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Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Triple Integral of a cone bounded by a plane. 1. Nov 17, 2014 #1 find the volume using spherical coordinates of the region bounded above by z=9 and below by z=sqrt(x^2+y^2) in the first octant. 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution I found this volume using cartesian and cylindrical coordinates, so I know the answer I am looking for, but I can't for the life of me get it in spherical coordinates. The region that I am solving for is simply a cone with a height of 9, correct? At z =9 the height is 9. at z = 9 the radius is also 9. So by the equation for volume of a cone, it would be pi r^2 h/3, which = 9^3/3*pi, then divided by 4 since we just want the first octant, which is a quarter of the cone, right? I am sure I am over complicating this somehow. I found rho to be 9/cos(phi) which is 9/cos(pi/4) and (phi = pi/4) and theta is pi/2. So the integral is ∫∫∫ ρ2sinφ dρdφdθ. 0≤ρ≤9/cos(π/4), 0≤φ≤π/4, 0≤θ≤π/2 Am I doing something wrong? 2. jcsd 3. Nov 17, 2014 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Yes, you are doing something wrong. Shouldn't the upper limit of ##\rho## depend on ##\phi##? 4. Nov 17, 2014 #3 Yes. I figured it out. thank you, though Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Triple Integral of a cone bounded by a plane.
Summary: How do we identify those who would prey upon the flock of God? Study Tools It’s a beautiful night in the Falkland Islands, just off the coast of Argentina. These British Islands are known for their rich pasture land. The air is still this evening as the sheep graze. The sun is setting, and the sky appears as a lavender canvas gently caressing stars sparkling like diamonds. The steady sound of the Atlantic can be heard in the distance. It is a familiar sight in this part of the world. There is Danger lurking! Although this paints a serene picture, there is danger lurking! A killer is on the prowl, and is hungry. His prey tonight are the unsuspecting, grazing sheep. This predator is an expert in stealth and is rarely seen. Carefully, he positions himself with his face in the wind so as not to reveal his presence. He then waits patiently for the right moment. Ordinary sheep are no match for him, but somewhere in the herd is a fearsome ram. He must know where he is, so that he is not taken by surprise. An encounter with the ram could spell disaster for him. He could be seriously injured or even killed, or at the very least, driven from his fallen prey, thus losing his meal. Once he spots the ram, he will strike sheep that are a safe distance away. The enemy’s strategy As sheep graze, they slowly gravitate in one general direction. The predator’s strategy is simple -he will attack the young or weak that are on the outer-edge of the flock. Suddenly, the destroyer will lunge from the darkness and bite a young sheep on the backbone, then vanish back into the night! The sheep will cry out! But will be too far away from help. As the sheep continue to move on, this wounded one can no longer keep up. Soon, the lamb will be alone. From its hiding the killer will move in, sensing the time for the slaughter is right. The deadly result! At first light, the sheep farmer will realize the magnitude of the carnage. He may find as many as 10 to 15 sheep slaughtered! But only one will be found to have been eaten, the rest were simply victims of the predator’s thirst for blood. Who is this dreadful beast? His name is Canis Lupus Linnaeus. Or to the common man, the wolf. Folklore of wolves Perhaps no animal has captured the imagination of man like the wolf. The wolf has permeated the mind of man in legendary proportions. Thus, his folklore is full of stories about the wolf. "Folklore also has contributed to the wolf’s bad reputation. In many old sayings, the animal is a symbol of badness or evil. For example, "to keep the wolf from the door" means to prevent hunger or poverty. "A wolf in sheep’s clothing" describes a person who acts friendly but has evil intentions. Fables and other folk tales pass on the misleading notion that wolves attack people. In the story of Little Red Riding Hood, a wolf threatens to eat a little girl." (World Book Encyclopedia, vol.21) The wolf’s bad reputation is not without foundation, former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt once called the wolf, the "beast of waste and desolation". This statement was a result of observing the seemingly senseless slaughter of sheep by wolves. Why did they kill so much more than they could eat? This was contrary to the nature of predator and prey. Talk about it... Nobody has commented yet. Be the first! Join the discussion
What common leadership themes have emerged in inaugural addresses? In an inaugural address, you are going to have generalities about religion and faith, doing good deeds and working together. In actuality, most are not memorable. Exactly 100 years ago, the magazine called The Economist wrote that “the presidents of the United States have gotten into the habit of emptying a load of words into the streets and calling them inaugural addresses. These monstrosities were probably the work of secretaries, assistant secretaries and short hand writers.” And that was their amusing way of saying that the inaugural addresses normally aren’t that much. What is it that made John F. Kennedy's inaugural address stand out? It was his delivery, his phraseology — and he addressed all the right people. Kennedy addressed the nation, saying we’ve got to work together when he said, “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” He addressed our allies and our adversaries. He was poignant and strong and his timing was impeccable. What is the interaction between the outgoing and incoming presidents on inauguration day? Normally it’s extremely cordial. There’s the tradition of getting together at the White House for coffee, and then there’s the procession from the White House to the Capitol. There are only a handful of interactions where there was a problem. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson had a conflict, because at the time Adams considered Jefferson to be a radical. President John Quincy Adams viewed Andrew Jackson and his followers as a bunch of low-lifes, so he didn’t attend the 1829 inauguration. In 1933, we had the situation with Franklin Roosevelt and President Herbert Hoover, and it’s clear from all the pictures of the procession that there was an issue. In some of them, Roosevelt is turning towards Hoover to try to have an animated conversation, other times he is smiling or waving to the crowd, but in every picture, Hoover’s just staring straight ahead ignoring Roosevelt. There was no conversation, and nothing coming from Hoover at all. What are some inauguration traditions? In 1789, George Washington was sworn in, gave an inaugural address and that was it. The first official inaugural ball wasn’t held until 1809 with James Madison. The procession of the old and the new began in 1837 with Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The inaugural parade was sort of an evolution, starting with spontaneous parades for Thomas Jefferson. Women used to have no role at all. Now the first lady holds the bible, a tradition that only began in 1965 with Lady Bird Johnson. Another tradition has been the use of the words, “So help me God,” at the end of the presidential oath. There’s a myth that George Washington added those words to the end of his oath in 1789. No one back in 1789 ever suggested that, but we do know that by many accounts that Chester Arthur in 1881 added those four words and that those words were not added in 1929 by Herbert Hoover. Beginning with FDR in 1933, every president has added those four words. What are some of your favorite inauguration stories? Calvin Coolidge’s inauguration is what inspired me to write my book. Coolidge became president after the death of Warren Harding in 1923. And at the time of Harding’s death, Coolidge was visiting his father at a cottage in Vermont without running water, electricity or a telephone. In the middle of the night, a courier arrived saying that Harding had passed away. Shortly after that another courier arrived and said the new president must be sworn in as soon as possible. So his father John Coolidge, a notary public, administered the oath of office by the light of an old kerosene lantern at 2:47 in the morning in the family parlor. A great piece of trivia involves Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had four inaugurations, and Barack Obama. We are about to see President Obama tie FDR’s record of four inaugurations. Obama already had two when, four years ago, the first oath was botched by Chief Justice Roberts and redone the next day. This year, because January 20 falls on a Sunday, a private inauguration will be held and then a public one on Monday, January 21. That’s technically four inaugurations. He ties FDR.
Monday, 23 June 2014 Archery is a sport for people who are independent and are patient. Before playing archery you must have patience and confident to set up targets and make sure the arrows have feathers at the end of them. You need good exercise. Make sure the string can go as long as your arm. To play archery you need to eat good food like 10% of dairy, 25% of grain, 25% of fruit, 30% of vegetables, 20% of protein. Eat no junk food, lots of vegetables and fruit - eat the amount of dairy, protein and grain stated before. Bows can hold spare arrows or you get an arrow holder. The feathers at the end help the arrow to fly through the air. Arrows are made out of wood, fibre glass, carbon and aluminium. To play archery you need to make sure the string is not breakable and make sure you have all your arrows before shooting. Check which way the wind is blowing because the arrow will go that way. 1. Thanks for sharing your report about Archery Aarran. I hadn't thought how tricky it would be to shoot on a windy day! 2. We'll done on a great peace of writing Aarran keep up the good work 3. Well done Aarran you are a true year 8 leader 4. Hi Aarran I like your piece of writing about Archery. My first time doing Archery was when I camp at Piha last year. It was my Favourite activity there.
Improve posture at work -- stop pain Don't let your desk job bring on backaches September 22, 2009\|By Chuck Myers, McClatchy/tribune News Does your back feel stiff and achy after a long day at your desk? How you sit and work at your computer in the office can cause aches and pains. Poor posture while using a computer can lead to overuse injuries over time, especially if you spend several hours a day in front of a computer. A relaxed position from your shoulders to your fingertips may help bring an end to the aching, as well as reduce the risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries. Here are a few simple guidelines for good posture at a computer: Spine: Ears should line up with tops of shoulders, and shoulders should line up with hips. Shoulders: Upper arms should hang relaxed and close to the body. Wrists: Hands should be in straight lines with lower arms. Keyboard techniques: Relax your fingers when typing and using a mouse. Apply a soft touch to a computer's keys, rather than pounding them hard. Don't hold a pen or any other object while typing or using the mouse. Relax fingers and hands between bursts of typing or mousing using a flat, straight wrist posture. Orlando Sentinel Articles
This is default featured slide 2 title This is default featured slide 4 title This is default featured slide 5 title Vocal Coach Unveiled Be Able to Listen Yes, it’s a good thing that the coach can sing, but what they need to spot is when someone else can sing. It’s to be objective and not subjective. If the coach doesn’t just teach a specific form of singing then they have to avoid letting their own musical tastes get in the way. Most of the time listening will be all that the tutor will be doing. The only time when a vocal coach is obliged to sing anything is when they are providing an example of a certain technique. More than Just a DVD… If any prospective teacher believes that they can teach a student exclusively from a DVD and a stereo system then they should consider another profession. Anybody can pick up a DVD and then sing along with it, they don’t need someone else to help them with that. A tutor is expected to do much more than that, and that’s why it’s important to know all about the relevant vocal exercises. Vocal Exercises Singing is all about using the muscles in the neck. To keep a muscle running at its optimum performance it’s necessary to exercise it. That means they have to be stretched out and warmed up prior to singing. This can only be done through recognising the needs of the student. If it’s done incorrectly then it can actually injure the student and impair their performance. Learn these vocal exercises through formal training before entering the field of teaching people how to sing in a certain manner.
[hal-uh-fahyl] /ˈhæl əˌfaɪl/ any organism, as certain halobacteria and marine bacteria, that requires a salt-rich environment for its growth and survival. an organism that thrives in an extremely salty environment, such as the Dead Sea Read Also: • Halophyte [hal-uh-fahyt] /ˈhæl əˌfaɪt/ noun 1. a plant that thrives in saline soil. /ˈhæləʊˌfaɪt/ noun 1. a plant that grows in very salty soil, as in a salt marsh halophyte (hāl’ə-fīt’) A plant adapted to living in salty soil, as along the seashore or in salt flats. Mangroves, salt-marsh grasses, and saltbushes are halophytes. • Halosere /ˈhæləʊˌsɪə/ noun 1. (ecology) a plant community that originates and develops in conditions of high salinity • Halo sign halo sign n. A radiologic indication of a dead or dying fetus in which the subcutaneous fat layer is elevated over the fetal skull. • Halothane [hal-uh-theyn] /ˈhæl əˌθeɪn/ noun, Pharmacology. 1. a colorless liquid, C 2 HBrClF 3 , used as an inhalant for general anesthesia. /ˈhæləʊˌθeɪn/ noun 1. a colourless volatile slightly soluble liquid with an odour resembling that of chloroform; 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane: a general anaesthetic. Formula: CF3CHBrCl halothane hal·o·thane (hāl’ə-thān’) n. A colorless, nonflammable liquid that is widely used […]
Saturday, April 05, 2008 Caius and the Origins of the Vatican As recorded by Eusebius: Caius was a Christian at the Church of Rome and while it is suggested by some, it is not likely that he was a priest. He is known for his disputation against a Montanist heretic during the reign of Pope Zephyrinus (199-217). It is interesting to see such early reference to the "Vatican". Of course, when he says Vatican it surely didn't hold all the connotations it would with us. The origin of the word "Vatican" (Vaticanus in Latin) is unknown but some claim it is the location of an ancient town called Vaticum. This area was never part of the city of Rome itself in antiquity. Notice how the Vatican wasn't built on the foundation of paganism as is charged by some or on some power hungry, misogynistic ideology as is assumed by many but rather on the blood of her earliest martyrs - the 'most righteous pillars of the Church' as Pope St. Clement of Rome referred to them in the first century. 1 comment: James H said... Interesting post
The Gemara in Shabbos 21b teaches that the mitzva of lighting candles is to light them in the entrance of the house – in the doorway. Rashi says that even in a house with a courtyard or driveway, one lights at the front door of his house, not the courtyard. Tosfos comments that a courtyard with two gates needs two menorahs. One at each gate – seemingly not at the ‘front doorway’ at all. But the Gemara said ‘פתח’ – door, so although Tosfos say that the mitzva has nothing to do with a door, he also says that only in a house with no courtyard would one light at the door. What’s is the basic logic that led Rashi and Tosfos to such opposite ideas? They were arguing what the focal point of the statement in the Gemara was: Was it חוץ (outside), to accomplish the mitzvah of publicising the miracle as the key goal or בית (the house) to accomplish להדליק as the key goal. So according to Rashi you should light inside a house as the primary mitzva, but lighting at the door satisfies the secondary mitzva of publicising the event. Tosfos is of the opposite opinion in both aspects. The primary function of lighting a menora is to publicise the event – and as such Tosfos says that one should light as close to the public as possible, and the בית aspect is secondary. The Beis Halevi asks: According to the respective views regarding the meaning of ‘פתח’ – do you light inside of door, or outside? Again Rashi and Tosfos have opposite opinions: Tosfos says that it means inside of the courtyard door while Rashi says it means outside of the front door. Their reasoning being as follows: Rashi says that lighting inside a house is not public at all, thereby serving a house’s primary function, but if so then there is no Pirsumei Nisa; to achieve this, lighting must be done outside. Tosfos says that it needs to be inside the courtyard, as an outside courtyard is the public domain. It also needs to be connected in some way to the בית the Gemara referenced, and be lit on private property. The Pri Chadash asks a new question: What if a house has a door and a window, and the house has no courtyard – where would one light their menora? Yet again Rashi and Tosfos have converse opinions. According to Tosfos you do it at the window which is following the idea of Pirsumei Nisa as a window is more public than at the door. However, Rashi uses the idea of בית and says it should be by the door. Next question: What would happen if one lit in the courtyard of their house? – Tosfos says that one has fulfilled the mitzva l’chatchila (the way it’s meant to be), whereas Rashi says one would not be fulfilling the mitzva at all. There are 2 ברכות – להדליק נר (the Bracha on the mitzva to light), and שעשה ניסים לאבותינו (the Bracha commemorating the miracle). In conclusion there are two concepts: First, lighting like they lit. With the lighting, we commemorate the chanukas habayis (re-inauguration event) of removing the impure foreign elements from the Beis Hamikdash, Second, is remembering the great miracle. The miracle is a symbol of the Yom Tov’s historical re-inauguration event, but the main goal was lighting the Menora itself. The question is asked: Was it, in fact, the lighting or was lighting the Menora special because of the miracle that occurred, demonstrating G-D’s valuation of our actions? If we follow Rashi’s reasoning, the primary mitzva is commemorating the re-inauguration, and the main goal is ‘להדליק נר של חנוכה’ in your house and to light inside. Publicizing the miracle and the miracle itself is only a symbol of the main event of inauguration and as such Pirsumei Nisa is secondary to the mitzvah of actually lighting the Menorah. If we follow Tosfos’s reasoning, the miracle was the main event of Chanuka – the re-inauguration – so publicising is essential, and done as closely as possible to the public domain. There was a secondary part that the miracle itself came about through the lighting of the menora, so we satisfy that aspect of it and light a menora too.
EngEDU 1/2015 HomeHome CalendarCalendar FAQFAQ SearchSearch MemberlistMemberlist UsergroupsUsergroups RegisterRegister Log in Share \| Classroom language: 15 classroom language games View previous topic View next topic Go down Posts : 160 Join date : 2015-08-07 Age : 23 Location : 20 Prakaew, Sangkha, Surin 32150 PostSubject: Classroom language: 15 classroom language games 30th November 2015, 3:36 am 1. Simon says In this well known TEFL game, students only do the action they are told to when the sentence starts with “Simon says…”, e.g. “Simon says open your books on page 27”. If they hear any other command, e.g. “Knock on the door”, they should remain totally still and not even start doing the action. To add some more useful language, you can replace “Simon says…” with “You have to…” or “The teacher wants you to…”. 2. Only when it matches Students only copy if the action and what the teacher says is the same, e.g. if the teacher both says “Stand up and face the window” and does that action. If the action and words don’t match, e.g. if the teacher faces the window while saying “face the door”, the students should just stay still. You can give points to individuals or teams who do the correct actions the quickest, and take points away or make them sit down out of the game if people do things when they shouldn’t. 3. Tell me off Students should only copy if the action and what the teachers says is the same, and shout something negative like “No” , “That’s wrong”, “They are different”, “One more time, please” or “You’ve made a mistake” if they don’t match (unlike just staying still like the variation above) 4. Do as I say, not as I do When the actions and what the teacher says don’t match, students don’t copy the action, but do what the teacher says instead 5. Do what’s right, not what I say Students don’t copy if you ask them to do something that they shouldn’t do in the classroom, e.g. “Shout”, “Bang on the table” or “Kick a boy”, but race to follow instructions that are okay, e.g. “Bow to your neighbour” or “Shake hands” 6. Tell me off too If the teacher tells them to do something that isn’t allowed in the classroom, the students shout out “That’s naughty”, “That isn’t allowed”, “That’s bad”, “Don’t (whatever the action was)” or similar useful classroom language for discipline, but rush to do the action if it is something good or okay 7. Instructions protests Tell the students to do some typical classroom actions, then throw in some things that are impossible, e.g. “Clean the whiteboard” then “Clean the ceiling”. With the impossible ones, they shout back “I/ we can’t (clean the ceiling)”, “That’s too difficult” or other useful classroom language for telling the teacher they have problems in class. 8. Teacher robot Elicit useful classroom language you want the students to say by doing things that make life impossible for them, e.g. writing in tiny letters on the board, speaking very quietly, speaking very fast etc, and only doing it properly when they ask you with the correct language. To add some fun, you can sometimes go too far the other way when they ask you, e.g. writing in huge letters, speaking very very slowly etc. 9. Pedantic robot The students follow each other’s instructions, but only if they are so unambiguous that they can’t be misunderstood, e.g. they should open their comics rather than their textbooks if their partner says “Open your book” rather than “Open your red English textbook” or rattle the door if their partner says “Open the door” before they say “Turn the door knob” 10. Classroom language brainstorm After the teacher says or does something, the students try to use as much classroom language as they can to ask the teacher to do it again or another way, e.g. if the teacher says “This is a whiteboard”, the students can say “How do you spell whiteboard?”, “Can you speak more slowly please?” (several times until it isn’t possible to speak any more slowly), “Can you speak more loudly please?” (ditto, until the teacher is shouting) etc. 11. Classroom instructions collocations brainstorms Give the students a verb and see how many possible things they can tell the teacher or another student to do using that verb, e.g. for open “Open the cupboard”, “Open your pencil case”, “Open your mouth” etc. 12. Classroom instructions collocations pellmanism (= memory game/ pairs) Give each group of 2 to 4 students a pack of cards that has common classroom language verbs (pick up, draw, listen to, look at, face, copy etc) on half of the cards and common classroom nouns (the window, the air conditioning, your eraser, your partner etc) on the rest. Students spread the pack of cards face down across the table and try to find a verb and an object that match up. If they think two cards match up, they should do that action in order to prove it. If the group agree that the two cards don’t match (or if they pick up two nouns or two verbs), they should put them back face down exactly where they took them from. 13. Classroom English ranking debate Give students a list of 20 to 25 sentences that are useful for them to use in the classroom, including some more unusual ones like “Can I blow my nose, please?” and “Can you lend me some money, please?” In pairs or threes, students debate which are the top ten most useful sentences. These can then be turned into a poster or worksheet, and should be the ones the teacher is strict about not allowing L1 for from then on. 14. Classroom language Pictionary Students try to draw a typical thing that students or teachers say in the classroom, and the rest of the class or their team try to guess what the sentence is e.g. a drawing of a confused face and a question mark for “Sorry, I don’t understand” or a drawing of arrows going from a book, pen, eraser etc to a bag for “Put everything away in your bag”. Drawing of symbols and numbers is okay, but no writing (even of single letters) is allowed. This can lead onto students making posters of useful classroom language with accompanying pictures to leave up in the classroom for reference, e.g. the 10 most useful ones they decided in the ranking debate (see above). 15. Instructions action chains Students race to do the typical classroom action written on the board, e.g. “Open your book”, then the teacher adds one more to the bottom of the list, e.g. “Close your book”, and the students race to do both as quickly as possible when the teacher shouts “(Start) now” or “(Let’s) go”. The teacher adds one more to the bottom of the list and repeat over and over until they are doing at least 10 actions in a row. 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Heartburn / Acid Reflux Heartburn / Acid Reflux Natural Solutions for Chronic Heartburn Heartburn is a burning sensation in the chest. It is caused by stomach acids that make their way back up the esophagus. When the lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t behave as it should, it doesn’t create a tight enough seal, and it allows stomach acid to leak through and cause heartburn. Heartburn is an extremely prevalent problem, affecting about 10% of people at least once per week. Find out more about the Reflux Remedy Report for an effective, safe and natural cure. Certain factors can contribute to heartburn, such as obesity and pregnancy, which place added pressure on the stomach. Nearly half of all pregnant women suffer from heartburn, and about one third of the population suffers from heartburn at least occasionally. Occasional heartburn, while uncomfortable, is generally harmless. Frequent heartburn can cause permanent damage. Frequent heartburn is known as acid reflux disease. This condition is also called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. When acid reflux occurs frequently over long periods of time, the damage can cause inflammation and actually damage the esophagus. Ulcers can form over time and lead to bleeding in the esophagus, which can sometimes become severe enough to require medial intervention. GERD is typically a lifelong condition, and any treatments used to decrease reflux and heal the esophagus must be continued in order to prevent recurrence. Certain foods are known to cause heartburn and acid reflux, primarily because they relax the lower esophageal sphincter that is responsible for sealing stomach acid in the stomach. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, caffeine, onions, and acidic foods such as tomatoes or citrus fruit. Stress and smoking can also cause or worsen heartburn by contributing to acid production. Heartburn and GERD can cause a patient significant discomfort. Reflux that occurs at night can cause difficulty sleeping. Some people even need to sleep on an incline, with their heads propped up, in order to try to use gravity to keep some of the acid down. Heartburn can also mimic the symptoms of a more serious problem, such as a heart attack, so the condition can cause added stress and concern for an otherwise healthy individual. GERD can also lead to coughing, because the acid reflux stimulates certain nerves that cause coughing. If the acid reaches the throat, it can cause a sore throat and a hoarse sounding voice. In patients who suffer from asthma, it is believed that acid reflux can contribute to asthma attacks. Don’t let frequent heartburn control your life. Make a commitment to undertake a holistic approach to dealing with your painful acid reflux. There are natural methods that claim to be highly effective in keeping the painful and uncomfortable symptoms of heartburn at bay. Try a natural approach now to start to control your pain! Discover a New Reflux Remedy that Stops Acid Reflux Instantly - With No Pain, No Wasted Money & No Drugs This report explains how you can cure acid reflux, heartburn, bile reflux, esophageal reflux and even hiatal hernia using one of three different safe, natural remedies. Reflux Remedy Report These three natural remedies have proven to work thousands of times... quickly (within minutes), safely (no side effects) and without drugs. "For some time now, in addition to GERD, I have had esophageal mucus, in rather heavy quantities, erupting into my throat and embarrassing me. The specialists told me to put up with it, but my social life was being ruined. Then I came across you folks on the internet, and hurrah, my life has changed. I no longer take the expensive GERD medications, and am very pleased with the situation. Thank you!" - Cloe Pavel, Tequesta, Florida. "There is no hype or pushing a specific type of therapy, just well-researched alternative treatments and some anecdotes. People are different so there are a variety of ways to heal illnesses. This report takes this into account, giving you many options and providing information you need to heal yourself and be independent of drugs and 'experts'" - Scott Saunders, MD Lompoc, CA. Author Information Last seen: 7 years 26 weeks ago Joined: 02/11/2009
5 incredible ways shark and ray eyes create super-sensitive vision \| Oceana Would you like to view our US Site? Are eyes the window to the shark soul? In the 1975 film Jaws, shark-hunter Quint described the eponymous villain’s peepers as lifeless and black, “like a doll’s eyes.” But Jaws got a laundry list of things wrong, and eyes are no exception. Sharks and their ray relatives boast a dazzling diversity of pupil shapes and eye sizes, which offer hints about how they hunt and live. Here are five wild eye adaptations that say volumes about sharks’ killer lifestyles. 1. Agile apertures First order of business: tackling that “lifeless” complaint. Shark eyes are hardly dead. Their pupils dilate and contract just like those of mammals, birds or reptiles. While it’s true that many fish have static or nearly static pupils, sharks are special. Their pupils get big and round in dim conditions, and constrict to slits, pinpoints or squiggles in bright daylight. 2. What big eyes you have Sharks might not be known for their outsized, babyish eyes, but some species should be. The aptly named bigeye thresher may be second only to the blue whale in terms of the absolute size of its eyes. Mako sharks and porbeagles also sport some popping peepers. What makes these sharks different from their beady-eyed cousins? According to a 2006 study, the most doe-eyed of these predators all live in the upper layers of the open ocean, where the water is clear and sunlight is abundant. Large eyes and large pupils improve the resolution and sensitivity of their vision — helpful when they’re chasing down speedy prey like squid or tuna. 3. Cat eyes Just like your tabby at home, reef sharks, sandbar sharks and several other species have vertical slit pupils. Most fish have round pupils, so why do some sharks buck the trend? As it turns out, the scientific jury is still out on the merits of slit pupils. Studies of land-based animals have offered different explanations over the years. One is purely mechanical: Cat-like pupils can dilate more than circular ones, as a 1977 study demonstrated. While human eyes expand just tenfold from their smallest size, a house cat’s eyes can dilate a whopping 135 times. This helps Fluffy see clearly at night while protecting her sensitive vision during the day. For sharks that hunt round-the-clock or in varied conditions, slit pupils might also be adaptive. Other possible explanations consider the physical properties of light. Because of the way light moves, vertical slit pupils in land predators may outperform circular ones when it comes to gauging distance. Vertical slit pupils may also create sharper color images in variable brightness, as a 2006 report suggested. But for sharks, the purpose of those fetching cat pupils is still a mystery. 4. Mirror mirror Shark eyes are like cat eyes in more ways than one. Ever seen your kitty’s eyeballs flashing like a B-movie monster’s at night? Shark eyes shine for the same reason: a layer of reflective crystals called a tapetum lucidum. This mirror-like structure lies just behind the retina. It reflects incoming light, giving the cells in a shark’s retina a second look at any light they missed the first time around. This helps sharks see an estimated 10 times better than humans in dim surroundings. But a tapetum lucidum is actually counterproductive in bright conditions, which is why day-active animals like humans don’t have one. Certain sharks that hunt day and night have evolved a clever way to get the best of both visual tricks. On sunny days, tiny molecules of dark pigment cover their tapetum lucidum, acting like shutters on a window. 5. Squiggle pupils Certain bottom-dwelling members of the ray family, which are closely related to sharks, possess the strangest eyes of all. Stingrays and their sawfish cousins have horseshoe-shaped pupils, while guitarfish boast pupils like scribbled W’s. Cuttlefish aren’t related to rays, but they have similarly shaped pupils. As a 2013 study discovered, cuttlefish’s W-shaped pupils reduce the contrast from the top and bottom of the field of vision. On a day where it’s sunny above and dim below, cuttlefish eyes act like built-in Photoshop, evening out highlights and shadows. This makes it easier to spot food, mates or danger. Crescent and W-shaped pupils could offer another surprising benefit. These pupils can constrict to nearly separate points, packing the equivalent of two pupils into one eyeball. So, even though rays don’t have overlapping binocular vision like humans or dogs, they may still be able to accurately judge distance out of each eye. It’s clear to see that shark and ray eyes are not lifeless or doll-like. If they’re not quite windows into the shark soul, they still tell scientists a lot about what how they hunt and where they live. And for the record, Quint, white shark eyes aren’t black — they’re actually deep blue. Up Next: Manta ray brainpower blows other fish out of the water Read Next Article
Dances of death, occupational mortality statistics, and social critique BMJ 1996; 313 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1587 (Published 21 December 1996) Cite this as: BMJ 1996;313:1587 1. Johan P Mackenbach, professora 1. a Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands In the late middle ages and early renaissance dances of death were a popular art form. Despite important differences in outlook, the moral messages of these art forms and of modern analyses of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality overlap considerably. This theme has survived in modern dances of death, which are popular in certain parts of Europe, especially in Germany and other German speaking countries in central Europe, and are clearly inspired by the late medieval and early renaissance examples. In the modern dances of death, however, unlike their historical counterparts, social critique (crtiticism of social inequality) is almost absent, although they include representations of differences between people in social position. Remarkably, references to socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, which have been documented extensively, are also uncommon in the modern examples. This raises important questions about public perception of social inequality in general and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in particular, and it suggests that modern Western society has not developed the cultural means of conveying the moral message that follows from research into socioeconomic inequalities in health. Dances of death were once an immensely popular art form throughout Europe.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The two most common types were mural paintings in churches or cemeteries and wood cuts in books. Some of the mural paintings can still be found, especially in France (where they are called danses macabres) and in the German speaking part of central Europe (Totentanze). The most important British example was a mural painting in Pardon Churchyard, near St Paul's Cathedral in London. This was an imitation of one of the earliest and most famous dances of death, the now lost danse macabre of the Saints Innocents cemetery in Paris, which was painted in 1424–5. The London version was executed by an unknown painter around 1430 … View Full Text Sign in Log in through your institution Free trial Sign up for a free trial
Primary elements of zero inventories, Business Management It is a Japanese management philosophy applied in manufacturing which involves having the right items of the right quality and quantity in the right place and at the right time. Some observers have called JIT hand to mouth approach to production. It aims at having the right part at precise right time and in the right quantity to go into assembly. According to APICS ( American Production and Inventory Control Society .) J IT is a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and continuous improvement of productivity. It encompasses the successful execution of all manufacturing activities required to produce a final product from engineering to delivery and including all stages of conversion from raw materials onwards. Posted Date: 3/1/2013 2:35:04 AM \| Location : United States Related Discussions:- Primary elements of zero inventories, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Primary elements of zero inventories, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Primary elements of zero inventories Discussions Write discussion on Primary elements of zero inventories Your posts are moderated Related Questions "In the past two decades Mauritius has experienced an unprecedented boom in the tourism industry. Tourism activities are mostly concentrated on the coastal zone and over 90% of th QUESTION 1 (a) Describe the five components which constitute an organization's culture, as identified in Deal and Kennedy approach. (b) Write down five differences between o Probelm 1: An organisational structure defines how job tasks are formally grouped and coordinated. (a) What are the key elements considered when designing an organisation's What are the causes of labour turnover? Causes of Labour Turnover: 1. Voluntary withdrawals through the worker 2. Lay-offs because of seasonal nature of industry, fuel QUESTION 1 (a) What are the different sources of noise and interference that can occur in a communication process? (b) What are the ten aspects of communication that are use QUESTION 1 (a) Elaborate on the recent developments in communication theory as a field of research and study. (b) Elaborate on three main communication theories that mark th QUESTION a) Briefly explain the following two methods of e-procurement: i. Reverse Auctions ii. Industrial Malls b) Elaborate on three characteristics essential for e- Demonstrate your understanding of the principles of marketing by illustrating the motivation behind energy drink consumer question #Minimum 100 words accepted# Question 1: ‘Management by Objectives (MBO) can be used by managers to plan, control, coordinate as well as motivate'. a. Show the main characteristics of an MBO programme.
What’s It Like When Your Spacesuit Fills With Water? On July 16, 2013, astronaut Luca Parmitano stepped into his spacesuit and out of the International Space Station. It was his second spacewalk. His first, on July 9, was the first ever made by an Italian. About one hour into a planned six-and-one-half hour spacewalk, water began seeping into Parmitano’s helmet. It covered his ears and communication gear. Unable to hear to his spacewalk companion, NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy, the water soon began wrapping around Parmitano’s head and into his nose. Cassidy and Parmitano, with assistance from ground control, quickly made their way back to the space station and helped Parmitano out of the damaged spacesuit. Parmitano is fine, and NASA is investigating what went wrong. Chris Cassidy, a NASA astronaut onboard the ISS, explains how water filled the helmet of Luca Parmitano's spacesuit during a spacewalk. Because Parmitano was in a microgravity environment, water didn’t pool at the bottom of his helmet and work its way up as it would have here on Earth. Instead, it collected in a blob behind his head, emanating from an air vent located at the base of his skull, according to Cassidy, who spoke in a video beamed down from the space station yesterday. That vent blows air up from behind an astronaut’s head and over the front of their face. Surface tension held the blob together, and as it grew, it slowly creeped out from a plastic shroud behind Parmitano’s head, saturating his communications cap. Capillary action then wicked the water forward, first covering his ears and then getting into his eyes and nose. If Parmitano and Cassidy had waited much longer, it’s possible the water would have covered his nose and mouth. He very well could have drowned in space. No one currently knows where the water came from. Early suspicions focused on the suit’s cooling system, which contains four liters of iodine-laced water which flows throughout specialized long underwear worn by astronauts on spacewalks to cool their bodies from the heat of the unshielded sun. Currently, NASA is looking into problems with the suit’s life-support system, which, in addition to regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, condenses and collects water vapor expelled by breathing. On July 27, they sent up a spacesuit repair kit aboard an unmanned supply craft that contained tools and spare parts to repair the life-support system.
