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Your guide to All things pets The Addiction Blog Cats are known to be afraid of water. But have you ever wondered how cats developed a liking for eating fish? Felines and their fishy diets seem to be a match made in heaven. But there’s more to it than just coincidence. A cat’s ancestral diet The cats we know today are believed to be closely related to the African wildcat – nocturnal animals with a high prey drive. African wildcats are excellent hunters that mostly prey on small animals like mice, rabbits, birds, insects, and reptiles. Their ancestry might be the reason why cats eat mice even if they have access to commercial cat food. A cat’s desire to consume meat is also because of their body’s need to acquire taurine, an essential amino acid that cats cannot produce on their own. This is the very reason that commercial cat foods must be enriched with taurine as a requirement set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). Something smells fishy Aside from domestication, when pet owners provide their cats with fish to eat, another reason why cats like eating fish is because of its strong odors. Compared to humans, a cat’s sense of taste isn’t as well-developed. While they do taste the food that they eat, cats however mainly rely on their sense of smell to fully enjoy their food. Cats have the special ability to taste scents. They have a scent organ called the vomeronasal located at the roof of their mouths. For cats, anything that smells good can be strikingly delicious. The strong, fishy smell attracts cats, making seafood a delish meat that cats enjoy. Is fish good for your cat? Fish is an excellent source of protein. Cats need a high quality source of protein with the right amino acids to keep their immune system strong and their energy levels high. A fatty fish, like salmon, is rich in Vitamins B6, B12, D, Omega-3, and is extremely low in unhealthy saturated fat. But before you go and give salmon to your cat, check its quality and if it is the best choice recommended by the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch®, like New Zealand king salmon. As a tasty treat, indulge your cats to the alluring smell and mouthwatering taste of Addiction’s Salmon Bleu for Cats, a grain-free and highly nutritious blend of New Zealand king salmon and antioxidant-rich cranberries and blueberries. Salmon Bleu is a hypoallergenic pet food free from grains, gluten, wheat, corn, soy, artificial hormones, preservatives, and artificial colors. It is formulated to exceed the nutritional requirements set by the AAFCO Food Nutrient Profiles for cats across all life stages. With Addiction’s Salmon Bleu, you’re sure to give your cats food that’s good for them. Discover the goodness in Addiction’s Salmon Bleu Salmon Bleu is also available for dogs and puppies Loading spinner Share This
We all have days when we’re not feeling at the top of our game. Maybe we’re experiencing a degree of stress and anxious feelings when feeling the pressure that can come with exams, work deadlines or relationship issues. Or maybe we have been feeling down, sad and not in the mood to be social. These feelings usually pass however, for some people, these feelings just don’t go away. It can have a crippling effect on your life, stopping you from doing the things you love and causing damage to the relationships in your life. There are a variety of contributing factors that may lead to the development of depression or anxiety. These could be ongoing stressful circumstances, thyroid dysfunction, nutrient deficiencies, substance abuse and addictions, trauma and having low self-esteem. Food allergies, genetic disposition, unhealthy lifestyle choices, cancer and even side effects of medication can also contribute. Figuring out what is contributing is essential and this is where a naturopath comes in. A naturopath can help you determine the underlying causes as well as treat your gut. We know that by changing our gut bacteria composition, we can change our brain chemistry. We also know that it’s bidirectional- that stress actually changes our gut bacteria population too! Healing your gut also heals your brain and that’s why when it comes to any mental health issues, treating your gut is paramount. There are also a few things you can do to support your mental health. Eating a healthy diet and making sure you’re getting enough of some key nutrients that are essential for a healthy brain as well as building lifestyle habits can go a long way. 1. Reduce intake of dietary stimulants, including caffeine and alcohol as they actually contribute to an anxious state, creating imbalances in the neurotransmitters and receptors in the brain. Caffeine also increases stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol which can make you feel more jittery and increase your heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels. 1. Avoid refined carbohydrates and ensure you’re consuming a sufficient amount of complex carbohydrates to stabilize your blood sugar levels and feed the beneficial bacteria that keep your gut in balance. Eat healthy sources of carbohydrates like rice, quinoa, beans and oats. 1. Make sure you’re getting enough protein at each meal as it will ensure you’re getting enough amino acids to support healthy mental function and overall well-being. Tryptophan, an amino acid, is an important precursor to serotonin. You can make sure you’re getting enough by consuming butternut squash seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, walnuts, tofu, banana, oatmeal and sea vegetables such as kelp and seaweed. 1. Increase your intake of omega-3 fatty acids as they improve symptoms of anxiety and depression through their anti-inflammatory properties as well as their involvement in the structure and function of neuronal membranes, receptors and signal transmission. Omega-3s also increase the production of important neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. Plant-based foods that are rich in these fatty acids include avocadoes, walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, olives and olive oil. 1. Include more fermented foods such as kimchi, sauerkraut, kombucha and kefir and prebiotic fibers in your diet as they increase the production of short chain fatty acids, anti-inflammatory cytokines and help to modulate the gut bacteria and improve anxiety symptoms. 1. Increase your intake of magnesium-rich foods. Magnesium is required to control inflammation, reduce nervous tension, mood swings, irritability, manage stress and support a healthy sleep cycle. High magnesium foods include dark leafy greens, nuts especially cashews and almonds, seeds, beans, whole grains such as quinoa and buckwheat, avocadoes, bananas and cacao. 1. Increase your intake of folate and B vitamins as they are needed for the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Deficiencies in these nutrients are linked to mental health issues. Some of the best plant-based sources include bananas, legumes, leafy green vegetables and potatoes. 1. Exercise daily for at least 30 minutes. We’ve already learned that in addition to all the wonderful things exercise does for us- like its benefits for cardiac health, bone strength and healthy metabolism- that it also helps us to produce short chain fatty acids that are essential for the health of our guts and brains. Exercise also releases our “feel good” hormones: serotonin and dopamine. Try some high intensity cardio exercise or more calming activities like yoga and Pilates. 1. Vagal nerve stimulation (watch out for our next blog post!) also helps our cognitive and mental health as well as reduces inflammation and increases serotonin. 10. Make sure you’re spending time in the sun. Getting sunlight has a similar effect as taking an antidepressant. The UV rays from the sun stimulate vitamin D production in our skin and vitamin D supports production and release of serotonin. For those with dark complexions, it may be necessary to spend several hours in the sun in order to produce a sufficient amount of vitamin D, while those with light complexions may need as little as 15 minutes and should be careful in not getting too much! 11. Enjoy some massage. Massage therapy increases levels of not only serotonin but also dopamine, endorphins and oxytocin. No wonder it feels so good to receive bodywork! Massage also soothes the nervous system, relieves muscle pain, reduces inflammation and enhances immune function. Massage is even detoxifying! Herbal Medicine for Anxiety and Depression There are many herbal remedies which have a long history of traditional use in the treatment of depression and anxiety: St Johns Wort One of the most well-known is St John’s Wort for depression and anxiety. Studies have shown that St John’s Wort is just as effective as conventional anti-depressants with fewer side effects. It does however, interact with many drugs so it does need to be used with caution and must be prescribed by a health practitioner. Turmeric has also been found to be as effective as a conventional anti-depressant for supporting a healthy mood. It reduces inflammation and influences serotonin and dopamine activity. It is also a potent antioxidant. Research has shown that exercise, relaxation training and the plant kava are the most effective complementary treatment options for generalised anxiety. Kava however, is another herb that should only be used under the supervision of a qualified health practitioner as it is contraindicated with some people and also interacts with various medications. It should also never be taken at doses higher than recommended or for long-term use. Lemon Balm Lemon Balm is another herb that has been used for anxiety with depression due to its calming effects. Studies have shown it to be effective in 70% of individuals with mild-to-moderate anxiety disorder and improves sleep issues in 85% of cases. Lavender has been used for centuries for nervous exhaustion and insomnia. It has been shown to have comparable positive effects as anti-anxiety medication in adults with Generalised Anxiety Disorder. It’s also well tolerated and few side effects. Passionflower is used a lot in herbal formulas for anxiety and insomnia due to its calming and sedative effects as it has few side effects and interactions. It has also been shown to have comparable positive effects as anti-anxiety medication in adults with Generalised Anxiety Disorder. Skullcap is another very calming herb that is used in many herbal anxiety formulas as it is gentle and nourishing to the nervous system. It helps to relieve tension and stress and can be used on an as needed basis during stressful situations or at night before bed to help calm the whirring mind. Ashwagandha, also known as Withania, is used particularly for stress-induced nervous exhaustion. It is also used for recovery, physical performance and insomnia as well as for depletion of the immune system. It safely and effectively improves an individual’s resistance towards stress and reduces the release of stress hormones. On a final note, we all sometimes need a bit of a helping hand and it’s okay to ask for help. If you feel you are stuck in a rut and you’re finding it hard to cope with the stress of life and/or feelings of sadness, don’t hesitate in seeking professional help with a psychologist or counsellor. Talking it out with someone and getting some professional advice can make the world of difference.
Gut Health Gut health 2: Processed food and sugar "The Fast-Food Supper" 2010, Jacob Thompson “The Fast-Food Supper” 2010, Jacob Thompson With every bite of food we take, we are feeding our microbiome, i.e. the 100 of trillions of bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc, that exist all over our body, especially in our digestive track. Unfortunately, we aren’t feeding our microbiome the right stuff, and this is seen in the rise of diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and autoimmune disease. It’s even evident in common complaints of brain fog, lack of energy, and anxiety. The food we eat has either negative or positive effect on the various bacteria living inside us. For instance, when we eat highly processed food and food high in sugar, we are feeding bacteria that cause inflammation and harms our brain. Meanwhile, that same diet means that we are starving the bacteria we need to keep us healthy and slim. One study found that after only 10 days on a “McDonald’s diet” the diversity of bacteria was drastically decreased, going from 3,500 to 1,300 species of bacteria. Sugar also promotes the overgrowth of candida yeast that can lead to leaky gut creating a whole host of issues, from brain fog to food allergies. We all know that processed foods and sugar aren’t great for us, but it can be hard to get off those foods. Processed food and sugar is easy, convenient, and taste pretty good. Also, they have our bodies (and those naughty bacteria) hooked making it difficult to go cold turkey. For those that rely heavily on processed food or have sugar cravings, here are some tips to get that food out of your diet so you can start to bring balance back to your gut. 1. Keep it simple. Don’t go from picking up fast food or throwing together hamburger helper to attempting three-course real-food meals. Create a meal plan with simple meals that use real ingredients. Here are some recipes for inspiration. Think pre-washed greens with avocado, tomato, and a protein like grass-fed steak, chicken, tempeh, or nuts to top it off. Cooking with real foods can take time and practice, so start off slowly and have a plan so you don’t go back to your fallbacks. 2. Deal with the cravings. Sugar is 8 times more addictive than cocaine. Meaning you are going to have some cravings and you might not feel great for the first couple of days. Here are some ways to reduce those cravings. • Eat enough fat and protein throughout the day to keep your blood sugar stable. • Don’t keep sweets in the house. • Drink plenty of water. • Don’t substitute with artificial sweeteners. They will only increase your cravings and mess with your blood sugar. • Get plenty of sleep. Lack of sleep makes us crave all sorts of things that aren’t good for us. • Find a better way to reward yourself. Go hang out with a friend, go for a hike, try out the adult night at the roller skating rink. Whatever it is, do something that is going to be pleasurable so you won’t be tempted to find pleasure in a bag of something. 3. Watch That Sugar Film. One of my clients referred to it as “the scared straight for sugar,” and he is absolutely right. There is nothing quite so compelling as watching a once healthy man headed towards liver disease after only a few days of eating how most of us eat every day. For more on gut health stay tuned and check out the first in the series.
What muscle is on the inside of your elbow? The biceps brachii, sometimes known simply as the biceps, is a skeletal muscle that is involved in the movement of the elbow and shoulder. Can you pull a muscle in your inner elbow? Some of the most common muscles that originate to the medial (middle) elbow and may be injured in a sprain include: Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Pronator Teres and Palmaris Longus. What is pain on the inside of elbow? Golfer’s elbow is a condition that causes pain where the tendons of your forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of your elbow. The pain might spread into your forearm and wrist. Golfer’s elbow is similar to tennis elbow, which occurs on the outside of the elbow. How do you work out your inner elbow? Forearm extensor stretch 1. Place your affected elbow down at your side, bent at about 90 degrees. Then make a fist with your palm facing down. 2. Keeping your wrist bent, slowly straighten your elbow so your arm is down at your side. 3. Hold for at least 15 to 30 seconds. 4. Repeat 2 to 4 times. What do you do if the inside of your elbow hurts? Some of the ways to treat inner elbow pain include: 1. Rest. Usually, if someone has inner elbow pain, the first step is to stop the activity that caused the pain. 2. Stretch and strengthen. People may find it helpful to perform strengthening exercises. 3. Brace. 4. Steroid injection. 5. Surgery. 6. Other conditions. How long does a strained elbow take to heal? You may need to wear a sling, splint, or cast for about 2 to 3 weeks while your elbow heals. Depending on how badly it is sprained, you may need to work with a physical therapist who will show you stretching and strengthening exercises. Most people recover completely from a simple elbow sprain in about 4 weeks. How do you get rid of inner elbow pain? Will golfers elbow heal on its own? The good news is that golfer’s elbow often heals on its own. Since it is a repetitive strain injury, the main factor affecting your healing is time away from the repetitive motion that caused the problem.
You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade to the latest version of one of these browsers. Shipping Options Credit card ending in Your order We could not process your payment. Please review your billing information and try again. Thank you for your order! Close Cart Tooth Decay Tooth decay, or a cavity, is an infectious tooth disease or a lesion of the enamel, dentin and/or cementum. Its main contributing factor is sugar consumption, particularly between meals, acids and nutritional deficiencies. Studies have shown that eating too much refined sugar and foods that are too acidic, as well as vitamin C and magnesium deficiencies, can weaken enamel and make teeth more prone to cavities. Dietary Considerations Reduce your consumption of sugar (which feeds bacteria and increases mouth acidity) and acidic foods (e.g. coffee, acidic fruits and soft drinks), which destroy tooth enamel. Eat alkaline foods. • DC 22 • DC 28 • DC 39
An Overview to Childhood Obesity and Its Causes An Overview to Childhood Obesity and Its Causes Childhood and teenage obesity is a widespread problem, still the results and conditions may differ in to different countries. In a nutshell it is a global health problem that is amplifying as an epidemic. So to counter the problem of children being overweight the parents and the guardian have to take pain. They are the responsible most elements who need to take care of this problem that is spreading at a robust pace. There can be so many reasons that cause child or teenage obesity directly or indirectly. Factors Causing Child Obesity There can be factors that individually or when combined produce excess weight in the children and teens some of the major factors are described as under: 1. The Inadequate Calorie Consumption Mostly the children and teens have a favorite past time of watching TV. They do nothing but to watch it as a couch potato and eat or snack a lot while doing that. They use an important percentage of leisure time watching TV or playing computer games out of their whole day which requires a very minimum amount of calories to be used in it. These inactive activities lead to gain extra weight. 2. Less Physical Workouts Children generally tend to stay away from the workouts but this does not mean that they need to build there body in anyways. You will find rarely kids taking parts in to after- school sports and other physical activities. The reason to refrain from sports and physical training sessions causes the not utilized fat to store in their body. See also Four Factors Leading to Childhood Obesity 3. Unnecessary Snacking Snacking is taking small food in- takes through out the day. As we all know that the top favorite of the kids and teenagers is junk food, fast food that contains a lot of calories and the excess calories that do not burn out of their work gets stored as in the form of excess weight. 4. Genetic Causes It has been observed that the genetic conditions are a way accountable for the obesity in the children. It happen in most of the cases where parents are troubled with excess weight their child also suffers the same problem. 5. The family Lifestyle There are cases where parents and other family members live a lavish life and thus have poor eating habits consequently poor family nutrition. The attitude of the parents towards weight loss and dieting motivates the child to follow them. Obesity is the most common disease nowadays. You can find a lot of people who are severely obese but the unfortunate condition occurs where you see the small kids obese. The small toddlers with there tiny legs are under the burden of excess weight, their tender shoulders are getting depressed with this increased weight. The childhood obesity is enormously booming in to developed and developing countries.
Find a Clinic navy blue banner with dots Hemorrhoids & Constipation Constipation and Hemorrhoids: How Constipation Can Cause Hemorrhoids Constipation is thought to be one of the leading cause of hemorrhoids. Based on the very definition of a hemorrhoid, it’s easy to see why constipation and hemorrhoids are closely linked. Hemorrhoids are veins in the anal canal that have become swollen, often due to too much pressure. Constipation will almost always lead to straining, which puts unwanted pressure on those veins. Too much straining due to constipation can cause either internal or external hemorrhoids. While internal hemorrhoids rarely cause pain (they can bleed, swell and itch), the external hemorrhoids that form near the opening of the anus can become quite painful over time. Doctor-administered treatments like the CRH O’Regan System can safely get rid of hemorrhoids for good, but as our experienced doctors will tell you: it’s always best to avoid hemorrhoids in the first place. Do Hemorrhoids cause Constipation? Sometimes, patients notice that their hemorrhoids flare up right around the same time a bout of constipation hits. This leads some patients to wonder “Do hemorrhoids cause constipation?” The answer is no. In fact, it’s actually the other way around. If your hemorrhoids are causing more discomfort, pain, or bleeding, constipation is a likely cause. As stated above, constipation leads to straining, causing veins to swell and become permanent hemorrhoids. Avoiding Constipation and Hemorrhoids Avoiding constipation and hemorrhoids begins with a healthy lifestyle. Drinking enough water and getting the right amount of fiber in our diet is crucial to avoiding constipation altogether. Other causes of constipation include stress, eating too much dairy, antacid medicine, or even sitting for extended periods of time. That’s why, in addition to drinking water and eating high-fiber foods, it’s important to stay active and avoid taking too much antacid. If you know yourself to be prone to hemorrhoids, try to reduce stress, as well as your dairy intake. Following these rules can certainly reduce your chances of developing constipation, but there’s still no guarantee you’ll avoid hemorrhoid development. Almost 75% of adults will develop hemorrhoids sometime in their life. Also, due to the pressure put on the rectal area during pregnancy, women who have been pregnant will almost always have to deal with unwanted hemorrhoids. Contact your local physician for additional tips on avoiding or dealing with constipation. Want to get rid of pesky hemorrhoids for good? Be sure to ask about the CRH O’Regan System – the simple, non-surgical way to remove hemorrhoids.
A Major Disaster in China Destroyed Sichuan's Schools. Here's Why. Schools in China are more vulnerable to earthquakes than we thought. A Major Disaster in China Destroyed Sichuan's Schools. Here's Why. Earthquake in Sichuan Province, 2008 Seoul Fire and Disaster Headquarters/Wikimedia Commons The 2008 earthquake happened 13 years ago, but the families of the more than 5,335 students who died will never be able to forget it. Neither will the children who were left with permanent and life-altering injuries (such as amputations), after almost 7,000 classrooms collapsed during the 7.9 magnitude Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Although many other buildings were damaged that day (including 5.5 million houses), and at least 68,712 people died (the real death toll may have been much higher), Chinese citizens and some civil engineers reported the bad design and a lack of seismic fortification in these schools, noting that most older buildings in the zone received only minor damage. Almost immediately, people began to wonder why the schools were so horribly affected. Sichuan earthquake collapsed kindergarten A collapsed kindergarten in Jiangyou, Sichuan. Source: Archey Firefly/Flickr Liang Wei, executive vice president of the Urban Planning Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University, wrote in an independent magazine that, “Buildings strictly built to the specifications of civil planning would not collapse during an earthquake. Any building that collapsed instantaneously must have failed to conform to civil planning standards. Either the design was unfit, or the engineering was unfit”. The scandal was just beginning. 'Tofu-Dreg' projects In 1998, China’s Premier Zhu Rongji visited flood dykes on the Yangtze River. He publicly said that they looked as weak and porous as 'tofu dregs' — the bits leftover from the tofu-making process. Inadvertently, the Premier was coining a term that would be used to describe a common and unfortunate issue in China. In fact, after that episode at the Yangtze River, the term “tofu-dreg” came into widespread use as a metaphor to describe shoddy construction, often as a result of corruption. Yingxiu Collapsed Building Source: David and Jessie Cowhig/Flickr In the case of Sichuan, Education Ministry officials and contractors were accused of skimming money from the school construction budgets to keep it for themselves. With less money to spend, the officials were accused of purchasing low-quality materials and hiring unqualified architects and contractors, who charged less, or who had more political ties than knowledge or experience. Others say materials meant for school construction projects were sold by contractors for personal profit. The result was a series of very poorly constructed schools that ended up collapsing on the students’ heads on May 12, 2008, at 2:28 p.m. After visiting China in 2011, Canadian journalist Lawrence Solomon wrote that people were afraid of these tofu-dreg projects. Specifically, he said, “they fear that a 'tofu dam' might fail, leading to hundreds of thousands of downstream victims." These people were most likely recalling the Banqiao Dam collapse, one of the most tragic “tofu projects” that eventually took the lives of as many as 230,000 people in 1975. Again, it was a structural failure, thought to have been exacerbated by corruption, that led to the failure of this dam and 61 other dams during Typhoon Nina, flooding a number of towns in Henan Province. This event was later classified as the third-deadliest inundation in history. What happened in Sichuan revived this horrible memory and reminded Chinese people that “tofu projects” still exist, even decades later and in spite of the past calamities —evidence of the fact that, oftentimes, corruption kills. Yingxiu Elementary School, Sichuan Ruins of Yingxiu Elementary School, Sichuan. Source: JuliaKao/Flickr Regrettably, the Sichuan schools case led to the term “tofu-dreg” becoming known internationally because, even though it might not be the deadliest event in China's recent history, it was one of the saddest examples of shoddy construction. An alleged civil engineer, who published a blog called the Whiteboard Report under the pseudonym “Book Blade,” described the way many people felt after the disaster: “School construction is the worst. First, there’s not enough capital. Schools in poor areas have small budgets and, unlike schools in the cities, they can’t collect huge fees, so they’re pressed for money. With construction, add in exploitation by government officials, education officials, school managers, etc. and you can imagine what’s left over for the actual building of schools. When earthquake prevention standards are raised, government departments, major businesses, etc. will all appraise and reinforce their buildings. But these schools with their 70s-era buildings, no one pays attention to them. Because of this, the older school buildings are suffering from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed”. The Beijing Municipal People’s Procuratorate admitted that prosecution of bribery and corruption cases had escalated in 2010, with most of these cases involving urban development and rural election problems. Additionally, the Communist Party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection disclosed that almost 7,000 officials had been indicted for corruption in construction projects. Tricky numbers Back in 2008, civil engineer “Book Blade” had not only denounced the inadequate state of school construction but also claimed there had been insufficient disaster preparedness by the government, which authorities were reluctant to admit. "Book Blade" specifically mentions an interview broadcast on the provincial Shanghai TV channel DragonTV, in which an assistant manager of Shanghai’s Disaster Prevention and Rescue Office is asked why so many Sichuan schools collapsed. Book Blade describes how the official immediately blames the earthquake’s magnitude. However, the show host then argues that there’s an undeniable difference between the rates of collapsed buildings in the richest provinces versus the ones in the poorest provinces. To this is added the disproportionate number of crumbled schools in these areas and the lack of credible official statistics regarding the death toll. A 2009 report by Amnesty International, entitled "Justice Denied: Harassment of Sichuan earthquake survivors and activists", outlined how officials in the province detained parents and relatives for trying to get answers about how their children died. Silence tribute Sichuan earthquake Urumqi high school students pay silent tribute to Sichuan earthquake victims. Source: Ccyber5/WikimediaCommons In June 2008, the police broke up protests by grieving parents of dead students who were demanding an investigation and the right to sue. The Amnesty report details how parents were placed under surveillance to stop them from pursuing their cases. To try and reduce the political fallout, parents were given a lump sum and 100 yuan (£11) per month in supplementary benefits. But some of those who continued to complain were punished. Liu Shaokun, a school employee who took photographs of collapsed schools and posted them on the Internet, was sentenced to a year in a labor camp, although he was later released due to international attention on the case. He wasn’t the only one who was detained for speaking up about the Sichuan earthquake. A former teacher who wrote an essay about his experience with the earthquake was also detained. Huang Qi, an activist who criticized the government's response to the earthquake on a website, was sentenced to three years in prison Some Chinese news organizations did take a more aggressive approach to the issue of the school collapses, even though they were ordered to stop. Foreign journalists trying to interview parents were detained and had equipment broken by security officers. Is it still happening? Recent examples of tofu-dregs projects include the Pavilia Farm in Hong Kong, a residential development described by South China Morning Post as an “unprecedented blunder” after concrete tests revealed the usage of the wrong concrete mix. The development was demolished before claiming fatal victims and the entire construction team was fired. In 2020, the Three Gorges Dam in Hubei province, the world's largest hydroelectricity dam, was reportedly in danger of collapsing due to exceptionally high flood waters. During its construction, there had been allegations of corrupt officials taking bribes from unqualified contractors, and Beijing revealed that nearly 100 cases of 'corruption, bribery and embezzlement' related to the project were being prosecuted. In May 2021, Shenzhen’s SEG Plaza skyscraper was evacuated after it started shaking inexplicably. The building was constructed more than two decades ago, when Shenzhen was turning from a small fishing village into a city. Although there have not been allegations of corruption or poor construction, it was built at a time when construction took place at incredible speed, and an investigation into the cause of the shaking is ongoing. Nonetheless, some in Shenzhen are concerned that the rapid pace of building may have led to “tofu construction”. Other issues involve “tribute projects,” where construction is rushed to be completed by an important date. For example, the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge was inaugurated in 2011, in time for the 90th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party. At its opening, Chinese media reported finding incomplete crash barriers, missing lighting, and loose nuts on guard rails. Reports blamed workers' haste to finish the bridge in time for the anniversary. Other projects suffered from poor design. In 2007, the Fenghuang highway bridge in the southern province of Hunan collapsed, killed more than 28 people. Initial investigation indicated the bridge construction had been rushed to completion, suffered from poor quality construction, and had been built of stone and concrete, rather than steel. Legally, there have been some improvements since the Sichuan earthquake. In 2009, the Shanghai government arrested around 2,000 people accused of construction fraud. In 2012, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine established a blacklist of companies accused of “shoddy practices”. However, the problem is not necessarily in making new laws, but in enforcing the laws — even when it involves the authorities. Dujiangyan, 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. An elderly woman is rescued after being trapped for over 50 hours. Dujiangyan, 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. Source: Commons Thinking about Sichuan's tragedy, we can only consider these words from Book Blade: “Earthquake disaster support cannot rely on imminent earthquake prediction, but on mid-term and long-term forecasts, good seismic fortification of buildings, government emergency plans, and disaster aid materials.” Follow Us on Stay on top of the latest engineering news Just enter your email and we’ll take care of the rest:
Ankle Protector Kendo is one of the popular traditional Japanese arts and is literally translated as the Way of the Sword; Kendo practitioners or more commonly called the kenshi or kendoka regularly practice the art to improve their character and to discipline themselves by simply applying the varying principles of the nihonto. The purpose of practicing this traditional martial art is to hone the mind and body while simultaneously cultivating ones strong spirit. Kendo is also considered as a full contact traditional martial art which is why utilizing the proper protective armor is necessary to reduce or prevent any unwanted injuries; these are also necessary to provide each practitioner a specific target area for striking with the use of a bamboo sword. Yet despite making use of a wooden sword and the proper Kendo gear, it is still unavoidable to face various accidents during normal training or practice sessions. Ankle Sprains This is probably one of the most common injuries faced by every individual who engages in recreational sports since ankle sprains make up about twenty-five percent of all sports injuries. To prevent or reduce the risk of ankle sprains, it is best to utilize an ankle protector which has become quite a popular piece in sports that require constant jumping and quick movements. Kendo practitioners generally have a high risk of issues when it comes to their feet and arches, but are usually not seen in those individuals who have less than 3 years of training knowledge or experience. The fumikomi ashi (the stomping action of the right foot) usually occurs around four hundred times within a single session of Kendo, and every time the Kendokas foot touches the floor, it acquires a certain amount of impact that is measured by four times the body weight of the individual. This is the reason why Kendo practitioners have a high risk of repetitious strain injuries to ones foot such as the plantar fasciitis which is known as a certain type of inflammation to the fascia. Another common risk is acquiring blisters on a Kendokas feet and hands, plus another common concern is having cut feet; this is very common among practitioners who have just begun Kendo for a few weeks and this is because of constantly moving around with their bare feet on a wooden floor. Blisters are the most common results of an individuals tender skin coming in contact with extreme friction so it is best to pay close attention to the condition of every Kendokas feet before heading out for practice. Usually, this problem gets resolved when ones feet gets used to the wear and tear of continuous Kendo practice, but to prevent further damage or blisters, it is best to make use of a Kendo ankle protector. The Ankle Protector An ankle protector can be utilized as a preventive measure as well as an aid for an already present ankle injury. The types of injuries that an ankle protector can greatly help in are those where ones body weight constantly shifts from one foot to the other at a very rapid pace; this may cause a Kendokas ankles to easily twist which may result to an ankle sprain. Professional athletes who are usually prone to such types of sprains make use of various types of protection in the form of braces or socks to avoid further injuries, yet sometimes, the injuries occur first and these forms of protection are still utilized by the athletes to protect the present strain from further accidents. Benefits of Using the Ankle Protector It prevents the recurrences of injuries An ankle protector is highly effective when it comes to protecting sprained ankles especially during the first year after the accident or injury. Thirty to fifty percent of individuals who acquire sprains somehow develop a chronic instability which is why preventing any form of recurring injuries is highly vital; this is the reason why making use of an ankle protector is necessary to lessen the risks of acquiring more injuries in the future. Convenient and easy to wear An ankle protector is easy to wear and clean since it is made from a washable material. It is skin friendly and prevents the wearer from making unnecessary movements to prevent further risks or accidents. Calms pain and swelling Sprains usually cause a lot of excruciating pain and the ankle protector is known to support both sides of ones ankles as well as other parts of the foot. Wearing these will help alleviate the pain and will also prevent further injuries since it stops one from making unnecessary movements to the feet. Provides support to weak ankles These provide adequate aid to a persons ankle whenever necessary plus it also thoroughly protects the ankle since it is made up of excellent support on either side which is highly efficient for every area. The ankle protector is also excellent for compression which is great for reducing any signs of inflammation that follows the injury. The Kendo Ankle Protector To prevent further foot injuries during Kendo practice or to correct cutting and footwork with the proper posture, it is best to purchase an ankle protector for sale. This also helps prevent blisters from appearing since Kendokas regularly train on foot on wooden floors. The Kendo ankle protector usually lasts for about two to four months and this depends on how many times the Kendoka uses this and how hard they train for Kendo.
Skip to main content Biology of Bone Sarcomas and New Therapeutic Developments Bone sarcomas are tumours belonging to the family of mesenchymal tumours and constitute a highly heterogeneous tumour group. The three main bone sarcomas are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma each subdivided in diverse histological entities. They are clinically characterised by a relatively high morbidity and mortality, especially in children and adolescents. Although these tumours are histologically, molecularly and genetically heterogeneous, they share a common involvement of the local microenvironment in their pathogenesis. This review gives a brief overview of their specificities and summarises the main therapeutic advances in the field of bone sarcoma. Bone sarcomas belong to a mesenchymal tumour family originating from bone and composed by highly heterogeneous subtypes. These tumours represent < 0.2% of malignant tumours registered in the EUROCARE database, and are considered as rare cancers and orphan tumours [1]. The three main entities are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma [2,3,4]. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) located in most of the tissues have the ability to differentiate into various mesenchymal tissues including bone and cartilage [5]. Bone marrow and the bone environment are particularly rich in MSCs, which generate stromal cells thus supporting the haematopoiesis in addition to the bone maintenance [6, 7]. This process is in fact controlled by specific transcription factors expressed during the differentiation programme of MSCs, which orientate their differentiation towards determined cell lineages. Thus, the runx2 and sox9 master genes induce a hierarchical regulation of downstream genes modulated by MSCs and drive the differentiation of MSCs into an osteoblastic and chondroblastic lineage, respectively [4, 5]. The present review aims to give an overview on the main characteristics of bone sarcomas with a specific focus on the most recent clinical developments. Main Biological Characteristics of Bone Sarcomas Bone sarcoma genesis can be explained by a conjunction between a minimum of one oncogenic event and an adequate microenvironment leading to the emergence of cancer, followed by its growth and potential migration to distant organs. Oncogenic events at the gene expression level (e.g. mutation, duplication, translocation) occurring during MSC differentiation increase the risk of their transformation to cancerous cells and result in the emergence of malignant osteoblastic or chondroblastic malignant cells. Indeed, osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma cells express runx2 and sox9 in a similar manner than their non-malignant homologues [8,9,10,11]. This expression of master genes in addition to their embryologic origin and their morphology strongly establish their close relationship with MSCs (Fig. 1). In this context, osteosarcoma cells originate from MSCs that are more or less committed to the osteoblast differentiation programme in which the oncogenic events occur. Consequently, osteosarcoma cells can express osteoblastic markers such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin or bone sialoprotein and show a strong capacity to form osteoid tissue and induce the mineralisation of extracellular matrix. Chondrosarcoma cells share common features with chondrocytes and express chondrocyte markers such as type II collagen or aggrecan (Fig. 1). Because chondrosarcoma cells are cytologically and phenotypically related to chondrocytes, they are able to produce cartilaginous matrix into which malignant chondrocytes become encased. Chondrosarcoma can form benign lesions in which the Hedgehog signalling pathway (such as EXT1 and EXT2 involved in the endochondral ossification) is dysregulated and evolve into malignant entities [12,13,14]. While osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma can be considered as the result of a disturbed differentiation programme of MSCs, the origin of Ewing sarcoma is more controverted. Indeed, Ewing sarcoma cells are characterised by the expression of a fusion protein resulting from a chromosomal translocation between the EWS gene on chromosome 2 and a gene of the ETS family and consequently have been initially associated with the primitive neuroectodermal family of tumours [15]. However, the main frequent location of Ewing sarcoma in bone and the functional consequence of EWSFLi1 silencing in Ewing sarcoma cells fed the controversy and put a label of mesenchymal origin on Ewing sarcoma [15]. Indeed, Tirode et al. showed that the EWSFLI1 silencing in different Ewing cell lines resulted in the differentiation of sarcoma cells into mesenchymal lineages and more particularly into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages [16]. To date, its origin remains elusive with three potential hypotheses: neural crest stem cells [17], embryonic osteochondrogenic progenitor cells [18] or MSCs [16, 19]. Numerous pre-clinical models based on in vitro approaches and in vivo investigations (e.g. rat, mouse, zebrafish) mimicking the human disease have been proposed and are currently used to study the pathogenesis of bone sarcomas and/or for screening new drugs [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Fig. 1 figure 1 Origin of bone sarcomas. Based on the current knowledge, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma share a common mesenchymal origin. According to their differentiation level and in association with oncogenic events and an adapted microenvironment their common precursor, a “mesenchymal stem cell” could be transformed into an osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma or an Ewing sarcoma. Sox9 Sry-related high-mobility group box (Sox) transcription factor 9 related to chondrogenic differentiation, Runx2 runt-related transcription factor 2 related to osteoblastogenesis, ALP alkaline phosphatase, OC osteocalcin, BSP bone sialoprotein Main Clinical Characteristics of Bone Sarcomas Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma are separated into three different clinical entities identifiable by the patient populations affected, their localisation and their biological characteristics (Table 1). Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant primary bone tumour with a higher incidence in adolescent and young adults. Two peaks of incidence are conventionally described: (i) a main peak at 18 years and (ii) a second peak at 60 years with poor prognosis corresponding frequently to secondary osteosarcoma developed after radiotherapy or after Paget disease of bone [2, 3]. All osteosarcomas are characterised by the presence of a mineralised osteoid matrix produced by cancer cells and which results in the typical radiographic appearances called “sunburst” pattern [4, 29]. Osteosarcoma are very heterogeneous tumours (intra- and inter-tumoural heterogeneity) as revealed by the multiple histological subtypes according to the degree of cancer cell differentiation and consequently the quality of the extracellular matrix secreted (e.g. osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic osteosarcoma). The main affected areas of osteosarcoma are the metaphysis of the long bones with a preference to the proximal end of the tibia/fibula corresponding to the location of the growth plate. Genetic analyses confirmed the high heterogeneity of osteosarcoma [30,31,32]. Bousquet et al. identified for instance more than 80 point mutations and some deletions related to more than 80 genes [30]. Kovac et al. interestingly identified a BRCAness signature in osteosarcoma which could be exploited as a new therapeutic targeting [31]. The overall survival of osteosarcoma patients is very dependent on their metastatic status at the time of diagnosis with a survival rate for patients with localised disease of around 65% after 5 years; however, when lung metastases are detected, survival drops to 30% (Table 1). Around 10–20% of patients show clinically detectable metastases at time of diagnosis and 85–90% are located in the lungs. Table 1 Characteristics of the three main bone sarcomas Ewing sarcoma is the second main represented bone sarcoma with 0.3/100,000/year. This bone sarcoma subtype accounts for 2% of childhood cancers, is more predominant in male than female with a sex male/female ratio around 1.5 and has a peak of incidence at 15 years. Sixty percent of Ewing sarcomas develop in flat bones and 40% affect the metaphysis of long bones (Table 1). Similar to osteosarcoma, the overall survival is also associated with the metastatic status of patients. For localised tumours, the overall survival is 50–60% at 5 years, which drops to only around 20% for metastatic sarcoma. At time of diagnosis, 20–25% of patients show clinically detectable metastases [33,34,35]. Although Ewing sarcoma is the most homogeneous entity among bone sarcomas, composed of undifferentiated round cancer cells characterised by CD99-, FLI1-, HNK1- and CAV1-positive immunostaining associated with limited stromal components [36], recent work demonstrated in contrast their heterogeneity [37,38,39,40]. Previous studies highlighted only a few recurrent somatic mutations in Ewing sarcomas (TP53, STAG2, CDKN2) [38, 41, 42]. However, more recent studies by Zhang et al. used next-generation sequencing (Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2) to identify a series of five new mutations (KDR, STK11, MLH1, KRAS and PTPN11) related to a higher proliferation index and revealing a higher tumour heterogeneity than initially suspected [37]. This heterogeneity is not restricted to the genetic patterns but can be extended to epigenetic profiles [39]. Indeed, Sheffield et al. showed heterogeneous DNA methylation profiles between different tumours, which could reflect a continuum between mesenchymal and stem cell signatures in link with the EWS–FLI1 signature [39]. In addition, the expression levels of EWS–FLi1, which are variable in a tumour tissue, have a functional impact on cell migration. EWSR1–FLi1high cells are characterised by high proliferation activity, while EWSR1–FLi1low have a marked propensity to migrate, invade and metastasise [40]. Chondrosarcoma is the third entity of bone sarcoma in term of incidence with around 0.2 new cases per 100,000 each year and similar incidence between male and female (Table 1). Similar to all bone sarcomas, several subtypes can be identified according to their histological characteristics [43,44,45,46] and are classified as low, intermediate or high grade on the basis of histopathological features [47]. Chondrosarcomas are characterised by a tumour chondrocyte-derived hyaline-like extracellular matrix, which eventually encases the cancer cells. The tumour tissue is organised in a mosaic of lobules separated by fibrous tissue. In addition, chondrosarcomas exhibit low vascularisation in contrast to osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcomas. Heterogeneity is also a hallmark of chondrosarcomas, which are associated with a complex cytogenetic signature [48, 49]. Thus, somatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-1 or -2 are frequent (around 56%) in central and periosteal cartilaginous tumours and absent in endochondroma [50]. In addition to mutations in IDH1, IDH2, EXT (exostosin) and more conventional genes associated with cancer progression such as TP53 or Rb1, Tarpey et al. identified COL2A1 mutations (insertions, deletions and rearrangements) in the third cases [51]. The principal localisations of chondrosarcomas are pelvic bone, scapula and long bones (Table 1). While high-grade chondrosarcomas can be associated with metastases, these tumours are characterised by a high rate of local recurrence and consequently by a high morbidity [52, 53]. Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma are then characterised by a marked heterogeneity at the histological, genetic and epigenetic levels. Etiology of Bone Sarcomas: The Microenvironment as the Driver of Cancer Progression In addition to c-fos which has been associated with osteosarcoma formation due to its contribution in osteoblast differentiation [54, 55], some genetic predispositions have been linked with osteosarcoma development in hereditary syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni (p53 mutation) [56], Rothmund-Thompson [57], Werner [58] or Bloom syndromes (mutations of helicase genes) [59, 60], or retinoblastoma familial cancers [61]. Hereditary multiple exostoses (familial osteochondromatosis or diaphyseal aclasis) is an inherited genetic disease associated with osteochondromas and with EXT1 and EXT2 mutations [14, 62]. Even if several studies evaluated the risk of malignant transformation of multiple exostoses, the most recent study identified this risk at relatively low level (2.7%) with the development of low-grade chondrosarcomas [63]. However in most of the cases, patients do not show any predisposition genes and bone sarcomas are sporadic cases which could be explained by a close relationship with their local microenvironment altered during the malignant transformation process [64,65,66,67,68]. The “seed and soil” theory proposed by Stephen Paget at the end of the nineteenth century gives a partial explanation of bone sarcoma formation [69]. At the early stage of the disease, proliferation of bone sarcoma cells in the bone environment leads to the dysregulation of the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, in favour of an exacerbated osteoclast differentiation and local bone resorption. In turn, resorptive osteoclasts release pro-tumoral factors (e.g. cytokines, extracellular matrix components) initially trapped into the organic matrix of bone tissue [70]. The demonstration of this vicious cycle between osteoclasts and bone sarcoma cells has stimulated numerous pre-clinical and clinical investigations that revealed the decrease of tumour bone sarcomas after targeting of osteoclasts using anti-resorptive agents [71,72,73,74,75]. In addition to their anti-resorptive activities, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates could have a direct anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells [76, 77]. On the contrary, Endo-Munoz et al. showed the deleterious effect of osteoclastogenesis inhibition after zoledronic acid treatment which was associated with an increase of lung metastases in an osteosarcoma model [78]. The role of osteoclasts in bone sarcoma development is still unclear and osteoclasts could act as a pro-tumoral factor in the early stage of the disease due to their pro-angiogenic activity [79] and could exert the opposite role at a later stage of the disease [80]. Bone sarcoma development could be explained by the conjunction of multiple factors: (i) one or more oncogenic events from which the malignant transformation is initiated. The risks of genetic aberrations at the gene expression level (e.g. mutation, deletion, amplification) could increase with the proliferation rate of the cells of interest such as MSCs/osteoblasts during bone growth. A first mutation could lead to a chromosomal instability and consequently to the appearance of new oncogenic events [31]. (ii) A favourable microenvironment is a prerequisite for the growth of cancer cells. The differential repartition of bone sarcomas according to their subtypes are in favour of this theory. Furthermore, numerous studies demonstrated that MSCs induce pro-proliferative effects on bone sarcoma and promote osteosarcoma stemness strengthening the “seed and soil” theory [81, 82]. Local acidosis derived from the tumour growth and tumour-associated osteolysis has in return a strong impact on the stemness of MSCs [83, 84]. The bilateral dialogue established between cancer cells and their neighbours is a central aspect of bone sarcoma development. The diverse modes of communication include soluble factors (e.g. chemokines, cytokines), direct cell interactions and extracellular vesicles [64,65,66]. Gap junctions are intercellular channels composed of transmembrane proteins named connexons that allow direct intercellular communication between two adjacent cells. Recent data investigated at the single-cell level showed intercellular communications through gap junctions between osteosarcoma cells and various other cell types [85]. Functional gap junctions have been observed between osteosarcoma cells and MSCs depending on their differentiation levels, and between cancer cells and endothelial cells. In contrast, while all bone cells express gap junctions, no gap junction-dependent communication has been demonstrated with macrophages, osteoclasts or osteocytes [86,87,88]. Gap junctions are clearly involved in the tumour development and the loss of connexin43 expression in Ewing sarcoma cells favours the development of the primary tumour growth [89]. Another way of cell communication is transfer of extracellular vesicles loaded with proteins, mRNA and microRNA. Thus, it has been suggested that osteosarcoma cells are able to resist the effects of chemotherapeutic treatment such as doxorubicin by transferring exosomes carrying specific multidrug resistance factors (e.g. MDR-1, Pgp) from resistant to non-resistant cancer cells [90]. Recently, Baglio et al. described the education of MSCs by tumour-secreted extracellular vesicles [91]. These authors demonstrated the ability of osteosarcoma cells to incorporate TGF-β into extracellular vesicles which induced production of IL-6 in MSCs. IL-6 is in turn associated with an increase of tumour growth [92]. A vicious cycle is then established between MSCs and sarcoma cells through the release of extracellular vesicles. The bone sarcoma microenvironment is not restricted to MSCs but is a very complex and dynamic environment (Fig. 2). This environment can be described as “niches” including bone, vascular and immune niches and more specific niches such as muscles and lung parenchyma for invading and metastatic cells. Even though there is no evidence of the correlation between the vessel density and the metastatic process in bone sarcomas, endothelial cells are strongly involved in the intra/extravasation of cancer cells. Recently, new regulators including brain, neuronal network and neurotrophic factors should be added to the list. It is now well recognised that the brain can act as a master regulator of bone mass [93, 94]. Bone remodelling is indeed regulated by a rich innervation, which is the source of neurotrophic factors, hormones and neurotransmitters [95]. Released locally or into the blood stream, these soluble factors could target bone sarcoma cells [96, 97]. The most recent evidence has been given by Punzo et al. who showed the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effects of endocannabinoid and endovanilloid systems in osteosarcoma [98] (Fig. 2). The bone environment is relatively specific to bone sarcomas and bone cells have been suspected to contribute to their development. Indeed, as described above, the blockade of bone resorption by bisphosphonates inhibits the tumour growth in pre-clinical models of osteosarcoma [92] and Ewing sarcoma [71] and slows down recurrent tumour progression after intralesional curettage in chondrosarcoma [76, 99]. Unfortunately, the results of a phase III clinical trial associating conventional chemotherapy and bisphosphonate (zoledronate) do not recommend this therapeutic strategy in osteosarcoma [100]. The lack of significant efficacy can be explained by the disparity of bisphosphonate or RANKL-blocking antibody efficacy observed using the parameters of bone remodelling in different mouse strains [101]. Alternatively, bisphosphonates could modulate macrophage differentiation through complex mechanisms. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) can be subdivided in two types of populations, M1-polarised macrophages considered as antitumour effectors and M2-polarised macrophages, which are defined as pro-tumour modulators due to their positive impact on the neoangiogenic process [102]. In breast cancer models, it has been shown that cancer cells secrete soluble factors modulating macrophages towards the M2 state. Zoledronate counteracts this differentiation and favours a cytotoxic immune response linked with the differentiation of TAMs towards the M1 subtype [103]. In mesothelioma, zoledronate impairs the polarisation of TAMs to the M2 phenotype but leads to the accumulation of immature myeloid cells, which could reduce its effects [104]. In bone sarcoma, TAMs also appeared as key effectors of the pathogenesis [105,106,107]. Indeed, the macrophage infiltration in osteosarcoma is correlated with metastatic suppression [105] and osteosarcoma cells dysregulate the balance of M1/M2 macrophages [106]. An abundant M2 macrophage infiltrate is consequently in favour of a metastatic profile [106]. In Ewing sarcoma, the targeting of TAMs by liposome-encapsulated clodronate that inhibits simultaneously M1 and M2 macrophages leads to a decrease of tumour growth [107]. Overall, these results demonstrate the key role of macrophages which regulate the development of bone sarcoma according to their number and M1/M2 phenotype. The role of the immune niche in bone sarcoma development is not restricted to TAMs and is also controlled by dendritic cells, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes or mast cells [108,109,110]. Fig. 2 figure 2 The tumour microenvironment contributes to the control of bone sarcoma formation, their recurrence and associated metastatic process. The bone sarcoma microenvironment is composed of highly diversified cell populations forming specific local niches: vascular niche, immune niche, bone niche, muscular and pulmonary niches (e.g. metastatic niches), neuronal control and activity of neurotrophic factors. These various cell types establish a mutual dialogue with sarcoma cells through physical contact, the release of soluble factors or the formation of extracellular vesicles. All these communications will lead to strong alterations of the microenvironment (e.g. qualitative modifications of the extracellular matrix) and the behaviour of cancer cells, which increase their proliferation, and/or invasion/migration properties Recent Therapeutic Developments Although current conventional treatments are relatively similar for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma combining chemotherapy and surgery, the mainstay of local tumour control in chondrosarcoma is surgery with adequate margins (margins of normal tissue). Indeed, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are ineffective in the treatment of local and advanced chondrosarcoma patients. Consequently, both therapeutic approaches have limited impact in the management of these patients [111]. Unfortunately, adequate margins can only be achieved in 45–75% of patients. Inadequate margins are related to a high risk of local recurrence. Recent work validated the cryosurgery after intralesional curettage for low-grade chondrosarcoma. The technique appears safe and effective in selected patients [111]. Chemotherapy is recommended for high-risk chondrosarcoma and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma but there is no recognised consensus defining the protocol and time schedule. The conventional therapeutic approach to osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma combines surgery (preoperative or neoadjuvant) and after chemotherapy (postoperative or adjuvant) and long-term (6–12 months) polychemotherapy [112,113,114,115]. The conventional cocktail used in osteosarcoma is composed by a minimum of three drugs (reference combination: doxorubicin, cisplatin, methotrexate). Ifosfamide is the fourth drug used in osteosarcoma. Radiotherapy can be used when adequate surgery is impossible and for high-risk locations (e.g. spine); however, osteosarcomas are usually considered as radioresistant. In Ewing sarcoma, chemotherapy includes vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin and etoposide. In addition, patients will receive radiotherapy since Ewing sarcoma responds relatively well to irradiation [116]. Several on-going clinical trials are studying new regimens of high doses of chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy (Table 2). However, most conventional chemotherapy commonly results in relatively poor therapeutic responses, which has led to the development of new compounds with new therapeutic targets (Tables 2, 3; Fig. 3). Table 2 Recent drug development in Ewing sarcoma Table 3 Recent drug development in chondrosarcoma Fig. 3 figure 3 Recent on-going clinical trials in osteosarcoma. Numerous therapeutic approaches are in clinical development and are based on specific and direct targeting of cancer cells (e.g. DNA repair, cell cycle or glycoprotein targeting), or indirect targeting of cancer cells by modulation of their microenvironment (e.g. immunotherapies). After integration in extracellular tumour bone matrix, alpha radiotherapeutic agents can indirectly kill the cancer cells. NCT: National Clinical Trial registry Number Novelties in Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma New therapeutic approaches have been proposed and are currently on-going to improve the survival rate of osteosarcoma patients [109, 112]. Similar strategies are now proposed for Ewing sarcoma patients. New Formulation of Chemotherapeutic Agents In order to reduce its cardiotoxicity, liposomal doxorubicin formulations have been designed and show similar efficacy than conventional doxorubicin [117]. Liposomal doxorubicin is currently tested in phase I in refractory paediatric solid tumours (Table 2). Liposomal formulation can also be used for the modulation of drug pharmacology profiles such as irinotecan for which its pharmacology has likely limited its clinical activity. Positive benefit of irinotecan sucrosofate liposomes was demonstrated in a xenograft model of Ewing sarcoma and is assessed in a Phase trial (NCT02013336) [118]. