only 1/6 of a hin a day.Thou shalt drink also water by measure, the sixth part of an hin: from time to time shalt thou drink. Ezekiel 4:11 This is equivalent to less than 4 cups of water a day (a hin is about 5 quarts) or according to one Bible expert, Matthew Henry, a sixth part of a hin of water was only half a pint, about eight ounces. God placed him on a fast of bread and water for 390 days. It was during a time of great famine in the land, but there was plenty of water as he was next to a river. God was trying to use him as an example that we need to live sparingly (and not in the carnal flesh) during this time of calamity. We must also note his physical conditions, as he was also told to lie on his side, a sedentary condition. Physical activity and environmental factors (heat, low humidity, etc.) will increase our need for water. This was the minimum he could live on for this prolonged period of time in his circumstances and we should take those in consideration. I just think it is of interesting contrast to the popular recommendations of the world today. Urine Color A few professionals will recommend you drink according to the color of your urine. As long as you are not taking riboflavin (vitamin B2), which fluoresces and turns your urine bright yellow (it is also in most multi-vitamins), then your urine should be a very light-colored yellow. If it is a deep yellow then you are likely not drinking enough water. Many of us do take Vitamin B-2, so this idea won't work. A few other people are also rejecting the "conventional wisdom" that people need to drink eight glasses of water a day and concluded that on a daily basis people get enough water from normal drinking behavior, such as drinking beverages at meals and in other social situations, and by letting their thirst guide them. I am not at all saying that getting enough water isn’t important. We can exist without food for months, but without water we can only survive for a few days. Your body is made up mostly of water, which: • Is essential for digestion, nutrient absorption and elimination preventing constipation) • Aids circulation • Helps control the body's temperature • Lubricates and cushions joints • Keeps the skin healthy • Helps remove toxins from your body Every day you lose water from the body through breathing, urine and perspiration, and this fluid needs to be replenished. However, your body has come equipped with a mechanism that tells you when you need to replenish your supply--it’s called thirst! Let Your Thirst be Your Guide When your body begins to lose from 1 to 2 percent of its total water, your thirst mechanism lets you know that it’s time to drink some water (NOT soda, coffee, juice or other beverage which actually increase your need for more water). If you are healthy, then drinking pure water whenever you feel thirsty should be an adequate guide of how much water you need. You can confirm whether you are drinking enough water by looking at the color of your urine, as mentioned above. Of course, if it’s hot outside or you are engaged in exercise or other vigorous activity, you will require more water than normal so be sure to stay well hydrated in these cases. You will probably note that your thirst increases as well at these times. However, as we grow older our thirst mechanism works less efficiently so older adults will want to be sure to drink water regularly. So How Much is Enough? The standard recommendation is to drink at least eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. I'm just not sure most people need to drink that much down, but do try to drink as much as you can, and more than you think you need. When you're exercising, you do need even more water because you're sweating and losing water through deep breathing. Of course, warm temperatures and even high winds also increase water loss. Just walking for an hour on a warm day may increase your requirement by two glasses or more. An hour of tennis could require anywhere from two to ten extra glasses. A kidney expert and professor at Dartmouth University looked into the same question (8 glasses a day?) I did and I found this article to be very interesting! Water Quality In addition to how much water should we be drinking, we should also determine what type of water should we be drinking? The answer is clean, spring or well water and filtered water. I do not recommend drinking tap water or distilled water. I also recommend to avoid fluoride which is often added to city tap water. I do not recommend distilled water because all of the minerals that are supposed to be provided through our water are removed. Well water, spring water and even rain water provides minerals from the earth that we need in our bodies. Genesis tells us we were made from the dust of the earth and virtually all of the minerals found in the earth (almost 80 of them) are also found in the human body. Interestingly, the minerals are also found in similar proportions! It is important that you ensure the safety of your tap or well water. This