Bite Wounds The severity of bite wounds can be hard to assess by simply looking at their external appearance. The skin can sustain little damage while the deeper tissues are severely affected by crushing and loss of blood supply. Internal organs like the lung, intestines, or liver can be perforated or lacerated. Bite wounds are most severe when a larger animal, or animals, have bitten or attacked a smaller animal. We recommend pets with bite wounds be seen as soon as possible either by your primary veterinarian or at an emergency facility. Recommended diagnostics for bite wounds may include bloodwork, ultrasound examination, and/or radiographs depending on the severity and location of the wound. Treatment for wounds can be as simple as clipping and cleaning the affected area followed by oral medications for pain and infection. Bite wounds more commonly need to be aggressively cleaned, trimmed of dead or dying tissue, and repaired to avoid serious complications. Aggressive care happens under heavy sedation or anesthesia and the patient typically needs a drain placed for a few days in the tissue surrounding the wound to help stop an abscess (or infection) from developing. Some severely traumatized patients require more invasive surgery with hospitalization and IV fluid therapy and medications. Aftercare can include follow-up visits to monitor tissue healing and infection with most patients going home with with oral antibiotics, pain medications and an Elizabethan collar.
Tuesday, July 19, 2016 So, it’s proven that unicorns aren’t just mythical creatures and in fact, lived on Earth thousands of years ago. Scientists confirmed that unicorns existed thousands of years ago but unfortunately, the mythical creatures didn’t actually look like how we perceive them to be – a horse with a golden horn and wings. The real unicorns or ‘Elasmotherium Sibiricu’ actually looked similar with Rhino. It was thought that it became extinct 350,000 years ago. unicorn skeleton The Elasmotherium Sibiricu was described as a shaggy creature standing 2 meter high, 4.5 meters long and weighs up to 4 tonnes. Despite its tough features, its diet mainly composed only of grass. A skull of the said unicorn was perfectly preserved in Kazakhtan and was found that the creaturewas a male and lived on earth 29,000 years ago via radiocarbon dating techniques according to a study in American Journal of Applied Sciences published on May 2016. The question why this unicorn lasted much longer than those that died thousands of years ago is that there’s a possibility that migration to southern areas played a great factor why this creature lived longer. Researchers believed that environmental factor played a big role on the extinction of the real unicorns and hope that sooner they would find in details how the Ealsmotherium Sibiricu vanished on earth. So, if you want to imagine how real unicorns look like, think of Rhinos with long dark hair and slender horn protruding on its face.
China’s Northern Voyagers China's icebreaker, Xue Long, or Snow Dragon, seen off the Icelandic capital, Reykjavik, after completing its first voyage across the Arctic Ocean Global warming is opening up the Arctic Ocean as a feasible trade route between Asia and Europe, one that is much shorter and less pirate infested than going west via the Moluccan Straits, the Indian Ocean and the Horn of Africa. It is also a region rich in natural resources. Russia’s state oil and gas companies, Gazprom and Rosneft, are already active on the Arctic shelf. China has joined the group of countries seeking to set limits on the extent of continental shelf economic rights. Meanwhile, Beijing is putting resources behind improving its deep seabed exploration capabilities. A direct sea lane between China and Western Europe would enhance Iceland’s position as strategic partner for Beijing. It was there that Premier Wen Jiabao started his tour of northern Europe in April this year. Five years ago the two countries talked about free-trade agreement. Had it happened it would have been China’s first with a European country. The two are cooperating on developing geothermal technologies and resources in China and Africa. China has a hard scientific interest in the Arctic. Recent research suggests that rapid sea ice melt there could be causing more cold, snowy winters in China, as it is in northern Europe and North America, by altering the jet stream. The Polar Research Institute founded its Yellow River research station in the Arctic as long ago as 2003. The Xue Long’s current trip is pitched as one of atmospheric and oceanographic research. China’s first observation buoy in the region will be set up during a later leg of the voyage. Yet geo-politics are never far away. The attention given to last year’s flap over a proposed purchase of one of the largest tracts of land on Iceland by property developer and Icelandophile, Huang Nubo, seen as a beachhead for greater Chinese presence on the island, underlined international misgivings about China’s interest in the region. Beijing has also applied for membership of the Arctic Council, the intergovernmental group that oversees management of the region and comprises the eight powers that actually have territory there: Washington, Moscow, Ottawa, Reykjavik, Oslo, Helsinki, Stockholm and Copenhagen. Beijing is not the only outsider that wants in. Tokyo and Seoul have also applied for membership as has the EU as a group, and New Delhi come to that. The outsiders will inevitably have different interests from the locals, potentially changing the scope of the Council. At best Beijing can hope to be given observer status next year, when the applications will be considered. Regardless, Beijing is expanding its polar research program and building a second icebreaker. Few can doubt that China’s mariners, fishermen, scientists and petroleum engineers will be plying the increasingly less icy waters of the Arctic in ever greater number. Filed under Environment 2 responses to “China’s Northern Voyagers 1. Pingback: Today's China Readings August 18, 2012 \| Sinocism 2. Pingback: China Granted Arctic Council Observer Status \| China Bystander Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Douglas Englebart and the Mother of all Demos On December 9, 1968, something huge took place in the world of computing. Indeed, it was an event that would help shape our world as we know it today. This event, spearheaded by one Douglas Englebart, showcased several technologies that we know and love today, but, in 1968, were absolutely extraordinary. firstMouseSo, what was this earth-shattering event? It was ‘The Mother of all Demos’. This demo, showcasing the ideas that Englebart and his staff were working on at the Stanford Research Institute. The result of the work, and what was demonstrated, was called NLS or oN Line System. The audience of a thousand were witness to the first live demo of: interconnected computers, the mouse, video teleconferencing, word processing, collaborative software, hypertext, objects in the computer space, a very, very crude type of graphical interface (sans real graphics, more like cursor addressable text, but the basis for gui’s were there) and more. Englebart and his team were way ahead of the technology, however. And, not all of his ideas were accepted. For instance, the piano key style ‘quick keys’ never really took off. This device consisted of several (four or five) multipurpose keys (that looked like piano keys) that execute what were, essentially, macros. It was a novel idea, but never took off. Englebart went on to put his interconnectivity ideas to use in what was to become the ARPANET. ARPANET was the precursor to our current Internet. Englebart and his team continued to work at the Augmentation Research Center into the 1970’s, which saw the dawn of personal computing. Interestingly enough, he didn’t fully embrace the notion of the ‘personal’ computer, instead, he foresaw networked, collaborative computing. More like timeshare or client-server style computing. He may have been onto something, as the majority of people now work in the type of setup: you may spend a grand on a computer, but what is the first thing you want to do with it: get on the Internet. It was this difference in philosophy that caused many of his colleagues to run off to Xerox Parc and work on the Graphical User Interface that Steve Jobs and Bill Gates ripped off and what gave way to our modern way of computing. Douglas Englebart was a visionary who, unfortunately, got swept away by time and flashy personalities like Jobs. People tend to credit Jobs and Gates for most of our computing advancements, but it was Englebart who led the way and laid the foundation for those two to build upon. Mr. Englebart passed away on July 3, 2013. He was 88 years old. For more information on the man and his research: Bardini, Thierry. Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8047-3871-8 Douglas Englebart’s Demo, December 8, 1968 Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Infographic: the Future of Big Data Big data is not new. It has existed for ages and can be attributed even to the initial years of computing. However, one might do well to consider why is there an increased buzz around this now. The answer is quite simple: Significant advances that have been brought about by x86 hardware have actually helped in bringing computing power to the masses. However, with new technologies, cloud computing has extended this power. Now, users have extended perimeters, while still being able to control costs effectively… See on Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
\| Back to Blog > 9 Notable Translators of Edgar Allan Poe Who has not translated Edgar Allan Poe? Edgar Allan Poe’s influence abroad is staggering. He is a pervasive force, cited as a major influence by writers from across the globe. This worldwide Poe-frenzy is a phenomenon that asks us to consider what makes a writer so appealing in other languages and literary cultures. Several books are dedicated to answering this question. By the time Poe died in 1849, translations and summaries of his work had already begun to appear in journals outside of the Anglophone world. Many of the early Poe translations appeared ghostlike, nestled in the pages of literary journals, as if testing the waters. As early as 1846—when Poe was still alive—a Peruvian journal published an anonymous writer’s summaries of three Poe stories, including “The Black Cat.” These early appearances sparked an interest in Poe that has remained strong more than a century after the writer’s death. Evidently there was something in his voice that excited generations of writers and translators. Among the countless writers influenced by Poe: Horacio Quiroga, Julio Cortázar, Carlos Fuentes, H.P. Lovecraft, Charles Baudelaire, Franz Kafka, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Junichiro Tanizaki. Or to put it another way, in the words of Joyce Carol Oates, “Who has not been influenced by Poe?” The number of Poe translators is similarly impressive: in fact the list is so extensive that it would far exceed the limitations of a single blog post. Here, though, is a selection, presented in no order in particular. See if you recognize any names. 1. Charles Baudelaire (French) Charles Baudelaire is considered one of the very first and most important champions of Edgar Allan Poe. He wrote essays praising and theorizing about Poe, all the while characterizing him as a mad genius who shared Baudelaire’s fascination with perversity. After his first Poe translation—the story “Mesmeric Revelation”—in 1848, he went on to translate more prose by the “mad” American writer, including two collections of stories, Histoires extraordinaires (1856) and Nouvelles histoires extraordinaires (1857). It should be noted that Baudelaire’s seminal Les Fleurs du mal was also published in 1857, and he was most likely working on it while translating Poe. Poe’s influence branched out from there. Baudelaire’s friends and fellow poets Paul Valéry and Stéphane Mallarmé also became champions of Poe, spurred on by their friend’s fervor. Mallarmé began translating Poe’s poetry, including publishing a version of “The Raven” (as “Le Corbeau”) in 1875. And Baudelaire’s essays and translations of Poe garnered a lot of attention outside of France: in fact, they were often the source material for the early Poe translations into Spanish, Romanian, Russian, and Japanese, among others. 2. Arno Schmidt (German) Arno Schmidt was hugely influenced by the works of Poe. Though several translations of Poe existed in Germany as early as 1846, it was Arno Schmidt and Hans Wollschläger’s massive translation project, published as the four-volume Werke, that reignited Poe’s fame in Germany. The translation project lasted from 1966 to 1973 and demonstrated both translators’ unwavering dedication to the American writer. Schmidt also took Poe as the subject of his most famous work, Bottom’s Dream, translated last year by John E. Woods. The protagonist of the 1,496-page, thirteen-pound book is a Poe enthusiast and the book is, in the words of the New Yorker, “dedicated almost entirely to applying a Freudian theory of language to the works of Poe.” That’s a lot of Poe! 3. Fernando Pessoa (Portuguese) Portugal’s leading modernist writer discovered Poe while studying in South Africa. Poe had already been translated into Portuguese by many impressive people by the time Pessoa came across him. The hugely important Brazilian writer Machado de Assis, for example, had been an early admirer of Poe, and was one of the few at the time who could read Poe in the original English, not merely in Baudelaire’s French translation. (Machado de Assis became the first person to translate “The Raven” directly from English to Portuguese in 1883.) And yet Fernando Pessoa’s dedication to Poe over the course of his lifetime is astounding; his personal papers are littered with references to the American writer. Pessoa notably spent twelve years working on his Portuguese translation of “The Raven,” which he published along with translations of Poe’s “Annabel Lee” and “Ulalume” in the journal Athena between 1924 and 1925. 4. Hiratsuka Raichō (Japanese) Raichō was a poet, journalist, and pioneering Japanese feminist who founded Seitō, the first all-female literary magazine. The magazine became more and more political as the feminist movement grew, covering issues such as female sexuality and abortion. But before that, in 1911, it was where Raichō published her translation of Poe’s “The Black Cat.” Though a handful of Japanese translations of this story existed already, dating back to Aeba Koson’s version in 1887, Raichō created her own unique version and spread Poe to her community of dedicated readers. 5. Ion Vinea (Romanian) Romanians took very quickly to Poe, particularly his prose, after discovering him through Baudelaire’s essays and French translations. While several translations into Romanian appeared in the nineteenth century, it was Symbolist and modernist poet Ion Vinea (the pseudonym of Ion Eugen Iovanaki) who spurred a wave of interest in Poe with his more modernized translations. Vinea translated over twenty-five of Poe’s stories, as well as Poe’s only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, which he published in 1963 as part of a book of selected writings by the American writer, Edgar Allan Poe: Scrieri alese. The book was a major success, and prompted more translators to take up the task of translating Poe into Romanian. 6. Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares (Spanish) I know, technically this makes two notable writers. But since the two Argentines worked so closely together, and enjoyed a lifelong friendship, I’m lumping them together at number six. Together they translated Poe’s “The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar” and “The Purloined Letter” in the early 1940s, and they reprinted them in several of the anthologies that they published together, including an anthology of the best detective stories. Borges, as a master of the short-story, was understandably interested in Poe. And this interest took him beyond merely reading stories: he wrote analytic essays on Poe and referenced his work in numerous interviews. Borges also translated excerpts from Poe’s novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, this time independently. Some scholars have pointed out that Borges and Bioy Casares significantly altered Poe’s writing, removing passages and smoothing out the language in an attempt to “improve” the work in the Spanish. Does this mean that the result was a kind of mutated work, co-authored by Borges, Bioy Casares, and Poe? The boundaries seemed to have blurred here. What is clear is that Borges and Poe shared an affinity for the detective story, and both were masters of narratives that nosedive into the philosophical and metaphysical realms. 7. Konstantin Balmont (Russian) The Symbolist poet dedicated decades to translating Poe’s work. Before his own career as a poet took off, Balmont spent years translating seminal works into Russian from several different languages. In addition to Poe, he translated Walt Whitman, Pedro Calderón, and the complete works of Percy Shelley. He is probably most famous for his Poe translations, however. It seems that Balmont identified deeply with Poe, or at least with the reputation of Poe as a poète maudit, unhinged and brilliant. He had read Baudelaire’s essays on the American writer, and according to scholars who analyzed his 1895 translation of Poe, Balmont translated from Baudelaire’s French translations rather than from the original English text. 8. Kim Myeong-Sun (Korean) Kim was a poet, novelist, and extremely prolific translator. She was also an early—if not the first—proponent of Poe’s work in Korea. In fact, in the introduction to her 1922 translation of Poe’s “The Assignation,” she criticized the Korean literary community for not paying more attention to his work. She also translated several poems by Baudelaire and Poe, classifying both men’s work as “Satanic” in nature. She advocated for more of this kind of writing in Korea. 9. Julio Cortázar (Spanish) Cortázar was a huge proponent of Edgar Allan Poe. After first reading Poe at the age of nine, he became enthralled with his haunting stories. Poe continued to be a dominating influence in his life and, in 1953, a Puerto Rican publisher accepted Cortázar’s request to translate Poe’s complete works. So, Cortázar and his first wife, Aurora Bernárdez, left Paris to spend the year in Italy so that Cortázar could focus on the task. The resulting book, Poe’s Obras completas, was lauded by critics and remains one of the most popular Poe translations in Spanish today. Cortázar also translated Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and a novel by the French writer Marguerite Yourcenar. And yet Poe seems to have been something like an obsession for Cortázar. If you read Cortázar’s eeriest short stories you can feel Poe radiating from their core.
Our Cities Are Speaking...What Are They Saying? Urbanization began long ago, perhaps around the industrial revolution in the mid 19th century, but there is no doubt that humanity will partake in a new era of urban life. Currently three and a half billion people live in cities, around 55% of the world’s population. Conservative estimates project as much as 70% of people by 2050 will live within city limits around the globe. But what does that mean? Lets explore what a 15% increase would look like currently, but also what it looks like in thirty-three years. From Tokyo to Nairobi the accumulation of people in the hundreds of thousands or millions means a need for resource and space maximization. The debate ceases to exist whether or not humanity as a whole will grow by billions in the next thirty years, but entertain this: the difference between the conservative estimate of nine billion differs drastically than the projected 13 billion by certain population theorists. In the first model there are about 6-6.3 billion people in cities (9x.7), but the other has an astonishing 9-9.2 billion (13x.7)! So by the latter’s projections, the world will have more people in cities by 2050, than the total population presently. Recently, The Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index took inventory of 100 cities across five continents and did so by inspecting three sustainability factors: social, environmental, and economic health. In regards to the social ranking, the global design firm Arcadis rates health, education, income inequality, work-life balance, crime, housing, and living costs. As it pertains to environmental rankings, the firm looked at energy consumption, renewable energy share, waste management, sanitation, water, and air pollution. The final metric, economic health inspects transport infrastructure, ease of doing business, GDP per capita, the importance in global economic networks, and employment rates. Now in fairness to the index, there are other measurements for their judgment of cities, but there is something interesting about the findings. No single city rated in the top five for more than one category, but there were several cities that had excellent metrics (two categories in the top 10): Stockholm, Vienna, London, Prague, and Hamburg. In the United States, the only city with a top 10 finish in any category was New York City (#8 in economic health). The breakdown is Seattle led the way for the U.S. for environmental ratings at 35th and Boston finished 41st in Social. These are not glowing reviews; in fact they should humble Americans. The shot clock reads 33 years until cities are flooded with an additional three to six billion people, how do we position ourselves for the best result and ‘easiest shot’? Perhaps, the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index reveals and indicates the level of competition, to hold cities to an elevated standard and prepare cities to properly urbanize. It seems now, according to this index, cities around the world are not ready for the three billion they experience currently, much less the three to six more coming soon. What can I do today to ensure a better tomorrow? How can I possibly make a dent in this immense and inevitable issue? Are there baby steps? One way to ensure a brighter future is to live today with more purpose; being proactive in our communities and environments. With a deliberate effort to enhance the present we increase our chances for a more manageable 2050; we will have more space and resources to accommodate three to six billion more people. Recycling and mindfulness for resources over time, if done by the majority, will make an incredible difference in thirty years. Let’s take care of one another now and allow the next three decades building that momentum, so densely populated cities thrive instead of suffer.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Gravity and Satellite Equations 1. Jun 7, 2009 #1 This isn't quite a question, i've got an exam coming up and i'm compiling a notes sheet i've found gravity and satellites troubling, I know most of the general equations, but I was wondering if I could get a set of equations which have been modified to find each measure... So far ive got Mass? = (T^2) * G T = 2(pie)R T^2 = (4(pie)^2) * R^3 G Constant * Mass Has anyone got anymore modifications that I can put on my notes sheet? 2. jcsd 3. Jun 7, 2009 #2 User Avatar Homework Helper You're trying to memorize all modifications of the same equation? Why don't you just practice combining and solving them for the variable you're interested in? Memorizing will make you forget shortly after your exam, deriving them yourself from the base principles that is [itex]F_{centripital}=F_{gravity}[/itex] will last a life time! 4. Jun 7, 2009 #3 Nah, we are aloud to bring in a A4 sheet of notes into our exam, and since i'm not very good at deriving equations, I just wanted someone to give me a basic list of equations which would make it easier for me in my exam. 5. Jun 7, 2009 #4 User Avatar Homework Helper Well in that case perhaps we should derive a few. For an orbiting satellite the centripetal force is provided by gravity, therefore [itex]F_{centripital}=F_{gravity}[/itex]. [itex] F_{centripital}=m \omega^2 r=m v^2/r[/itex] and [itex]\omega= 2 \pi f=2 \pi /T =v/r[/itex].[itex]F_{gravity}=GmM/r^2[/itex]. Therefore the equations to solve are: [tex]m\omega^2 r=\frac{GmM}{r^2}[/tex] [tex]m \frac{v^2}{r}=\frac{GmM}{r^2}[/tex] So far you have solved them for T and M, correctly. If you want all possible combinations you will have to solve them for [itex]v,f,r, \omega[/itex] as well. Try to start with v. Similar Discussions: Gravity and Satellite Equations 1. Satellite & Gravity (Replies: 2) 2. Satellite and Gravity (Replies: 8)
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Increasing water pressure without increasing pump output 1. Sep 9, 2015 #1 I am curious as to whether a nozzle at the end of a pipe that is completely submerged in water and has a pressurized flow being pumped through it in a closed condition can increase the amount of flow and pressure of the water in a pipe fixed to the exit side of that nozzle if the nozzle uses the advancing flow going through it to suck in water that is on the outside of the pipe. It may work if the pipe on the exit side has more space in it or is short to the output into the water. 2. jcsd 3. Sep 9, 2015 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Gold Member 2016 Award See "Bernoulli." 4. Sep 9, 2015 #3 User Avatar Staff: Mentor And: eductor. Similar Discussions: Increasing water pressure without increasing pump output
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Maxwell's modification to Ampere's law 1. Nov 18, 2013 #1 In my textbook, it uses a sack shape surface to explain why Ampere's law didn't work for a changing electric field between a capacitor. Why did they use this sack shape? Why not just use the same circle around the empty space between the capacitor, where its surface is normal to the electric flux, and calculate using the circumference? This is sort of what it looks like http://teacher.nsrl.rochester.edu/phy122/Lecture_Notes/Chapter35/chapter35.html But in my book, the sack shape isn't a perfect cylinder, so the magnetic field does not look like it would be uniform over the whole surface. 2. jcsd 3. Nov 18, 2013 #2 The real problem is that the divergence of curl is always zero. If we apply this to Amperes law (without Maxwell's correction) we'll see what happens. ##\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \mathbf B ) = \mu _0(\nabla \cdot \mathbf J ) = 0## and we know that ##\mathbf J ≠ 0## when the current is not steady, which shows that without Maxwell's correction, this is not right. A capacitor is used as a concrete example that Ampere's law will fail under certain circumstances. The surface doesn't really matter, as long as it only covers one half of the capacitor. The point is that ##\oint \mathbf B \cdot d \mathbf l = \mu _0 I _{enc}## just doesn't make sense when charge "piles up". 4. Nov 19, 2013 #3 In other words, without Maxwell's term, charge is NOT conserved. Similar Discussions: Maxwell's modification to Ampere's law 1. Ampere's Law question (Replies: 11) 2. Ampere's Law (Replies: 6)
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Momentum is not conserved with elastic bouncing ball? 1. Mar 1, 2015 #1 So if you throw an elastic bouncy ball at the non-closed door, it will bounce off with bigger velocity than it was approaching the door before hitting it, as well as the door will now have some gained momentum and will move. P (momentum) = mv In this case, it appears as if the ball gained additional momentum (after hitting the door) out of nowhere... In fact, if you compare it to throwing an inelastic ball at the door, then the inelastic ball after hitting the door will give all of its momentum to the door and then simply fall down to the ground. I also read this thread already. 2. jcsd 3. Mar 1, 2015 #2 Unless the door is moving against the ball, the ball won't bounce with more velocity. Momentum is always conserved 4. Mar 2, 2015 #3 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member Where have you seen that? Similar Discussions: Momentum is not conserved with elastic bouncing ball?
Acid Reflux Disease acid reflux dietAcid Reflux disease, or as it is formally known, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, commonly referred to as GERD, is a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates (backs up or refluxes) into the esophagus. The liquid can inflame and damage the lining of the esophagus. The regurgitated liquid usually contains acid and pepsin that are produced by the stomach. Acid is believed to be the most injurious component of the refluxed liquid. In street lingo, acid reflux is heartburn. If you have ever eaten something and felt a burning feeling in your chest you have probably experienced acid reflux disease. The bad news with acid reflux is that it is a chronic condition. A chronic condition means once something starts, you are likely to experience it multiple times. So the question may be how does someone get acid reflux disease? Well there are multiple answers to this question. One of the most popular ways of getting acid reflux disease is foods. People react different to the different types of foods they eat. Often people experience acid reflux after eating spicy foods or drinking carbonated beverages. Lying down after a big meal is also a way a person can develop acid reflux disease. Some typical foods to stay away from when acid reflux disease becomes an issue are foods that are fried, heavy on dairy products, or foods that are seasoned really well. Smoking is another cause of acid reflux disease. Smoking contributes by increasing the amount of acid secretion in your body. Smoking also damages mucus membranes which help to protect your esophagus from acid reflux. Pregnancy is another typical cause of acid reflux disease. With the increase of hormones, acid reflux disease can take place. Acid reflux during pregnancy is almost always worse in the mothers third trimester. A positive note with acid reflux during pregnancy is almost always after delivery it goes away. After understanding what causes acid reflux disease it is important a person understands what they can do to treat it. Doctors can prescribe certain medications that can prevent and relieve acid reflux. However, doctor prescriptions can get expensive if used over a long period of time. In this case some might prefer to turn to home remedies. There are many home remedies that claim to prevent and treat acid reflux. These may include apples, mustard, pickle juice, baking soda, and many other options that are suggested to get rid of acid reflux disease. No matter the cause or the solution to acid reflux disease it is important you understand acid reflux disease takes a different toll on each individual. No two cases are similar and when it does help to hear what has helped other people, your solution to acid reflux may be completely different. Acid Reflux Diets
Saturday, January 28, 2017 Nutrition myths At Maggie's Farm Dr. Joy Bliss takes on the subject of nutrition. I have repeatedly insisted that a "healthy human diet" cannot be defined. As omnivores, humans can survive and thrive on many sorts of diets. Each culture has its own food biases, myths, preferences. It is an imaginary First-world problem to obsess about food as if food were medicine, magical, or potential toxins in our civilization of revolutionary food abundance, quality, variety, safety, and flavor. (We have discussed weight loss and physical fitness ad nauseum here, so this is not about those special nutritional areas.) Old wive's tales, obsolete studies, superstitions, misrepresented press reports, etc. These are my own views via the literature. Do your own research if you want. This applies to otherwise relatively normal people without serious ailments: - Coffee is bad for you. Wrong. - You should drink X glasses of water per day. Nonsense. If you are peeing, you are hydrated. - Beer and coffee are dehydrating. False. They are just enhanced water. - Red meat is bad for you. Nonsense. Where did that myth come from? The Federal Chicken Board? - Organic foods are "better for you." Zero evidence for that, but there is evidence that organic foods have fewer nutrients. Not that it matters; it is de minimus. - You need roughage to prevent colon cancer. That is disproven. It will give you larger BMs if that is what you enjoy. - Fruit and fruit juice is good for you. Nope, they are just flavored sugar, what I term warm popsicles. Tasty though. Fruit is just a dessert as the Italians understand, not real food. Worried about scurvy, are you? Fruits are not really healthy foods, but are good sources of sugar if you are sugar-deprived. - Eggs are bad for you. Wrong. They are an excellent food, actually one of the few "perfect" foods (ie balances of fat, protein, and carb). A "perfect food" means you can thrive on it, alone, for a long time. - Carbs and starches are bad. Nope. They are great foods as long as you are not dealing with a weight problem. With the egg, potato is the other "perfect" food item. Well, milk too. - Eating fat makes you fat. Wrong. Excess carbs make people fat. Carbs, plus general gluttony. - Three meals per day. Why? It's just a habit. For youth and manual laborers, certainly - plus snacks. - Vegetarian diets are healthier. Utter cultish nonsense. Active humans and growing kids need plenty of good protein for normal growth and muscle maintenance and repair, which is difficult for vegetarians to obtain without extra effort and expense. Low-protein cultures generally have littler people with less strength. - Gluten? Don't get me started. - Salt is bad. No, it is essential for health. If you have dangerous blood pressure, take a pill. - Vegetables and greens are "healthy." Not especially. They are just cheap, sometimes tasty, tummy-fillers. If you hate all veggies and greens (even steamed spinach with garlic), take a multivitamin once or twice a week and forget about it. Otherwise, enjoy them. - Low cholesterol diets? There is no meaningful relation between dietary cholesterol and heart disease unless you have severe familial hypercholesterolemia in which case you take a pill and hope for the best. - Alcohol is unhealthy. Nope, good for body, soul, and cheerful companionship if not abused. - White vs. Brown breads, rice, and sugars? The brown thing is pure foolishness, except for flavor preferences. If you need brown rice for the microscopic protein in it, you need Food Stamps desperately. Get an EBT card and buy yourself a Big Mac. - Fish oils are healthy. A health-food scam, same as "organic." Fatty fishes are delicious, though: shad, tuna, swordfish, trout and salmon, bluefish. Even a baked mackerel with garlic and rosemary. - "Free range" is better. If it's a cultural, moral, or flavor thing for you, go for it if you can spare the cash. I'd like to see a blind tasting. I do hate to see animals raised in meat factories, but all animal husbandry is meat factories. Nursery schools and day care are caged meat factories too, but we don't eat the product. Where am I in error? No comments:
Debit cards look and act much like credit cards with one important difference; charges made with debit cards are immediately deducted from the balance of the associated account. Credit cards allow the user to pay all charges, or a minimum portion of the amount due, on a fixed monthly date. The debit card security code is one of the most important safeguards to protect the funds in your checking or savings account. Where to Locate your Security Code Debit card security codes are located on the back of the card. The last three numbers to the right of the card are known as your security code. Why the Security Code is Important. The security code offers the cardholder an extra layer of protection from fraud and unauthorized use. When will the Cardholder Need to Provide the Security Code? Cardholders will need to provide the debit card security code for most telephone and Internet sales transactions. How Does the Debit Card Security Code Reduce Fraud? Providing the security code to the vendor during sales transactions provides some assurance that the caller has the actual card in hand. Is the Pin Code the Same as the Security Code? They are different numbers. The security code is already assigned to the card upon issue; a PIN code is often one chosen by the user and not printed on the card.
If you're just starting out in life and don't have a lot of money, it might be hard to set aside money for saving and investing. It's worth the trouble, though. The longer you save money, the more it can grow. Plus, whether you're making $15,000 per year or $150,000 per year, sometimes things go wrong, and an emergency fund can help you get through tough times. Even with very low, poverty-level pay, you can find money to save. Finding Money When you have a relatively low income, finding money to save isn't always easy. One trick is to save your change, so when you buy something for cash, put the coins you get back in a jar or piggy bank. Over time, you could build up real money. You might also choose to set aside a little bit of money -- even if it's just $10 or $20 -- every time you get paid. Another way to find money to save is to lower your expenses. Whether you get a roommate, live at home or cut unnecessary leisure time expenses, you might be able to stretch your money further. Opening Brokerage Account While some investment houses have minimums that run into the thousands of dollars, others will let you open an account with just about any balance. Another way to save is to open an account at a bank that pays a new account bonus. That new bonus could work out to a meaningful return. Choosing Investments The investments you choose are going to depend on what you plan to do with the money. If you're saving to have some emergency money or to make a purchase relatively soon, such as a car, you might want to keep it in a bank account where you can get to it quickly. Longer-term savings can go into bonds or, if you plan to have the money stay for a long while, stocks or stock mutual funds. Stocks and bonds offer higher returns than interest-bearing bank accounts, so your money will grow more, but their higher risk means your investment returns will fluctuate as they rise in value. Forbes magazine recommends focusing on investments that don't have a lot of expenses, such as management fees, and leaving them alone rather than trading them frequently, because fees can eat into your returns. Free Money From IRS One of the best ways to save is to take advantage of the IRS' Saver's Credit. As of 2013, if you are at least 18, not a full-time student and independent of your parents, the IRS will give you back up to 50 percent of what you save for retirement, up to $2,000 per year. Assuming that you're single, to qualify for this free money, you must have an adjusted gross income, which is usually no more than what you earn, of $17,750 or less. Incomes between $17,251 and $29,500 still get a credit, but it is smaller.
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excess reserves Also found in: Wikipedia. Excess reserves Actual reserves that exceed required reserves. Excess Reserves excess reserves References in periodicals archive ? It then shows that the quantity theory of money has not really been put to the test after the Great Recession, because a sharp increase in banks' excess reserves and corresponding sharp decline in the 'money multiplier' has meant that the rise in the Federal Reserve's balance sheet has not translated into increased money available to the public in the usual fashion. Before we attempt to forecast future Federal Reserve policy, we need to examine the history of the Fed and how the financial crisis created some never-before-used policies such as paying interest on excess reserves. Recently, Fisher said that excess reserves piling up in the US banking system could lead to more inflation. Depository institutions maintain excess reserves as a safeguard against overdrafts of their account at the Federal Reserve, or against insufficient clearing balances or required reserves. Monetary aggregates in the world's oil superpower also recorded slow growth last year mainly due to a decline in the banks' excess reserves with the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), the country's central bank, National Commercial Bank (NCB) said in a study sent to the press. Initially, different rates were paid on required reserves and excess reserves. The Central Bank of Jordan (CBJ) on Sunday announced that the volume of excess reserves is JD 3. Perng noted that excess reserves at banks have plunged to NT$30 billion, from NT$100 billion previously, adding that the CBC will continue mopping up excess funds in the market via open-market operation. The Bank added that the volume of excess reserves, including overnight window deposits held at CBJ, is JD3.