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Multiple Target Drugs It is recognised that cytotoxic cancer agents can kill proliferating cells by damaging DNA or microtubules. Although numerous cancer cells are sensitive to chemotherapy despite their low proliferation, called «the proliferating rate paradox» by Mitchison TJ, quiescent cells are usually insensitive to cytotoxic agents [119] and can be reactivated in an adequate microenvironment [29, 84, 91]. In this context, the disruption of the dialogue between cancer cells and their microenvironment is a promising therapeutic approach in bone sarcomas. Migration, survival and proliferation are controlled by a complex internal cell machinery but also by several external factors such as cytokines or growth-activating tyrosine kinase receptors [120]. Several clinical trials are in progress to assess tyrosine kinase inhibitors which are considered as multi-target drugs (Tables 2, 3; Fig. 3). Regorafenib an oral multikinase inhibitor targeting angiogenic factors (VEGFR1-3, TIE2), oncogenic kinases (KIT, RET, RAF) and pazopanib inhibiting VEGFR, PDGFR and cKIT are going to be assessed in osteosarcoma (Fig. 3) [120, 121]. First therapeutic response has been described in three metastatic osteosarcoma [122] and Ewing sarcoma [123] patients treated with pazopanib. Similarly, regorafenib showed its antitumour activity in osteosarcoma in a phase I clinical trial [124], a phase II is in progress and will include 126 patients treated daily with oral 160 mg regorafenib. Erlotinib targeting the EGFR, cabozantinib blocking cMET and entrectinib, a selective inhibitor of TrkA, B and C, C-ros oncogene 1 and ALK are also in phase II in rare tumours including Ewing sarcoma (Table 2). Bone Targeting Ewing sarcoma cells activate osteoclastogenesis followed by increased bone resorption and in this context the blockade of osteoclast activation by a bisphosphonate showed therapeutic benefit in a pre-clinical model of Ewing sarcoma [71]. A phase III clinical trial including more than 1150 patients treated with zoledronate is currently on-going with primary completion by March 2019. Radium-223 (223Ra) is an alpha-emitting radiopharmaceutical compound which showed calcimimetic properties and consequently has intrinsic calcified tissue-targeting properties. Based on these specificities, the bone matrix is the preferential site of biodistribution. The first clinical evidence of response to radium-223 in osteosarcoma has been published by Subbiah et al. who described a reduction of bone pain and bone-remodelling parameters after treatment [125]. A phase I/II clinical trial is on-going (NCT01833520, «Phase I Dose Escalation of Monthly Intravenous Ra-223 Dichloride in Osteosarcoma») to determine the maximum tolerated dose of radium-223 dichloride for treating osteosarcoma patients. Fifteen patients have been enrolled and were treated with a starting dose of radium-223 dichloride (50 kBq/kg i.v. over several minutes on day 1 of each 4-week cycle). The final completion will be at the end of 2018 [112]. DNA Repair Targeting Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key protein involved in DNA repair especially in DNA repair of single-strand breaks. In 2012, Garnett et al. have reported a high sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells to PARP inhibitors [126]. Based on this interesting observation, a first phase II trial was set up in Ewing sarcoma. Unfortunately, the results revealed the absence of efficacy of olaparib as a single agent [127]. However, pre-clinical studies demonstrated promising benefit when combining PARP inhibitors with other targeting pathways (e.g. IGF1 inhibition, Trabectedin, temozolomide) and justified several phase I clinical trials (NCT01858168, NCT02044120) [128]. In 2015, Kovac et al. studied 31 osteosarcoma samples by exosome sequencing and showed for the first time recurrent mutation signatures of BRCA deficiency [31]. This observation could be an excellent argument to assess the therapeutic efficacy of PARP inhibitors in osteosarcoma and clinical trials are in discussion. The immune system plays a key role in cancer and immune cells recruited by cancer cells (e.g. lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages) are responsible for a local immune tolerance and T lymphocytes infiltrating osteosarcoma tissues [110]. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1) is a cell-surface protein that represses the cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune response. PDL-1 is frequently highly expressed by cancer cells and has become a strategic target in oncology [109, 129, 130]. PD-1 and PDL-1 have also been reported to be expressed by some osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and giant cell tumours of bone as well as in soft-tissue sarcoma [131]. Shen et al. analysed the expression of PDL-1 in osteosarcoma samples and revealed its expression in a subset of osteosarcoma as well as a correlation between PDL-1 expression and T lymphocyte infiltration [132]. More recently, Sandara et al. demonstrated an increased PDL-1 expression and T-cell infiltration in metastatic high-grade osteosarcoma strengthening the clinical interest of PDL-1/PD-1 inhibition in osteosarcoma [133]. Paoluzzi et al. retrospectively analysed a cohort of 28 patients with relapsed metastatic/unresectable soft-tissue and bone sarcomas, who were treated with i.v. nivolumab (anti-PD1) 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks with or without pazopanib at 400–800 mg daily [134]. They observed three partial responses, nine stable disease and twelve patients had progression of disease. The authors concluded that a clinical benefit was observed in 50% of the evaluable patients. Based on these observations, the assessment of two anti-PD1 antibodies, pembrolizumab (NCT02301039) and nivolumab (NCT02304458) are in progress in osteosarcoma (Fig. 3). PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab) is currently assessed in Ewing sarcoma in combination with an anti CTLA-4 antibody (Ipilimumab) (Table 2). Preparation of immune cells such as dendritic cells, loaded T lymphocytes and NK (natural killer) cells are also in evaluation in phase I/II clinical trials in osteosarcoma (Fig. 3) and Ewing sarcoma (Table 2). The main goal of these studies is to lift the local immune tolerance and to reactivate the immune response against cancer cells. Thus, a pilot study (NCT02409576) in which activated haploidentical NK cells will be administered in 20 sarcoma patients is currently being carried out. The primary outcome will be clinical response (estimated primary completion date: end 2018). Macrophage infiltration contributes to the control of osteosarcoma growth [105,106,107]. From this observation, several therapeutic strategies have been developed. One of the more “polemical” agents is Mifamurtide (L-MTP-PE), a synthetic analogue of a bacterial wall component able to activate macrophages resulting in improvement of overall survival by around 10% in combination with chemotherapy [113]. However, due to some controversy on the design of the study, its use is not universally admitted and a phase II/III clinical trial is on-going (NCT01459484). This trial will enrol more than 200 patients. Mifamurtide [2 mg/m2 twice a week for the first 3 months, then weekly for the next 6 months (total length of treatment 44 weeks)] will be added as post-surgery regimen in association with chemotherapy. Patients will be identified as good or bad responders according to the expression levels of P-glycoprotein. The estimated primary completion date is beginning of 2020. Fusion Protein Targeting Ewing sarcoma are characterised by a t(11; 22) (q24; q12) translocation resulting in the EWS/FLi1 fusion gene considered as a driver gene for the disease. New therapeutic approaches targeting EWS/FLi1 gene or the corresponding protein have been set up (Table 2). Based on the pre-clinical data on EWS–Fli1 silencing [13, 14], a phase I clinical trial has been designed for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma patients by a shRNA EWS/Fli1 type lipoplex (NCT02736565, Table 2). A dose escalation study of intravenous shRNA EWS/Fli1 type lipoplex (up to 0.156 mg/kg of DNA/single dose) will be carried out. The drug will be administered twice a week for 4 weeks for a total of eight infusions per cycle followed by 2 weeks of rest. Adverse effect and the therapeutic response will be assessed (estimated study completion date: end 2019). Similarly, TK216 is a chemical compound developed to inhibit downstream effects of the EWS–FLi1 transcription factor (NCT02657005, Table 2). The maximum tolerated dose will be determined in a phase I clinical trial. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors CDK4 and CDK6 are kinases involved in the control of the cell cycle and act in G1 phase. In order to block cell proliferation, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors have been designed. Among them, Abemaciclib inhibits CD4 and CDK6 and induces a cell cycle arrest in G1 phase by acting on Rb phosphorylation. Fifty patients including osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma patients will be enrolled in a phase I clinical trial (NCT02644460) to determine the maximum tolerated dose (estimated study completion date: 2020). Disialoganglioside (GD2) Targeting and Drug Resistance (gpNMB) A recent study revealed that most osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma expressed GD2, which is suspected to enhance tumour aggressiveness [135]. A phase II clinical study is in progress [NCT02502786, «Humanized monoclonal antibody 3F8 (Hu3F8) with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in the treatment of recurrent osteosarcoma»]. Patients are treated with three doses of hu3F8 (2.4 mg/kg/dose for 3 days) and 10 days of GM-CSF (five cycles maximum). The primary outcome is the event-free survival. Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (gpNMB) is highly expressed in solid tumours and promotes metastatic progression by modulation of invasion and migration. A phase II clinical trial (NCT01353625) is evaluating the therapeutic benefit of Glembatumumab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting gpNMB, in osteosarcoma patients. Patients with recurrent disease or refractory to conventional therapy have been included. The primary outcome is the dose-limiting toxicity and non-tolerated dose (estimated primary completion date: end 2018). Novelties in Chondrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma comprises chemo- and radioresistant tumours with high risk of recurrence and surgery remains the treatment of choice. Due to their common origin, numerous new clinical approaches are similar to those proposed for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma (Table 3). Because chondrosarcoma cells are sensitive to soluble factors produced by their microenvironment and activate various tyrosine kinase receptors, several tyrosine kinase inhibitors are clinically assessed alone or in combination: regorafenib, pazopanib, dasatinib (Bcr-Abl and Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor), imatinib (Bcr-Abl, cKIT, RET, NGF-R, PDGFRα/β, ABL1, M-CSFR). mTOR plays a role in the control of numerous basic biological functions such as proliferation and migration and acts as a nutriment sensor. One of the best inhibitors used in clinic is rapamycin (sirolimus) which can inhibit mTOR after its binding to FKBP12 and acts as an immunosuppressive agent. Bernstein-Molho et al. analysed the effect of mTOR inhibition by sirolimus combined with cyclophosphamide in a series of 49 recurrent unresectable chondrosarcomas [136]. The combination of both agents was well tolerated with no significant adverse effects and could have therapeutic benefit. Indeed, 10% of objective response and 60% of stabilisation of disease for at least 6 months were observed. A phase II clinical trial is on-going associating both agents in unresectable chondrosarcoma (NCT02821507, Table 3). Everolimus, targeting mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1), appeared efficacious as single agent in a rat chondrosarcoma model [137] and a phase II clinical trial has been designed to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy in primary or relapsed chondrosarcoma (NCT02008019, Table 3). IDH-1 or -2 are frequently mutated in malignant cartilaginous tumours and two phase I clinical trials are in progress with AG-120, a mutant IDH-1 inhibitor (NCT02073994) and AG-221, a mutant IDH2 inhibitor (NCT02273739). Chondrosarcoma development is associated with the infiltration of immune cells [65]. In an in vivo rat chondrosarcoma model, Simard et al. demonstrated a positive impact on tumour growth after selective T cell depletion in contrast to the depletion of CD163+ macrophages resulting in a slowdown of tumour development [65]. These results showed the clear implication of the immune system on the pathogenesis of chondrosarcoma and the clinical interest to assess new inhibitors of immune checkpoints. These observations were confirmed more recently by Kostine et al. who demonstrated that 41–52% of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas displayed PD-L1 positivity [138]. A phase II clinical trial is on-going and patients will be treated by intravenous pembrolizumab at 200 mg every 3 weeks (NCT02301039, Table 3). Giant Cell Tumours of Bone: Benign Tumours with Malignant-Like Properties In the field of bone sarcoma, giant cell tumours (GCTs) have a special status. Indeed, GCTs are benign tumours with no nuclear cytologic aberration, intensively damaging the host bone and the cells can spread to the soft tissue in a similar manner to a malignant tumour [139,140,141]. Indeed, high-grade malignant neoplasm can be identified at the time of diagnosis or subsequent surgery (secondary malignancy in GCT) or radiotherapy. Giant cell tumours of bone are rare tumours with an incidence of around 1 new case per 100,000 people per year and affect mainly young adults on the second and third decade. The ratio male/female of 1:2 is in favour of the female. The tumour tissue is characterised by three main cellular components: (i) giant multinucleated cells (osteoclast-like cells), (ii) mononuclear macrophages and (iii) mononuclear stromal cells (Fig. 4). Stromal cells secrete numerous pro-myeloid factors such as M-CSF and pro-osteoclastic factors such as RANKL resulting in monocyte/macrophage proliferation and osteoclastogenesis. Indeed, osteoclast precursors have monocytic/macrophagic origin and can proliferate, fuse and differentiate in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL (Fig. 4). RANKL is mandatory for osteoclastogenesis. RANKL binds to three distinct receptors: (i) RANK: a transmembrane receptor expressed at the surface of osteoclasts and their precursors and is responsible for osteoclast differentiation; (ii) OPG: a soluble decoy receptor blocking the binding of RANKL to RANK and therefore considered as an anti-bone catabolic agent, (iii) LGR-4 expressed at the cell membrane of osteoclasts and which negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation (Fig. 4) [142]. The origin of giant cell tumours of bone has been controversial for a long time. Nowadays, it is widely accepted that the stromal component is “the tumoural” element of the tissue and its dysregulation leads to the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. The clinical consequence is massive local bone destruction (Fig. 4). The current treatment is based on a resection surgery but unfortunately frequent recurrences associated with a high morbidity are observed. This is followed by a possible malignant transformation with a metastatic profile after up to 20 years. Fig. 4 figure 4 Giant cell tumours of bone: a benign entity with malignant features. Giant cell tumours of bone are composed of three main cell populations: stromal cells, macrophages and multinucleated osteoclast-like cells. These tumours are responsible for a marked local bone resorption leading to the formation of large osteolytic foci easily detectable by X-ray radiography. RANKL/M-CSF and/or RANKL/IL-34 released by stromal cell could induce the differentiation of macrophages considered as osteoclast precursors towards immature and mature osteoclasts resorbing bone. Soluble OPG and membrane LGR4 are two receptors that negatively control osteoclastogenesis. OPG acts as a decoy receptor to RANK resulting in blocked RANKL–RANK interactions. LGR4 is expressed by osteoclasts and binds to RANKL leading to Gαq/GS3K-β signalling and repression of the NFATc1 molecular pathway. IL-34 Interleukin-34, LGR-4 G-protein-coupled receptor 4, M-CSF Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, OPG osteoprotegerin, RANKL Receptor of Nuclear factor kappaB Ligand Similar to other bone sarcomas, the local microenvironment is crucial in the tumour development and the osteolytic process. In this context, anti-bone resorption agents have been assessed in clinical trials with great success [143, 144]. A phase II clinical trial (NCT01564121) has assessed zoledronic acid in 24 patients [144]. The patients were treated with extensive intralesional curettage followed by five courses of bisphosphonate. Unfortunately, even if short adjuvant treatments with zoledronic acid were associated with a low rate of recurrence, the study did not show any significant impact on local recurrence. Denosumab, a humanised blocking antibody against RANKL, is currently evaluated in a series of 586 patients in a phase II clinical trial (NCTNCT00680992) [102]. Denosumab was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 120 mg every 4 weeks and a loading dose of 120 mg s.c. on study days 8 and 15. The intermediate results showed the safety of the drug and first clinical benefit with at least 90% of tumour necrosis after denosumab administration (estimated completion date: end 2017). Preoperative pretreatment is currently in discussion to facilitate the surgical resection in patients with aggressive tumours with high-risk location (e.g. spine). Bone sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous diseases. Most bone sarcomas originate from MSCs and share a common feature with a marked implication of the local environment in their pathogenesis. This microenvironment appears as an impressive source of therapeutic targets and is leading to the design of numerous promising clinical trials. 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Take a look at the Recent articles Exosomes: Extracellular communicators of health and disease Cindy E McKinney Genetics Department, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, SC, USA Stem Cell Lab, Gibbs Research Institute, Spartanburg, SC, USA E-mail : cmckinney@carolinas.vcom.edu DOI: 10.15761/JTS.1000157 Article Info Author Info Figures & Data Exosomes are small microvesicles implicated in cell-cell communication locally and at distant body sites. Evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate normal cell function and are able to elicit disease alterations. For example, exosomes from Alzheimer brains have been shown to carry tau tangles and Parkinson patient exosomes contain α-synuclein. These putative “signals of pathology” are derived from intraluminal vesicles formed as endosome products either destined for degradation at the lysosomal-endosomal interface or extruded into extracellular space to be captured by recipient cells. Exosome cargo, packaged from selective cytoplasmic entities, can be proteins, RNAs or other biomolecules like lipids. Exosome cargo from disease cell lines has revealed both translatable mRNA and non-coding RNAs (lncRNA and microRNAs) that potentially have a gene/cell regulatory role. Exosomes appear important for establishing micro-niches for cancer metastasis and are being investigated as participants in neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous exosome proteins and RNAs may be useful as biomarkers of disease. Finally, since exosomes are natural cell shuttles of a variety of cargo and pass the blood-brain barrier, investigators are evaluating whether synthetic cargoes can be loaded into exosomes and used as a therapeutic approach to alleviate disease. Interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has exploded in recent years leading to the exploration of exosome content and function. Yet, dissecting the role of EVs and their spectrum of functions remains a complex task. Cells release a variety of extracellular vesicles at their plasma membrane surface (ectosomes (100-1000 nm), apoptotic bodies (50-5000 nm) and exosomes (30-140 nm). Exosomes are the smallest of the extracellular vesicle types and are released from non-apoptotic cells [1]. Pan and Johnstone [2] first observed exosomes in reticulocytes and hypothesized that they were a way for that cell to extrude extra cell membrane and/or act as carriers of waste products expelled from the cells. Despite the explosion of research into the role of exosomes found in all organisms, we are still learning about their biogenesis, trafficking to the extracellular space and their physiological roles in health and disease. This short review summarizes the current focus in exosome research. Biogenesis and trafficking Exosomes are the smallest of the extracellular vesicle types. They form by invagination of endosome membrane into the endosome space capturing cytoplasmic content generating intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). Endosomes loaded with ILVs become a multivesicular body (MVB) (Figure 1). Exosomes [3] are membrane bound vesicles approximately 30-140 nm in size and within the vesicle contain a variety of cargo. Exosomes are extruded into the extracellular space and can enter recipient cells through (1) endocytosis at the recipient cell’s plasma membrane surface, (2) recipient cell receptor-mediated endocytosis and/or (3) direct fusion with the recipient cell’s plasma membrane [4] or (5) they can enter the organism’s circulation from the extracellular space. An alternate fate of the ILV containing MVB is fusion with the lysosome where the MVB contents are degraded. Assembly of exosomes occurs in at least three ways (1) by protein sorting of specific ubiquinated proteins and the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery [5], (2) by association with lipid rafts contained in the exosomes lipid bilayer membrane [6] and (3) by a ceramide dependent pathway that captures biomolecules [7]. Specific proteins are required to load the exosome (ESCRT complex), energy from ATP lysis (Rab GTPases) is needed for release at the plasma membrane and proteins embedded in the exosome lipid membrane are needed for recognition and capture at the recipient cell’s surface (transpanins, flotillins and others). The ESCRT complex and associated proteins are used to sort and cluster ubiquinated proteins like receptors [8]. The tetraspanins along with CD9 and CD63 initiate exosome formation by clustering in microdomain regions of the endosome membrane. Segregation of proteins in the microdomains occurs and an additional recruitment of ESCRT complex proteins begins invagination of the endosomal membrane capturing cytosolic cargo in the ILVs (reviewed by Kalra [8]). Also, It is shown that there is an ESCRT complex independent pathway for formation of ILVs; this glycoprotein pathway involves the formation of lipid rafts [9] where ceramide may be a key component. Oligodendrocytes seem to form exosomes via sphingomyleinase cleavage of sphingomyelin to ceramide [7]. Ceramide induces invagination and then formation of ILVs. Subsequent steps in biogenesis involve moving the MVB to the plasma membrane surface, fusion with the plasma membrane and release of the exosomes. YKY6 SNARE protein and Rab GTPases direct exosomes to the plasma membrane surface [4,10]. Interestingly, the exosome membrane composition is not the same as that of the cell membrane [8]. There are two fates for ILVs contained in a MVB (1) they can fuse with a lysosome directing their cargo for degradation or (2) they can be released at the cell’s plasma membrane into the extracellular space [8]. It is these ILVs that are termed exosomes. The cellular process that designates ILV containing MVBs to either the degradation or extracellular pathways remains elusive. Figure 1. Generation and trafficking of exosomes: Exosomes are formed in the early exosome as intraluminal vesicles (ILV) from selectively sorted cytoplasmic contents. These then become multivesicular bodies (MVB). MVB have two fates; they can fuse with lysosomes where their contents are degraded or they can fuse with the cytoplasmic membrane and release their ILVs (now exosomes) into the extracellular space. Nearby recipient cells can locally capture the exocargo that may modulate it’s functions. Exosomes from the extracellular space can also enter the circulation and be captured at distant cell sites where, again, they may modulate that cells function. Exosomes from any cell source (liver, brain) are captured by any other cell (heart, pancreas) thereby providing a unique cell-cell communication pathway Exosome cargo Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane bound packages of cytosolic cargo derived in the endosome. The molecular cargo contained in exosomes is reported to include protein, RNAs, lipids, metabolites and, although still debated, DNA. These are captured cytosolic molecules loaded into the exosomes and released to the extracellular space [11]. However, comparisons of the exosome cargo and the cytosolic content from which it is derived are often different suggesting a selective sorting mechanism used to load the ILV destined to be an exosome. Due to their method of formation, exosomes contain common proteins derived from cytosolic components. Because of their endosomal origins, exosome composition includes cellular biomarkers (ExoCarta). Those biomarker proteins commonly reported and identified with exosomes are: GTPases, flotillin-1, annexin, heat shock proteins (CD9, CD63, CD81) and other proteins associated with multivesiclular body biogenesis (e.g., Alix and TSG101) as well as many others [3,12] (Figure 2). Exosomes are also found to be enriched in lipids including, ceramide, cholesterol, and sphingolipids and have a surface signature of glycans and polysaccharides [8, 13]. Exosomes are released into the extracellular space and can circulate in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, be received at a recipient cell’s interface where they are internalized and can influence recipient cell functioning [14] or excreted in urine. DNA Cargo: DNA from exosome like vesicles was spontaneously emitted from mouse brain tumor cells and contained chromatin coated H-Ras DNA [15]. The authors showed that the H-Ras DNA was able to induce cell proliferation in non-transformed cells. While other groups have identified DNA in exosome vesicles transcription to functional RNAs is debated. This is another enigma to be resolved as exosome research progresses. Figure 2. Western blot of exosomes isolated from neural Type 2 Gaucher lines and cell lysates. Exosomes were isolated from conditioned culture medium with ExoQuick (SBI). Lane 1: exosomes from patient 1260 early neurons, Lane 2: exosomes from VCOM 107 control neurons, Lane 3: exosomes from patient 1260 late neurons, Lane 4: BJ control neuron cell lysate and Lane 5: exosomes from BJ control neurons. Western was run with 10% SDS-PAGE gel (25 ug protein/lane), blotted to PVDF and probed with indicated primary antibodies for flotillin-1 found in exosomes and GPADH a housekeeping enzyme. Although GAPDH has been reported in some exosomes (see Exocarta.org) it was not seen in the exosomes isolated from these Gaucher neurons differentiated from our iPSC lines made from patient fibroblasts. “M” is a fluorescent marker lane RNA cargo Exosomes from many cell types carry RNAs (messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that seem to alter cellular activity in the recipient cell [16]. Valadi et al. [17] reported the presence of RNA species in exosomes and also showed that this RNA is functional in that it could be translated into proteins. It appears that RNAs, captured at the endosome interface from the cell cytoplasm, then have two fates (1) mRNA translation into protein or (2) miRNA repression of translation [16,18,19]. Thus, exosome RNA (exoRNA) can be a powerful tool for coordinating cell functions within an organism. Since exoRNA profiles are distinct from those in the donor cell’s cytoplasm, there appears to be selective packaging of this cargo but the process remains unknown. Microarray screens have shown a portion of the exoRNA content is miRNA. Eckstom et al. [16] reported that some miRNAs are enriched and some decreased when compared to cell cytoplasm RNA content, this again argues for selective packaging to the exosome pathway. Protein cargo Proteins destined for different cellular compartments frequently contain a 5’ signal sequence to direct them to the appropriate cellular compartment (e.g., a nuclear localization signal (NLS) but it remains undetermined how the proteins found in exosomes are selected for vesicle encapsulation. It is noted that ubiquination [20] of proteins may direct them to the ILVs and ESCRT complex proteins do recognize ubiquinated proteins. Tetraspanin rich (CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD82) lipid raft domains also may recruit proteins to the ILVs [20]. Exosomal proteins are representative of the protein mix in the source cell, for this reason, many proteins may be employed as cellular biomarkers of pathology. It is reported that intracellular proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and nucleus are under-represented in exosomes [4,21,22]. Exosomes are enriched in proteins such as ALIX, TSG101 and a variety of heat shock proteins (CD9, CD63 and CD81). Weng et al. [23] reported that an analysis of exosome proteins obtained from HeLa cell tissue culture supernatant encompassed 6299 protein groups from 5120 genes and that 97% of them were reported in ExoCarta. Some of these proteins were identified as protein degradation intermediates. There are two useful databases (ExoCarta: http://www.exocarta.org and Vesiclepedi: microvesicles.org [24]) that contain information across organisms and cells on exosome cargo isolated from different cell types with links to other information on exosomes and microvesicles found in cells to date. The exoRNA portal (exrna.org) has information that summarizes data on extracellular RNA and provides links to additional information. Isolation and characterization methods Exosome vesicles (30-140 nm) derived from endosome pathways [25] are membrane bound packets of proteins and various classes of RNAs that appear to be unique for each cell type or cell line [3]. Exosome content characteristically reflects the physiological state of the cells that secrete them, for example, exosomes from Alzheimer’s brains typically contain aggregates of tau protein [26]. They are isolated from many biological fluids including urine and blood and from tissue culture medium. It is estimated that blood typically has an exosome load of 5-50 μg/ml. The circulation captures all the exosomes secreted from different cell types so selection of subpopulations of, for example, kidney exosomes from blood becomes problematic. Initially, exosomes were isolated by selective centrifugation steps that removed cellular debris and then a final ultracentrifugation step (with or without a sucrose gradient) that captured exosomes (110,000 x g for 90 minutes) [25,27]. The ultracentrifugation protocol isolates vesicles of <100 nm and this size distribution may also contain small apoptotic bodies [3]. One disadvantage of isolating exosomes by ultracentrifugation is the shear forces placed on the vesicles over long centrifugation times [28] may limit the recovery of exosomes. Thus, captured exosomal cargo is less using this method [1]. However, many in the field still consider ultracentrifugation the “gold standard” for acquiring exosomes. Isolating exosomes from cell culture medium requires that any FBS in the medium be exosome-free (commercially available) as this medium supplement contains bovine exosomes that may interfere with downstream analyses [21] and reviewed in [3]. Other methods of isolating and collecting exosomes are immune-affinity capture using an antibody to protein(s) on the surface of the exosome linked to beads [29]. The exosomes are bound by isolation medium and they may not be able to be released and utilized in downstream applications. Size exclusion chromatography coupled with centrifugation steps to remove cellular debris can also isolate selectively sized exosomes [28,30]. Finally, a method based on addition of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) substrate uses low speed centrifugation to precipitate exosomes after an overnight incubation at 4ºC [31,32]. This method is reported to yield high quality exosomes and is available as a commercial reagent (ExoQuick). However, it is not clear if PEG remaining in the exosome preparation after centrifugation interferes with downstream applications. Post-isolation methods, such as capturing PEG on a G-25 column could address this issue [28]. At present most groups investigating exosome activity select one isolation method and work within the confines of that procedure. Thus, comparison of results between methods should be carefully evaluated. Whatever isolation method is employed, it requires validation to confirm that non-exosomal material is not contaminating the preparation leading to errors in analyses. Second, the exosome isolation method should maintain the integrity of the vesicle and its content. This is frequently analyzed by EM or by using Nanosight instrumentation. Exosome function Extracellular vesicles including exosomes act as transport vehicles. The vesicles are another method cells can utilize to communicate both short and long range signaling information [8]. The exosomes cargo, carrying the effector signals, is representative of both the exosomes cell origin and the physiological state of the originating cell (healthy or diseased) [33]. After screening exosome RNA content from the HMC-1 cell line, Eckstrom et al. [16] reported the identity of the pathways the RNAs were located to. The networks with the highest score were cellular and hematological development, protein synthesis, modification and folding, RNA post-transcriptional modifications and cellular assembly. The top five previously established pathways enumerated were: (1) oxidative phosphorylation, (2) mitochondrial dysfunction, (3) EIF2 signaling, (4) regulation of actin-based mobility by Rho and (5) protein ubiquination pathways. This suggests a diversity of function for the exosomes from these studies [16]. Exosomes are acquired at any recipient cell surface; for example, neural cells can acquire liver cell exosomes. This generalized ability to capture exosomes from surrounding cell exudate or blood circulation increases the complexity of the communication pathways in the body [34]. Other roles documented for exosomes include morphogen signaling in development [20] and immunological mediators [20]. Finally, exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs may function in, as yet, unidentified regulatory roles. Roles in neurodegenerative disease Exosomes are released by all cell types examined in the CNS either to the intracellular space or into the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) or blood circulation [4,35]. Exosomes may act both positively and negatively on recipient cells. As described, exosomes can remove cellular waste, communicate signaling information between local and distant sites and may be vehicles to transfer pathogens like infectious viral particles [36] or prions [37]. Thus, exosomes are cellular communicators of disease and they can be captured from CSF and medium from cultured neural cells. They have been studied in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease [38,39], Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome [40,41], Parkinson’s [42,43] and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [44]. Extracellular vesicles from one neural cell type may interact with other neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes transporting both healthy and diseased proteins, lipids or RNA species [4]. In Alzheimer’s disease the accumulation of amyloid plaques, insoluble protein complexes, have been isolated as content in exosomes [45]. Transfer of the amyloid complexes via exosomes to other neural cells may “seed” protein misaggregation in the recipient cells and, thus, spread disease [46]. This mode of exosome transfer of aggregated protein is also reported for Parkinson’s disease where α-synculein is found in exosomes and ALS where mutant SOD1 is located in glia-derived exosomes [4]. What remains to be investigated is if the exosomes are simply a transport vehicle for disease spread or if their composition is also contributing to disease. Recent investigative reports do suggest a role for mutant proteins encased by exosomes playing a role in transmitting neurological disease. For example, a paper investigating the progressive nature of ALS, found mutations in the FUS (Fused in Sarcoma) gene in both sporadic and familial ALS [47]. Protein pull-down analyses identified the proteins associated with the normal and mutant FUS gene product. The authors showed these proteins are active in many cellular pathways including nuclear organization, transcription, RNA transport and stress response, thus, demonstrating a broad role for FUS in cellular activity. FUS protein and many of it’s interacting proteins were found localized to exosomes suggesting that release of these exosomes to adjacent recipient cells is one route of disease spread in these ALS patients. Frontotemporal lobular degeneration (FTLD) primarily affects patients younger than 65 years where loss of function is in the frontal and anterior temporal brain lobes [48]. Upwards of 50% of patients have a family history and genetic factors are considered the primary cause of FTLD. Granulin mutations (GRN) are associated with FTLD that cause haploinsufficiency or loss of progranulin protein in these patients. Benussi and colleagues [48] cultured fibroblasts from 16 FTLD patients with GRN mutations and appropriate cell controls. They found progranulin associated with exosomes from culture medium in its N-glycosylated form and the quantity of GRN was reduced in exosomes from the FTLD fibroblast cultures. They also show that exosome numbers from FTLD patients, where GRN is deficient, are reduced and contain LAMP1, a lysosomal protein. These findings were not consistent with cell apoptosis or impaired cell viability. Progranulin is secreted as a soluble neurotrophic factor that promotes neurite outgrowth and neuron viability but is also found in exosomes. Thus, loss of progranulin in FTLD may impact development of neurodegeneration by a reduction of exosome extracellular communication. Exosome release in some neurons is coupled to glutamate receptor activation as Ca+2 enters’ the neuron via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors [49]. Exosomes released from cultured N2a cells were captured by both neurons and glial cells. In contrast, GFP-TTC (green fluorescent protein coupled to non-toxic tetanus toxin C-fragment) labeled exosomes released by synaptic activation were selectively transferred only to other neurons at their synapses [35]. This work demonstrates a specific signal for release of exosomes from neurons and that these exosomes are selectively accrued by other neural cells. This phenomenon apparently occurs by receptor recognition at the recipient cell interface or recipient cell endocytosis via the plasma membrane [39]. Exosome cargo may affect neural cell function in positive ways mediating oxidative stress [49] and altering gene expression patterns in recipient neurons [50]. Exosome shuttle RNAs (esRNA) are found in exosomes and contain small RNAs and miRNA that can enter the extracellular space and affect cellular function in recipient cells [46]. Many observations [45] support the conclusion that exosomes from diseased cells transfer both coding RNA and non-coding miRNA that may alter cell function producing neurotoxicity. Neurons communicate with their support cells (astrocytes and neuroglia) responding to peripheral stimuli. It is not hard to envision extracellular transport of exosomes as a signaling method both for healthy and disease outcomes. Whatever the source of RNAs or protein found in exosomes and the relative ease of capture from urine, CSF and blood, there is increasing interest in using exosome preparations as potential biomarkers of disease [4]. Exosomes may act as mediators of neurological cancers. Glioblastomas have been characterized to release a variety of extracellular vesicles (exosomes and the larger oncosomes) whose composition diverges from cytoplasmic content [51-53]. These “tumor vesicles” are reported to increase a variety of oncogenic processes that promote tumor growth and development, like immune suppression, establishment of tumor micro-niches and angiogenesis [52,54]. Li et al. [55] showed that glioblastoma extracellular vesicles carry both non-coding RNAs and RNAs to recipient cells that alter transcriptional profiles. Extensive analysis of neural tumor cell’s exosome cargo is needed to establish what is being transferred via this route of extracellular communication and how it is abnormally altering the function of the receiving cell. The role of exosomes from tumor cells found in all parts of the body is reviewed in [3,56-58]. Potential therapeutic roles for exosomes Diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers Exosomes are suggested as promising carriers of biomarkers where protein cargo profiling may be especially informative [59] and where exosomes could easily be captured from the patient’s blood. Exosomes are accessible from the blood, urine, CSF and other body secretions making collection methods low risk and minimally invasive. They might be particularly useful in capturing information from different tumor types, for prognostic staging of tumor progression and, potentially, for identifying a patient specific drug regimen [60]. The role of exosomes as biomarkers in cancer and its metastasis is reviewed in [61]. Another application using blood exosomes from neonates to assess neurotoxicity is profiled in Gillet et al. [62]. Profiling exosome miRNA to identify biomarker candidates for early Alzheimer’s disease is discussed in Kumar and Reddy [63]. Cheow et al. [64] showed the utility of using exosomes as biomarkers for therapy of myocardial ischemic injury. In a neurodegenerative disease example, mutations in LRRK2 (leucine rich repeat kinase 2) are one of the most frequent causes of familial Parkinson’s disease and suspected in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. The mutation G2019S in LRRK2 allows phosphorylation of the serine in the now mutant protein and this could act as a potential biomarker of Parkinson’s disease. Fraser et al. [65,66] captured urine exosomes from Parkinson’s patients that contain LRRK2 and showed that the mutant LRRK2 serine was indeed phosphorylated. The level of phosphorylated serine in the exosome was significant when compared to control patients. The phosphorylated serine level also was found to correlate to the degree of cognitive dysfunction seen in idiopathic Parkinson’s patients [66]. The potential of exosomes to be used as biomarker appears limitless but takes extensive validation to arrive at a potent biomarker [67]. As these analyses broaden and become more sophisticated and reliable, exosome biomarkers will enter the biomedical mainstream and likely be approachable as liquid biopsies [68]. Exosome carriers of ex vivo therapy Exosomes have four characteristics that make them a putative therapy approach for treating both metabolic disease and various forms of cancer. First, they are a naturally encapsulated package that is able to avoid cellular degradation [4]. Exosomes are received at all cellular membranes, carried in the blood or CSF and able to cross the blood-brain barrier making them a good extracellular candidate as a carrier of therapeutics. Exosomes might also be better tolerated by the immune system since they are natural nanocariers of cellular cargo [69,70]. Lastly, exosome cargo can be substituted for synthetic proteins or drugs that could induce therapeutic reactions. As an example, bone regeneration has focused on stimulating repair but has not investigated the putative cell-cell communication need for stimulation and continuity of repair. Exosomes exhibit both stimulation of repair in osteogenic cells and can carry “messages” between cells [71]. Hence, it appears that exosomes can directly regulate bone repair by stimulating osteoblast function. Studies of the exosomes role in alleviating pathophysiology require much more investigation. It is proposed that exosomes, loaded with specialized cargoes, could also be engineered by adding receptor ligands to target specific cell populations. This approach offers exciting opportunities for treatment of cancer, neurodegenerative or metabolic disease. Reproducible exosome therapies await assessment of delivery to selected tissues and validation of reaching a therapeutic threshold of efficacy. These developments were recently reviewed in [67,72-75]. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate formation of ILVs into MVBs, selection of ILV cargoes and trafficking of MVBs to either lysosomes for degradation or to the plasma membrane for release will advance our understanding of diseases where pathogenic proteins, lipids or infectious agents are present in the exosome [76]. Critical to understanding the role exosomes play in health and disease is defining the contents of exosomes and understanding how exosomes from diseased cells differ from healthy cells. Exosomes from diseased cells should be a rich source of identifiable biomarkers for a specific pathology. Due to the nature of the exosome, a bilayer lipid bound vesicle that protects its contents from proteolysis, the exosome itself, in future, may be loaded with synthetic and therapeutic cargoes to address amelioration of cancer, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Many avenues of exosome research have progressed over the past 10 years and one anticipates new insights and broader knowledge of the exosomes role in altering a cell’s functionality and the potential use of exosomes as biomarkers for pathology and for treatment of disease. 1. Livshits MA, Khomyakova E, Evtushenko EG, Lazarev VN, et al. (2015) Isolation of exosomes by differential centrifugation: Theoretical analysis of a commonly used protocol. Sci Rep 5: 17319. [Crossref] 2. 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György B, Hung ME, Breakefield XO, Leonard JN (2015) Therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles: clinical promise and open questions. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 55: 439-464. [Crossref] 77. Eitan E, Suire C, Zhang S, Mattson MP (2016) Impact of lysosome status on extracellular vesicle content and release. Ageing Res Rev. [Crossref] Editorial Information Kenneth Maiese Article Type Research Article Publication history Received: August 10, 2016 Accepted: August 19, 2016 Published: August 23, 2016 McKinney CE (2016) Exosomes: Extracellular communicators of health and disease. J Transl Sci 2: DOI: 10.15761/JTS.1000157. Corresponding author Cindy E McKinney E-mail : cmckinney@carolinas.vcom.edu
Why eat wholemeal pasta? Why eat wholemeal pasta? For some time now, on the shelves of supermarkets, we have found more and more pasta and whole grains available. But what are the benefits of eating wholemeal? First of all you need to know that common pasta, called white pasta, is the result of the refining of whole wheat. A refining which consists in the crushing of the grain kernels which are ground by milling rollers. Then the process of separating the flour (endosperm) from its pericarp and the germ takes place by passing through sieves. It is true that the bran and the germ (which make up just under 20% of the weight of the caryopsis) contain nutrients such as mineral salts, vitamins and lipids, but separation is necessary to obtain flours such as type 0 and type 00, mainly used for the production of pastry products and bakery products, which would find little demand from the consumer if made with wholemeal flours. Since the bran / germ is rich in lipids, it is subject, especially when stored at high temperatures typical of the summer period, to an oxidative process of rancidity of the fat part, decreasing the quality and shelf life of the product. The flour, without the bran / germ, still contains proteins and carbohydrates useful for our diet. If it has not undergone technological processes such as heat treatments, additions of chemicals or adjuvants, it is misleading to consider it unnatural. Leave A Comment
Why did European came to India? Why Europeans came to India? Trade in Agro-based product like Cotton and handicrafts was the major reason which led to the advent of Europeans. India was the major source of the spices. Some spices have antibiotic properties and they were also used to preserve the food. Why did the European traders come to India? The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. Indian spiced like pepper, cloves cardamon and cinnamon too were in great demand. Hence< European trading companies were attracted to India. Why did European come to India in UPSC? 1. Europeans came to India for trade, but in due course of time they gained political and administrative dominance over the country. 2. Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to India when in 1498, Vasco da Gama discovered a direct sea route to India. When did European came to India? Only a few years later, near the end of the 15th century, Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama became the first European to re-establish direct trade links with India since Roman times by being the first to arrive by circumnavigating Africa (c. 1497–1499). Colonial India. IMPORTANT: How much is a puppy in India? East India Company 1612–1757 Partition of India 1947 Why did the European traders become jealous of India? Explanation: Here, we are giving brief accounts on the arrival of Europeans in India. It was the Portuguese who first discovered a direct sea route to India. … Arab traders became jealous of the rise and success of the Portuguese and hence caused enmity bred between the Portuguese and the local king Zamorin. Which European powers came to India in modern age? The European powers which came to India in modern age are DUTCH, BRITISH, DANISH and DE FRENCH. Who came first in India for trade? The British first landed in India in Surat for the purpose of trade. Here’s how and why a simple trading company, the British East India Company, became one of the biggest challenges the subcontinent had ever dealt with. The British landed in India in Surat on August 24, 1608. Who was the first king of India? Who ruled India before British? What did Europe want from India? The Europeans came to India to trade for sugar, tea, cotton, ginger, pepper, and other spices, a blue dye called indigo, and jute. Magic India
Wednesday, January 26 What is the metaverse? – Moneyweb The metaverse is a network of ever-active virtual environments in which many people can interact with each other and with digital objects while operating virtual representations, or avatars, of themselves. Think of a combination of immersive virtual reality, to Massively multiplayer online role-playing video game and the web. The metaverse is a science fiction concept that many people in the tech industry envision as the successor to today’s Internet. Right now, it’s just a vision, but tech companies like Facebook aim to make it the stage for many online activities, including work, play, study, and shopping. Facebook is so convinced of the concept that renaming himself Meta to highlight your drive to dominate the metaverse. Moneyweb Insider Gold Join heated discussions with the Moneyweb community and get full access to our market indicators and data tools while supporting quality journalism. R63/month or R630/year You can cancel anytime. Metaverse is an acronym for meta, which means transcendent, and verse, of the universe. Science fiction novelist Neal Stephenson coined the term in his 1992 novel “Snow crashTo describe the virtual world in which the protagonist, Hiro Protagonist, socializes, buys and defeats the enemies of the real world through his avatar. The concept predates “Snow Crash” and was popularized as “cyberspace” in William Gibson’s groundbreaking 1984 novel “Neuromancer. ” There are three key aspects of the metaverse: presence, interoperability, and standardization. Presence is the feeling of really being in a virtual space, with other virtual ones. Decades of research have shown that this sense of incarnation improves the quality of online interactions. This sense of presence is achieved through virtual reality technologies, such as head-mounted displays. Interoperability means being able to seamlessly travel between virtual spaces with the same virtual assets, such as avatars and digital items. ReadyPlayerMe allows people to create an avatar that they can use in hundreds of different virtual worlds, even in Zoom meetings through apps like Animaze. In the meantime, blockchain technologies like CRYPTOCURRENCY and non-fungible tokens Facilitate the transfer of digital goods across virtual borders. Standardization is what enables interoperability of platforms and services across the metaverse. As with all media technologies, from print to text messaging, common technology standards are essential for widespread adoption. International organizations such as Open metaverse interoperability group define these standards. Why the metaverse matters If the metaverse becomes the successor to the Internet, who builds it and how, it is extremely important for the future of the economy and society as a whole. Facebook aims to play a leadership role in shaping the metaverse, in part by investing heavily in virtual reality. Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook explained in an interview their view that the metaverse encompasses non-immersive platforms like today’s social media, as well as immersive 3D media technologies like virtual reality, and that it will be for work as well as playing. Hollywood has adopted the metaverse in movies like ‘Ready Player One’. The metaverse could one day resemble Ernest Cline’s flashy fictional Oasis “Ready Player One, “But until then you can resort to games like Fortnite and Roblox, virtual reality social media platforms such as VRChat and AltspaceVRand virtual work environments such as Immersed for a sample of the immersive and connected experience of the metaverse. As these siled spaces converge and become increasingly interoperable, keep an eye out for a truly unique metaverse to emerge. This article has been updated to include Facebook’s announcement on October 28, 2021 that it will be changing its name to Meta.The conversation Rabindra Ratan, Associate Professor of Media and Information, Michigan State University and Yiming lei, PhD student in Media and Information, Michigan State University This article is republished from The conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the Original article. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Introducing sex diversity2021-10-25T10:44:10+00:00 Schoolbord met daarop geschreven de woorden 'introductie seksediversiteit' en met op de voorgrond een appel, een wisser, een schooltas een aantal schriften of boeken en een bakje met een aantal potloden. Image: iStockPhoto aelitta Introducing sex diversity What is intersex? What does DSD mean? And what does sex diversity mean? We’ll discuss it all on this page. Sex diversity, gender diversity and sexual diversity Legislation mentions concepts like man, woman, father, mother, brother, sister and so on countless times. But nowhere in the law are the concepts of man and woman actually defined. Apparently, this was considered unnecessary. For a long time, legislators pretended that only male and female bodies existed (sex), that people only identified as men or women (gender), and that people only entered into relationships with the opposite sex (sexual orientation). Of course, intersex people, trans people, lesbian, gay and bi+ people have always existed – but due to strict societal norms, almost everyone found it very uncomfortable to talk about them. Sex, gender and sexuality are different subjects, but they share an important question: what do we mean by man and woman? In addition, everyone has to deal with all three topics and can therefore ask themselves three questions: 1. What is my sex? 2. What is my gender? 3. What is my sexual orientation? Many people will be able to give an answer quickly, for others it is more complicated. It is now widely accepted that it is possible to add nuance to those answers. So not just man/woman, male/female, straight/gay. Each of the three answers lies somewhere on a broad spectrum and can also vary according to one’ s feelings or social circumstances.1See the intersex page for an explanation of how sex diversity can depend on lived experience, social consequences, and the norms applied by society. This leads to so much variation that we speak of sex diversity, gender diversity, and sexual diversity. Sex diversity explains that the boxes ‘man’ and ‘woman’ are limiting concepts: based on sex characteristics, people cannot exclusively be divided into men and women. Everybody is different and unique. Sex is not a dichotomy, but a spectrum with an infinite number of equivalent variations. We call this sex diversity. Everyone is part of the concept of sex diversity because every human being is somewhere on this spectrum. Gender diversity implies that people can experience gender as much more than just ‘man’ or ‘woman’. A short but not conclusive list that shows the diversity in how people can experience their gender: non-binary, genderqueer, queer, trans, genderfluid, pangender, polygender, agender, genderless, genderfree. Of course there are and will be many more terms people use to express how they experience their gender. All options are important to recognize and completely valid, because gender is far from ‘just’ female or male. Of course, you never have to make a clear and ultimate decision of where you stand on the gender diversity spectrum. Sexual diversity show the diversity in which people express how they experience their sexual and/or romantic relationships. This can be anything from lesbian, bisexual, gay, asexual, pansexual, polyamorous, omnisexual, etc. This is an incomplete overview of how people can express their sexual orientation. Of course, you never have to make a clear and ultimate decision of where you stand on the sexual diversity spectrum. Introduction to sex diversity If you want a quick answer on what sex diversity is, the best place to start is with the frequently asked questions below. The answers can be understood independently of each other – so you don’t have to start with the first topic. [footnote_exclude] What is diversity?2021-10-08T11:16:55+00:00 What is diversity? Diversity means recognizing, accepting, respecting, and valuing differences among people, for example, on the basis of age, health, race, ethnicity, culture, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, marital status, education, work experience, socioeconomic status, and religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. Diversity also means recognizing that each person is unique and that the differences between individuals are acknowledged, accepted, respected, and valued. Diversity occurs when groups and individuals live and work together without prejudice in an environment that is safe for all. This means that diversity is more than just tolerating differences. What is sex diversity?2021-10-08T11:14:44+00:00 What is sex diversity? In short, sex diversity is the premise that biological sex is a spectrum with infinite equivalent variations, including male and female. It is an inclusive designation; meaning that everyone is part of the concept of sex diversity. But diversity also requires the recognition that some groups have privileges and that other groups are disadvantaged. In the case of gender diversity, privileges have arisen because the cultural view of gender does not correspond to reality. The cultural view generally assumes, for example under the influence of religion, that there are only two genders: male and female. In the prevailing cultural view, people who are born with a body that does not conform to the cultural view of man and woman are1People who are born with a body that does not fit within the social constructs of male and female are usually referred to by terms such as intersex people, DSD patients, people with sex variance, etc. often considered inferior. An attempt is made by society to adapt these individuals to fit the prevailing cultural view with medical, psychological, and social interventions. Forced conformity to the prevailing cultural view leads to serious human rights violations that are rarely investigated or prosecuted. What is intersex?2021-10-19T10:11:04+00:00 What is intersex? There are many definitions in circulation. The definition that uses gives everyone enough room to give their own interpretation of the term intersex The term intersex refers to the lived experience of people who are born with a body that does not fit within the normative social construct of male or female. Portret van meisje met sproeten en rood haar. Het meisje draagt een strooien hoed. Do you have red hair, or are you a redhead? What you call yourself is often a matter of personal preference. Intersex is not something you ‘are’, but something you ‘have’, just like you might “have” blonde or red hair. You are not red or blonde hair. So you have an intersex body, just like you have a big or a small nose. Although most intersex people feel that their intersex status is not an identity, they often still say ‘I am intersex’. A few do so because their experiences have contributed to their identity. Others do it because they want society to know that they share experiences with other intersex people. And still others do it because they feel that intersex is not a medical problem, but a social problem. An intersex individual is not in pain, will not die from their ‘condition’, nor is it curable. Hence, these intersex activists are strongly against the word ‘disorders’ in ‘disorders of sex development’. Intersex is a variation on the norms that are (incorrectly) applied to the ‘diagnosis’ of male sex or female sex. The standard for ‘male’ is XY chromosomes, penis, testes, testosterone and a certain physique, while the standard for ‘female’ is based on XX chromosomes, vagina, ovaries and a uterus, estrogen and a different physique. Yet some girls are born with XY chromosomes and some boys with XX chromosomes. Or boys with a vagina and girls with a clitoris so large that it might as well be called a small penis. In the latter situations, doctors and parents still often think that surgical intervention is necessary. Yet in most cases there is no medical emergency and surgery is performed only for cosmetic reasons. At that point, intersex is medicalized. What is a DSD?2021-10-08T11:29:46+00:00 What is a DSD? First of all, intersex and DSD are not the same thing, but they do involve exactly the same group of people. The acronym DSD, which stands for disorders of sex development, was coined in 2006 by health professionals who found the word intersex stigmatizing and inaccurate. So in 2006, intersex and DSD meant exactly the same thing. But shortly after the publication introducing DSD, it became apparent that the perceived value of DSD was not identical to that of the word intersex. Both patient groups and intersex activists stumbled over the word disorders which has a strong negative connotation. It was seen as extra stigmatizing and medicalizing. Nowadays, the alternative differences of sex development is often used. This name is not ideal either, because it suggests that there is another group that sees itself as the norm. In sociology this is called ‘othering‘. The imposed name Disorders of Sex Development is seen by many intersex individuals as an example of medicalization. Physicians define DSD as …congenital disorders affecting the reproductive system, in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. In practice, a large number of diagnoses fall under the heading of DSD, including Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, micropenis, Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster Syndrome, and Turner Syndrome (see also the Wikipedia page on DSD). Are intersex and DSD the same?2021-10-08T11:33:31+00:00 Are intersex and DSD the same? Intersex is not the same as the term DSD used by health professionals. That abbreviation stands for disorders of sex development or differences of sex development. They do concern the same groups, but whereas intersex is about human rights, DSD is about physical problems and medical treatment. The overview below outlines how intersex and DSD differ: • The intersex community… • The DSD community… • …works from the social sciences. • …works from medicine. • …is based on our lived experience. • …is based on our bodies. • …sees biological sex as a spectrum. • …sees biological sex as a dichotomy. • …speaks of human rights. • …speaks of the best surgical technology. • …wants equality and emancipation. • … discriminates by treating trans and intersex children differently. • … accepts physical diversity. • … denies that diversity. • …works towards inclusion. • …works on integration. • …requires psycho-social support because society is not sufficiently accepting of intersex. • …offers psychotherapy because the high number of suicide attempts is worrisome. • … demands bodily integrity. • …offers physical ‘normalization’. • …is satisfied with a good ‘quality of life’. • …is satisfied when we are turned into ‘normal’ people. • …wants to change society. • …wants to change patients. • …works in society. • …works in hospitals and patient groups. • In one word: demedicalization. • In one word: medicalization. • But the main, most important difference is that the intersex community is led by intersex people and the DSD community is led by health professionals. Which name is better, intersex or DSD?2021-10-19T10:13:26+00:00 Which name is better, intersex or DSD? That’s not how it works. When the word ‘better’ is used, it means something else is ‘worse’ and that doesn’t apply here. Opinions can be diametrically opposed, but a philosopher will say that both views can still be ‘true’. Ancient Greek philosopher Pyrrho pointed out that two views can coexist because the opposite can be argued against each view with equal reasonableness. According to him, no one view of a subject can be accepted as true without doing injustice to the adherents of another view. He therefore concluded that one should not pass judgment on another’s view. This applies, by the way, not only to the choice of words, but also to the definitions used. Intersex and DSD are all about the definition of both words. For example, parents of a child with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) may say that their child has no masculinization of the genitals (anymore) and that CAH is therefore not an intersex variation or a DSD. That is a different truth than that of the adult woman who does use the word intersex because she perceives the influence of increased testosterone production in the adrenal gland in her body. Everyone is entitled to their own definition and therefore their truth. Too complicated? Then go with the shorter version: respect each other’s views. Someone who says they have an intersex variation has an intersex variation. Someone who says he/she has a DSD, has a DSD. Someone who says he/she has neither, has neither. Period. Does use the acronym DSD?2021-10-19T10:21:13+00:00 Does use the acronym DSD? Artsen hebben voor het acroniem DSD gekozen omdat de drie letters van alles kunnen betekenen. Dat zou minder stigmatiserend zijn dan het woord intersekse. Doctors chose the acronym DSD because the three letters could mean anything. That supposedly makes it less stigmatizing that the word intersex. NNID Foundation, the publisher of this website, is a non-governmental organization (NGO) primarily concerned with human rights. In the political and scientific environment where NNID is most active, the word intersex is used almost exclusively. So it’s the word we use. But we respect that other people may prefer to use the acronym DSD or the name of a diagnosis. Where appropriate, this website uses the designation DSD (differences of sex development) – everyone is free to choose to use intersex or DSD, or to use both, or to use something else entirely, like forms of sex diversity. Good information and political attention are more important for the advocacy and equal rights of sex diverse people than the name that is used. Summary: This website is for anyone who has experienced that social acceptance of people born with bodies that do not conform to the nomative social construct of male and female is still low. The name that is used is not so important in the grand scheme of things. How many intersex people are out there?2021-10-08T11:57:23+00:00 How many intersex people are out there? The answer to that question depends on the definition you use, but also on which research population you use. NNID uses a percentage that comes from Danish research published in 2019, based on a large random sample, that assumes the experience of having a body that does not fit within the normative social construct of male and female. The research shows that probably about 8.24 million Europeans meet NNIDs definition of intersex. The United States (2000) The Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) website stated long ago that in 0.15% to 0.20% of children, the genitalia give cause to seek the assistance of a medical specialist in sex determination (ISNA zd2). Fausto-Sterling, in her book Sexing the Body (Fausto-Sterling 2000), cites a rate of 1.728% in which she has included most of the diagnoses that today fall under the heading of DSD.1This rate is also cited in the article How sexually dismorphic are we by Melanie Blackless et. all. (Blackless 2000) In a response to that book, Leonard Sax assumed people whose chromosomes do not match their bodies (e.g., women with XY chromosomes) or who cannot be unambiguously classified as male or female and thus arrived at a percentage of 0.018% (Sax 2002). Thus, the figures depend on the definitions used. For example, it is clear that Sax does not count a number of common chromosomal variations: 1 in 500 men has 47,XXY chromosomes and 1 in 2500-4000 girls has 45,X or 46,XX/46,XY chromosomes. Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster syndrome (1 in 5000 women) and micropenis (1 in 200 men) are also counted among DSDs. The Netherlands (2014) A percentage NNID has used for a long time is 0.5 percent. This percentage comes from the Dutch exploratory study Living with intersex/dsd published by the Social and Cultural Planning Office in 2014(Van Lisdonk 2014a). This looked at the numbers reported in medical-scientific publications for a limited number of diagnoses. It gives an impression of how many people received a specific diagnosis from doctors. It was clear from the outset that two important groups are missing from that percentage: a) those who are intersex but have never been seen by a doctor, and b) those who are intersex but have received a different diagnosis. Denmark (2019) In 2019, 62,675 people in Denmark were asked “Have you noticed any variations in your genitals, chromosomes, or hormones as a child, adolescent, or adult that make them not match the characteristics typical of men or women?” 1.3 percent of men and 0.9 percent of women indicated their biological sex characteristics did not fit within common definitions of male or female (Frisch 2019) 2In the same survey, 1.7% percent of this group (about 0.2% of the population) indicated that they identify themselves as ‘interkønnede’. This word is used in Northern languages in the sense of intersex, but also has the meaning of hermaphroditism and, literally, intergender. This is because both sex and gender are translated with køn in Danish. The designation interkønnede therefore has the same negative connotation as hermaphroditism or intersexuality.. This means that 1.1 percent of people fall under the definition of intersex. 3In the same survey, 6 percent of participants said they were dissatisfied with how their genitals looked. This means that approximately 8.24 million Europeans meet NNIDs definition of intersex. Grafiek met data van Frisch et al. 2019 waarin de data per geslacht en per leeftijdsgroep is uitgesplitst. Percentages in different age groups of individuals with variations in genitalia, chromosomes, or hormones such that the sex characteristics do not match those typically reported for men or women. Young people up to 34 years of age are more likely to report a variation than older people. It is unknown what causes this. (Data: Frisch et al. 2019) Where are all these people?2021-10-08T12:00:02+00:00 Where are all these people? Despite the fact that substantial numbers emerge with each definition, intersex people are hardly visible in society. Scientists who do research into intersex variations have great difficulty in getting in touch with intersex people. Usually no more than a few dozen people participate in such research and they often have different diagnoses, making the research results difficult to interpret. The reason why so few people can be found has to do with the taboo that still rests on the subject. In their youth they were often told not to talk about it to anyone, so most people make themselves ‘invisible’ once they become adults. That taboo is still there. For example, a mother of an intersex child sighed during a meeting of fellow peers: ‘if only my child had ADHD or Asperger’s, I would be able to talk about it with other mothers in the schoolyard’. We are not only invisible to doctors and researchers. We are also often untraceable to other intersex people – the patient & fellow peer organizations have far fewer members than the number of diagnoses would suggest. People who do become members of a fellow peer organization usually do not come out with their story, despite the fact that quite a few European societies are reasonably tolerant towards intersex. Can the true sex be determined at birth?2021-10-08T12:01:55+00:00 Can true sex be determined at birth? No, no one can determine “true” sex at birth. Intersex children are born with a body that does not fit into society’s image of male or female. This means that at birth a gender is assumed and at the same time it is assumed that the child will develop a corresponding gender identity. In about 5% of children, that assumption turns out to be incorrect. It is impossible to predict who will be among that five percent. So no, the “true” sex of an intersex child cannot be predicted. However, it does appear that the assumptions about gender and the gender identity that has yet to be developed are more accurate in some forms of sex diversity than in others. For example, most people with Klinefelter’s Syndrome identify as male, while people with Turner’s Syndrome or Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome tend to identify as female. Because it is impossible to determine in whom the assumed sex corresponds to the experienced sex, it is very unwise to put children through medical treatments to “confirm” the assumed sex shortly after birth. According to the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the European Parliament, such treatments are a serious violation of the rights of the child and should be prosecuted. In some countries, the government believes that parents should be allowed to decide with doctors whether such treatment should take place. Unnecessary surgeries are no longer performed, right?2021-10-08T12:02:57+00:00 Unnecessary surgeries are no longer performed, right? More and more health professionals believe that surgeries on intersex children should be delayed until the child can decide for him- or herself. Unfortunately, this does not apply to all forms of sex diversity. In babies with CAIS, the testes are not removed these days, but in children with CAH, they usually don’t wait until the child can decide for himself. It is believed that children with CAH “benefit” from early non-autonomous, uninformed surgical treatment. Doctors who say that intersex children are no longer operated on usually redefine intersex as ‘children whose sex we have been totally unable to determine’. In this way, they can operate on children whose sex they say could be determined. Based on those surgeries, many countries have received strong recommendations from the UN Committee for the Convention Against Torture to end these medical treatments. So yes, unnecessary surgeries without the consent of the child itself are still performed. Male, female or in between?2021-10-08T12:09:26+00:00 Male, female or in between? Most intersex people identify as either male or female. But just as the rest of society is not made up of Barbies and Kens, intersex people are not all alike. There are tough guys, beautiful women and everything in between. Nothing out of the ordinary, in other words. But have you ever wondered why you are so sure that you are either male or female (or not sure – that’s also possible)? Pyrrho of Elis was mentioned earlier, the man who argued that no knowledge is certain. Since you only know your own vision, a little philosophical doubt would not hurt anyone. Presentation of the first Dutch passport with an X as the sex designation for an adult. Image: Miriam van der Have NNID is committed to abolishing sex registration by governments, and is focusing on the government of the Netherlands. The obligation to state in the Basic Registration of Persons (BRP) whether someone is male or female makes parents feel extra pressure to subject a child to unnecessary medical treatments that can easily be postponed until the child is old enough to decide for himself. Already, it is possible for intersex children to be listed in the BRP as “gender was not able to be determined” and a number of intersex children now have an X in their passports. In 2018, the Roermond District Court ruled that adult intersex people may have their gender registration changed to ‘gender is not able to be determined’. While NNID welcomes these developments, we believe that all people should have the option to have their sex registration cancelled in the BRP. Moreover, this development should then be a step towards the complete abolition of gender registration by the government. Is intersex a third sex or gender?2021-10-08T12:12:32+00:00 Is intersex a third sex or gender? No. Most intersex people present and identify in society as male or female. There are some intersex people who consider intersex to be a third gender and present themselves as such to others. International intersex organizations have spoken out against the recognition of intersex as a third gender in the Malta Declaration. They believe that there should be less pigeonholing instead of more. Some intersex people have an X in their birth certificate and passport as their sex designation. The X stands for ‘sex could not be determined’ and thus is not a third sex. Developing a gender identity other than the one assumed at birth can be difficult for intersex people. This is especially true for people who underwent ‘normalizing’ surgery shortly after birth without autonomous and informed consent. Due to social pressures, they are more likely to present as male or female rather than non-binary or intersex. Is it like being trans?2021-10-08T12:17:55+00:00 Is it like being trans? Intersex is not the same as trans/transgender. Being trans is about gender identity and gender expression: how you see yourself and how you present yourself to others. When someone is trans, their perceived social gender is not consistent with their biological sex. When someone is intersex, their biological sex is not consistent with what doctors perceive as a standard male or female body. Most intersex individuals identify as male or female, and usually their perceived social gender corresponds to the sex assigned at birth. The difference is perhaps best explained with a comparison that is so brief as to be a little off-putting to reality: Some trans people seek the help of a doctor to adjust their bodies to their views, while intersex people seek help to get rid of the doctor who has adjusted their bodies to his views. Many intersex people get along well with doctors these days, thankfully, and by no means is every trans person looking for a doctor. But it does emphasize the essence of the difference. While surgical intervention for intersex variations is no longer a given for a small group of modern physicians, many of our stories are about unpleasant contact with health professionals. Not intersexual?2021-10-08T12:26:22+00:00 Not intersexual? No. Instead, you can talk about an intersex person; with a space indicating that intersex is an attributive adjective – just like blonde hair, Utrecht canals, and long legs.1In the sentence “I am intersex,” intersex is a predicative adjective. The word intersex is not a noun. So calling someone an intersex is incorrect. Is someone who has broken their leg a legbreaker? Is someone who has cancer a cancer-haver? In the medical world, it is considered very inappropriate to call someone after a diagnosis. Moreover, intersex is not a sexuality. It is also not a sexual orientation, nor is it a gender identity. Of course, that is not to say that intersex people do not have a sexual orientation and gender identity – we are no different from other people in that. Maybe among intersex people you’ll encounter a bit more gay, lesbian and bi people or more questions about what being a man or a woman means to you. But that’s nothing to be ashamed of, right? Not a (pseudo)hermaphrodite?2021-10-08T12:33:37+00:00 Not a (pseudo)hermaphrodite? De slapende Hermaphroditus is een beeld in het Louvre. In het echt worden geen mensen geboren met volledige mannelijke en vrouwelijke voortplantingsorganen omdat deze organen tijdens de zwangerschap ontstaan uit hetzelfde weefsel. Dat weefsel kan zich in mannelijke richting ontwikkelen of in vrouwelijke richting, maar niet in allebei. The sleeping Hermaphroditus is a statue in the Louvre. In real life, people are not born with complete male and female reproductive organs because these organs develop during pregnancy from the same tissue. That tissue can develop in a male direction or in a female direction, but not both. Pseudohermaphroditism is the obsolete name that used to be used for certain forms of gender diversity. Nowadays, the term is generally considered offensive because it suggests someone who falsely (pseudo is Greek for “false”) advertises themselves as a hermaphrodite. Hermaphroditism is the biological phenomenon in which an animal can have both the male role (fertilize) and the female role (give birth) in reproduction. Snails and earthworms are hermaphroditic animals. Intersex individuals, with one very rare exception, have either testicular tissue or ovarian tissue or no gonadal tissue at all. Even with that exception, it is not possible to bear a child AND to conceive a child. Many intersex people even have reduced fertility or are infertile. So, no, we are not hermaphrodites. Is [celebrity] intersex?2021-10-08T11:12:34+00:00 Is [celebrity] intersex? The internet is full of claims about celebrities being intersex. Don’t expect confirmation or denial of that type of gossip here. It should be possible to talk about being intersex without being afraid of the consequences, but people should never be forced to come out. Separator diversiteit Image: Ksenia Bravo Go to Top
Study Review Child mental illness prevention Interventions for children whose parents have mental health problems, to help prevent them from experiencing problems themselves Outcome Overall Click here for information about how effectiveness ratings are applied. Strength of Children's mental health Overall effectiveness: 1 (maximum 2) Strength of evidence : 2 (maximum 3) Children's internalising behaviours Overall effectiveness: 1 (maximum 2) Strength of evidence : 2 (maximum 3) Children's externalising behaviours Overall effectiveness: 0 (maximum 2) Strength of evidence : 2 (maximum 3) Headline points • This summary comes from the original systematic review: Siegenthaler, E., Munder, T., & Egger, M. (2012). Effect of preventive interventions in mentally ill parents on the mental health of the offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 8-17 • Positive effects on children’s mental health • Positive effects on internalising behaviours • Evidence was of a moderate strength Useful contacts What is this? Children of parents who have mental health problems have an elevated risk of experiencing mental health problems themselves. In 2017-18, 43 per cent of children’s social care assessments in England identified concerns about mental health in the family. A variety of interventions have been developed to help the children of parents who have mental health problems (such as depression or anxiety disorders), to help prevent them from experiencing these problems themselves. These interventions tend to be based on cognitive, behavioural and psycho-educational principles and are delivered either in group sessions or 1:1. In some cases interventions targeted parental substance misuse problems. They are variously delivered by a range of different professional groups, including social workers, therapists, clinical psychologists and nursery nurses. How is it meant to work? The interventions included in the review involved a variety of strategies for improving parent and child participants’ mental health. These included: • Psychoeducation (e.g. providing information about child development, mental health disorders, the impact of poor mental health on individual functioning, and its impact on the family) • Skills training to improve problem solving, positive communication, relationships or parenting, or to reduce conflict and aggression • Techniques for self-management of symptoms, including relaxation, cognitive restructuring and identifying risk factors • Help to strengthen partner relationships, build support networks, increase positive activities and increase resilience in children • Support to remain abstinent from drugs and alcohol. What are the evaluated outcomes? • Children's mental health • Children's internalising behaviours • Children's externalising behaviours How effective is it? This review summarises findings from 13 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of a range of interventions that were designed to prevent children from experiencing the same mental health problems as their parents. The following specific outcomes were considered: Children’s mental health Overall, the preventative interventions tended to show a positive effect on children’s mental health. The interventions reduced the risk of a child developing the same mental health condition as their parent by 40 per cent. The length of the follow-up period varied between six months and 15 years. This finding is based on moderate strength evidence from six research trials involving 919 participants. Children’s internalising behaviours Overall, the preventative interventions tended to show a positive effect on children’s internalising behaviours, such as symptoms of negative emotions, depression or anxiety. Children who received an intervention had significantly lower scores for internalising symptoms than children allocated to a control group. This is based on moderate strength evidence from seven research trials involving 750 children. Children’s externalising behaviours Overall, the preventative interventions had no effect on externalising behaviours, such as hyperactivity, aggression or problem behaviours. Children in the intervention groups did not have significantly different scores from those allocated to a control group. This is based on moderate strength evidence from seven research trials involving 543 children. Where has it been studied? The review included 17 studies of 13 different research trials. Of these, nine were carried out in the USA, two in Canada, one in Finland and one in the UK. Who does it work for? This review did not carry out sub-group analysis to identify which groups of people were particularly likely to benefit. Participants in the research trials had the following characteristics: • Children were aged between newborn and 18 years. Individual studies addressed varying age ranges, with the smallest age range targeting only newborn babies and the largest age range spanning 11 years. • Parent mental health disorders included depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, drug dependence and varied affective disorders. In some cases eligibility for the study required that the parent had recently had an episode of poor mental health; lived in a specific area; was aged over 18; was taking drug replacement therapy or was abstinent from drugs or alcohol; was married or lived with a partner; or was English speaking. In some cases parents were excluded from the study if they had certain mental disorders, if their partner was abusive, if they were taking certain medication or if they had a substance misuse problem. When, where and how does it work? This review focused on the overall relationship between preventative interventions and mental health outcomes but not on the particular techniques or circumstances that affect them. The authors of the review noted that there was little evidence of variation between the interventions in relation to the mental health outcome and the internalising behaviour outcomes. It was hypothesised that the programmes might have been successful due to common factors (such as the empathy shown by professionals) rather than specific techniques. Further research could carry out a more detailed analysis of the techniques used in each programme and their relationship to particular outcomes. What are the costs and benefits? There is no information on the cost-benefit of this intervention. How is it implemented? There was considerable variation in how the 13 interventions included within this review were implemented. Some of the key features of implementation are set out below. How is it delivered? • The number of sessions varied between 6 and 33. Where stated, individual sessions ranged between 1 hour and 2 hours in length. • Sessions took place over a period of time that ranged from one month to one year. • Some interventions were delivered with the individual mother, couple or family, some with groups of parents, some with family groups and some with groups of adolescents. Who can deliver it? The interventions were delivered by therapists with a range of professional backgrounds: • Clinical psychologists working with social workers • Clinical psychologists (with support from nursery nurses running separate children’s play sessions) • Master’s level therapists (some with additional addiction expertise) • Social workers working with psychologists • Nurses working with social workers and psychologists • Clinicians. What supports good implementation? In four of the research trials included in the review, the fidelity of the intervention was supported by the use of a manual or guidelines. In six other studies, methods for testing fidelity were used such as audio taping and rating sessions, or providing supervision to those delivering the intervention. In three of the trials, methods for maintaining fidelity were unclear. Case study The UK-based intervention included in this review, which was studied in the Manchester area, was a cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) group for mothers with depression. Groups of 6-8 mothers received 16 sessions of support, each session lasting for 1.5 hours, over a period of 16 weeks. The CBT groups were run by clinical psychologists who had been qualified for at least 5 years. The mothers’ transport costs were covered to support their attendance. While the mothers took part in the CBT group, their children (aged between 2 and a half and 4 years old) attended play sessions staffed by nursery nurses. The quality of the intervention was monitored through weekly supervision by an experienced clinical psychologist experienced in CBT supervision. In summary... • Overall the interventions appeared to have a positive effect in preventing children from developing the same mental health condition as their parent, with the period of follow-up lasting between six months and 15 years • Overall the interventions also had a positive effect on reducing internalising behaviours (e.g. symptoms of depression or anxiety) • Findings from 13 separate trials were included in the review and they were implemented in varied ways. It is not clear whether the effectiveness of the interventions was influenced by the type of mental health condition, the types of techniques used or the intensity of the programme. • Only one of the studies included was carried out in the UK. This means that the overall findings may not be replicated in a UK context. • Future research should consider the cost of the programmes and whether they provide value for money. Further resources This summary comes from an original systematic review called: Effect of preventive interventions in mentally ill parents on the mental health of the offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis (Siegenthaler, E., Munder, T., & Egger, M.) Published 2012.
Syncopations in African Music - World Music Method Syncopations in African Music It’s no secret that music sparks an emotional response in the listener. Different rhythms, pitches of notes, and instruments all unlock different feelings, but how does our brain decipher this? How do we differentiate between different sounds, styles, and genres? How do we know whether we like something or not? In African music, everything comes down to the rhythm. From the 12/8 traditional Chimurengua grooves of Zimbabwe to the Gnawa music of Morocco, musicians across the continent rely heavily on syncopation. It’s how they keep the dancefloor moving throughout those famously long concerts. One of the best examples is the four to the floor pacing drumbeat of Congolese Sebene. Made famous by early pioneers like Zaiko Langa Langa and Viva La Musica, the Sebene style demands a very specific and driving bassline that relies heavily on syncopated 16th notes (semiquavers). Outside Congo, this captivating style is known as Soukous. Influential bass players like Gode Lofombo imitated the different pitches of traditional percussion instruments, creating an innovative bass guitar style that incorporated all four strings. In our first ever World Music Method blog post, Edd Bateman explains how developing an understanding of syncopations will enhance your ability to make audiences dance. Check out the video below, and be sure to stay tuned – we’ll be releasing new videos each week!
Public Justice : Affordable Care Act Admittedly, many controversies have swirled around the Affordable Care Act. Yet, there is a more basic issue, namely public justice. It has not received the attention it deserves. But although the issue of public justice has receded into the background, it still remains a driving motivation behind much of the controversy concerning the Act. A Basic Issue : The Proper Scope of Government We should not confuse this issImage result for public justiceue with people’s opinions of the actual provisions of the Act. Just about everyone thinks the Act needs to have been much better. But the issue I’m pointing to is whether it falls within the proper scope of government to pass any act at all to make health care accessible to its citizens. Some opponents of the Act think government has absolutely no responsibility in health matters. Meanwhile, others think that state governments may have such a responsibility but the federal government does not. First Objection Let’s consider first the objection against any and all government involvement in health matters. This issue was actually addressed in one of the founding documents of our nation, the Declaration of Independence. The first of the universal rights it mentions is the right to life, followed by the rights to liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The clause then closes with the assertion “that it is to secure these rights that governments are instituted among men.” It would be wildly implausible to argue that this clause intends to assign to government the responsibility of protecting life only from threats due to war or crime. The need for government regulation to protect public health was clear to the American colonists early on. For example, Cotton Mather advocated compulsory inoculations in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1721. If it isn’t a government responsibility to see to the safety of food, water, air, transportation, and medicines, upon what institution of society does that responsibility fall? Second Objection The second objection agrees that the protection of life is a responsibility of government, but maintains that it should fall entirely to state governments rather than to the federal government. Those who hold this position usually do so on the grounds that the Constitution does not specifically delegate any such authority to the federal government. Furthermore, it specifically requires any power it does not delegate to the federal government to remain with the states. Fox News analyst Andrew Napolitano argues this way, for example. In an article written for the blog, Napolitano says that “the power to regulate for health, safety, welfare, and morality” should be “reposed with the states,” and that there should be “no federal police power” whatever. But is such a position really tenable or is it a way in which the Constitution has become inadequate for modern life? Can each state reasonably be expected to inspect all roads, buses, trains, elevators, bridges, airplanes, foods, and medicines, as well as deal with epidemics, air pollution, drug enforcement, and forest fires? Is it plausible to have as many as fifty different standards in the same country governing each of these needs? And does it make sense to say that even where these issues cross state lines the federal government is to have “no police power” as Napolitano asserts? An Approach to Public Justice that is Almost 500 Years Old In matters of health and safety, as in so many others, we continue to be hobbled by the way the writers of the Constitution replaced the Calvinist idea of sphere sovereignty with the idea of competing governments as the chief means of forestalling totalitarian governance. And the course of history since has shown just how unworkable it can be to have fifty legislatures and police forces enacting and enforcing contrary laws within the same nation. (As an example, see the American Bar Association’s article regarding the ethics of the marijuana laws now in effect.) Sphere Sovereignty “Sphere Sovereignty” is the name Abraham Kuyper gave to John Calvin’s insight that the New Testament recognizes a number of distinct kinds of God-given authorities in human life: the authority of parents in a family, owners in a business, clergy in the church, and officials in the state, for example. Each type of authority relates to a particular aspect of life that is its proper “sphere.” Then each type should enjoy a relative immunity from interference by the other types of authority. Moreover, there is no one type that is supreme over the others or the source of all the others. The reason for that is only God is supreme over them all and the source of them all. Consequently, government must not do what Calvin called “over leap the prescribed bounds” of its proper authority. Its proper sphere is recognized to be that of public justice. This means that the way to avoid totalitarian government is by framing our laws so as to restrict governmental power to matters of public justice. Instead, we have attempted this by creating competing states within the same body politic. Calvin puts it this way: Hence, he only who directs his life to [God’s calling] will have it to over leap the prescribed bounds… The magistrate will more willingly proper sphere… (Inst. III, x, 6) highest gift of His beneficence, and prescribes to rulers themselves (Inst. IV, xx, 25) On this view, the central issue for government is not whether there is one or many or how big a government is, but whether it recognizes its authority as limited to the sphere of public justice. Having one overarching government that recognizes its proper limits beats having fifty little ones that don’t. The central issue for health care is whether it is a public injustice to leave millions of citizens without access to the means of safeguarding the very first right the Declaration guarantees to them. Roy Clouser Roy Clouser Resident Philosopher at Christian Leaders Institute Professor Emeritus of The College of New Jersey Former Trustee of the Center for Public Justice. 6 replies 1. mobile legends hack download mobile legends hack download says: Comments are closed.
Editorial Photography : Carl D. Walsh Photographer: Portrait Photography : Natural History Photographer Editorial Education Portraits The Natural World Motion Published Cassava NGO Madagascar Sandhill cranes fly across the rising full moon during their annual migration through Nebraska. 650,000, the vast majority of the specie's world population, stopover in the state to rest and feed before returning to their summer homes in the northern US, Canada, Alaska and Siberia. Snow geese, amongst a group numbering in the tens of thousands, fly en-masse from an eastern Pennsylvania field where they were feeding during a spring migration stop in March. Without any apparent signal the group stopped feeding, and in precise unison, flew away. Calculated using high definition aerial photography and a computer software count, 120,000 of the arctic waterfowl was the peak gathering at Middle Creek Wildlife Mgmt. Area in 2021. An humpback whale fluke propels itself through the water in the Gulf of Maine. A male cardinal (cardinalis cardinalis) eats a berry from a winterberry bush in Vermont. A snowy owl wrestles with a mallard in a coastal Maine estuary, where it winters from the Arctic. Sandhill cranes fly at dawn, from Nebraska's Platte River, where they spend the night, to the cornfields where they feed daily, during their annual migration stopover in the state. A praying mantis casts a shadow on a tents outer surface in Isalo National Park in Madagascar's southwest. In the temperate rain forest on British Columbia's mountainous central coast lives a very rare bear. Known as the white Kermode bear, the spirit bear and ghost bear, it is not an albino, or a polar bear drastically out of its range, rather an otherwise common American black bear containing a recessive gene predisposing the white coat. About one in ten are born with this color phase and no more than a few hundred exist in the world, all of them in this remote coastal region of British Columbia. An osprey flies away with a double catch while fishing for alewives in a coastal Maine tidal river during the herring specie's annual spawning run. Snow geese fly in front of the the rising sun at Middle Creek Wildlife Management Area in eastern, Pennsylvania. Wintering in the Chesapeake region, the arctic waterfowl were migrating back to their home range in the Arctic. A common loon (Gavia immer) floats on water in Penobscot River, near Maine's Baxter State Park, A bull moose grazes in the Allagash River in northern Maine. A female snowy owl hovers to reposition on a log perch while wintering on the Maine coast from their home range in the Arctic. Dozens of sandhill cranes fly from a Nebraska cornfield at sunrise during their annual spring northward migration stopover in the state. 650,000, the vast majority of the specie's world population, return through the region on the way to their summer range in the northern US, Canada, Alaska and Siberia. A hibernating American black bear pokes it head out of its tree-top den in Maine's North Woods. A male great egret displays his beauty while nesting on Florida's Gulf coast. A great egret (Ardea alba) feeds on alewife frye in a Maine coast estuary. A male bald eagle launches from a perch near the nest as his mate clenches a branch in her beak, while trying to break it away. A silverback mountain gorilla relaxes in the highland forest of the Virunga Mountains in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Fewer than 800 exist in the world. Great egrets and a snowy white egret do a dance while feeding in close proximity at J.N. Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge in Sanibel, Florida. A snowy white egret (egretta thula) hovers in flight over the water, dragging its talons along the surface as a lure to attract bait fish while feeding. A great horned owl {Bubo virginianus} looks inquisitively at a squirrel climbing in the nesting owl's tree on Florida's Gulf Coast. ©2020 Carl D. Walsh \| carl@carlwalsh.com \| 207-229-3636
Checks and Balances Worksheets A collection of worksheets that explores the fail safes that were built into the American government. When a form of government separates powers into multiple layers which can regulate or overturn a decision from one layer to the next it is referred to as a check and balance system of government. In the United States the constitution split the democracy into three branches of government. The form of governing has both benefits and drawbacks. The main benefit is that when a decision is made it reflects the opinion of the body at large. Due to all of the oversight and need for cooperation it does complicate and slow the process of governing. This form of managing large organizations has made its way into most modern large corporations. It helps ensure that the initiatives that a business takes on in the best interest of the company and cannot be driven by a single individual or small group of people. These worksheets look at how checks and balances work in the American government. Students will explore the history behind this system and how it made its way to its modern form. We look at the limitations and procedures that were put in place because of running a system like this. Each of the branches are explored and we look at the powers and limitations of each branch. We will also explore the concepts of impeachment and veto power. Get Free Worksheets In Your Inbox! Print Checks and Balances Worksheets Click the buttons to print each worksheet and associated answer key. What Are Checks and Balances? The U.S. Constitution created a government composed of three distinct branches so that no one branch of the government would become too powerful. In order to protect against a possible imbalance of power. Checks and Balances Multiple Choice Questions Who does the main work of enforcing and administering federal laws? Marbury vs. Madison Marbury vs. Madison was a case about the presidential appointment of judges. Right before he left office, President John Adams appointed forty-two justices of the peace on March 2, 1801. The next day, which was Adam' last day in office, the Senate confirmed these nominations. Marbury vs. Madison - Short Answer Questions The Supreme Court found in favor of Marbury, ruling that his right to his commission had been violated. Impeachment is the act of calling the integrity or value of something into question. Impeachment dates back to 14th century England, where it was used by the newly created Parliament to keep the king's advisor's accountable for their actions. QUESTIONS: Impeachment Since 1789, approximately half the impeachment trials conducted in the Senate have resulted in impeachment. The Constitution The Constitution is the document that established the United States federal government. It is the foundation of all U.S. law, and the highest level of law in the country. QUESTIONS: The Constitution The founding fathers knew that the Constitution needed to be powerful enough to run the country, but that it also needed to leave as much power as possible to both the individual states and the people themselves. Powers and Limitations of the Executive Branch In the U.S. Constitution, power is divided equally between an Executive branch, a Legislative branch, and a Judicial branch. QUESTIONS: Powers and Limitations of the Executive Branch Power is balanced between the Executive and Legislative branches as follows. When Congress produces legislation, it is the President's job to sign it into law. Powers and Limitations of the Judicial Branch Reading Passage The Judicial branch is a system of federal courts and judges. When hearing and deciding cases, these federal judges apply the law to real-life situations. QUESTIONS: Powers and Limitations of the Judicial Branch The lowest level courts are the U.S. District Courts, which operate across the different regions of the country and handle most federal cases. Powers and Limitations of Legislative Branch While laws are actually created by the Legislative branch, they are enforced by the Executive branch. QUESTIONS: Powers and Limitations of Legislative Branch War powers are also divided between the Executive branch and Legislative branches. The President is the Commander in Chief of the U.S. military forces, but it is the Legislative branch that has the power to declare war, and to raise and support the military. The Founding Fathers America's founding fathers are the military leaders, rebels, politicians, and writers who both fought for America's freedom from British rule and established the system of government we have in place today. The Founding Fathers - Short Answer Questions After months of debate and months of writing, the Constitution needed to be formally accepted (ratified) by the 13 states. The Federalist Papers When the founding fathers convened in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, through the course of debate it became clear that the country needed a new Constitution entirely. The Federalist Papers - Questions During the Constitution, there were basically two opposing sides. One side, called the Federalists, supported a federal system of government in which power was shared equally between the national government and the state governments. The Veto A veto is the power to reject and completely stop an official action. The term is typically used in relation to the power of one entity to reject and stop enactment of a law. The Veto - Short Answer While the Constitution does not actually use the term "veto," Article 1 of the Constitution does require that every bill, order, resolution or other act of legislation approved by the Legislative branch be presented to the President for their approval.
There are More F’s to Fight, Flight, or Freeze Fight or flight– we’re familiar with the two part systematic response to threats, which is just our response to stress and fear. There are many more responses than just fighting or taking flight. Fight: Our most innate response type might be fight. When we are threatened, we are inspired, if only for a moment, to fight back and do something. Many people are caught off-guard by their strong desire to fight. They take action they wouldn’t expect themselves to take. Sometimes we fight by actually, physically fighting. Other times we fight by sticking up for ourselves verbally. Whatever it is we are doing, we are doing some kind of action defensively against a real or perceived threat. Flight: Our flight response is one of our more animalistic responses. Rabbits, for example, have evolved to be fast so they can escape quick predators like foxes, who are also evolved to be fast. When we cannot fight, or we don’t connect to another response form, we take flight, meaning, we run. People can experience in an unhealthy way when they become conflict-avoidant entirely and never stand up for themselves or fight in any way. Freeze: Threats, real or perceived, can be shocking. Instead of fighting or running, threat can create a deer in the headlights sort of response. Another animal that uses this response, often to its own demise, is the possum. When being approached by a car or a human, a possum will fall over and play dead. Freezing is a sign that the brain cannot process what is happening so it simply goes into shock until it can decide what to do next. Flood: Comedy movies tend to use a situation like this to make light out of a dangerous situation. A group might be held hostage or encounter a dangerous situation. Each character embodies a different response, often including one who breaks into hysterics. Catching the perpetrator off guard, the individual can’t help themselves but get overly emotional. This is the flooding effect where we are flooded with emotions which need to be released. Fawn: As a verb, the word fawn means to act in an exaggerated way “in order to gain favor or advantage”. Fawn is most often used in this way in a statement like “They fawned over the celebrity”. For someone facing a threat, to fawn is to strategically, or perhaps subconsciously, submit to the threat and the demands of the threat. In order to avoid hurt, pain, more fear, or other consequence, fawning is an answer. Fatigue: Lastly is the least well known response to a threat. When the body and the brain are so overwhelmed by stress, the response to fear, the body can shut down. Fatigue is total exhaustion of mind and body. Some people become very sleepy in the face of threat and feel like the only thing they can do is sleep. Learning to live sober is one thing. Learning to thrive in recovery is another. Our integrative programs offer compassionate therapy in a comfortable and soothing environment for those who feel trapped in a life controlled by drugs and alcohol. Enlightened Solutions offers partial care programs which fully integrate spirituality, holistic healing, clinically proven therapy, and 12 step philosophy. For information call us today, 833-801-5483.
Words related to gird gher- (1) begird (v.) Old English begyrdan "to gird, clothe; surround, fortify;" see be- + gird (v.). Related: Begirt. engird (v.) 1560s, from en- (1) "in" + gird (v.). Related: Engirt; engirded. girder (n.) "main supporting wooden beam that carries flooring," 1610s, agent noun from gird, on notion of something that "holds up" something else. Used of iron bridge supports from 1853. girt (v.) c. 1400 as alternative form of gird; also past tense and past participle of gird. girth (n.) c. 1300, "belt around a horse's body," from Old Norse gjorð "girdle, belt, hoop," from Proto-Germanic gertu- (cf Gothic gairda "girdle"), from the same source as girdle and gird. Sense of "measurement around an object" first recorded 1640s. undergird (v.) 1520s, from under + gird (v.). Related: Undergirded; undergirding. ungird (v.) Old English ongyrde, from un- (2) "opposite of" + gird (v.). Similar formation in Middle Dutch ontgorden, Old High German ingurten, German entgürten. Related: Ungirded; ungirding.
Why choose CPVC within a Plastic Fastener? You’ve most certainly heard of PVC – most typically used in pipes. CPVC is similar and shares many of the same properties, with some differences, and has many positive properties. CPVC stands for Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride, and is a thermoplastic produced by the chlorination of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) resin. The major difference between PVC and CPVC is that due to its extra chlorine atom, CPVC is more chemically resistant and can withstand a higher range of temperatures. And for that reason, many building codes require the use of CPVC as opposed to PVC for use in hot water applications. For example, the ASTM standard allows PVC to be used in applications up to 140 degrees F., whereas CPVC can handle temperatures up to 200 degrees F. CPVC performs especially well in acids and bases, but poorly in some organic solvents like MEK. What are the highlights of CPVC fasteners CPVC is more suitable for hot water applications. CPVC has become widely used for both hot and cold potable water. As compared to PVC which is used primarily within residential applications, cold water systems, vent systems, and drainage systems, the more resistant properties of CPVC make it useful for tougher commercial and industrial applications. CPVC is usually pricier than PVC, but it is still a very cost-effective and versatile material, especially compared with other acid-resistant polymers like fluoroplastics. CPVC is recommended for applications where the maximum temperature can exceed 180 degrees Fahrenheit and maximize at 200 degrees Fahrenheit. CPVC is easily machined, molded, formed, or welded. It is inherently flame retardant, with a UL rating of V-O. CPVC is significantly more ductile than PVC, allowing greater flexure and crush resistance. The mechanical strength of CPVC makes it a viable choice to replace many types of metal – in conditions where metal’s susceptibility to corrosion limits its use. CPVC is similar to PVC in fire resistance – it is difficult to ignite and tends to self-extinguish when not subjected to a directly applied flame. In which applications can you use CPVC within Plastic Fasteners? CPVC fasteners and parts includes nuts, bolts, washers, spacers, screws, thumb screws, cap screws, captive panel screws, metric machine screws set screws, threaded rod, and more. It’s major uses are in piping (either hot or cold), and heavy use and industrial liquid handling environments. What industries use plastic Fasteners made with CPVC? Plastic fasteners manufactured with CPVC are used in industries such as: Semiconductor Manufacturing, Chemical Processing, Waste Water Treatment, and a myriad of residential, commercial, and industrial applications. When choosing components and fasteners for manufacturing and production, it’s important to consider the application, the environment of the finished products and the characteristics of the materials available. Plastics, and especially some of the advanced composite materials, make a great choice for many applications and offer exceptional strength and resistance to wear. CPVC is a choice within a wide variety of plastic fasteners, but it’s not used in every application. If you have any questions on the properties of nylon plastic fasteners, or its use within your application, please do not hesitate to contact us. We’re here to help!
A thoracic (chest) radiograph (X-ray) is a system that permits your veterinarian to envision tissues, organs, and bones that lie underneath the skin of the chest pit in Cats. Thoracic radiographs are suggested for any feline or other pet with troublesomely breathing or with doubt of coronary illness or lung sickness. They are additionally demonstrated in geriatric patients, and in patients that may have malignancy, to assess for metastasis (spread). X-rays of the chest ought to be taken of each creature that has been hit by a vehicle or endured different kinds of significant injury since they can uncover numerous sorts of wounds to the chest divider, lungs, and heart, or different wounds like a diaphragmatic hernia. X-rays are likewise frequently rehashed to screen progress after treatment or in the wake of eliminating liquid for better perception of designs. There is no genuine contraindication to playing out this test. Indeed, even ordinary outcomes help decide wellbeing or reject certain infections. So, at Gardiners Road Animal Hospital Kingston, Ontario, Canada, we will assist you with keeping your fuzzy buddies perky and sound. At Gardiners Road Animal Hospital, we are giving quality Pet X-rays Service. We are known as outstanding amongst other Diagnostic vet facilities in Kingston open all days of the week. What Does a Chest X-ray Reveal in Cats? Chest X-rays give a picture of the bones and blueprints of the heart and lungs. This test can be incredibly valuable for recognizing changes in the shape, size, or position of organs. Tragically, significant constructions can now and then mix on X-beams, so this test has restrictions. For instance, a tumor may mix away from the plain sight of typical organs since they have the equivalent “darkness,” or shade of dim, as the ordinary tissues. Anomalous liquid collections can darken the capacity to see different constructions. Subsequently, chest X-rays are an astounding “screening test,” yet they don’t identify every single inside issue. At times, extra strategies, for example, an echocardiogram (ultrasound), bronchoscopy, trans-tracheal wash, or thoracentesis might be expected to analyze an issue. Chest X-rays in ordinary pets ought to exhibit sound life systems. This incorporates ordinary heart, lungs, veins, and bones. Proof of heart augmentation, liquid in the lungs (aspiratory edema), liquid in the pleural hole (pleural emanation), the air in the chest pit (pneumothorax), tumor as well as breaks are large anomalies. How Is a Chest X-ray Done in Cats? Specific, costly hardware is needed to uncover and build up the X-ray film. The pet’s chest is estimated with a unique ruler and the openness season of the X-ray machine is set. The pet is then positioned delicately on his side to get the “sidelong” see. Imperceptible X-rays at that point pass from the container of the radiograph machine, through the creature, and onto the X-ray film under the pet. Contingent upon the thickness of the tissues and organs and the capacity of the X-rays to go through these issues, various shades of the dark will appear on the created X-beam. This cycle is then echoed with the creature on his once again to acquire the “ventrodorsally” see. Taking two perspectives on the chest will give your veterinarian a more complete examination and permit a more exhaustive understanding of the chest. The film is then evolved. Radiographs typically take around 5 to 20 minutes to get, in addition to the improvement time required for the film (5 to 30 minutes). In certain circumstances, your veterinarian may demand the help of a radiologist or expert in assessing and deciphering the radiographs. Is a Chest X-ray Painful to Cats? No torment is included. The methodology is noninvasive. Is Sedation or Anesthesia Needed for a Chest X-beam? Neither sedation nor sedation is required in many patients; in any case, a few pets hate situating for an X-ray and may require sedation or ultrashort sedation. In a couple of states, there is a lawful prerequisite for sedation so faculty are not presented to any X-rays while holding a creature quiet. Notwithstanding, much of the time, the unsedated pet is gone to by partners who wear fitting lead shields to limit their openness. If you have any worries about veterinary expressive imaging or feel your feline may have a chest issue, you should constantly visit or call Gardiners Road Animal Hospital, – We are your best resource for ensuring the achievement and thriving of your pets. Pet owners are allowed to visit our Animal crisis office in Kingston. We have pointlessly current workplaces for taking X-light surges pets and Radiologists with a basic length of fuse who have dealt with their commitments in X-Ray Service phenomenally.
The Butterfly Effect Updated: Aug 18, 2021 Author: Emily Courtney I’ve always thought it was incredibly interesting that a butterfly was chosen to illustrate Edward Lorenz’s theory. As fantastic and enthralling as chaos theory is, I find butterflies fascinating because of a much different phenomenon: that all life on this planet hinges on the work of these creatures that most people rarely give a thought to. Maybe it’s the irony of it, or the inherent humility, but it’s one of my favorite aspects of the grand design of nature. Pollination, like many other inner workings of nature, is simultaneously intricately complex and startlingly simple. To consider that a flower produces these tiny particles of pollen, that are sticky and will adhere to an insect’s legs, then be carried to another flower, and those particles contain the material necessary to initiate reproduction; it all seems like something that someone could have fabricated out of their imagination for a children’s book. Butterflies and bees are the chief characters in this drama, but many other insects play similar roles. Some do so intentionally, some ignorantly, but nonetheless, the deed is accomplished in some way, all over the world, within a multitude of different ecosystems. Even hummingbirds and flies can be pollinators. Whoever the carrier, pollinators are the catalyst for the processes that make all other life on earth possible. By pollinating plants, they are ensuring the propagation of food sources for the vast majority of the planet’s population. They are creating a vital link in their ecosystem’s food chain, and all just in their own day’s work. In Texas, monarch butterflies are the focus of much of the conversation surrounding pollinators and their habitat. Monarchs migrate through Texas from their breeding grounds in northern parts of the continent and their overwintering home in Mexico. In recent years, a significant decline in their population has prompted a response of aggressive conservation efforts from federal and state agencies, as well as private and local organizations. In 2016, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) published a “Texas Monarch and Native Pollinator Conservation Plan”, in which the agency designated, along with the monarch, 30 other native pollinators (including bees, butterflies, and moths) as Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN). The plan noted that all of these species of pollinators were dependent upon similar habitat types, which are in decline in Texas. Monarch butterflies rely on milkweeds (Asclepias species) as host plants for egg-laying and larval development. Loss of this one particular type of plant is considered one of the main factors contributing to population decline. Flowering plants that serve as food sources for monarchs, as well as other pollinators, are also disappearing. These habitats are in need of restoration throughout Texas and the rest of the monarch’s flyway. TPWD’s plan included preserving current habitat, and the perpetuation of further floral resources and larval host plants on public lands. It also called for engaging private landowners to include monarchs and other pollinators as part of their nongame wildlife species section in management plans, and hopefully follow through with implementation of pollinator habitat alongside their other management regimes. Pollinator habitat is a qualifying Wildlife Management Use that will qualify a property for a 1-D-1 Agricultural Tax Valuation. The plan also outlined an extensive education and outreach program, which seems to be in full swing. There is a wealth of information on the TPWD website: pollinator fact sheets, publications on management recommendations, lists of native pollinator plants and identification guides, as well as resources and organizations with which you can get involved to aid in conservation efforts. If you are serious about becoming a champion for the cause of pollinator conservation, or just think you might be interested in planting a pollinator-friendly garden, tpwd.texas.gov/monarch is a great place to start. There is much more information than I can concisely summarize here, but I will share a few of the general guidelines. Implementing pollinator habitat is simple and can easily be done in backyard spaces or on multiple acres. Pollinators, like all wildlife, need food, water, and shelter. Cultivating a garden or habitat space with certain conditions can increase the numbers and diversity of pollinators that will visit your space, and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the pollination they carry out. 1. Provide a wide variety of plant species (flowering plants, herbs, different colors and shapes) 2. Plan your species so that you will have something blooming throughout the growing season. 3. Plant in uneven layers or bunches to mimic natural landscapes and achieve more efficient pollen distribution. 4. Provide water, preferably a running water feature to prevent attracting mosquitoes, with an edge or surface where the pollinators can light. 5. Provide shelter in the form of downed wood, bee boxes, or clean patches of soil. 6. Avoid using any insecticides or pesticides around your home, and opt for compost over commercial fertilizer. Including accommodations for these vital insects around our yards and properties is one of the most beneficial things we can do for wildlife, the environment, and ourselves. It is indeed fascinating to consider the effects these tiny pollinators have on the world. Each species in an ecosystem is connected to and dependent upon every other, and pollinators seem to drive that point home more than any other group or species. There truly seems to be a parallel to Lorenz’s theory, in that the reverberations of what they do can be felt around the globe. Not to mention that, without them, we would be in chaos. 1 view0 comments Recent Posts See All
A bear gets stuck – level 3 16-06-2021 07:00 A bear cub in southern Arizona, US, caused a brief power outage after it climbed up a power pole and became stuck. The utility company in the city of Wilcox was notified that a bear had become tangled in power lines, and workers quickly disabled the power. The workers then climbed into a bucket lift to coax the animal down with a fiberglass stick. The bear bit and grabbed the stick; however, it eventually climbed down on its own, and it retreated to the desert without injury. It´s the second time in a month that a bear in the state has climbed a power pole. Difficult words: outage (a period when a service isn´t available), disable (to turn off), coax (to gently ask or encourage someone do something), fiberglass (a strong, light material made of glass and plastic threads). You can watch the video news lower on this page. What do you think about this news? How to improve your English with News in Levels: 1. Do the test at Test Languages. 1. Read two news articles every day. 1. Choose one person from the Skype section.