will help you to determine what type of filter you need to make sure your water is free from heavy metals, bacteria and other harmful contaminants. Filtering your own water is important is because we want to avoid bottled water unless it is absolutely necessary as it is a huge strain on the environment. Plus, some bottled water may not be any better than tap water. On a side note, remember to avoid storing your water in typical Nalgene bottle as they can leach an unsafe chemical called BPA into your water. Look for the high-density polyethelene (HDPE) Nalgene bottles, which appear to be safer, to store water or use glass. For more information about this topic, you may go to this report from the National Academic Press, http://www.nap.edu/books/0309091691/html/ For more information on the safety of plastics see www.plasticsinfo.org/ or plastics.americanchemistry.com/ This is a controversial subject, some articles will try to tell you that some of these plastics do leach some chemicals into the food and water, but they are SAFE (?) at the levels consumed. "Consumer Reports says their testing found minute leaching of BPA from polycarbonate water bottles, followed by an allegation of "health effects… in developing fetuses, judging from animal research." * The levels of BPA cited in the article are extremely low. At 11 ppb - the highest value cited - a consumer would have to drink almost seventeen 5-gallon bottles of water a day for an entire lifetime to be exposed to the level of bisphenol-A that the U. S. Food and Drug Administration has set as safe (which incorporates an additional 1,000-fold safety factor). * The potential for health effects from extremely low doses of any substance is controversial and unproven. The Consumer Reports article also fails to mention that the hypothesis that BPA could pose any risk to developing laboratory animal fetuses at low doses is highly controversial and unproven. In fact, the overwhelming weight of the evidence shows just the opposite." If this were the only chemical foreign to the human body that we were consuming, I agree, it MAY not be significant enough to cause a problem. BUT, in today's society, we are bombarded daily with so many (literally thousands of them) foreign chemicals that we need to start taking an active stance to control the amount we are exposed to or there will be serious health consequences in our health. Every chemical that is foreign to the body must be dealt with by the immune system, liver, kidneys and this does cause a stress. So... How Much is Enough? I think it depends on your body size, diet, lifestyle, climate, probably even genetics to some extent... probably ranging anywhere from 4 glasses to a gallon or even more!
W.10 Running an External Lisp Emacs has facilities for running programs in other Lisp systems. You can run a Lisp process as an inferior of Emacs, and pass expressions to it to be evaluated. You can also pass changed function definitions directly from the Emacs buffers in which you edit the Lisp programs to the inferior Lisp process. To run an inferior Lisp process, type M-x run-lisp. This runs the program named lisp, the same program you would run by typing lisp as a shell command, with both input and output going through an Emacs buffer named `lisp'. That is to say, any "terminal output" from Lisp will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any "terminal input" for Lisp comes from text in the buffer. (You can change the name of the Lisp executable file by setting the variable inferior-lisp-program.) To give input to Lisp, go to the end of the buffer and type the input, terminated by RET. The `lisp' buffer is in Inferior Lisp mode, which combines the special characteristics of Lisp mode with most of the features of Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}). The definition of RET to send a line to a subprocess is one of the features of Shell mode. For the source files of programs to run in external Lisps, use Lisp mode. This mode can be selected with M-x lisp-mode, and is used automatically for files whose names end in `.l', `.lsp', or `.lisp', as most Lisp systems usually expect. When you edit a function in a Lisp program you are running, the easiest way to send the changed definition to the inferior Lisp process is the key C-M-x. In Lisp mode, this runs the function lisp-eval-defun, which finds the defun around or following point and sends it as input to the Lisp process. (Emacs can send input to any inferior process regardless of what buffer is current.) Contrast the meanings of C-M-x in Lisp mode (for editing programs to be run in another Lisp system) and Emacs-Lisp mode (for editing Lisp programs to be run in Emacs): in both modes it has the effect of installing the function definition that point is in, but the way of doing so is different according to where the relevant Lisp environment is found. @xref{Executing Lisp}. This document was generated by Roberto on abril, 2 2007 using texi2html 1.76.

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