When most people consider replacing their boiler, they think immediately of gas and perhaps oil as a fuel. Very few people consider electric boilers, even at discounted prices, unless they are unable to get a gas supply to their property yet they might be overlooking a design that could suit their requirements perfectly. This article will look at electric boilers in more detail, explaining how they work, what the advantages are, and any disadvantages they may have. How do they work?Edit There isn’t actually all that much difference between en electric boiler and a conventional one. Instead of burning gas to create heat, the electric version takes power from the mains supply and uses it to heat elements within the boiler. Water passes over these elements and is heated in the process, before being pumped to where it is needed in the same way as any other boiler. Advantages of electric boilersEdit • Silent operation. As they have very few moving parts and don’t burn any fuel, you won’t hear it every time they start to heat water. • They can be fitted anywhere. They don’t need a flue, so you don’t have any worries about finding an outside wall if, for example you live in an apartment. There is also no need for any sort of fuel storage, as required by other alternatives such as biomass boilers. • They are pretty compact. Even compared to most gas boiler systems, electric versions are small and neat, so even if you don’t have a lot of room to spare in your home they may still be installed. • They are safer. Because they don’t burn any sort of solid fuel, they don’t produce any fumes or combustion gasses like carbon monoxide. These are extremely dangerous if they leak from a traditional boiler and build up in the house, but there’s no such risk with an electric boiler. • There is no need for an annual safety certificate. Landlords who have gas or oil boilers installed must have them inspected yearly and a certificate issue to prove they aren’t emitting harmful gasses. As there are no emissions from an electric boiler, there is no need for the certificate and, come to that, no need for a service either. • They can be linked to environmentally friendly electricity generation sources, such as solar panels. This can greatly reduce the electricity bills of the householder and benefit the environment as the system isn’t taking as much electricity, usually created by coal or gas fired power stations, from the grid. Disadvantages of electric boilersEdit • They may not be powerful enough to provide hot water for larger homes, as they can only heat a limited amount of water at a time. Some people may not consider these boilers to be environmentally friendly, as they still use electricity generated by power plants using nuclear, gas or coal energy sources. Ad blocker interference detected!
Every individual has many incidents stored in his memory. Memory played an extremely important part of the development of human society. Memory improvement techniques are pretty simple to learn but they require a lot of practice and constant use, otherwise there is hardly any benefits. Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger... Thursday, August 10, 2017 Traumatic involuntary memories DSM-IV describes PTSD as characterized by high frequency, distressing, involuntary memories that individuals are unable to forget and same great efforts to prevent coming to mind. Among these is the traumatic ‘flashback’. Traumatic involuntary memories appear to be different from everyday (or ordinary) involuntary memories in a number of important ways. For example, unlike ordinary involuntary memories, traumatic involuntary memories are quite repetitive. Typically they involve repetitions of a memory of the same of a prior traumatic experience. When people with PTSD have flashbacks, they feel more stress and anxiety when they recall them from a field views than from an observer view. In generally, traumatic involuntary memories are typically experience by individuals ranging from 1% to 14% in the population. Traumatic involuntary memories The Most Popular Posts Memory New Links: MedlinePlus RSS Feed Latest posts in FOOD VITAMIN Feed from Computer Applications In Business
The Yankton Sioux Nation The Yankton Sioux reside on a reservation of around 37,000 acres (AID, 43) is South Dakota near the southeastern corner of the state and bordering the state of Nebraska. The Yankton Sioux, current population just under 2,000 (Ibid) constitute one of four distinct branches of the mighty Sioux nation (ENAT, 222-228). In their native dialect, they refer to themselves as "Nakota", differentiating themselves from groups which refer to themselves as "Lakota" or "Dakota"; but all three terms mean "allies". Officially, the Yankton Sioux Tribe is called "Ihanktonowan Dakota Kyate" in the local dialect. The Yankton Sioux, or Nakota people, adopted a unique tribal symbol on September, 24, 1975. With minor alterations this symbol serves as seal, logo and flag. The flag is red and bears designs in yellow thereon (photo provided by The Flag Research Center, Winchester, MA) . Toward the hoist, reaching from the bottom hoist, is the calumet or peace pipe in a very modern, stylized form. The tip of the calumet just touches the top center of the flag at an angle. This angular section of the calumet recalls the figure of a Nakota tepee ("Yankton Sioux Official Tribal Insignia - The Design", undated flyer). The fly end bears two yellow stripes, the upper one coming in from the fly end and terminating in a curved tip. The lower one starts at the center of the flag and goes toward the fly end again ending in a curved, but less drastic, end. When one looks at the design, one can see the letters of the alphabet "Y" and "S" standing for Yankton Sioux. Crossing the yellow portions of the flag approximately one-third from the bottom is an undulating red line. This symbolizes a "prayer" to bind the home in love and safety. Red was chosen by designer Gladys L. Moore, a Yankton Sioux from Union Lake (Ibid), Michigan, because it is a symbol of life. The color red was painted around the lower parts of tepees to indicate that those that visited would be fed or that that particular tepee was one of several in which a feast was to be held. The combination of life and friendliness was an image the artist wished to convey. Yellow signifies happiness in the home to the Sioux and Ms. Moore wanted the impression of a happy, friendly tepee in the sun. When used in print form as a logo or seal, three legends are added to the flag design. Above the first yellow bar is added a yellow stripe bearing "Yankton Sioux Tribe" in black; across the fly center a second yellow bar is added and it bears the phrase "Land of the Friendly People of the Seven Council Fires". Finally a short yellow bar is added toward the base of the fly and it contains the year 1858, the year the Yankton Sioux Reservation was established. Both these last two inscriptions appear in black, just like the first one. On the flag, the writing appears directly on the flag's red background without the addition of extra yellow bars. The Cherokee Nation The Cherokee people are located in two distinct regions representing their history under the United States. The Eastern Band of Cherokee are located in North Carolina and Tennessee, the traditional homeland of the people who call themselves "Ani Yun Wiya" or "Real People"(ENAT, 43-48). The term Cherokee was probably given to them by their neighbors in the southeast, the Creeks. The Creeks called them "Tciloki", meaning "people of a different speech". The modern Cherokee nation has more enrolled members than any other in the United States. The 1990 census showed around 400,000 Cherokees living in the country. The Navajo, however are considered the largest tribe by many since the Western Cherokee recognize any one who has even the smallest part Cherokee in their heritage to be a Western Cherokee. The Western Cherokee philosophy is that even the smallest drop of Cherokee blood makes one a Cherokee. Most other tribes, including the Eastern Band of Cherokee, require an individual to prove to be at least one quarter or one sixteenth descended from an individual member of a particular tribe to be eligible for membership. The major component of the Cherokee nation is found in Oklahoma. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act which evicted all Indians in the southeastern United States to what is now Oklahoma. At the time of this act, the Cherokee were an advanced nation having built towns and cities, having a written constitution and even printing their own newspapers in the Cherokee language. The Cherokee had been interacting with the United States government for quite some time on a true government to government relationship. Part of the fear that caused the move was that the Cherokee would actually take steps to become a truly independent nation on the western boundaries of the United States. The primary motivation, however, was greed. The whites in Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee and Alabama desired the lands of the Cherokee. The United States military had the might to grant the whites their wish. The eviction of the Cherokee people and their relocation to Oklahoma has become known as the "Trail of Tears". The military did not care for the Cherokees in any way during the migration. The forced move was accompanied by disease, harsh weather, starvation and attacks by marauding whites. Over 4,000 Cherokee died on the road to Oklahoma. Every year, the "Trail of Tears'" is recalled in a pageant and remembrance ceremony in the Cherokee capital of Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The government's treatment of the Cherokee and other tribes in the 1830s bore bitter fruit thirty years later when all five of the "Civilized Tribes", that is the Cherokee, the Chickasaw, the Choctaw, the Muskogee or Creek, and the Seminole signed treaties with the Confederate States of America and fought in the war against the Union. The earliest fully documented Cherokee flag is that of the Cherokee Braves. This flag was presented to principal chief John Ross on October 7, 1861 by the Confederate Indian Commissioner, Albert Pike. A similar flag has been attributed to the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles, possibly pointing to the base design as a de facto national flag for the Cherokee Nation (Devereaux D. Cannon Jr., The Flags of the Confederacy, An Illustrated History, [Memphis, TN : St. Luke's Press & Broadfoot Publishing, 1988], 64). This flag was the standard design of the first Confederate national flag, three horizontal stripes of red over white over red bearing a blue canton upon which a ring of eleven white stars appeared. The standard flag was modified for use by the Cherokees by the addition of a large red star in the center of the ring and that was surrounded by four smaller red stars. The five additional stars stood for the five "Civilized Tribes", while the large one specifically referred to the Cherokees. In red letters on the white stripe appeard the words "Cherokee Braves". This flag, employing black lettering is used today by the unrecognized "Southern Cherokee Nation" based in Georgia (note: this is not the same as the state recognized Chrokee of Georgia which employ a distinctive flag of their own). In Dr. Whitney Smith's "The Flag Book of the United States"(FBUS, 254-255), the Cherokee are reported to have a white flag bearing seven red seven pointed stars. This flag, which has been called a "peace flag" was known to have been used in the ceremonies of the Cherokee to celebrate their national holiday on Sept. 7, 1968. The Cherokee Peace Flag is symbolic in both color and design. The red stars stand for victory and success, while the white background represents peace and happiness. The seven points of each star recall the seven clans of the Cherokee people. The stars are arranged in the pattern of the constellation "Yonegwa", known to the white man as the Great Bear or Big Dipper. According to Cherokee history, the peace flag was carried by the Cherokee from their traditional home to the Indian Territory along the "Trail of Tears". Before that journey began, the Cherokee War Flag, was buried with a hatchet. The "War Flag" was red and bore the Big Dipper in white according to tribal sources. This counter changing of red and white for war and peace is a common design element in many eastewrn tribes. As of March 1998, the government of the Cherokee of Oklahoma is considering bringing back the "Peace flag" with some design modifications. Added to the fly would be a black star for those having died on the "Trail of Tears" while a blue star may be added for the bright future. The western Cherokee based in Oklahoma have an orange flag. This flag bears their tribal seal (ANNIN) in the center. A single seven pointed star, each point divided in half, one side yellow, the other orange. This star recalls the seven original clans of the Cherokee people. This is surrounded by a oak wreath depicted in orange and green. The oak symbolizes the sacred eternal fire which was kindled from oak wood. All this lies on a grey circle. Ringing this central circle is an orange band bearing the phrase "Seal of the Cherokee Nation" in both English and Cherokee script. In the Cherokee language, it is pronounced "Tsa la gi yi A ye hli", meaning "The Cherokee Nation"(postcard, "Seal of the Cherokee Nation"). That script, it should be noted, was the invention of the great Cherokee chief, Sequoyah. It was the first Indian language to be put in written form. At the base of the orange ring is the date Sept. 6, 1839, the date of the constitution of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma. Beyond the seal is a ring of seven yellow seven pointed stars, again recalling the seven original clans. These stars also recall the seven holidays in the Cherokee Life cycle and the seven sacred rites in the Cherokee's native religion. The stars are arranged so that each has one point aiming toward the central seal. Edging the entire flag is a border of green and black diagonal stripes similar to the rope-like border frequently found around a seal . The flag was designed by Mr. Stanley John(Cherokee Advocate, 8/78), a full blooded Navajo and husband to a member of the Cherokee nation. It was approved by the Tribal Council on October 9, 1978 and officially raised over the Tribal headquarters on September 30, 1979(Cherokee Advocate 9/79). As the result of a resolution passed by the Cherokee Council on September 9, 1989, the flag of the Cherokee Nation was altered(Cherokee Council Resolution #73-89, Sept. 9, 1989). To the upper fly corner was added a single black seven pointed star(Sample flag provided by the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK). This star is a constant reminder of those Cherokee who lost their lives during the terrible ordeal recalled each year in Tahlequah, the "Trail of Tears".
Cancer's Free Pass Once a tumor is born, what is the likelihood that it will spread? The ability of a tumor to metastasize, or spread, varies immensely. What is the magic free pass? Tumors consist of cells sharing the aspect of unchecked growth, by which they are deemed cancerous. But they also differ in histologic or cellular type, and in aggressiveness, as well. Subpopulations of cells within tumors differ in multiple biologic aspects, including the tendency to migrate. Those tumors containing higher proportions of cells prone to migrate successfully are those most likely to metastasize, almost in a Darwinian sense. In fact, the extent of metastasis seems a better predictor of eventual outcome than other aspects, such as rapid growth, of the original tumor; dispersal is more deadly. Evidence exists that primary, or original, tumors may somehow keep their progeny in check. At times, after the primary tumor is removed, metastases seem to thrive, either because they are no longer inhibited by the primary tumor or because of lack of competition in that somewhat limited space, the body of the host. Although this issue is far from settled, it seems probable that primary tumor and metastases enjoy some form of connection. Rapidly growing tumor cells may launch millions of cells into the circulation every day. Like fish fry, most of these fail to establish colonies; there are obstacles to be overcome. The timetable of metastatic spread is but vaguely understood. Tendency of tumor cells to migrate is independent of tumor size; some tumors start to spread soon after the primary tumor becomes vascularized and some, such as breast carcinomas, when the primary tumor is less than 0.125 centimeters—The normal ability to see an object without magnified assistance is about 20 to 25 cm Thanks be to Wikipedia! What happens to all these migrant cells, carried across the vast shores of the body by blood and lymph? Where do they tend to land? Although in theory tumor cells could seed anywhere, in fact specific organs appear more likely to attract and nurture them. In addition, certain kinds of cancer appear more likely to metastasize to particular places. Is this travel and landing random? Probably not. (What is?) A sequence of genes—a genetic signature—is starting to be recognized in solid tumors as predictive of spread long before any movement occurs. Doctors at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Whitehead Institute reports that this tendency to metastasize can be detected as early as initial diagnosis. Often, more deadly than the primary tumor is its progeny. A separate question from spread is that of destination. Those that contain the genes for travel—Where do they tend to go? The tendency of seeded metastatic cells to prefer certain destinations over others is known as tropism. The first destination of blood flow from many organs is to capillaries in the lungs, which is a common site of spread. People have observed that breast cancers seem likely to spread to lymph nodes and lung tissue. The same is true for skin-cancer cells. Other common destinations are bone, liver, and brain. It may be that cancer cells tend to get "stuck" in small capillaries anywhere, and there they settle. But other patterns of metastasis are not the simple outcome of blood flow, and the question is far from settled. Some organs may simply prove to be more, or less, fertile soils for planting. In any case, as with spread, the answer to a cancer cell's destination is likely not random. Chemical signals like scents to a hound are probably involved, identically to what white blood cells do when they respond to injury. Tropism is probably enabled by local growth factors or chemical factors called chemokines emanating like a trail of bread crumbs from the target organ. Chemokine receptors that have indeed been found on specific cancer cells lead the cells along a chemokine-strewn path toward the organ that emits them. Researchers have shown that breast-cancer cells home in on chemokines from lymph nodes and lung tissue—favored sites of breast-cancer spread. The series of events through which metastasis successfully occurs has been dubbed the metastatic cascade. The process comprises a series of linked steps that must be accomplished by migrating cells for metastasis to occur. Each step involves both cancer and host, and failure of any event to occur theoretically will interrupt the process. Generally, the steps consist of tumor initiation and progression, migration, and colonization. Within each step are subdivisions. Initiation: A tumor is born when an activated oncogene is triggered by some event that brings potential to fruition; suddenly control mechanisms are ineffectual, and cancer begins. The cell that began the process replicates explosively while influencing neighboring cells. DNA within the oncogenes may be selectively synthesized to produce more aberrant cells. This process must be fed, and the tumor coaxes its host to provide the tumor with blood. If the host obliges, the process continues. Migration: Tumors are encased in capsules called basement membranes. If tumor cells are to spread, they must first it must b escape the capsule. For a cell to escape, the capsule must be locally degraded. Tumor cells secrete enzymes, or induce the host to provide enzymes, to degrade the capsule. Invasion is a three-step process. First, tumor cells attach to the capsule that contains them. After attachment, the tumor cell either secretes degradative enzymes, or induces the host to do so, to degrade the matrix locally. (In contrast, when normal cells or benign tumor cells attach to the matrix, they shift into a resting state.) Finally, the tumor cell moves through the damaged capsule into the interstitial stroma between cells. These cells move by means of self-induced motility factors much in the way an amoeba propels itself, and by chemical attraction. The direction of locomotion may be driven by chemical cues (chemotaxis) or may be more random (chemokinetic); these chemical cues may be secreted by host or tumor cell. Tumor cells may produce factors that increase their own ability to move about. Colonization: Most tumor cells exit blood vessels through capillaries. With surface-matrix receptors, single cells adhere to the inside luminal surface of capillaries, prompting protective epithelial cells to retract. Retraction exposes the basement membrane. Using enzymes, the tumor cell degrades the basement membrane. As the membrane dissolves, the tumor cell extends a "false foot" or pseudopodia before it and exits through the zone of lysis (destruction). Escaped cells then begin to collect in a germinal colony. If they are to exceed a diameter of about 0.5 mm, newly established colonies require a new vascular supply. When for various reasons one is not supplied, a tumor colony may remain dormant. Other potential causes of dormancy are immunologic restraint, in which the tumor maintains "zero population growth" and dependency of tumor cells on growth factors provided, or not provided, by the host. Thus, active or passive host defenses may stop or slow tumor progression at any step of metastasis. Theoretically, blockage of any of the metastatic steps will arrest the spread of the cancer. Antigens specific to tumors have been identified in animals. But tumor-specific antigens have not yet been established in humans, and adjuvant immunotherapy thus far has had variable success. Blocking angiogenesis and preventing proteolysis are likely candidates for pharmacologic strategies. If the spread can be prevented, it may not even be necessary to kill tumor cells at primary and metastatic sites. Some people with cancer experience substantial weight loss—Weight loss that may surpass 10 percent of their body weight. The condition is known as cachexia. One defender. The Clock is Ticking even in Boulder!
Old Politics, New Politics and the End of Politics in Cuba Tuesday, April 11, 2017 - 07:00 In April of 1948, a full-page cartoon in Carteles showed a paterfamilias being asked by his daughter, “Papá, what’s a politician?” Visibly upset, he dropped his cigar and bellowed, “Young lady! Where did you learn to say bad words?”[i] Shortly thereafter, Bohemia featured a column by the political scientist Carlos González Palacios, who proclaimed, “We are convinced our collective life, more than 40 years after the Republic’s inauguration, has not reached the level we have the right to expect.” He concluded, “We are not satisfied, nor are we very hopeful.”[ii] Cuban disgust with politics began with a series of declarations by veterans of the island’s liberation army following independence. They lamented corrupt politicians who left military pensions in arrears. Veterans also rued the general state of Cuban society, where Haitian and Jamaican laborers displaced native cane cutters in the countryside and Spanish shopkeepers hired fellow Iberians in towns. They railed against illiteracy, hated U.S. interference and favored political rights for women. Above all, they emphasized the need for moral rectification. During the early 1920s, veterans were joined by a younger generation who shared their concerns and formed the Veterans’ and Patriots’ Movement. Among them were the physiologist and University of Havana professor Ramón Grau San Martín and the Communist firebrand Julio Antonio Mella. After President Alfredo Zayas outlawed the movement in 1924, radical University of Havana students led by Mella continued to call for national renewal. Mella’s imprisonment and subsequent hunger strike in 1925 riled Cuba’s undergraduates even further, including a pharmacy student named Tony Guiteras who organized a protest at the University of Havana. Eddy Chibás, a prep school graduate and soon-to-be law student followed suit with a rally in Parque Central. In 1927, Guiteras, Chibás and several dozen others founded the radical Student Directorate. Much like the Veterans’ and Patriots’ Movement, the Student Directorate denounced crooked politicians. Specifically, the group objected to President Gerardo Machado’s constitutional amendment that extended his term by two years. They also criticized his visit to the United States and indulgence of U.S.-owned companies. These positions garnered support among some University of Havana faculty members, including Ramón Grau San Martín. Over the next six years, radical students endured expulsion, imprisonment and death as they sought to forcibly oust Machado. Chibás, who was barred from the university in November of 1927, never resumed his formal education and would later boast of graduating from “the university of the jail.”[iii] Both Guiteras and Grau spent time behind bars as well. Mella suffered a crueler fate, succumbing to an assassin’s bullet in 1929 while living as a refugee in Mexico City. On August 12, 1933, President Machado was overthrown at the behest of U.S. envoy Sumner Welles. On September 5, an alliance of radical former students and non-commissioned army officers toppled Welles’ handpicked successor – an event that would become known as the Revolution of 1933. Grau emerged as provisional president and staffed his cabinet with non-politicians. Guiteras headlined the new appointees, serving as interior minister. After Grau dismissed Havana’s disloyal mayor, he offered the job to Chibás. Eddy refused though, claiming he harbored no political aspirations. During Grau’s three month tenure, he issued the 50 Percent Law, which obligated employers on the island to maintain a workforce that was at least half Cuban. A decree cutting electricity prices by 45 percent signaled an end to coddling of U.S.-owned firms such as the Cuban Electric Company. Grau granted voting rights to women, a key Veterans’ and Patriots’ Movement demand. He also abrogated the Platt Amendment, thereby removing the legal justification for U.S. intervention. However, the U.S. battleships surrounding Cuba suggested its influence would not be so easily shaken. Welles not only refused to recognize Grau’s administration, he encouraged Chief-of-Staff Fulgencio Batista to displace him. Grau resigned on January 15, 1934. His parting words would have pleased the staunchest Veterans’ and Patriots’ Movement supporters. “I have decreed laws of benefit to the nation,” he declared. “I have not bowed to foreign embassies. I have tried to benefit the public and acted firmly against the large businesses."[iv] Grau had also hoped to oversee constituent assembly elections and a new constitution. His replacement, Carlos Mendieta, nixed these plans. Mendieta further banned strikes as a means of forcing the island’s 148 dormant sugar mills, many of them U.S.-owned, back into production. Grau, whose presidency had relied on military backing and was opposed by the island’s traditional politicians, began to believe his program required support from a new political party. This represented a dramatic change in thinking. Shortly before leaving office, a Bohemia reporter had asked Grau whether he would organize his sympathizers into a political party. He brusquely replied that, “The provisional government has no political activities,” suggesting such things were for sleazy politicos.[v] By February 1934, Grau founded the Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Auténtico). Auténticos aimed to “liberate Cuba from imperialism,” relieve the “inhuman misery” of Cuban workers and “rescue the land and riches of Cuba.”[vi] They planned to cripple the government via a series of strikes. The largest, in March of 1935, drew 500,000 participants and nearly succeeded. However, Chief-of-Staff Batista used soldiers to fill in for missing workers and subsequently forced most Auténticos, including Grau, into exile. For his part, Guiteras chose armed struggle. He formed a paramilitary group called TNT and shot at his enemies, including Diario de la Marina director Pepín Rivero and secretary of the presidency, Cosme de la Torriente. Guiteras assaulted the Royal Bank of Canada to fund his outfit and embarrass Cuba’s rulers. He avoided capture by dabbling in disguises and passing through a series of safe houses, all of which added to his mystique. In May 1934, Guiteras created Joven Cuba, an organization committed to “revolutionary dictatorship.”[vii] Joven Cuba featured an “anti-imperialist credo,” while promising equality for women and blacks, recovery of embezzled funds, land reform and investments in education and public health.[viii] Of course, Guiteras could only effect these reforms by taking over the government. To bring this about, he tried and failed to kill President Mendieta on June 15. The following April, Joven Cuba kidnapped Eutimio Falla Bonet, heir to one of Cuba’s largest fortunes, and ransomed him for $300,000. Guiteras planned to fund a force in Mexico capable of defeating Batista’s troops but died in a shootout on May 7, 1935. Meanwhile, Chibás continued to reject both political parties and political violence. As an independent revolutionary, he could chivvy President Mendieta without being tarred as a partisan. When Cuban troops opened fire on a group of striking high school students on May 3, 1934, Eddy scolded Mendieta in an open letter. He also emphasized his lack of political affiliation or ambition, which allowed him to serve Cuba’s best interests. Chibás practiced a politics of public relations, especially via the weekly magazine Bohemia, which was owned by his friend and high school classmate Miguel Ángel Quevedo. In its pages, he urged Joven Cuba to renounce terrorism, chided revolutionaries for infighting and ridiculed the tightly controlled 1936 elections, which guaranteed neither freedom of speech nor association. Eddy publicly debated rivals and foes of all stripes, including the very same Pepín Rivero who Guiteras had attempted to assassinate. Chibás hoped to reach a larger audience by hosting a radio show, as he had during Grau’s term, but was banned from the airwaves. When Chibás put away his pen, he investigated government misdeeds, attended rallies and encouraged Cubans to skip their jobs during the strikes of 1935. This last activity landed him a six-month prison sentence. By the end of 1936, Chibás began to reconsider his stance. He came to believe there were “two opposite poles in Cuban politics,” namely Grau and “reaction.”[ix] The popularity of Grau’s decrees placed him in the best position to unite Cuba’s revolutionaries. Moreover, Grau promised the Auténtico party would represent something unique in Cuban politics. Auténtico leaders would not seek riches or perks. Rather, they would work to “benefit all the people of Cuba.”[x] This message proved attractive to politically-minded revolutionaries such as Chibás but also lured many Cubans who wanted to contribute something positive. Raoul Alfonso Gonsé, who had been active in the anti-Machado struggle but then quit political activities because he was “disappointed with the men of my country,” joined the Auténticos in 1936. In a letter to Grau, he explained that “the sacrifices rendered by my father (may he rest in peace) in the independence war,” inspired him to “struggle again for decency and honesty in my patria.” He thus placed his faith in the Auténticos, who he deemed, “the most idealistic and pure of spirit.”[xi] By 1938, when the Cuban government declared that free and fair constituent assembly elections would be held, the Auténticos espoused a program very much in line with Veterans’ and Patriots’ Movement ideals. Grau won Cuba’s presidency in 1944 and promptly dissipated the faith of many supporters, including Chibás. Eddy denounced Grau’s tolerance for corruption and disdain for Cuba’s new constitution. By the end of Grau’s term, in 1948, revulsion with politics was rampant, the term “politician” once again served as an epithet and Chibás had abandoned his old party for the more genuinely revolutionary Partido del Pueblo Cubano (Ortodoxo). Chibás and his legendary honesty hoped to finally transform Cuban politics during the 1952 elections. However, Eddy in a moment of discouragement, committed suicide in 1951 and Fulgencio Batista led a military coup on March 10, 1952. When Fidel Castro took control of the island just under seven years later, he delivered a speech at Eddy’s grave, declaring “You fought graft, Eduardo Chibás, and now there is no graft. You fought petty politicking Chibás, and now there is none. You fought administrative corruption and it no longer exists…You fought profiteering and there is none anymore.”[xii] The revolution did indeed change the old ways of Cuban politics, essentially by eliminating politics altogether. [i] Ozón. “¡A lo que hemos llegado!,” Carteles, April 11, 1948: 12. [ii] Carlos González Palacios. “Cinismo Político en Cuba,” Bohemia, April 18, 1948: 27. [iii] Luis Conte Agüero, Eduardo Chibás: El Adalid de Cuba, (Mexico City: Editorial Jus, 1955), 400-401. [iv] “Declaraciones del Dr. Grau San Martín,” Diario de la Marina, January 16, 1934. [v] “Grau San Martín le contesta a ‘Bohemia,’” Bohemia, January 7, 1934, 22. [vi] Organización Auténtica, “Doctrina Política Auténtica,” http://www.autentico.org/oa09 166.php. [vii] José Tabares del Real, Guiteras, (Havana: Editorial Ciencias Sociales, 2006), 376. [viii] Tabares del Real, Guiteras, 382. [ix] Eddy Chibás, “El partido único,” Bohemia, February 28, 1937, 22. [x] “Grau y la crisis del gabinete,” Bohemia, August 14, 1938, 29. [xi] Archivo Nacional de Cuba, Fondo Partido Revolucionario Cubano, Legajo 3, Expediente, 160, 3. About Author(s) Ilan Ehrlich Ilan Ehrlich is an assistant professor of history at Bergen Community College. He is the author of Eduardo Chibás: The Incorrigible Man of Cuban Politics (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015). He earned his PhD in history from the Graduate Center, City University of New York, in 2009. His next project will be a political biography of Ramón Grau San Martín.
What Has Changed Recently With Resources? Things That Hinder People From Staying Healthy Many of us value our career, financial security and life goals, but we usually underestimate the value of our health which should suppose to be the priority because as they say, “Health is wealth.”. Eating a healthy diet is essential in controlling weight and preventing or managing chronic conditions. For many people, eating a healthy diet means time, money and effort invested in planning daily menu, preparing meals, shopping and comparing products and reading labels. The most common things that hinder people eating a healthy diet include lack of time, the need to change established eating habits, too much information and the costs. Changing established eating habits is really difficult because eating behaviors are rooted since childhood, and eating serves as a way of socializing with others, different foods associated with positive emotions as well as anxiety, boredom and loneliness. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highly recommends keeping a daily food journal to identify eating problems and to help in creating an effective healthy diet plan. Thought patterns must be changed so that awareness and focus are increased like just getting enough food, not wasting food, prevent eating when performing other tasks, not to feel pressured to eat by your family or friends, and prevent associating eating with comfort. When you are always in a hurry because of your work, requiring meeting deadlines and with your tight schedule, eating on the go leads to unhealthy food choices and bad eating behaviors. You need to go through the food stocked at home, in your refrigerator and cabinets, so you can get rid of all junk food and replace them with healthier options such as buying vegetables and meats that are already cut to help in reducing preparation time. You’ll find canned vegetables and fruits canned in their own juice or water without added salt or sugar. Because air, light and heat rob all the nutrients of vegetables and fruits, it is best to buy frozen or canned food that is packed immediately after harvesting, containing more nutrients than fresh foods that have been shipped. If you are really busy and just want to stay at home and relax on your free time, then you can just take advantage of online shopping offered by some grocery store so your food can be delivered next to your door, saving you a trip to the store. You will really find a lot of overwhelming and confusing information on the internet, magazines and the news on what eating habit entails, and also about diet plans that claim to help overweight people to lose weight quickly. In reality, Americans eat too many calories, unhealthy fats, salt, sugar and refined grains, and mostly do not get sufficient amounts of fiber, potassium, calcium, healthy fats and vitamin D. People are also worried about bowel problems associated with change of diet but there are over the counter IBS medication to help in treating any symptoms that may hold you back. Resource: http://tipsfromtia.com/2017/05/5-things-that-shouldnt-stand-in-the-way-of-you-staying-healthy/
Skip to content The Ten Most Humid Cities in America August 2, 2010 Hygrometer and thermometer for measuring the r... Image via Wikipedia Great stuff I found over at Great blog with awesome content. “It’s not the heat, it’s the humidity.” So goes the summertime lament wailed by every weather watcher across the country. Humidity is generally acknowledged as a serious factor affecting a region’s climate comfort: cities in the West are generally thought to have a pleasant dry heat, while the unfortunate South- and Northeast are doomed to virtual swamplike conditions from June to September. Or that’s the conventional wisdom, anyway. It seems like residents of every Gulf Coast or Atlantic seaboard city like to boast that their town’s average relative humidity is the worst, the highest, or the most hair-raisingly unbearable in the whole country. But the real location of our nation’s humidity hot spots, drawn from data compiled in 2008 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), may surprise you. The Most Humid City: Quillayute/Forks, Washington This moody, wet, rainy area on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula has the highest average levels of relative humidity in the country. The yearly average is 83.5 percent, even though the average temperature—even in the summer months—doesn’t rise above 70 degrees. Since the area is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, Puget Sound on the east, and the Olympic Mountains to the south, the wet, humid air and precipitation systems blow in off the ocean and get trapped by the mountains. The peninsula is so humid that it even features one of the world’s few temperate-zone rainforests. The Rest of the Top Ten Offenders: 2. Mount Washington, New Hampshire (83 percent) 3. Astoria, Oregon (81 percent) 4. Port Arthur, Texas (80 percent) 5. Lake Charles, Louisiana (79.5 percent) 6. Corpus Christi, Texas (78.5 percent) 7. Victoria, Texas (78.5 percent) 8. Brownsville, Texas (78 percent) 9. Houston, Texas (78 percent) 10. Olympia, Washington (78 percent) Although residents of Southern cities and states may howl in protest and disbelief, NOAA data confirms that these ten cities’ average annual levels of relative humidity—the measure of the amount of water in the air at a specific temperature without the water condensing—are indeed the nation’s highest. However, just because these places’ levels of relative humidity are at the top of the list, they don’t necessarily feel the most humid. Eighty percent humidity at 60 degrees feels much different from 80 percent humidity at 80 degrees. Heat alone doesn’t make a person uncomfortable in warm weather. It may seem obvious, but humidity paired with heat is considered more troublesome because of the simple fact that it’s hot. When the outside temperature is high, the body wants to sweat; but in humid conditions, the air is already so saturated with water that the body has a difficult time sweating and, therefore, with thermoregulation. Residents of places like Washington, D.C.; Mississippi; Alabama; South Florida; and coastal Texas—all locales notorious for their oppressive humidity—can rest assured that they still have bragging rights. Even though these towns’ humidity levels are technically lower than those of the cities in the top ten, their humid conditions coupled with their higher-than-average temperatures make their climates more difficult for the body to handle. Despite all the precise and scientific ways that humidity can be measured and quantified, there’s no way to get around the idea that all those numbers don’t really mean much when compared with how a place’s humidity makes us feel. A summer in Quillayute may technically involve a higher percentage of relative humidity, but it still doesn’t hold a candle to the discomfort felt by someone standing in downtown Atlanta on a muggy August day. Enhanced by Zemanta No comments yet Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
In Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, Gremio is one of Bianca's suitors. He is told by Baptista that he cannot woo Bianca until her elder sister Katarina has married and so he privately agrees with his competitor Hortensio that this should be their first objective. When Gremio first appears, he is described as a "pantaloon" - a specific stock character in early modern Italian comedy. This role is an old man who makes himself look foolish by pursuing a young girl and Shakespeare clearly intended Gremio to act as a foil for the antics of the younger characters. There is no sympathy for the old lover in the play - the audience is meant to laugh at his antics.