Changes<State> wraps primitive value inside and previous one. This data structure enables to get differences between now one and previous one. It helps us to prevent duplicated operation with the same value from the state. Changes structure Changes structure How we update UI with the state uniquely in UIKit In subscribing the state and binding UI, it’s most important to reduce the meaningless time to update UI. What things are the meaningless? that is the update UI operations which contains no updates. Basically, we can prevent this with like followings: func updateUI(newState: State) { if self.label.text != { self.label.text = Although, this approach make the code a little bit complicated by increasing the code that updates UI. Especially, same words come up a lot. Changes simplify the code Actually, state property of Store returns Changes<State> implicitly. From the power of dynamicMemberLookup, we can use the property of the State with we don’t know that is actually Changes object. How to know there is differences is using ifChanged. let store: MyStore let state: Changes<MyState> = store.state state.ifChanged(\\.name) { name in // called when `name` changed only Patterns of ifChanged ifChanged has a bunch of overloads. Let’s take a look of patterns. state.ifChanged(\\.aaa, \\.bbb) { aaa, bbb in // Executes every two properties change. state.ifChanged({ "Mr." + $ }) { composedName in state.ifChanged({ "Mr." + $ }, { $0 == $1 }) { aaa, bbb in
Herrevad Abbey was founded from Cîteaux Abbey in 1144 as Denmark's first Cistercian monastery with the support of Archbishop Eskil of Lund. The original name, Herivad, meant the "army ford", referring to a ford over the Rønne River. After the construction of the abbey it became known as Herrevad, or "the Lord's ford", most likely because of the fee payable to the abbey for using the ford, and later the bridge, for commerce. The abbey was consecrated in 1150, though it was far from complete; the original dedication was probably to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The church was begun in 1158 and built in the Romanesque style out of sandstone. Construction extended over several decades and for reasons of expense was continued in brick. The original monastery complex was severely damaged by a fire in 1291. The original sandstone was ruined by the heat of the fire, and so a new and larger Brick Gothic church was begun, second in size only to Lund Cathedral itself. The abbey precinct consisted of the large church and three ranges which served as a dormitory, a refectory and cellars, a range for the housing of the lay brothers who did the farm work and administered to the abbey's temporal affairs, and a small library and scriptorium where religious texts were copied. Though there is some dispute, some scholars believe the Codex Runicus, a medieval attempt to use runes for writing the Law of Skåne, was produced there. Herrevad Abbey over time became one of the largest and wealthiest monastic houses in Denmark, and certainly in Skåne, then part of Denmark. At its height, the abbey owned more than 400 income-producing properties. It enjoyed the support of the nobility and Denmark's royal family for generations. Herrevad established three daughter houses in Denmark - Holme Abbey, Tvis Abbey and Løgum Abbey - as well as several in Sweden. In 1513 the final addition to the abbey church was completed when the choir was expanded. The Cistercian commitment to hard work and good land use practices resulted in the abbey being of great value to the crown. In 1536 during the Protestant Reformation Denmark became a Lutheran kingdom, and all religious houses and their property fell to the crown. In an unusual move the abbey with its farms was secularized but went on functioning much as it had as a monastery. The monks and lay brothers were permitted to remain until the site was turned over to the crown in 1565 by Abbot Laurids, whose tombstone has been preserved inside the chapel at Herrevad Castle. The date of his death, 30 October 1572, is certainly among the latest of surviving heads of any religious house in Skåne. The abbey school continued to function until 1575. The abbey church continued to hold Lutheran services until 1585 when it was determined that the church was superfluous. Herrevad was given to Sten Bille, a prominent nobleman, and his wife for their lifetimes. Bille was the uncle of Tycho Brahe and after Brahe's studies abroad suggested that he live at Herrevad. Bille paid for the construction of a laboratory in one of the old monastery buildings for Brahe to use. He used the laboratory to invent an improvement for the manufacture of paper. By 1570 Brahe was producing paper in Scandinavia for the first time at the Klippan Mill near Herrevad. At his request a glassworks was also constructed at Herrevad, the first in the country. Tycho Brahe became a world-famous astronomer at Herrevad when on the night of 11 November 1572 he recorded a new star "brighter than Venus" located in the constellation Cassiopeia. Herrevad passed to several other nobles until 1658 when Skåne was united with Sweden. Herrevad was then given to the Swedish Count Corfitz Ulfeldt and afterwards passed to several other Swedish nobles, but eventually reverted back to the Swedish crown. The abbey was sacked by the Danish army in the wars between Denmark and Sweden in 1709-1710. Karl XI of Sweden ordered the ruined abbey buildings to be demolished and the materials transported to Malmø to build his German Church. The only existing remnant of the abbey is part of the old sacristy of the church which was used as a shed. Herrevad was put at the disposal of the Northern Skåne Cavalry Regiment in 1691 after the demolition of the monastery complex. By 1727 a new building for the regimental headquarters had been raised from building materials left over from the demolition of the abbey. It later became a residence for the commander, but retained the name Herrevad Abbey. In 1745 the residence was expanded. Two wings were added in 1816-1819 in the Empire style, and the name Herrevad Castle formally adopted. The buildings were used by various military units until 1994 when Herrevad Castle passed into private ownership. It is currently undergoing restoration. In the 1980s an excavation located the foundations of the choir and parts of the nave, which may still be seen. Your name 13, Ljungbyhed, Sweden See all sites in Ljungbyhed Founded: 1144 Category: Religious sites in Sweden Historical period: Consolidation (Sweden) User Reviews Powered by Google Featured Historic Landmarks, Sites & Buildings Historic Site of the week Lorca Castle Muslim Era After Reconquista Modern history
Which country is closer to Vietnam? Which country is closer to Vietnam? The nation is situated on the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula with a coastline along the South China Sea. It borders China in the north, it has a long border with Laos, and it borders Cambodia in the southwest. Vietnam shares maritime borders with Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. How many troops did China send to Vietnam? 300,000 soldiers How do you beat China in war? Is Vietnam part of China? How many Chinese were killed in Vietnam? Though neither side publicized its casualties and the exact figures remain unclear, Western estimates run as high as 28,000 Chinese dead and 43,000 wounded, while the number of Vietnamese dead were estimated at under 10,000. Why did America go to war in Vietnam? When did China invade Vietnam? February 17, 1979 – M Who Started Vietnam War and why? Why did the Vietnam War start? The United States had provided funding, armaments, and training to South Vietnam’s government and military since Vietnam’s partition into the communist North and the democratic South in 1954. Tensions escalated into armed conflict between the two sides, and in 1961 U.S. President John F. Did China fight in Vietnam? China, in particular, also played an important role in the Vietnam wars during 1950~1975. China helped Vietnam against French forces during the First Indochina War and later helped North Vietnam unite the nation by fighting South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War. Are there still prisoners of war in Vietnam? In 1973, when the POWs were released, roughly 2,500 servicemen were designated “missing in action” (MIA). As of 2015, more than 1,600 of those were still “unaccounted-for.” The Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) of the U.S. Department of Defense lists 687 U.S. POWs as having returned alive from the Vietnam War. What are some important facts about the Vietnam War? More than 3 million people (including over 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians. Opposition to the war in the United States bitterly divided Americans, even after President Richard Nixon ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. Why did Chinese move to Vietnam? Chinese trade and immigration began to increase towards the earlier half of the 18th century as population and economic pressures encouraged more Chinese men to seek trade opportunities in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. What is the biggest problem in Vietnam? The biggest worries among Vietnamese people are food safety, pollution, and corruption, according to a new survey that suggests not enough has been done about these issues since they were raised two years ago. Did the Soviets fight in Vietnam? Who won the war between China and Vietnam? Sino-Vietnamese War Date 17 February – 16 March 1979 (3 weeks and 6 days) Location China–Vietnam border Result Vietnamese defensive victory Chinese withdrawal from Vietnam Continued Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia until 1989 Continuation of border clashes between China and Vietnam until 1991 Who is the main leader of Vietnam? The current President is Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, who was elected by the National Assembly in April 2021. Trọng is the third person to concurrently serve as head of the Party and State, with the other two people to have done so being Hồ Chí Minh and Trường Chinh. How did China lose to Vietnam? A trial by fire. The political objectives of the Chinese incursions were to “punish” Vietnam for its continued belligerence towards Thailand and Cambodia. Since Vietnamese troops were going into Cambodia, Chinese troops would continue to do the same. Who rules Vietnam now? The President of Vietnam is the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government in a one-party system led by the Communist Party of Vietnam….Politics of Vietnam. Legislative branch Head of Government Title Prime Minister Currently Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Appointer National Assembly Who is the richest man in Vietnam? Pham Nhat Vuong What was the original name of Vietnam? Names of Vietnam 1887–1954 Đông Pháp (Bắc Kỳ, Trung Kỳ, Nam Kỳ) from 1945 Việt Nam Main template History of Vietnam How Vietnam War changed the world?
Titanic's Lost Evidence October 29, 2021 4.0 10 x For 108 years, a dust-covered box has remained hidden in a British manor house and may contain evidence that will rewrite the most famous maritime disaster in history. This box contains the personal notes of Lord Mersey, the respected British jurist and politician charged with investigating the sinking of the Titanic in 19...
What are the elements and principles of logo design? What are the elements and principles of logo design? 5 Principles of Logo Design • Simple. Your logo needs to be easily identifiable at a glance. • Memorable. An effective logo should be memorable. • Timeless. An effective logo should be timeless and should avoid trends. • Versatile. A good logo can be used in a variety of sizes and colours. • Appropriate. How useful are the elements and principles of art in making artworks? When did art become more realistic? The Realist movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting. In favor of depictions of ‘real’ life, the Realist painters used common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works. What are the 5 types of rhythm in art? We can use five types of rhythm: • Random Rhythm. • Regular Rhythm. • Alternating Rhythm. • Flowing Rhythm. • Progressive Rhythm. How are elements and principles of art used? The elements of art are the visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition. These are line, shape, color, value, form, texture, and space. The principles of art represent how the artist uses the elements of art to create an effect and to help convey the artist’s intent. Who started the Realism art movement? Gustav Courbet How does the artist used the elements and principles to get your attention? Answer: The principles help govern what might occur when particular elements are arranged in a particular way. The artist who works with the principles of good composition will create a more interesting piece; it will be arranged to show a pleasing rhythm and movement. What is rhythm in principles of art? Rhythm is a principle of design that suggests movement or action. Rhythm is usually achieved through repetition of lines, shapes, colors, and more. It creates a visual tempo in artworks and provides a path for the viewer’s eye to follow. How did realistic art change? Summary of Realism Working in a chaotic era marked by revolution and widespread social change, Realist painters replaced the idealistic images and literary conceits of traditional art with real-life events, giving the margins of society similar weight to grand history paintings and allegories.
Understanding Sleep Sleep Patterns Sleep is basically separated into Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. The purpose of NREM sleep is body restoration while that of the REM sleep is brain restoration by strengthening, refreshing and organizing memory (Campbell, 2002[9] and Robson, 2008[12]). NREM sleep is further divided into four stages from the lightest to the deepest (Caldwell, 2006[8]). NREM sleep - Stage 1 • the transition phase between wakefulness and sleep • takes 10 minutes each time • the brain activity, eye movement and muscle activity become slower • where some people may notice a feeling of falling which is caused by the sudden contraction of the muscles • a person is easily awoken • waking up in this stage of sleep will cause a person to feel that he/she has not slept. NREM Sleep - Stage 2 • light sleep • first stage of true sleep • lasts from 10-25 minutes each time • occupies 50% of the sleep patterns • the brain activity, eye movement become even slower and the cardiac activity decreases NREM Sleep - Stage 3 • the beginning of deep sleep • slow-wave delta sleep • the brain activity and eye movement are approaching to zero • if a person is awoken in this stage of sleep, he/she may feel groggy or disorientated for a few minutes. NREM Sleep - Stage 4 • deep sleep • slow-wave delta sleep • no eye movement or muscle activity REM sleep • known as paradoxical sleep • usually occurs 70-90 minutes into a sleep • happens in cycles lasting for approximately 10 minutes initially to 1 hour • the eyes move rapidly from side to side and the brain waveform is similar to that when a person is awake • where the dreams occurs • As we grow older, the time spent in REM sleep declines from 50% of our sleep for infants, to 20% of our sleep for adults. The diagram above indicates brainwave activity during the different stages of sleep. As we can see, the wavelength is greatly increased during deep sleep as compared to the other stages. Therefore, for a person to be woken up during a deep sleep, it will take some time for reorientation to return to a relaxed/waking brainwave pattern. (Figure Adopted from (De Landra, 2003)) As shown in the above figure, the four stages of NREM sleep and the REM sleep progress cyclically in an average of 90 to 110 minutes with a longer REM sleep and lesser deep sleep time as the cycle succeed (Campbell, 2002 and Sleepdae, n.d.). The Homeostatic Component of Sleep The Homeostatic Component depicts the need for sleep in relation to being awake and being asleep. It tells us that the longer that we are awake, the higher the pressure it is for us to need sleep. The Homeostatic mechanism regulates the sleep intensity. Meaning that the higher the pressure, the greater the intensity will be of the sleep. The graph on the right shows that the need to sleep increases when we are awake and decreases rapidly when we are sleeping. If we however increase the amount of time we sleep, our sleep cycle gets shorter with our need to sleep becoming lesser. We may think that it is a good thing to have more sleep and shorter sleep cycles since our body will be well rested. However, the opposite is true. Deep sleep is directly proportionate to the intensity of our need to fall asleep. As the pressure/need to sleep decreases, the amount of deep sleep we receive dissipates. Therefore, we often feel lethargic and tired when we sleep too much due to our bodies not being able to regenerate itself with the lack of deep sleep. The Circadian Cycle Many of us are familiar with the Circadian Cycle. It represents our level of alertness throughout the day. It takes into account, biological elements such as our body temperatures, heart rate and blood pressure. These elements affect the our level of alertness during the course of a day. It is affected by our daily activities such as mealtimes, exercise and level of stress. The graphs above shows the normal results of an average person during a normal day. These elements co-relate and when put together, plots our the Circadian Rhythm with which our level of alertness is affected. As we sleep, our heart rate is lowered and hence as seen on the graph, our level of alertness is reduced. Other things that may reduce our level of alertness also includes that of our blood pressure which is often lowered after meal times. As pilots flying across different time zones through the night, we are not able to fully apply the Circadian Cycle without understanding or adjusting it. By understanding how our alertness is affected by our blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature, we can then make adjustments to our diet and sleep to ensure a safe level of alertness in the cockpit. Sleep Deprivation The graph above shows three different sleeping patterns. The blue line depicts the normal sleep pattern while the red line depicts a person awake for 40 hours and lastly the green line depicts a person who takes a 2 hour nap during the day. As we can see, our need to sleep increases as our time awake increases. The intensity of the need to sleep increases with the lack of sleep as seen in the red graph. However, the amount of time required for recovery during the time asleep remains the same or similar in all the three scenarios. The only difference is the intensity in which the recovery takes place. Hence, from the graph, we can see that a sleep deprived person will undergo a longer period of deep sleep in his/her 8 hours to ensure sufficient recovery. As for the person who took a 2 hour nap in the day, the intensity of the need to sleep is lesser and the amount of recovery is reduced with the reduced amount of deep sleep. Steps to Help Fall Asleep Faster There are situations where the body needs sleep but, you cannot fall asleep. The following steps can help get a better quality sleep and get into sleep stages faster. Maintain a fixed sleep schedule Set a consistent sleep time and wake time, make it a habit by going to bed at the same time regularly and wake up after 8hours feeling rejuvenated (Robson, 2008). Avoid long naps during daytime. A 15 to 20 minutes nap is enough to pay for an hour sleep credit and boots your alertness and physical stamina. A long nap during the day will make difficult to find sleep when the body needs to sleep. It is important to sleep for a long time in the day, if you will work in the night long. Make a perfect sleep environment The more positive you make your sleep environment, the better sleep condition you get. Keep the room dark, exposure to light while sleeping my disrupt the internal body clock; keep the room fresh aired, quiet, good temperature not too hot and not too cold, make the bed comfortable, neat with clean beddings. For some people it is difficult to find sleep in a warm environment, it is therefore, important to sleep in the temperature that makes your sleep comfortable. Exercise regularly Have an everyday exercise schedule of at least 30minutes. Could be a walk, run, or any light workout that will help squash your energy of the day. As said Robson; “ a body that is healthy as a result of exercise and a good diet will not only perform better during the hours of wakefulness, it also rest better during sleep” (Robson, 2008). Exercise 3 hours earlier before bedtime, let the body get a bit tired but not too exhausted, and then have a nice and warm bath an hour prior to bedtime, it helps unwind and promote sleep. Be mindful of the food and drink you take in • It is advisable to eat light foods that contain Tryptophan (Melatonin) which can help get sleep quickly. For example, banana, figs, warm milk. • There are foods that contain high levels of tyrosine; these are foods with high protein, carbohydrates or sugar. For example, peanuts, Tuna, yogurts, soy beans, turkey, etc. Don’t take these foods one hour before bedtime Tyrosine in them can interfere with sleep. Also, it is not good to have very spicy foods like hot curries earlier to bedtime. Avoid foods and drinks with caffeine (chocolates, coffee, etc.), tea, cola, cocoa, nicotine, alcohol. • Don’t go to bed too hungry or too full, it can keep you awake. People have different standards of having their daily meals. Some prefer having a small breakfast and lunch then have a big dinner in the evening. As long as sleep is concerned, it’s healthier to have a big breakfast and lunch, then have small meal for dinner 3 hours prior to bedtime so it does not result in reflux, heartburn, or heartburn. Don’t stress out It is always uneasy to find sleep when you are stressed, the best thing to do is to note down everything that is stresses you out, it will help you release all your internal chatter that interfere with your sleep. • Release all your worries, anxiety, fear, depression, and all other emotionally stressful matters. • Listen to soft music • Read a book • Think of positive solutions • Exercise relaxation technics • Deep breathing , this video explains more on breathing exercises http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s340IhGjjc8&feature=player_embedded from www.normalbreathing.com For more help on stress relaxation exercises read, The Stress-Free Guide to Studying at University by Rugg, Gerrard, & Hooper, (2008). Relaxing the brain • Try to turn off mentally; avoid excessive mental activities (Robson, 2008). • Make an interesting story to yourself, at the end or before the end of the story you will be sleeping ready. • Think of anything that is really boring that will make your brain work slowly. • Count very slowly from 100 sheep to 0, the sheep or any other word you are saying in between each number will make your brain forget the following number. Don’t count so fast, otherwise it might not slow the brain movement. At the time you reach at 90 sheep you be falling asleep ready; also you can sing a song that you don’t know all the lyrics, etc. • Move your finger and start watching its movement • Imagine yourself being on the most beautiful beach you ever been to, or intend to go to. • Imagine winning Lotto and spending your money on a nice holiday motel. If these imaginations are not working for you, get off the bed leave the lights off, read a book from a different room and then return to bed when you feel drowsy. Scent oils Some scent oils are good for sleep for example Vanilla essential oil and scent of lavender; they help in making someone nod off faster than normally, and this helps you get into Rapid Eye Movement quickly (REM). • Put 2 to 3 drops on of Vanilla scent oil or scent of Lavender on a tissue then put under the pillow Change the sleeping position Many people don’t know how they can control their positions while sleeping because they are unconscious; but it becomes easy if you can only make it a habit. Others find it hard sleeping upright on their backs; however, sleeping on straight upright on the back makes the muscles to relax then make people fall in dream stage quickly. NB: For extended helpful information on sleep faster problems, go to www.howcast.com Understanding the different stages of sleep and the importance of deep sleep, we can plan ahead to ensure we receive the required amount of deep sleep for recovery. On the other hand, we can also adjust our sleeping hours and patterns based on the understanding of the Homeostatic component of sleep. For example, if there is a need to operate a flight in the middle of the night, a 2 hour nap in the early evening can be taken to ensure sufficient rest to lower our need to sleep during the flight. Also, we know that within 2 hours, we are able to receive a decent amount of deep sleep. We can also take precaution, knowing that if we sleep for short periods, we may not be lowering our heart rate enough to rest properly. Also, if we wake from a sleep when we are in the deep sleep stage (approximately 40 minutes into sleep), our level of alertness will be greatly reduced as our brain waves take time to reorientate itself. This will become more crucial when operating multiple crew details with rest periods on board a flight. Finally, since pilots are not able to fit their schedules into the Circadian cycle or Homeostatic cycles due to the requirements in our roster, we have to understand what affects these cycles and make the necessary changes to adjust these cycles to accomodate our next flight to ensure we get a good rest and remain alert. 1. Rhythmicity of Human Vital Signs http://www.circadian.org/vital.html 2. I. Tobler and P. Achermann (2007) Sleep Homeostasis http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Sleep_homeostasis 3. F. Halberg (2010) //Circadian Rhythms http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Circadian_Rhythms 5. V. Baptista (2006) //Starting Physiology-Understanding Homeostasis http://advan.physiology.org/content/30/4/263.full 7. M. Smith, L. Robinson and R. Segal (2011) //How Much Sleep Do You Need http://helpguide.org/life/sleeping.htm 8. Caldwell, J. L. (2006). “Physiology of Sleep and Wakefulness, Sleep Disorders, and the Effects on Aircrew.” In Rainford, D. J., and Gradwell., D. P. //Ernsting’s Aviation Medicine. London: Hodder Education. p. 257-272. 9. Campbell, R. D., and Bagshaw, M. (2002). Human Performance and Limitations in Aviation. UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. p. 170-177. 10. De Landra, J., Boag, C., and Fletcher, A. (May 2003). "Asleep at the Control." Vector, p. 8-11. 11. Reinoso-Suarez, F., De Andres, I., Garzon, M. (2011). Functional Anatomy of the Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle: Wakefulness. Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 1-4. 12. Robson, D. (2008). Human Being Pilot: Human Factors for Aviation Professionals. Australia: Aviation Theory Centre. p.141-162. 13. Sleepdex. (n.d.) All about Sleep. Retrieved April 18, 2012, from http://www.sleepdex.org : 14 :Rugg, Gordon; Gerrard, Sue; Hooper, Susie, Apr 18, 2008, The Stress-Free Guide to Studying at University. SAGE Ltd., London , ISBN:9781849205108 14. How to Fall Asleep Fast. Retrieved Dec.,2011 www.normalbreathing.com Contributors to this page victor kaza victor kaza Other interesting sites Journal KAI Wiki of Science The Balanced Nutrition Index
Energy companies are operating in ways that are ever-cleaner and less carbon intense. Companies are producing abundant and available amounts of natural gas, thus helping to reduce our reliance on less clean fuels. (Susan Stocker/Staff file photo) Climate change activists are calling for Florida municipalities to join a wave of lawsuits against the oil and gas industry. This legal movement, which began in San Francisco, Oakland and other California cities and counties, seeks to hold oil and gas companies responsible for what activists say is their role in hiding “secret science” about climate change. The activists’ claim that companies somehow hid scientific facts about climate change is a laughable idea for something as widely covered as the climate, studied by innumerable universities, research groups, and governments. Nevertheless, cities have signed up, from New York City to Boulder, Colo., turning this West Coast legal fad into a national movement. Florida city leaders, for the sake of their constituents and the environment, should reject the urge to enlist in these suits. First among the reasons to denounce this effort is that oil and gas companies, in fact, are leading the way — through innovation — to find better and cleaner sources of energy. They invest billions of dollars researching and developing alternative fuels and solar power. They are the very centers of expertise we need to find and develop new forms of reliable, available, and clean energy to provide Americans with affordable electricity and fuels. The proposed lawsuits will do nothing more than divert money and attention away from innovation and exploration. Natural gas and nuclear options already provide environmentally-clean sources of energy. These sources, and the efforts to increase their availability, allow Americans to pay much less than the rest of the world for energy. Until renewable sources of energy such as solar or wind become reliable and storable, oil and gas companies should be thanked and supported for their work. The second reason to not jump on the “secret science” bandwagon is simple — these lawsuits are both illogical and unfair. Apportioning blame for something as wide and global as climate change is an impossible task. Further, being successful and “winning” these lawsuits will not affect the climate one iota. At present, energy companies are operating in ways that are ever-cleaner and less carbon intense. Companies are producing abundant and available amounts of natural gas, thus helping to reduce our reliance on less clean fuels. If anything is hidden, it is this: that the use of natural gas from electricity generation has curbed the growth of U.S. carbon emissions, reducing our national carbon output to levels not seen since the end of the last century. Other nations should be following the lead of U.S. energy companies. Finally, Florida’s cities should not join a movement that would harm the economic interests of their own communities. In our state alone, the oil and gas industry supports more than 266,000 jobs. This translates to a total value-added economic impact of $22 billion for our state; money that flows into wages and taxes that support schools, teachers and law enforcement. It should also be remembered that Florida is built on tourism, and energy transports and powers every aspect of that industry — from the jets that land in airports around the state to the air conditioning at Orlando theme parks and luxury hotels of Miami Beach. Cleaner and cheaper energy also helps small boat owners and other hardworking Floridians who make this state the premier vacation destination in the United States. For all these reasons, Florida municipal leaders should think before joining these politically-motivated lawsuits. Becoming a plaintiff in these lawsuits would cost Florida jobs and divert dollars from industry research and environmental improvement. Man-made climate change is still a theory. But, for those who are convinced of its anthropological foundations, there are better ways to face the uncertainties of climate change than pointless litigation. Daniel Peterson is the director for the Center for Property Rights at The James Madison Institute and a resident of Orlando, Florida.
Tips On Knowing Whether Olive Oil Loses Its Health Benefits When Heated Tips On Knowing Whether Olive Oil Loses Its Health Benefits When Heated Olive oil has been used for cooking for thousands of years. It is a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet. So why do some people today believe that olive oil shouldn't be used for cooking? One persistent rumor is that olive oil will reduce its health benefits when heated. This rumor is false. Here's why: First, olive oil's main health benefit is its fat composition. Olive oil is mostly monounsaturated fat. Cooking with an oil will not change its fat composition. Olive oil's percentage of monounsaturated fat remains the same after heating, even to elevated temperatures. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in 2004, approved a health claim for olive oil on the basis that the monounsaturated fat in olive oil may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease when used in place of saturated fat. All olive oils, whether extra virgin or refined, heated or raw, contain a comparable amount of monounsaturated fat. What about trans fats? Cooking oils, when heated, may form small amounts of trans fats. However, the concentration is minuscule -- less than 1 percent - even with lengthy heating. The smoke point myth All olive oil has relatively high smoke point (between 365 and 410 F) that is generally not impacted by household cooking. But smoke point is not the most important factor when evaluating a cooking oils suitability for cooking. The essential issue in comparing oils is oxidative stability--the extent to which a cooking oil resists breaking down under heat, which may result in the formation of potentially harmful compounds. Research has found that extra virgin olive oil is the most stable cooking oil under heat when it comes to the production of polar compounds, outperforming cooking oils that have a higher smoke point. One reason for this is that olive oil contains phenols and antioxidants that protect it from breaking down when heated. Another important factor is the fatty acid composition of the oil (monounsaturated fats like olive oil resist oxidation better than polyunsaturated fats like soy and corn). And another important factor appears to be the extent to which the oil has already been subjected to high heat by refining (most other commercially available cooking oils such as canola, soy, corn, sunflower, etc.) have been refined in the manufacturing process, unlike EVOO that has not been refined. This new research is consistent with a 2004 study in which measured potentially harmful aldehydes generated when extra virgin olive oil, olive oil and canola oil were heated to 464°F. The study found that both extra virgin and regular olive oil performed better than canola oil, although canola oil ha a higher smoke point. Furthermore, it is not probable that you will transcend the smoke point of olive oil when cooking. Stovetop cooking does not usually 350ºF, even if you turn the burners to high and even if you turn up your oven to 450ºF, the food and oil does not reach that temperature. Antioxidants and Polyphenols You may have also heard that you should not cook with olive oil because the phenols will be ruined by the heat--this is also not correct. It is a fact that phenols in olive oil are sensitive to heat. But a 2015 study made a remarkable discovery. When cooking with extra virgin olive oil, the phenols move into the food. Potatoes fried in EVOO contained more phenols and antioxidants than potatoes boiled in water. Furthermore, a 2020 study by the University of Barcelona in the Journal Antioxidants confirmed that extra virgin olive oil retains significant amounts of these healthy compounds during cooking. What about the taste? The flavor compounds in olive oil are delicate and will evaporate when heated. Heating olive oil does not damage the health benefits but it will make the olive oil shed some flavor. Some folks believe this to be a good thing as they do not want their foods to taste like olive oil. But if you have an expensive olive oil with complex flavors, you may want to save it for finishing and cold uses. In summary, olive oil is safe to cook with. Heating olive oil will not destroy the health benefits or turn olive oil unhealthy. You can feel confident using olive oil in all of your recipes. Previous Post Next Post • Neil Naran
Musings on August Wilson’s The Piano Lesson (3.30.2021) For each session, my intention is to come up with some unique perspective in understanding the play. Sometimes I succeed and achieve that goal. Sometimes I do not. This time I come pretty close. The key issue, and the central lesson of The Piano Lesson, is repeated by August Wilson in interview after interview. The issue is, ”can you acquire a healthy sense of self worth by denying your past?” On the surface, it might appear that Berniece is the one who wants to preserve the historical basis of the family’s sense of self-worth through her refusal to sell the piano with all its artifacts that detail family history. Similarly, on the surface, it might appear that Boy Willie is willing to ignore that history in order to buy the 100 acres of farmland where their ancestors were slaves and later, sharecroppers. But beneath the surface, we learn that 1) Berniece never plays the piano; and most significantly, 2) Berniece has never explained to her daughter Maretha the history of the piano and its symbolic artifacts, the history of the family, or anything else that might actually suggest a sense of self worth. Berniece tells Maretha to “don’t act your color,” suggesting there is something inherently inferior about her complexion. Additionally, while “fixing her hair,” Berniece tells Maretha that if she were a boy, they wouldn’t have to go through that painful process of placing a hot comb to her scalp, suggesting there may be something inferior, as well, about her gender. That Berniece is a piece of work! Berniece wants to ignore her family history in the rural south in order to build a different future for her family in the urban north. Boy Willie, perhaps on the other hand, acknowledges his southern roots, so much that he wants to buy the land his ancestors worked when they were enslaved. But in order to complete the purchase, Boy Willie has decided he needs the proceeds from selling the family heirloom, the piano. The tradeoff, stripped of all the accompanying baggage, seems very straight forward. Let’s pause here and come back later. Let’s talk about the art. According to Wilson, the Romare Bearden painting, The Piano Lesson, provided him inspiration to write the play. In the Bearden painting, you see what appears to be Maretha seated and Berniece standing over and instructing her at the piano. Bearden: Homage to Mary Lou Williams, The Piano Lesson The painting actually was a tribute to the jazz singer/artist/performer Mary Lou Williams, with whom Bearden’s wife Nanette and her dancing company had done an artistic collaboration while Williams was Artist in Residence at Duke University. The original Bearden collage/painting didn’t have all the family portraits carved into the wood. That was Wilson’s innovation. But back to the collage. In a wide ranging interview with Myron Schwartzmann in a huge coffee table book Schwartzmann completed entitled, “Romare Bearden: His Life and Art,” whose foreword was written, by the way, by August Wilson, Bearden takes us from the original diagrammatic drawing (ink on paper), to the black and white 1983 oil with collage of the Mecklenburg Autumn series, to the silkscreen ink on tracing paper, to the final 1984 version fully colored. The complete Mecklenburg Autumn series, named for the North Carolina county where Bearden was born, included, among many, a piece called Autumn Lamp, which featured a guitar player and his guitar. In producing the painting/collage, Bearden followed a procedure established by the French impressionist Edouard Manet, as recorded by his contemporary, another French impressionist, Claude Monet. Monet wrote that Manet always wanted to give the impression that a painting was completed in one sitting, so at the end of each day in production, he would scrape down whatever he had produced, keeping only the lowest layer. Then each new day he would “improvise” on that bottom layer. At some point, Manet would stop the process, but in fact, a Manet painting made in this manner was never actually completed. In other paintings in the series, Bearden used images from his childhood. For The Piano Lesson, also called Homage to Mary Lou Williams, Bearden found inspiration in two Matisse paintings, The Music Lesson and The Piano Lesson, left to right, below. Without going too far afield, one can see not only how Bearden’s images influenced Wilson, but also how his processes and production “technologies” influenced how Wilson produced plays, going through multiple rehearsal revisions, yet improvising on the ever present foundation drawing, the original vision if you will. Yet another piece of the story is that Matisse was influenced by Van Gogh, who did his own “Piano Lesson,” Marguerite Gachet At The Piano. I will leave this link with you for further study and investigation. Bearden continues in this part of the interview with other influences on his work, his study of the Dutch Masters, especially Vermeer, his study of the French impressionists during his sojourn in Paris, and his reading of Clausewitz, On War, and how the chaos of war is resolved though the elimination of options. He wrote of classic Chinese painting which he considered the “greatest of paintings,” For instance, a Chinese painter, in the classic days, when he looked at the rocks and trees, felt a certain oneness with them. And he was, himself, although painting it, part of the landscape which he was painting. He looked upon the large tree, let us say, as a father tree, the others as his children; the largest mountain, perhaps, as a father mountain, or a mother, and smaller, children mountains. So he imbued nature with human concerns. . . . In this way he was ablest the very beginning, to think of the relationships in his painting because of the relationships with a family.” I have gone a bit off on a tangent with this Bearden thing, but when Wilson says that Bearden was one of his principle influences, we really should both take that at face value and look deeper. An interesting story captured by Richard Long, essayist and critic, in his essay “Bearden, Theater, Film and Dance,” reports how he noticed an op-ed Wilson wrote for the New York Times that mentioned his indebtedness to Bearden’s influence. Long showed the op-ed to Bearden over breakfast and asked him if he had seen it and what he thought about it. Bearden, who had never met and would never meet Wilson remarked, “Well, he could have at least sent me tickets to the show.” Wilson would say in subsequent interviews that he actually stood outside Bearden’s apartment but would not go in to see him (hoping perhaps to catch him in transit, maybe). It’s a shame they never directly collaborated. Two more thoughts on The Piano Lesson before I stop. It dawned on me, and perhaps on you, that Boy Willie and Berniece are quibbling in the play over what amounts to stolen property. In a previous session I traced the lineage, the provenance of the artifact, the piano. The transaction that resulted in the Charles family acquiring the piano was a theft by Boy Willie’s father, Boy Charles, along with his uncles, Doaker and Wining Boy. Plain and simple. I know all about how the piano was exchanged for two enslaved people who were also ancestors of Boy Willie and Berniece and I know how horrible slavery was as an institution. I am descended from enslaved people and I grew up hearing the stories. But let’s be honest. Slavery was protected and preserved by the U.S. Constitution. Slavery was the law of the land in the states where it was legitimately practiced. The state legislatures approved it. The national Senate and House of Representatives allowed it. And the Supreme Court affirmed its legitimacy in a number of cases and decisions. They were all in on it. It took a Civil War and the deaths of six hundred thousand soldiers on both sides to correct the wrong that was slavery, something that should have been able to be worked out by rational people over a dining room table. Yet, try as we might, we cannot really morally justify the theft of the piano, no matter what images were carved into it. Don’t get sucked in by the emotional appeal. Finally, I want to call your attention to the fact that The Piano Lesson was the first August Wilson play adapted for film, and for television, no less. Hallmark. One astute observer recorded that on the night that the Hallmark movie aired on television, more people were exposed to August Wilson than all the audiences of all the plays previously performed in all the theaters worldwide. Le’s add that more black people got access to August Wilson than ever before. As we know from earlier reading, mechanical reproduction will increase the exhibition value of Wilson’s work but what is lost is the cult value, the ritual of the romance of the energy exchanged across the stage and into the audience. postscript. Samuel L Jackson plans to produce and direct a Broadway revival of The Piano Lesson late this year, and a film adaptation using the same cast in 2022. Let us add, the Good Lord and COVID willing. postscript#2. NaPoWriMo requires a poem about a piece of art. How about The Piano Lesson? The black mirror invites my inspection – A scaled representation of the whole. The wooden metronome in its foreground Reminds one of rhythm and time’s passage, The pendulum’s swing until the winding Dies. The young girl, black like the mirror, plays As her mother directs. The mother’s face, More blue than black, leans in attentively. A non-flowering plant rests in a vase. A paintbrush seems out of place. It could be A missing conductor’s baton. The sun Bursts through the window as a slight breeze blows The curtains askew. A ceiling lamp and A table lamp compete to light the room. Session #4 Session #3 post-class notes 3.30.2019 Session #3 pre-class notes 3.28.2019 Session #2 notes Session #1 notes YouTube playlist Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
2PEAK Functions Knowledge Base Improving Mental Toughness An often underestimated part of an athletes’ performance is mental toughness. People spend hours training to be physically fit for their race, but very little time focused on improving mental toughness. This however can have an equally important influence on performance. Aspects of mental toughness There are several aspects of mental toughness. It is not as simple as if you are mentally tough or not. An athlete might be extremely motivated and focused but lack confidence or unable to work through difficult situations. When trying to improve mental toughness, it is good to look at each aspect individually. The following categories are a good breakdown of what makes up mental toughness: Motivation is the stimulus to achieve good results. An athlete can be intrinsically or extrinsically motivated. Intrinsic motivation stems from the enjoyment of the activity and inner peace. Extrinsic motivating factors are for instance fame, medals and money. Ideally, your motivation comes from both these intrinsic and extrinsic influences. This keeps your motivation always at a maximum. Confidence in your own ability is essential, to deal with crises and to reach your full potential. Work on having a realistic confidence and trust in it, when things are not working out as you hoped. Building confidence can be as simple as always thinking of at least one thing that you have done well in each training session or race. This is especially important to focus on positive things when many things did not go well. To be a bit excited before competition is normal and positive. On the other hand, if you are so stressed that you lose sleep, it makes sense to practice relaxation techniques. Only through the correct balance between stress and relaxation can optimum results be achieved. Concentration (focus) Concentration is the ability to focus on a goal for a given length of time, to gather one’s strength and not be distracted or deviate from one’s aim. Successful athletes stay concentrated until crossing the finish. It is a mistake to let yourself get into a mental crisis and to say, for instance, “Who cares whether I achieve my time goal or not…” To be able to imagine being successful in a race (like seeing a video) helps to release positive energy. Visualisation can be used before and during a race situation, to get in a positive mood. Try to use all your senses when visualising, to make the experience as lifelike as possible: imagine what you can see, hear smell and feel in the situation. Mental dialogue Positive verbalisation in mental dialogue produces better results. Talk to yourself (it doesn’t have to be out loud). Example: “I can climb, and I am fast when I ride at my own rhythm.” Avoid negative dialogue. If you say “I will never be able to do that,” you will hinder any motivation and will finish below your potential. How is your Mental Toughness? Some people naturally have more mental strength than others. A mix of genetic and experiential differences between athletes causes this. The good news is that you can improve it. The first step for improving your mental toughness is to evaluate where you stand. 2PEAK has a short test that athletes can take that will score their mental toughness in each of the categories above. Take the test here and find out where you are stronger and weaker. Once you know where you stand, you can work on improving your weaknesses. You can also read this article we have on mental toughness to see the other 2PEAK features that help you improve your mental strength.
The Most Common Causes Of Aggression In Cats cat showing aggression (Picture Credit: Getty Images) Aggressive pet cats can be a serious cause of concern for cat parents. Vets define aggression as threatening behavior towards other cats or humans. It’s a very common problem. Cats may be small in size, but they possess razor-sharp claws and a set of powerful teeth. They’re capable of inflicting painful bites and severe lacerations. This can lead to injuries to the attacked entity and your pet cat, not to mention the possibility of a hefty vet bill. Treatment for aggressive behavior depends upon accurate diagnosis of the cause. With that in mind, here are some of the most common causes that can trigger an aggressive attitude in your feline friend. Aggression Between Cats Aggression between cats in the family is also an issue. It can be between two males or two females or between a male and a female. The cats may not actually fight, but the aggressor cat will try to establish dominance through posturing. A larger cat may try to dominate a smaller cat or one that is not that physically active. Cats that have had unpleasant experiences with other cats early on in life may be maladjusted later and find it difficult to share space with others of their species. Inside the house, if you’re faced with such a situation, then you must segregate the fighting cats as soon as possible. Don’t let the cat-fight continue. Ensure that the weaker cat has some hiding spots and perches where it can retire in peace. Separate the food and water bowls. Sometimes rewarding good behavior can work. Offer the cats treats if you see that they’re socializing; they may learn to associate treats with good behavior. Intact males are more prone to aggression, and neutering lessens their aggressive tendencies. You may consider neutering your male if they show signs of aggression. Defensive Aggression grumpy looking cat (Picture Credit: Getty Images) A fearful cat will display body postures that include defensive signals such as crouching, leaning away, and flattening the ears, as well as signs of aggression, such as hissing and scratching. Give the cat an escape route and leave them alone. This will help soothe their frazzled nerves. Make sure your cat has their own space away from other pets and people where they can retreat and never feel cornered or trapped. Territorial Aggression Cats patrol their territory and demarcate it by urine spraying. Territorial fights are more likely to break out if: • cats have recently been made to share space when they haven’t before • cats have just reached the age of sexual activity • there have been changes to cats’ immediate environment • cats sense strays outside, especially if cats perceive their territory to extend beyond the house gates Aggression While Playing cat hissing (Picture Credit: Getty Images) Sometimes cats, particularly those younger than two years old, unintentionally hurt their humans by being aggressive in play. There’s also a chance of damage to household items. Aggressive behavior while playing includes stalking, chasing, ambushing, swatting, and so on. Cat experts believe that this behavior enables developing cats to exercise better control on the sheathing and unsheathing of their claws and also to control the intensity of their bites. This is, therefore, an essential aspect of their development. It’s normal for kittens orphaned or weaned at a very young age to be overly aggressive at play. Redirected Aggression This form of aggression can manifest when a cat parent least expects it. It can catch you unawares. Essentially, this happens when the cat is unable to vent their anger at the animal or person that has agitated them. The cat then vents their ire on a person or object they can reach. Such aggression can often be construed as unprovoked by cat parents who may not at all be aware of the original trigger or episode that irritated the animal. However, the cat will not go out of their way to find someone to vent their anger at. If you happen to approach the cat while they’re still agitated, they may attack. The cat’s reaction and aggression is not premeditated. It is instinctive. If you can see that the animal appears excited and is in an aggressive posture, it’s best to leave them alone. People who venture too close to break up cat fights risk getting hurt in the process. Aggression From Petting Aggressive gray cat attacked the ownerâs hand. Beautiful cute cat playing with woman hand and biting with funny emotions. (Picture Credit: Kseniia Soloveva/Getty Images) Even cats who normally tolerate petting might find too much cuddling and hugging a little suffocating. Actions such as scratching and stroking, if carried out repeatedly, can cause irritation and even pain to the animal. Females are more amenable to petting than males. Males are usually less responsive to physical handling. Keep your eyes open for signs of discomfort from the animal. These include an effort to wriggle out of your grasp and flipping their tail. Let the animal go if they appear restless. If the animal has taken to socializing with humans from an early age, they will be more tolerant to touch and handling. Gentle handling of kittens makes them lose their inhibitions toward being caressed and groomed by human hands. Aggression From Pain Or Illness Cats who are in pain may strike if the part of the anatomy that is hurt is touched — for example, chipped claws or a wound earned in a fight. Toothache and arthritis can also lead to frustration and an aggressive reaction. Take your cat to the vet if they display signs of aggression. Your vet is the best person to find the most probable reason for the animal’s aggressive behavior and chart a plan to improve the behavior. This may include changes in diet and medication as well. Watch For The Signs Of Aggression Cat hissing aggressively, lying on a couch with TV remotes. (Picture Credit: Natalia Ganelin/Getty Images) With time, you will learn from observation and experience when cats are best left alone. Given below are offensive and defensive postures from cat body language. Offensive body postures include: • A stiff upright stance with the legs straight • Stiff rear legs • Raised back sloping towards the front • Staring • Fur raised • Growling Defensive postures include: • A crouched posture • Leaning away from a person • Tail tucked in • Ears flattened sideways • Retraction of the whiskers Knowing these signs can help you find out when an instance of aggression may happen and, hopefully, prevent injuries and destruction. Check out our article on how to stop cat aggression here! Has your cat ever acted aggressively? What caused your kitty to act that way? Let us know in the comments below!
The Father of the Homeland - Ten fun facts about Carlos Manuel de Cespedes During your stay in Cuba, you're bound to see the name "Cespedes", be it on a street name, a park or a building. Find out more about this Cuban national hero. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, all you need to know Carlos Manuel de Cespedes is a Cuban national hero. He is often referred to in Cuba as "El Padre de la Patria" (Father of the Homeland). He is best known for the crucial role he played in launching the first major attempt to end the Spanish colonial rule of Cuba. He was assassinated by Spanish forces in 1874, over five years after his famous "Grito de Yara", the battle cry and declaration that launched the uprising for Cuban Independence. Here are ten fun facts to fill you in more about this legendary Cuban. 1. His full name is very long Are you ready? His full name is Carlos Manuel Perfecto de Cespedes y López del Castillo. But don't worry, it is most commonly shortened to Carlos Manuel de Cespedes. In fact, during your stay in Cuba, you can shorten it even further, and just saying "Cespedes" to someone should usually be enough to know who are you are talking about. 2. His surname means "lawns" or "pitches" Cespedes is a surname that can be found throughout the Spanish speaking world. If his name was not capitalised, it would be the plural form of "lawn" or "pitch", as in football pitch. It's quite fitting therefore that various parks across the island are named after him. 3. The day of his battle cry is now Independence Day The famous "Grito de Yara" battle cry and declaration took place on October 10th 1868. On that day, Cespedes freed his thirty slaves, who then formed a part of his rebel army, and he proclaimed Cuban Independence, universal suffrage, and an end to slavery. October 10th is now named "Cuban Independence Day" and is a national holiday. 4. One of his sons was executed by Spanish forces Cespedes' son Oscar had been taken hostage and was being used by the Spanish rulers to try and blackmail Cespedes. The Spanish authorities ordered Cespedes to resign as "President of the Republic of Cuba at Arms" in exchange for the return of his son. His refusal to this request and his words to the general Caballero de Rodas have become legendary: "Oscar is not my only son: I am a father of all the Cubans that have died for the revolution." To teach Cespedes a lesson, on June 3rd 1870 Oscar was executed by firing squad. 5. Another of his sons briefly became president In 1933, on his 62nd birthday, Cespedes' son Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada became President of Cuba. For a variety of reasons he was only in office for less than a month, but his contribution to Cuban history over many decades as a politician, diplomat and writer, was extensive. As a result, he received numerous honours at home and abroad, including the Grand Cross of Belgium, Italy, Peru, the Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Liberator of Venezuela, the Order of Merit of Chile, and Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour of France. He is buried in Colon Cemetery. 6. He was a huge chess fan In previous articles, I have written about the Cuban World Chess Champion Jose Capablanca and also about Maria Teresa Mora, a potential inspiration for the Netflix series "The Queen's Gambit". Cuba has had a long a fascinating connection with chess, and no more so than with Cespedes. The passion of Cespedes for the game of chess was such that he is credited as raising the profile of the game on the island in the 19th century. Cespedes' enthusiasm was such that in 1855 he even went through the trouble of translating a whole book by French chess master Louis-Charles Mahe de La Bourdonnais into Spanish and serialising it in a newspaper based in Santiago de Cuba. One of the reasons Cespedes encouraged the game of chess in later years of his life was a belief that the tactics and strategies used on the chessboard could strengthen the tactics and strategies in the battle for Cuban Independence. It is thought that Cespedes was playing chess the same day that he was captured and executed by Spanish forces. 7. He has a town named after him As well as the parks, the streets, the buildings, the statues, there is also a town named Carlos Manuel de Cespedes. Like the man himself, the town's name is often shorted to simply "Cespedes". It was founded back in 1902, and today has a population of around 24 thousand inhabitants. It is located in the province of Camaguey. 8. His statue is in Havana's oldest square Take a walk around Old Havana and you might find yourself in Plaza de Armas. This square dates back to the 1520s, and much of the current architecture is from the late 1700s. Right in the centre is a marble statue of Cespedes. It was put here in 1955, fittingly to replace a statue of the Spanish king Fernandez VII. 9. You can see the original bell that signalled the cry for freedom In the town of Manzanillo in eastern Cuba is the Demajagua Historical Museum. This is located where Cespedes gave his famous "Grito de Yara". Outside you can see the very bell that he chimed, which itself has had an eventful life. In 1947 the bell was "kidnapped" by a then-unknown Fidel Castro who took it to Havana in a publicity stunt to protest against government corruption. With the museum being located by the former sugar plantation, it also includes the shackles and chains that were used for the slaves. 10. His face is on the 100 peso note Prior to 1960, Cespedes had been the face of the 10 peso note, but since then and to this day he is now on the 100 peso note. Should you find yourself holding one of these notes, it could be a good excuse to share the fun facts written above to whoever is with you!