39 terms Intro to Sociology Ch. 1-4 group of people who shape their lives in ways that distinguish them from other people systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior social sciences disciplines that use the scientific method to examine the social world, in contrast to the natural sciences level of analysis that studies face-to-face and SMALL-group interactions; focuses on small-scale pieces of society level of analysis that studies LARGE-scale social structures; focuses on large-scale pieces of society the process by which one gathers & analyzes data quantitative research translates the social world into NUMBERS that can be treated mathematically; often tries to find cause & effect relationships qualitative research NON-NUMERICAL data such as texts, field notes, interview transcripts, photographs, and tape recordings sociological imagination a quality of the MIND that allows us to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a social level culture shock a sense of disorientation that occurs when one enters a radically new social or cultural environment beginner's mind approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way everyday actor has the practical knowledge needed to get through daily life, but not necessarily the scientific or technical knowledge of how things work social analyst studies the social world in a systematic, comprehensive, coherent, clear, and consistent manner in the pursuit of scientific knowledge global village describe how radio and television create new kinds of social bonds by bringing people together as if they all belonged to the same tribe an abstract proposition that explains the social world and makes predictions about future events argues that sense perceptions are the only valid source of knowledge scientific method procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasized collecting concrete data through observation and experiment normally used in the study of the physical world, and applied it to the study of social affairs mechanical solidarity type of social bond where shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion organic solidarity a social bond based on a division of labor that created interdependence and individual rights the economic system that is based on the private for-profit operation of industry the application of economic logic to all human activity the inevitable result of the dehumanizing features of bureaucracies that dominated modern societies structural functionalism views society as an ordered, unified system the large-scale social institutions that make up society (family, education, politics, the economy) manifest functions the obvious intended functions of a social structure for the social system latent functions the LESS obvious unintended functions of a social structure conflict theory sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change and emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change symbolic interactionism applied society uses sociological theories to impact public policy feminist theory queer theory proposes that categories of sexual identity are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal postmodern theory suggests that no universal, knowable truth about social reality exists a method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities participant observation the researcher observes and becomes a member in a social setting involve direct, face-to-face contact with respondents closed-ended question limits possible responses: for example, "Are you for or against couples living together before they are married?" open-ended question allows the answer to take whatever form the respondent chooses: "What do you think about couples living together before they are married?" QUESTIONNAIRES that are administered to a sample of respondents selected from a target population Content analysis a specific use of existing sources that examines visual or written material, such as magazines or TV commercials
How to improve cash flow Cash flow is keeping an eye on the money being taken in and out of a business. Cash inflows is the money being put into the business, for example people buying a product from that business. Cash outflows is the money a business has to spend for taxes, rent and wages. Businesses have to keep an eye on their cash flow because if they don't you wont realise if you are not getting enough people buying your products or if you are still spending to much on supplies even if you're not making a lot of profit and they will go bust. The benefits of cash flow to a business is that they can sort out any money owed to people quicker and can sort it out before it effects their whole business. A famous example of a business that didn't keep an eye on their cash flow and went bust is Blockbusters Video. Comment Stream 3 years ago Great start!
Public Access Community storytelling. Editor's Picks Image credit: Artificial Intelligence Enters the World of Website Design Allan Smith, @day2dayfinance Designing a website can be a long and difficult process, especially if you have minimal experience with it. Still, among personally doing the design, hiring someone to do it, or buying a cheap pre-designed template, many people opt for the latter. Why? It's because it takes the least time and requires the least effort for a reasonable price. However, are these the only options you have? 21st-century users expect a more personalized experience from sites. It means that they're looking for easy-to-follow commands, mobile responsive layout, hyper-tailored content, and actionable e-mails—something that is hard to achieve when you use templates but is entirely possible with artificial intelligence. What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial intelligence is created to replace the heavier tasks of web designing. In essence, it removes the technical challenges of people who want to be able to communicate across varied devices by using millions of different permutations and combinations of layout and design to craft something that would specifically fit you and your target customer's needs. According to Nick Dank of UX Magazine, this move from personally making each page of a website to automated personalization can help shift the design industry and create a more object- oriented design approach. In other words, you'll be seeing more effective and more coherent web designs. What's with the hype around AI? It's true that replicating human intelligence is not easy; however, we've seen it happen time and time again starting from the creation of computers. Hence, the concept of letting a machine design itself does not seem entirely unfeasible. While people have yet to create an all-around fully-functioning AI like Jarvis (Ironman), they are at least successful of making AIs that could perform small tasks, like website design. Amidst the hype around a website that builds itself, there are also services that build site by using an interaction between the AI and human to create more balanced decisions. How will this affect web designers? Before AI technology, web development and design tools like Photoshop and Illustrator, has left both developers and designers with very limited options. To address this issue, AI technology is envisioned to become a productivity tool that can successfully aid designers in creating innovative websites. Since automation of the web designing process leaves designers with lesser tasks, they can focus on the creative process. AI in web design might be here to stay for a long time. Depending on a designer's approach towards this trend, he or she should do one of the following. ● Change their skillset and learn how to code. With AI designing sites, designers might need to expand their knowledge about creating a website. ● Target high-budget companies. While the automated design is cheaper and more time-friendly, it's still far from defeating the quality of a hand-tailored one; and this is something companies of luxury brands know. If you don't like jumping on the bandwagon and embrace AI, you might as well go up-market. Perhaps, there is magic in an automated personalized site; however, not everyone has readily accepted AI yet. Only time will tell where this new chapter in web design history will lead designers. ear iconeye icontext filevr
posted by . many of the chemicals that affect the brain operate by • psychology - traveling through the blood? neural impulses? Respond to this Question First Name School Subject Your Answer Similar Questions 1. Psychology 2. Psychology 3. psy101 Many of the chemicals that affect the brain operate by a. absoring neural impulses b. imitating or cancelling the effects of neurotransmitters c. changing the sodium balance in the synapse d. duplicating the effect of the potassium … 4. Psychology It is common sense to see that the brain has an impact on the body. If the brain issues the command to look to the left, the body generally responds by doing just that. How much can be said of the reverse? 5. Psychology EEG, PET and TMS are all : A) laboratory observations that introduce experimental bias into the study B) Descriptive methods for studying the brain C) Standardized methods for studying the brain D) experimentally controlled technologies … 6. Psychology Dr. Wade excitedly explains that the difference between a male and female is apparent in the structure and function of the brain. She is so pleased that you have asked about her research that she eagerly shares slides of PET scans … 7. Psychology 8. Psychology Which of these brain abnormalities is associated with Schizophrenia? 9. Psychology I need help. Not sure if my answers are correct. 1. complete the analogy: infrared is to ultraviolet as; a. white is to red b. fast is to slow c. slow is to fast d. red is to white 2. which of the following best describes why we perceive … 10. Biology, please help 9th More Similar Questions
Advanced search Puree- how do babies learn to chew? (10 Posts) Cinnamon84 Fri 17-Feb-17 21:16:17 Probably a really silly question! Ds is 6 months. Have been giving him smooth purée. I want to try blw but terrified of choking though I will give it a go soon. What I don't understand is- everything he's had in his mouth so far has been liquid so he hasn't had to chew. If I introduce lumps will he just swallow it? If I give him finger food he goes to take off a huge chunk which makes me really nervous he's going to try and swallow the whole thing. I know I'm being silly, didn't expect to be so nervous moving onto solids! tabulahrasa Fri 17-Feb-17 21:19:58 They, lol, not that helpful eh? Try less well puréed stuff, or things with soft lumps and let him have the finger foods, if he tries to swallow things while he'll soon realise he can't. Somehowsomewhere Fri 17-Feb-17 21:20:43 Neither of mine ever had purées (just clamped their mouth shut!). They play with food, gum it, move it around in their mouths. Their gag reflex is really far forward so the changes of choking are really slim. They can't learn to chew if they're not given anything to chew. LexieLulu Fri 17-Feb-17 21:22:01 Their first food is more to teach them how to move food from the front of their mouths to the back to swallow. Cinnamon84 Fri 17-Feb-17 21:26:35 Thanks. Can anyone recommend some good first finger foods- everything I've tried so far has just been mushed in his fingers- banana, avocado. I guess it needs to be soft enough to go down even if it's not been chewed? Somehowsomewhere Fri 17-Feb-17 21:28:45 Cooked carrot sticks, broccoli, lumps of cheese... I just gave mine bits of whatever we were having from day 1. Somehowsomewhere Fri 17-Feb-17 21:30:17 DD2's first food was rare steak blush. She really gummed it! LexieLulu Fri 17-Feb-17 21:31:34 One of the first finger foods I have was baby crisps (they are usually carrot flavour or some sort of veg). Mainly because they completely dissolve, so if the baby gets puts too much in their mouth they wouldn't choke or gag. Then I moved on to fruit and veg LexieLulu Fri 17-Feb-17 21:32:55 My baby is now 8m and eats whatever we are having. She's loves eating which is good as she's never really drank a lot of milk. Mehfruittea Fri 17-Feb-17 21:46:42 I would personally avoid the baby crisps for now, because they dissolve. You don't know yet how well your baby can swallow lumps, and the crisps kind of dissolve in to a lump that needs to be swallowed. That lump might be bigger than your baby can handle but will be sticky and more difficult to bring back up. I did purée and blw together. First finger foods were cucumber and carrot sticks, toast fingers Apple segments etc. Things that are quite firm and big enough to fit in their whole hand. I also gave veg like peas and sweetcorn to help develop the pincer grip. DS filled up on the purée and messed about trying to eat the finger foods while I cleaned the kitchen around him. It worked really well as a routine, I had a small kitchen and stuck the high chair in the middle and just worked round him, listening for chocking sounds!! Good luck with it! Join the discussion Join the discussion Register now
Should Social Media be Banned From Schools Should Social Media be Banned From Schools The New York Education Department recently stated that in the first 11 months of 2011 where teachers were accused of inappropriate conduct with students on Facebook. Some were fired as a result, and there is a growing trend by schools across the country to put a ban on social media. This raises a question: Is prohibiting social media in schools the right way to protect children? Concerned parents may point to the potential dangers and risks. What about inappropriate interaction with teachers? Or scams from online predators? Even adults fall prey to human emotion and post things they would love to have back. Why put my 10-year-old in that position? My answer is to first acknowledge that these concerns are warranted and the threats are real. That being said, while the risks of social media are very serious, the biggest risk of all is not to embrace it. The fact that the risks associated with social media are real is exactly the reason why it is important to make it part of school teaching. I believe there are 10 important principles to consider that will help implement a safe and effective social media policy in schools: 1. Bring in experts: Working with both a legal team and social media experts is a good way to ensure the crafting of a solid social media policy, one that takes into account the benefits, risks and fast-changing landscape. 2. Make a clear written policy: The policy needs to plainly inform teachers, students and parents about what is and isn’t acceptable behavior and list the consequences of inappropriate behavior. The policy can be written and reinforced verbally and signed by all to confirm their understanding of every aspect of it. 3. Highlight past transgressions: The best way to connect with people is to humanize the issue. Schools could talk about previous cases of misconduct which led to firing of teachers and expulsions of students. 4. Strive for accountability: Remind teachers and students that they will be held accountable for everything they write on social media sites. 5. Create a classroom page: Teachers could consider establishing a separate classroom Facebook fan page that is safe and secure. By doing so, you are creating a safe environment to facilitate an online community full of learning. 6. Report inappropriate behavior immediately: If somebody writes or does something inappropriate through social media, reporting it immediately is very important. The good news with social media is that there will be electronic proof, and this avoids the typical “he said, she said” scenario found in many schools. 7. Remind students of proper use: On school time, social networking sites need to be used for learning activities and not leisure activities such as video gaming. 8. Assess policy vs. reality: Just because a policy is written does not mean it will be followed. Many “unwritten” rules will take shape, and the school needs to be vigilant and continuously reshape policy to match what is happening “on the ground.” 9. Involve parents and the community: Involving parents and the community is also important as this allows them to “police” proper conduct and keep a watchful eye. 10. Bring the risks to light: Children will use social media outside the classroom, thus the classroom is the perfect place to teach them about risks. Just as teachers tell children not to get in a stranger’s car, talking about the dangers of online predators can be incorporated into school learning and prepare them for life outside school. Related news As strike paralyses tertiary institutions in Nigeria, ASUU to get N23 billion from FG - Minister Adamu Mailfire view pixel
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Cooling liquids by blowing 1. Jan 18, 2015 #1 I just began reading Feynman lectures and it turns out that during evaporation, water molecules that move faster than average (higher temp) break away from the attraction of their neighbors leaving behind molecules that move slower than average (lower temp) and result in a cooler liquid. When a vapor molecule gets close to the surface of the water, its speed is increased by the attraction of molecules in the water and thus re-introduces heat to the liquid. By this logic, Feynman says that by blowing on soup (blowing away moist air filled with vapor molecules, and introducing dryer air) causes the soup to cool down faster. Can someone explain to me why blowing on the soup, or any liquid, wouldn't just increase the temperature due to increasing the speed of molecules on the surface (liquid moves with you blow on it) ? Or wouldn't it keep the surface hot and maintain continuous evaporation before a drop in temperature? 2. jcsd 3. Jan 18, 2015 #2 User Avatar Gold Member 1] The amount of energy inserted by blowing on the liquid to move it around is negligible. 2] Blowing on it does accelerate evaporation. 3] Evaporation allows the molecules with the most kinetic energy to escape into the atmo. They take heat with them. 4] Evaporation itself is an endothermic process; it takes heat to free a molecule and convert it to vapour. It gets the heat from the soup. 4. Jan 18, 2015 #3 The speed of the air when you blow on the liquid adds negligible kinetic energy to the molecules, and results in negligible heating. But you are removing vapor molecules from the air near the surface of the liquid by blowing them away. So the rate of molecules being introduced from the now drier air above the surface decreases, and this results in a net increase in the rate of evaporation. 5. Jan 18, 2015 #4 User Avatar Homework Helper If I can add one more (hopefully not incorrect) statement: As you said, blowing on the soup would increase the temperature at the surface. This increased temperature at the surface may give some atoms (which would have otherwise not evaporated) enough energy to evaporate. This means some of the kinetic energy you give the soup by blowing on it will be instantly taken away via evaporation. This should contribute to the negligibility of the energy given by blowing on it. 6. Jan 19, 2015 #5 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Gold Member 2016 Award Well, that gets into what does one mean by temperature. Generally it is considered to be the motion of the particles after subtracting out the bulk movement of the system. The flow of air created across the surface by blowing is a bulk movement. It may help, instead, to convey just how negligible the extra energy is. Air molecules around us move at 400-500 m/s. Call it 450 m/s. An extra 1m/s from blowing only raises this to ##\sqrt(450^2+1)##m/s (Pythagoras), so even if turned into chaotic motion it only raises the temperature by ##280/450^2## degrees C. Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Cooling liquids by blowing 1. Wind blowing (Replies: 2) 2. Blowing up a balloon (Replies: 1)
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Finding net force on object with more than one force 1. Mar 4, 2009 #1 Three 8kg spheres are located at (0, 1.7), (1.7, 1.7), and (1.7, 0) named A, B, and C respectively. What is the net gravitational force acting on sphere A? 2. Relevant equations F = GMm/r2 3. The attempt at a solution So far I've tried this several ways with no success. I'm not really sure where to begin. Since there is only one acting in the vertical direction I started there. I found the amount of force that the two had towards each other. Then I did some math to determine how much of that is downward. I came up with 3.1388e-10 which is incorrect. I tried the other one in a similar fashion. I found both of the forces then added the two together. Not directly but finding how much is being pulled horizontally and adding to the other. I'm almost 100% sure that I am forgetting something or just messed up somewhere along the way. 2. jcsd 3. Mar 4, 2009 #2 User Avatar Homework Helper They are vectors aren't they? G1 = ... i + ... j G2 = ... i + ... j G1 + G2 = ... ? Similar Discussions: Finding net force on object with more than one force
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! How much g's creates a 100 lbs punch to the head? 1. Feb 14, 2015 #1 Hi guys, I heard in the news today that a punch of a pro boxer can create about 50 g. I was just wondering how much g's a rather weak punch(100 lbs) can create? 2. jcsd 3. Feb 14, 2015 #2 Staff: Mentor The human head weighs about 5 to 10 lbs. So a 100 lbs force applied to the head could cause an acceleration of 10 to 20 g, assuming no resistance from the neck. 4. Feb 14, 2015 #3 Thanks for the answer! One more question - how much Newtons creates the punch itself? 5. Feb 14, 2015 #4 Staff: Mentor 6. Feb 14, 2015 #5 So the result is 444N. Thanks for your help. 7. Feb 14, 2015 #6 Staff: Mentor You are welcome. And welcome to PF! 8. Feb 15, 2015 #7 I wanted to ask a similar question. I hope I am allowed continue this thread. So the punch to the head stays the same, but what would be the g force if the head only moves 1 or 2 mm and then suddenly stops? would be great if you could post the formulas for this calculation. 9. Feb 15, 2015 #8 User Avatar Science Advisor The acceleration (in units of g if you like) is the result of dividing force (100 pounds-force) by mass (5 to 10 pounds-mass). It does not matter whether that force is applied for a long time or short, a long distance or a short. The resulting acceleration is the same. If the head then suddenly stops, the g force for the deceleration would be infinite. One relevant formula is ##f=ma## -- force (f) is equal to the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a) in a coherent system of units. If force is measured in pounds-force, mass is measured in pounds-mass and acceleration is measured in g's then the units are "coherent" enough for this purpose. Another formula is ##p=ft## -- the change in momentum (p) from a constant force (f) exerted for a time (t) is equal to the product of force and time. 10. Feb 15, 2015 #9 Basically i undersand what you said, but what means 'the deceleration would be infinite'? Does it mean that the g forces can't be calculated in my example? My case refered to an actual situation, namely if a person stands very near to a wall(space 2 mm) and gets punched to the head. 11. Feb 15, 2015 #10 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member Neither the head, nor the wall are perfectly rigid. You have to now how much they deform to compute the acceleration. 12. Feb 15, 2015 #11 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member If the question really is about a boxer then why has it been mostly assumed that the 'force' of the punch will last for as long as you want? I think this assumption has been made without qualification and it is just possible that people may get the wrong idea about the reality of the situation. It's obviously right to quote F=ma but that is not really enough to deal with a punching situation. Imo, the proper answer to the OP is much more complicated and must include the momentum changes of the head mass, coupled to the body and the fist mass, coupled to the other body. I don't suggest that things should necessarily be taken further than they have been, here but that there is a massive caveat required, lest anyone jump to unjustified conclusions. 13. Feb 21, 2015 #12 I couldn't reply earlier, as I didn't have much time Ok I see now that this is indeed a complicated example. The only thing that really interested me here was, how much the stop of the head highers the g forces, compared to the case when there is no wall behind. To calculate this, we could simply take reasonable numbers. The question is, what parameters do we need? Some were mentioned in the previous post. Let's assume the wall moves 1 mm due to the impact, and the head caves in 1 mm as well. The fist weighs 1.5 lbs, the mass of the body is 165 lbs (both persons). The head weighs 10 lbs. As I said, the only thing that would interest me is the difference of the g forces, when the head is suddenly stopped. I hope it can be calculated now. 14. Feb 21, 2015 #13 Staff: Mentor If I understand what you want, you want to calculate the acceleration (g-force) of the head in the following two scenarios: A 10 lb head accelerated by a 100 lb punch with no neck or head restraint forces. A 10 lb head accelerated by a 100 lb punch for 2 mm and then decelerated by a wall for 2 mm (1 mm of give from the wall and 1 mm of give from the head). Do you want the force of the punch to continue during the phase where the wall is also decelerating the head (I would assume so). I agree with sophiecentaur that the real biomechanics of a punch are far more complicated than this model of a punch, but with that caveat what you ask can be calculated. 15. Feb 23, 2015 #14 DaleSpam, you understood completely right what my question was. It would be great if you could show me both ways. Thanks in advance. Similar Discussions: How much g's creates a 100 lbs punch to the head? 1. How to find G's (Replies: 1)
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Implicit Differentiation? 1. Apr 12, 2014 #1 Find the derivative of: 2. Relevant equations So I know you have to differentiate it, and it would be: 3. The attempt at a solution Moving the terms with y' to one side: Factoring out y' Did I do that correctly? 2. jcsd 3. Apr 12, 2014 #2 The derivative of xy is not xyy' but it is y + xy' 4. Apr 13, 2014 #3 For the xy part, you should use the product rule, f'g+g'f Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Implicit Differentiation?
Global Sources EE Times-India Stay in touch with EE Times India EE Times-India > Embedded Boost efficiency of embedded encryption apps Posted: 12 Jul 2013 Print Version Bookmark and Share Keywords:Advanced Encryption Standard microcontroller AES-128 CPU FIFO To ensure the safe and secure transfer of data from source to destination, encryption has turned into a mandatory technology for secure applications. The most commonly used encryption techniques utilise a deterministic algorithm with an unvarying transformation operating on fixed-length blocks of data. Examples of such techniques include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES), International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) and Rivest Cipher (RC5). Such a "block cipher" approach, however, puts a constraint on the throughput, data processing, and buffering capacities of the hardware since encryption has to be performed before the next chunk of data arrives. A good number of industrial encryption systems support data rates higher than 200Mbit/s, but the hardware to achieve this, generally an ASIC, is very expensive as compared to a simple microcontroller (MCU). Though it is possible to implement encryption on a simple 8bit MCU with external memory, such as an 8051, the time taken to perform encryption is on an order of magnitude of the time required by an ASIC. This article explains how an SoC with programmable logic can make use of the MCU core along with additional hardware features like Universal Digital Blocks (UDBs) and Direct Memory Access (DMA) to efficiently implement encryption and improve the overall timing of the system. AES is one of the most commonly used block cipher techniques to implement symmetric key cryptography. We will use AES-128 as an example, which operates on a chunk of 16B (128 bits) of data processed with a 128bit cipher key, to demonstrate the requirements of an encryption application and potential implementation options. With AES-128, the input bytes are arranged in the form of a block before the processing begins, as illustrated in figure 1. In the figure, in0 is the first byte and in15 is the 16th and last byte of the input block. Figure 1: Input bytes. Byte substitution Byte substitution is the first operation. At this stage, each byte of the input block is replaced with a byte selected from the already known substitution table. The selected value is present at the location at the table pointed to by the two nibbles of the input byte as shown in figure 2. The substitution of any byte in row and column can be expressed as: The substitution table is generally hard-coded in the device (Flash, SRAM, etc). When the CPU is assigned the task of byte substitution, it will fetch the input byte from the program memory and pass it on as an address to the SRAM. The SRAM will then return the byte present at that location. This procedure will take a lot of time before substitution for the whole block is complete. Figure 2: Byte substitution. In order to offload the CPU from doing all these operations, substitution can take place concurrently with the help of DMAs to free the CPU for other tasks. Only the source and the destination address of the memory has to be assigned to the DMA, and it will take care of the data transfers. Moreover, instead of passing on these values to some specific memory locations, DMA can directly transfer the data to the UDBs for further processing without any CPU intervention. Row shifting The next stage in AES is Row Shifting. At this stage, each row of the byte substituted input block is shifted left by one byte. The byte shifted out then takes place of the right-most byte. For the first row, no shifting takes place. For the second row, byte shifting takes place once, twice for the third row and three times for the fourth row. This procedure is illustrated in figure 3. Figure 3: Row shifting. 1 • 2 • 3 Next Page Last Page Comment on "Boost efficiency of embedded encrypt..." * You can enter [0] more charecters. *Verify code: Back to Top
Menu toggle National Museum of Australia Where our stories come alive Collection Explorer King bird of paradise Object information Physical description A colour postcard featuring an image of a red bird with white, green, purple and yellow markings which is sitting on a tree branch with hills and a body of water in the background. Its tail consists of two long thin feathers which end in green curls. This represents an adult male King Bird of Paradise. Printed text at the bottom reads "The King Bird of Paradise." Printed text on the back reads "Art Series - Copyright." There is a handwritten note on the back of the postcard. Object information Back to top
Mineral water The main thing is to find your personal one. Mineral water quenches thirst and goes with any food. However few people know that mineral water has an effect on the human body. This influence may be either beneficial or negative depending on amount of water. Mineral water is extracted from underground sources that is why pure water containe trace elements. The content of micronutrients depends on the composition of the soil, the depth of the well and other factors. In general water contains chlorine, sodium, magnesium, calcium, sulfate, hydrogen. If the proportion of chlorine is predominant we obtain chloride water if proportion of sulfate- we get sulfate water, when sodium -respectively bicarbonate. All of these substances are important for the proper functioning of the body as a whole, but different people need different types of water and its quantities. How to choose mineral water? Naturally when choosing water you should pay attention to the content of trace elements. In case of digestive system disease experts advise taking chloride water. If you have problems with urinary organs – drink more hydrocarbon-ate water. For the normalization of the liver and gall bladder drink sulfate water. Water can be divided into four groups by its chemical components: bicarbonate (alkaline), chloride (chlorine compounds with sodium, calcium), sulfate (sulfur, calcium, magnesium, sodium) and mixed (eg, hydro-chloride). They differ in taste: chloride with salt, sulfate with bitterness and bicarbonate with baking soda taste. At bottling process the water is gassed in order to prevent air entrapment, contact with which causes loss of the therapeutic properties of mineral water. The water can be of different mineralization ( an amount of substance per liter): 1 g / L – table water (drinking); 1-10 g / l – medical-dining room (has a therapeutic effect); 10-35 g / l – medical (better to drink on prescription). Table water contains small amount of minerals, it can be drunk almost by everybody on a daily basis. Table mineral water is allowed to give children in the absence of contraindications. But curative water can be used only under the supervision of a specialist in the treatment of certain diseases and in strictly limited quantities. People often make a mistake of choosing a mineral water for its cost or brand. When choosing it pay attention to the minerals it contains and their quantity. Manufacturers of mineral water always indicates mineral content, location and depth of production wells on the label. The main indications and contraindications are often listed on the labels of mineral water. Who should not be treated be mineral water? In case of any disease of the internal organs in the acute stage (temperature, severe pain, vomiting, bleeding, etc.), mineral water is better not to use. As well as children and adolescents should not drink sulfate water as it inhibits the absorption of calcium. Doctors do not recommend kids up to 3 years old take it. Even if a particular mineral water is contraindicated to someone one cup will never do harm. Anyway drinking “inappropriate” water regularly is prohibited.Mineral water is also divided by its gassing into highly carbonated, slightly still and sparkling. Anyway drinking “inappropriate” water regularly is prohibited. Mineral water is also divided by its gassing into highly carbonated, slightly still and sparkling. Children and people with digestive diseases soda drinking is prohibited as it irritates the mucous membranes. Adult healthy people can drink carbonated water. Of course a place of extraction of water is important. Try to choose the water produced in environmentally friendly areas, such as in the mountains, sparsely populated areas, far from the big cities. Undoubtedly underground water is cleared up from most contaminants, but only ecologically clean regions preserve water to be ultimately clear and useful for the health. Take your time to read the recommendations on the use of mineral water. In some cases such as liver disease water should be heated to a certain temperature. In other cases the water on the contrary is advised to be cooled down. In case of kidney stones, diabetes, cholecystitis, hepatitis and many other diseases of water should be drunk on an empty stomach in the morning, and during the day for forty to fifty minutes before eating or two hours after a meal. When you select appropriate mineral water and follow all recommendations it effects miraculously on your body. It normalizes the secretion of gastric juice, metabolism, blood pressure, kidneys and liver are cleaned, relieves inflammation. Regular consumption of mineral water will allow you to maintain the body’s defenses at a high level, which means that you will be healthy, vigorous and cheerful.
30 March 2010 No longer winter birding Generally speaking, pictures of birds that get out in the world are good pictures of birds. The problem with this is that it greatly misleads; sparrows actually look like the top image, thus: Images like the two below, the rough equivalent of 12 power binoculars, are what you get after throwing out the even worse ones, post processing, and tossing—even with the x12 effect—almost all the pixels as not containing bird. It's good enough tell that it's a song sparrow, and it was singing in a territorial way on the 27th of March. So were the red-winged black birds, but I could not find an angle through the thicket such that there was more bird than stick in the image. When I was a kid, living on a farm under a section of St. Lawrence flyway, spring was great skeins of Canada geese honking their way across the sky. That doesn't work so well in a time when the Canada geese are happily urbanizing and don't all migrate. Hearing sparrows going territorial, and even more so the red-winged black birds, does mean spring, though. I wouldn't normally expect this of late March, but the natural world has clearly made up its mind on the point. ric davis said... Is the top image a sample of forest, or is there actually a bird in it somewhere? Graydon said... The sparrow in the lower two pictures is just about dead centre in the first picture. Look for the dark breast spot and the shape of the head, which is turned in profile to the left. (Bird's right.)
Tuesday, October 31, 2006 Tax Tuesday: Direct Taxes I have for a long time wondered what exactly a “direct” tax was. After all, it seems pretty central to the Constitutional power to tax. Reading through Chemerinski last night, I found the answer. The Supreme Court has long held that a direct tax is a tax on property (although the distinction between direct and indirect is no longer relevent due to the 16th Amendment). An income tax is not a direct tax. Article I Section 9 Clause 4 of the Constitution provides that no capitation (head tax (e.g. everyone has to pay $100 per year)) or other direct tax shall be lawful unless in proportion to the census. But if an income tax is not a direct tax, then the power to tax laid out in Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 is unrestricted. And this means that Congress's power to tax incomes does not derive from the 16th Amendment. And, in fact, prior to the ratification of the 16th amendment, Congress did impose income taxes (and other indirect taxes). And the Supreme Court upheld these taxes. The first income tax in the United States was enacted during the Civil War. So what’s the deal with the 16th Amendment? If we can already tax income without regard to apportionment, then what does the 16th Amendment do for us? Well, in Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co., (1985) the Court held an income tax unconstitutional. But the income tax was declared unconstitutional only because the statute taxed not only labor income, but also income from property. Thus the property tax portion of the law was a direct tax. In addition, it was not apportioned according to the census. Conclusion: unconstitutional under Article I, Section 9, Clause 4. The labor income portion of the tax was not unconstitutional. So it seems to me that what the 16th Amendment really does is allow taxation on gains from property (e.g. capital gains, rental income, etc.). What I really want to hit home about this is that tax protestors who claim that a tax on labor income is unconstitutional, because either the 16th Amendment was not properly ratified or that the Constitution does not authorize a tax on labor income, are so clearly wrong that it boggles the mind. A brief look at Article I of the Constitution should clear a lot of things up. Post a Comment << Home
What is the Best Hearing Aid for Cookie Bite Hearing Loss? The Importance of Understanding SNHL In this article, we are also going to briefly explain what cookie bite hearing loss is and how to recognise the symptoms. This is because many people never get a proper diagnosis of their hearing loss. hearing loss diagram Because SNHL (cookie bite hearing loss) is relatively rare not everyone has heard of it. This means that most people do not consider it as the underlying reason for their loss of hearing. That in turn can mean that they try to solve their hearing problems using the wrong kind of hearing aid. What is Cookie Bite Hearing Loss? This hearing disorder is a form of Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL). The root cause of this kind of hearing loss is a problem with the vestibulocochlear nerve, the inner ear or the way the brain processes sound. Some suffers have problems with all three, others have a problem with just one e.g. an issue with their inner ear. The disorder produces a hearing curve on a hearing test graph that is the same shape as that left when someone bites into a cookie, hence the quirky name for the condition. It is sometimes called pool, U-shape or soup plate hearing loss. How Does the Condition affect how you hear? Someone suffering from the condition has good hearing at high and low frequencies, but cannot hear sound in the mid frequency band. This means that some sounds are clear, whilst others are no. What is heard varies considerably from person to person. Some people can hear all speech yet another person will mishear certain words because of the frequency of one of the sounds that makes up the word. They may be able to hear and understand one person, but not another. You can probably hear cars fine, but will not be able to hear most birdsong. Many people only recognise the problem when they have children and cannot hear them crying because of the condition. Why is Cookie Bite Hearing Loss so Difficult to Treat? treating hearing loss The fact the condition varies so much from individual to individual makes it hard to treat. There really is no one size fits all solution. A hearing aid or amplifier that works for one person will not help another person very much. In addition, as you age the condition may worsen. This means that you may have to constantly adjust how you treat the condition. If you are unlucky enough to have the problem in both ears and each ear produces a different hearing curve result the issues are doubled. This is because you need to treat each ear differently, so finding a solution is complicated. The Real Problem with Cookie Bite Hearing Loss The main problem with this kind of hearing loss is that it is relatively rare. This means that not many clinical studies have been carried out. Many audiologists will have only treated one or two cases, so they do not always have much experience with the condition. Sadly, this means that resolving your hearing loss is going to take a lot of trial and error. You and your otologist or audiologist are going to have to experiment with different hearing aid settings until you find something that works for you. It is important with hearing loss to get a proper diagnosis rather than just going out and buy a hearing aid. Understanding your condition is the only way to ensure you do not end up wasting money on hearing aids that will not work for your particular problem. Its also important that you consider the cost of hearing aids when deciding what to do. The Problem with Traditional Hearing Aids Unfortunately, the rarity of the condition also means that there are no hearing aids available to treat this specific condition. Traditional hearing cheap hearing aidaids enhance the entire spectrum of frequencies. This means that they turn up all of the sounds that reach the ear. That means that high and low frequency noises will sound unnaturally loud. You will be able to hear the mid range noises too, but will have to learn to interpret this new sound and tone down the high and low frequencies sound. At first, everything you hear will seem distorted and out of focus, but with perseverance many users find that they actually get used to this and adapt. At this point, a hearing aid really improves their life. Once again they can hear the full spectrum of sounds and again enjoy the theatre and a normal conversation. The Right Hearing Aid for Cookie Bite Hearing Loss However, you have to buy the right kind of hearing aid.hearpod logo darker The hearing aid you buy needs to be open ear. This will allow the ear to continue to receive low and high frequency sounds more naturally. You also need to choose an aid that has plenty of channels. This is important because you will have to experiment to find the best settings for you. The more channels you have the better chance you will have of finding a setting that works for you. A Good Hearing Aid for Cookie Bite Hearing Loss We recommend that you speak to your doctor about the Hearpod. In is an open ear product with 32 different channels. The price is low yet this hearing aid gets a lot of praise on review sites and forums, so it is a good option for most people who have selective hearing loss. You can read our in-depth review of hearpods here. 1. marc says Do they make the hearpod in child sizes and what is the average cost of a pair as my 5 year old was just diagnosed with the condition and is showing behaviors that may be helped by the use of aids like the hearpod as she has no low range in one ear and no mid range in the other it runs in the family and ist a but upsetting she has this condition in both ears • Kelly says Marc, I am sorry that your child is having hearing difficulties. I have cookie bite hearing loss in both ears. Some information in this article is not accurate for all hearing aids. For example, digital hearing aids can be adjusted to amplify only the required ranges such that the normal frequencies are not blasted into the ear. Digital aids are more expensive but completely worth it from my personal experience. The cost of my aids was approximately $2k each but I have had issue free use for well over 5 years. Most insurance plans now cover a portion of this cost. Good luck! Your child is lucky that you are getting help early. Leave a Reply
Exercise and Appetite Exercise may actually suppress your appetite, two new studies suggest When most people finish a hard workout, they want a reward possibly a sandwich, or some pancakes, or maybe even a burger and fries. What they don’t want? To not eat anything. And yet, a few recent studies found that moderate intensity aerobic training could actually decrease your appetite or increase your feelings of fullness or satiety. Strange, right? Previous research has shown that people who exercise often reward themselves with food, increasing overall calorie consumption, and often sabotaging their weight loss goals. So, what gives? “Exercise can definitely suppress hunger,” says Barry Braun, director of the Energy Metabolism Laboratory at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, who has co-authored multiple studies on the subject. How, why, and for how long afterward is something researchers are still working out. They do know that workouts trigger changes in the hunger hormone ghrelin and the satiety hormones, PYY and GLP-1 though research has yet to establish the exact relationship. A recent study published in the journal Metabolism found that perceived fullness both while fasting and after eating was higher among participants after 12 weeks of aerobic training, but not after resistance training for the same amount of time. And another study out of Brigham Young University revealed that women appeared to be less interested in food on mornings when they walked on a treadmill for 45 minutes than on days they didn’t.