What is Skin – The Basics Nature gives you the face you have at twenty; it is up to you to merit the face you have at fifty” – Coco Chanel I remember the day we learned about skin in our 7th grade science class. I was pretty amazed and maybe a little grossed out to learn that it is our body’s largest organ and is constantly renewing itself by shedding dead skin cells and generating new ones every 4 weeks. Neat. But, there’s a lot more that we need to know about skin if we want to try and make it look its best. This post covers the very basics. Skin – The Basics Skin is composed of 3 layers. The epidermis layer This outer layer is responsible for making new skin cells, giving skin its color through production of melanin by a special type of cell called a melanocyte (melanin protects us from sun’s harmful UV rays), and protecting the body. This layer is mostly made up of dead skin cells called keratinocytes which produce keratin to form a protective barrier against environmental damage. New cells are made at the bottom of the layer and move up to the surface within 4 weeks where they harden and then shed. The thickness of the epidermis level varies based on where it is on the body. As a point of reference, the skin on your eyelids is < .1mm versus the skin on your palms and soles of your feet which has the thickest epidermal layer, measuring ~ 1.5mm. As we age, the cell turnover process declines, i.e. the rate at which old cells are sloughed off and are replaced by new cells slows down (the rate of keratinocyte proliferation declines 30% to 50% between the ages of 30 and 80). This decrease in the natural shedding of skin results in a dull appearance and rough texture. There is also a decrease in melanocytes, leaving the remaining melanocytes left with having to create more pigmentation or color to make up for the loss. This decline in cell turnover also results in naturally drier skin. In addition, as we age, the epidermis layer thins by about 5% to 30% by age 60. Yikes!! The dermis layer The middle layer, the dermis layer, serves several functions including: making sweat (there are tiny sweat glands in this layer that make sweat and come out of holes that poke through the epidermis layer called pores), helping us feel things via nerve endings found in this layer, growing hair (the dermis layer contains the root of each hair on our skin), making oil (another gland found in this layer is responsible for making oil which keeps skin soft, smooth, and waterproof), and lastly bringing nutrients and oxygen from the blood into cells. This layer is made up elastin and collagen which make the skin strong and robust while at the same time stretchy (elastin allows skin to be elastic, pliable and firm, and collagen makes it plump). Now I get this fad around collagen ingestibles…kinda. This layer is also where you find the majority of hyaluronic acid which acts as a filler, helping to keep fine lines and wrinkles at bay (btw, nearly 50% of hyaluronic acid in the body is found in the skin). However, what hyaluronic acid is most popularly known for is its ability to maintain hydration in the skin because it is able to hold up to 1,000 times its weight in water! This helps keep the skin plump, moist, soft, and smooth and also helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The majority of age-related changes occur in the dermis layer which can lose 20% to 80% of its thickness during the aging process. This is the result of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid being produced at a slower rate and the natural process of glycation, in which sugar molecules bind to proteins such as collagen and degrades their functionality. The subcutaneous layer This is the deepest layer and it is mostly made up of fat and connective tissue. This layer acts as an insulator and helps regulate body temperature. Over time, this layer also starts to lose its fat cells, losing its volume, which helps explain why we become more prone to injury and bruises, i.e. less padding to protect our muscles and bones. Our skin is a very complex organ. Key things to remember is that over time its cell renewal process takes longer which means the rate at which we get “fresh” skin decreases as we age, the layers begin to thin out which exposes more at the surface of the skin (this probably helps explain why we get dark circles under our eyes as we age), and there are key cell structures whose production decreases over time that we may be able to supplement either topically or through some type of ingestible. Cellbone. “Hyaluronic Acid & Aging Process”. Consultant (December 2011). “Skin Disorders in Older Adults: Cutaneous Signs of Normal Aging”. Volume 51, Issue 12. Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., Elsner, P., & Maibach, H. I. (2013). “Characteristics of the Aging Skin”. Advances in Wound Care2(1), 5–10. Howard, D. Dr. “Structural Changes Associated with Aging Skin”. Kolarsick, P. A. J., Kolarsick, M. A, Goodwin, C. “Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin”. Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). “Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging”. Dermato-Endocrinology4(3), 253–258. PubMed Health. “How does skin work”. Sator, P. (Mar 2006). “Skin Treatments and Dermatological Procedures to Promote Youthful Skin” Skinspirit (July 2013). “What is Hyaluronic Acid?”. The American Academy of Dermatology. “The layers of your skin”. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
The Importance of Food Nutritional Labeling Food nutritional labeling is very important for different reasons. For starters, it is a requirement in some states to ensure that consumers are well aware of what they’re purchasing, and it also helps them to make conscious decisions on the type of food they are consuming—if you’re a food producer, then having labels on your food helps to make your product more credible as most consumers tend to be doubtful of food items that do not have any nutritional labels. Without further ado, here are a few reasons why food nutritional labeling is important. Gives Credibility As mentioned earlier, food nutritional labeling has the impact of making the particular food product seem more credible. The reasoning behind this thought is that when there are labels, then it means that the producer has nothing to hide. Consumers are therefore more likely to trust such products. On the other hand, if the food lacks any labels, then there are plenty of questions to be raised. What is it that the producers don’t want you to know? Why are there no labels? Is this product healthy? These are just a few of the questions that might be raised. Legal Requirement Again, as touched on earlier, some laws might require food producers to appropriately and accurately label all their food products, failure to which they could face some serious legal consequences. The labels should contain the following, name of the food, ingredients, percentage of some of the ingredients, as well as a best before date and storage instructions. If you’re found noncompliant, then you will be issued with a notice that details what you’re doing wrong and how you could fix it as well as an ultimatum by when you should be compliant. Failure to do so within the specified period of time could result in prosecution. They Offer Dietary Advice With people being more conscious of what they eat today more than ever, labeling on food products is very critical as it gives consumers an idea of what nutrients are contained in the food. This should be a guide on what quantities they are supposed to consume. Also, labels are helpful as they help people avoid consuming foods that they may be allergic to. For example, if a food product contains some milk, having that on the label should help anyone who is lactose intolerant to avoid consuming that particular product. Production Details Many people are invested in how their food is produced for a number of different reasons ranging from religious, ethical, and even cultural reasons. Productions details tend to provide information on whether the food is Halal, Kosher, Organic, or Free range. This way, people who are specifically looking for organic food can confidently pick it up from the supermarket shelves. For more information on food labeling and its importance, as well as how to do it, one can always look up Food Safety Net Services. They provide comprehensive information on everything you need to know about nutritional labeling. Related Articles Back to top button
Big BenD Bass Horn: Belts and Braces part 1 [Previous: Rear chamber and Middle SectionMain; Next: Belts and Braces, part 2] The horn, especially the spire and mouth sections, have large flat panels, and these must be braced. Panel vibrations will act like notch filters in parallel to the horn path, and will suck energy from the sound transmitted through the horn. And not just that, the panel resonances may have high Q values, re-radiating the absorbed vibrations at the wrong time, with ringing. We clearly don't want any of this, but it may be hard to elimiate. Bracing Basics There are two papers that cover the basics of enclosure bracing: Loudspeaker Enclosure Walls by Peter W. Tappan [1] and The Theory of Loudspeaker Cabinet Resonances by James K. Iverson [2]. These papers give both theoretical and experimental data on the effectiveness of wall construction and bracing, and should be studied by anyone making speaker enclosures. Both wall absorption and resonant frequencies affect how much the wall will vibrate. Absorption is more effective the higher the resonant frequency, so raising the resonant frequencies is effective in several ways. Below the first resonant frequency (mode), it is the stiffness of the wall that limits vibrations, higher up the mass dominates. If the first wall resonance could be moved out of the passband of the horn, this would massively reduce the contribution from the horn walls. Increasing the wall stiffnes can be done by using thicker material, adding tension, changing the shape, or bracing. The material is already 18mm birch ply and relatively stiff, and the whole structure could easily become difficult to handle if it was made thicker. The shape is given by the horn, and can't be changed (but it is possible to increase the tension in the panels by adding a slight curvature). Bracing is the most suitable approach, and tension is also automatically added in the curved section of the horn. The most effective bracing method is braces along the long direction of a panel. Tappan recommends to place the braces so that the circles that can be inscribed in the unbraced parts of the panels are as small as possible. It is also important that the braces add enough stiffness to make a difference. If the brace isn't stiff enough, it will just add a bit of mass to the wall and may actually lower the resonant frequency. At high frequencies the wall radiation is very directional, and for most enclousures this means that the parasittic radiation is directed away from the listening area and can be more readily absorbed. But in this horn, the front of the spire, although partially covered by the midrange horn, is a large radiating surface pointing towards the listening area. It is therefore critical to reduce radiation from this wall. Comparing Bracing Methods Usually one would put braces internally and externally on the horn based on experience, gut feel and what "looks right". But this may result in a lot of unnecessary braces, adding weight, and unneccessary work. Below are data for a 12" by 18" (305 by 457mm) steel panel, 0.02" (0.63mm) thick, clamped at the edges, and braced in different ways [1]. It is clear that the quite common perpendicular brace is not very effective in raising the resonance frequency, and that the perhaps less intuitive lengthwise brace is the most effective. My first thoughts about reducing panel vibrations was to drive the horn with a signal generator and feel around for areas of excessive vibrations. My second thought was that maybe a knuckle test using the spectrum analyzer in Arta together with a measuring microphone could provide some more useful data, and allow me to move resonances out of the passband. Then I remembered I had an ACH-01 accelerometer. I built a phantom powered preamp for it, allowing me to use a normal sound card with microphone input. Then I could make repeatable, quantifiable measurements of bracing performance. Initial Measurements The first measurements were done on a rear chamber, throat bend and middle section (spire). Test1 Rear Chamber The rear chamber is a square box of about 65 liters. There is no bracing apart from a frame with T-nuts to bolt on the rear cover. Rear Chamber Panels The panels will be left unbraced until the end. The back wall provides a reference measurement to check that the system is run at the same levels throughout the tests. Throat Bend The throat bend has a lot of built-in stiffness from the bending. The main vibrations seem to be above about 800Hz, so there doesn't appear to be a great need for extra bracing here. The next article will cover the bracing of the spire. [1] Tappan, Peter W.: "Loudspeaker Enclosure Walls"; JAES Volume 10 Issue 3 pp. 224-231; July 1962 [2] Iverson, James K.: "The Theory of Loudspeaker Cabinet Resonances"; JAES Volume 21 Issue 3 pp. 177-180; April 1973
How to always think positive - tips and tricks How to always think positive - tips and tricks Think positive by the mind and behave positively by actions. Don't let your past define your present. Live in the moment by focusing on the present. Think big and act smart. Continue to sustain a healthy mindset and make it worth experiencing. Positivity originates from the mind. Therefore, it is highly important that you train your brain sufficiently to cope well with situations that you face. 9 tips to think positive thoughts Enumerated below are a list of brain training techniques that help you with the various ways to stay positive under all circumstances. 1. Understand from the other's viewpoint. When you perceive a situation from your side, you behave only from your standpoint. But to exhibit attributes as in positivity of life, you also need to probe into the situation from the other person's perspective. When you begin to learn about someone or something from various stances, you come up with a learned decision that fits in for all. 3. Be kind and grateful to others. Irrespective of what and how you feel about an individual, you always have to show your kindness. Thank others for the help they offered you, be it an item or a service. Express an apology for any mistake committed by you. When you seek help, utter the golden word 'please' and move ahead. Be grateful and thankful to others by wearing a smile on your face. Present the pleasing you to the world. 3. Make your own song and play your own music. A couple of melodies interest you. A couple of musical tones attract you. Unlock the singer in you and make your own musical track record. Pick any musical instrument that appeals to you. Attempt to play the instrument as per the fascination that is driven by your heart. Get to the bottom of the innovation in you and unravel the shadowed positivity out. These are a couple of ways to stay positive and move on in life without looking back. 4. Read positives to think positively. To think that life is positive, you need to read positives from your heart. Keep reading content about a positive mindset and embrace optimism in you. Encourage your mind to think and feel good about all happenings in life. Because whatever happens in life, it certainly happens for a reason. When you begin to think positively from mind and maturity at heart, you will attain the capability to handle any kind of circumstance. 5. Do something creative today. One of the many ways to stay positive is to unlock the creativity in you. To suppress the negative forces and to glide up the optimism in you, you need to think differently. Just close your eyes and imagine taking a tour of your most favorite place. It could be anything from your lawn to a beach or traveling in the space between the stars. Now, open up the imagination and put down all the creativity onto a piece of paper. 6. Store more positive moments in your brain. According to a survey, it is made to understand that out of the 100% of the thoughts that move around in your mind today, 80% of those are the same as yesterday. And this cycle continues for as long as 21 days in a stretch. Since you know that your mind wanders around repetitive thoughts, try to inject more positive thoughts and moments in your brain. This way, your mind will continue to have a travel history of positive moments all the time. 7. Watch humorous and fun-filled videos. Take out time every day in life, to watch videos that are hilarious and amusing in nature. The energy you get by watching such videos help you drive with positivity till your bedtime. These tips for staying positive help you have far better sleep than any other normal day. This way, you spread happiness from your body to heart and also spread smiles from heart to mind. 8. Appreciate your work. Be glad about your work. Recognize the value of your worth. Appreciate your work and outcomes. Applaud the lifestyle you earned. Look over, review, and continue to improve your abilities and results. Be conscious of the behavior of your inner self. Carry along with you the grateful moments you slotted in the past and endure to raise the value of your merits in life. 9. Learn something new today. You need to learn something new, original, different, and yet contemporary to live life positively and also to kick start your creativity and imaginations afresh. It is better to pursue something that interests you and keeps you happy. By keeping yourself up to date with times, you always drive towards thinking positively in life. You can, therefore, continue to feel happy at heart and mentally fit by being true to yourself. Do not self-reflect the falsified you. Deploy the above-stated ways to stay positive in life. You may be happy by pretending to others that you are good. But this happiness vanishes in no time. To always think positively, you need to be always happy at heart. Therefore, display the genuine you to the world. Post Your Opinion Minimum 500/500 words Related Opinion The Hidden Secret of Success: Surround Yourself With Good People We always categories humans in two common categories, viz., good people and bad people. I will not be wrong if I say, people often want others to be good people, but they don't work on themselves. It's bitter but true. Everyone wants to be good. Either, they think they are good enough to be called a good human being. But, what a reasonable person mean? When can you contact someone if they are good or bad? If you see great people suggesting about the success, they will indeed say, surround yourself with good people. They are the reason why you... View more How to stay positive in a negative environment Negative thoughts and adverse environment drain the energy off from you. In such a state of mind, you may not be able to truly live in the moment. You need to better understand how to stay positive in a negative situation before it turns magnificent, bigger, and faster. You have to quickly work out the positive traits in you to stop the undesirable outcomes.9 Ways to stay positive in a negative environmentHere are a few tips illustrated below that help you keep positive even when you are surrounded by negative vibes all around. 1. Place yourself in solitude and follow... View more How to be positive everyday - simple ways to be positive always Positivity begins with a mature attitude. When you imbibe the broad-mindedness and think with maturity at heart, you tend to perform actions that result in positive outcomes. Understand that small effort in life matter most. Small steps lead to bigger results. Similarly, smaller disputes burst out into big problems in life. Hence, it is vital that you be positive always by calming down your senses when dealing with smaller disputes itself before they burst unto complex and long-lasting anxieties.9 Simple ways to be positive alwaysYou have to be, therefore, positive in your approach on any given day. Pick behaviors from... View more How to be more happy and positive- positiveness in life To be happier and to stay more positive in life, you need to pick and act on tasks that interest you. Follow the instructions given by your heart. Let the mind wander over. At times, it is okay to ignore your mind if you really want to be healthy mentally. Positive thoughts erupt from a happy heart. 9 ways to be more happy and positive in lifeBelow is a list of tips for your ready reference. By trailing and shadowing them, you tend to be happy and showcase positiveness in life. 1. Spin yourself into playing games and also unleash... View more
National CAE Designated Institution • Online, Instructor-Led • Classroom Course Description Students will explore incident response techniques using industry-recognized tools. Topics covered include planning and scoping a cyber incident, information gathering for vulnerability assessment, vulnerability scanning and summarization reporting, report writing and best practices, obfuscation techniques, forensic artifacts, social media forensics, memory forensics, ethics, and compliance issues. Hands-on assignments will be used to develop technical skills relevant to entry-level cybersecurity professionals. This course is intended for students with computer experience and an interest in cyber defense for private organizations or government law enforcement. Careers and emerging trends in the field of cybersecurity will be evaluated. Learning Objectives • Demonstrate an understanding of the Incident Response process, including scoping, planning, and reporting. • Describe the need for vulnerability scanning and use of indicators of compromise as applied to cyber incident handling. • Demonstrate an understanding of forensic artifacts, including social media, computer memory. • Demonstrate an understanding of law enforcement careers and emerging trends in the field of incident response. Framework Connections
environmental allergy test kitby Alane Palmer, ND, CNC and Russell Shein Have you ever gone into a new environment and within seconds felt like you were caught in a fog? It is estimated that 50 million Americans suffer from environmental allergies, and 36 million of those suffer from hay fever – a reaction to pollen in the spring. Familiar symptoms of allergies can include sneezing, stuffiness, runny nose, watery eyes, fatigue, and itchiness in the throat. For some, these symptoms are only mildly annoying. For others, they can be detrimental to going about your day to day schedule. The “allergy” side of allergies has to do with the immune response to allergens. When an allergen enters your body, your immune systems responds by attacking the invader. This causes a chemical reaction by the nearby cells and can lead to inflammation. This is why we feel “stuffy” during responses, because of the inflammation from inhaling whatever our body is trying to get rid of. Two main allergens, related to hay fever, are pollen and mold. Pollen is released from plants in the spring as flowers bud. Not all flowers release pollen, but the ones that do fill the air with it which can be incredibly irritating to those allergic. Mold is a fungus without a root or stem, and mold spores fill the air similarly to pollen. Animal dander and dust mites are the two common indoor allergens. It should be noted that while tobacco and perfumes can be irritating, they are not considered allergens, but simply irritants. One way of avoiding allergens is to be fully aware of your environment and knowing for sure which allergens your immune system is reacting to. This can be done with our environmental allergy test kit. Helpful Hint: Rainy days are perfect for avoiding pollen, but on hot spring days do not be afraid to stay inside, close your windows, and take an extra shower or two. Our environmental allergy test kit covers allergens, mold and more! Along with test results we send you a protocol that is health / immune supportive. We care about you and are here to help you. Email: alanepndsupport@gmail.com Website: NutritionallyyoursTestKits.com Like us on Facebook aaaai. N.p., 2016. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. Hitti, Miranda. “Plagued By Pollen?”. WebMD. N.p., 2016. Web. 15 Apr. 2016.
water flow A house’s kitchen must be the busiest throughout the day where cooking breakfast, lunch and dinner happen. Ingredients, utensils and work surfaces must be cleaned and washed after every meal, not to mention the mounds of kitchenware that need cleaning after. If one is careless, the kitchen can be a place where a lot of water can be wasted—and where a lot of money (from wasting that water) can be wasted. Since the monsoon season is upon us, you’re thinking of installing a rainwater collection and tank system on your property and connect that line to your kitchen, either as your main source of water or your backup. This is necessarily not a bad idea as you save some money from municipal water fees. But before even considering that, is rainwater considered safe for kitchen use? The nature of rainwater Collected as is, rainwater does not have dissolved solids but does contain a combination of dissolved gases like carbon, nitrogen and sulphur oxides. This results in a naturally acidic water with a pH value of around 5.5–5.6. Additionally, in regions near the coast, rainwater may contain trace amounts of sodium chloride—a.k.a., salt—due to sea spray and the water cycle (i.e., the sun absorbing water from the ocean). That said, rainwater is acidic, virtually has no mineral content and may be unsafe when used with calcium-containing materials like concrete rainwater tanks and some metals in domestic plumbing. Furthermore, rainwater can pick up unsafe contaminants like animal faeces, atmospheric pollution, corroding and eroding roofing materials, algae, mould, etc. Therefore, there is concern among city and town councils over the safety and potability of untreated, unprocessed rainwater and whether or not they can be used as drinking water or water used in food preparation. Some councils even apply strict rules that only limit rainwater usage to toilet flushing, laundry and irrigation, among others. Should I use rainwater stored in tanks for kitchen use? Whether you use concrete, plastic or steel tanks, the answer is, plainly, yes and no. Yes, you can use the stored rainwater from your tank to clean your kitchen—that is, for washing and cleaning non–food preparation work surfaces, mopping floors, cleaning rags, etc. However, you cannot use untreated rainwater in food preparation and cleaning your kitchenware, utensils, etc. Just to be safe, consult with your local legislation on the limitations of stored rainwater use. Make sure you installed the proper rainwater collection system (suitable roofing materials for collecting rainwater, debris screen on gutters, pipes, first flush diverters, etc.). Even then you’d have to boil the water so you can safely use it in food preparation to make sure you kill all bacteria present in the stored rainwater. Which rainwater tank should I use for storing rainwater for kitchen use? Generally, above-ground or underground rainwater tanks should be good as rainwater tanks. Let’s see which one is best for kitchens: • Slimline poly plastic rainwater tanks made of food-grade plastic are most popular for smaller homes as they can be cheap, lightweight and could be attached and connected directly to your kitchen with the fewest equipment. • Larger homes may tend to store rainwater for general use, so under deck rainwater tanks are ideal because of their larger capacities and space-saving qualities, which is why they are becoming more popular for suburban and urban areas. • For commercial establishments like restaurants and cafes that require larger volumes of water due to the nature of their business, galvanised or stainless steel tanks can store rainwater that could be safe for food preparation—provided the right filtering and treating equipment are installed along with the rainwater tank system. Rainwater is a viable, renewable water source in times of droughts or shortages. Although stored rainwater may not be always safe to drink or use for food preparation, this water is safe for general use. Consult with a highly trusted rainwater tank supplier so you can find solutions to your needs!
Finance Course 4 Session 4 Managing your debt Mary Hunt in her book “debt-proof living: The complete guide to living financially free”, compares “intelligent borrowing to stupid debt”. The only thing worse than investing in things that depreciate is paying interest on money invested in things that depreciate…. Blain Harris. Let’s compare a home loan with a revolving credit card balance. Both are liabilities for which the borrower is legally responsible. The first she calls intelligent borrowing, the latter – stupid debt. Intelligent borrowing means that some level of safety and limited risk for both the lender and the borrower is built into the transaction. Here is what intelligent borrowing looks like: 1. The borrower has a safety valve — a legally and morally sound alternative to get out of the obligation. 2. The debt is secured. The lender holds something that is at least as valuable as the amount of the loan, something known as collateral. Think of collateral as a security deposit for the lender. 3. The loan is for something that has a reasonable life expectancy of more than three years as opposed to something that will be down the drain before the bill arrives. 4. The loan is for something that will increase in value, unlike a couple of movie tickets and dinner in a fancy restaurant, or a great new outfit. 5. The interest rate is reasonable. The best example of intelligent borrowing is a home loan. Let’s see how it measures up to each of the intelligent borrowing characteristics: 1. Is there a safety valve or escape route? Yes, if you find you just can’t handle those high payments or you want out for any other reason at all, you can sell the house and pay the lender from the proceeds of the sale. 2. Is the debt collateralized? Yes. With a mortgage, the property is the collateral — the lender’s security. 3. Does the purchase have a reasonable life expectancy of more than three years? Yes, of course. This is true not only for the structure itself but also for the land on which it sits. Buying a home is a long-term investment. 4. Will it increase in value over time? Yes. Property is normally considered an appreciating asset even though specific values may decline during economic cycles. As a general rule, property always gains in value over time. 5. Is the interest rate relatively reasonable? Yes. In nearly all situations, home loan rates are lower than other types of consumer loans. Sometimes borrowing starts out intelligently and then turns stupid. For example: 1. If you borrow against your home loan (e.g. access bond) to clean up your credit card debt and then run up your credit cards all over again, that leaves you with twice the debt—the home loan and the credit cards. Not smart. 2. The convenience of having your access bond available at your fingertips can be a formidable temptation. Knowing the money is readily available, you are more likely to spend it on something, like a well-deserved family vacation, instead of saving the money first as you might have if you did not have such easy access to borrow. Can arise from 1 Unforeseen circumstances (Emergencies, illnesses family problems) 2 Unwise expenditure due to greed, social pressure etc. (Stupid debt) In both instances it is important to note that as we serve a loving God, he does not wish for us to remain in a lengthy detention class to “learn a lesson” but He is faithful and just to provide fro us and to walk with us as we make our way out of trying circumstances. Stupid debt This is the kind of debt you agree to, often impulsively. Credit cards are by far the most popular. Almost anyone these days can get a credit card. Someone with a credit card and available credit limit can in effect take out very expensive loans on a whim and at nearly every place. Let’s say you use your credit card to acquire the very latest computer, and—the best part—a free printer. It’s on sale and you want it right now. Why should your lack of cash prevent you from making this really good deal? You have plenty of room on your account to cover it. The last thing on your mind is how you will actually pay for it. You didn’t consider for one second how this new debt will affect your current payment structure. It can’t be that bad, you reason, because you got it approved. And you get a free printer! Let’s see how this purchase measures up against the criteria for intelligent borrowing: 1. Does the borrower have a way out at any time? No. If you don’t pay as agreed, the credit card company won’t come after the computer—they’ll come after you. Unless you can sell the computer for what you paid for it, you have no way out. 2. Is the debt collateralized? No. The credit card company is holding nothing of value to fulfill this debt if you are unable to pay. But they’ve got a tight grip on you. They don’t want that computer or anything else you buy with a credit card, for that matter. This loan is unsecured. 3. Does this purchase have a life expectancy of at least three years? No matter how you cut it, a three-year-old computer is not exactly cutting-edge technology. 4. Will it appreciate in value? From the minute you walk out of the store, a computer is in the fast lane to obsolescence. It’s depreciating with every click of the mouse. 1. Is the interest rate reasonable? No. The average credit card annual interest rate is between 19% and 23% percent. The computer purchase fails the intelligent borrowing test miserably by getting a “no” response to all five questions. Paying for a computer over time cannot qualify as intelligent borrowing, and if paid for with a credit card or other form of consumer credit, it would qualify as a stupid debt. Beyond Stupod While the computer example is remarkably illogical, other kinds of stupid debt make the computer scenario appear somewhat reasonable. Turning restaurant meals, travel, groceries, utility bills, movie tickets, vacations, gifts, petrol and school clothes into debt and then choosing to pay for them with minimum monthly payments over many years and at rates that effectively double the original costs brings new meaning to the term stupid. Spending money you don’t have yet to pay for things you don’t have anymore is anything but intelligent. Nevertheless, that is exactly what millions of people in the country are doing every day, every month, year after year after year. 1. Ask yourself, is the loan really necessary? i.e. Do I need this? Do I need this now? Often a better approach is to save for the expense. Then you avoid paying any interest payments. Many people take loans because they are undisciplined and greedy; they want to have more and they can’t wait. Beware of this. Make sure you have a genuine need for the loan. 1. Pray for wisdom and guidance. Whatever money you have is God’s gift, and you don’t want to waste it on unnecessary interest payments. Ask God to help you be wise in how you use the money he has given you. 2. Have a sound financial plan for repaying the loan in the specified time. Don’t just think that somehow you will find the money when repayment time comes. Repayments must be part of your budget so the money is put aside and you don’t default on the loan. Do not proceed until you have a plan which is achievable. Ask questions like How much more will I pay if I buy on credit? Can I afford the monthly payments? What is the total cost of credit? What is the annual percentage rate? 4. Seek professional financial advice from someone other than the money-lender. Show a financial adviser your plan and get an independent expert opinion on whether the loan is necessary and whether the repayment plan is realistic. 5. Is there an alternative to borrowing the money? Could you rather save for the item you need? Could you generate income from another source? Could you sell something to raise the cash? Creditors look at your ability to repay debt and willingness to do so. In some cases they may also look for a little extra security to protect their loans. Creditors also speak of the three Cs: Capacity, Character and Collateral. Capacity. Can you repay the debt? Creditors ask for employment information: your occupation, how long you’ve been with your current employer and how much you earn. They also want to know about your expenses: how many dependents you have, whether you pay alimony or child support, and the amount of your other obligations. Character. Will you repay the debt? Creditors will look at your credit history: how much you owe, how often you borrow, whether you pay your bills on time, and whether you live within your means. They also look for signs of stability: how long you’ve lived at your present address, whether you own or rent your home, and how long you have been in your present employment. Collateral. In some instances creditors also look for protection or collateral to cover their risk. In these instances they would want to know: are they fully protected if you fail to repay them? They also want to know what you assets you have that could be used to back up or secure your loan and other resources you have for repaying debt other than income, such as savings, investments or property. Creditors use different combinations of this information to reach their decisions. Different creditors may reach different conclusions based on the same information. One may find you an acceptable risk; another may not grant you a loan. 1. Manage your money responsibly. Get into the habit of paying on time, and ensuring that all your accounts are paid in full every month. If you have a bad credit record, you will usually be charged a higher interest rate. 1. Pay more than the minimum repayment requested in order to reduce the outstanding balance. 1. When making a large purchase such as a car or a house, put down the largest deposit you can afford. Its lowers the outstanding balance from the outset, and reduces the interest you will be liable for. 1. Be realistic when you apply for credit to buy something, and don’t overextend yourself. Make sure that you will be able to repay the loan and the interest. Markets are volatile and interest rates fluctuate. If you are stretched to your limit with a low interest rate, you will be in trouble should the rates start rising. 1. If you do get into serious debt, speak to your bank as soon as possible. Structure an affordable repayment plan with their guidance, and be disciplined about sticking to it. Don’t use debt consolidators/administrators. They will charge you far more interest and make your problem worse. 2. If you receive a judgment against you, it will remain on your record with the credit bureau for five years, during which time no credit grantor will lend you money. You will always be considered a high risk, which means you will always be charged the highest interest rate. 1. Know the difference between effective and nominal interest rates. Normally, banks will quote you a nominal interest rate when lending you money, but a higher, effective interest rate when you invest money. The nominal interest rate is the simple rate. The effective rate is calculated by compounding the interest earned or charged. 1. Never use debt on which you have to pay interest to buy products you consume. You are in effect making the items far more expensive, and will be able to save less and buy less in the long term. 1. One of the best investments you can make is to repay debt. Interest rates inSouth Africa are high. By paying off debt, you get one of the best returns available, tax-free. 1. Always negotiate your interest rates. Shop around. A one-percent difference can have a significant effect. On a R100 000 mortgage bond over 20 years at 12 percent, you will repay R164 261 in interest. At 11 percent, you will repay R147 725 in interest a saving of R 16 536. 1. When mortgage bond interest rates come down, keep your repayments at the same level. You will pay off your bond quicker and save yourself a whack in interest repayments. Repayments will also not be so difficult to contend with if interest rates rise again. 1. Most mortgage bonds enable you to repay more than your set repayments. This is useful to use as a savings account. The effective interest you receive is much greater and there are no additional costs. Say, for instance, you need to put away money to pay school fees or provisional tax. “Save” the money in your mortgage bond until you need it, rather than in a low-interest bank savings account. Get a pre-approval agreement on a mortgage bond before you start looking for a home. This will give you the advantage of being able to shop around for the best rate while you’re not under pressure and the buyer will be more willing to sell to you knowing that the money is available.
Bitter yellow eggplants, Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (มะเขือขื่น ; ma kheuua kheuun) By: Hanuman bitter yellow eggplant this content is locked This Content is Locked Join Today to unlock the content! Forgot password? Incorrect username or password. New account Incorrect username or password. Where S. aculeatissimum is native to has yet to be conclusively determined. Despite its common name suggesting a South-Asian origin, however, the plant’s origin is most likely either Africa or South America; while specimens have been identified in Asia, it is rare there and believed to be the result of accidental or deliberate introduction. It is closely related to other Solanum species native to both sub-Saharan Africa and Central America. Africa was the first continent in which S. aculeatissimum was documented. Scottish-born botanist Francis Masson found the plant near the Cape of Good Hope either during the years 1772–1774, or during a subsequent expedition when he remained in southern Africa from 1786 until 1795. In South America, the plant was first described in 1816-1821 by Augustin Saint-Hilaire. [1]wikipedia Properties and uses The fruits are considered toxic, and force-feeding of either ripe or unripe fruit has led to deaths in cattle. Free-ranging cattle apparently avoid feeding on the fruit. The highest concentration of alkaloids (4.4%) is found in the seeds. Nevertheless a fruit decoction, fruit sap, or sap of roasted fruit, has been recorded as traditional remedies in Africa.Solasonine is the major glycoalkaloid in its foliage, stems, fruit and seeds, besides minor alkaloids which include solamargine, solanine and solasodine. [2]wikipedia
How can we reduce the waste of vegetable peelings? Can we recycle vegetable peels? Contrary to what you might think, most peels are edible, chock full of flavours, and can be turned into smashing things to eat! … And reusing veggie and fruit peels is quite easy. What will you do with the fruit peelings waste materials? Toss smaller pieces of peel into a garbage disposal and run it to deodorize your kitchen sink, or toss a few rinds into the bottom of your trash can to freshen it up. Which is the best way for disposal of vegetable and fruit peels? Answer: Answer: Composting is possible with the wastes which can decay by itself, like fruit and vegetable peels, leaves, flowers etc. Non biodegradable wastes will not decay by itself. Hence, compost cannot be made from non biodegradable wastes. How can we manage fruit and vegetable waste? The seven management methods are: 1. Store the culled fruit and vegetables on-site in a pile or bermed area for a limited time. 2. Return fruit and vegetable waste to the field on which it was grown. 3. Feed fruit and vegetable waste to livestock. 4. Give the fruit and vegetable culls to local food banks. IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: Is it better to peel apples before eating? What can we do with vegetable waste? Vegetable wastes include the rotten, peels, shells, and scraped portions of vegetables or slurries. These wastes can be treated for biofuel production through fermentation under controlled conditions or else used for composting. The natural decomposition of wastes by microbes generates products with high humus content. How do you use vegetable peel on plants? Cut the peel into small pieces and liquefy it in a blender adding half a cup of water. Pour this solution into the soil and let the peel pieces decompose. You can also throw the whole peel as it is on the top of the soil or plant it under the soil near the roots. How can you properly dispose garbage that easily decomposes? How to Dispose of Garbage Properly 1. Sort your garbage into a few different bins. … 3. Take recyclables such as glass, plastics and paper to a local recycling center. … 4. Turn food and garden waste into compost. Which is the correct practice in disposing waste materials? How would you dispose the following waste domestic waste like vegetable peels? (a) Domestic waste like vegetable peels can be disposed by composting where solid wastes is digested by microbial action or earthworms and converted into humus. (b) The metallic ions melt into molten aluminium this removes the coating and inks that may be present on the aluminium. IT IS INTERESTING: Will a facial help cystic acne? What do you do with the peels of fruits and vegetables? 7 Uses for Vegetable and Fruit Peel Leftovers 1. Soak in Fragrant Citrus Oils. … 2. Cook up Apple Facial Toner. … 3. Make Natural Spray Cleaner. … 4. Craft Bird-Feeding Cups. … 5. Create Homemade Potpourri. … 6. Prep a Veggie Face Mask. … 7. Freshen the Garbage Disposal. How do you compost vegetable waste? Composting kitchen waste can be as simple as burying the food scraps in the dirt or using a 3-stage composting bin or tumbler. The end results are nutrient rich soil additives that increase porosity and help hold important moisture in the soil.
Cairde - Meaning of Cairde What does Cairde mean? [ syll. cai-(r)de, ca-i-rde ] The baby boy name Cairde has its origins in the Scottish language. Cairde is a variant of Caird. Baby names that sound like Cairde include Caird, Caerd, Cart, Cord (English), Cordae, Cordaye, Cort (English), Court (English), Courte, Cread, Creade, Creed, Creede, Creight, Cried, Cruz (English, Portuguese, and Spanish), Curd (German), Curt (English, German, and Latin), Curte, and Geert. Meaning of Cairde Meaning of Caird Meaning of Caerd Meaning of Caerde Meaning of Cayrd Meaning of Cayrde Baby Name Explorer for Cairde Cairde Popularity Charts blue:boy name red:girl name italics:unisex name bold:primary name
An American soldier lights the cigarette of a Japanese prisoner From WWII: a U.S. soldier lights a cigarette for a Japanese counterpart during a surrender conference in the Philippines.Photo: Everett Collection How nicotine, alcohol, amphetamines, opium, cocaine, and even caffeine have fueled the world’s wars By Jack Brook ’19 / January–March 2021 January 13th, 2021 “World War I was the best thing that ever happened to the cigarette,” writes political science professor Peter Andreas in his book Killer High: A History of War in Six Drugs. A decade into the 20th century, hardly anyone smoked cigarettes and it seemed likely to stay that way. By 1914, as knowledge about the dangers of tobacco emerged, eight states had actually banned the sale of cigarettes and 20 others were debating passing their own anti-cigarette laws. But after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria—the incident historians cite as being the match that lit World War I—the cigarette industry got a light, too, in the form of one of history’s biggest PR makeovers. By the time the U.S. entered the war several years later, smoking cigarettes was actively encouraged in troops. The Army’s chief medical officer started recommending cigarettes as essential for “contentment and morale” despite health hazards. It wasn’t simply the effect of the nicotine or the ease of transport that made cigarettes so popular—they also promoted camaraderie between soldiers and helped them pass the long hours of duty. The U.S. government quickly turned into the tobacco industry’s favorite customer and cigarettes were soon a staple of the soldiers’ ration. Even the YMCA, which had been leading a high-profile anti-smoking campaign, reversed course and became one of the world’s foremost distributors of cigarettes, donating more than two billion to soldiers. At the war’s conclusion, cigarette production had tripled, millions of returning soldiers brought back their addictive habit, and tobacco companies had embraced a new, patriotic image. German soldiers celebrate on the Eastern front A celebration in the early days of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union was captured in this snapshot found on the body of a Nazi soldier.PHOTO: Smith Archive The rise of the cigarette industry and the role of tobacco in war is just one chapter in Andreas’s Killer High, which examines “how drugs made war and war made drugs.” He focuses on five other substances: alcohol, opium, amphetamines, cocaine, and caffeine. Cannabis, however, doesn’t make the cut Cannabis and chill “I was surprised that I ended up not writing about cannabis,” Andreas says. “I assumed that the world’s most popular illicit drug must be included in a sweeping history of the relationship between drugs and war.” Andreas judged drugs based on their relationship to war in several ways—war while on drugs, war through drugs, war for drugs, and wars against drugs—and eventually concluded that cannabis hadn’t played the same outsized role in military history that the other drugs have (perhaps the world really would be more peaceful if everyone smoked some Mary Jane?). “It is the perfectly licit drugs like alcohol and tobacco that have been the most exploited for war-making historically,” Andreas explains. “These are war drugs that go back not just decades but centuries.” American soldiers in Korea Officers in the 2nd Infantry Division relax with their beer rations during the Korean War. Photo: Alamy Killer Caffeine Take caffeine, a seemingly tame substance better known for fueling bleary-eyed nine-to-fivers than militaries and war. Then again, remember the Boston Tea Party? (Those colonists weren’t drinking decaf.) Or consider the rise of Coca-Cola, which cemented its global empire during World War II after it set up dozens of bottling facilities on American military bases across the world (often paid for with taxpayer dollars) to keep troops happy and hydrated with its caffeinated drinks. Drug money As habit-forming products extremely profitable relative to their size and weight, the mass appeal of drugs built and sustained empires and played often overlooked roles in influencing military affairs. In Russia, tsars relied on revenue from vodka taxes to build up Europe’s largest standing army, only to end up with overly inebriated and thus ineffective soldiers. When a frustrated Tsar Nicholas II banned vodka in 1914, Russia’s military performed (even more) poorly in World War I, a fiasco that helped spur the Bolshevik revolution. Soldiers’ little helper Germany’s blitzkrieg invasion of Europe to spark World War II was infamously energized by amphetamines, as the Nazis became notorious for popping pills to keep marching for days on end without sleep. The United States military also embraced speed during the war, ordering Benzedrine to supply its 12 million overseas servicemen with “bennies” to stay sharp while on duty. At the time, no one seemed to worry much about the health consequences given the stakes of the war. Even today, the U.S. Air Force offers amphetamines to pilots. Civil War soldiers and commanders A smoke and a drink at the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac, Antietam, 1862.PHOTO: Metropolitan Museum of Art In this vein, while Killer High’s cocaine chapter deals with the more contemporary “war on drugs” efforts by the U.S. to stem trafficking in countries like Mexico and Colombia, Andreas is more interested in exploring how countries like the U.S. and Britain have exploited both legal and illegal drugs for their own military gain. State-building substances “What’s astonishing is just how important drugs have been in building up states—and not just any states but the great powers of the world,” Andreas told BAM. “Their very origins have been intimately intertwined with exploiting drugs for war-making purposes.” When it came to producing and distributing narcotics, the notorious El Chapo had nothing on the British East India Company, “the largest drug-trafficking organization in the history of the world,” according to Andreas. For decades, the company had illegally imported vast amounts of opium into China—until Chinese officials finally cracked down in 1839, only for the company to respond with the full force of the British military to keep the drugs flowing in. The war and its aftermath allowed Britain to maintain a strong imperial grip on China. American soldier guards the beer rations A private stands guard over beer rations for U.S. Marines during the Korean War.PHOTO: Science History Images Just say no The Brits didn’t always come out on top, however. They arguably led the world’s first (and certainly one of the most famous) failed war-on-drugs campaign, trying to stop the smuggling of molasses from the French West Indies into 18th-century New England colonies where it was used to produce rum. Though British customs agents had tolerated the smuggling for decades, following the conclusion of the costly Seven Years War with France in 1763 the Crown ordered the Royal Navy deployed to crack down on the smugglers. The military campaign against molasses—key to New England’s economy and spirits—spurred a violent backlash (including the infamous burning of the British customs schooner, the Gaspee, by Rhode Islanders in 1772). “I know not why we should blush to confess that molasses was an essential ingredient in American independence,” John Adams would later write. Drug country For a nation whose origins stem in part from drug-running, there is a certain amount of irony in the contemporary rhetoric from American politicians who have spent the past few decades railing against shadowy drug cartels and illegal traffickers inside and outside the U.S. Even at the height of its War on Drugs, the U.S. government continued to rely on drugs to help advance its military interests. George H.W. Bush may have held up a bag of cocaine and declared, in 1989, “All of us agree that the gravest domestic threat facing our nation today is drugs,” but his administration was also allegedly supporting Contra rebels in Nicaragua with the sale of cocaine via CIA-contracted air transport companies. Soldiers gather at a coffee and cigarettes wagon Soldiers flock to a coffee and tobacco stall in France on the Western Front. WWI, circa 1916PHOTO: Chronicle Following the rise of cocaine as a glamour drug in the ’70s and ’80s, Andreas chronicles how “fighting a white powdery substance turned into a military crusade.” With leaders like Bush condemning drugs as a national security threat, Washington enabled “the militarization of policing and the domestication of soldiering.” Cops increasingly employed counterinsurgency tactics from Vietnam in American cities and funding of law enforcement swelled. Even so, Andreas points out that Washington’s focus on stopping cocaine from pouring into South Florida through the Caribbean in the ’80s inadvertently helped lead to the rise of the U.S.-Mexican border as the main drug portal into the United States. Colombian cartels, searching for a new entry point into the U.S., became increasingly reliant on Mexican drug traffickers to help push their product. Arms race Meanwhile, Mexico, pressured by the U.S., has taken to trying to solve its drug-trafficking problem with military power. Applying military force to suppressing drugs hasn’t stemmed drug- related violence, Andreas argues, but has actually made things worse and blurred the lines between battlefields and neighborhoods. “With soldiers turned into cops and criminals as heavily armed as soldiers,” he writes, “the distinction between military conflict and criminal conflict has become increasingly fuzzy.” A WWI nurse administers to wounded soldiers A Red Cross worker helps a wounded soldier light up. France, WWI.PHOTO: Everett Collection Many cartel members are ex-soldiers, he adds, and one particularly violent cartel, Los Zetas, was founded by former members of an elite U.S.-trained anti-drug unit. While not the main focus of his writing, Andreas suggests there are a range of alternatives available to Mexico and the U.S. to deal with drug trafficking and the violence that seems to come with it. Investing in strengthening and improving criminal justice institutions could help, he believes, as would the ultimate act of disarmament: decriminalizing drugs (or, at least, some of them). Prohibiting drugs, of course, allows criminals to profit from them and justifies governments investing more money into military responses to drug-trafficking without actually solving the underlying problem. (Take out one drug trafficker and another one soon moves in to fill the void.) “A world without war unfortunately seems about as realistic as a drug-free world,” Andreas concludes. “One thing that we can therefore predict with some confidence is that drugs and war will continue their deadly embrace, making and remaking each other in the years and decades ahead.” Nevertheless, Andreas does have another observation: Where there are wars there are drugs. But not necessarily the other way around. That, he says, is a choice. Listen to Peter Andreas discuss Killer High: A History of War in Six Drugs on Brown's Watson Institute's Trending Globally podcast. Jack Brook ’19 is a 2020-2021 Luce Scholar and received the 2019 Betsy Amanda Lehman ’77 Award for Excellence in Journalism. What do you think? Related Issue January–March 2021 Related Class
Readers ask: How To Read A Topo Map For Deer Hunting? What should I look for in a deer topo map? While topo maps might seem like a pile of spaghetti on paper, those squiggly lines do mean something. In general, tightly-packed lines with minimal spacing represent steep terrain, while lines with a lot of space between depict flatter ground with little or a gradual change in elevation. Do deer prefer ridges or valleys? Ridges are used as travel ways and sometimes barriers by deer. Deer will generally not walk down the top of a ridge but will instead travel along the ridge a third or quarter of the way down, usually on the downwind side. This is likely a strategy to avoid being sky-lined to predators. Where do big bucks hide? You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Is The Best Rifle To Buy For Deer Hunting? Do deer like high or low ground? Most deer sign is found in low-lying areas, and because of that, many hunters set up there. However, the author has found that most of the time, you’re better off spending your time on a nearby ridgetop. How do you read elevation? To find an elevation, simply set the rod foot at any location on the job within the range of your laser or optical instrument. Run the detector and / or front rod section up or down until you pick up the “on grade” signal from your detector. Read the number opposite the pointer. That number is your true elevation. What do the numbers mean on a topo map? How do you read a 7.5 minute quadrangle map? The Top 1. Starting at the top right corner of the map, you will notice the map’s name and its series. 2. Lines of longitude are called meridians. 3. So a 7.5 Minutes Map will always cover roughly 8.5 miles of latitude (North to South) but a varying amount in longitude (East to West). 4. The Bottom. Where do deer go during the day? Hiding in the Day You might be interested: Question: What Is A Good Deer Hunting Rifle? Where do bucks like to bed? How far do deer travel from bedding area? Do deer travel the same path every day? Walking Along Paths What time of day are most big bucks killed? What time of day is best to deer hunt? Leave a Reply
Discuss the Training Requirements for High Level Teaching Assistant Assignment 1 1. Discuss the training requirements for Higher Level Teaching Assistants (HLTAs). The training requirements for HLTAs needs to meet HLTA standards and qualifications along with the relevant experience to work with the children they are being assigned to. They should have good numeracy and literacy skills equivalent to NVQ level 2 and need to have a good understanding of learning strategies and the skills for delivering them. A HLTA should be trained to deliver the curriculum and have the skills to develop these where necessary. They should be able to use ICT to support learning and to maintain and monitor electronic information systems. They must be familiar with policies and procedures alongside relevant regulations and laws and be active in keeping up to date with these. They would need a good understanding of the development stages of children and relevant curriculum to support them. The HLTA must have good organisation and leadership skills and the ability to self- evaluate, recognising when there is a need for further training and personal development. In addition, the HLTA would need to have good inter-personal skills, be able to work with and motivate themselves and their team. They would need to take direction from teachers and other management personnel and be able to follow planning and deliver this to a high standard along with the teacher, and have the ability to supervise whole class and group situations. The HLTA would also be responsible for supporting the teacher in ensuring there are relevant resources, assessments and reporting feedback. Support behaviour management, child protection and ensuring that all areas are fully inclusive in attitude and environment.
Does basketball require hand eye coordination? Basketball is an excellent sport for someone who wants to improve his handeye coordination. Basketball forces you to use hand-eye coordination to catch, pass and shoot the ball while being guarded by someone who is trying to keep you from doing all three. Also, how does basketball Train hand-eye coordination? People ask also, does basketball help with coordination? Basketball provides many opportunities to improve your hand-eye coordination. If you’ve ever thought your hand-eye coordination is lacking (or that of your child), and are looking for a fun way to improve it, basketball is an excellent choice. Likewise, what activities require hand-eye coordination? Any task that requires the coordination of vision and hand movements involves hand-eye coordination. Examples of hand-eye coordination include grasping objects, catching and throwing a ball, playing an instrument while reading music, reading and writing, or playing a video game. Also know, why basketball players are the best athletes? Basketball is more varied They’re strong and possess an impressive amount of speed and agility. And, of course, they possess amazing jumping ability. The wide range of their athletic abilities makes them the most versatile athletes in sports, thus the best athletes. 1. Michael Phelps. 2. Serena Williams. 3. Jackie Joyner-Kersee. 4. Usain Bolt. 5. Tiger Woods. 6. Jim Brown. 7. Simone Biles. Biles owns 30 total Olympic and World Championship medals, seven more than she has years on the planet. 8. Willie Mays. Say hey, let’s get the debate raging right off the bat. Why does a basketball player need coordination? Shooting baskets requires a multi-segment coordination. How basketball players control the multiple joints in order to perform accurate and stable shots is an important issue in basketball training. … The goal is to gain a better understanding of the shooting movement. Is dribbling a basketball coordination? Dribbling is a fundamental basketball skill that requires hand-eye coordination, good timing, and practice. Mastering the dribble can help you protect the ball from your opponent and advance the ball to the hoop to score points. How do you improve hand-eye coordination in basketball? How important is hand-eye coordination in sports? The hands and eyes must coordinate together to accomplish a skill. How well that skill is achieved depends on the strength of the visual connection from your eyes to your brain to your hands. Practice and hard work can improve that connection for some athletes; vision therapy can improve it for all of them. Why is flexibility important in basketball? Flexibility ensures that you maintain optimal mobility of all your joints. This increases the balance between muscles that will ensure efficient movement and force production. Also, certain muscular restrictions make it hard to maintain body positions that are essential to your performance. What are the benefits of basketball? Health benefits of basketball burn calories (an hour of basketball can burn 630–750 calories) build endurance. improve balance and coordination. develop concentration and self-discipline. How does sports improve hand-eye coordination? Both playing catch and juggling offer opportunities to focus on this skill. Try tossing a ball in the air and catching it, or juggling a few balls at once. You can also talk to you doctor about working with a physical therapist. They may be able to show you some exercises that can improve hand-eye coordination. Do video games require hand-eye coordination? This study suggests that playing action video games benefits hand-eye coordination. Playing these games requires reacting quickly and accurately to events that happen on the screen. This practice improves coordination in other tasks as well. What activities improve coordination? 1. Ball or Balloon Toss. Catch and bump a balloon back and forth using your hands, head, and other body parts. 2. Jump Rope. This classic coordination exercise works to synchronize your hand-foot-eye movements. 3. Balance Exercises. 4. Target Exercises. 5. Juggling and Dribbling. What is the easiest sport? 1. Running – I guess running is probably up there with the most easiest sports to play. Back to top button
Poetry Evaluation Essay It’s a step, where you want to establish and develop an understanding of poetic techniques. There are several strategies that authors utilities for writing poems these are meter, enjambment. Stylistic devices and end-stopped lines. A conclusion: It’s a final but most impactful part how to write a poem analysis of an essay. In this a part of the essay, that you must clearly provide a reason why your thought is true or wrong. You must also characterize the outcomes of your research. Deeper That means: the central thought of the poem or what is it actually about. To start out writing a poetry analysis essay let’s look at the prewriting stage. All of these elements of the poem are essential poetry essays examples to know when one is writing a poetry evaluation essay as a result of they’re a part of the poem’s construction and can affect the content material. Insights On Clear-Cut Methods Of how to write a poem analysis Via the usage of rhythm, figurative language and mood, the poet creates a mysterious, putting and suspicious poem. Any reader of the poem ought to carefully analyze it to grasp the theme which is a judgement from the mask. Worry of being judged by others makes individuals do diversified issues that may conceal their true picture. Sensible Advice Of poetry analysis essay example Around The Usa For example, is it apparent from the beginning, or does it regularly change in the direction of the top? The last few strains may be very vital inside a poem and so should be included in the poem evaluation essay conclusion and commented on the impression on the piece.poetry analysis essay Updates On Essential Elements Of how to analysis poem A great essay ought to have a physique with every paragraph completely discussing every of the poetic devices the author has used within the poem. In discussing every paragraph, the writer ought to choose a poetic gadget and illustrate with about three examples from the poem. As well as, the writer of an essay ought poem analysis example to clarify how each of the selected poetic gadgets expresses which means. Principally, the paragraph construction is product of a topic sentence, example illustration from the poem, supporting quote and eventually the commentary or moderately the explanation. One of many integral parts of studying tips on how to write poetry analysis is choosing the appropriate poem evaluation essay subject Keep away from selecting bizarre poem pieces you may have by no means heard of earlier than. Deal with the poetry you’ve gotten read to avoid wasting time on reading & comprehension actions and attempt to choose a poem, which might be described creatively Reread the chosen poem, in any case, to write how to start an essay about a poem down stuff you consider vital to incorporate in the essay (example: citations). It’s not sufficient to decide on the particular poem. A scholar should choose between several different subject areas throughout the poem, and specialists recommend deciding on the fields a scholar feels competent in. It is straightforward to appreciate if the subject suits a scholar. Try to make a thesis assertion on the given drawback to see whether it is potential to offer a sound argument. The rereading of the poem assigned for analysis will help to catch its concepts and ideas. You’ll have a possibility to outline the rhythm of the poem, its sort, and list the techniques utilized by the creator. Now, that is the place you should take a step again from analyzing the individual components of the poem and work out its meaning as a whole. Combine the completely different parts of the evaluation and put ahead one essential concept. Poem evaluation is the investigation of type, the content material, structure of semiotics and the history of a poem in a well-informed method with the aim of accelerating the understanding of the poetry work. Poem analysis helps one reply to advanced and sophisticated points. Besides, poem evaluation poem essay helps to separate a poem into components hence easy to grasp the whole. An essay for poetry evaluation requires deep examination of all of the kinds and parts used throughout the creation of a poem. There are various issues to think about earlier than writing a poem evaluation. By mastering learn how to analyze poetry, you additionally discover ways to ask questions, see multiple meanings in easy issues, and develop figurative pondering. Let’s give your brain a lift! Uncover the best way to write poetry analysis from our weblog post. At this step, you must provide an in depth summary and provides background information about the poem. Principally, the summary offers the reader an thought about the issue addressed in the poem. It offers the reader ease in getting the details about the creator, poem, the location the place the author has written the poem. Typically, individuals have totally different concepts about what a poet is trying to say by their use of a subject, so until the message is implicitly said poem analysis essay examples, it is best to report multiple prospects about what the poet may have meant and included proof for these theories. Additionally it is vital to indicate as many ideas as potential that relate to the poem and then create conclusions on this. All the authors are extremely artistic, proficient, and simply how to analysis poem in love with poetry. Just tell them what poetry you would like to build your evaluation on and luxuriate in a smooth essay with the logical construction and amazing content material.