Tens of thousands of people all over the United States get tested for Vitamin D deficiency. But the evidence suggesting that it's a serious problem ― at least as defined in many commercial labs ― is weak. And all those Vitamin D pills getting pushed on patients may not be helping much. That's the upshot of an article by reporter Gina Kolata published Monday in the New York Times looking at the state of research around Vitamin D. First, the basic facts: The vitamin industry in general is booming. Exact sales figures are hard to come by, especially for individual varieties like Vitamin D. But more than half of US adults take at least some supplements. Vitamin D refers to a group of nutrients that help you absorb calcium, as well as other minerals necessary for a healthy body. Your body produces Vitamin D naturally. (Just add sun.) A bit of sunlight on your skin gets your chemical factories churning out the nutrient. You can also get it from some foods, like fish and fortified milk. Lacking Vitamin D is bad for your joints and bones, and there's a body of research that connects Vitamin D deficiency to everything from breast cancer to fatigue to depression. However, there's reason to think too many people are being diagnosed with Vitamin D deficiency. Starting about ten years ago, researchers began to worry that many people, especially in colder climates where winter forces humans indoors, may be lacking Vitamin D. Doctors and medical journals in the US started pushing to screen for deficiencies and increase the Vitamin D intake of the general population. Medicare beneficiaries received 83 times more blood tests for Vitamin D in 2010 than in 2000. But "deficiency" is a fuzzy term. Many labs will apply it to someone with 20 to 30 nanograms per milliliter in their bloodstream, which is likely a perfectly healthy level. As a result, thousands of patients may be going home with Vitamin D supplements they don't need. And recent studies have shown little in the way of medical benefits (though there is debate on that subject). There are real consequences to over-consuming Vitamin D, though. Vitamin D toxicity can cause calcium to build up in your bloodstream, leading to fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. For now, some researchers are urging doctors to cool it on testing every patient for Vitamin D, and only prescribe supplements in cases where they're really necessary.
Monday, April 29, 2013 Dogs help fight sarcoma in humans By Suzie Siegel Dr. Stephen Withrow By treating dogs with cancer, veterinarians gain important insights into improving treatments for humans. This has special significance for people with sarcoma because "sarcoma is five times more common in dogs than humans," said Stephen Withrow, DVM, professor of surgical oncology at Colorado State University in Fort Collins and the founding director of its Flint Animal Cancer Center, the largest such center in the world. The many sarcoma subtypes diagnosed in people are well represented in dogs, said Christina Mazcko, a biologist who manages the National Cancer Institute's Comparative Oncology Program. The subtypes include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), hemangiosarcoma (angiosarcoma) and other soft-tissue sarcomas. Dr. Withrow is the only veterinarian admitted as a member of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society. The surgeon also belongs to the Children’s Oncology Group. He's proud that he has served as a resource for surgeons who operate on humans. "Physicians are not always aware of what's happening in animal studies, but some have realized we see more sarcoma cases than they do." Colorado State's veterinary school is one of 20 across the United States and Canada that work with the NCI in the Comparative Oncology Trial Consortium, said Dr. Withrow, past president of the Veterinary Cancer Society. "We can do so much more together than we can as single institutions." Nine clinical trials have been completed, and two are underway. More than 150 pet owners have participated, and board-certified veterinary oncologists supervise the dogs' care. What veterinarians learn is then integrated into studies of cancer biology and therapy in humans, Mazcko said. "Along the way, the dog has helped with imaging; the safety and efficacy of chemo delivery; radiation dose responses; and giving chemo in arteries," Dr. Withrow said. Treating dogs with cancer also has been useful in discovering what doesn't work or doesn't work as well as hoped, he said. "We proved hyperthermia had only mild improvement in local control. "Fighting sarcoma is like slogging through mud. It's not a sprint. There are no home-runs but we've made progress. "A major breakthrough in osteosarcoma was MTP-PE [mifamurtide], an immunotherapy popularized by a vet." Half of the dogs who received it benefited, but when it was tested in humans, only 15 percent got a response. "The drug was sold to a company in Europe, and it's no longer available in the U.S." He calls the stalemate between pharmaceutical companies and the FDA "sick." "For pharmaceutical companies, the target is humans, where they can charge these inordinate prices." In general, people won't pay as much to treat their dogs. Plus, companies fear that, if they test their drugs in dogs first and side effects occur, the companies will have a harder time getting approval for clinical trials for humans. Clinical trials for dogs cost less money and give quicker results than those in humans, Dr. Withrow said. "It's money well spent." "Of the estimated 72 million dogs in the United States, up to 1 million are diagnosed with cancer each year," Mazcko said. Mice are commonly used to study cancer, and they are inbred to develop tumors. They are injected with cancer cells grown in the lab. In contrast, veterinarians are studying cancers that occur naturally in dogs and that "are very similar to those seen in human patients." The strong genetic similarity has been demonstrated by the recent completion of the canine genome (the entire set of genetic material in dogs) and the increasing availability of biological and genomic reagents (substances used in a chemical reaction to analyze other substances), she said. Like people, dogs experience recurrence, resistance and metastasis, she said. Dogs and humans are exposed to similar environmental risks. Dogs are large enough that their imaging studies can be compared to those of humans, and dogs can often tolerate multiple forms of treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiation. When their cancers have not grown much or spread far, dogs can get experimental treatments not yet approved for humans -- even though the new drugs may be less harsh than conventional chemotherapy, she said. "Although the treatment options and approaches are comparable in dogs and humans, there is no requirement to pursue standard treatments as a first-line option for dogs." This gives researchers a chance to answer questions about the drugs that could not be answered in conventional mouse studies or human clinical trials, Mazcko said. In the 1970s, veterinarians had only crude treatments for animals with cancer, Dr Withrow said. In the next decade, vets began using imaging studies and treatments also used on humans. In the mid-1980s, Colorado State partnered with the veterinary school at North Carolina State University and biostatisticians at Duke's cancer center. The National Cancer Institute awarded them a prestigious program-project grant to do clinical trials, and the funding continued for about 15 years, he said. This partnership pioneered the idea that clinical trials in veterinary medicine would provide better information for cancer treatment in humans than mouse models, he said. Dr. Chand Khanna "It really was Khanna's brain child," he said, referring to Chand Khanna, DVM, PhD, now director of the Comparative Oncology Programwhich the NCI's Center for Cancer Research created in 2003. He also heads the Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section of the NCI's Pediatric Oncology Branch. "Fortunately, his boss was Lee Helman," who supported his work. About 10 years ago, federal grant money started drying up, and the vets doing the research had to look for money from pharmaceutical companies, others health-care companies, foundations and nonprofits. It was a terrible blow, Dr. Withrow said. "The Comparative Oncology Trial Consortium is limited only by funding. Great science is all around us." Information on COTC clinical trials is available at: 1 comment: Amanda Fouraker said... Hi, I have an 8yr old American Bulldog Pit x around 85lbs that has a tumor on his genitals 2 vets are calling it a Hemangiosarcoma skin cancer (white and tan and been living in low desert). I was told this is deadly, and so have been raising some money for surgery. He's fine now, but have also been told he may have only a couple of weeks! I was told it was curative though, long as it hasn't spread to his spleen, lungs, organs. Is there anything else I can do, such as immunotherapy? I can't let him die he could have some years left, and is such a lovely goofy fun loving boy.
Saturday, September 29, 2007 NSS responds to Weinburg's criticism of Space Program Earlier this month, Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg delivered an amazingly cynical critique on the manned space program. He called the space station an "orbiting turkey". And notes that: "Human beings don't serve any useful function in space," Weinberg told "They radiate heat, they're very expensive to keep alive and unlike robotic missions, they have a natural desire to come back, so that anything involving human beings is enormously expensive." In addition to addressing the practicalities of spaceflight, he takes on the misplaced priorities that has often accompanied NASA due to its goals of manned spaceflight: Weinberg pointed to NASA's treatment of its Beyond Einstein program as an example of the agency's misplaced priorities. Beyond Einstein consists of five proposed space missions designed to build upon and expand Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. "Only one of them is slated to go ahead, and given NASA's record, if we suddenly run into extra expenses in the manned spaceflight program, that will be put on the back burner, just as has been done time and time again by NASA," Weinberg said. Here is the response of the National Space Society, an organization dedicated to promoting the spread of humanity into space. To counter the manned spaceflight program being a waste of money, they list a number of technologies that were developed due to manned spaceflight, "...such as kidney dialysis machines, fetal heart monitors, programmable heart pacemakers, to name just a few that help Americans every day." And they continue on to show that both theoretical physics and manned spaceflight have both done good to humanity, and it wouldn't be fair or wise to scrap one for the other. I'd recommend reading them both. No comments:
Thursday, July 22, 2010 How sugar affects digestion Junk sugars such as those found in soda pop, cookies, candies and ice cream are called simple carbs because they are composed of simple chains of sugar molecules. This has the tendency to affect the blood sugar more rapidly since they are broken down and absorbed easily. This will then trigger the insulin response to deal with the sudden surge of sugar and subsequently glucose in the bloodstream. This gives the pancreas the extra burden of dealing with the glucose, or sugar; insulin will then released into the blood to carry the glucose into the cell. The sugar will then be used up rapidly, but the body will hit a low in a few hours. At this time other hormones are released when the blood sugar becomes too low. The liver will then deal with this problem by releasing stored sugar, which will then cause the blood sugar level to rise again. What a battle the body faces with dealing with simple sugars! ( What are the long term effects? Well, we have no shortage of literature on hyperactive children who, after lunch, return to the classroom charged up on the sugary meals that they have just consumed. The problems extend to adults with varying and debilitating ailments. These extreme shifts in blood sugar are not well tolerated in some people and those susceptible often suffer from extreme mood shifts, or highs and lows due to the blood sugar-insulin release roller coaster. These are factors in mental illnesses such as depression. The picture even becomes more grim. For example. In the last 35-40 years Americans have increased sugar consumption going from 26 pounds to 135 pounds of sugar per person per year. Before the turn of the 20th century, people consume only 5 lbs. per person per year. Incidentally, we have seen a staggering rise in cardiovascular disease, impaired immunity, asthma, allergies and cancers.( Some safer alternatives Read the label. Get educated on the different names for sugar; "ose" endings are a clue that you are getting a sugar. Some examples are: high fructose corn syrup, lactose, maltose, dextrose. Foods that are high in sugars include bread, mayonnaise, peanut butter, ketchup, spaghetti sauce and microwaveable meals. Try some alternative and healthier choices such as stevia, agave syrup, fruit concentrate (sugars but slowly digested). Finally, talk to your nutritionist or your physician. You can also research other viable options. There are scores of literature out there on natural substitutes for sugars. Your body will thank you for it! Sherl Wilsher's Expert Author Email Alerts Email Address:
Tuesday, October 12, 2010 October Skies 2010 October Skies Ahhh, October……the last of the late summer storms leaves the air clear and crisp with blue skies and orange trees. Evening comes early now revealing the bright constellations of the fall sky. At the top of the sky are two bright stars, Vega of Lyra and Deneb of Cgynus. The stars of Cygnus do double-duty as an asterism – that is, the stars represent two shapes at one time. Looking at the stars one way we see the long neck and outstretched wings of a large billed bird, a swan, flying south along the Milky Way. Deneb, 1,550 light years away, is the tail of Cygnus, while the lovely double star Albireo is the bill of the swan. If you look another way, the stars form a large cross. Deneb is the top of the cross, Albireo marks the bottom. Interestingly, as Cygnus rises in the late spring, the swan is flying upward across the sky and the cross is inverted. As we move toward Winter, the swan will point bill-down in the west, while the cross will stand upright. Vega, westward from Deneb, is the brightest star of the star group Lyra the Lyre and is 26 light years away. Both Lyra and Cygnus are ancient star groups known from ancient Greek mythology 2500 years ago. The reddish star flickering low in the west right after sunset is Arcturus, the red giant star. Its distance is estimated to be 37 light years. Another asterism doing double-duty this season is Pegasus. Its stars map out the body of a horse and also give a ‘tip of the hat’ to the baseball playoff season – they double as a baseball diamond! To find it, look to the east for a big square around 8 p.m. - its corners are marked by bright stars. Each star is a base on the diamond. You’ll find home plate (the 'top' star of the square), first and second base, the shortstop playing ‘in’ a bit, and third base. The pitchers’ mound is there, as is the home plate ump and over by the third base line, that ump is arguing with the manager! Under dark, clear skies, and with binoculars, the Andromeda Galaxy can be seen not far from the Square of Pegasus. Andromeda is a spiral galaxy much like our Milky Way but is the most distant object visible to the naked eye - 2.9 million light years away. When we look at Andromeda, we see the light that left it almost 3 million years ago. It contains some 300 billion stars and who knows how many planets! Around in the north, the big bear of the sky Ursa Major now walks the northern horizon. Along the northern horizon to the east, the bright twinker low on the horizon is Capella, brightest star of the winter group, Auriga the Charioteer. The other winter notables Perseus, Taurus, Orion, and Gemini fill the east after midnight. As the early October evenings begin, six planets are stretched across the sky at 7 p.m. Starting lowest in the west, Venus is all but buried in the glare of the setting sun. Higher above the horizon Mars fights to be seen as well. Our largest planet, Jupiter, is bright and easy to spot in the southeast as the sky darkens. Just to the east of Jupiter Uranus sits quietly, difficult to see without a telescope. Thirty degrees to the west is our most distant planet, Neptune. Even a small telescope under dark, clear skies will reveal their dim disks. Farther west and above the stars of Sagittarius, we find one of our system’s larger dwarf planets, Pluto. Visible only under the darkest skies and with the largest telescopes, Pluto (like Uranus and Neptune) is unremarkable visually because of its tiny size and incredible distance. It reflects very little sunlight.
Sunday, February 26, 2017 More explanation for the curious One of the things I've noted often as is really important is that I found a way to show a mathematical result which follows established rules, so is in full mathematical rigor, which nonetheless leads to a conclusion which can be shown to be false. That is, the mathematical argument is perfect under established rules, but using those same rules you can use a separate mathematical argument to prove the conclusion is false. Which to me is rather fascinating. And you can check if you have knowledge of basic number theory by downloading a paper I got published where here is link to post that has a link to it, and have talked story often on this blog. What's cool is of course it stands on its own but for the curious can explain LOTS about how that's possible and implications for modern mathematics. What allows that actually is that the paper starts by declaring the ring to be the ring of algebraic integers. And the Wikipedia has an article on the algebraic integer for those who need a reference. While I'm NOT a mathematician, I stumbled across a problem with the ring of algebraic integers, where after YEARS can actually show very simply and won't give all details here, but is so short can enough. So consider P(x) = (g1(x) + 1)(g2(x) + 2) where P(x) is a primitive quadratic with integer coefficients, g1(0) = g2(0) = 0, but g1(x) does not equal 0 for all x. Of course a simple reducible quadratic with those requirements is: x2 + 3x + 2 = (x+1)(x+2) And I can force symmetry by introducing k, where k is a nonzero integer, and not 1 or -1, and new functions f1(x), and f2(x), where: g1(x) = f1(x)/k and g2(x) = f2(x) + k-2, multiply both sides by k, and substitute for the g's, which gives me the now symmetrical form: k*P(x) = (f1(x) + k)(f2(x) + k) If you want to see more, I found a really in-depth post where talk much more here. The forcing symmetry is what does it really. As I put an asymmetrical form at the BOTTOM as the base, and then force a symmetrical one later, and that does it! So cool to me. Notice you have NO problems with our simple example: k(x2 + 3x + 2) = (kx + k)((x+2-k) + k) But all kinds of awesome happens when you have non-reducible quadratics for P(x). That's when the fun starts. Turns out you can set things up so that it's easy to solve for the f's as roots of a monic polynomial with integer coefficients so they are DEFINITELY algebraic integers, but for the non-rational case you run into a problem with g1(x) = f1(x)/k as it forces one of the f's to have k as a factor. So you can force that factor into algebraic integers and then NOT be able to see it directly. Knowing is there from mathematical logic. So absolute proof tells you is there but no way to see directly. For example I often would show that 3+sqrt(-26) must have 7 as a factor for one of its two solutions which can seem strange if you follow human convention. But for example 5 + sqrt(4) is 5 ± 2 and equals 7 or 3. If that really bugs you not much I can do. Had wild arguments years ago where people would say that the convention is to take the positive so MUST be 7. And I'm like, what can you say to that? So you find that in such cases both g's can NOT be algebraic integers. And I used a neat trick, where the f's can be, but I constructed with a throw-away factor of k, which means if you remove it, and reduce, you're forced to have: So you can't run from the problem. The algebra says you can do it. Logically it works! Is fascinating to me though, how human beings can struggle with it, and may be one of the best pure examples of such. There's no reason NOT to be able to do it, but our species didn't notice that over a hundred years ago in the late 1800's when coming up with algebraic integers, so it took me to show, in our time. Yeah it is just NOT intuitive to multiply by that k, and math folks get taught to go in opposite direction, removing factors if you can! Not adding them. So I went against the usual flow. And I showed how not knowing these things can let you use full mathematical rigor and come up with a wrong conclusion--in the ring of algebraic integers. So why would I get a paper published showing that? Well that was a great way to demonstrate, and may be the one key example known in human history to demonstrate the failure, where planned on a follow-up paper to explain the problem, thinking would have help from mathematicians, but that didn't happen. What can someone do with this error? Can appear to prove things with full mathematical rigor, which are NOT true. And yes, I talked the question on this blog: Did mathematical rigor fail? Answer will go ahead and note here is, no. So yeah I had things not happen the way I expected. And was disappointed for years and acted out a bit online as well. But as time went on, I realized I had responsibilities and besides I could discover more things! Eventually I focused more on mathematical industry as healthy, which includes lots more people than mathematicians, as lots of people all over the world use mathematics. The problem I found is important but rather esoteric. It helps to be a number theory expert to fully understand it and its implications. And I am NOT a mathematician. James Harris Wednesday, February 01, 2017 When connections can fascinate Interest from others has often intrigued me and on this blog my find of a deep connection between hyperbolas and ellipses is an area that keeps trending. Like I see a post where I discussed much in 2010, which stays high in list of popular posts. Back then called what I now call the two conics equation "Pell's equation" which is one of those weird to me things described as a historical mistake. Problem was some guy named Pell didn't deserve credit? Then if is known, why keep giving to him? I followed convention for a while then stopped. For me my own results are too familiar so it helps to see what resonates with others. It's like, on any given day I can, if I wish, consider something I've discovered, but how do I choose? Looking at what interests others gives me a place to consider. So I discovered the connection and gave some examples. The connection is from x2 - Dy2 = 1, with D positive so you have hyperbolas to ellipses where it helps to see an example. Like consider: 172 - 2(12)2 = 1 and I have this key variable j, which is explained in the referenced post: j = ((17+2(12)-1)/2 = 20 is a solution giving: 202 + 212 = 292 And I notice that if D-1 is a perfect square relationship found connects to circles but otherwise gives non-circular ellipses. Also proved you can always find integer solutions for af2 + g2 = h2 by using a rational solution to what I NOW call the two conics equation. In that post you see the other usage all over the place. And that is far as I can see one of the most consistently popular subjects for YEARS on this blog. But would be curious of any other situation where a rational engine drives integer and therefore Diophantine solutions. So yeah lots to ponder there. If you know of any other cases feel free to comment. Read referenced post for more, and also there are other posts with label tce, and that label can click below. James Harris
Each year at this time countless people decorate home or office for Christmas, hanging lights from the roof or ceilings or mistletoe above the doors. That means it's also time to consider a few safety tips on the use of a ladder, whether putting up decorations (which you've probably already done), or taking them down (which is coming up). Unfortunately, there are more than 300 ladder-related deaths and 130,000 injuries reported in the United States each year, according to a study released by the University of Missouri. But what focused my attention on the subject was a neighbor leaning an extension ladder against his home at such a steep angle it seemed as though the ladder would slip right out from under him. Luckily it did not, but his experience is the exception, not the norm. A ladder should be set against a solid surface at an angle of four feet in one foot. Or, said another way, for every four feet of ladder height, the base of the ladder should be one foot farther away from the surface it's leaning against. Latest videos And please read all the literature and instructions that come with each ladder purchased. Few are exactly alike, including their load-bearing capacity. Once safely on a ladder, do not try reaching so far that you lose your balance. Stretching and leaning to the side have resulted in countless falls and injury; you should always keep your body between the ladder's rails. Move the ladder so that you can safely reach your work. Non-skid feet or spurs may prevent a ladder from slipping on a hard, smooth surface. Just to be sure, however, it is wise to further secure the feet by tying, driving stakes or by blocking the base against lateral movement. And do not stand on the top three rungs, or on top of a stepladder. Stepladders should be securely spread open. Never use a folding stepladder in an unfolded position. Inspect the ladder before each use. A damaged side rail may cause one side to give way, and a damaged rung can cause a fall. Ladders used to access a roof must extend at least three feet beyond the roof. Extension ladders need both locks secured to prevent overloading of a rail or total failure of the ladder. Be aware of overhead power lines. Electrical shock can occur with metal or wet wooden ladders. Not only is the shock itself dangerous, but it can cause falls that result in injury or death. Obviously, avoid using a ladder in a strong wind. Also, do not use a ladder in front of a door unless it is locked, blocked or guarded. Only one person at a time should be on the ladder. Make sure the ladder is appropriate for the job. Replace any ladder that is bent, broken or otherwise damaged. Always face the ladder and use both hands on the rungs, not the rails, when climbing up or down. Carry your tools and other materials in a tool belt or pouch, or use a rope to raise and lower them.
October: Halloween in Nature For FEAR and FRIGHT on Halloween night you don’t have to venture far! Just take a walk at twilight! From the silhouettes of trees to weeping webs of spiders, you can find a spook even in your backyard! Spiders, Trees, and Gourds, OH MY!! Did you know that spiders are arachnids not insects? Arachnids are an animal family. The Arachnid family includes spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. There are around 60,000 types of arachnids. They have eight legs and a hard exoskeleton. Their bodies are made up of two parts; the abdomen and the cephalothorax. Arachnids are usually predators and often eat other creatures. This isn’t such a bad thing! They eat those pestilent mosquitos and flies in the summer! Spider in web You may be asking yourself, “How can trees be scary?” Well, they aren’t necessarily that scary, but often times they can makecrickey-cracky” sounds when they blow in the wind. Trees can also develop spooky faces from knobs in their trunks, swirled bark, and exposed roots. Check out some of the images below! Gourds are a staple in any good Halloween celebration! Gourds are any vines of the family Cucurbitaceous that bears fruits with hard rinds. Some fun facts about Gourds are that they are the longest cultivated crop in the history. 90% of gourds are made up of water. It takes ten generations of cross-breading different gourds to get one with those weird warts all over them! Share →
The Monumental Gap between Nikki Haley and Donald Trump There were two events that occurred in June 2015 that have defined race relations in the South. One of them has been seized by the media as the root cause of the explosion of racism embodied by the fights in Charlottesville, VA in August 2017. Yet the other is arguably the more clearly identified source of the tension. June 2015 On June 16, 2015, real estate titan and media personality Donald Trump announced that he would run for president of the United States. The political novice declared that it was time to turn the country around and bring back jobs – good jobs – to America, to “make our country great again.” The Trump tagline was coined “Make America great again,” and he would go one to become the 45th president of the United States. On June 17, a white supremacist named Dylann Roof walked into a church in Charleston, South Carolina and shot and killed nine black worshipers. Roof’s “manifesto” was found in his house which detailed the many reasons he hated blacks and Jews. Roof’s view of patriotism had nothing to do with Trump’s pride in America, but a pride in being white. One week in June began a process of bringing a political lightweight to the presidency to “make America great again,” while a racist sought to “make America White again.” Each set in motion a series of actions and reactions in America which were deeply felt in August 2017. Nikki Haley Talks Down Hatred and Takes Down the Confederate Flag The Governor of South Carolina was quick to respond to the shooting of the black church-goers. Gov. Nikki Haley spoke to her state and the country on June 22nd in a remarkable speech. She spoke of her pride in her state and gave consolation to the wounded and injured. She was clear in her rejection of hatred and bigotry, while also noting that many people who are proud of their southern heritage have no malice toward minorities. In short, she brought comfort to all sides and stabilized the situation. And then she addressed the flag. The Confederate flag that flew by the state capital. “For many people in our state, the flag stands for traditions that are noble. Traditions of history, of heritage, and of ancestry. The hate filled murderer who massacred our brothers and sisters in Charleston has a sick and twisted view of the flag. In no way does he reflect the people in our state who respect and, in many ways, revere it. Those South Carolinians view the flag as a symbol of respect, integrity, and duty. They also see it as a memorial, a way to honor ancestors who came to the service of their state during time of conflict. That is not hate, nor is it racism… Nikki Haley called for taking down the Confederate flag over the government grounds. She did it while noting that most people in the state respect the flag, but there are some that use it as a vehicle to violence. She said that she respects people that chose to keep that flag in their homes; it is a matter of free speech and expression. However, she concluded that in light of the history of pain and suffering in the name of the flag, the Confederate flag no longer should be endorsed by the government. Gov. Haley after shooting at black church June 2015 A Republican female minority governor decided it was time for the southern states to remove the emblems of the Civil War fought 150 years earlier. Standing beside two Republican senators from South Carolina she declaredThis flag, while an integral part of our past, does not represent the future of our great state.” Mainstream media would barely recognize the fact that it was Republicans – and a female minority Republican – that would shake the south. Haley’s actions set in motion a rethinking of the various symbols of the Confederacy. In May 2017 several statutes were removed from public spaces in New Orleans. Other southern states were in the process of reviewing the status of their Confederate statues – which is what brought the White supremacists to Charlottesville, VA in August 2017: a protest to stop the removal of the statue of General Robert E. Lee. Donald Trump Talks Up Division and the Press Focuses on Trump Instead of Hate Donald Trump’s road to the presidency from June 2015 was remarkable in many respects. He not only beat out a field of respected Republican politicians to win the nomination, but he did so while alienating many groups along the way. Muslims were insulted by his call to ban Muslims from entering the country until the country devised a more thorough vetting process. Women were outraged when they heard a recording of his proudly groping women. The Latino community was appalled when he referred to the many immigrants that came to the USA from south of the border as “bad hombres.” The list would go on. Along the way his colleagues in the Republican party would abandon him. In a remarkable occurrence in American politics, one Republican leader after another would say that they were appalled at Trump’s comments and would not vote for him. The press ate it up. They ridiculed Trump and blamed him as the source for disunity and bigotry in the country. But he won the presidency anyway. Trump would not give roles in his cabinet to the Republican politicians that bad-mouthed him. Only Governor Nikki Haley – who distanced herself from Trump’s comments, but not the man – would get a role in his administration, as US Ambassador to the United Nations. Over the first months of his presidency, Trump would continue to make remarks that angered wide swaths of the country. The media continued to state that Trump was a racist, by not disavowing the support of White supremacists, and making laws alienating minorities – whether a ban on Muslim refugees or edicts to expel illegal immigrants. By August 2017, when the Charlottesville, VA White supremacy protest came to town, Trump’s comments could be predicted. Once again, Trump fueled the media’s wrath with his comments. They admonished him for endorsing racism and allowing it to rear its ugly head in the country once again. The monumental gap between Nikki Haley and Donald Trump was clear. Haley took decisive action to turn back divisive symbols in the country, while Trump called for keeping them in place. Haley calmed the situation with language that reached out to ALL parties, while Trump used language that only appealed to a sliver of the public. And the media gave Haley little credit for calming the situation while it blamed Trump for everything. Racism has always existed in the United States; it is not new in the age of Trump. White racism has actually been on the decline for several years according to FBI reports, and it is much less common in the South than liberal northern states like Massachusetts. It is both unfortunate that Trump aggravates a tense situation, and that his impulse to attack the media – and the media’s impulse to attack him – takes away from the important debate about the symbols of the Confederacy in our country. Haley talked about it clearly and with conviction. But Trump and the media can only talk about each other. Related First.One.Through articles: NY Times Discolors Hate Crimes New York Times Finds Racism When it Wants New York Times’ Small Anti-Semitism Your Father’s Anti-Semitism “An anti-Semitic Tinge” “Jews as a Class” Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis Fact Check Your Assumptions on American Racism White nationalists held a rally in Charlottesville, VA on August 12, 2017 claiming that America was throwing out its white, Christian and southern traditions. Counter-protestors showed up in an attempt to rebut their views. Violence ensued. A death. White Nationalists in Charlottesville, VA August 2017 President Donald Trump issued a statement that condemned hatred and violence, in a statement that was ridiculed by both the right and left-wing for not calling out the white nationalists. We condemn in the strongest possible terms this egregious display of hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides, on many sides. What is vital now is a swift restoration of law and order and the protection of innocent lives. The statement of “many sides” evoked the disgraceful statements of the United Nations condemning “all” acts of violence after Palestinian Arab terrorists slaughter innocent Israelis. “Et tu, Brute?” The mainstream media has used the Charlottesville incident to foster a narrative that has been building for the past two years: that racism is principally a white-male issue, and that it predominantly stems from the south. These white racists have become emboldened under President Trump, who has done little to stem the violence and vitriol. It’s worth doing a fact check. Southerners are Less Racist Than Yanks The FBI does an analysis of hate crimes every year, the last complete year of data being 2015. The frequency of hate crimes in the South is less than in the Northeast. Bias Attacks in 2015, Average Incident per Number of People Frequency of Attack Massachusetts 13,595 Connecticut 31,767 New York 38,381 New Jersey 25,663 Maryland 139,684 Virginia 45,545 North Carolina 48,277 South Carolina 69,946 Georgia 163,086 Massachusetts – which elected the most left-wing senator in the country – was the most racist state by a far margin. A person in Massachusetts was 3.5 times more likely to suffer a hate crime than an average person in Virginia or North Carolina. Blacks Commit More Racist Attacks Than Whites The FBI report also broke down the hate crime statistics by offender. The statistics go against the commonly held narrative. History of Racist Attacks Broken Down by Race of Offender White Black 2000 4111 1021 2001 5149 1157 2002 3712 1082 2003 3670 942 2004 4327 1408 2005 4117 1357 2006 4293 1513 2007 4378 1448 2008 4229 1399 2010 3522 1104 2011 3384 1195 2012 2909 1242 2013 3046 1410 2014 2699 1203 2015 2657 1336 *No data for 2009 The numbers show that white people commit more racist attacks than black people. However, there are approximately 5.75 times more white people than black people in the USA, so the data must be viewed by the likelihood of an average white or black person committing a bias crime. Bias Attacks, Average Attack per Number of People Year White Black Difference 2000 54,379 38,129 43% 2001 43,417 33,647 29% 2002 60,224 35,979 67% 2003 60,914 41,326 47% 2004 51,665 27,649 87% 2005 54,300 28,688 89% 2006 52,074 25,730 102% 2007 51,063 26,885 90% 2008 52,862 27,827 90% 2010 63,473 35,262 80% 2011 66,062 32,577 103% 2012 76,849 31,344 145% 2013 73,392 27,609 166% 2014 82,828 32,360 156% 2015 84,137 29,139 189% In every year, the likelihood of an average black person committing a hate crime was much greater than an average white person. Bias Trend Related to Leadership The chart above shows some interesting trend lines. From 2000 to 2003, an average black person was 47% more likely to commit a racist crime than a white person. That likelihood jumped to 92% in the years 2004 to 2011. It escalated yet again in the years 2012 through 2015, when an average black person committed 164% more racial attacks than an average white person. The trends related both to blacks committing more hate crimes and whites committing fewer. White people were pretty consistent in the frequency of their attacks in the 2000-2003 and 2004-2011 periods. However, the frequency of black attacks jumped significantly in the 2004-11 span. But in the 2012-2015, it was the sharp decrease in white racism that accounted for the dramatic change, when attacks by blacks were relatively consistent. If leadership accounted for the difference in bias attacks, why would white people not change their actions during the first Obama term? Why did black people suddenly change the frequency of their bias attacks in 2004, and not earlier in Bush’s term? Was Trump’s election a cause for a change in the frequency of attacks by both whites and blacks? The FBI hasn’t completed its 2016 report at this time. But the leap to conclusions about the connection also has a leap to the nature of cause-and-effect. Why would a black president make white people commit fewer hate crimes, but a white president make blacks commit more? There was no particular race riot in 2004 or 2012 that could account for a particular tipping point in race relations. Is it possible that the trends are outside of leadership influence? The lazy mainstream media will fill you with stories that support your own biases. Consider looking at actual statistics before jumping to incorrect conclusions that white southerners are more racist than black Yankees, and that leadership is responsible for all of the disgraceful actions of racists. Related First.One.Through articles: NY Times Discolors Hate Crimes The Trump Pinata Preserving the False Obama Messiah Social Media’s “Fake News” and Mainstream Media’s Half-Truths Liberals’ Biggest Enemies of 2015 A Deplorable Definition Older White Men are the Most Politically Balanced Demographic By Far George Soros’ Left Wing Lobbying Dwarfs Goldman Sachs and the NRA New York Times Finds Racism When it Wants Your Father’s Anti-Semitism If you Only Loved Refugees as Much as you Hate Donald Trump Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis On July 15, 2017 in Minneapolis, MN, a black Muslim police officer shot and killed an unarmed white Australian woman. You would have a hard time learning about the ethnicity of the police officer from The New York Times. On July 22, the NYT ran an article entitled “Minneapolis Police Chief Is Forced Out.” The article relayed a lot of personal background of key players in the story, including that the chief of police was the first woman to serve in that capacity and was openly gay. It spoke of a a civil rights lawyer that argued that the chief of police “needed to be fired” because the chief only decried the recent killing of the Australian woman only because she was white, while she had always defended the police in past shootings when the victims were black. With all of that background, you would imagine that the Times would highlight that the police officer, Mohamed Noor, that killed the unarmed white woman was black. And a Muslim. And from the Somali community. But the Times decided not to mention any of those points, even while it described particular details of others in the story, as well as protests from back in 2015 following the killing of an unarmed black man. The Times would similarly not describe Officer Noor’s ethnicity in its July 21 article “Woman Shot by Minneapolis Officer ‘Didn’t Have to Die’ Police Chief Says,” or in the July 19 article called “Officer Said He Heard Loud Noise Before Partner Shot Minneapolis Woman. When the Times did cover the fact that the police officer was a black man from the Somali community (it never wrote that he was a Muslim), it did so from the perspective of the Somali Community. The July 20 article heading “Police Shooting Rattles Somalis in Minneapolis” would make a person think that a Somali was the victim, rather than the killer. The article wrote that the Somali immigrant population in Minneapolis “sometimes expressed frustration with law enforcement.” It added that Somalis felt that police officers used excessive force with its community and that “many Somalis have expressed frustration with their portrayals in the news media, saying reporters have unfairly emphasized stories about terrorist recruitment and cultural differences. As if the issue was purely one of media bias. As detailed in “Republican Scrutiny and Democratic Empowerment of Muslims in Minnesota,” the US House Committee on Homeland Security released a report in September 2015 flagging the problem of jihadists in Minnesota. Rep. John Kline, a member of the House Armed Services Committee said that “homegrown terrorism remains a serious issue in Minnesota.” Liberal politicians including Senator Al Franken and then presidential-hopeful Hillary Clinton acknowledged the findings of the report, while they argued for increased cooperation between law enforcement and the Somali community to combat terrorism. The Homeland Security report and acknowledgment by liberal politicians was not mentioned by the New York Times. Just that the Somali community felt vilified unfairly by the press, even as the Times called-out “President Trump’s travel ban.” When a white police officer shoots an unarmed black man, the New York Times repeats the race of each party over-and-again for days. However, when the attacker is not just black, but a Muslim, the Times reorients the story for its readers. Another edition of the New York Times #AlternativeFacts. Related First.One.Through articles: The Ties that Bind (and Those Unmentioned) The Media Finds Religion in Matters of Security. Sometimes. New York Times Finds Racism When it Wants Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis Can YouTube Understand Hatred? In March 2017, YouTube was criticized for placing advertisements next to videos that were considered disturbing expressions of hate, including racist and anti-Semitic videos. Large brands like AT&T, HSBC, Starbucks, Volkswagen and Walmart, pulled their ad campaigns from the media giant as they did not want to be associated with such ugly videos. The Internet is rife with extremist videos, but Google has had a difficult time using algorithms to flag them. Consider the channel FirstOneThrough, which posted over a dozen videos to COMBAT the hatred of Israel. The titles of its video series was deliberately called “I hate Israel” to counter the arguments against Israel: The videos were headed with “I hate Israel” to CONFRONT hatred and push the videos with actual evil bias off of the front search pages. But YouTube has a hard time discerning the content of the videos and has labeled each video as “Not advertiser-friendly. FirstOneThrough does not seek profit from any of its videos, so the removal of advertisements is not a source of concern. However, the action underscores the difficulty of algorithms to distinguish between a simple phrase and the broader discussion in the videos. In the meantime, supporters of Israel should continue to watch and share the videos in the series to not only become further educated about the incredible democracy, but to push anti-Israel videos off of the first page of the YouTube search screen. FirstOneThrough’s Series “I hate Israel” Related First.One.Through articles: Take Names in the Propaganda War Social Media’s “Fake News” and Mainstream Media’s Half-Truths NY Times Discolors Hate Crimes New York Times Finds Racism When it Wants Your Father’s Anti-Semitism Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis The Selfishness, Morality and Effectiveness of Defending Others There is a well known quote from a Protestant minister named Martin Niemoller (1892-1984) who argued for the defense of others: Because I was not a Socialist. Because I was not a Trade Unionist. Because I was not a Jew. The argument is by all accounts a practical one, not a moral one. The quote suggests that people should stand up against prejudice because hatred is a slippery slope. The selfish reasoning has different aspects: fight for others before the evil comes for you; and fight for others, and hopefully they will fight for you as well due to the same logic. Do world leaders actually use such self-motivating arguments in practice? Are the arguments effective in curbing hate and attacks driven by hatred? Rallying for the Victims Consider the situation of Jews in France over the past few years. The Anti Defamation League did a study of anti-Semitism in 2014 which it updated in 2015. The study found that while most countries in the world witnessed very small changes in the level of hatred against Jews, France saw a dramatic drop. • Christians: In 2014, 40% of French Christians held anti-Semitic views. That number dropped to 17% in 2015. • Business: In 2014, 51% of France believed that Jews had too much control of the financial markets. One year later, only 33% held such views – mostly Muslims (63%) • Global Affairs: In 2014, 46% of France believed that Jews had too much control over world affairs, a number that dropped to 22% in 2015 (again, predominantly French Muslims, 54% compared to Christians at 21%) • Pompous: In 2014, 33% of France thought that Jews thought themselves superior to others, dropping almost in half to 17% in 2015 (Muslims were more than twice as likely as Christians to hold this view) • Media: In 2014, 44% of France thought that Jews had too much control of the media, which dropped to only 21% in 2015 (Muslims were almost 3 times more likely to hold that view). • World Wars: In 2014, 18% of the French considered the Jews behind major world wars. In 2015, that number was one-third, 6% (with Muslims FOUR times as likely as Christians to hold such view). What happened between the two polls in France to cause such a dramatic shift in the perception of Jews? ADL commented that various terrorist attacks and violence against Jews over 2014 brought a sense of solidarity for the Jews in France, as well as in Germany and Belgium where other attacks occurred: “The poll found a marked increase in concern about violence against Jews in all three countries. The results indicate that heightened awareness of violence against Jews fosters a sense of solidarity with the Jewish community and that strong condemnation by political and civic leaders makes expressing anti-Semitism less acceptable.” Such statement from the ADL would seem to confirm that speaking up in defense of a persecuted group improves their situation, and indeed that may have been a contributor to the dramatic improvement of the French perception of Jews. Rallying for the Perpetrator In June 2015, the Pew Research Center did a survey of the French in their attitudes towards Muslims in the aftermath of deadly attacks committed by Islamic terrorists. In a surprising finding, the French viewed the group that perpetrated the violence MORE favorably than before, going from a 72% favorability rating to 76%. The improvement in opinions went across all political ideologies, including the far right which saw a movement of 60% to 63%, including a strong favorability rating doubling from 8% to 16%. This dynamic happened in the United States after the 9/11/2001 terrorist attacks as well. Overall, Americans’ positive impressions of Muslims jumped from 45% to 59%, with the far right jumping the most, from 35% favorable feelings to 64%. Pew reached a similar conclusion as the ADL, and attributed the increased positive feelings towards Muslims stemming from the call for unity among leaders such as President George W Bush who said: “These acts of violence against innocents violate the fundamental tenets of the Islamic faith. And it’s important for my fellow Americans to understand that. The famous Niemoller quote considered people’s selfish motivations to defend others, while world leaders appealed to people to turn away from hatred in pursuit of unity. Whether in France or the USA, those calls seemed effective in changing attitudes, but did they lower the number of attacks? In the United States, the number of attacks inspired by radical Islam has accelerated since the middle of 2015, with roughly 30 incidents over the past year (compared to 62 in the prior 14 years). Have the number of attacks increased because of the calls by President-elect Donald Trump to perform “extreme vetting” of Muslims interested in coming to the United States from countries at war with the US? Possibly. It is certainly an extreme jump in jihadist attacks. However France has also seen a dramatic increase in the number of Islamic attacks, which began to spike in December 2014. There have been roughly 20 attacks over the past two years, which roughly equals the prior 25-years’ of attacks. Various pundits speculate a number of causes including the French colonialist past and the marginalization of Muslim immigrants in French society. But those excuses must be dismissed, as those dynamics have been at play for dozens of years. Others point out to the rise in the number of Muslim immigrants from the war-torn Middle East. These immigrants arrived into France, Belgium and other countries, bringing their anger with them. The stories they tell of the destruction of their homes fuels the anger of the resident Muslims that were already in the country. Rather than be grateful for their safety, they attack the liberal society which replaced their Muslim world. While the attacks by Muslims has led to the growth of far-right nationalist parties that argue to stem the flow of Muslim refugees, the far-right has overall been more positive towards the Islamic community. It would appear that calls for calm and unity by government leaders is effective in reducing hatred, but does little to curtail terrorism. To reduce terrorism, the most effective course may be to end the wars in the Middle East, including Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Yemen. Peace at home is achieved with peace abroad. Related First.One.Through articles: The Dangerous Red Herring Linking Poverty and Terrorism The Big, Bad Lone Wolves of Terrorism Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis The Trump Pinata Preserving the False Obama Messiah Summary: Democrats have been pounding on Trump and his loss in the popular vote to defend the legacy of their anointed liberal messiah. Stating that Clinton Hillary lost just because of “racists and misogynists” as the New York Times declares, is to ignore the facts of the failed Obama policies. Democrats burning an effigy of Donald Trump on Easter Barack Obama was hailed as the deliverer when he was elected president in 2008. Indeed, in the election of 2008, the Democrats swept all branches of government, including adding 8 seats in the Senate, 21 seats in the House of Representatives, plus a governorship. When Obama was sworn into office in January 2009, Democrats held 57% of the Senate, 59% of the House and 58% of the state governors. Quite a victory and mandate. The Democrats chose to use their mandate to advance a liberal agenda. Their primary focus was healthcare which had been increasing in costs at rates that far surpassed inflation. Rather than implement solutions that would cut to the core of the cost structure like major tort reform, they advanced a program for Americans to subsidize the millions of uninsured, creating a new, complicated entitlement program. The American people balked at the Democrats’ actions. In the 2010 election, the Democrats were trounced, losing 6 seats in the Senate, 63 seats in the House and 6 governorships. Did the population that had just elected Obama two years earlier suddenly become racist and xenophobic? In the 2012 election, Obama won the presidency again, and brought along some Democratic victories in the Senate (+2) and House (+8), while it lost another state governor to the Republicans. But the net losses for the Democrats over Obama’s first term were still huge: -2 Senate seats; -56 House seats; and -10 governors, from 29 down to 19. All of these losses were realized before the rise of Donald Trump. The 2014 election witnessed another thrashing of the Democrats. The Democrats lost 9 Senate seats, 13 House seats, and another 3 governorships. And Donald Trump had still not declared that he was running for office. By the time Barack Obama steps down from office in January 2009, he will have stood watch as his party was eviscerated over his eight years. The Democrats would have lost the majority of the Senate (from 57% to 48%), the majority in the House (from 59% to 45%) and state governors (from 58% to 30%). The vast majority of all of the losses happened during Obama’s first term, post passing of Obamacare. How has the Democratic party reacted? What did the liberal press claim was the reason for Democrats losing the White House? Racism. Xenophobia. Misogyny. Anti-Semitism. The Democrats could not reevaluate the party’s stances and actions. It could not fathom that the American people did not care for the failures in US foreign policy, doubling down on entitlements rather than entitlement reform, or a sloppy economy. The Democrats chose to look through a lens of hatred as it considered an America that turned on its messiah and his second coming, in Hillary. What are the facts? Men preferred Obama in 2008 by a small margin, but turned against him by a spread of 7 points in 2012. By 2016, men preferred Republican Donald Trump by an incremental 5 points (a total 12% spread). The liberals ignored the facts and trends. They declared that men are misogynists because they didn’t vote for Hillary. The reality that men turned away from Democratic policies – by an even wider margin – four years earlier is seemingly irrelevant to people who view things from a singular biased vantage point. Hillary preached to her liberal base as she proudly called Republicans enemies. She did not bat an eyelash as she labeled half of America “deplorables.” Only white racists and misogynists could possibly turn from Obama and Hillary in this world view. To fathom that America would reject this woman, or reverse course in undermining the legacy of the first black president, was too much for the liberal psyche. So the liberals continue to paint their political opponents as the “alt-Right,” as they double-down on a more “progressive” approach against a stupid and racist populace. They have chosen to nominate a far left black Muslim to head the Democratic Party. The Democratic approach seems to be: if you challenge us because of poor policies, we can accuse you of racism, homophobia, Islamophobia, or any slur that seems appropriate. Rep. Keith Ellison was a listed speaker at a pro-BDS, anti-Israel conference And who is better to represent that liberal view of a biased America, than the new President-elect, who has made comments that offend Muslims, women and illegal immigrants? Democrats will pound on the Trump piñata and burn the American flag as they try to protect the legacy of their liberal messiah. The divisive America will not abate until people focus on core issues, instead of name-calling. Related First.One.Through articles: Michael Bloomberg Talks to America about Marrying a Prostitute Money Can’t Buy Clinton Love Eyes Wide Shut Older White Men are the Most Politically Balanced Demographic By Far Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis Elizabeth Warren’s Massachusetts is the Most Racist State in the Country On November 14, 2016, the FBI released its statistics for hate crimes in the United States. Most media outlets opted to cherry-pick facts from the report. As detailed in “NY Times Discolors Hate Crimes,” the media pushed a focus on the jump in crimes against Muslims as it implied that hate crimes were coming from angry, racist white Trump supporters, even while the media refused to publish the steep decline in whites as the attackers, from 61% of the total in 2008, to 49% in 2015. So with the backdrop of the far-left wing Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren saying that President-elect Donald Trump is “doubling down on racism,” it is worth telling people what the media refuses to publish: Massachusetts is the most racist state in the union. The FBI’s 2015 Hate Crime Report broke down the number of hate crimes by state. It also included the population in the areas that report the crimes, as different counties and regions do not always file reports, and it enables an easier comparison between states with a wide range of populations. Massachusetts had the greatest number of hate crimes by a wide margin, with one hate crime on average for every 16,000 people. By way of comparison, states that had race riots in 2016 such as North Carolina and Missouri experienced one hate crime for every 61,000 people. Maryland, which had riots in 2015 after the police killing of Freddie Gray, had one hate crime per 146,000 people. The deeply conservative state of Texas had one hate crime for every 143,000 people. Massachusetts faired terribly compared to liberal states of similar size as well. New Jersey (one per 27,000) and Washington (one per 26,000) were the typical averages for hate crimes in 2015. More conservative, but similarly sized Arizona (one per 24,000) and Tennessee (one per 30,000) give a sense of the national average among states with 6-7 million people. So why did Massachusetts, which elected a radical liberal to the senate, have 63% more hate crimes on average than most states? Why has the frequency gotten progressively worse in her state every year (one hate crime per 17,300 people in 2014, one per 18,500 in 2013)? The two primary choices are either that: 1) Massachusetts residents are much more inclined to label acts as a “hate crime” compared to the rest of the country, or 2) Massachusetts is the most racist state in the USA. Either way, it makes the shouts of “racist” coming from the Warren fringe, a bit problematic. Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren Related First.One.Through articles: Liberals’ Biggest Enemies of 2015 Older White Men are the Most Politically Balanced Demographic By Far George Soros’ Left Wing Lobbying Dwarfs Goldman Sachs and the NRA Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis NY Times Discolors Hate Crimes On November 14, 2016, the NY Times published an article about hate crimes in which it deliberately misled its readers in several areas. The article entitled “U.S. Hate Crimes Surge 6%, Fueled by Attacks on Muslims,” sought to continue a NY Times narrative that Trump supporters are white racists and xenophobes. In this article, it chose to do this by emphasizing certain facts, redirecting the reader, and omitting some statistics completely. All crimes are terrible, and hate crimes are particularly noxious. If America wants to confront them with solutions, it needs to review them honestly. The Focus on Muslims The title of the article focused on the rise in hate crimes against Muslims, as did the article itself. While there was a significant jump in the anti-Muslim attacks, an average Muslim in 2015 was still 50% LESS likely to be attacked than an average Jew (257 attacks against an American Muslim population of 3.3 million, versus 664 attacks against 5.8 million American Jews). The Times did say that Jews were the most frequently attacked religious group, while blacks were the most targeted race – in the article’s seventh paragraph. However, it then sought to redirect the reader to the significance of the anti-Muslim attacks: “Blacks were the most frequent victims of hate crimes based on race, while Jews were the most frequent victims based on religion, according to the F.B.I. data. But the increases in attacks on these groups were smaller than the rise in attacks against Muslims and transgender people.” Hey reader! Over here! Focus on Muslims and transgender attacks! That’s the real story, not the groups that are subject to the most hate crimes! Never mind that the total number of attacks against Muslims and transgender people COMBINED was LESS THAN HALF of the number of attacks against Jews. Blame Trump For over a year, the Times has called out Donald Trump and his supporters as being racists, homophobes and xenophobes. The Times told all of its readers to fear the local radical right much more than radical Islamic terrorism in articles throughout the year. This article began: This is complete editorializing by the Times. The FBI report gave a statistical analysis and breakdown of attacks that occurred in 2015. The report did not get into speculation about what drove people to commit the crimes. It certainly did not cover November 2016 when the report was solely about 2015. The Times seemed to further add support for its rationale of blaming Trump, by stating “Attacks against Muslim Americans saw the biggest surge. There were 257 reports of assaults, attacks on mosques and other hate crimes against Muslims last year, a jump of about 67 percent over 2014. It was the highest total since 2001, when more than 480 attacks occurred in the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks.” For the Times, Donald Trump equals September 11 for Muslim Americans. Yet, if one were to scratch the surface, it would be clear that the number of attacks against Muslims has up-and-down years. For example, hate crimes against Muslim Americans spiked in the early Obama years compared to the George W Bush years. Under President Bush in 2008, there were 105 anti-Muslim attacks, which jumped by 52% to 160 attacks in 2010 under President Obama. Such attacks also jumped 15% between 2013 and 2014, well before the rise of Trump. No Mention about the Offenders The Times did not discuss other statistics from the FBI report, such as the ethnicity of the offenders. In 2015, whites were twice as likely to commit a hate crime as a black American. Consider that there are over five times more whites than blacks in the US. That means that black people disproportionately are committing hate crimes (if all people are as likely to commit a hate crime, it would suggest that there would be roughly five times as many white offenders as black offenders, not two times). The trendline about the offenders of hate crimes is also important to highlight, but dismissed in the Times. In 2001, white people committed 4.5 times more hate crimes than black people (5,149 versus 1,157). That difference is more in line with what would be expected by the larger white population. However, the New York Times did not report on the alarming trend of black people committing a growing and more disproportionate share of hate crimes, because it undermined the paper’s narrative that white Trump supporters are the bigots and “deplorables.” Shining a light on the SHRINKING number of white attackers (2,657 in 2015 versus 5,149 in 2001), went against the liberals view of the world. The reason that independents and libertarians are abandoning the Democratic Party is liberal’s blind adherance to a narrative that has no basis in facts. How can such a party hope to arrive at solutions to society’s ills if it will not honestly look at the world as it is? Related First.One.Through articles: Obama’s Select Religious Compassion The Invisible Anti-Semitism in Obama’s 2016 State of the Union Ramifications of Ignoring American Antisemitism Leading Gay Activists Hate Religious Children The Dangerous Red Herring Linking Poverty and Terrorism A Deplorable Definition Liberals’ Biggest Enemies of 2015 Older White Men are the Most Politically Balanced Demographic By Far Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis The United Nations’ Remorse for “Creating” Israel Some political analysts have suggested that Europeans tend to be more negative in their attitudes towards Israel than Americans, due to the former’s rejection of their colonialist past. The retreating by the British, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Belgians from the colonies that they had established hundred-plus years prior in India, Algeria, Tunisia, Congo, Morocco and other countries, was part of a repositioning of the world back to local sovereignty. The colonialist era has been cast in a racist light and rejected by today’s more “pluralistic” societies. Palestinians have taken note of the change in attitudes, and have adopted new vocabulary to instigate the Europeans against Israel whereby the charges of “colonialist” has accompanied the accusation of being racist. From “Zionism is Racism” to “Colonial Occupier” In the 1970s, the head of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, led the world on a venomous attack against “Zionism.” In 1975, Arafat succeeded in getting the United Nations to pass Resolution 3379 condemning “Zionism is Racism.” Somehow, the world became convinced that the national aspirations of Jews to be self-governing was uniquely racist compared to every other nationalistic aspirations. It took sixteen years for the United Nations to erase the charge, but the venom remained in the UN bloodstream. At the UN, the “Question of Palestine” ceased to be a territorial dispute, and became an ethical question for the United Nations: should the global body have created and voted for the Jewish State? Did it do so, solely because of the guilt from the Holocaust? The current acting-President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, stokes that question to the mini-inferno that sits in the United Nations today. He constantly uses the term “colonial” to describe the emergence of Israeli “settlements,” and characterizes Israel as a recent foreign transplant on Arab soil. For some of his listeners, the malicious appearance of Israeli Jews began in the “West Bank” in 1967. For others, the Jewish colony overran the entirety of Palestine when the United Nations voted to partition the land into a Jewish State and Arab State in 1947. Acting President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas Addressing the United Nations, November 29, 2012 (photo: Richard Drew/AP) As Abbas said in his address to the UN on November 29, 2012: “Israeli occupation is becoming synonymous with an apartheid system of colonial occupation, which institutionalizes the plague of racism and entrenches hatred and incitement.” The Palestinian’s pivot was subtle but significant. Self-determination (like Zionism) in itself was not a crime. Indeed, the Palestinian Arabs seek the same right for themselves. However, the Israelis’ “colonial occupation” was unique and the root cause of the problem. It was not necessarily the Jews’ goal of self-determination, but the act of colonialization that created “racism” and “incitement.” Somehow, the Europeans and a growing number of countries, have embraced these narratives, particularly that Israel in its entirety was a UN mistake. International Remorse for Partitioning Palestine November 29, not June 4 The clarity of the global adoption of these positions can be found in the annual commemoration of the day of the partition vote on November 29, 1947. In 1977, while the “Zionism is Racism” edict was still fresh, the United Nations passed another resolution to annually commemorate the UN Partition vote, as the “International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.” The decision to partition Palestine was approved by Jews and rejected by Arabs in 1947, yet the UN specifically chose that date to stand in “solidarity with the Palestinian People.” On its face, it would seem like a cruel decision to create a holiday for a people on the very day that those people despised. However, taken together with the “Zionism is Racism” resolution of 1975, the picture becomes more clear: the UN believed that the decision to partition the land was a mistake. The global body concluded that the Palestinians were correct in the assertion that the UN created a racist, anti-Arab entity in Palestine. The Palestinians were correct to reject the partition plan in 1947. The fault belonged to the United Nations, not the Palestinians, right at creation. The United Nations did not choose June 4 or June 10 as the date to stand together with Palestinians. Those dates in 1967 were the beginning and end of the Six Day War when the Jordanians (together with Palestinians who were then citizens of Jordan) launched an attack on Israel and consequently lost the “West Bank” which they had illegally annexed. If the root cause of the plight of Palestinians was “Israeli settlements” in the West Bank, then those dates would have been more appropriate to anchor the anniversary. But the United Nations wanted to mark its own poor decision. While the Palestinians rejected partition in 1947 and launched wars in 1948 and again in 1967, those bad decisions and actions were not deemed relevant. The UN chose to tell the Palestinians that it was not their fault. Their situation stemmed from decisions that the UN itself made. Today, while the UN may no longer outwardly state that “Zionism is Racism,” the global body has adopted Abbas’s narrative that the UN planted a colonialist flag in Palestine. The Europeans and liberal press now echo Abbas and the Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei who claim that Israel is a foreign and dangerous entity that was unnaturally inserted into the Middle East, and that the Arabs are the sole indigenous people and the land itself is inherently “Arab.” It is well passed time for Israel to actively combat this claim of colonialization, the way activists overturned the “Zionism is Racism” UN edict in 1991. It is time to clearly educate the world that RE-ESTABLISHING the Jewish State and not banning where Jews can and cannot live is neither colonialist nor racist, but the essence of freedom and justice. Related First.One.Through articles and video: The United Nations Applauds Abbas’ Narrative The Holocaust and the Nakba The Legal Israeli Settlements UNRWA’s Ongoing War against Israel and Jews Nicholas Kristof’s “Arab Land” Video: I hate Israel – Zionism Subscribe YouTube channel: FirstOneThrough Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis America’s Closed Doors The spring of 2015 has been a tumultuous time for Americans. Politics and debate are not new and neither are riots and war. However, it is typically the former that resides on America’s shores while the latter remains a foreign phenomenon. Closed Doors at Home Historically, when riots broke out in the United States, they were over isolated incidents such as after a sports game, a concert or visit of foreign diplomats. When protests had “a theme,” such as “Occupy Wall Street,” they carried on for a long time, but remained mostly non-violent. Today’s multi-city violent protests over a common cause is unusual. The black community has had a mixed relationship with police for a long period of time. People on all sides of the political spectrum debate the reasons for the tension between law enforcement and the citizens they are there to protect. No one denies that there is a problem that is capturing more American cities, whether Ferguson, MO, Berkeley, CA or Baltimore, MD. Liberal arguments have followed two general themes – racism and economic opportunity – which are actually one: Black unrest stems from the fact that a predominantly white populace holds positions of power. The power may be law enforcement (including the police force and lawyers), municipal government, banks or business. They argue that white people’s biases (whether overt or veiled) discriminate against black people. The racism argument stems from the large number of arrested and incarcerated black people which is disproportionate to their population figures. The Department of Justice report on Ferguson, MO stated that Ferguson’s police and municipal court practices both reflect and exacerbate existing racial bias, including racial stereotypes…. Evidence shows discriminatory intent. Counter-arguments point to the situation in Baltimore, MD where the mayor, the majority of the city council, the head of police and the majority of the police force are black. Yet, an unarmed black youth still died while in police custody and black violence took to the streets. Regardless of the reason, doors appear closed. Liberals argue that metaphorical doors to economic opportunity are closed to blacks which create economic hardship and frustration. Conservatives argue that doors are naturally closed to everyone; people need to open the doors on their own. The conservatives do not agree that metaphorical doors of progress are locked because of white bigotry. Conservatives are focused on physical doors that are closed. Stores which were looted and burned to the ground may never reopen. Both the businessmen and community suffer from the destruction. For their part, liberals use such conservative arguments to claim that conservatives care more about business than about the lives of black people. But more physical doors continue to close. The city of Baltimore imposed a curfew. It barred people from attending a professional baseball game, the first time in history that a game had no fans in the stands. What will be next? Closed Doors Abroad America’s doors are closing due to violence and political snafus in other parts of the world as well. In Yemen, the United States closed its embassy doors due to unrest in the country. The Obama administration had been using drones to attack rebel forces for many years, yet the rebels overtook the capital. It would appear that despite America’s outreach to Iran, the Iranians continue to back rebels in Yemen who fight against American allies. America’s allies in the Middle East are not happy with Obama. While Obama invited the leaders of several Gulf countries to visit the White House to sell them on his Iranian nuclear deal, Saudi Arabia and other countries declined the invitation. Just months before, it was Obama who snubbed the Israeli Prime Minister on his visit to the US, who similarly disagreed with Obama’s Iranian policy. Regarding physical doors, both in the US and abroad, people are locked out of public places and embassies because the government cannot protect them. Metaphorically, America seems to be failing its citizens and allies as well. At least Obama is focused on opening the door with Iran…. to get nuclear weapons while it chants “Death to America.” US. Secretary of State Kerry and Iranian FM Zarif shake hands as Omani FM Alawi and EU envoy Ashton watch in Muscat.. (photo credit:REUTERS)
September 2014 Sky Watching Video Source As our planet revolves around the sun, the sun appears to rise and set in different locations along the horizon and appears at different heights in the southern sky at noon. Twice during the year, the sun rises precisely east and sets precisely west. As seen from the equator at noon, the sun appears overhead. The sun never appears at the zenith, directly overhead, as seen from the mid-northern latitudes. The moment when the sun appears above the earth’s equator is know as the “equinox,” signalling a shift of seasons. From the autumnal equinox (northern hemisphere), the sun appears farther south, lower in the sky at noon, and rises and sets south of east and west, respectively, until the next equinox in March. The equinox occurs at 9:29 p.m. CDT on September 22. This chart show the hours of daylight during September in the blue shaded area. (Click all images in this article so see them larger.) The red curve on the chart shows the daylight throughout the year. During the month, the Chicago area loses about 80 minutes of daylight. The loss of daylight during the month is the backwards of the increase of daylight from March 10 through early April each year, Phase Date/Time Moonrise Moonset First Quarter 09/02/14 (6:11 a.m.) 2:07 p.m. 12:09 a.m. (9/25) Full Moon (Harvest Moon) 09/08/14 (8:38 p.m.) 6:52 p.m. 7:04 a.m. (09/09) Last Quarter 09/15/14 (9:05 p.m.) 11:38 p.m. 2:26 p.m. (09/16) New Moon 09/24/14 (1:14 a.m.) 7:01 a.m. 6:54 p.m. Times are Central Daylight Time for Chicago, Illinois, from US Naval Observatory calculations. (For mjb) Evening Sky Evening planets Mars and Saturn appear in the southwest as the month opens. On the diagram above, a nearly first quarter moon appears in the region near Antares. Mars and Saturn are to the lower right of the planet. The two planets are about 5.5 degrees apart. By mid-month, the annual track of the Earth around the sun places the view lower in the southwest. Mars is moving east and by September 15, it is about 13 degrees east of Saturn and 9 degrees west of Antares. Watch Mars approach and pass Antares during the remaining days of this month. Mercury skirts along the western horizon during bright twilight during the month. Use binoculars to look for it low in the west-southwest on September 21 when it is less than 1.5 degrees from Spica Late in the month, Mars passes the star Antares. While the pair appear to be close, within about 3 degrees of each other, Antares is over 25 million times farther away than Mars. Mars shines by reflected sunlight and Antares is shining as a very distant star. While it appears small in our sky, Antares is large enough to cover the orbits of the inner planets in our solar system. The chart above shows the passing of the planet and the star,along with the appearance of the crescent moon. Sometimes Antares is known as the “Rival of Mars” because it has nearly the same color and brightness. The Greeks knew Mars as “Ares,” their celestial manifestation of their god of war. So Antares can be interpreted as “Rival of Mars,” “The Opposite of Mars,” or “Not Mars.” Antares is not Mars. Morning Sky Venus, the brilliant Morning Star appearing in the eastern predawn sky, is rapidly disappearing into the glow morning light this month. On September 1, Venus rises 1 hour, 15 minutes before the sun. By month’s end, it rises merely 34 minutes before sunrise. The planet passes superior conjunction, on the far side of sun, late next month and moves into the evening sky. For more about Venus as a morning star, see this article. Early in September, Venus and Jupiter are over 15 degrees apart and the separation grows about 1 degree — twice the apparent size of the full moon — each day. The chart above shows them on the morning of September 2. Find a clear horizon to see Venus. Venus passes the star Regulus in bright twilight on the morning of September 5. As the diagram above indicates, the pair appear low in the sky. Find an observing spot with a clear eastern horizon. Binoculars will help with the view. As Venus disappears into the sun’s glow, Jupiter reigns as the bright Morning Star for the the remainder of 2014. It shines in front of the dim stars of Cancer. On September 1, it rises in the east-northeast at 4 a.m. and is about halfway up in the eastern sky as dawn approaches. The crescent moon is near Jupiter on the morning of September 20. The pair is separated by about 6 degrees. Solar System sol_system_140915On the chart above, the planets visible without a telescope are shown along with Earth in their respective orbits around the sun as seen far above the solar system on September 15, 2014. The planets move in a counterclockwise motion. The line between the sun and Earth indicate time, noon and midnight. Venus and Jupiter appear on the morning side of the line. Venus is approaching the “noon” line indicating that it is moving into the sun’s bright glow becoming invisible to us. Mars, Saturn and Mercury are in the evening sky. Mercury always appears near the timeline making it difficult to view. From Earth, it never appears in the midnight direction. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
After completion of this chapter, students will be able to: • find the cardinality of A ∪ B, A ∩ B, A - B, (A ∪ B)c, $\overline A$ ∩ B, A ∩ $\overline B$, (A ∩ B)c etc. • solve the word problems of two sets using Venn- diagram. • get acquainted with word problems involving three sets using venn- diagram. Introduction to Sets In the early twentieth century, John-Euler Venn solved the word problems in arithmetic with the help of Venn-diagram. This method grew popular as it is easy to understand and simple to calculate. So, Venn-diagram is associated with his name. There are 6 types of sets, they are as follow: Empty set, Singleton set, Finite set, Infinite set, Equivalent set & Equal set. Cardinality of a set The number of distinct element in a given set A is called the cardinal number of A. It is denoted by n(A). If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, then the cardinality of set A is denoted by n (A) = 5.