Abraham Lincoln's Impact On American Society 1309 Words6 Pages Throughout the establishment of the United States, there have been 44 presidents whom the people elected. A particular number of these terms have been deemed as “legendary” from the accomplishment of the president and his overall impact on American society. From these presidents, the 16th has shown to be the embodiment of this legendary status. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, has achieved many accolades in his lifetime. He was our president during the Civil War, which was one of the bloodiest in history. This fact by itself emphasizes his worth as a president in being both a unifier and an overall leader. Mr. Lincoln’s vision of a more unified country encouraged him to make initiatives that helped to keep the union…show more content… His work penetrates American life daily. The laws put in place by President Lincoln before and after the Civil War have, impact the interpretation of laws in today’s courts. Fundamental American ideals was expanded and redefined by his very words: “Nowhere in the world is presented a government of so much liberty and equality. To the humblest and poorest amongst us are held out the highest privileges and positions. The present moment finds me at the White House, yet there is as good a chance for your children as there was for my father's.” He wished to use this doctrine to keep the United States united. Through hardships and war, he achieved that goal. Despite extremely arduous tasks and personal tragedy, his dream of a greater United States of America is still alive after 150 years. Abraham Lincoln is larger than life both in stature and in the achievements he has reached. It would be appropriate then that the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. was constructed and best shows this to be true. It emphasizes the gravity of what he has done. Lincoln has transcended death in American culture. He is simply an entity who watches over his country and, while he is not physically involved, his words coupled with the consequences of his actions have created a standard for being the ideal president and American. Thomas Craughwell knows best of Lincoln’s mark on history. Stealing Lincoln’s Body is a basic and probably the most fitting title for his book. His topic shows the reader from the beginning of the importance of the 16th president of the United States. A person’s body, let alone a president’s, was never stolen. Usually grave robbers took the belongings of corpses and not the corpses themselves. Craughwell told this story from the public and the people closest to Lincoln. This added so much depth to the situations revolving around the kidnapping of Lincoln’s body. The actions of the Lincoln Guard of Honor Open Document
Online Reference For Body, Mind & Spirit Term: Avatar (From the Sanskrit avatara, meaning “descent”) In Tantra and other forms of Hinduism, an avatar is a physical incarnation of a higher being (a deva) or even a theophany, the physical incarnation of a god. The term implies that the entity consciously chooses to descend into a body on the physical plane. There are numerous avatars, and other spiritual traditions have adopted the word as a term to describe a deity incarnate. In Hinduism, the God Vishnu, the preserver, is said to have ten avatars. The most famous of these is the eighth one, Krishna. The ninth avatar of Vishnu was Buddha. The tenth and final avatar of Vishnu, Kalki, will not incarnate for many thousands of years. AUTHOR: Donald Michael Kraig
To the content To the main menu Slaves, Thieves and Passionate Warriors. Who Were Roman Gladiators? Gladius - The Sword of the Roman Army The term gladiator is not just a randomly-chosen, cool-sounding name for someone fighting to death in the arena. It is derived from the Roman sword called gladius (plural gladii). Gladii or gladius swords were commonly used weapons of Roman foot soldiers and by gladiators in the arenas. Gladius was about 50–60 cm long, with a leaf-shaped blade and a rather tiny guard. Warriors used the sword for quick stabbing, only a few centimetres into the opponent’s body. You can read more about the Roman battle tactics and the Gladius sword in one of our articles. Gladiator - Choice or Compulsion? Typically, slaves, captives and convicted criminals became gladiators automatically. However, a few chose to fight in the arena, even though they did not commit any crime. But all gladiators shared a single purpose - to entertain the audience by fighting among themselves or against wild animals. But here is one fact that might surprise you. Not all gladiators were men.Roman girls were brought up and expected to do housework and to be the family caretakers, but some of them chose the path of a warrior. Female gladiators were called Amazons. Gladiators had a tough job, but they were regarded as one of the lowest classes within the Roman society.But Romans did not all have the same attitude towards gladiators. Some of them showed gladiators respect for their courage demonstrated in arena fights. Many Roman women and girls admired them as the symbol of strength and passion. But a gladiator had a single goal: to survive. Life-and-death fights in the arena could drag on for several minutes (if not hours) and required a great deal of energy. Gladiators were heavy eaters, because they needed to build up their strength and create a "fat-armour" protecting their vital organs from injury. Gladiator Games Gladiator fights were initially used to entertain guests at small private events, typically funeral ceremonies. The duels were called munera and were organized as a part of private events until the middle of the 1st century BC. Their popularity later grew so much that in 42 BC, gladiator games began to be organized by the state on a big scale. In the times of the Roman Empire, the emperors arranged to be exclusive organizers of gladiator games in the whole country. Their gladiator contests became an extravagant entertainment. Sometime during the reigns of the emperors Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus and Tiberius, separate arenas or amphitheatres began to be built. An example is the Verona Arena, which is still in use today. The construction of the famous Colosseum began later, during the reign of emperor Vespasian between 70 and 72 A.D. Much to the pleasure of emperors and the blood-thirsty audience, there were enough petty thieves and minor criminals in Rome. Private gladiator schools were established for minor criminals as well as volunteers in which gladiators were trained and cared for. Organizers of gladiator games would then come and hire fighters from these special schools. Gladiators had to completely submit to the rules of their school and give up on any private life they might have had before. Daily hard training, but also successful triumphs in the arena resulted in strong rivalry between the members of the school. Glorified Fighters Everybody knows him, mostly from the movies. Spartacus, the leader of the slave revolt, still inspires artists and filmmakers today. He became famous for escaping from a gladiator school near Capua. He organized a breakout that led to more than 70 gladiators escaping and then looting, burning down Roman estates and freeing other slaves on the way. It is said that Spartacus' army numbered several tens of thousands of men that successfully resisted the Roman troops. Another famous gladiator was called Flamma. Flamma was a Syrian gladiator who lived during the reign of emperor Hadrian. He was exceptionally skilled, winning one contest after another. Flamma rejected freedom offered to him four times (by awarding him the wooden sword rudius). Instead, he chose to remain a gladiator. Brutal Fights with Next to No Protection Compared to gladiators, medieval knights had a big advantage on the battlefield - their bodies were protected from head to toe by armour and plate mail. Roman gladiators were much more vulnerable. In the early 1st century BC, during the golden age of gladiator competitions, gladiators wore only a helmet, a round shield and a spear or sword. Gladiator gear developed over time. The round shield was replaced by armour, the helmet changed its shape, and the fighters gradually covered their body with greaves, bracers and body armour. We distinguish different types of gladiators by their gear. The most famous types are: • Samnite - equipped with a short sword or spear, and a large oval shield, wearing a typical Roman helmet decorated with plume or feathers • Thracian - wore a simpler helmet with cheek flaps, greaves, a square shield and a curved Thracian sword • Gallus - equipped with a long sword and an oval shield, wearing only a helmet with rear guard, similar to the later galea helmet and no other upper-body armour • Murmillo - replaced the “Gallus” class of gladiators during the Roman Imperial age, a murmillo was equipped with a massive rectangular shield and sword, his body was protected by a shin guard on his right leg and a helmet with a high plume crest, • Provocator - fought with a sword, wore a helmet with a visor, a right arm guard and body armor, • Retiarius - known for his unique armament - he fought with a trident and a net, his body was protected only by an arm guard extending to the shoulder. Do you find gladiator games scary? Have a look at other eccentriries of Ancient Rome, combining unbridled entertainment and suffering. Periods: Sword Tournament Like this article? Share Comments (0) Recommended products Similar articles Comments (0) Write your own comment Free delivery on orders over 900€ Fast delivery for orders by 11:00 AM Exchange of size within 14 days for free Unique items exclusive production Huge range of products Bestsellers always in stock Choose a language Choose a currency
Is There Value In Historical Reenactments? History is something that tends to get distorted as time goes by. We may read about history in textbooks or perhaps even watch movies on the subject, but we rarely ever get the entire picture. Many people ask reenactors why are historical reenactments important. Historical reenactments provide real value to those who want to know more about any event in history. They often focus on pivotal battles that changed the course of history for one or more countries and groups of people. They are beneficial because they provide more than what history books can provide. D-Day Conneaut reenactment America’s Biggest WWII Reenactment – D-Day Conneaut with over 25,000 visitors each year. Source: from Media Maker/YouTube Without an accurate understanding of history, we would quickly lose who we were as a people. It doesn’t matter what nation we are under or what group of people we side ourselves with, we have a history that needs to be told and understood. The problem is, history books are not always as accurate as they should be when it comes to the event that took place. In addition, they are limited because you are looking at something on paper. Gettysburg Civil War battle Gettysburg Civil War battle on painting (source: and in reenactment (source: Admittedly, there are some excellent pictures and artwork that revolve around a lot of historical events. They still are limited, however, in what they offer so historical reenactments fill in the gaps. In fact, you might say that history books fill in the gaps of reenactments. Are historical reenactments accurate? There are many people who attend historical reenactments that ask if they have any accuracy to them. That is a good question because it really depends upon the reenactment and what is put into them. how authentic can reenactment be Can reenactors be authentic, poll results from “The Value of Experience: Lessons from a Study of Reenactment”. Source: Samantha Hartford, EXARC Journal Issue 2016/1; In some cases, a historical reenactment may not have anything to do with accuracy. They may even involve a degree of fantasy, as is the case with larping. You couldn’t put much weight and what that type of event was portraying. In addition, there are times when specific elements out of the historical reenactment may not be as accurate as they should be. This can be due to a number of different factors, including the following. 1. Location – The location of the event is perhaps one of the more important factors associated with the accuracy of a historical reenactment. After all, you are looking at the event as a bystander, almost as if you were there in person when it took place originally. Locust Grove confederate reenactors Some historic battle sites have been compromised by modern development. Locust Grove, Va. – confederate reenactors pose at the Germanna Heights apartments. Source:, Gregg Segal There are times when it is not possible to hold a reenactment in the same location where it originally occurred. In addition, there may be times when they are held at the right location but it has changed considerably over the course of time. This can reduce the accuracy, but there are ways to overcome it. 1. Understanding – It is important for anyone who takes part in a historical reenactment to understand what they are doing and portraying. Many people throw themselves into the part, so to speak, and understand enough about the event that they could speak on it with authority. Unfortunately, many of the people who volunteer to take part in a historical reenactment are not going to fully understand what they are portraying. They may look the part by wearing a uniform or carrying an authentic weapon, but if you were to ask them about it, they wouldn’t understand it. Reenactors' education materials civil war Reenactors’ education is important – an illustration from 1895 showing the uniforms worn by Union and Confederate soldiers. Source: That is why it is important for everyone involved in the historical reenactment to have at least a basic understanding of what they are doing. There are some who may be more open to the public and questions, but all people who take part in them should learn as much as they can. Reenacting goes beyond the textbook Another benefit of a historical reenactment is the fact that it shows more than what a textbook can show. In addition, and may actually go beyond what the textbook is trying to describe. In some cases, an event may be portrayed that is not fully covered in historical textbooks. Even school textbooks may not cover the subject or it may be slanted to a certain extent, depending upon where the information is written and read. renactment Battle of Mississinewa Forgotten by many – Battle of Mississinewa, in the War of 1812. Source: In addition, there may be cases in which there are not many pictures on the subject. For example, the American Civil War has some pictures but they are few and far between. Going even further back in time, you would have to rely on an artist’s painting. There is no doubt that history is slanted to fit the needs of those who are reading and writing about it. That is especially true when it comes to major battles in which a victory shaped the course of a nation. The history books in one nation to another may give what they feel is an accurate portrayal of the event but it is often slanted to speak to the person and the location where they are reading it. Finally, archaeology is often a very important part of any historical event. That is especially true if you’re going back hundreds or perhaps even thousands of years. merging archeology and reenactment Merging archeology and reenactment – International Experimental Archeology Festival “Days of Live Archeology in Kernavė”. Source: Historical reenactments help to bring what archaeologists have found to life. They may even have to change certain elements of the reenactment in order to stay as accurate as possible. Historical reenactments help people to feel reality Many historical events have been romanticized over the years. Some of the facts may be the same and could be fairly accurate, but the way they are portrayed is not always as accurate as it could be. As a result of things changing over the years as history is written and rewritten, the idea of the truth may become skewed. It can be difficult to learn as much as you should be learning about the truthfulness of those situations when you only read about it in a textbook. daily routine of Roman troops The daily routine of Roman troops in reenactment. Source: Historical reenactments allow people to feel the reality of the situation. It is one thing to read about it and another to watch it in a movie but when you are actually standing on the battlefield and watching it happen in front of you, it helps you to understand even better. The people at the event can help build understanding of history When individuals take part in a historical reenactment, they are actually taking part in history itself. They will often dress the part and may carry weapons that are associated with the event. Many of the people who take part in these reenactments are volunteers but they still do what they can to have high-quality equipment and costumes. When that is the case, then it is possible to have higher-quality conversations with the people who are in attendance. volunteers in historical reenactment group Volunteers in historical reenactment group – “Crossroads of the American Revolution”. Source: That is also a reason why the people who volunteer for these events should be as knowledgeable as possible about their craft. The more they understand about the event they are portraying, the more likely they will portray it in a way that does it justice. Living history is something that is available to everyone. It is also something that we can continue to pass on to others over the course of time. 17th Century Living History Village 17th Century Living History Village. Source: The information may have been written in a book but most people are not going to read about it unless it is of personal interest to them. In addition, even those who understand and read about history may not take the time to ponder over it and fully understand everything they are reading. Historical reenactments provide an easy and enjoyable way for us to understand everything possible about the event itself. It provides fun for everyone, including those who are taking part in the event and those who are standing on the sidelines. If you would like to know more on how to become a reenactor, check our article – 5 Easy Steps to Start Reenactment as Your Hobby. Group of reenactment passionates, writing for people looking to start an adventure with historical reenactment and struggling to find valuable and actual information. Recent Posts
One of the leading causes of death in the outdoors. This diagnosis is not one to minimize. It can sneak up on you and before you know it serious symptoms can begin to set in. Layering is imperative and understanding what the initial symptoms are to begin warming up. Subscribe on YouTube Hypothermia is a total body cooling, a bodily response which occurs when the right conditions are present such as wind exposure, wet conditions where the body becomes cold, coupled with exhaustion. Individuals usually shiver for a period of time, then loose consciousness. Core body can drop to life threatening levels. People can appear clinically dead however also can be revived when rewarmed properly and handled very carefully. When we think of hypothermia we often have an image of someone on a mountain trek on Denali or Mr Everest with ice crystals in their beard and bundled up. It is important to note that Florida is one of the highest states with hypothermia. One thinks of the elderly who have a hard time maintain body temps and then combine that with swimming or walking in the ocean hypothermic situations can kick in. Cold, wet and a slight breeze with a poor ability to keep warm makes the right conditions for a hypothermia scenario. Common signs and symptoms of decreased body temperature 1. 94 degree Fahrenheit or less 2. Stumbling or wide gait 3. Slurred speech one may sound as if they are intoxicated 4. Faraway gaze 5. Always suspect hypothermia when you see someone exhausted, cold and wet with a depressed body temperature. Predisposing Factors of Hypothermia 1. Skiing 2. Hiking 3. Trauma 4. Stalled car in the winter months 5. Alcohol and drugs can exacerbate hypothermia. Drugs and alcohol can suppress shivering. Shivering acts as a generator to increase body temps. 6. Coffee and Hot chocolate can EXACERBATE hypothermia due to their mild vasoconstrictor effects. Plus it decrease shivering which is important to generate heat. It is great for a psychological boost and I advise it in just being cold. We are specifically talking about a pre-hypothermic state. That is when it is contraindicated. 7. Becoming wet can exacerbate hypothermia 8. Nutritional deprivation 9. Sugar depletion from the body will exacerbate hypothermia 10. History of Endocrine disease, diabetes can predispose someone to be hypothermic quicker. Hypothermia Symptoms Initial symptoms when still conscious are fatigue, slurred speech, poor decision making, muscle weakness, shivering and a “Im all right “ attitude. Rapid deterioration is not uncommon with no respiration, fixed and dilated pupils, cold, stiff and blue. Hypothermia causes volume depletion which also inhibits the bodies mechanism to liver which in turn inhibits and decreases temperature. So sugar and fluids must be replaced. Hypothermia Treatment in the outdoors If an individual is conscious and you are aware they are showing initial signs of hypothermia then pushing fluids and warm drinks should be fine. Warm sweet drinks at this stage will be beneficial and coffee should not be a factor. IF HYPOTHERMIA IS ADVANCING DO NOT PUSH CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL. You need to keep them dry and insulated. Once agin shivering is a great way of rewarming the body. Unconscious individuals great care must be taken in not moving them or jostling them. Inducing a heart arrhythmia can occur by sudden movements. When severe hypothermia sets in life threatening heart arrhythmias can occur 1. Handle these individuals with care as if you packing fine china. 2. Make sure their airway is open 3. NO CPR until the individual is in the car or helicopter. Unless in dire situation and cannot transport. 4. Apply heat packs, bottles or heat pads to the bottom of their feet and palms of their hands. 5. Remember this will feel counter intuitive but try not to stop the shivering when in the field as that is your best bet for rewarming core body temperature. Shivering is equal to about 4-5 100 watt light bulbs in generating heat. 6. Other methods to generate heat, build a fire, use sleeping bags, mylar blankets and reflective space blankets to redirect heat. 7. Remove wet clothing and replace when possible 8. Heated air for the person to breathe is another good way to increase warmth. ( See Video ) 9. Warm drinks NO Caffeine. 10. Maximize any insulation
How Often Should You Get a Colonoscopy? Table of Contents View All Table of Contents A colonoscopy is a procedure that helps detect and prevent colon cancer. Experts recommend colon cancer screening for all adults starting at age 45, with repeat screenings at least every 10 years. People who have a higher risk of developing colon cancer should get a colonoscopy earlier and more often. This includes people with a family or personal history of colon cancer and those with certain forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This article discusses how often a person should get a colonoscopy, what screening tests are available, and why earlier or more frequent screening may be recommended. Wicki58 / E+ / Getty Images Who Should Get a Colonoscopy and How Often? As you get older, your chances of developing colorectal cancer (cancer affecting the colon or the rectum) increase. Updated clinical guidelines recommend that most adults get screened starting at age 45, and then every 10 years after that as long as the results show no signs of cancer. But for adults with certain risk factors for developing colon cancer, screening should begin sooner and happen more often. These factors include: • Family history of colon cancer: People with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has had colon cancer should start getting colonoscopies at age 40, or 10 years before the age that the immediate family member was diagnosed with colon cancer. • Personal history of colon cancer: Anyone who has had surgery to remove colon or rectal cancer should get a repeat colonoscopy within one year. • Previous colon polyp removal: If you've had an adenomatous polyp (or adenoma) removed during a colonoscopy, a follow-up screening is recommended in two to three years. The exact timing will depend on the type, size, and number of polyps removed. • Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease: These inflammatory bowel diseases are linked to a higher risk for developing colon cancer, and this risk increases the longer a person has IBD. Colonoscopies should start eight years after the IBD diagnosis, with follow-up screenings every one to two years after that. • Diverticulitis: People with this condition, which causes inflammation in the digestive tract, are advised to get a colonoscopy every five to eight years, and a few months after any related surgeries. Age is the number one risk factor for developing colon cancer, which is why experts have broken down general colon cancer screening guidelines by age bracket. • Ages 45–75: Most adults should continue regular colonoscopies every 10 years during this time period. • Ages 76–85: Within this age group, the decision to receive colon cancer screenings should be made on a case-by-case basis between a healthcare provider and the patient. It may depend on a person's overall health, life expectancy, circumstances, and previous screening history. Your healthcare provider may also keep in mind evidence from a recent study showing that getting colonoscopies after age 75 can significantly reduce the risk of death from colon cancer. • Ages 85 and older: Experts advise against getting colonoscopies after the age of 85, as the risk of complications from the procedure may outweigh the benefits of the screening. Frequency Recap The latest guidelines recommend: • People with an average risk of developing colon cancer should start getting colonoscopies at age 45, with repeated screening at least every 10 years. • People with an increased risk of developing colon cancer should start getting colonoscopies at an earlier age and more frequently, as directed by your healthcare provider. If you're unsure what this means for you, a healthcare professional will be able to help determine how often you should be screened. What Happens During a Colonoscopy? Getting a colonoscopy isn't pleasant, but it's an important and often lifesaving screening procedure that can help prevent colon cancer from developing. Here's what you can expect to happen leading up to and during the screening. What to Expect Once your colonoscopy is scheduled, your healthcare provider will give you bowel preparation instructions. These instructions include: • Drinking only clear liquids the day before the procedure • Stopping certain medications ahead of the procedure • Taking a liquid laxative at least 24 hours in advance to clear feces out of your colon You can expect to have many bowel movements once the laxative starts working, which is why it's recommended to be near a bathroom on the day leading up to the procedure. On the day of the exam, you’ll head to an outpatient facility, surgical center, or a hospital for the actual colonoscopy. You’ll change into a hospital gown, and a nurse will take your vitals before placing an intravenous (IV) line into a vein in your arm or hand. Sedative and pain medications will be given through your IV, so you’ll be very relaxed or mostly asleep during the procedure, which typically takes about 30–45 minutes to complete. After you're sedated, a gastroenterologist (a doctor who specializes in the digestive system) will insert a long, flexible tube with a camera into the rectum. This tool, called a colonoscope, allows the gastroenterologist to take a look inside your colon for abnormalities like polyps (tissue growths), sores (ulcers), inflammation, and bleeding. If they spot anything abnormal, a tiny instrument may be inserted through the colonoscope to remove polyps or take a biopsy sample. When the procedure is over, the colonoscope will be removed. A nurse will take you to a recovery area to be briefly monitored as the sedative wears off. Post Colonoscopy Because of the sedative, you won't be able to drive for the next 24 hours, so you'll need a responsible adult available to help you home. Expect to feel a little drowsy, and, if possible, plan to clear your schedule of important tasks or duties for the rest of the day to recover. Colonoscopy Side Effects and Risks Just like other medical procedures, there is a chance that you could experience some side effects or risks after having a colonoscopy. These include more common side effects like: • Cramping, bloating, or gas for a few hours after the procedure • Light bleeding in the stool, particularly after a polyp has been removed • Nausea or vomiting as a reaction to the pain or sedative medications used They can also include serious (though rare) risks, such as: • Perforation of the colon (an accidental hole in the lining of the colon from the tools used during the colonoscopy) • Infection inside the body or at the colonoscope insertion site • Significant bleeding Research estimates that the rate of serious complications is roughly 1 or 2 for every 10,000 colonoscopies performed. When to Call Your Doctor Even though serious complications from a colonoscopy are rare, they can be potentially life-threatening. Call your healthcare provider right away or seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms: • Severe pain • Fever or chills • Dizziness or feeling faint • Bleeding from the rectum that doesn't stop • Frequent bloody bowel movements • Trouble breathing, leg swelling, or chest pain Other Screenings for Colorectal Cancer A colonoscopy is just one type of screening test available for finding polyps or detecting colon cancer. There are other options that may work better for you depending on your individual situation. Stool Tests As the name suggests, stool tests use a sample from your stool (feces) to check for the presence of blood or cancer cells, which could indicate potential colon cancer. Stool tests are considered a reliable alternative to a traditional colonoscopy for people at average risk of developing colon cancer. Types of stool tests include the fecal immunochemical test (FIT), guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), and the FIT-DNA test. Both gFOBT and FIT are available as home self-test kits, and should be completed every year. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy A flexible sigmoidoscopy is a miniature version of a traditional colonoscopy. It involves inserting a short, thin, flexible tube into the rectum, but it only gives views of the lower portion of the colon. A traditional colonoscopy views the entire colon. On the plus side, bowel preparation tends to be less complicated, and sedation is often not required. But it may not be quite as sensitive in detecting colon cancer, so the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends people get a flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years. Virtual Colonoscopy A virtual colonoscopy (VC), also called a CT colonography, is a type of noninvasive imaging scan. It uses a series of X-rays to create a 3D image of the inside of the colon, rather than inserting a scope into the colon like a traditional colonoscopy. Virtual colonoscopies take about 15 minutes and do not require an extensive bowel prep or sedation. It may be considered for people who decline or cannot have a traditional colonoscopy, but it isn't always covered by health insurance. If used, virtual colonoscopy should be performed every five years. Screening Options Recap There's no single "right" colon cancer screening test. Each option has advantages and disadvantages, depending on your overall health, circumstances, access to care, preference, and insurance coverage. Many insurance plans and Medicare help pay for colorectal cancer screening for people within the recommended age bracket or risk factor group. Talk to a healthcare provider about which screening test may be best for you. A colonoscopy is a procedure used to detect and prevent colorectal cancer (cancer that affects the colon or rectum). Experts recommend that most adults should get a colonoscopy or other colon cancer screening test every 10 years, starting at age 45. Earlier and more frequent screening may help people with a family history of the disease and certain inflammatory bowel diseases that increase the risk of developing colon cancer. A Word From Verywell Preparing to get a colonoscopy may feel daunting, confusing, or scary. But remember that early detection of colon cancer is key for successfully treating the disease. Consider speaking with a healthcare provider about when your screening should begin based on your level of colon cancer risk. They can help answer any questions if you're feeling uneasy or unsure. Frequently Asked Questions • Why do I need a colonoscopy every three years? Some people who have had certain types of polyps (called adenomas) removed during a colonoscopy may need to get another colonoscopy after three years. This is because adenomas are more likely to turn into cancer. The exact timing for a repeat screening will depend on the type, size, and number of adenomas removed. • How does ulcerative colitis turn into cancer? After having ulcerative colitis for roughly a decade, the risk of colon cancer starts to increase. Experts think inflammation may play a role in changes in cells of the large intestine, which may turn cancerous. In people with ulcerative colitis, a yearly colonoscopy or other colon cancer screening may be recommended. • How fast can colon cancer develop after colonoscopy? It depends. In most cases, colon cancer grows slowly over the course of roughly a decade. Other research has shown that some patients receive a colon cancer diagnosis within three to five years of having a "normal" colonoscopy. It seems this may be more likely to happen in people over the age of 65, people with a family history of colon cancer, and people who have had a previous polyp removal. • How long will I be on the toilet for colonoscopy prep? Bowel preparation is the process of removing feces from the colon prior to a colonoscopy so the gastroenterologist can get a clear view of the colon. You’ll be instructed to start drinking a liquid bowel prep medication in doses the day before your procedure. The exact time frame will vary by person, but in general, frequent bowel movements start within two or three hours after taking the prep medication. You should plan to be close to a bathroom for the entire 24 hours before your procedure. Was this page helpful? 25 Sources 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Colorectal (colon) cancer: What should I know about screening? 2. Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 May 18;325(19):1965-1977. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.6238 3. Shaukat A, Kahi CJ, Burke CA, Rabeneck L, Sauer BG, Rex DK. ACG clinical guidelines: Colorectal cancer screening 2021. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(3):458-479. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001122 4. American Cancer Society. Colorectal cancer risk factors. 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hereditary colorectal (colon) cancer. 6. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society guideline for colorectal cancer screening. 7. Gupta S et al. Recommendations for follow-up after colonoscopy and polypectomy: a consensus update by the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endoscop. 2020 (91)3: 463-485. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2020.01.014 8. Crohn's and Colitis Foundation. The risk of colorectal cancer in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients. 9. Ma W, Wang K, Nguyen LH, et al. Association of screening lower endoscopy with colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in adults older than 75 years. Jama Oncol. 2021 Jul 1;7(7): 985-992. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.1364 10. American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Screening and surveillance for colorectal cancer expanded information. 11. Cleveland Clinic. Colonoscopy. 12. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Colonoscopy. 13. Lin JS, Piper MA, Perdue LA, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2016;315(23):2576–2594. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.4417 14. National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Colonoscopy. 15. UpToDate. Patient education: Colonoscopy (beyond the basics). 16. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society guidelines for colorectal cancer screening. 17. National Cancer Institute. Screening tests to detect colorectal cancer and polyps. 18. Wilkins T, Mcmechan D, Talukder A. Colorectal cancer screening and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2018;97(10):658-665. 19. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Virtual colonoscopy. 20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is colorectal cancer screening? 22. Cleveland Clinic. Ulcerative colitis. 23. Moffitt Cancer Center. How long does colon cancer take to develop? 24. Samadder NJ et al. Characteristics of missed or interval colorectal cancer and patient survival: a population-based study. Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr;146(4): 950-960. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.013 25. Moon W. Optimal and safe bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Clin Endosc. 2013;46(3):219–223. doi:10.5946/ce.2013.46.3.219
Choose us. You deserve the best! You are here: Home » News » Encyclopedia » Why Winter is a Great Time to Learn to Swim? Why Winter is a Great Time to Learn to Swim? Views:271 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-07-12 Origin:Site Swimming has always been a popular sport, and it is a good way to temper people's will and exercise. Swimming can not only improve cardiovascular function, enhance physical fitness, improve physical coordination, but also bring psychological pleasure. But for some special group, they should pay attention to the body condition and water condition when swimming. The resistance of female reproductive system is weak during menstruation. Swimming can easily cause bacteria to enter the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing infections. The defense barrier of the vagina and uterus is weakened, and the resistance is significantly reduced. Swimming is not suitable during this period. Patients suffering from vaginitis, acute cervicitis, acute pelvic inflammatory disease, and urinary tract infections are best not to go swimming. When swimming in natural waters, avoid rushing into the water. It is not advisable to swim under complicated conditions around the waters to avoid accidents. Most people think swimming in summer is good, but how about swimming in winter? When swimming in winter, the water temperature irritates the surface of human skin and can better promote blood circulation. It can be seen that swimming is not only a sport suitable for the four seasons, but also a sport that requires long-term persistence. Let’s find out more about whether it is suitable to learn to swim in winter. Winter is of course suitable for learning to swim, because winter swimming is part of the fitness method. Winter swimming has many benefits. It is the most uninteresting season of the year, so few people choose to swim in cold weather. In fact, the cold and dry seasons are more suitable for swimming, and the fitness value of swimming in winter is much higher than that in summer. 61-1-inflatable pool floats Benefits of Swimming in Winter 1. It Helps Blood Circulation Throughout the Body When swimming, water can massage the body. When the skin is cold, it can cause vasoconstriction to prevent and reduce the occurrence of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in middle-aged and elderly people. 2. It Improves Cold Resistance and Immunity Swimming promotes metabolism, thereby improving the body's ability to resist the cold, thus preventing respiratory diseases. 3. It Enhances the Function of Respiratory Organs The density of water is 800 times greater than that of air. People have to bear a lot of pressure when swimming. Therefore, the breathing muscles must work hard to overcome the pressure of water to deepen breathing, thereby enhancing the ability to adapt to environmental stimuli and reducing the occurrence of diseases. 61-3-inflatable toys 4. It Has Obvious Physical Fitness and Anti-aging Effects From the age of 20, even the best lung capacity begin to "shrink" slowly. By the age of 40, shortness of breath becomes normal. The reason may be that the muscles and chest cavity that control breathing become stiff, making it more difficult for the lungs to function. The best exercise to exercise vital capacity is swimming, which can increase vital capacity and delay aging. 5. It is a Good Weight Loss Exercise Among various weight loss exercises, swimming is a recommended exercise for everyone. People who often swim are more fit, with well-developed chest muscles and streamlined figures. Those who can't swim, bubble in the water and fight water fights, have a little effect on weight loss. In order to make your winter swimming full of fun, you can prepare some floating products and inflatable swimming pool toys, such as inflatable yacht toys, inflatable toy water slide, inflatable pool floats, etc. We mainly produce all kinds of inflatable products, we can provide you with inflatable toys, inflatable tubes, inflatable sprinklers, inflatable swimming pool floats, etc. For more good inflatable products, please contact us Contact Info  Tel: 0086-574-89076674  E-mail:
Exquisite nature A male American Bluet Damselfly on the left holds onto a blade of grass with front arms and onto the neck of a female on the right with the claw in the male’s terminal appendage. The female Bluet Damselfly is laying eggs in the Marquette Cottage Pond (clear ovals near grass blades in the water). [Click picture to enlarge.] In our second summer at Marquette, I was in the yard when a bright blue bug with large transparent wings flew by me to catch a smaller bug on our windowsill (dinner!). Wow, I discovered that we have Damselflies at Marquette! I was familiar with them because they were found in the yard of our previous house along the banks of White River. Over the next few months, I took my camera and telephoto lens to Marquette’s ponds and Crooked Creek to photograph Damselflies and Dragonflies. These are beautifully colored, ancient insects that inhabit our ponds, creeks and woods in Indiana. They don’t bite or sting. They are beneficial because they can consume their weight in mosquitoes in a few hours. The flies are 1 to 2 inches in length and width (with wings extended). They don’t efficiently regulate their body heat, so they warm up by sunning themselves on pond rocks or the bridges over Crooked Creek. They are best viewed after noon with low power binoculars. The two suborders in the ancient order of Odonata are easily differentiated. Damselflies hold their transparent wings along their thin 1 to 2-inch body when perched. Dragonflies hold their more colorful wings out perpendicular to their body when perched. The individual species are clearly identified by color patterns of their head, eyes, thorax and abdomen using one of the excellent Odonata guidebooks or phone apps. We have a long and distinguished history of Damselfly and Dragonfly research in Indiana. Thomas Say of the Robert Owen Utopian Community in New Harmony published drawings and accounts of Odonata in his ‘Descriptions of Insects in North America,’ 1824-1828. Basil Ellwood Montgomery (1899-1983) was a leading expert on naming of Dragonflies at Purdue University. His collection of papers and 20,000 specimens is at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. A male Orange Bluet Damselfly on the right holds onto the head of a blue/green female Bluet Damselfly on the left. The terminal segment of the abdomen of the female on the left extends under her legs to make contact with the seminal vesicle in the second segment of the abdomen of the male. This is the wheel or heart position for insemination of Damselflies. The photo was taken in July 2020 on a plant in the Marquette Cottage Pond. [Click picture to enlarge.] In late May, the flies are just emerging from their larval (also called naiad or nymph) stage in our ponds and creek. They undergo a miraculous metamorphosis underneath their exoskeleton before they emerge as flying adults. They cease using gills to extract air from the water in the larval stage and form a tube-like respiratory system to directly extract air in the flying adult. They form wings to achieve helicopter-like flying in all directions. They have large compound eyes that facilitate efficiently hunting of mosquitoes in flight. In June through August, the Damselfly and Dragonfly males will be looking for mates. The whole purpose for morphing to the colorful flying adult is to reproduce the species. Males will lock onto a process behind the head of a female with a hook at the end of their abdomen. This is the ‘tandem’ position, and they can be seen flying together. The male and female then form a wheel or heart-shaped structure when they fertilize eggs. The female lays her eggs in the water where they hatch. In October, the weather gets so cold at night that the flying adults die. The larva stay in the water for one or more seasons to feed, grow and molt. They emerge in May and the cycle starts all over again. Contributed by: Bill Bosron A female Blue-tipped Dancer Damselfly suns itself on a plant on the bank of Crooked Creek in Marquette Woods (July, 2020). [Click picture to enlarge.] A male Blue-tipped Dancer Damselfly on the left holds onto the neck of a female Blue-tipped Dancer on the right in the ‘tandem’ mating position. The photo was taken on a plant along Crooked Creek in Marquette Woods in July of 2020. [Click picture to enlarge.] A small (~1 inch) Eastern Amberwing Damselfly suns itself on a rock along the bank of the Cottage Pond at Marquette (August, 2020). [Click picture to enlarge.] A male Common Whitetail Dragonfly suns itself on a rock on the bank of the Marquette Cottage Pond (July, 2020). [Click picture to enlarge.] How did you enjoy this post? We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Let us improve this post! Tell us how we can improve this post? Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
NASA doesn't want bulky space diapers or large shuttle toilets, so the agency is asking for help designing its new toilet for astronauts going to the moon. Smithsonian / Dave Mosher / Business Insider NASA needs a new toilet to get to the moon - one that works for all astronauts and works both in zero gravity and on the surface of the moon. The agency offers crowdsourcing ideas for the toilet with a "Lunar Loo" challenge. The main prize is $ 20,000. In the past, most space toilets were little more than a bag and a hose with a vacuum. You can find more stories on the Business Insider homepage. When people last landed on the lunar surface in December 1972, they were wearing all the diapers. This is because NASA has never really bothered to design a proper toilet for the Apollo lunar missions. Instead, astronauts pissed in roller cuffs, pooped in bags, and used space diapers as they ventured out of the spaceship in their large, bulky spacesuits. "Defecation and urination have been disruptive aspects of spaceflight since the beginning of manned spaceflight," said an official NASA report on the Apollo missions, released in 1975. Almost five decades later, as the U.S. prepares to bring astronauts to the lunar surface by 2024, the space agency hopes to make things a little more comfortable. "The astronauts were firmly convinced that they didn't want to go back to the Apollo bags," Mike Interbartolo, part of NASA's Mondlander engineering team, told Business Insider. This time NASA is putting together a new toilet design for the Artemis lunar lander and is launching a "Lunar Loo" competition on HeroX. "We need a toilet that has to work on the lunar surface for seven days and during this transit time to and from the moon," said Interbartolo. This means that the toilet system must be able to function both in microgravity in space and in lunar gravity, which corresponds to approximately one sixth of earth's gravity. The toilet must also be usable for all astronauts, regardless of gender - something that the first space baths were definitely not. Going to the bathroom is not glamorous YouTube / ESA NASA hasn't changed much about how astronauts relax in space since they designed their first toilets. The first U.S. room toilet designed for Skylab in the 1970s was essentially a hole in the wall. Today, astronauts on the International Space Station use a funnel that is equipped with a fan that sucks their piss off, but they still have to bag their feces. You have described it as one of the most disturbing aspects of life in space. Russia has designed the latest space toilet to operate on the ISS - a $ 19 million device that has been around since 2008. And SpaceX's new and mysterious chest of drawers on its Crew Dragon spacecraft is likely to use a basic tube-bag system, similar to that on Russia's Soyuz spacecraft. But 2020 will be a banner year for US space toilets: A new urine recycling model for the ISS is in the works and is expected to arrive there before the end of this year. However, the moon toilet will be a little more difficult to develop. In addition to having to work in both zero gravity and lunar gravity, it has to be much smaller and lighter than existing space toilets so that NASA doesn't have to waste a lot of fuel that it shoots up and down on the lunar surface. This is where "hackers", "makers", "basement hobbyists" and "garage mad scientists" all over the world come into play, said Interbartolo. "We want this different perspective to open our eyes to unknown strangers in the next few months of this challenge. Because we focus so much on what a space toilet is, there may be several things we are not aware of out there," he said. It is very similar to the NASA and HeroX Space Poop Challenge 2017, in which Dr. Thatcher Cardon, a flight surgeon and U.S. Air Force colonel, invented a way to go to the bathroom in a diaper-free spacesuit and take home $ 15,000. Dr.'s system Thatcher Cardon depends on an airlock connection that allows astronauts to push items such as inflatable bedpan and room underwear in and out of their suits without depressurizing them. Courtesy of Dr. Thatcher Cardon; Business insider The new room toilet must be small, quiet and easy to use With a mass of no more than 15 kilograms and a maximum volume of 0.12 cubic meters, the new room toilet would be smaller than the typical mini refrigerator. NASA's guidelines for the challenge state that the toilet should be easy to clean and maintain, with a maximum processing time of 5 minutes between uses. Competitive toilet designs are easy for astronauts to use and should save water while containing odors. "There is a possibility that there is some kind of bag in the toilet system for the microgravity scenario just because the body doesn't let go of some of these things so easily, you know," said Interbartolo. NASA guidelines also state that the new toilet: Function in both microgravity and lunar gravity. Have a mass of less than 15 kg in the Earth's gravity. Have a volume of no more than 0.12 m3. Consume less than 70 watts of power. Work with a noise level of less than 60 decibels (no louder than your average bathroom fan). Include both female and male users. Space for users 58 to 77 inches tall and 107 to 290 pounds in weight. "Bonus points are given for designs that can catch vomit without the crew member having to put their head in the toilet," said NASA. The deadline for submitting toilet designs ends on August 17th at 5:00 p.m. ET. Prizes are $ 20,000 for first place, $ 10,000 for second place, and $ 5,000 for third place. Children ages 11 to 18 can also submit their ideas for the lunar toilet, but they compete for public recognition and some NASA loot, not cash. "The big thing is that it can't break the laws of physics," said Interbartolo. Read the original article about Business Insider You should check here to buy the best price guaranteed products. Last News Vaccine Skeptic Eric Clapton Insists He Just Loves ‘Freedom of Choice’ Dwayne Johnson Is Working on a Film Adaptation of "One of the Biggest, Most Badass Games"
I’m hoping to find a method (probably some modeling software?) that would allow me to find pairs of locations on the Earth’s surface that occupy the same point in space relative to the sun, one second apart in time. It would be best if this method is searchable by choosing a location and seeing at what times it would cross paths with another location one second later (with the sun as the frame of reference). Any advice is greatly appreciated! • $\begingroup$ How far does a point on the Earth's surface move in 1 second? To a high degree of accuracy, that is how to answer your question. $\endgroup$ – JohnHoltz Oct 28 '21 at 2:43 • 1 $\begingroup$ With the constraint that the points have to be at the Earth's surface, there will be only a few points that have a match at all. For most places, the corresponding point will be above or below the surface. $\endgroup$ – gerrit Oct 28 '21 at 8:38 • $\begingroup$ @JohnHoltz Sure, but one must take into account rotation as well as orbit revolution. or, for highest accuracy "wobble" due to Earth-moon interactions. $\endgroup$ Oct 28 '21 at 13:22 • 2 $\begingroup$ @CarlWitthoft You're right. When I wrote "high degree of accuracy", I was thinking that the Sun's change in RA and Dec is very small in 1 second of time, so that and other motions would be small compared to the Earth's rotation. Maybe I should have written "for a first approximation...". I'm glad Erik is solving the problem and not me :-) $\endgroup$ – JohnHoltz Oct 28 '21 at 14:56 The Earth's orbital speed around the Sun is about 30 km/s. So we can calculate the intersection of two spheres offset by 30 km. Suppose we put the first sphere at the origin [0,0,0], and the second sphere at [30,0,0]. That is, the x-axis is aligned with the orbital velocity vector. Then, from Wolfram, the intersection of the spheres is a curve lying parallel to the z-y plane at a single x-coordinate ($x=d/2$), described by $$y^2+z^2=r^2-d^2/4$$ where $d$ is the distance between the spheres, and $r$ is the radius of the spheres. So, you can find specific points by varying $\theta$ between $0$ and $2\pi$ with: $$x=d/2$$ $$y=(r^2-d^2/4)\cos(\theta)$$ $$z=(r^2-d^2/4)\sin(\theta)$$ In words instead of equations: only a subset of points on the Earth's surface will be in the same place in a Sun-centered coordinate system one second later. These points will be on a plane perpendicular to the orbital velocity vector, and offset from the center of the Earth in the direction of the orbital velocity vector by 15 km. One second later, a new set of points will occupy the same space. The new set of points will also be in a plane perpendicular to the orbital velocity vector, but now offset opposite the direction of the orbital velocity vector by 15 km. Here is a conceptual picture Not To Scale. enter image description here Do you want to account for the revolution of the Earth during that time (a point on the equator moves about .46 km in a second)? Then apply a rotation prior to calculating the latter set of points using a rotation matrix from axis and angle where your angle is $2\pi/86,400$ radians, and your axis is a unit vector specifying the orientation of the Earth's rotational axis from a Sun-centered coordinate system. At summer solstice, this is about $[0,-\sin(23.5),\cos(23.5)]$. 1. The Earth's orbital path doesn't curve over the order of a second. 2. The Earth is a perfect sphere. 1. You could get a higher fidelity model using an orbital simulator like Universe Sandbox. 2. You could get a higher fidelity model by using DTED data instead of assuming the Earth is a sphere. Then you might have to use a numerical engine to find point intersections. In the following assumptions: • Earth orbit is circular • Earth's surface is a sphere your task is to find the intersection of two spheres, which should be a circle if exists. The first sphere is the Earth now. The second one is the Earth 1 sec later. The difference between these two spheres comes from the orbital motion and from rotation. Due to the Earth's rotational axis inclination to the orbital plane, you also have to keep in mind the day of the year (a 3D angle between the axis and the velocity changes). In the next step, you may use any realistic model of the Earth's surface and orbit. Anyway, it will be only about finding intersections of 3D shapes. This way you can get all the points on Earth that have their counterparts as you stated them. • $\begingroup$ I agree with your assessment. Could you suggest some specific models that I could use to find these intersections? I’m not having much luck finding anything practical. $\endgroup$ – Erik Oct 28 '21 at 17:37 Your Answer
Coronavirus (Covid-19) and rare genetic disorders Here are information leaflets on Covid-19 to support patients with and carers of rare genetic disorders. Here are six leaflets: 1: An overview of Coronavirus (Covid-19) and rare disease 2: What makes a person more vulnerable to Covid19? 3: Understanding your risk from Covid19 if you have a rare disease 4: What should I do if I am an extremely vulnerable person? 5: What to do if you have symptoms that could be due to COVID-19? 6: I am worried about letting my carer/my child’s carers into my home –what shall I do? The information sheets on COVID-19 for people with rare disorders, including rare chromosome & gene disorders are now available in BSL (British Sign Language). These can be viewed here These information leaflets written to provide help with the issue of shielding for vulnerable patients were the work of a group of Colleagues, led by Lara Menzies and Elizabeth Forsythe SpRs at GOSH but also Kelly Kohut, Chair of the Lead GCs group and Nicola Taverner Chair of the AGNC. They were ably supported by Emily Clarke at Genetic Disorders UK. Further information on the shielding process is available here
Rewrite essay in which you analyze the label from a processed food. Your main point should answer t To practice writing an argument based on an analysis. Source texts: Food label, including the nutrition facts, ingredients list, and advertising. This is the text that you are analyzing. #Make sure you read everything and what she commented plus read the assignment file very carefully
Armenian quest for lost orphans By Dorian Jones BBC News, UK - Aug 1 2005 Producer, Masterpiece, BBC World Service Nahide Kaptan (front row, second from left) was taken in aged nine Ninety years ago, hundreds of thousands of Armenians died in mass killings that still resonate through Turkey's social and political Armenians say that up to 1.5m of their people were deported and died at the hands of the then Ottoman rulers of Turkey. But it is believed that thousands of orphaned Armenian children were saved secretly by Turkish families. But the stories of those Armenian orphans are slowly being uncovered by their descendants. Turkish documentary maker Berke Bas is one of those people. Family member Nahide Kaptan was saved in 1915 when she was nine years old. But uncovering the truth still remains a difficult and contentious issue. What happened in 1915 still remains a hotly disputed subject. Armenia, along with the Armenian Diaspora, accuses the then Ottoman rulers of carrying out a "genocide". But Turkey disputes the charge, saying that a few hundred thousand died and that the deaths occurred in a civil war in which many Turks were also killed. Kitchen hideout Selim Deringil, a historian of the late Ottoman period at Istanbul's Bosphorus University, says "what you have is people talking at cross purposes and not really interested in what happened." Professor Deringil himself fell victim to the controversy, being forced to postpone a conference on the subject earlier this year after intense government pressure. This is the biggest issue, Christians becoming Muslims. They don't see themselves as outsiders but they remain silent about their past, Newspaper editor The ongoing controversy can pose problems for those delving into the Berke Bas, on returning to her birthplace - the Black Sea city of Ordu - admitted she had concerns. "I am sure there will be people who will approach this with disdain, saying 'Why am I digging up this history?' So many families deny the fact they had Armenian family members." According to Professor Deringil, such stories are not unusual. He says thousands of Armenian children were saved by Turkish families. "We do know that it was on such a scale that the then rulers of the Ottoman Empire issued secret orders to punish families who saved Armenian children." Berke returned to her birthplace in her search for the past The first memory of Nahide for Berke was being told how she was hidden under the kitchen sink, when she first came to the family. After speaking with relatives, Berke discovered that at least five Armenian children were taken in by both sides of her family. But acknowledging Armenian ancestors within Turkish families still remains a taboo for many, according to the editor of the local "These children were brought up in Muslim families. This is the biggest issue, Christians becoming Muslims," he said. "They don't see themselves as outsiders but they remain silent about their past, afraid. Now, as a Turk, a Muslim you say that your ancestors were Armenian then you are called a Garvur, you are without belief, without a soul, and you are an outcast." 'Stunning stories' But despite the reluctance of many to talk about their Armenian ancestry, Berke discovered that Nahide had a brother who survived 1915 and eventually ended up in Istanbul. Although he has since died, it is believed his daughter is still alive. Berke returned to Istanbul to try to find her. She visited Agos, a weekly Armenian newspaper. Printing both in Turkish and Armenian, the paper seeks to be a bridge between the 60,000 Istanbul Armenians living in the city and wider Turkish society. Agos editor Hrant Dink says he is inundated by requests from both Turkey and abroad to find Armenian relatives. "The mails I receive, the e-mails, the phone enquiries! The people who knock on my door, they contact me every day," he said. "There are so many people from here and from abroad. They learn that they have a past. They're looking for information, wanting history and references, looking for relatives. I am involved in it personally everyday. There are stunning examples, so many stories reaching me." Masterpiece: The Little Girl Who Came In From The Cold can first be heard on BBC World Service at 0805GMT/0905BST on Tuesday 2 August 2005 or online at the Masterpiece website for the following 7 days.
You asked: Why is Vancouver the greenest city? The city was described as “Canada’s shining jewel when it comes to recycling.” Vancouver has been ranked the greenest city in the world due to its recycling protocol., a waste management company in the United Kingdom, ranked the world’s greenest cities according to their recycling habits. Why is Vancouver described as one of the greatest greenest cities in the world? Vancouver is one of the greenest cities in the world due to its sterling reputation in environmentalism: it has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions in North America and more than 300 LEED-certified buildings (as reported by the city council’s Green Vancouver initiative). Why is Vancouver a sustainable city? Vancouver is already one of the world’s most sustainable cities, but is now trying to become the “greenest city in the world”. Around 95% of Vancouver’s electricity is supplied by renewable energy (over 90% hydroelectricity, and a modest amount of other renewables). Which city in Canada is the greenest? Victoria is truly Canada’s greenest city. The data and statistics were collected from the latest research published by Statistics Canada and various municipal governments. IT IS IMPORTANT: Is there Mountains in Toronto? What does Vancouver do for the environment? Vancouver is set to bring our community-based greenhouse gas emissions down to 5% below 1990 levels, even as our population has grown by over 27% and jobs have increased by over 18%. Vancouver’s electricity is generated in British Columbia—93% of it from renewable sources. Is Vancouver the greenest city? Vancouver has been ranked the greenest city in the world due to its recycling protocol. … The city was described as “Canada’s shining jewel when it comes to recycling” and praised for increasing its recycling rate from 40 per cent to over 60 per cent in just over a decade. What’s the greenest city in the world? The World’s 10 Greenest Cities of 2020 • Vienna, Austria. • Munich, Germany. • Berlin, Germany. • Madrid, Spain. • São Paulo, Brazil. • Manchester, United Kingdom. • Lisbon, Portugal. • Singapore. What is the greenest city in the world 2020? Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada has an ambitious vision—become the world’s greenest city by 2020. How does Vancouver Canada minimize energy usage? Vancouver’s energy supply is currently 31% renewable, with the remaining fossil fuel portion dominated by natural gas for space heat and hot water, and gasoline for personal and light-duty vehicle use. … These two sectors are the focus of the Renewable City Strategy. Is Vancouver greener than Toronto? According to Treepedia, Toronto’s Green View Index is 19.5 per cent. We ranked fifth behind Vancouver (25.9%), Sacramento (23.6%), Geneva (21.4%) and Seattle (20%). We’re greener than cities such as Paris, London and New York. What is the dirtiest city in Canada? Real-time Canada Most polluted city ranking IT IS IMPORTANT: How did Canada become a nation? # city US AQI 1 Wabasca-Desmarais, Alberta 137 2 Okotoks, Alberta 85 3 Crofton, British Columbia 81 4 Port Alberni, British Columbia 80 What is the cleanest city in Canada? Calgary, Canada, is considered to be the cleanest city in the world. Why is Vancouver so clean? Vancouver is green and clean. The climate and the winter rains mean that Vancouver is green year round, and dust and grime just doesn’t build up that much even if you live next to a construction site, but gets washed away. The air is clean, the streets are clean, the beaches are clean. Is Vancouver environmentally friendly? Vancouver has a number of renewable energy and carbon emission targets spanning the century. The first is to reduce the city’s carbon emissions by 33% from 2007 levels. … Those living in Vancouver are making important changes to reduce their carbon emissions even as the city grows socially and economically. How does the city of Vancouver reduce air pollution? How does Vancouver reduce air pollution? … Already, Vancouver averages cleaner air than cities of the same or greater population size. In order to further drive down emissions, Vancouver and greater Canada are targeting the fossil fuel industry and gas-powered vehicles in particular.
Your browser does not support JavaScript! Face Mask This post is also available in: हिन्दी (Hindi) What is a face mask? A mask is a layer of covering which wraps around the wearer’s face enveloping the area between the nose and the chin. Typically, it has been worn to avoid: • Inhalation of microbes and harmful substances present in the air or aerosols such as bacteria, viruses, or toxic gases. • To prevent the exhalation of the microbes from the mouth of the infected person to others. Simply put, it is a barrier to prevent the exchange of harmful substances, such as bacteria, viruses, or even harmful toxins present in the air. What are the different types of face masks? Face masks come in a variety of sizes and shapes with different features. For a person from a non-medical background, it gets challenging to understand the use of different masks and when to use it. The most common and easy differentiation of the masks could be to split them into two categories: Surgical Face Mask As the name suggests, these are used during surgery to prevent the exchange of the particles to and from the wearer. It comes in a rectangular design, which includes folds to spread the mask from the nose to the chin. Some points worth noting regarding the surgical masks are: Layers: It is usually three-layered (three-ply). Fastening band: It can be fastened either behind the head or with ear loops. It is a loosely fitted mask that doesn’t provide complete coverage of the face and mainly covers the nose and the mouth. Particulate protection: These masks aren’t highly efficient in protection against airborne particulates, including viruses and bacteria, unlike respirators, which is made for this purpose. Single use: It is highly recommended to dispose-off these masks after a single use or as soon as it catches moisture as they are specifically meant to be used only once. Respirators are full-face covering devices, which prevent the wearer from inhaling particulate matter, including micro-organisms, which could cause hazardous outcomes. It has a variety of types that are used depending on the purpose. They can be used to provide respiratory protection from particles in industries, in the medical field, or for daily protection from pollution. One type of respirator that is most commonly used is an N95, N99, or an N100 respirator, which is certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Typical characteristics: Shape: It is oval in shape, consisting of a metal band to be pressed against the nose to ensure complete coverage. Fastening band: They can be fastened using a head strap or an ear loop. Particulate protection: They are usually provided with PM2.5 protection, meaning they can filter out any particulate matter(PM) with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or above. Safety level: The rating N95 defines its resistance to the prevention of 95% particles from entering the mask, including bacteria and viruses. Similarly, an N99 rated mask prevents 99% of particles, and an N100 mask prevents 99.7% of particles. Number of layers: it contains 4 to 5 layers of protection, including the inside and outside layers.It can be uncomfortable to wear them for long durations. Valve for breathing out: Sometimes these masks can be very stuffy due to many layers and are provided with valves for exhalation, which prevent the deposit of moisture in the mask and make it feel less hot inside. Different countries have different terms to denote masks that fall under the same category and provide the same level of protection. For example: An N95 mask can also be referred to as a KF94 under South Korean norms or as a KN95 under Chinese regulations or also as PPF2 under European rules, but they are all essentially in the same category of 95% protection against particles. know more… When does it come into use? A mask can be used to serve its purpose of creating a barrier between the face and the environment. Each mask has a separate purpose which it can fulfill. Surgical face mask- Uses • Basic protection against discharge from the nose or the mouth. • Most commonly used in an Operation Theatre during surgeries by the medical staff. • In case of flu or cold to prevent it from spreading to other people. • People also use it in South East Asian countries for protection against pollution, although it might not be very effective. Respirator- Uses • Highly efficient against environmental pollution and hazardous vapors or fumes. • Effective in filtration against viruses and bacteria. • Most commonly used in the industries for protection against fine particles of dust that can cause breathing issues or lung infections. • Front line health workers are recommended to use this mask to protect themselves against the virus in the current epidemic situation. • Some of the people in the general public also use it for protection amidst the current Covid-19 situation. But its use for the general population has not been recommended by the global health authorities contemplating its shortage for medical staff. As N95 or N99 can only protect against dry particulates or aerosols, other masks come in handy when being used against oily particles and are referred to as R95 or R99(oil resistant) and P95 or P99(oil proof). know more… What are the components of a face mask, and how are they made? A face mask can be made out of various components, and its protection depends on the material being used in manufacturing its layers. Different masks consist of different materials. Surgical Face Mask A surgical mask is usually a three-layered mask (three-ply), which consists of two layers of non-woven fabric with a layer of polypropylene fabric in the middle. The reason to use non-woven fabric is, it is less slippery when layered with a woven fabric and has better air permeability and bacterial resistance. The process involved in manufacturing is: • Spun bound process is used to manufacture a 20gsm(thickness) mask. Polypropylene is extruded in a web form onto a conveyer which bond together as they cool. • A 25gsm mask involves the use of a melt-blown fabric, which is extruded from many tiny nozzles using a die onto a conveyer and then blown with hot air, which converts them to small fibers and they bond as they cool down. • Two layers of non-woven fabric is ultrasonically welded with the polypropylene layer. The machine then sticks the ear loop and presses to form the pleats and the nose strip. • Non-woven fabric is cheaper and is disposable, which leads to its extended use. • All masks are sterilized before being sent out of the factory. N95 Face mask or Respirator A respirator or an N95 mask is different from a surgical mask and consists of 4 to 5 layers, which make it considerably more efficient against bacteria, viruses, and other particles. The outer and inner layers are non-woven fabric for protection against the outside and the wearer’s exhalation on the inside. Other layers in a mask can include carbon sheet, other PM2.5 resistant materials, or melt-blown fabrics. Carbon filters the microbial particles and also helps in neutralizing the odor. The process is listed below. • The masks are passed through a hot roller or a press which forms and helps retain the original cup shape. • Layers of fabric are then woven together and stitched on top of the original layer. • A nose clip is attached after cutting the mask to the desired shape and joining them together. • If the mask contains a valve, holes are cut out, and the valve is fixed on the mask. • Final process includes printing the name or certification and attaching the ear loops before it is sterilized and sent to consumers. These masks are sometimes reusable and washable. Many manufacturers produce masks with the option of changing the filtration layers inside the mask and also provide additional filtration layers to do so. know more… How does it work? There is not a big secret to how these masks work or how they help in preventing the spread of diseases. Surgical Face mask A surgical mask does what it’s meant to do by creating a barrier between the wearer’s face and the environment. • The layers catch the droplets or other particles and prevent them from reaching the wearer. • It also prevents any droplets from reaching the environment and causing contamination to other people. N95 Face mask or Respirator A respirator also functions in a similar way by providing a barrier but is much more efficient. • Multiple layers of fabric ensure protection to a much better extent compared to a surgical mask. • Its extreme resistance to small particles prevents any sort of contaminants from entering the mask and the wearer. • The multiple layers also ensure no micro-organisms or any particles, including aerosol or droplets of sneeze or cough, leave the mask in case the wearer is infected, thus protecting the outside environment from contamination as well. • For the layers to prevent the particles and allow air to pass through, the layers contain a charge opposite to the particles, which causes the particles to stick to the layers. • Most respirators are provided with a valve, which makes an easy path for exhaled air to travel, thus providing less resistance and less heat inside the mask. know more… How to use a mask? Wearing a mask involves some simple steps which if not followed properly,can lead to harm rather than protection. These necessary steps are listed below. • Hand sanitization before wearing the mask: One of the most important steps which need to be taken care of is to wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol sanitizer. This is of utmost importance before handling a mask. • Inspection of the mask: Once washed and dry, the mask should be inspected for any sort of damage or holes. If any contaminants are present or if it’s dirty, it is advised to discard the mask safely in a closed bin. • Wearing the mask: Once it’s ensured that there is no damage, the mask should be placed on the face covering the nose and the mouth and should be fastened either with the headband or an ear loop, whichever is provided. • Fixing the mask: In case of a respirator, it is necessary to make sure that the mask sits completely airtight on the face to prevent any leakage as it would otherwise defeat the purpose. If it is a surgical mask, open up the folds to cover the complete area between the nose and the chin. • Cleaning hands again: Once the mask is in place, the hands need to be rewashed with soap and water or rubbed with an alcohol sanitizer. • No tampering of the mask: Once in place, it’s suggested not to tamper with the mask in any way until it needs to be removed. • Removing the mask: While removing the mask, make sure not to touch the front of the mask and use the headband or ear loops to remove it. • Again, once removed, clean hands by washing them with soap and water or an alcohol sanitizer as the mask might be contaminated due to use. 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SyncML SyncML ( Synchronization Markup Language ) is a platform- independent standard for data synchronization between computers. With the data it can be any information, mostly PIM data such as addresses, calendar entries or e- mail messages. A special form of SyncML, SyncML -DM ( for SyncML Device Management), the remote maintenance functions for mobile devices defined, so a server can manage configurations and software updates. SyncML is description language and protocol agreement in one. The syntax is based on XML. Platform independence To enable data synchronization between different terminals on hardware and system boundaries, regardless of the manufacturer of the components used, SyncML is designed as a non-proprietary open standard. It is set to any network architecture. This make for example a possible synchronization via the Internet, mobile network or between two directly connected devices (TCP / IP, WSP or obex ). Any device with a client SyncML -compliant can synchronize data with a SyncML -enabled server, regardless of operating system and manufacturer. Typical devices between which data can be compared, are PCs, mobile phones and handheld computers. The protocol was designed at the initiative of leading mobile device and computer manufacturers who have joined forces to SyncML consortium in early 2000. The consortium, which is now located under the umbrella of the Open Mobile Alliance, consists of about 200 companies, including Nokia, HP Palm, IBM, Motorola, Samsung, Ericsson, Symbian and Lotus. Microsoft is not among them, for his Pocket PC but there are SyncML third-party clients. Data synchronization Data synchronization is basically the process by which two different devices (whether, for example, mobile phones, handhelds and laptops or PCs) to align data to each other. It is recognized here, what device has what data, and also checks whether the respective other terminal will have this data in addition to his own. For the case that both devices have the same data content, but in different versions ( for example, when an address is changed on one side) can be defined, which change is maintained. SyncML messages exchange client from a server data for synchronization. Typically, the client always initiates the start of a synchronization. Only a future version 1.3 should enable a real push from server to client. SyncML messages are similar in structure to any e - mail messages. There is one head with receiver and transmitter information and for the server synchronization unique IDs. The head follow the synchronization commands for adding, deleting and replacing data. Alice and Bob each have a mobile phone and are employed as a sales representative from the same company. This company manages all customer data centrally on a server. Alice learns to know a customer, Dave, and stores the telephone number and name in their phone off. The mobile phone from Alice automatically forwarded to the new entry to the central company server, which now saves the new contact center. Now the server sends to the mobile phone of Bob the entry immediately after the mobile phone of Alice has given the entry known to the server. The server thus synchronizes the data content between Alice and Bob. This also works with more than two participants. Changes of the number of Dave, this is changed from Alice on her mobile phone and changed when synchronizing on the central company server, and then pass on the device by Bob at subsequent synchronizations. From the functioning of SyncML some problems: • Where the central server really know 100% what contact he has to update when Alice changes the number of a contact on their mobile phone? • How can the server be sure that a change has taken place? That is, the data to be compared? • What happens when Alice and Bob in a short time a change is made to the phone number of Dave? Whose number is considered to be the "right" and is synchronized among all the other employees? • What should happen when a new employee enters various private numbers in his phone - this should really be uploaded to the central server and thus be available to all other accessible? • In summary: Whose data is synchronized when and between whom? In order to solve these problems, there are some advanced concepts for the synchronization process. The following concepts need to be implemented for the purpose of functional data synchronization: • ID handling: Used to uniquely identify a record ( for example contact entry ). This is a unique ID ( identification data - usually a number) realized. Thus, servers and devices ( mobile phones and so on ) recognize whether it is on two devices is the same when, for example, two contacts, or not. • Change detection: As when a record is considered to be changed? Is it sufficient, for example if the first name is spelled differently, or even the whole phone number must be a new one? This defines the change detection, which usually also with a timestamp (exact date - date including time) is working to define the date of modification. • Modification exchange: How will a change is made? To be deleted, replaced or rebuilt? All of this is defined herein. • Conflict detection: This approach handles the detection of the cases described above, such as simultaneous changing various data or about whose data is to be synchronized. • Conflict resolution: This will be decided how the identified above conflict to be solved using the principle " first come, first served ", or " The Last wins " - ie: Whose record should serve as a reference for the update. • Slow and fast synchronization: If only the data are compared that have changed since the last full synchronization process, or all? This is just an overview of the concepts - he was given only for the sake of completeness. With SyncML devices obtain a uniform exchange protocol. This works independently from the type of device and the means of transmission: So so different device classes such as PDAs, handhelds, mobile phones, cameras and PCs can exchange data with the synchronization protocol SyncML support established protocols such as HTTP, WSP (Wireless Session Protocol, part of the WAP protocol ) and OBEX Bluetooth and IrDA connection. The following diagram is intended to represent the synchronization process between a server and a client schematically. It is clearly seen that both server and client via a SyncML interface ( Interface) feature that enable smooth data exchange. The SyncML converted data will be transmitted via any protocol from server to client and vice versa - this can both HTTP ( TCP / IP), and WSP (WAP ) or OBEX be (Bluetooth, infrared). The Sync Client Agent initiates a synchronization process cost based on the SyncML protocol and manages the transfer operations on the client side. On the opposite side of the client, the Sync Server Agent waits for a synchronization request. The Sync Engine takes you through an analysis and checks which data needs to be changed. These opens and modifies databases, responds to changes in schedule or updates an e -mail program folder. On the client side, which basically means the end user side - and thus the mobile part - dominated SyncML data types, such as occur in e- mail, calendar, address books and documents. At the same SyncML is so flexible that new formats can be integrated without much effort. Specifically, the protocol does the following: • It allows data communication over wired networks, wireless networks, infrared connections. • It supports a variety of transport protocols and data formats. • It allows access to data from many different devices. • It takes into account the limited resources of mobile systems with respect to memory and processing power. • It relies on proven network technologies. • It supports those synchronization functions rely on the maximum number of systems. In practice, SyncML (OMA DS) has now become established as a standard for the comparison of calendar, contacts and other PIM data, in practice, there are still challenges: • Unlike IMAP implementations for e-mail support so far relatively few desktop applications SyncML. Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird for example, require additional plug-ins to synchronize calendar and contact in this way with a server. From current mobile devices, most mobile phones support this standard on smartphones with Android operating systems, Windows Mobile, Blackberry or Apple iOS it must be upgraded by additional application. • Existing server and client programs, in particular different developers communicate do not always work together, which is partly due to immature implementations. Thus, the synchronization does not work in some situations, only after extensive configuration or faulty ( it is among other things to the formation duplicates ). There are now solutions that dominate the smart data comparison with duplicate and conflict resolution and remove most of the work for the user. • In Germany meanwhile put all the major wireless carriers and Internet service providers to services for data backup and adjustment- based on SyncML, especially T -Mobile with MyPhonebook, Vodafone My Address, o2 with the Communication Center, Mobilcom with the MSYNC service, or T-Home ( T-Online) with the Data Sync service. In other countries, such services are already established, such as the A1 address at Mobilkom Austria or orange address in Austria, as well as online messaging Address Book synchronization with o2 Ireland.
\| \| \| History of Bible Translations Up to 1939 R. Kilgour [1867-1942], The Bible Throughout the World. A Survey of Scripture TranslationsKilgour’s history of Bible translation was written to serve as a record of what had been achieved by the beginning of World War II. It also indicated which people-groups were still waiting for a Bible in their own language. The volume contains numerous illustrative maps, which I have included in greyscale. My thanks to Redcliffe College for providing me with a copy of the book to scan. R. Kilgour [1867-1942], The Bible Throughout the World. A Survey of Scripture Translations. London: World Dominion Press, 1939. Hbk. pp.208. [Download complete book in PDF] 1. Early Versions of Scripture 2. The Bible Throughout Europe 3. The Bible Throughout Africa 4. The Bible Throughout Asia 5. The Bible Throughout America 6. The Bible Throughout the Pacific Islands 7. The Unfinished Task 1. Europe, Asia Minor, etc. 2. Northern Africa 3. Central and Southern Africa 4. India and Burma 5. Eastern Asia 6. North and Central America 7. South America 8. Australia, etc. 9. East Indian Archipelago This book has been prepared for the practical purpose of supplying information on the extent of Scripture translation, recording briefly what has been done, and, by inference, suggesting what remains to be accomplished. It does not necessarily follow, however, that Bible translation is needed for all the spaces unmarked on the language maps. Some are sparsely populated. In others there are often tribes speaking or. understanding some of the neighbouring languages or dialects in which Scriptures already exist. It has been estimated that, if they were able to read, at least nine-tenths of mankind are now supplied with some portion of God’s Word in a tongue they could understand. This record could not have been compiled without the information so fully and reliably collected by my former colleagues, the late Rev. T. H. Darlow and Dr. H. F. Moule, in the Historical Catalogue of Printed Bibles issued in 1911 and now out of print. The accuracy and scholarship of this work become increasingly impressive the more one uses it. It gives details, not only of the books then in the Bible House Library, but of any others known to have been printed by any organization, a system also followed in this survey. [Continue reading] Similar Posts
Print this page 30 September 2015 Next-generation magnet One of the best tools for testing new materials for the next generation of research magnets is a MagLab magnet. Who is the scientist? Hitoshi Kitaguchi is the unit director of superconducting wires at the National institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan. He specializes in studying superconducting materials and superconducting wires. What is he putting in the magnet? Short answer: A future magnet. Longer answer: Kitaguchi put tiny pieces of bismuth 2223, fabricated by a collaborator in Japan, in a 31 tesla magnet at the MagLab’s DC Field Facility. Bi-2223 is a high-temperature superconductor, meaning it is able to carry a superconducting current at relatively high temperatures. Most superconducting magnets in operation today are made of so-called “low-temperature” superconducting materials like niobium-titanium and niobium-tin, which reach a superconducting state only in extremely frigid environments that are costly to create. Why do I care? Although they are both used as research tools in places like the MagLab, superconducting magnets have a big advantage over their resistive magnet cousins: They cost a lot less money to operate because they don’t require the vast amount of electricity that resistive magnets do. That’s why engineers and scientists have been working hard to discover and develop superconducting materials that will work in very high-field magnets. They are particularly focused on high-temperature superconductors (which can reach higher fields than low-temperature superconductors and would be cheaper to operate) such as yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), bismuth 2212, and the material Kitaguchi was testing, Bi-2223. Because engineers want to use Bi-2223 to make new high-field superconducting magnets, they need to test the material inside an existing high magnetic field to see how it performs. Kitaguchi studies how to increase the amount of current the material can carry — and how large a field it can therefore generate — by tweaking its texture. Kitaguchi brought several samples of Bi-2223 in tape form to test at the MagLab. He positioned the samples inside the magnetic field at different angles and ran a current through them. He used liquid helium to keep the wires very cold during his experiments, looking to confirm the homogeneity of his samples and the reproducibility of product. Last modified on 30 September 2015
Yellow Electrical Tape Yellow Electrical Tape Yellow electrical tape is an adhesive tape with a flexible PVC and rubber basis for electrical applications. Ideal for wire repairs, cable branding or bundling, sealing, and strengthening, among other uses. It is rated at a maximum operating voltage of 600V and an operating temperature of 80°C continuously. The electrical tape should have CSA and UL safety and performance certifications. Made from plasticized PVC that self-extinguishes is flame retardant. What is Yellow electrical tape used for? • Conformable tape insulates and seals high voltage cables quickly and easily. • Splicing and insulation tape is made of a high-temperature, high-strength glass fabric. • All-weather vinyl tape is of the highest quality for splicing and insulating. • Electrical phases, circuits, and leads are color-coded to facilitate identification. • Tape with an extremely high melting point. For use with mining equipment, transformer leads, and motor controllers. • Instantaneously fuses—corrosion and weathering resistance. • Splicing tape is made of premium-grade all-weather vinyl. • Insulating, splicing, and moisture sealing at extremely high voltages. Rubber tape that conforms without a lining. • Affordably priced, all-purpose indoor tape. • Insulating tape for indoor and outdoor use. • Self-adhesive. Ensure that motor leads and cable connectors are properly sealed and insulated. Does electrical tape stop electricity? When used appropriately, the electrical tape should act as an insulator, preventing any electrical current travelling through the wires from being transferred to humans or other components that may come into touch with them. As such, insulating tape that has been correctly rated and applied should not carry electricity. What is the difference between electrical tape and normal tape? While regular tape may provide slightly more protection against exposed wires than nothing at all, it is NOT an electrically insulating material. It is therefore completely inappropriate for providing adequate protection against live current. If exposed to significant heat, normal tape becomes flammable. Compared to other speciality electrical tapes, the standard tape is not exceptionally durable and degrades very quickly under unfavourable conditions. Electrical tape is often comprised of a stretchable vinyl/PVC substance that provides increased resistance to current. While all tapes will ultimately move or degrade in extreme settings, appropriate electrical insulating tape from a reputed brand typically performs far better over time against bad weather conditions, shifting temperatures, moisture infiltration, and chemical corrosion. What Alternatives Are There to Yellow Electrical Tape? Numerous alternatives to electrical tape are available, with the most prominent being white heat shrink tubing and wire connections, often known as wire nuts. Wire connectors are merely threaded insulated covers.
I recently found this answer about the diffusion equation (nice one actually), but have one doubt about the temperature dependence of this formula. If the "packet" of energy (terminology suggested here) is 6 degrees Celsius (i.e., temperature increase over time from 3 degrees C to 9 degrees Celsius), how much time would take to transport that temperature increase in a distance of 270 m? I assume that it will take more time for that temperature to reach that depth (compared to a lower temperature). This "packet" of heat will be transported in material of thermal diffusivity of 10^-6 m2/s. Any hints are appreciated, thanks in advance, PS. This is not homework, it's part of a paper I'm reading (basically Fig. 1b), here the link: http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/methane-hydrates-and-contemporary-climate-change-24314790 • $\begingroup$ @Danu well, it's not howework, it's part of a paper I'm reading and don't understand, that's why I'm asking here to get some support. I reword that phrase, so you can understand it. $\endgroup$ – Gery Sep 27 '14 at 10:52 • $\begingroup$ Temperature has nothing to do with energy. Heat is a well defined quantity even far from equilibrium, when temperature can not even be defined. Your question is using the wrong terminology and it is meaningless as asked, because heat flow problems depend on the boundary conditions. One can easily make steady state systems where two sides of e.g. a block of material are at vastly different temperatures, but the temperature distribution itself is stationary (even though plenty of heat flows from one end to the other). In that case the answer to your question would be "infinity". $\endgroup$ – CuriousOne Sep 27 '14 at 15:51 • $\begingroup$ @CuriousOne thanks for your answer, I had the same impression, though. Since this problem is in shallow marine sediments of the deep ocean, heat flow varies from 30 mW/m2 to 50 mW/m2 from 0 to 250 m of sediment. Would that help to get a rough estimate of how long time would be needed to heat up the sediment by 6 degrees C up to 250 m? $\endgroup$ – Gery Sep 27 '14 at 15:58 • $\begingroup$ Heat flow depends on temperature differences and, in case of sediments, we are certainly talking about inhomogeneous materials, in which the depth dependent thermal constants need to be established in detail experimentally. I will leave the estimation of these things to the folks who have done years of research on marine sediments and the thermal environment they were exposed to. For the purposes of climatology rough estimates are completely useless, anyway. Either someone does it right, or they may as well stay silent about it. $\endgroup$ – CuriousOne Sep 27 '14 at 16:05 • $\begingroup$ The scaling argument that you found is pretty good for linear diffusion (of heat, mass, whatever). Unless the properties of the system change (nonlinear) the propagation rate doesn't actually depend on the magnitude. For a change $\Delta T$, it will take the same time for a remote location to reach a certain fraction of that change. It's all relative. This reference is nice: web.ornl.gov/sci/diffusion/Theory/… $\endgroup$ Sep 28 '14 at 5:51 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
respond to classmate add comments or opinion to these posts: 1- Humanitarian supply chain is supposed to ensure they have launched a variety of services directed towards a certain incident having a wide form of scope. Improved response was initiated immediately after the impact of the world trade attack. An assumption was made that formulation of an industry team will focus on best practices and in turn give an effective cum efficient response to major disasters. The meeting conducted comprised of an NGO and several corporations however discovered that the industry alone was in-capable of handling the disaster (Jon 2013, p.13). Positive effects The aim of the response team was to offer services that fit the disaster spanning a wide area and provide quick response to the needs of people in a disaster to help save their lives. The team meant to provide supplies such as food, shelter and clothing in order to satisfy the temporary needs of those facing the calamity. It found a way of formulating a communication system to aid in information sharing. For ease functionality and effective support, the response team maintained a consistent communication with their control center. They also gave major response and aid organizations for backup if need arises ((Jon 2013, p.15)). ARC’s disaster system looks for several volunteers with technical and professional training on various rescue techniques whom it will recruit as part of its support team. In times of strong hurricanes or on periods with high disaster chances, ARC’s support cum response team is active and ever ready to respond and act to help individuals facing any form of calamity. Jon S. (2013): Transportation’s Roles in Disaster Response; 11-17 2-Exploring the Vulnerabilities One of the issues that Menzies & Helferich (2013) cover in their paper is the vulnerabilities that force relief companies to redesign their process and continuously improve. Among the vulnerabilities mentioned includes funding, which has the potential to hinder swift humanitarian assistance. According to the researchers, funding flows often lead to delays in speed, effectiveness, efficiency, and speed of disaster response. Therefore, humanitarian organizations should develop models that take into consideration the difficulties brought about by funding difficulties. Situational complexity is another challenge that Menzies & Helferich (2013) discuss, which includes the magnitude of events, levels of threat to life, impact of disasters on infrastructure, stage of event, and communication difficulties. A lack of sufficient resources leads to ineffective assessment of needs, reduced ability to source materials and resources, and above all, inefficiency in search, rescue, recovery, and survival operations. Environmental pressures after a major disaster is another issue that is addressed in the article. Disasters pose a need for urgency in providing immediate, high-priority needs such as search and rescue, basic survival needs, medical treatment, triage, as well as supply of food and water. When disaster close different geographical boundaries such as Hurricane Katrina, it becomes harder to manage the vulnerabilities. All in all, a coordination between governments, NGOs, businesses, and the public is required to ensure improved management of vulnerabilities. Menzies III, J. T. J., & Helferich, O. K. (2013). Humanitarian Relief and Broken Supply Chains: Advancing Logistics Performance. TR News, (287).
Excessive blood-potassium ratio A high potassium-level in the blood can be caused by the following things: • an excessive retention of potassium through the digestive track • raised production of the additional thyroid gland • aggressive tumors that affect the bone structure • excessive production of the thyroid gland • vitamins A and D poisoning (when highly dosed, vitamin D can cause bones to dissolve and potassium to be usurped in high doses through the colon A highly aggravated blood-potassium ratio can cause defects concerning the bone structure, heart conditions, shock, kidney failure and even death. It might be that bone- and heart failures are not immediately noticeable, when the Iguana goes in to renal failure or shock, death is almost certain. The best way to avoid al these conditions is to be very careful when administering potassium and liquid vitamin D. The best and safest way to supply the Iguana with sufficient vitamin D is to expose the Iguana to direct or artificial UVB light. Direct means there are not supposed to be any glass or plexi windows between the source of the light and the Iguana. There does exist a kind of plexi that lets the UVB rays filter through. Potassium intake needs to be carefully watched and never to be overdosed. Author: Evert Henningheim Source: Dr. Marja Kik, veterinarian for reptiles
The appeal that is ethical the writer’s own credibility and character in order to make their situation and gain approval with their argument. Rhetoricians utilize on their own and their place as an “expert” or as a person that is“good to provide their argument existence and value. A regular exemplory case of it is a minister, rabbi, priest, or shaman—individuals who will be followed simply because they established on their own as ethical authorities. Authors ethos that is using appeal) could use step-by-step statistics and a variety of papers to ascertain their authority and knowledge about the subject. · What strategies were utilized to build up tips? (description, narration, process analysis , assess, cause and impact, etc.)· How may be the text organized, and exactly why do you think the writer opted for this specific pattern that is organizational? Will there be a specific format that is utilized? Decide to try artistic rhetorical analysis essay examples as well · how come you imagine the writer included or omitted specific information? · What kinds of proof did the writer include to aid his/her standpoint, and just how had been that proof utilized? Step two: determine which appeals and methods you will consider in your paper. Show up with relevant rhetorical analysis subjects. A author might make use of numerous appeals and methods, many are far more crucial than the others in attaining the writer’s function. Which means you have to be selective; select those who you imagine will be the most significant (or best) and write on them within you paragraphs utilizing appropriate rhetorical analysis methods. Follow this Rhetorical Research Outline a. What’s the reason for the Rhetorical Analysis (RA) project? b. Why/how do writers make use of rhetorical writing methods to attain their purpose? Supply a general/brief description for this. c. Introduce the document you might be analyzing: 1- What is the complete title associated with document? 2- whom could be the author?3- Under exactly just what circumstances ended up being the document written? (You’ve probably to imagine in line with the content additionally the function.) 4- whenever had been it written? 5- whom had been the audience that is intended? Describe the discourse community the document ended up being written for. 6- What is the purpose that is author’s producing this written piece? Exactly exactly What did he/she like to attain? Just just just What do the author is thought by you desired your reader to believe or do after looking over this document? (to share with, to persuade, etc.) d. Preview Statement: Indicate the rhetorical strategies you shall talk about when you look at the sleep of this RA. Methods consist of style, tone, usage of rhetorical appeals (ethos, pathos, or logos), company (narration, description, exemplification, analysis of effect and cause, contrast, comparison, etc.), transitions/flow, presentation/format (glance at p. 16 of the Course Reader, “Framework for Analyzing Genres and Rhetorical Strategies/rhetorical analysis devices.”) II. ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL TECHNIQUES (information on the techniques mentioned in “d” above) You will definitely start each paragraph with an interest phrase, as well as the paragraph may have a focus that is unified. You need to compose one paragraph for each for the rhetorical techniques you pointed out within the introduction. This is how you need to build your paragraphs: a. Determine the rhetorical strategy you shall be talking about for the reason that paragraph. (it is possible to quote or paraphrase from your own program readings) b. Quote or paraphrase examples that are 2-3 the document that illustrate the application of the strategy. Start thinking about other rhetorical analysis essay subjects too. c. Explain just just how or why the examples illustrate the strategy and just how it contributed into the purpose that is author’s. This can define your success in your illustration of rhetorical analysis essay ethos that is using and logos. a. Summarize quickly the key points for the analysis b. Give an explanation for need for your analysis as you consider the next: 1. just What conclusions could you draw concerning the role in general of rhetorical techniques in creating clear communication through writing? 2. exactly exactly What methods had been effective for the author’s meant market and purpose? Offer examples and explain why. 3. exactly just What modifications would you suggest to your writer to raised achieve his/her purpose? The Paper Assignment can be as follows: 1. Determine the authors’ essay writers purpose for the guide. 2. Explain why you would imagine the writers published this guide? 3. Determine the writers’ some ideas and concepts: create a context for your reader. 4. Explain the authors’ arguments, and their audience. 5. Analyze just how the writers provide their suggestions to your reader. 6. Talk about the importance set up writers utilize effective practices and information to persuade your reader of this credibility of the purpose/argument. Keep in mind that a solitary document or message can use one, two, or all three appeals. Often rhetoricians will combine many methods and literary products to produce a more powerful argument that is persuasive. While you read, research, and learn the 2 historic papers which you have actually selected, concentrate on the author’s appeals and literary products which are the absolute most predominant or interesting, and therefore you can easily explain persuasively. After doing the rhetorical that is actual, you will be prepared to write your comparison-contrast paper.
Introduction Sitemap Trans4mind Home Page Home Article Library Career & Business Skills Creativity Copyrights in Arts: How do Copyrights Play a Major Role in Musician’s Artistic Pursuits? role of copyright Copyrights for Musicians Copyright is an important process for paying an artist and preserving his/her work. An artist will not make money without copyright. Copyright registration in India provides security and stability that allows an artist to create art for a living while they are still trying to create art and are no longer able to do so physically. It is the responsibility of other artists to learn the distinction between inspiration and copyright infringement. Copying someone’s work is not impressive. It’s stealing. When the work of an artist is copied and the artist does not receive compensation it takes food out of that artist’s plate and even affects their families. What worse it does is that it kills a secure environment that is necessary for creativity; it makes it hard to continue creating art. An alternative is Gemtracks, a marketplace that sells beats and instrumentals with the ownership and copyright transferred to the buyer. Each track can only be sold once. For how long does a copyright last? Copyright begins just as soon as you create the music or art and lasts for a lifetime, up to 70 years after your death. Where do you sign an artist's copyright? When made, creative work has copyright protection. So long as you have a way to check the date the work was done and the work is documented in a standardized form, you are safe from being ripped off. You don't have to sign art copyright. What's Abstract Work? Many would say that the research we did in our Oracle series is too abstract and varied to protect creative copyright. Works need not be direct copies of each other to be a copyright infringement, because even such diverse work as our Oracle series can be copied in a way that infringes copyright law. Derivatives, variants, and mutilations are also copyright infringements. A copyright thumb rule is, "Will the reader be misled about authorship?” Maybe you're looking at a copyright violation. Why Copyright is a Hope to Musicians? To artists whose life depends on the creativity rope, the only justice you can receive when someone exploits your art is to bring it to the attention of their peers and clients. The hope and aim are that those who copy and steal artistic pieces of art will see the wrong in their actions to confess and correct their behavior. That's our moral responsibility as artists and if we violate copyright law, there's no safe place to build and we've lost hope. The biggest challenge we have faced with copyright infringement is small-scale artists and studios believing they've "discovered" something new, saying they're unaware of our work. Make no mistake – denying your copyright infringement doesn't make it acceptable. The problem with small studio copyright infringement is especially difficult to address legally as any sum of money invested into a court dispute is unlikely to be recovered, because the studios themselves are in no better financial shape than we are. The easiest and first way to treat a studio that steals our work is to first explain our position and ask them to stop what they're doing. That's always been our front-line strategy. The second step is to publicize offensive acts. This isn't something we love doing, but something that has become increasingly important. Does my copyright extend internationally? Yes, over 170 countries have entered Berne since 1887. The Berne Convention explicitly established many elements of modern copyright law that help you know everything about copyright registration. It introduced the principle that when a work is "locked," copyright occurs, rather than requiring registration. It also allows countries to accept copyrights owned by residents of all other parties to the Convention. Copyright Registration for Music Artists If an artist scrupulously copies work to stealing some of the artist's profits or prestige, it hurts artistic endeavour. Such actions violate the sanctity of one's cultural and creative communities. Why would a businessman buy your work if someone could make a copy? How would a corporation pay for your license if your work is stolen from other artists in your local community? The copyright of the composition is different from that of the sound recording copyright. In general, the sound recording can be considered as the master — the recorded output of the composition. When publishing a newly published piece, the composer will take care to secure the composition's copyright separately from the sound recording copyright. Though unnecessary, registration of published music or recordings has many benefits. Copyright registration grants the right to demand legal costs and statutory damages. Registration will be required before continuing to enforce copyright. There's little to no point recording a composition before it's written. This usually means selling or distributing copies to the public. YouTube will be publishing a new recording or video. Live music performance doesn't publish the album. Although the infringement of copyright is one of the biggest challenges we face, the situation can be motivating. It means that I have to work harder and dig longer, spend hours in the lab. It means that I will fight for my imagination and works that I won't hesitate to do. I do have a life and wife and 2 children who continue to see me, given the push. When artists steal from each other, life is harder for all and the wonderful creative culture, of which I am proud to be a part, is quietly diminished. Let us be our imaginative kind and not take the work of others. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter You'll find good info on many topics using our site search: HomeSitemapEmail Webmaster
What is Freelancing Today? What is Freelancing Today? The word freelancer comes from two different languages. The first part of the word, free, has a Germanic origin and means “ to love”. The latter half, lance, has French origin and means “to throw or discharge with force”. In the middle ages, the freelancers were the soldiers who offered their services to the kings for values. They were mainly such soldiers who had already lost their kings in wars and now felt free to fight for whoever they wanted to. The earliest written evidence of the use of the word ‘freelance’ comes from Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe, in which a lord refers to his paid army of ‘free lances’. When freelance first came into English in the early 1800s, it was used to refer to a medieval mercenary who would fight for whichever nation or person paid them the most. But that’s history. Today, freelance means working for different entities at the same, or different times rather than being permanently employed by one. So freelancing simply means earning one’s living as a freelancer. In other words, to work independently as an individual or company rather than being employed by another. A freelancer is a self-employed person offering services to multiple clients and sometimes working on several projects at a time. With the rise of the gig economy, people want more flexibility and control of what they do and how they do it, and with the rise of the gig economy, people are talking about freelancing more than ever before. While some people prefer to work remotely to have a life and work balance, others may not want a certain level of commitment to any particular company. As a freelancer you get to chose your hours, the work that you do, and even sometimes the clients you work with. You are self-employed when you decide to freelance and there’s a lot more you can do, especially if you have prior experiences doing a variety of works. If you have varied interests, or you are prone to innovation, then there’s a lot to explore in various fields of industries, and you can earn as much as you can bill your clients. This gives you total control of their earning potential as you are not locked into a salary. Freelancing is growing very fast, especially in the United Kingdom, and is proving to be a fast and affordable way to get started working independently from home. It has also proven to be an easy way to connect with providers of micro services, both online and offline. If you offer services in an area that you are experienced in or have acquired some skill over the years, there’s a high probability for you to excel. The choice to either work on a part-time or full-time basis is probably one of the reasons more and more people are choosing freelancing as their new way to work. There no limit to the opportunities. Depending on how hard you work, your ability to promote your services to the clients and maintain a good rating, you can make a full-time income as a freelancer. Another notable advantage of working for yourself is the choice to charge more per hour in your business than you would have been paid by an employer for the same work. Some freelancers chose to work without a middleman between themselves and the client and communicate directly with their clients about the scope of their work, payments, and schedule. These freelancers get paid directly by the client when the job is done. However, the problem with working directly with a client is that most clients will not pay before work being commenced and there’s no guarantee that they will pay the agreed sum at the end of the project. Other freelancers who find work through third-party platforms may forego a tiny percentage of the earning, usually known as the service fee to the website. The benefit of this is that the agreed sum is usually deposited with the platform that holds the money in escrow until both parties meet their obligations.se third parties often take a cut of the pay because they help find work, communicate, and manage payments. Some freelance platforms like Uktal and lexdot use the milestone system of payment. You ate considers self-employed or an independent contractor when you decide to work as a freelancer. However, if you manage to secure a long-term contract with a company, this will result in a steady flow of income as in full-time employment. On the other hand, some freelancers are hired on a part-time basis for a long term. It is worth noting that when you hired by a company as a freelancer, whether for a short term or long term, you will most likely not receive the same compensation as their full-time employees. In the same manner, it is your choice to not have the same level of commitment to any particular company. 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Semantic Relation Classification——via Convolution Neural Network From statwiki Revision as of 14:55, 22 November 2020 by R6gong (talk \| contribs) Jump to: navigation, search After featurizing all words in the sentence. The sentence of length N can be expressed as a vector of length $N$, which looks like $$e=[e_{1},e_{2},\ldots,e_{N}]$$ and each entry represents a token of the word. Also, to apply convolutional neural network, the subsets of features $$e_{i:i+j}=[e_{i},e_{i+1},\ldots,e_{i+j}]$$ is given to a weight matrix $W\in\mathbb{R}^{(d^{w}+2d^{wp})\times k}$ to produce a new feature, defiend as $$c_{i}=tanh(W\cdot e_{i:i+k-1}+bias)$$ This process is applied to all subsets of features with length $k$ starting from the first one. Then a mapped feature factor $$c=[c_{1},c_{2},\ldots,c_{N-k+1}]$$ is produced.\\ \\ The max pooling operation is used, the $\hat{c}=max\{c\}$ was picked. With different weight filter, different mapped feature vectors can be obtained. Finally, the original sentence $e$ can be converted into a new representation $r_{x}$ with a fixed length. For example, if there are 5 filters, then there are 5 features ($\hat{c}$) picked to create $r_{x}$ for each $x$.\\ Then, the score vector $$s(x)=W^{classes}r_{x}$$ is obtained which represented the score for each class, given $x$'s entities' relation will be classified as the one with the highest score. The $W^{classes}$ here is the model being trained.\\ \\ To improve the performance, “Negative Sampling" was used. Given the trained data point $\tilde{x}$, and its correct class $\tilde{y}$. Let $I=Y\setminus\{\tilde{y}\}$ represent the incorrect labels for $x$. Basically, the distance between the correct score and the positive margin, and the negative distance (negative margin plus the second largest score) should be minimized. So the loss function is $$L=log(1+e^{\gamma(m^{+}-s(x)_{y})}+log(1+e^{\gamma(m^{-}-\mathtt{max}_{y'\in I}(s(x)_{y'}))}$$ with margins $m_{+}$, $m_{-}$, and penalty scale factor $\gamma$. The whole training is based on ACL anthology corpus and there are 25,938 papers with 136,772,370 tokens in total, and 49,600 of them are unique.
The UN estimates that there are 86 food deficit nations, 35 nations currently in a food crisis, and 26 water deficient countries. About 39% of our world’s population is not served by any electric grid and 25% are without basic emergency power. Christianity Today reported 25,000 people were estimated to starve to death daily in a November 2008 article on world hunger. One root cause, according to CECON Consultant # 1959, a power plant and infrastructure development expert, is that the agriculture that once produced food for direct human consumption has been industrialized and monopolized globally to now produce animal feed, luxury export crops, and global investment commodities out of both reach and benefit to the poor consumer and the small organic farmer alike. Even record yields don’t feed those who can’t afford their price. And the UN reports 41.5% of the world’s people have $2/day or less in spendable income, who are then squeezed out of the market to buy a subsistence plot of land for their survival. CECON Consultant # 1959 is currently working on technologies in low-cost systems for greenhouse farming and community electric power plants. He proposes eight solutions for dealing with food and energy crises. 1. imageBuild integrated electric power and greenhouse farming systemsfor serving communities and their surrounding small land holders, a specialty of CECON Consultant # 1959. 2. Construct single community electric power plantsbased on the site’s capabilities, free and waste fuels, and the project objectives and budget. 3. Establish community-supported agriculture (CSA)in which the people of a community or village pay farmers (usually organic growers using native seed) in advance or by contract for food they pick up from them weekly during the entire growing season. 4. Enable the community or village to purchase local land for a greenhouse farmwith additional plots if desired for lease or rental of equal shares to local consumers and growers. 5. Get prospective local small growers together to jointly purchase an agricultural tract,splitting its ownership at closing and possibly retaining equal shares ownership on some common ground for a greenhouse farm. 1. image2Pressure politicians to stop any cash subsidies to all farms over 20 acres in size, and focus on subsidizing say a 10-acre plot/family for down-payments and/or producing strategic crops for local direct human consumption. Class action law suits might speed up this particular solution as well as others. 1. Pass a family homesteading law to distribute a percentage (say 25%) of all federal and state owned conservation lands(such as Forest Service & BLM land in the US) to be completed in say a 2 year time maximum. 1. Require mandatory redistribution of all corporate farm holdings of 100 acres or larger in 10-acre parcels/family within 1 year. Similarly, Franklin D. Roosevelt required that insurance companies dispose of their acquired agricultural lands quickly in the period just following the great depression of the 1930s. Experts report that producing the world’s human food requirements will use an amazingly small amount of land if greenhouse farming methods like theirs are applied. Based on their one-acre planned food & energy demonstration model, a 9,486 square mile area irrigated in greenhouse farming under moderately intensive organic farm management will provide adequate fish, fruit, & vegetable protein and nutrition for 6.5 billion people. That area would occupy a square plot 97.4 miles on a side, being 16.86% of the state of Iowa’s size, or 1.4% of the United State’s cropland area of 420 million acres. This area would equal seven global square plots measuring 36.81 miles on a side. image3Consultant # 1959 also says that the free fuels of hydroelectric power, solar thermal, and waste utilization can provide the world’s grid-less areas with very affordable electric power without the requiring high tech solutions and equipment. 2,366.4 square miles of land (a square 48.65 miles on a side) could produce 3.029 billion gallons of ethanol transportation fuel per year for 302.9 billion transportation miles using a modern steam car version of the Stanley Steamer automobile (1897-1924). Allard Research & Development is working on a 100 gal/hour community ethanol plant that could pay for itself in less than two years at a capital investment of $150,000 (US). The challenge is to implement these solutions and safeguards to our freedoms from underneath the special interest alliances already in place. Dr. Vallianatos, in his book This Land is Their Land, reports these hidden self-serving corrupt alliances of land grant agricultural universities, federal governmental agencies, and their big corporate (sometimes multinational) supporters. If the present trend continues unchecked, it is possible that two dozen companies could control most of the planet’s food and energy resources very soon. Some individuals are undoubtedly already thinking about how to legally implement technology and equipment exchanges discreetly to secure their families and communities or villages. Note: The opinions contained in this article are those of the author, CECON Consultant # 1959, and do not reflect an official position of CECON. The ingenuity, hands-on experience, and technical expertise of its consultants is what keeps CECON thriving. Since 1985, The CECON Group has been placing experts in over 200 scientific disciplines. CECON consultants include Agricultural technology consultants, energy experts, bio-technology consultants, food science consultants, and engineering experts.
Oraciones con la palabra "infer" Infer en una oración (en ingles) 1. We can actually infer it. 2. Any student could infer where it. 3. What might a woman infer about herself. 4. Accordingly, they also directly infer the. 5. We even have everyday expressions that infer. 6. Then you would infer that opinion is intermediate? 7. So how can one judge infer that placing a symbol on. 8. It was reasonable to infer that both McLeod’s voice and. 9. Bentley was quiet a moment, and Rochelle could readily infer. 10. There are therefore many reasons to infer that there are low-. 11. Hence, one can infer and extrapolate the function of spiritual-. 12. Of course, as you can infer, if you build muscle and then leave it. 13. We can also confidently infer that they viewed them as a significant. 14. Then, pray tell me what it is that you can infer from this hat? 15. As we do not find this new phraseology in the Bible, we infer that the. 16. The objective of this project was to infer about the genetic diversity of. 17. God, and Spirit of Life and all that they represent, infer, and are related to. 18. This is based on the symbolism of strength and might to infer spiritual power. 19. Some will argue that The Apocalypse does infer that the messiah has both seven stars. 20. Of course, as you can infer, if you build muscle and then leave it alone, over time, the. 21. Rami did not have even a picture of her in the house from which I could infer what to expect. 22. They might argue that a day trader can hold positions overnight, whereas I infer that he can’t. 23. It is from other scriptures that we infer that thus it will be with the Great Enemy of God and man. 24. Famine–Since eating and strength refer to ingesting knowledge and wisdom, this would infer those. 25. Tongue–Refers both to the manner and character of speech, just as eyes, ears, and sight infer the. 26. Often, by deducing the intention behind a person’s action, we can easily infer a person’s character. 27. This way, other nations could not infer from lack of openness which launches contained classified payloads. 29. But what would she infer finding him here tomorrow? I’ll tell her not to turn up for the next three days. 30. Apostles of the Lamb is incorrect, since they are trying to infer Jesus' twelve apostles and that is a. 31. To infer that our success with the outdoor divisions is a failure indicates a lack of confidence in all of us. 33. Many times, you can infer the motivation of managers by the number of large social or charity events they attend. 34. If the prices in the marketplace do not seem to be consistent with this relationship, what might a trader infer? 36. That this is probable, we may infer from a similar procedure on the part of several species of testaceous mollusca. 38. As we do not find this new phraseology in the Bible, we infer that the doctrine it was introduced to teach is not there. 40. We can infer that the Creator’s intentions are often not the same as ours, and the Creator’s ways are often not our ways. 41. So how did we all come to meet you might wonder? Well, Bob and Max already knew each other; that part is fairly simple to infer. 44. There are no reasonable data from which to infer that one hundred millions of our property could at any one time have fallen a prey. 45. From these series we can also infer estimates of the bond risk premium over bills (BRP) and the equity risk premium over bonds (ERP). 47. She also wore a silver coronet, with a single white jewel embedded in the band where it rested on her forehead; Orphenn came to infer. 48. The utter silence of the scripture intimation any manner to immortality of the unsaved, should send us to infer they will have no part in it. 49. Convention holds that after you have 25 years or more of data, you can safely infer how the factor with those data will perform in the future. 52. It was fair to infer from that arrangement, that the commerce was deemed by the British Government lawful, and that it would not be again disturbed. 53. For a funny illustration, you are reading a glowing letter of recommendation for a job candidate you are about to hire—and infer a very strong message. 54. One skill that is often overlooked in chart reading is the ability to look at a bar on a chart and to infer what price action might have created that bar. 57. And I do believe that you are not convinced--this I infer from your general character, for had I judged only from your speeches I should have mistrusted you. 58. He believed that it was best he gathered what the Pilgrim would share without knowing, and infer whatever knowledge he could from scraps of information alone. 59. We can infer higher implied correlation when index option volatility rises faster than the average volatility of single-stock options constituting the index. 60. This is blatant and very old evidence of fraud by ancient priests who changed a large number of verses referring simply to the sky or the firmament to infer. 61. Then I told him all I knew, and how I knew it; with the one reservation that Ileft him to infer that I knew from Miss Havisham what I in fact knew from Wemmick. 64. That water was the principal agent, we infer from the fact, that the soil is always alluvial to greater or less depth; the former we call prairie, the latter barren. 65. One thing he didn’t mention directly but you could infer from the last paragraph was that IBM was well positioned to exploit the growing popularity of the Internet. 66. This is based on the symbolism of strength and might to infer spiritual power and the great ability that comes from unmatched knowledge and wisdom, which She created. 67. There are many on other planes that can travel from period to period, plane to plane, it does not necessarily infer a higher vibration or different spiritual progress. 68. We may readily infer that Shakespeare found little to sympathize with in this somewhat extravagant outline of a happy nation, but he goes out of his way to travesty it. 69. While Roopa was too young and inexperienced in life to infer Tara’s innuendo, the latter for her part was puzzled to understand what was at the back of Roopa’s mind. 70. From this, we can infer that even thoughts and abstractions are made of energy because the laws of physics have stated that the basic constituent of everything is energy. 71. But this is no reason why we should not, as in a hundred other instances, infer the existence of the cause from its effects, without any previous knowledge of its history. 72. In Statistics we have descriptive statistics (which gives details on characteristic of data) and Inferential Statistics (which is used to infer a set of data to make decisions). 73. I only say with certainty, that the leading men of the Federal party act in concert; and therefore infer that a common sentiment pervades the whole body throughout New England. 74. Do the mere presence and popularity of these products alter common options metrics? I mean from the last section, we can pretty much infer that they have an impact on volatility. 75. We can infer that generally, although we perceive life and humans to be precious, ‘physical’ death is inevitable and often comes unexpectedly causing much distress and sadness. 76. The Scriptures infer the same principle: "When the sentence for a crime is not quickly carried out, the hearts of the people are filled with schemes to do wrong" (Ecclesiastes 8:11). 77. He had already paced around the edges of the floor and had even walked over the shadows of the horns, seemingly measuring their length for reasons Amonas could not even hope to infer. 78. We can infer from the inevitability of human ‘physical’ death that life on Earth, was not designed intended to be a permanent and infinite state but temporary and relatively short. 79. We have initially focused on the delta and gamma, but we can also infer what will happen to the theta and vega because these values, like the gamma, are greatest for at-the-money options. 80. All those chrysalids that I exposed to the sun, died; and all those that were kept cool under earth, produced an insect: hence I infer, that the heat of the sun will kill the chrysalids. 81. It is important to know that you are here to evolve, simply because these beings that meddle are in a different form it does not infer that they are here in a higher vibration or capacity. 82. From the wide range of implied volatilities found in almost every option market, we can reasonably infer that the marketplace does not think the Black-Scholes model is perfectly efficient. 83. So it seems to me, from what you just told me, that I can infer the medical community is firing a warning shot at the public; they’re not storming in and seizing any fundamental rights. 86. Famine–Since eating and strength refer to ingesting knowledge and wisdom, this would infer those that they have lost former power gained through false knowledge and/or the loss of knowledge and. 87. The gentleman has not ventured to infer that the President of the United States had this knowledge, but the course of his argument goes to show that, in his opinion, he did possess this knowledge. 88. Traders who are only looking at static price bars, for instance, examining charts at the end of the day, will still be able to infer price action to some extent by carefully examining lower time frames. 92. Perhaps we can infer from the reality of human ‘physical’ death that human life, by design and order, is relatively short within the context of the timeframe of creation, the planets, solar system and universe. 94. Let us further suppose they used the same problem—the woman with seven husbands—and let us infer they asked the same question—just a little different—Whose wife shall she be in the intermediate state? 95. Second, from the income statement, an optimistic Wall Streeter would infer that maybe Integrated has already straightened out the basic business questions and the resulting cash flow will strengthen the balance sheet. 96. She thought of this as the essential Californian activity, gazing upon your life from a great distance, trying to infer from trees and highways and restaurants shaped like the foods they served which house was your own. 97. Subject to further investigation, therefore, the analyst might well infer that the subsidiary’s losses were nonpermanent in nature and that the reported results for 1934–1937 are to be viewed with this point in mind. 99. Intrigued by the new presence of the demon, I could only infer that it possessed the strange skill of changing his "front" at will and with this new appearance he was only trying to convince me of accompanying him voluntarily. 1. Besides, you're inferring that's the, Devil out there. 2. My logical brain was inferring that this was probably staged and rehearsed. 3. He bit off a piece of apple, And what warning would you be inferring? 4. The Keeper of the Ancient Wisdom never sleeps, if that is what you are inferring. 5. This is an obscure reference specifically inferring the making of booths for shelter after being. 6. Snow– Water atop Mount Zion that is both white ( pure) and associated with clouds, inferring both. 7. Jarvis walked over to the table and sat down, tacitly inferring that it was time to end the telephone conversation. 8. Snow– Water atop Mount Zion that is both white ( pure) and associated with clouds, inferring both the pinnacle of wisdom and wise deeds. 10. Roy verbally accused his son for whatever deficiency had been reported in the letter he intercepted, regardless of whether it was valid or not, inferring that it might have gone unremedied had his vigilance not brought it to light. 11. And if, added the cousin, he were to take to giving her presents, she should keep her eyes well open; and if these presents were to become obviously valuable, such as, say, pearl necklaces, she shouldn't lose a minute in inferring the worst. 1. That, I suppose, is to be inferred. 2. And what she from the cards inferred. 3. There’s nothing inferred about it. 4. He inferred that the Holy Scriptures held a. 5. And Father inferred that none had died at Winghoof. 6. It is inferred that only the body is spoken of here. 7. Q: It may be inferred and yet it is more real than the sensory. 8. At least, his successor did, didn’t he?, Garnet inferred. 9. Pumblechook winked assent; from which I at once inferred that he had. 10. Values are embedded in actions, and can be inferred from those actions. 11. From these tests it was inferred that sulphate of magnesia was present. 12. Everything that isn’t has merely been inferred from what actually is. 13. And she has also lost control of her subjects, I inferred satisfied. 14. Hence, I inferred, this bitter internecine strife within the organization itself. 15. A morale is a principle that is incorporated into, or inferred from a work of art. 17. In other major religious traditions, the essential importance of oneness can be inferred. 18. It should not be inferred from the aforementioned that I am principally opposed to taxes. 19. The intercept is also negative because it is inferred that it has a coefficient of 1. 20. The one can be seen, the other can only be understood or inferred by the results observed. 21. Price action is dynamic and ephemeral and must sometimes be inferred from market structure. 22. As you may have already inferred, I was to take on the identity of my beloved niece Bridget. 23. It took him barely a second to understand the inferred innuendo and when it hit him, he saw red. 24. This is readily to be inferred from the que in the verse before, which is,however, used as a subject. 25. That this is a new view of the subject, may be inferred from the following passage in Davy's Elements. 26. Of course, we inferred from this that something was up; but were unable to discover what it was. 27. This is a case in which information about the intraday chart can be inferred from the daily time frame. 29. Case studies in which improvement for women only is inferred from changes in grooming and the application of. 31. The only option now was to undergo a total monitoring of his brain activity, whereby his dreams could be inferred. 32. The fault and the danger is, not so much in what was really said, as in what will naturally and easily be inferred. 33. From these tests it was inferred that sulphate of lime was present, with perhaps a slight trace of muriate of lime. 35. Now from this it may be soundly inferred that the belief in the resurrection to eternal life was of primeval antiquity. 36. The most that could be inferred from that scripture is that, in some manner unknown, the breath of life goes back to God. 37. Neither was he at all sure what the man had meant when he had inferred that he, Jarvis, would want to co-operate with them. 39. A key component of this is price action on lower time frames, which can only partially be inferred from the trading time frame. 40. In fact, it was basically inferred that they shouldn‘t have conversations with the children unless one of the parents was present. 41. The weekly chart hints at this structure, but it must be inferred from the single upward-closing candle in the middle of the pullback. 42. Malice can be inferred in that the person acted in such a way that you could construe them to have had ‘an abandoned and malignant heart. 44. The first would mean that others would continue her work - with all the terrors that inferred, the second would probably result in their deaths. 45. Alcor inferred heat from his senses and replicated, each of his replica flung across and stood on the Earth scattered here and there in the void. 46. He now inferred that she had asked her uncle to invite Will to the Grange; and she felt it impossible at that moment to enter into any explanation. 47. More especially we might have inferred this from the blue colour and the several marks so often appearing when differently coloured breeds are crossed. 48. It can then be inferred that a buyer of an option, any option, Call or Put, will always have less than a 50% chance of making a profit on a single trade. 49. The English expense, from which it was inferred, included the charge of docks and navy-yards, of the repair of old ships and of the building of new ones. 50. From this circumstance, as well as from the uniform opinion of our own officers, he inferred that these were the most conclusive reasons in favor of them. 51. That the hopes of the patriarchs in a life to come were founded upon an expectation of a resurrection, may be solidly inferred from the following premisses. 52. It is easily inferred that the sexton was none too sorry to give a verbal blow to the negro collector who persuaded white men from the North to be his guests. 53. Coz, he wasn’t recorded in the RAM anyway and was trying to impress on Captain Kraler that someone else was the Outlander, the baddy!, Garnet inferred. 55. For experienced traders, it is usually not necessary to explicitly examine the lower time frame, as the structure can usually be inferred from the trading time frame. 56. In late 2002 when Andrew first noticed the company, it had proven reserves of more than four million gold equivalent ounces and another four million of inferred resources. 57. Entry level skills and performance expectations were able to be inferred from the work product, allowing posting of jobs and selection to begin within days of the activity. 58. But if a person has, at any time, been at too great an expense in building, in furniture, in books, or pictures, no imprudence can be inferred from his changing his conduct. 59. Gary had missed all the economic and political discussions but he had inferred, correctly, that I thought that those discussions had enhanced Charles’ overall credibility. 61. Then at the end of the conversation he had inferred a second rendezvous had been suggested, at a location he hadn’t caught, but he had heard Chang saying she knew where it was. 62. It was evident from the tremulous excitement and frequent sniffing of the mare that she was aware that something unusual was up, and from this we inferred the need of a keen look-out. 63. The most that could be inferred from it is that the dead are now alive, enjoying pleasure, or writhing in agony, and they might continue in that state eternally without a resurrection. 64. I might have delayed longer, but these last words, from which I inferred the contrary of what they affirmed,—that is, that EVERYTHING had happened,—these words called for a reply. 65. It cannot be logically inferred that it goes back a thinking, intelligent being, until it goes with its resurrection body, though it is fulminated from ten thousand pulpits that it does. 66. The British Government would, however, neither rescind the blockade, nor declare its non-existence; nor permit its non-existence to be inferred and affirmed by the American Plenipotentiary. 68. One view holds that the Court should hew as closely as possible to the written text, and to the intent of the framers as directly inferred from the text, or from contemporaneous written documents. 69. But, from the acknowledged propriety of raising the army, was fairly inferred the propriety of employing a navy, if it should be proved to be less expensive in proportion to its probable efficacy. 72. If the rise in the price of some sorts of provisions be owing altogether to a fall in the value of silver, it is owing to a circumstance, from which nothing can be inferred but the fertility of the American mines. 73. When Christ was in the Temple tossing out he moneychangers, that is, the businessmen and businesswomen, He probably had the Sabbath in mind, but He also may have inferred a need for separation of church and state. 75. The Greek philosopher Socrates (400 BC), reflecting on the visible universe, inferred that God exists as a providence, that is, as a provider, responsible for all those things in the world that cater for human needs. 76. An inferred subtle message may also be that there is life after ‘physical’ death where people will continue to live in a spiritual state of immortal eternity, as opposed to existing in this present earthly state. 77. From the foregoing discussion it might be inferred that the value of a single capital-stock issue must always be equivalent to the combined values of any preferred and common stock issues into which it might be split. 78. It is not, however, so much from the low price of corn, as from that of some other parts of the rude produce of land, that the most judicious writers have inferred the great value of silver in those very ancient times. 80. I inferred as much during my second large panel interview when Joanne Esparza visibly winced when I made reference to the corrupt Greek EB GM who nearly caused me to be brought before a grand jury (investigating him). 81. It must not be inferred therefrom that the working-capital exhibit of these companies is entirely unimportant—the contrary will soon be shown to be true—but only that it is not to be tested by any cut-and-dried formulas. 82. Nor would I have it inferred that I believe the petitioner to have a right to the property; I take it that the claim of the United States must be good, or the inhabitants of Orleans would not be so zealous in the support of it. 83. On the higher trading time frame, it is not so obvious and has to be inferred from the presence of one or two with-trend candles in the middle of the pullback, but the complete structure is clearly visible on the lower time frame. 85. That, so considering it, he ceded and delivered it to Spain, together with the island and town of New Orleans, from which latter words it may be inferred that even the island and town of New Orleans were then not considered a part of Louisiana. 88. That it was impossible to tell by the changes in the stomach and intestines the name of the poison; and that the poison came into the stomach mixed with wine could be inferred from the fact that Smelkoff's stomach contained a large quantity of wine. 90. Fitchett laughing and shaking her head slowly, with an interjectional "Surely, surely!"—from which it might be inferred that she would have found the country-side somewhat duller if the Rector's lady had been less free-spoken and less of a skinflint. 91. But it is alleged, because it was not settled in the Treaty of 1794, that it was not considered by General Washington as justifiable cause of war, and it is inferred that it ought not now to be considered as sufficient cause for the continuance of the war. 92. Some gentlemen on the other side of the House may say, that we have been lavish in our appropriations for an army; even admitting that in this respect we have been liberal to extravagance, it surely cannot be inferred that we should make ourselves doubly guilty of this charge. 93. At length Adelaida burst out laughing, apologized, and explained that they had come incognito; from which, and from the circumstance that they said nothing about the prince’s either walking back with them or coming to see them later on, the latter inferred that he was in Mrs. 94. Understanding that under the present dispensation, salvation is made to depend upon a reception of Christ, when clearly offered to men, there are many who have inferred from this premiss that a similar condition of salvation has prevailed under all previous dispensations of God. 95. As the record appeared in 1934, it could be inferred that a reasonable differential between the two issues would be about 5 points and that either a substantial widening or a virtual disappearance of the spread would present an opportunity for a desirable exchange of one issue for another. 96. It does not say that what came from God was a created intelligent living being (as are the angels) that was in Heaven, but that is what is inferred when this passage is used to prove the doctrine that person has an immortal soul or an immortal spirit in him or her that returns to God at death. 99. As the North America and the Europe have proved in the modern times that economic well-being and social development are but the obverse and the reverse of the coin of healthy work ethics, it can be inferred that without a sound work culture, the Cambays and Harappas wouldn’t have happened in India in the antique era. 100. Is it not surprising, then, that we are called upon to give him the approbation of this House? What would be inferred from this procedure? Why, that it is so seldom our Presidents have done their duty, that, in the very first instance in which they have done it, the House of Representatives had discovered and applauded it. 1. This infers that failing to. 2. As such, fine linen infers a man-. 3. It also infers that there are many. 4. It further infers a source of great. 5. As such, fine linen infers a man-made. 6. It's also a powerful beast and infers. 7. Directly infers by human hands instead of. 8. It also infers the Seven Hills of Rome and. 9. Peter and directly infers the deceptions of. 10. It also infers that the encoded knowledge and. 11. This infers items that are classic or traditional. 12. Infers a secret place or method of obfuscation to. 13. Agassiz infers from his own researches and those of Mr. 14. The pit also implies the grave, and clearly infers that. 15. This also infers being high in the air or heavens, which. 16. The second half was added later because it infers that the symbol. 17. Since this is a symbolic man, rules, and house, it directly infers. 18. Before and behind infers within the sight of and beyond the sight of. 19. Son of man is the translation of a Hebrew term or title that infers Adam. 20. This text directly infers that James the Just was the true author of The. 21. It also infers shamelessness, greed, excess, untrustworthiness, and vanity. 22. Also, infers other threes associated with the Vatican such as the Christian. 23. Also infers smooth and shiny things which symbolizes the relationship. 24. The phrase a son of man comes from the Old Testament and directly infers human. 25. Also infers the symbolic statement that shed blood falls to the earth, thereby. 26. In this context, it specifically means to fabricate, which infers deception and. 27. Since this is a symbolic man, rules, and house, it directly infers non-religious. 28. Never admit the possibility of failure, or speak in a way that infers failure as a. 29. One of the animals is a Sheep, and the use of a Lamb symbol infers a newborn Sheep. 30. Therefore, sweet directly infers the presence of pleasant and invigorating knowledge. 31. Shame also directly infers vanity, which is the central quality of the Seven Spirits. 32. Shame directly infers vanity, which is the central quality of the Seven Spirits of Evil. 33. It also infers the hopelessness and folly of living your life through the combination of. 34. This infers both the deeds of a man and the symbol water, which means that it should have. 35. This directly infers organizations and institutions that are not free to do as they please. 36. Furthermore, the Apocryphon of James directly infers that James the Just is the true author of. 37. Musicians–Symbolizes those that play songs and harps for others to hear and infers preachers and. 38. Prince–This infers a local representative of a distant ruler within a satellite kingdom or distant. 39. Cast dust on their heads–As a phrase, this alludes to mourning and lamenting and infers that these. 40. The use of heaven in this verse is too literal, and infers a physical heaven with physical inhabitants. 41. It also infers that both the true original Hebrew saints and the Christian saints all have one mindset in. 42. Since this is a symbolic man, rules, and house, it directly infers non-religious rules, ideals, and way of life. 43. The swastika, which is a specially stylized cross that infers cyclic rotation, long predates Nazi Germany’s use of it as a. 44. He infers from this, that their dress must, upon the whole, have been cheaper than ours; but the conclusion does not seem to follow. 45. It also infers that the encoded knowledge and wisdom are of the same nature and character as that of the seven seals, which girt it. 46. This also infers being high in the air or heavens, which means that it should have been classified as an air sign, not a water sign. 48. A scientist observes the laws of Nature, experiments in his laboratory, investigates, infers and draws exact conclusions from his observations. 49. This infers both the deeds of a man and the symbol water, which means that it should have been classified as a water sign and not as an air sign. 50. Peter and directly infers the deceptions of Christianity, which serves as the symbol for all of the other purported founders of the Three Faiths. 51. Professor Bigelow infers, that the difference of season between the northern and southern extremities of the country is not less than two months and a half. 52. The pit also implies the grave, and clearly infers that the path of the Seven Spirits of Evil is the path of death, sorrows and the forgetfulness called the. 53. Yahad/Essene, who are symbolized as the woman clothed in the sun with a crown of twelve stars, her daughter then infers a derivative offshoot of the Yahad/Essene. 54. It’s important to note that a free man purposely infers a freemason as a symbol for the secret cabals that control this civilization as cohorts of the Vatican. 55. It further infers a source of great enlightenment, knowledge and wisdom purified in the ultimate crucibles ( furnace, millstone) of intense light and heat (Truth and Justice). 56. Also infers the symbolic statement that shed blood falls to the earth, thereby describing that the texts, wisdom, and self-sacrifice of the saints were taken and used to gain wealth. 57. Einstein’s ‘theory of relativity’ infers that Matter and Energy are essentially the same entities rather than intrinsically different as some may perceive his equation may suggest. 58. Also, in both uses, the stars of heaven are associated with the earth, which infers materialism, greed, falsehood, ignorance and injustice, instead of serving the Creator through wisdom and. 59. Lloyd,) that as this nation progresses in commerce, wealth, and population, new energies will be unfolded, new wants and exigencies will arise, and hence he infers that powers must be implied from the constitution. 62. This infers a disgusting and maddening scourge that causes great distress and annoyance,. 63. Notice that a cornerstone also infers other corners, which means it doesn’t stand alone,. Share this with your friends
The dangers of 'voluntourism' and the importance of local leadership The dangers of 'voluntourism' and the importance of local leadership Volunteers’ Week takes place from June 1st to 7th every year in celebration of the millions of volunteers across the UK. It should also be an opportunity, I think, to think critically about some of the impacts of volunteering across the globe. Voluntourism – a combination of volunteering and tourism – appeals to many well-intentioned individuals as a more ethical way to spend a two-week holiday. For a price, you can build a well/teach English/help at an orphanage somewhere in the global South. Ultimately, though, the practice of voluntourism does more harm than good. It supports outdated development strategies, prioritizes the outsider’s perspective over local knowledge and wellbeing, and leads to systems which ignore rather than tackle structural inequality. The business of voluntourism sends the message that there are quick fixes to complex global issues. It imports unskilled labor to communities in which there is an urgent need for local jobs. It leaves communities, and especially children, with a constant cycle of temporary helpers and a sense of abandonment. Instead of spending thousands on travel and volunteer programs, voluntourists’ money would go much farther if they stayed where they are and instead gave directly to local work already being done on the ground. A particularly popular destination, and an apt example of how voluntourism can lead to harmful solutions, is the orphanage. The institutionalization of children has stopped completely in most Western nations, as child development experts have realized that children do much better growing up with their families than they would in even the best orphanage facility. And yet orphanages in the global South are still seen a viable voluntourism destination and popular receiver of international aid. In Haiti, for example, foreign donations to orphanages total around $100 million, which is five times the budget of Haiti’s social affairs ministry and 130 times the country’s child protection budget. The vast majority of children in orphanages, an estimated 80-90% by Catholic Relief Services, are not orphans at all. Rather, they are given up by their parents who are unable to care for them, or who see better opportunities for their children in these well-funded orphanages than at home. Orphanages grow not because there is an increasing need, but because of rising donations and tourists who want to work in them. Critiquing voluntourism does not mean that there is no room, or need, for work that fights for justice, dignity, and human rights in the world’s poorest nations. In fact, the multifaceted problems of voluntourism shed light on the reasons why educate.’s philosophy of development and locally-led approach are so vital. educate.’s Europe-based team is 100% run by volunteers, and thus almost all of our funds go directly to projects in Honduras. educate. actively works against a mentality of service, working on equal footing with local communities and ensuring that all projects are requested, led, and enacted by communities, who have full ownership over them. Our work is grassroots, small-scale, and context-specific. Supporting education initiatives in particular helps to empower young people from within their families. Turning away from voluntourism and its simplistic messaging and towards sustainable, intentional, and locally-led efforts is an important step forward in ensuring that International Development is just and effective. This article was written by Isabelle Gius, a member of the Grants Team at educate.
A Commentary on Vergil, Aeneid: No. 3 ISBN : 9780198727828 S. J. Heyworth; J. H. W. Morwood 352 ページ 135 x 216 mm The Aeneid, generally considered the greatest poem of Roman literature, is a story of migration, and Book 3 is at the heart of this story-the arrestingly dramatic account that Aeneas gives to the Carthaginian Queen Dido of his people's journey from the sacked city of Troy. This journey sees them encounter a series of brilliantly characterized individuals and visit some of the most extraordinary places in the central Mediterranean, both real and imaginary: shrines and volcanoes, floating islands and monsters. Yet though it is on one level a thrilling traveller's tale, it is also a profound story of a voyage from a dead past to an uncertain, but ultimately glorious, future in Augustan Rome. This new edition contains an introduction, the Latin text, and a detailed commentary, as well as an extensive Appendix illustrating the rich variety of texts that Vergil used as his models through an ample collection of relevant passages: from the heroic voyages described in the Odyssey and the Argonautica, to tragic explorations of the aftermath of Troy's fall (especially Euripides' Hecuba, Troades, and Andromache) and texts on Delos and Etna. The introduction grounds the book in its historical and literary contexts, while the commentary itself aims to bring out the poet's artistry and learning, keeping the dramatic situation of Aeneas' story-telling in view throughout. Translations of all cited Latin and Greek and regular references to Roman history will provide readers new and old with a clear understanding not only of the original text, but also of the poet's vision of Rome, history, and humanity. 1. Vergil's poetic career, life, and times Life and times The Eclogues The Georgics 2. The Aeneid: a synopsis 3. Intertexts and influences: Homer Hellenistic poetry Latin poetry 4. Style 5. Context and themes 6. Metre, scansion, and versification 7. Text and transmission 8. Glossary 1. The voyage of Aeneas 2. The Aegean Sea 3. The Ionian Sea: Western Greece and South Italy 4. Sicily Aeneid 3: Text Aeneid 3: Commentary Appendix of Major Intertexts Index of passages cited and scanned Index of Latin words Stephen Heyworth has been Bowra Fellow and Tutor in Classics at Wadham College, Oxford, since 1988, and has regularly read through Aeneid 3 in classes with his undergraduates. In 2007 he issued a radical new edition of Propertius in the Oxford Classical Texts series together with a detailed textual commentary entitled Cynthia, and subsequently published a literary and grammatical commentary on Book 3 with OUP in collaboration with James Morwood. He has also published on Catullus, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid, and has particular interests in the Callimachean tradition in Latin poetry and issues of poem division, politics, topography, and genre. His main focus is currently on Ovid's Fasti: he is writing a commentary on Book 3, to be published by Cambridge University Press, and is studying the manuscript tradition as he moves towards an edition of the whole poem for the Oxford Classical Texts series.; James Morwood was Head of Classics at Harrow School from 1979 until 1996 before becoming Grocyn Lecturer at the University of Oxford, responsible for the Greek and Latin language teaching in the Classics Faculty. He has long played an important part in the support systems for Classics in schools: in particular he has been President of the Joint Association of Classical Teachers and the London Association of Classical Teachers and is about to become editor of ad fam, the journal of Classics for All. As well as co-authoring A Commentary on Propertius, Book 3 with Stephen Heyworth, he has produced Greek and Latin Grammars and a Latin dictionary for OUP as the co-author of the Oxford Latin Course. His academic work has centred on Greek tragedy and Augustan poetry.
Happy Birthday DNA Tom Ireland examines how two of the most famous achievements in science contributed to modern genetics and discovers what lies ahead in the study of our genome The Biologist Vol 60(2) p22-25 This April marks the 10th anniversary of the completion of the human genome project and 60 years since the discovery of the structure of DNA. The former has been compared by some to man landing on the moon, while the latter was announced to the world as the ‘secret’ of life itself. There are arguments to be had over whether these are overstatements, but both achievements paved the way for countless scientific and medical advances, and both placed genetics at the very heart of all aspects of modern biology... Want to continue reading this article? Click to login.
Smallwikipedialogo.png Wikipedia has an article related to: In computer science, overhead is generally considered any combination of excess or indirect computation time, memory, bandwidth, or other resources that are required to be utilized or expended to enable a particular goal. It is a special case of engineering overhead. For example, an algorithm which caches frequent results for quick retrieval has the overhead of maintaining the memory to store the cached results. In terms of algorithmic efficiency, overhead is often the terms which are asymptotically irrelevant. Consider two algorithms based on input length n: algorithm A, which takes n2 operations, and algorithm B, which takes 4n+7 operations. On short inputs such as n=5 or less, algorithm A is more efficient. Algorithm B is said to have overhead which constitutes the 4 extra operations for each input length and 7 additional operations (overhead may be used to describe all or any part of the additional operations). However, when the input is large, say n=6 or more, algorithm B is much more efficient. Overhead may also be used to decide whether or not to include features in software engineering. If developing for an embedded system, a feature that has a high memory overhead may not be included. Ad blocker interference detected!
Section 77 No. 77. An Altar Organ blown by the agency of a Wind-mill. THE construction of an organ from which, when the wind blows, the sound of a flute shall be produced. Let A, A, A, (fig. 77), be the pipes, B C the transverse tube communicating with them, D E the vertical tube, and E F another transverse tube leading from D E into a box G H, the inner surface of which is made level to fit a piston. Into this box fit the piston K L, which is capable of descending into it freely. To the piston attach a rod, M N, and to this another, N X, working on the rod P R. At N let there be a pin moving readily, and to the extremity X fasten a small plate, X 0, near which a rod, S, is to be placed, moving on iron pivots placed in a frame which admits of being shifted. To the rod S attach two small wheels, U and Q, of which U is furnished with pegs placed close to the plate X 0, and Q with broad arms like the sails of a wind-mill. When all of these arms, urged by the wind, drive round the wheel Q, the rod S will be driven round, so that the wheel U and the pegs attached to it will strike the plate X O at intervals and raise the piston; when the peg recedes, the piston, descending, will force out the air in the box G H into the tubes and pipes, and produce the sound. We may always move the frame which contains the rod S towards the prevailing wind, that the revolution may be more rapid and uniform. Section 78.
maandag 17 augustus 2009 the mantua maker The Mantua Maker This byway began because the people gazing at a computer screen couldn't read an occupation on the 1850 census. Being the nosy person that I am (and that most genealogists are), I peeked over a shoulder at the screen and volunteered the information that it said "mantua maker." This bit of enlightenment didn't seem to enlighten anyone. No one had heard of the term. I had once attended a lecture on mantua making, but didn't remember enough about it to make more than generalized statements. So, of course, my curiosity was aroused (another trait of genealogists), and I began researching. I found mantua makers on the US census from 1790 through 1910, but the story begins much earlier. Mantuas became stylish in the seventeenth century. First, I should be clear that we are not talking about a mantle nor a mantilla. A mantua was a loose gown worn over a petticoat and open down the front. Although this standard dictionary definition brings to mind the image of a dressing gown, the mantua was nothing of the sort. The style may have begun as a casual garment, but mantuas were usually made of sumptuous material such as damask or brocade and worn for dressy occasions. And "loose" is a relative term. A mantua was unboned, but it wasn't unfitted. In other words, there were no stays. (As colleagues of mine remarked, having heard the description of the effects of stays in my earlier column, "No wonder mantuas were so popular!") The construction was quite tricky. This is what I remembered from the lecture I had attended. As I recalled, the idea was that the mantua was constructed from a single length of material, with few if any cuts. Our image of dressmaking is cutting out a variety of pieces from the fabric, some small, then sewing those pieces together. Mantua-making was not at all like this. As is often the case with historical terminology, things changed. Eventually the term mantua seems to have been applied to any elaborate gown of dressy material that was open down the front (and even to some that were not). As you can imagine, the skills required to construct a mantua was not something young girls learned from their mothers. Additionally, the materials used were expensive. Thus, mantua-making became one of the first women-based occupations, run as a business. (The other was the milliner, who carried various accessories for women's attire.) Thus it is that in the Philadelphia census for 1790 that we see in Southwark a listing for "Lucy (Mantua Maker) Brown." A colleague remarked that she often noticed mantua makers mentioned in St. Croix (we figured that in the hot humid climate in the islands, the women were thrilled with a looser garment). Mantuas were also worn in England and France. By the nineteenth century, most mantua makers were no longer mantua makers. In the mid-1800s, almost every small town in America seemed to boast a milliner and a mantua maker in their business directories. What seems to have transpired is that although dresses could be made at home, mantua making had established the right to exist as a WOB (women-owned business), so as more women set up shop as dressmakers, they did so under the title of mantua maker (which probably added class to the establishment, too), even though they may not have made dressy gowns. The market for the most elegant mantuas had been limited to begin with, fashions changed, and mantuas were no longer worn. Eventually the title changed also, and seamstresses began calling themselves dressmakers instead. Geen opmerkingen:
Jordon / Kowhai's In the short film Tama Tu one of the characters had been on lookout and he had stumbled across a German soldier and he was hesitating to take the shoot because the German soldier had saw a black cat and he had grubbed it then an anonymous person had shot the German soldier dead. Tama Tu is a Maori film based on World War 1 ,When the Maori vs the English. The Maori men camp out in this building waiting for the English to come out from hiding, Maori seen the soldier lying on the ground it looked like he had been shot in the leg. The soldier was holding a black cat in his arms then someone shot the man holding the cat. Popular posts from this blog Jordon's World Of Maths Recounts
Sunday, April 23, 2006 Hybrid cars are so last century NEW YORK ( - Today's fuel efficiency trivia question: When was the first gas-electric hybrid car produced? If you guessed something like 1983, you're wrong. Try much earlier. On display at an exhibit opening Saturday at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles will be a 1917 Woods Dual Power, which had a gasoline engine coupled with an electric motor-generator, just like modern hybrid cars. Unlike the Toyota Prius, however, the Woods Dual Power was a marketing flop. Production ceased after just two years. The name of the exhibit is "Alternative Power: Propulsion after Petroleum." It covers the history of automotive power from 1866 to the present, including steam, electric, hydrogen, solar and jet-powered vehicles. It even includes one 1938 car that was modified to run on coal gas. "Experimentation and discovery of new technologies is what really drives the auto industry and a walk through this exhibit is an entertaining trip from the past into our future beyond petroleum," said Dick Messer, director of the museum, in a statement. In the earliest days of automobiles, all forms of power were equally "alternative." Steam power was the favored choice of driving enthusiasts in the late 1800s and early 1900s, according to the book "Wheels for the World" by Douglas Brinkley, a history of the Ford Motor Company. Steam-powered cars were the fastest machines on the roads, such as they were, in those days. Electric cars, clean and quiet but slow, were popular with the more practical-minded. They were seen as women's cars, appropriate for running errands around town. Gasoline-powered cars were least popular of the three types at the turn of the last century. They were dirty, noisy and full of shakes and rattles. (The point of the early hybrid cars -- experts cite examples as early as 1903 -- was to combine the electric car's smoothness and ease of starting with the longer range and higher speed of gasoline-powered cars.) Even after gasoline engines had improved enough to gain wide acceptance, engineers kept up experiments with other types of power. The 1938 Citroen 11 in the Petersen exhibit was fitted with a coal gas generator so that it could be driven despite World War II gasoline shortages in Europe. The fender-mounted generator produced a combustible gas by partially burning wood or coal. The exhibit also includes General Motors' single-seat 1954 XP-21 Firebird, an experimental turbine-powered car that looks very much like a jet fighter plane. Turbine cars used small jet engines to spin turbines that, in turn, powered the cars' wheels. One of the great promises of turbine power was that jet engines could run on a variety of different fuels including gasoline, diesel and kerosene. In 1963, Chrysler, the company that took turbine power most seriously, built about 50 copper-colored turbine cars which they lent out to selected families for real-world use. One of those cars is in the Petersen exhibit. "Chrysler, in the years right after World War II, was very serious about trying to make the gas turbine practical and economically viable," said Bob Casey, transportation curator for the Henry Ford Museum and Deerfield Village. At the time, Chrysler's plan was to produce 500 turbine-powered 1966 Dodge Chargers that would be sold to the public, said Todd Lassa who wrote about the turbine cars for the current issue of Motor Trend Classic magazine. Those cars never appeared. Ultimately, decades of turbine car experimentation led nowhere. They got no better fuel mileage than traditional gasoline engines and they had trouble meeting new emissions requirements, Lassa said. Car companies have, most recently, turned to hydrogen as a promising "fuel of the future." In a move reminiscent of Chrysler giving turbine cars to American families, Honda has put its hydrogen fuel cell-powered FCX, one of which is in the exhibit, in the hands of real customers. Other companies have fuel cell-powered trucks in fleet use. The fate of hydrogen fuel cells remains to be seen as more attention is given to the problem of extracting the hydrogen from sources such as hydrocarbon fuels. "Engineering is not an easy business because for every advantage you have to look at disadvantages with the technology," said Lassa. No comments:
October 27, 2010 The Family Tree Which came first, the idea of displaying genealogy as linking familial relations from top to bottom chronologically, or the term 'family tree'? Here's a pretty typical family tree, comprising what looks to be around 9 generations. The farthest back in history is at the top-most part of the 'tree,' and the most recent at the bottom. Weirdly, this is completely inverse from how trees actually grow (you know, from the ground up), but the analogy has stuck so well that it's very easy to find 'family trees' that are stylized to resemble physical trees. This one's a pretty lazy example, with the 'family tree' being superimposed onto an illustration of a tree. Poor Scotty must have been kicked out of the family or something. This one's great for a number of reasons. The entities represented are actually connected via branches that wind around each other to signify familial relations, and the creator realized the backward nature of the 'family tree,' choosing to instead build it from the ground up. You can see Donald Duck in the second row from the top (second-to-youngest generation), third from the left. There's a nice depiction of different families that Donald's lineage stems from by means of separate trees, the branches of which get jumbled together. In addition, the fact that we skip a few generations going from Pintail Duck (bottom, middle tree) to Humperdinck Duck is shown by the branch momentarily disappearing behind leaves: that chapter of history is obscured to us. Family trees are a way of tracking relations between members of one or many families, but once you go enough generations back, or enough cousins sideways, it becomes increasingly difficult to accurately, visually portray the information. For instance, it's likely (though I'm sure you don't want to hear it), that your biological parents (or you and your partner), have a common ancestor within written history. Super-likely if you and your partner have the same ethnic and cultural background. For the family tree, this means that a 'branch' would split (via children, grandchildren, etc.) and eventually rejoin. Visually, this would mean 'branches' crossing over each other. Is it possible to create an organized family tree that includes dozens of generations and thousands of people, given the super-prevalence of incest? Is a tree the best visual metaphor we can come up with? How would a family tree of families be depicted visually? That is, instead of representing individuals, representing families (and how do you begin to define that?) Posted by Scott. Post a Comment
Owl Nebula Owl Nebula This extraordinary bubble, glowing like the ghost of a star in the haunting darkness of space, may appear supernatural and mysterious, but it is a familiar astronomical object: a planetary nebula, the remnants of a dying star. This is the best view of the little-known object ESO 378-1 yet obtained and was captured by ESO’s Very Large Telescope in northern Chile. ESO 378-1 lies 3500 light-years away in the constellation Hydra. Image credit: ESO. Nicknamed the Southern Owl Nebula, this shimmering orb is a planetary nebula with a diameter of almost four light-years. Its informal name relates to its visual cousin in the Northern Hemisphere, the Owl Nebula (Messier 97). ESO 378-1, which is also catalogued as PN K 1-22 and PN G283.6+25.3, is located in the constellation of Hydra (The Female Water Snake). After the planetary nebula has faded away, the leftover stellar remnant will burn for another billion years before consuming all its remaining fuel. It will then become a tiny — but hot and very dense ‐ white dwarf that will slowly cool over billions of years. The Sun will produce a planetary nebula several billion years in the future and will afterwards also spend its twilight-years as a white dwarf. Planetary nebulae play a crucial role in the chemical enrichment and evolution of the universe. Elements such as carbon and nitrogen, as well as some other heavier elements, are created in these stars and returned to the interstellar medium. Out of this material new stars, planets and eventually life can form. Hence astronomer Carl Sagan’s famous phrase: “We are made of star stuff.” Starseeded No hay comentarios: Publicar un comentario Comentar es un incentivo para el Autor
Poetry can be described as a kind of communication in written form that is used to pass information to the relevant parties without addressing them directly. It is more than a career, passion or a source of entertainment. Poetry is used to express one’s thoughts and desires to other people so that they are aware of what is happening. Poetry can be used for any occasion be it marriage, funeral, political rally or even graduation The significance of poems in our lives Voicing our thoughts We are all involved in thinking about many things in our lives. Poetry provides an avenue for the voicing of thoughts, beliefs and even feelings. Sometimes it is as a result of the kind of misunderstandings that a person suffers. This produces mixed reactions such as anger, agony, and frustration. All these can be penned down in a bid to express such feelings. The readers or the listeners get a chance to see things from the poet’s perspective. Reality is revealed Sometimes words alone may not be enough to express how we feel. It happens to everyone at some point. A poet somewhere may have undergone the same and written a poem out of it. Most people would confine such hurtful things in their heart, but poets use that to pour them in the form of poems which even end up helping these people who have been hurt. Poems look beyond what people see often achieved through the use of literal languages such as metaphors or other ways which provoke one to have a deeper meaning of whatever they are engulfed in. Expression of beauty Poetry is also used to express beauty and feelings as well. It is a fancy kind of art. It helps one to look beyond the bells and also whistles and concentrate on the words being spoken. The poet also has to look for words that will express the beauty being described so that one can already have a picture in their mind of that which is being described. Represents historical events Poetry has been passed down to the different generations. As it is being passed along to these generations, it passes down historical events as well. The thoughts and feelings of the older generation are passed down to us. The things they considered important beautiful and profound are stated to the future generations through these poems. Poetry is beyond the rhyming words. They have a deeper meaning than what they sound like. It gives one room to think beyond the known. We cannot avoid stressing the importance of teaching poetry to our children so that they also enjoy what was passed down to us from the previous generation. With the use of technology nowadays, our children can access different poems from different poets who come from different parts of the world. They also have a feel of what other cultures felt like. They can also use the same technology to write their poems by taking online poetry classes and grow their talents in poetry. They end up not only writing their poems but also sing them as songs.
William Holmes McGuffey William Holmes McGuffey American educator William Holmes McGuffey, famous for creating his McGuffey Readers, an influential series of school texts in 19th century America, was born on September 23, 1800 in western Pennsylvania. He received a sparse education in his childhood and youth, but learned enough to eventually teach in the one-room country schools of rural Ohio after his family moved to the buckeye state. McGuffey eventually earned an A.B. from Washington College in Pennsylvania and took an appointment as professor of ancient languages at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he served for ten years. McGuffey's First Eclectic Reader McGuffey’s First Eclectic Reader It was at Miami that he began collecting and organizing the material that became the first of the McGuffey Readers with the assistance of his brother Alexander, a teacher and a lawyer. Visitors can tour the McGuffey House near the Miami campus and see the room and desk where McGuffey worked on the Readers. In the coming months I will write a post about this site as part of a road trip segment. The William Holmes McGuffey House in Oxford, Ohio near Miami University. McGuffey assembled the first of his Readers here. McGuffey left Miami to become president of Cincinnati College (a forerunner of the University of Cincinnati) in 1836, and later took on the presidency of Ohio University in 1839. He returned to Cincinnati and taught at Woodward College (later Woodward High School) before becoming professor of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Virginia. He held this position until his death in 1873. In addition to his teaching and editorial work, McGuffey was also a Presbyterian minister and one of the founders of the public school system in Ohio. A later edition of McGuffey's First Eclectic Reader (Image credit: Hoover Archives). A later edition of McGuffey’s First Eclectic Reader (Image credit: Hoover Archives). McGuffey was the driving force behind the first four readers, which were published by Truman and Smith, a Cincinnati company, in 1836 and 1837. Later readers were compiled by others. There were a total of eleven McGuffey school texts. Scholars estimate that 122 million of the McGuffey books appeared between 1836 and 1920, becoming a part of the school experience for millions of American children. One room schoolhouse built in 1872 near Oxford, Ohio. One room schoolhouse built in 1872 near Oxford, Ohio. The historian Henry Steele Commager gives a good summary of McGuffey and the importance of the Readers in the life of the nation. Here is Commager: “Justice Holmes said of John Marshall that part of his greatness was in being there; so, too, we can say that part of the greatness of the McGuffey Readers was that they were there at the right time—they were there to be read by millions of children from all parts of the country, from all classes, of all faiths. They gave to the American child of the nineteenth century what he so conspicuously lacks today—a common body of allusions, a sense of common experience, and of common possession…The McGuffey Readers, then, are far more than a historical curiosity. They played an important role in American education and in American culture, and helped shape that elusive thing we call the American character.” Patrick Kerin McGuffey’s Sixth Eclectic Reader, 1879 Edition. With a Foreword by Henry Steele Commager. Signet Classic—The New American Library of World Literature, Inc. New York, 1963. Ohio Authors and their Books 1796-1950. Edited by William Coyle. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York, 1962.
James Worson was a shoemaker who lived in Leamington, Warwickshire, England. Athlete his skills were recognized and appreciated by the entire village in which he led his life. Since childhood, he participates in all competitions which were organized running in the community and has won almost everything. Worson and two friends, Barham Wise, a linen draper, and Hamerson Burns, a photographer, were returning from a local pub after a night of drinking when Warson brazenly boasted about his skill as a long-distance runner. His friends then made up their minds to challenge Worson and decided that in order for him to prove his skill, he should run, non-stop, the 40-mile distance between Leamington and Coventry that night. Worson, who was three-sheets to the wind, did not want to embarrass himself after such conceit, and promptly accepted the challenge. It was agreed that Wise and Burns would follow along closely behind and keep watch from their horse and cart. On September 3, 1873, Worson accepted the challenge of running a marathon for a distance of approximately 32 kilometers between Leamington and Coventry. A few days before the race the three began a series of preparations in that they followed the route several times, have established locations where Burns and Wise will stop and it will wait for the runner to take pictures needed to capture the most exciting moments of the route that would be covered by Worson. It was 7 o'clock a beautiful autumn morning when used athlete has started the race accompanied by two witnesses. In witness testimony, James felt better physically and legally was optimistic about what was going to happen. Marathon started and everything seemed to flow normally. Burns and Wise were in a cart that went behind the athlete and whenever they had the chance they stopped and took photos. After several kilometers sensational athlete happened and apparently had no problem stumbled and then collapsed while, took a terrible cry. Immediately after this cry he just disappeared as if they would have evaporated. Wise later said that he "was the worst sound I've ever heard. Soon after our friend became transparent and then evaporated. " Instead Bath, Worson defied the laws of physics and simply disappeared. The two of his friends came back and reported to Leamington police throughout history. An inquiry was held over several days in police together with a group of locals tried to track down the man disappeared. Were used and specially trained search dogs, but when they approach the disappearance became agitated and fled as they could. His footprints remained imprinted on the ground, being caught on film by Wise. Photography was analyzed as an indication hoping to be discovered, but no one has ever been able to give a logical explanation for what happened that day. It was initially floated the idea that the two friends were guilty of murder, but there was no trace of blood or body of the athlete. Then you came rumors that Worson, whether he was kidnapped by unknown entities or even that, passed through a gate in time and ended up in another dimension. This legend often stated as fact alongside other “true” stories of mysterious disappearances, is most likely derived from a short story written by American author Ambrose Bierce titled An Unfinished Race, in which it is positioned as a factual retelling of the tale. This is unlikely, as the first known materialization of the strange yarn appears in Present at a Hanging and Other Ghost Stories, written by Bierce. While the legendary tale of James Worson may have a fairly lackluster explanation, the story itself retains a bit of its eeriness when juxtaposed against the rather strange disappearance of Ambrose Bierce himself. In the October of 1913, At 71 years of age, Bierce left his home in Washington DC to tour the Civil War battlegrounds, eventually passing into Mexico and joining the army of Pancho Villa as an observer, witnessing the Battle of Tierra Blanca during the Mexican Revolution. His last known correspondence with the world was in a letter written in the Mexican city of Chihuahua in December 1913, sent to friend and San Francisco journalist Blanche Partington. He closed the letter by saying, “As to me, I leave here tomorrow for an unknown destination,” and from that point, was never heard from again. To date, no search has turned up any substantial clues about what exactly happened to Ambrose Bierce. Some say that he was executed by firing squad in the town of Coahuila, others that he committed suicide, and still, there are many who believe that he never went to Mexico at all. Despite the arguments about the fate of Bierce, the one thing that investigators do agree on is that he left no trace. In an odd bit of foreshadowing, Ambrose Bierce had effectively vanished into thin air, much like his literary creation of James Worson. There is, of course, the theory that between the runner and his friends have occurred during the race, a conflict which resulted in James have been killed and his body has been so well hidden that could not be found. Concerning "arranging evidence" must admit that at that time the low level of technology would have allowed many things to be counterfeit. Hopefully, the future will give us solutions that we may elucidate this mystery. Or maybe not ....... photo credit: HAVE A NICE DAY !
What is biodiversity? Biodiversity is a word that refers to all living things. The tiniest insect to the biggest whale, the smallest flower to the tallest tree are all part of the earth’s biodiversity. Ever tiny organisms that you can’t see unless you have a microscope are part of the world’s biodiversity. It is important to remember that we humans are part of biodiversity too. Every place on earth has its own special biodiversity. Here in Ireland, our biodiversity includes little ladybirds, robins, otters and bats, oak trees and bluebells and lots of other animals and plants. Africa’s biodiversity includes lions, giraffes, zebras and all the other plants and animals found there. In Australia they have their own unique animals like kangaroos and koala bears, while in the Antarctic they have penguins and sea lions.
The importance of Memoir–capturing memories through writing Reading and Writing in the Middle “A memoir,” says Gore Vidal, “is how one remembers one’s own life, while an autobiography is history, requiring research, dates, facts double-checked. In a memoir it isn’t the end of the world if your memory tricks you and your dates are off by a week or a month as long as you honestly try to tell the truth” (Palimpsest: A Memoir, 1995). I like to use this Vidal quote as I try to explain the critical concept of “voice” in memoir to my students. I, of course, use examples, from picture books (that “show”in 30 pages or less, fine examples of memoir writing), to excerpts from other sources. I also like to clarify the differences between memoir and autobiography through providing some take of the following scenario: You and your sister are having coffee in a cafe and in walks a lady who has a striking resemblance… View original post 328 more words Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
I need to write an essay on the theme of individual vs society in Bud, Not Buddy. What can I specifically discuss? 1 Answer literaturenerd's profile pic literaturenerd \| High School Teacher \| (Level 2) Educator Emeritus Posted on In order to write an essay on any theme present in a novel, one must have evidence that points to the fact that the theme in question is really a theme. To do this, you need to gather support which justifies the theme of "the individual verses the society" from the text. In the novel Bud, Not Buddy, the theme of the individual is found upon the first mentioning that Bud/Buddy is an orphan. This sets him up to be a person without a family, a name, or an identity. Therefore, he is an individual in search for who he is. Outside of that, you would need to follow the things which happen to Bud/Buddy, and other characters, over the course of the novel which show an individual against the cooperative whole (or the community/society). For example, when a white family is offered food by the black community, the father of the family refuses. He states that they are white people and do not need handouts. This illustrates the idea of the individual (the white family) against the society (the black community).
Define A Hero In December 2012, I had the privilege of being in the studio audience of CNN's annual Heroes show. There is something inspiring and humbling about attending a production that's sole purpose is to honor and recognize heroic individuals all around the world. One of the things that struck me the most profoundly, was that most of the people who were being honored as HEROES had started from a place of desperation, brokenness and need. Three of the Heroes had lost their children in tragic ways, one Hero had previously been addicted to alcohol, one Hero had been gang raped and when her husband tried to fight the gang, he was beaten so bad that he later died. These same people, who had every reason to be angry and hateful towards the injustices they had seen, who had every reason to give up, chose instead to FIGHT. They each said, in their own way, "There is no reason why ______________ should have to happen to another person. Change is possible, and I want to make it possible so others don't have to suffer like I have suffered." It seems to me that no one being honored that night, set out to be a hero. Not one of them woke up one days and said "Ya know, I think I want to be recognized for being selfless and changing lives." Instead, they saw a need, many times because of a terrible, heartbreaking incident in their own lives, and they ROSE UP to meet the challenge head on. Because you can do one of two things when you suffer tragedies: Fight and find a way to create meaning out of the senselessness, or let the anger and injustice take over you, causing bitterness. Someone once said "A diamond is a piece of charcoal that handled stress exceptionally well." Maybe this is a good definition of a Hero. Many of the people most interested in advocating for our trafficking survivors at My Refuge House, have also suffered their own tragedies. Loss of children, loss of other loved ones, sometimes personal histories of rape and molestation. They are also heroes, and I'm so thankful to have shared in their stories. Just like I'm thankful to have shared in the stories of the girls in our home. Courageous, brave stories. And our girls also, will have choices to make, about what to do with the tragedies in their past. My prayer for them, is the same as my prayer for you. Because it doesn't matter how "tragic" the pain is, we all have choices to make with the hurtful things in our past. This is my prayer, for them and you: "God, may their experiences and heartaches become the fertile ground that produces some of the most beautiful, unprecedented growth that this world has ever seen." or create an account to join the discussion on Jurnid More stories by Crystal S.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Density of a gas 1. Nov 7, 2009 #1 Assuming ideal gas behaviour, what would be the density of gaseous ethane (C2H6) at 30. °C and 771 mmHg? 2. Relevant equations Ideal gas laws. I'm using: Density = MP/RT (M is g/mol) 3. The attempt at a solution This is one of the questions due online by Sunday night. They're marked by the computer, and we get only a limited number of tries. Anyway, this is my answer and how I arrived at it: -- M = 216+61.008 = 38.048 g/mol -- T = 30 + 273.15 = 303.15 K -- P = 771/760 = 1.014 atm -- R = 0.0821 atmL/molK => d = MP/RT = (38.0481.014)/(0.0821303.15) = 38.43/24.88 = 1.54 g/L I've tried rounding to 2 digits, to 3 digits... every possible combination. I've gone over the numbers a bazillion times and it keep telling me I'm wrong, and I have 1 try left. What am I doing wrong? 2. jcsd 3. Nov 7, 2009 #2 zomg. neevermind. C = 16 ?? glah :yuck::yuck::yuck:. this is the sort of stupid mistake that ends up costing me the A. no soup for me. Similar Discussions: Density of a gas 1. Density of Gas (Replies: 2) 2. Mass density of a gas! (Replies: 1)

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