TIPS: Teaching online and being an online student. 1. As a professor you should contact individual students at least once a month. Lack of communication with students can reflect negatively on you. 2. Use a variety of tools besides a textbook to teach the course. For example doing at home experiments for hands on experience in a science class or encouraging students to visit an art museum for fine arts class. 3. Make sure to email reminders of due dates. 4. Incorporate a guide to taking an online course to give students new to online courses a reference for questions. For example, “How do I submit a paper through Turn It In Plagiarism Checker?” 5. Have deadlines throughout the course to keep students on track. 6. Encourage class discussions. 7. Try to upload recordings or videos of lectures if possible or other tools to get one on one contact with students. For example, using Face time, Skype, or some other instrument. 8. Do not insist on collaborative projects or group work online. Remember that many students taking online courses do so because of an inability or lack of time to be in a group/class. 1. Do not underestimate online courses, take them seriously. They still take up as much time as a regular face to face course. 2. Choose course content that is interesting to you or that you feel you will not struggle with as much as a subject you have no background on. This is because there is a lack of face to face time in online courses and one on one with an instructor for help. Also the fact that most online classes are student centered. You must be ready to spend time self teaching the content. Your progress and achievement highly depends on you! Have motivation, work ethic, and discipline. 3. Log in daily in order to keep up with updates and information in the course. Anything can happen or change, be prepared for it! 4. Keep in contact with teacher, ask questions. Email them and do not be afraid to ask for help aside from the professor. For example, look into online tutoring and contacting others in the course. 5. Stay organized throughout the course even if it means creating your own planner or printing out the online syllabus or resources. 6. Avoid procrastination! Remember you can work ahead/get your work done before due dates and this will cut down on stress and free up more time for other tasks you have to complete. 7. Try to steer clear of distractions. For example having other tabs open on your computer, people talking in the room, or listening to music.
What Facebook does while transfering emailadresses to their server is IDENTITY THEFT. Mister Zuckerberg has not yet seen the end of this story…. checked on Wikipedia: The term identity theft was coined in 1964[1] however it is not literally possible to steal an identity—less ambiguous terms are identity fraud or impersonation. • Browsing social networking websites for personal details published by users, often using this information to appear more credible in subsequent social engineering activities Regional legal responses In Australia, each state has enacted laws that dealt with different aspects of identity or fraud issues. Some States have now amended relevant criminal laws to reflect crimes of identity theft, such as the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA), Crimes Amendment (Fraud, Identity and Forgery Offences) Act 2009 and also in Queensland under the Criminal Code 1899 (QLD). Other States and Territories are in states of development in respect of regulatory frameworks relating to identity theft such as Western Australia in respect of Criminal Code Amendment (Identity Crime) Bill 2009. On the Commonwealth level, under the Criminal Code Amendment (Theft, Fraud, Bribery & Related Offences) Act 2000 which amended certain provisions within theCriminal Code Act 1995, 135.1 General dishonesty(3) A person is guilty of an offence if: a) the person does anything with the intention of dishonestly causing a loss to another person; and b) the other person is a Commonwealth entity. Penalty: Imprisonment for 5 years. Likewise, each state has enacted their own privacy laws to prevent misuse of personal information and data. The Commonwealth Privacy Act is applicable only to Commonwealth and territory agencies, and to certain private sector bodies (where for example they deal with sensitive records, such as medical records, or they have more than $3 million turnover PA). Under section 402.2 of the Criminal Code of Canada, Everyone commits an offence who knowingly obtains or possesses another person’s identity information in circumstances giving rise to a reasonable inference that the information is intended to be used to commit an indictable offence that includes fraud, deceit or falsehood as an element of the offence.is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction. Under section 403 of the Criminal Code of Canada, (1) Everyone commits an offence who fraudulently personates another person, living or dead,(a) with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person; (b) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property; (c) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another person; or (d) with intent to avoid arrest or prosecution or to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice. is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction. In Canada, Privacy Act (federal legislation) covers only federal government, agencies and crown corporations. Each province and territory has its own privacy law and privacy commissioners to limit the storage and use of personal data. For the private sector, the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ( 2000, c. 5 ) (known as PIPEDA) is to establish rules to govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal information; except for the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia where provincial laws have been deemed substantially similar. In France, a person convicted of identity theft can be sentenced up to five years in prison and fined up to 75,000.[23] [edit]Hong Kong Under HK Laws. Chap 210 Theft Ordinance, sec. 16A Fraud (1) If any person by any deceit (whether or not the deceit is the sole or main inducement) and with intent to defraud induces another person to commit an act or make an omission, which results either-(a) in benefit to any person other than the second-mentioned person; or (b) in prejudice or a substantial risk of prejudice to any person other than the first-mentioned person, the first-mentioned person commits the offense of fraud and is liable on conviction upon indictment to imprisonment for 14 years. Under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, it established the post of Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data and mandate how much personal information one can collect, retain and destruction. This legislation also provides citizens the right to request information held by businesses and government to the extent provided by this law. Under the Information Technology Act 2000 Chapter IX Sec 66C SECTION 66CPUNISHMENT FOR IDENTITY THEFTWhoever, fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature, password or any other unique identification feature of any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine with may extend to rupees one lakh. Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreader of posers in the online community, giving the users freedom to place any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person. Philippines, known as the 10th heavy users of Facebook and other social networking sites such as Twitter, Multiply and Tumblr has been known as source to various identity theft problems. Identity of those people who carelessy put personal information on their profiles can easily be stolen just by simple browsing. There are people who meet online, get to know each other through the free Facebook chat and exchange of messages that then leads to sharing of private information. Others get romantically involved with their online friends that they tend to give too much information such as their social security number, bank account and even personal basic information such as home address and company address. This phenomena lead to the creation of Senate Bill 52: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010.[25] Section 2 of this bill states that it recognizes the importance ofcommunication and multimedia for the development, exploitation and dissemination of information but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment ofprision mayor or a fine ranging from Php200,000 and up, but not exceeding 1 million, or depending on the damage caused, or both (Section 7). Sweden have had relatively little problems with identity theft. This is because only Swedish identity documents have been accepted for identity verification. Stolen documents are traceable by banks and some other institutions. The banks have the duty to check the identity of people withdrawing money or getting loans. If a bank gives money to someone using an identity document reported as stolen, the bank must take the loss. From 2008 any EU passport are valid in Sweden for identity check, and Swedish passports are valid all over the EU. This makes it harder to detect stolen documents, but still banks in Sweden must ensure that stolen documents are not accepted. Other types of identity theft than over the bank desk have become more common in Sweden. One common example is ordering a credit card to someone who has an unlocked letterbox and is not home on daytime. The thief steals the letter with the credit card and then the letter with the code which typically arrives a few days later. Usage of a stolen credit card is hard in Sweden, since an identity document or a PIN code it is normally demanded. If the shop does not demand that, it must take the loss from stolen credit cards. The method of observing someone using the credit card PIN code, stealing the card or skimming it, and then use the card, has become more common. Legally, Sweden is an open society. The Principle of Public Access says that all information kept by public authorities must be available for anyone except in certain cases. Specificially anyone’s address, income, taxes etc. are available to anyone. This makes fraud easier (the address is protected for certain people needing it). To impersonate someone else and gain money from it is a kind of fraud, which is described in the Criminal Code (Swedish:Brottsbalken). [edit]United Kingdom In the United Kingdom personal data is protected by the Data Protection Act 1998. The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold, including names, birthday and anniversary dates, addresses, telephone numbers, etc. Under English law (which extends to Wales but not necessarily to Northern Ireland or Scotland), the deception offences under the Theft Act 1968 increasingly contend with identity theft situations. In R v Seward (2005) EWCA Crim 1941[26] the defendant was acting as the “front man” in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents to obtain goods. He obtained goods to the value of £10,000 for others who are unlikely ever to be identified. The Court of Appeal considered sentencing policy for deception offenses involving “identity theft” and concluded that a prison sentence was required. Henriques J. said at para 14:”Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for, in our judgment, deterrent sentences.” Increasingly, organizations, including Government bodies will be forced to take steps to better protect their users’ data.[27] Stats released by CIFAS – The UK’s Fraud Prevention Service show that there were 89,000 victims of identity theft in the UK 2010.[28] This compared with 2009 where there were 85,000 victims.[29] Men in their 30s and 40s are the most common UK victims[30] and identity fraud now accounts for nearly half of all frauds recorded.[31] [edit]United States The increase in crimes of identity theft led to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act.[32] In 1998, The Federal Trade Commission appeared before the United States Senate.[33] The FTC discussed crimes which exploit consumer credit to commit loan fraud, mortgage fraud, lines-of-credit fraud, credit card fraud, commodities and services frauds. The Identity Theft Deterrence Act (2003)[ITADA] amended U.S. Code Title 18, § 1028 (“Fraud related to activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information”). The statute now makes the possession of any “means of identification” to “knowingly transfer, possess, or use without lawful authority” a federal crime, alongside unlawful possession of identification documents. However, for federal jurisdiction to prosecute, the crime must include an “identification document” that either: (a) is purportedly issued by the United States, (b) is used or intended to defraud the United States, (c) is sent through the mail, or (d) is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce. See 18 U.S.C. § 1028(c). Punishment can be up to 5, 15, 20, or 30 years in federal prison, plus fines, depending on the underlying crime per 18 U.S.C. § 1028(b). In addition, punishments for the unlawful use of a “means of identification” were strengthened in § 1028A (“Aggravated Identity Theft”), allowing for a consecutive sentence under specific enumerated felony violations as defined in § 1028A(c)(1) through (11). The Act also provides the Federal Trade Commission with authority to track the number of incidents and the dollar value of losses. Their figures relate mainly to consumer financial crimes and not the broader range of all identification-based crimes.[34] If charges are brought by state or local law enforcement agencies, different penalties apply depending on the state. Six Federal agencies conducted a joint task force to increase the ability to detect identity theft. Their joint recommendation on “red flag” guidelines is a set of requirements on financial institutions and other entities which furnish credit data to credit reporting services to develop written plans for detecting identity theft. The FTC has determined that most medical practices are considered creditors and are subject to requirements to develop a plan to prevent and respond to patient identity theft.[35] I These plans must be adopted by each organization’s Board of Directors and monitored by senior executives.[36] Identity theft complaints as a percentage of all fraud complaints decreased from 2004-2006.[37] The Federal Trade Commission reported that fraud complaints in general were growing faster than ID theft complaints.[37] The findings were similar in two other FTC studies done in 2003 and 2005. In 2003, 4.6 percent of the US population said they were a victim of ID theft. In 2005, that number had dropped to 3.7 percent of the population.[38][39] The Commission’s 2003 estimate was that identity theft accounted for some $52.6 billion of losses in the preceding year alone and affected more than 9.91 million Americans;[40] the figure comprises $47.6 billion lost by businesses and $5 billion lost by consumers. According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a report released in 2007 revealed that 8.3 million American adults, or 3.7 percent of all American adults, were victims of identity theft in 2005.[41] The latest report from the FTC showed that ID theft increased by 21% in 2008. However, credit card fraud, that crime which is most closely associated with the crime of ID theft, has been declining as a percentage of all ID theft. In 2002, 41% of all ID theft complaints involved a credit card. That percentage has dropped to 21% in 2008.[42] Two states, California[43] and Wisconsin[44] have created an Office of Privacy Protection to assist their citizens in avoiding and recovering from identity theft. In Massachusetts in 2009-2010, Governor Deval Patrick made a commitment to balance consumer protection with the needs of small business owners. His Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation announced certain adjustments to Massachusetts’ identity theft regulations that maintain protections and also allows flexibility in compliance. These updated regulations went into effect on March 1, 2010. The regulations are clear that their approach to data security is a risk-based approach important to small businesses and might not handle a lot of personal information about customers.[45][46] Most states followed California’s lead and enacted mandatory data breach notification laws. As a result, companies that report a data breach typically report it to all their customers.[47]
Home » Info Articles » Sci-Fi: A Broad Movie Genre with a Wide Appeal Sci-Fi: A Broad Movie Genre with a Wide Appeal There’s probably no literary or movie genre that’s as beloved by many as science fiction. This can be generally defined as a collection of stories dealing with science, and, in many cases, the future. Though it only became popular during the 20th Century, sci-fi has since spawned various subgenres including space operas (like George Lucas’ Star Wars) and time travel (like H.G. Wells’ The Time Machine). What separates a sci-fi film from other movies? Basically, they will contain scientific or pseudo-scientific explanations for the events that unfold in the film. For example, a zombie film like David A. Prior’s Zombie Wars, isn’t exactly a horror movie, but horror-themed sci-fi, since the explanation given for the existence of zombies has scientific basis, like the spread of a virus. On the other hand, fantasy works, such as J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings, generally rely on magic and mystery to explain their various plot devices, and thus are of a different genre than sci-fi. There are many other literary genres today that may be considered subgenres of sci-fi. Near- future science fiction, like Greg Bear’s Blood Music, is primarily a reimagining of current technologies that most people are familiar with, such as biotechnology and nanotechnology. Meanwhile, sociological science fiction, like Robert Silverburg’s To See the Invisible Man, explores the various social implications of technology and its effects on human relationships. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Formerly a disease that usually struck adults aged 40 and over, more health care providers are diagnosing children with type 2 diabetes. It is now one of the most common chronic diseases in children and teens. Find out more about children with type 2 diabetes including symptoms and healthy habits to ward off this disease. • When a child gets diabetes, it is often assumed to be type 1 diabetes. Over the past two decades, more kids are facing type 2 diabetes. It can be hard to detect type 2 diabetes in children. Knowing the signs and symptoms helps parents get an earlier diagnosis to take action right away. • Once called adult onset diabetes, type 2 diabetes now strikes people of all ages. Prevention and management are key issues to focus on with your children. Encourage kids to eat well-balanced portion controlled meals, maintain a healthy weight and get enough physical activity. Obesity and sedentary behavior increase the risk of getting type 2 diabetes along with family history. • Certain children are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes including overweight or obese kids, children with at least one parent who has diabetes and certain ethnic groups such as Native American, Hispanic, Asian and African American. Sometimes there are no symptoms so ask your pediatrician about taking blood tests to check for diabetes. Your doctor may also refer you to an endocrinologist for other testing. • Symptoms of type 2 diabetes in kids include frequent urination, fatigue, drinking lots of liquids and thick, dark skin by the elbows, knees, neck, groin, armpits and between fingers and toes. If you notice any of these symptoms, discuss them with your child’s doctor right away. • Children with type 1 diabetes need insulin to maintain proper blood sugar levels because the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. With type 2 diabetes the body produces insulin but does not respond to it normally, causing insulin resistance. Lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, losing weight and exercise can help kids with type 2 diabetes regulate their blood sugar levels. They may also be required to take oral diabetes medications. • Kids should avoid salty or sugary snacks. Encourage your child to eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, whole grains and lean meats. There are also special sugar free foods for people with diabetes for those times when you child wants a treat. • Some kids and teens with type 2 diabetes need to take medicines, insulin shots or use insulin pumps. An insulin pump is about the size of a pager and delivers insulin in small doses right into the body. It eliminates the need to administer shots and can be worn discreetly. Certain parents and kids prefer this automatic method because it offers a more carefree lifestyle and more precise control. • It is important to monitor the child’s blood sugar levels regularly according to the instructions given by a medical professional. Write down results each time the child’s blood sugar is checked and share them during physical exams. • Typically children aged 11 and older can learn how to monitor their own blood sugar and be more proactive in self-management of diabetes. Younger children need help and support from parents and caregivers at school, camp and day care. Medical instructions should be given to people responsible for the child so they know how to handle everyday issues and emergency situations. Type 2 diabetes in children can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke and other health problems. There are professionals ready to help your child get the best possible treatment for a healthier life. Work with a health care team to ensure your child has a healthy body and positive attitude with type 2 diabetes. ADW Diabetes Latest posts by ADW Diabetes (see all)
Turns Out 1990s Are Hottest Decade Ever January 12, 1999\|By Knight Ridder WASHINGTON - Two federal agencies announced Monday that 1998 was the hottest year on record, but the pattern is even more extensive than that, experts say. The 1990s will go down as the hottest decade on record, no matter how cool 1999 turns out to be, a statistical analysis of 119 years of global temperatures indicates. NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration each announced Monday that 1998 was the hottest year ever with the average temperature of 58.1 degrees - 1.2 degrees hotter than normal. But the real story is the rapid acceleration of the warming since 1976, which has resulted in the hottest decade, Tom Karl, director of the National Climatic Data Center, said Monday. The long heat wave has scientists working to assess how much of it is caused by increases in man-made greenhouse gases and how much is natural, produced by a spate of El Nino warmings of the Pacific Ocean. ``This is a signature that the global warming we expected is rearing its head,'' said Kevin Trenberth, climate analysis chief at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, a Colorado institution funded by the National Science Foundation. Tim Barnett, a leading climate-change researcher at the Scripps Institution for Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, called the decade record ``the canary in the mine, so to speak.'' But others see a different picture. William Gray, a Colorado State University atmospheric scientist who made his reputation the past 20 years predicting how strong hurricane seasons would be, theorizes that the world has been warming up naturally, not artificially. ``Climate change has always been with us. You can't deny climate change,'' Gray said. ``Whether humans are affecting it much, we don't know.'' Simon Mason, another Scripps research scientist, noted, ``The debate is really not about whether the globe is warming up. It would be really foolish to argue that fact. The debate is: What is causing the warming? Is it a case of us polluting the atmosphere or is it a case of natural variability?'' The first nine years of the 1990s have been so hot that 1999 would have to average at least two degrees colder than normal to keep the decade from being a record, according to the analysis of historical temperature data. And that is pretty much impossible, experts said, because the temperature doesn't change that rapidly. The 1990s as a decade, so far, is seven-tenths of a degree warmer than the global average for the past 119 years. That's not only hotter than normal, it's incredibly hotter than normal. The previous hottest decade, the 1980s, was only fourth tenths of a degree hotter than normal and before that the hottest decade, the 1940s, were less than two-tenths of a degree above normal. David Easterling, a scientist at the National Climatic Data Center, said: ``When you start looking at some of the unprecedented events that have occurred, 16 months in a row that set a record ... the evidence is really starting to mount that something is happening.'' Most leading meteorologists are convinced the warming is caused by human pollution - carbon dioxide causing a runaway greenhouse effect - but others say this is perfectly natural. That issue is being debated at the American Meteorological Society's 10th symposium on global climate studies in Dallas this week. Gray, the Colorado State scientist, said his studies show that the climate changes roughly every 30 years and that change correlates to changes in salinity in the north Atlantic Ocean. Orlando Sentinel Articles
What is Niacin? Niacin is the third vitamin in the B-complex and is also known as B-3. Niacin binds to, and flips the “on-switch” on, G-proteins, which aid in smell, behavior and mood regulation, immune and nervous system, and more. Niacin blocks the breakdown of fats, and, therefore, helps decrease the “bad” cholesterol that the liver secretes, which also increases the “good” cholesterol! That being said, Niacin is great for your cholesterol levels, your heart, and your body in general. What are the Symptoms of a Deficiency? Niacin is one of the vitamins that produce symptoms even when the deficiency is only mild. The symptoms of a mild deficiency are: indigestion, fatigue, depression, vomiting, and canker sores. How Does One Get Deficient? Niacin deficiency can usually be seen in countries where malnutrition, poverty, and chronic alcoholism is prevalent and in countries where corn, which is very low in Niacin, is the staple food. Many people in first world countries get enough through their diet, but it’s still seen in developed countries, since it’s most commonly caused by alcoholism. It can also be caused by health problems that hinder the body from absorbing Niacin and prolonged use of Isoniazid, or Laniazid or Nydrazid, which is used for Tuberculosis. What Happens if I am Deficient? If symptoms of a mild Niacin deficiency are ignored, the deficiency can get severe, which is called Pellagra. Thus, Pellagra affects the skin and the digestive and nervous systems. It’s very symptomatic. Some of the heath issues from Pellagra include: dermatitis, fatigue, depression, swollen mouth and red tongue, aggression, apathy, memory loss, disorientation, dementia, vomiting and diarrhea, Insomnia, paralysis, and headache. Left untreated, Pellagra will lead to death within four years. How Do I Fix It? Unless you have underlying problems causing your deficiency, a diet rich in foods that contain Niacin may help, as well as prevent a Niacin deficiency in the first place. Foods rich in Niacin include: liver, avocados, tomatoes, carrots, red meat, eggs, fish, broccoli, tomatoes, leafy vegetables, dates, enriched pasta, legumes, sweet potatoes, asparagus, fortified cereals and breads, poultry, soy sauce, mushrooms, yeast, and peanuts. A good vitamin, like Time Release Niacin, Niacin Intensive, or Flush Free Niacin, will do the job. If you’re experiencing any of the symptoms above, you should consider taking a B-3 vitamin. Most multivitamins and even B-complexes do not contain enough B-3 to care properly for your health, so adding B-3 to your daily vitamin list is important. If you’re wondering whether you should take Niacin or not, think about this: 1 in 3 people die from heart disease, and depression is an epidemic, affecting 1 in 10 adults. Comments are closed.
Monday, 17 March 2014 FairyTales and Fairy tales Stories FairyTales and Fairy tales Stories The history of fairytales or fairy tales stories have fantasy creatures such as fairies, faeries, fey, goblins, elves, trolls, witches, giants, and or talking animals. Enchantments and far-fetched events are also usually part of the this text. They seldom contain any references to religion, actual places, persons or events. The term "once upon a time" is used rather than an actual reference to date. Fairytales stories, folklore, legends and myths have been passed on to children and adults since before recorded history. The origin of these fantasy tales or any of these types of oral stories is impossible to determine. This oral handing down from generation to generation came long before the written page. Tales were taught or acted out for each of the new generations. We do know that ancient cultures from all over the globe have similar stories. Ancient Egypt, c. 1300 BC has the oldest known written Fairytale. Two different theories exist on how similarities can exist between a fairytales story from different cultures and even different continents. One theory is that a particular tale started from one point and then over hundreds of years spread across cultures and continents. The second theory is that fairytales stories are from similar experiences that humans have in most all cultures across all continents. During the 6th century BC, Aesop a Greek was the first famous writer of the Western fairy tales. This makes fairy tales very old, even older than the many Arabian Nights magical tales from 1500 AD. Many authors including Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queen, Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales and William Shakespeare’s many plays all include fairy tales stories in one form or another. Préciosité is a literary style that comes from les précieuses, the witty and educated intellectual ladies of Paris. The name Fairy Tail was coined when the précieuses took up writing literary stories from their conversations and fun word games. Madame d'Aulnoy invented the term 'contes de fée', or fairy tale. The précieuses wrote their stories mainly for adults but knew that servants or women less privileged would repeat these stories to children. "Beauty and the Beast" was written by Madame Gabrielle de Villeneuve, in La jeune ameriquaine, et les contes marins in 1740. One of the précieuses, Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont rewrote "Beauty and the Beast" so as to be more suitable for children and this version, published in 1756 is the tale that is most popular today. The Faerie Queene Summary The Faerie Queene tells the stories of several knights, each representing a particular virtue, on their quests for the Faerie Queene, Gloriana. Redcrosse is the knight of Holiness, and must defeat both theological error and the dragon of deception to free the parents of Una ("truth"). Guyon is the knight of Temperance, who must destroy the fleshly temptations of Acrasia's Bower of Bliss. Britomart, a woman in disguise as a male knight, represents Chastity; she must find her beloved and win his heart. Artegall, the knight of Justice, must rescue the lady Eirene from an unjust bondage. Cambell and Triamond, the knights of Friendship, must aid one another in defense of various ladies' honor. Finally, Calidore, the knight of Courtesy, must stop the Blatant Beast from spreading its slanderous venom throughout the realm. Each quest is an allegory, and the knight given the quest represents a person's internal growth in that particular virtue. Such growth happens through various trials, some of which the knights fail, showing how personal development is a struggle requiring the aid of other forces and virtues to make it complete. No comments : Post a Comment
9 Foods Triggering Heartburn Do you ever experience a burning sensation in the chest after eating or when you sleep? Be careful, you may experience heartburn or a burning sensation in the chest like a burn from acid reflux into the esophagus. Heartburn is the main symptom of the disease GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease). Stress and smoking suspected as the main cause of this problem. Conditions of people with heartburn, usually gets worse when they lie down, bend and eating excessively. Here are some types of foods you must avoid to prevent heartburn, as quoted symtomfind: All kinds of products oranges, lemons and grapefruits, can lead to heartburn in some people. Oranges contain a large amount of acid that can improve the symptoms of heartburn. If you are a lover of oranges, avoid eating fruit on an empty stomach. Tomatoes are also high in acid content. People with heartburn will usually experience an increase in their symptoms after eating tomatoes. The amount of acid contained in fresh tomatoes far more than when cooked. Although tomatoes are high in antioxidants, but these foods are not consumed in large doses recommended in people with symptoms of heartburn. Garlic is a super food known to have tremendous health benefits. Each piece cloves garlic can provide the best natural remedies to help treat high blood pressure, high cholesterol, plaque buildup in arteries, high blood sugar and blood clotting. In fact, some experts believed that garlic can help prevent cancer by inhibiting tumor growth and reduce their size. Garlic also contain antibiotic, antiviral and antifungal properties and can help boost the immune system. However, several compounds in garlic also may increase the production of acid in the stomach, which trigger heartburn or a burning sensation in the chest. Spicy foods Just like garlic, spicy foods like chili peppers and can lead to heartburn. Unlike some other food, eating spicy foods in moderation will not reduce the symptoms of heartburn. Even when consumed in small quantities though. Many people are surprised to know that the peppermint as a common trigger of heartburn. The reason, peppermint has been known to help calm the stomach by relaxing the muscles of the stomach and bile to help digest fat. Patients with heartburn, relaxation of the abdominal muscles can cause stomach acid to leak out and flow back into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest rise. Cheese, beans and steak Cheese, beans and meat are foods that contribute to trigger the sensation of heat in the chest, because of the high fat content. Keep in mind, a high-fat foods can not be digested quickly as low-fat diet. Stomach does not empty quickly when food containing fat, the result of food accumulated in the abdomen and pressing esophageal sphincter (ring of muscle between the lower esophagus and stomach). To prevent heartburn, you just need to choose low-fat milk and reduced meat consumption. To reduce the fat content, avoid serving of meat by frying. Alcohol, including beer, wine and liquor, all can contribute to the onset of heartburn. Red wine has the same effect as tomatoes and citrus fruits. Moderation is the key to avoiding this problem. Some people with symptoms of heartburn may be able to drink two glasses without side effects, but for others, this can cause a burning sensation in the chest if only drank a few glasses. In addition to coffee and tea, soda and caffeinated drinks can quickly trigger a sensation of heat. Before enjoying a cup of coffee or tea, make sure you have the stomach to fill with snacks or snack. Bread is a good option because they will help absorb the acid on the loose in the stomach. Chocolate may be the cause of heartburn attacks. Chocolate has a relaxing effect on the abdominal muscles, thereby increasing the acid reflux into the esophagus. Eating chocolate after a meal may help reduce the incidence of heartburn. You do not need to avoid eating chocolate at all. By limiting portions, it was able to help alleviate the incidence of heat sensation in the chest. Related Post:
John Singleton with Bob HowardRip Van Australia (Stanmore: Cassell Australia, 1977), pp. 253-60, under the heading “Unions”. To repeat what we’ve already said, labour, skills and knowledge are market commodities. Wages are their price. As market commodities, the laws of economics apply to them in the same way as all other commodities, and similar consequences will result if those natural laws are circumvented by Union mob rule or legislation. In addition, because people are involved, moral laws also apply. Specifically, individual rights are involved. Few people would deny that we have a Union problem in Australia today. However, there is a great deal of confusion as to how solve it. This stems in large part from the fact that very few people have taken the trouble to work out which principles are involved, for it is only be reference to principles that you can determine what is the right thing to do. It can be assumed that it is generally accepted as right that our society should be moral and just. It is also generally accepted that we all possess certain individual rights, such as the rights to life, liberty and property. Can we, then, by applying these thoughts, sort out the issues involved in our trade union problem? When an employer advertises a job vacancy and invites people wanting the job to apply, and the various applicants apply, what is happening? First, the employer has decided, for reasons of his own, that he is willing to engage in trade with a suitable employee. The employer is willing to exchange a certain amount of his property for a certain amount of work on the part of the employee. He has in his mind an idea of (1) just what work he expects to be done, (2) what it’s worth to him, and (3) what price he expects to have to pay for it. For his part, the prospective employee is willing to exchange his labour, skill and/or knowledge with a prospective employer, at a certain price. He has his own idea as to (1) what he has to offer, (2) what it’s worth to him and (3) what he would like to get for it. When these two come together they determine whether or not the employee is suited to the job, whether or not he has the necessary skills or knowledge or physical requirements, whether they can agree on a price, and whether there are any other conditions to be met, and if so, whether or not they can be met. If all these can be agreed upon, they both have a decision to make. The employer decides whether or not he wants this particular employee, or whether he can do better. The employee decides whether or not he wants the job, or whether he can do better. If they agree to do business with each other, the employer hires the employee. The price is the agreed wage and any agreed conditions, such as, sick pay, holiday pay, overtime, amenities, company car, or whatever. What are the essential points of this process? 1. It’s a free, voluntary trade. 2. Each trades that which is his to trade. That is, they trade their property, which they own, or in other words, which is theirs by right. 3. There is, in the agreement of the employer to hire, and the employee to be hired, at least an implicit contract. This could easily be formalised as an explicit, written employment contract. 4. There was, in the discussion before the final decision was made, opportunity to discuss possible future contingencies, such as, wage increases, promotion, what happens if either one decided to opt out. These, if discussed, could form part of the implicit contract, but couldn’t necessarily be enforced. They could also be written into the formal contract, and then they could be enforced. Because this was voluntary trade, neither the employer forced the employee to take the job, nor the employee forced the employer to hire him. Neither could force the other to do anything. Both could refuse and both could bargain. Both had a right to trade because they were each dealing with their own property, over which they had full control. If we were to say now that people have a “right” to a job, what would this do to our example? It would mean that the employer could not refuse the employee that job. Or, on a broader scale, it could be said that employers have to provide jobs for all who want them. If you have a “right” to a job, that means someone has to provide you with one, and no one can refuse you one. This is clearly absurd, as it makes one group of people slaves to another group. The matter is not improved by saying that it is the responsibility of the government to provide the jobs, because the government does not produce jobs. The government can redistribute money, but that will destroy as many (and in the long run, more) jobs as it creates, or it can print money to encourage economic expansion. That will temporarily create jobs, at the expense of accelerating inflation and, in the long run, create periodic recessions followed by catastrophic depression. Finally, whatever the government does, it will involve coercion of individuals, thus violating their rights and turning them into part-time slaves. There is no such thing as a “right” to a job. We have only the right to offer jobs (as employers) or to seek jobs (as employees). We cannot demand that someone be forced to provide us with a job. What about wages? Do we have a right to a “fair” wage, an “adequate living” wage, or to any wage at all? This question was answered in the section on Unemployment. Because wages are the price of labour, any attempt to fix them at a “fair” or “just” or “adequate” level violates the rights of both employer and employee to free trade, and, depending on where they are fixed, will call into play natural economic forces which will cause either a labour shortage, a balanced labour market, or unemployment. Obviously, what we all want is a balanced labour market, but that will only occur when wages are fixed at the free market level, in which case the fixing is totally unnecessary — that’s where they would have been anyway. However, as we all know, the intended purpose of such fixing is to force wages upwards — to get them above the market level. Consequently, we have unemployment problems, and a wage-price spiral as a bonus. The futility of the process becomes even clearer when we realise that if, for example, employees are granted a one dollar a week wage increase, this nets them, after tax, maybe sixty cents a week, but represents an increase in costs of something like $1.20 a week to the company, after increases in payroll tax, workers compensation, are taken into account.1 These extra costs must be either absorbed by the company, or passed on in price increases. They can be absorbed by cutting costs, by laying off staff, curtailing expansion, continuing to use old machinery and plant or cutting profits, which will in turn reduce investment, expansion, etc. The end result is fewer jobs, lower productivity, poorer quality products. The only way the costs could be absorbed without damaging consequences would be if there had been a sufficient productivity increase prior to the increase in costs to cover the increase, but this is not usually the case. If the costs are passed on in price increases, the employees are really chasing their tails, because for every sixty cents they get, prices rise the equivalent of $1.20. We see, therefore, that not only is the attempt to fix a “fair” or “just” wage immoral, because it violates both parties rights, it is also counter-productive, doing more harm than good. We must further ask ourselves, who is to determine just exactly what constitutes a “fair” or “just” wage, and what criteria they use to determine it. The final “right” that is bandied around when Unions are talked about is the “right” to strike. Nobody has an absolute right to strike. Whether or not an employee is able to strike depends entirely on the terms of his or her employment. We have seen that the agreement of the employer to accept an employee and the employee to accept the employer’s job constitutes and implicit or explicit contract. If this contract was put down in writing, all conditions, contingencies and undertakings would be stated in it: wage, working conditions, holidays, sickness provisions, term of contract, escape clauses, rise and fall clauses to cover inflation, and so on. This contract would be legally binding on both parties, and disputes could be settled by negotiation or through the courts. No employee could strike if it breached this contract. In a free market situation such contracts would quickly evolve, and standard forms of them would be available. The Australian Standards Association already has such standard conditions of contract for many business undertakings. Should events change circumstances in such a way that one or the other of the parties in the contract were disadvantaged, they could seek to re-negotiate the contract before its term expired, or failing that, they would simply have to wear it until the contract expired. Most decent people would be willing to re-negotiate if the circumstances were unusual or severe. Where our industrial situation gets to be messy is in the fact that most employment contracts are implicit rather than explicit. This puts all parties in a fog, because nothing is definite, and nobody can be held to anything. In these circumstances, employees could claim a right to strike — legally. They may be bound by their word, but if there is no legal contract, they can simply walk out. However, while they can strike, they should not be able to forcibly prevent other people from being hired to replace them. They can’t have their job and eat it too. They can’t refuse to do a job, but insist that they still have the job. To strike means to withhold labour. This gives the employer a choice: either submit to their demands, or, negotiate a settlement, or eliminate the job, or hire someone else. It is, after all, the employer’s company, his plant, or equipment, and his money that he’s paying out in wages. If he is not willing to accept the employees demands, there is no way that in a free and civilised society, he should be forced to accept them. This would mean that the employees “right” to strike has precedence over the employers right to his property. All people have equal rights, but some are more equal than others? Union activity that forcibly prevents other people from taking vacated jobs violates the rights of both the employer and the other people who want the jobs. The Unions may attempt to persuade a person not to take a job. They could even bribe him. But they cannot morally force him. If the Unionist demands his right to strike, this other person can equally demand his right to seek work, and the employer can claim a right to spend his money on whoever he likes, or on no one at all. Needless to say, the issues involved could be put beyond any doubt by using job contracts. It is questionable whether or not union activity today helps or harms Union members. It certainly hasn’t helped the tens of thousands of unemployed, and it certainly hasn’t helped the economy, thus harming all Australians. Most gains that Unions make are sectional, with one group’s advances being paid for by another’s losses. They do not take the money out of the hands of the greedy rich and distribute it to the “workers”. They take it off their mates. In fact, the redistribution of wealth is a bit of a myth. In the U.S.A. in 1968, out of a total of 68 million taxpayers, 383,000 or only six-tenths of one per cent, had taxable incomes of over $50,000. Their total adjusted gross income was $37 billion, or 6.6 per cent of the total gross income reported. Out of this they paid $13 billion, or 36 per cent in taxes. If the United States government took all of the $37 billion and redistributed it among 200 million Americans, they would receive the princely sum of $120 each, or an increase of 4 per cent in the disposable per capita income.2 Surveys by Opinion Research Corporation in the U.S.A. have found that the median opinion of people polled was that out of every dollar American corporations divided up between owners and employees, twenty-five cents went to the employees, and seventy-five cents went into profits. It is probable that similar opinions would be held here. The facts however, reveal a different story. In 1970, for example, in the U.S.A., 9 per cent of income went to profits, and 91 per cent went to pay employees.3 Of all personal incomes in the U.S.A. for 1970, 70 per cent was in the form of wages and salaries, less than 7 per cent was in the form of business and professional income, 8 per cent was interest payments and only 3 per cent was in the form of dividends.4 In Australia, for the year 1975-76, total household income was $59,814 million. Of this, $40,510 or almost 68 per cent was in the form of wages, salaries and supplements. Income of farm unincorporated enterprises was 2.2 per cent, other unincorporated enterprises, dwellings, interest and dividends was 18.5 per cent, and government cash benefits 10.6 per cent.5 We can see, then, that employees already get by far the major portion of the money available. Any redistribution that takes place then, is likely to be at the expense of their fellow employees. We have already discussed, under Unemployment, how Union activity and wage legislation harms the old, the very young and the unskilled, by forcing them out of the labour market. Union activity also harms the best workers in any occupation, because with award wages there is a tendency to pay employees in accordance with the award rather than in accordance with their work. This same Union activity harms the unemployed, because it prevents them from taking the jobs of strikers, and from taking jobs at lower wages. By far the most destructive and harmful aspect of Union activity, however, is what it does to the production process. As an example of what modern production requires, consider this. In the U.S.A. in 1968, business had invested $30,000 for every production workers’ job. In our own iron ore developments in Western Australia, the figure is around $250,000 per job. We stated before (under Unemployment) that wages are paid out of production, and that a man digging a hole with a bulldozer should be paid more than a man using a teaspoon. The man with the teaspoon might work harder and longer, but the man with the bulldozer would do more. The catch, of course, is the cost of the bulldozer — that requires capital investment. In order to buy the bulldozer, the company has first to accumulate the capital. The more capital it is able to accumulate and invest, the more equipment it is able to make available to its employees, and the higher is their productivity and, consequently, their wages. Union activity wrecks this process all along the line. They demand wage increases regardless of productivity; they reduce profits and hence capital accumulation; they resist the introduction of better equipment; they insist on over-staffing and general feather-bedding; and by striking, they further reduce productivity, production and profits, this triggering off a whole new round of price increases, job losses, business contractions, and so on. In general, Unions seek to reverse the law of cause and effect. Somehow they seek to distribute the cake before they bake it, and to distribute a bigger one than they bake. Union activity has become political. In particular, communist and socialist Union leaders are using rank and file Unionists as cannon fodder in their efforts to bring about their communist and socialist totalitarian utopias. It is at least consistent that they have chosen to use totalitarian means to achieve their totalitarian goals. All people have the right to get together to form Unions. That, however, does not give them a right to violate the rights of other people, whether they be employers or fellow employees. Compulsory Unionism, closed shops, job demarcation and industrial sabotage all violate individual rights, and all are counter-productive. Unions should not be used as a bludgeon. There are many things Unions could do for their members that would be of some use. First, they could back members with legitimate grievances against employers. Second, with their numbers, they could provide all sorts of services and facilities for members. They could bulk-buy at reduced prices everything from cars, to refrigerators, to holidays, to food. They could, as previously suggested, run their own businesses, for example, transport services, clubs, hotels. There are hundreds of possibilities, all of which would be helping the rank and file, rather than harming them. (And when their business ventures went broke they might gain a better understanding of business itself. There are no certainties at the race track or in business.) With non-compulsory Unionism, the Unions’ success at providing real benefits for employees would be reflected in their membership numbers. (Why should I join?) What is needed to bring all this about is very simply a strong government dedicated to getting itself out of people’s lives and protecting rights. But over the years, government legislation has helped build the power of Unions. And such government legislation should be repealed, along with all the other legislation that is currently strangling our economy. And, of course, if we had a healthy and growing economy, our current militant Unionism would die from a lack of interest. It will be said, however, that a government cannot repeal these laws precisely because the Unions would stop it. If this is so, then we might as well come right out and admit that the real government of the country is the union movement. The real problem is that the government wants to solve the Union problem without giving up its own power. To do both is impossible. And only an entirely free economy, and a respect for individual rights will give us a real and lasting solution to the Union problem. Or any other problem. 1. These figures were quoted by Mr Kerry Packer, The Australian, November 2, 1976. 2. Figures from Henry Hazlitt, The Conquest of Poverty, Arlington House, New Rochelle, N.Y., 1973, p. 115. 3. Ibid, p. 46. 4. Ibid, p. 114. 5. Quarterly Estimates of National Income and Expenditure June 1976, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, 1976. (in order of appearance on 1. Governments Consume Wealth — They Don't Create It 2. Singo and Howard Propose Privatising Bondi Beach 4. Singo and Howard on Compromise 5. Singo and Howard on Monopolies 6. Singo and Howard Support Sydney Harbour Bridge Restructure 9. Singo and Howard Call Democracy Tyrannical 10. Singo and Howard on Drugs! 11. Simpleton sells his poll philosophy 12. Singo and Howard Decry Australia Day 13. Singo and Howard Endorse the Workers Party 14. Singo and Howard Oppose the Liberal Party 15. Singo and Howard Admit that Liberals Advocate and Commit Crime 17. John Whiting's Inaugural Workers Party Presidential Address 19. Singo and Howard on Aborigines 20. Singo and Howard on Conservatism 21. Singo and Howard on the Labor Party 22. Singo, Howard and Hancock Want to Secede 23. John Singleton changes his name 24. Lang Hancock's Foreword to Rip Van Australia 26. Singo and Howard introduce Rip Van Australia 27. Singo and Howard on Knee-Jerks 28. Singo and Howard on Tax Hunts (Lobbying) 29. Singo and Howard on Rights 30. Singo and Howard on Crime 31. Singo and Howard on Justice 32. Singo and Howard on Unemployment 33. John Singleton on 1972 cigarette legislation 35. Holed up, hold-up and holdout 36. The libertarian alternative vs the socialist status quo 37. Workers Party Platform 38. Singo and Howard Join Forces to Dismantle Welfare State 39. Singo and Howard on Business 40. Singo and Howard on Discrimination 41. Singo and Howard on the Greens 42. Singo and Howard on Xenophobia 43. Singo and Howard on Murdoch, Packer and Monopolistic Media 44. Singo and Howard Explain that Pure Capitalism Solves Pollution 45. Singo and Howard Defend Miners Against Government 46. Singo and Howard on Bureaucracy 47. Singo and Howard on Corporate Capitalism 48. The last words of Charles Russell 49. Ted Noffs' Preface to Rip Van Australia 50. Right-wing anarchists revamping libertarian ideology 51. Giving a chukka to the Workers Party 52. Govt "villain" in eyes of new party 54. Introducing the new Workers' Party 55. Paul Rackemann 1980 Progress Party Election Speech 56. Lang Hancock 1978 George Negus Interview 57. Voices of frustration 58. Policies of Workers Party 59. Party Promises to Abolish Tax 60. AAA Tow Truck Co. 61. Singo and Howard on Context 62. Singo and Howard Blame Roosevelt for Pearl Harbour 63. Singo and Howard on Apathy 65. Singo and Howard on Decency 66. John Singleton in 1971 on the 2010 Federal Election 68. Viv Forbes Wins 1986 Adam Smith Award 70. Who's Who in the Workers Party 71. Bob Howard interviewed by Merilyn Giesekam on the Workers Party 72. A Farewell to Armchair Critics 73. Sukrit Sabhlok interviews Mark Tier 74. David Russell Leads 1975 Workers Party Queensland Senate Team 75. David Russell Workers Party Policy Speech on Brisbane TV 76. Bludgers need not apply 77. New party formed "to slash controls" 78. The Workers Party 80. The great consumer protection trick 81. The "Workers" speak out 82. How the whores pretend to be nuns 83. The Workers Party is a Political Party 84. Shit State Subsidised Socialist Schooling Should Cease Says Singo 85. My Journey to Anarchy: From political and economic agnostic to anarchocapitalist 86. Workers Party Reunion Intro 87. Singo and Howard on Freedom from Government and Other Criminals 88. Singo and Howard on Young People 90. Singo and Howard Engage with Homosexuality 91. Singo and Howard Demand Repeal of Libel and Slander Laws 92. Singo and Howard on Consumer Protection 93. Singo and Howard on Consistency 94. Workers Party is born as foe of government 95. Political branch formed 96. Government seen by new party as evil 97. Singo and Howard on Non-Interference 98. Singo and Howard on Women's Lib 99. Singo and Howard on Licences 100. Singo and Howard on Gun Control 101. Singo and Howard on Human Nature 102. Singo and Howard on Voting 103. Singo and Howard on Inherited Wealth 104. Singo and Howard on Education 105. Singo and Howard on Qualifications 106. Ron Manners on the Workers Party 107. Singo and Howard Hate Politicians 108. Undeserved handouts make Australia the lucky country 109. A happy story about Aborigines 110. John Singleton on Political Advertising 112. Singo Incites Civil Disobedience 113. How John Singleton Would Make Tony Abbott Prime Minister 114. The Discipline of Necessity 115. John Singleton on the first election the Workers Party contested 116. Libertarians: Radicals on the right 119. Singo and Howard Like Foreign Investment 120. Mark Tier corrects Nation Review on the Workers Party 121. The impossible dream 122. Why can't I get away with it? 123. The bold and boring Lib/Lab shuffle 124. Time for progress 125. The loonie right implodes 126. Max Newton: Maverick in Exile 128. Censorship should be banned 130. John Singleton on Advertising 132. Sinclair Hill calls for dropping a neutron bomb on Canberra 133. Bob Howard in Reason 1974-77 134. John Singleton defends ockerism 135. Singo and Howard talk Civil Disobedience 136. The Census Con 137. Singo and Howard Oppose Australian Participation in the Vietnam War 139. Bob Carr in 1981 on John Singleton's political bent 140. John Singleton-Ita Buttrose interview (1977) 142. John Hyde's Progress Party praise 145. Singleton: the White Knight of Ockerdom 146. John Singleton bites into Sinclair Hill's beef 147. Save Parramatta Road 149. Smoking, Health and Freedom 150. Singo and Howard on Unions 151. Singo and Howard Smash the State 152. Singo and Howard on the big issue of Daylight Saving 153. Come back Bob - It was all in fun! 155. Country Rejuvenation - Towards a Better Future 158. Thoughts on Land Ownership 162. The politics of marketing - laugh now, pay later 163. Singo and Howard call Australia fascist and worse 164. The mouse will roar 165. Viv Forbes and Jim Fryar vs Malcolm Fraser in 1979 168. Hancock's playing very hard to get 169. Harry M. Miller and The Australian disgrace themselves 170. Ocker ad genius takes punt on art 171. John Singleton 1976 ocker Monday Conference Max Harris debate 174. John Singleton profile in 1977 Australian MEN Vogue 176. Ralph Nader vs John Singleton on Consumer Protection 178. Singo and Howard on Ballet 179. Product innovation comes first 180. Protect who from a 'mindless' wife? 181. A party is born 182. Tiny Workers' Party gives us a hint 183. John Singleton on the ad industry, consumerism and innovation 184. Workers Party Economic Policy Statement, December 1975 186. John Singleton and Howard on Government Largesse 187. Counterculture must exclude government handouts 188. John Singleton's 1974 Federal Liberal Election Campaign Ads 189. John Singleton believes in the Workers Party 193. Singo and Howard on Totalitarian Socialism and Voluntary Socialism 194. Rip Van Australia on Ripoff Vandals Taxing Australia 195. Singo and Howard beg for tolerance 196. John Singleton's 1985 advertising comeback 197. Singo and Howard Demand End to Public Transport 199. Capitalism: Survival of the Fittest 200. Return Australia Post to Sender 201. Singo and Howard on Public Utilities 203. John Singleton on cigarette advertising 204. Singo in 1972 on newspapers' demise 205. John Singleton farewells Bryce Courtenay 206. John Singleton on Australian political advertising in 1972 207. Gortlam rides again 209. John Singleton on trading stamps, idiot housewives and government 210. 1975 John Singleton-Sir Robert Askin Quadrant Interview 211. Singo asks two prickly questions 213. Why John Singleton can't keep a straight face 214. Why John Singleton Defends Smokers Rights 216. An Ode to Busybodies 217. Progress Party and Workers Party lead The Australian 218. How many tits in a tangle? 221. A speech from the Titanic 222. A crime must have a victim 223. John Singleton vs Australia Post 224. Minimum wages the killer 225. Has Fraser got his priorities all wrong? 227. John Singleton vs Don Chipp and the Australian Democrats 228. John Singleton vs Don Lane 229. John Singleton. Horseracing. Why? 230. John Singleton's 1986 reflection on the Workers Party 231. Bob Howard in 1978 on libertarianism in Australia 232. John Singleton on the stupidity of anti-discrimination laws 234. Charity: An Aesop Fable 235. Bob Howard announces the Workers Party in freeEnterprise 236. New improved moon 237. Announcing people ... YES, people! 238. Creativity in advertising must be pointed dead on target 240. Wayne Garland on John Singleton on Advertising 241. John Singleton schools ad course 242. John Singleton: advertising awards 243. Mr Singleton Goes to Canberra for Australian Playboy 244. John Singleton on his TV career for Australian Playboy 245. John Singleton sacked for telling the truth about Medicare Powered by Hackadelic Sliding Notes 1.6.5
Therefore, one hundred families were chosen randomly and cytological analysis was carried out that concluded that one of its members is suffering from deficiency of chromosomes, then the Center made statistical analysis for this sample, however, one hundred other families were selected statistically as the opposite sample then the research suggested the following: First: the rate of marriage between relatives of patients was 46%, in comparison to 34% of the sample. Second: there is no difference with statistical significance in the abortion or stillbirth in the sample resulting from inbreeding, than in the sample resulting from the distant marriages. Third: there is statistical difference between the age of the mother in the sample resulting from inbreeding which resulted from the marriages to distant, and this difference is blamed by many scientists as the causative defect in the chromosomes. Fourth: the researcher analyzed these results with several statistical methods, assuming that the marriage to the relatives was the cause of chromosome imbalance. Nevertheless, the results rejected this assumption. Therefore, it was concluded by the researcher that such kind of gene was absent. Eventually, inbreeding does not play an important role in such diseases, and if it has a role this role is not through a recessive gene, these results are consistent with the findings of some scientists, such as: "Kwiterovich et al (1966), Matsunaga (1966), Forssman and Akesson (1967), Stene (1977) and Juberg & Daois (1978)". Then they said: "The historical background is noteworthy in the importance of practicing consanguineous marriages in the community. Is it an ancient widespread historical phenomenon, or a fresh and rare phenomenon that is infrequent? If this custom was practiced for an ancient time, the consanguineous marriages must have led - in the past - to show these diseases, which are often fatal, in the sense that it actually rid the society of hereditary disease-transmitters, and cleansed it over time from disease-causing genes. But if consanguineous marriage was prohibited in the society or rare, then this prohibition will lead to the survival of many people carrying the disease-causing genes. Therefore, the chance for possible intermarriage of two non-relatives carrying the disease-causing genes for a particular disease will be much; hence, the emergence of this disease in these communities. The best example of this disease is Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas. This disease is governed by a recessive gene, common in Britain, despite the scarcity of consanguineous marriages. This is due to the presence of a high proportion of carriers of the disease-causing gene, as was explained before, which leads to increased chance of intermarriage between the carriers of this disease, and its manifestation among their progeny. It is clear, from the foregoing, that prohibition and permission would not completely prevent the emergence of genetic diseases, which are controlled by recessive disease-causing genes, provided the existence of these genes in the community, i.e. the process is the sacrifice of one generation in place of another generation. If we prohibit (1) consanguineous marriage, the future generations are the ones who will suffer from this disease. While if we let (2) this type of marriages happen it is the first generations who will suffer for the purity of future generations. As if Almighty Allah intended from this discrete permission working on natural equilibrium. Total permission eventually leads to the emergence of diseases, while moderate one helps natural balance”. (End of quote). This paper presented by them has an importance. That is because it is among the recent investigations, and that it has been presented in an international conference. In these conferences, papers are only accepted after passing through committees specialized in the review of papers and their evaluation. As it is also in agreement with the opinion of Dr. Ahmad Al Kabariti – who is a former Professor of Genetics at the University of Kuwait -, Al Muslimun newspaper(3) published an article entitled: "Consanguineous marriage between science and religion" by Dr. Ahmad Ass- Salus(4). He said in it: "I had been invited to take part in a symposium with the theme: (Consanguineous marriage between science and religion), and the elucidation of the scientific aspect was delegated to Dr. Ahmad Al Kabariti – Professor of Genetics at the University of Kuwait at the time - and I had to speak on the religious aspect, before I explain the result I arrived at, I mention beforehand the conclusion reached by Dr. Al Kabariti: Dr. Al Kabariti dealt with the scientific aspect of the topic, where he overturned the rumor, which says that consanguineous marriage causes genetic diseases, and said: "This is a wrong assertion, and demonstrated that by modern theories which confirm that, and added:" As a result of scientific research in a society in which consanguineous marriages is prevalent, and another where marriage between non-relatives is more common, and a third where marriage between different races is widely spread, it has been proven that there is no difference between these societies in terms of the incidence of genetic diseases. This is the summary of what was mentioned by the Professor of Genetics. " Then Dr. Ass- Salus said: "When I carried out my studies of the subject, I arrived at a result not inconsistent with the previous result, despite the rumors spread before and recently, that consanguineous marriage results in a weak progeny." He mentioned that the Prophet (may the peace and the blessings of Allah be upon him) gave in marriage and got married to his relatives, so how can he forbid something and does it himself (may the peace and the blessings of Allah be upon him) while it is not of his particularities!. Then he quoted from Ibn Hazm(5), that he said: "We have elected to chose marriage from relatives; because it is the practice of the Messenger of Allah(may the peace and the blessings of Allah be upon him) he only married from the Banu Hashim and the Banu `Abd Shams, and the Almighty said: "You have indeed in the Messenger of Allah a good pattern of conduct." [Al Ahzab: 21]. (1) Held in Cairo in 1987 - under the auspices of the President of the Republic of Egypt - in cooperation between Al Azhar and the Faculty of Medicine at Ain Shams University. (2) The completion of the title is: (... between prohibition and permission), and this sentence does not agree the search, since they examined the harms of permitted consanguineous marriage. (3) An Arabic word “Al Mutawajidah” has been used here to denote the sense of “existent” however, the correct is “Al Mawjudah”; as the word “Al Mutawajidah” has the meaning of “intense feeling”, i.e. grief, according to Lisan Al `Arab (6/4770). (4) See explanation of this word. (5) Thus was expressed by them. Nevertheless, it would have been better expressed using two other words, since they are Islamic terms; only the Shari`ah forbids or permits. Add comment Security code
“Death is Nothing”: The 7 Stages of Napoleon’s Rise to Power Huffington Post To some he’s the greatest leader France ever had; to others he’s a warmongering tyrant. Very few figures from history polarize opinion like Napoleon Bonaparte. He can be credited with upholding some of the best ideals of the French Revolution (preserved in his Napoleonic Code which still forms the backbone of many legal codes worldwide) and he offered the perfect example of meritocracy outperforming aristocracy in the modern age. Yet his name is also associated with brutality; his wars resulting in hundreds of thousands of death. To further tarnish his reputation there’s the small fact that he earned the admiration of a far more notorious 20th century figure with whom comparisons have been made—Adolf Hitler. As regards his character, there’s surprisingly little consensus across the 3,000 biographies that have been written about him. But where historians do agree is that his rise to power was as unlikely as it was incredible. A Young Napoleon at his desk. Pinterest Napoleon’s Early Life Napoleon was born in Corsica’s capital of Ajaccio on August 15 1769. He was racially Italian, but Corsica’s recent capitulation to France made him nationally—and reluctantly—French. Later critics would ridicule the low birth of this “coarse Corsican”: in 1800 the British journalist William Cobbett labeling him as “a low-bred upstart from the contemptible Island of Corsica.” But this assessment was completely untrue. Napoleon was in fact born to recent minor nobility. His father, Carlo Bonaparte, was Corsica’s representative at the court of Louis XVI. But it was his mother, Letizia Ramolino (who he later credited as having “the head of a man on the body of a woman”) who exerted greater influence on the young Napoleon. In May 1779 he took advantage of a military bursary to study at the academy at Brienne-le-Château. His heavy Corsican accent earned him the enmity of his overwhelmingly French aristocratic cohort. And, feeling isolated yet also driven to prove himself as being better than them, he devoted himself to his studies. He excelled in some of the more practical subjects: mathematics in particular, but also geography and history—counting among his heroes figures of antiquity like Alexander, Hannibal and Julius Caesar. Five years later, aged just 15, he would graduate with distinction and become the first Corsican ever to be awarded a place at Paris’s École Militaire. It was during his time at the École Militaire that France had its Revolution: an event that would prove crucial in Napoleon’s career, replacing aristocratic privilege with meritocratic possibility and, for men like Napoleon, opening up the way to the upper echelons of politics and the military. The tumultuous times following the French Revolution also radically shifted the young Napoleon’s political allegiances. As second lieutenant of an artillery regiment, he would take the (lack of) opportunity while on garrison duty to return to Corsica in 1789. There he became involved in the complex politics of the island, taking command of a battalion of volunteers and alienating the separatist leader Pasquale Paoli. Remarkably, despite leading a riot against French forces on the island, he was made a captain of the French regular army in 1792; a role he would take up upon his return (or rather exile at the hands of Paoli) in June 1793. Back in France, among the bloody carnage of the Reign of Terror, it became clear he had backed the right political horse in aligning himself with Revolutionary Jacobinism rather than Corsican nationalism. It was the Jacobins—under the fearsome leadership of such figures as Maximilien Robespierre— who held the reigns of power in the French National Convention. He further ingratiated himself by publishing a pro-republican political pamphlet “Le Souper de Beaucaire”. Robespierre’s brother, Augustine, approved of its pro-revolutionary content. And he would reward the political aspirations of the man who wrote it by dispatching him to Toulon.
Monday, November 2, 2009 The Turkish Conquest The Muslim conquest of India from 1175 to 1340 AD. The causes for their conquest though various, the major reason was the spread of Islam. The Muslim dominated Kabul, the Punjab, and Sindh, before intruding in to India. The first attempt to enter the Indian territory was determined by the circumstances leading to the invasion of Sindh. The wealth in India lured the Muslim rulers. Further the inter-rivalry between the kingdoms in India paved the way for their entry in to India. The immediate cause of Muslim intervention is said to be plundering of some ships which carried costly gifts from the king of Ceylon for the Khalifa, near the port of Debal by sea pirates. The Hindu ruler of the Sindh, Raja Dahir was asked to compensate for this by the Governor of Iraq. The refusal to comply with this demand for the reason that the port was not under his control infuriated the Governor who sent two expeditions to defeat the Raja . But both the attempts to defeat the Raja failed. This further infuriated the governor who sent his son-in law Muhammad-bin-Qasim in 711AD with a large army to conquer Sindh. In 712 AD Raja Dahir was defeated and put to death. Sindh, Multan and Kannauj were conquered. The next invasion by the Turks who opposed the authority of the Khalifas was by Alaptagin. He had established himself in Khorasan and extended upto Kabul and Ghazni. He was succeeded by one of his slave Sabuktagin. In 986 AD he came into conflict with Raja Jaipal of Bathinda. In 991 AD Raja Jaipal allied with other Hindu king including Rajyapala the Prathira king of Kannauj and Dhanga the ruler of the distant Chandela kingdom to avenge his defeat. The allies were defeated , Peshwar and Kurram valley came under Muslim influence. Mahmud of Ghazni The elder son of Sabuktagin, Mahmud of Ghazni assumed the throne in 997 AD. He was very conscious of the wealth he could achieve from further conquests into India. He was also a religious fanatic who aimed to spread Islam. At the eve of Mahmud's invasion there existed no strong power to confront his military might. There existed numerous kingdoms who were involved in quarrelling and fighting with each other. Mahmud is said to have invaded India seventeen times. His first raid dates to 1001 AD. In course of his second expedition he defeated Jaipal. In 1004 AD he invaded and captured Bhera. In 1006 AD he captured Multan. In 1008 AD he invaded again and captured Multan. Anandapal, the son of Jaipal continued the struggle against Mahmud . Having allied with the ruler of Ujjain, Gwalior, Kannauj, Delhi and Ajmer he posed a serious threat to Mahmud's army. But unfortunately Anandapal had to ceed to the Muslim army. In 1009AD Mahmud attacked the fortress of Kangra or Bhimnagar and accumulated vast treasures. In 1013AD Mahmud reduced the honour of the Hindushahi Kingdom by their defeat. In the year 1014AD Mahmud invaded Thaneshwar and acquired more wealth from the temples. In 1018 Mahmud led an expedition against Kannauj and succeeded its ruler's willingness to convert to Islam. Mathura was also invaded and its magnificient temple was burnt. In 1021-22 AD Mahmud invaded Gwalior, Kashmir and Lahore. The ruler of Kalinjar and Gwalior combined and invaded Kannauj and killed its ruler Rajayapala. In the conflict that resulted Mahmud looted the wealth of Kalinjar and went back to Ghazni. In 1025AD Mahmud invaded Somnath and looted its temple on the coast of Saurashtra or Kathiwar. Enormous treasure of the fortified temple was looted. In 1026AD he invaded Punjab. His last invasion was in about 1027 AD. He died in 1030AD. The invasion of Mahmud opened the way for the future Muslim adventures in India. The repeated success of Mahmud was an eye opener for the Muslim thirst for consolidating themselves politically, economically and to promote their religious outlook. The status of Ghazni grew to a big empire. The next important Muslim ruler who had made hisi nfluence in Indian history known was Muhammad Ghori. Muhammad Ghori is said to have invaded India seven times. The Ghurs who originally belonged to Persia. After the downfall of the rule of Ghazni in the 12th century. The credit for the destruction of Ghazni goes to Alauddin. Ghiyas-ud-din of Ghur wrested Ghazni from the Turks and gave the power of consolidating the empire to his brother Sahabuddin. He was known as Mohammad Ghori. Mohammad Ghori Mohammad Ghori invaded Multan in about 1175-76AD. In 1178 he attempted the conquest of Gujarat. He was strongly resisted by Bhimdev II who inflicted a crushing defeat on him in 1178 AD.In 1179 he conquered Peshwar and annexed Lahore. In 1186 AD Mohammad Ghori deposed Khusru Malik, the last prince in the generation of Sabuktgin and Mahmud and after occupying Punjab kept himself in a strong position in the Indus region. In 1191AD Mohammad Ghori met Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the first battle of Tarain. Here unlike the separate independent forces which Mohammad met in his previous campaigns. He had to face combined armies of Prithviraj, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer and Delhi. Mohammad Ghori was severely wounded and outnumbered. He was defeated and left the battle-field. In the very next year in 1192 AD both the armies met again at Tarain. This time Mohammad cleverly out did Prithvi Raj Chauhan. The gateway to Delhi was opened. In 1194 AD Mohammad Ghori invaded and defeated the ruler of Kannauj. He occupied Benares. Mohammad Ghori had left Qutab-ud-din Aibek who was a slave from Turkistan in charge of the Indian affairs. In 1193 Qutab-ud-din Aibek occupied Delhi and he joined Mohammad Ghori's invasion on Kannauj whose ruler Jaichand was defeated and killed. Gwallior and Anhilwara the capital of Gujarat besides Ajmer was also occupied by 1197 AD. Qutab-ud-din's general Muhammad Khilji successfully plundered and conquered the fort of Bihar in 1193 AD. In about 1199-1202AD Muhammad Khilji brought Lakshmana Sena the ruler of Bengal under his authority. In 1203 Qutab-ud-din Aibek conquered Bundelkhand. Mohammad Ghori died in 1206AD. Qutab-ud-din Aibek Qutab-ud-din Aibek established himself as the sultan of Delhi at Lahore. He strengthened his position through matrimonial alliances with his rivals. He gave his daughter to Iltumish the foremost of his slaves. Qutab-ud-din died in 1210AD. He had laid the foundation of a new dynasty called the Slave dynasty in 1206AD. After Qutab-ud-din his son Aram Shah succedded to his throne. He was not able to display the skill of conquests and administration shone by his forerunners. This had demanded Iltumish to take charge of the situation as desired by the nobles too. A battle followed in which Aram Shah was defeated and killed. In 1211 AD Iltumish came to the throne. He was also known as Shams-ud-din. He spent his days in retriving the lost territories of Qutab-ud-din, and also added Malwa and Sind. During the reign of Iltumish he fought against the rival slave chiefs Yildiz and Qabacha. His attempts to appease Yildiz diplomatically to accept his authority gave time to prepare himself. At the battlefield of Tarain both of them met and Yildiz was defeated. Another important problem faced by Iltumish was the Mongols led by Chingiz Khan. In his diplomatic decision he avoided a conflict with the might Mongol by preventing Jalad-ud-din the ruler of Khawarism from coming to India. Iltumish defeated his rival slave chieftain Qabacha and captured both Multan and Sindh. After this he made Ghias ud-din ceed to the supremacy of Iltumish. Later, he defeated Ghias-ud-din who revolted ,and conquered his territories of Bengal and Bihar. Another major threat to the power of Iltumish was the independent Rajput rulers who inspite of their rivalry could pose a serious danger to the Sultanate. On 1226 AD he attacked Ranthambor and Mansor. He also occupied Ajmer, Jalor, Nagor. In 1229 Gwalior was was occupied and the fort of Kalinjar was plundered. Kannauj, Banaras and Badaun were under his dominion. In the year 1229 AD the Caliph of Bagdad recognised him as Sultan. This bestowed upon him the power to nominate his successors. Iltumish was also a patron of art and learning. His completion of the Qutab Minar proves him to be a man of good architectural skills and tastes besides striving adequately for promoting his religion. Iltumish was succeeded by his son Rukn-ud-din Feroze who came to the throne as desired by the nobles even though Iltumish had nominated his daughter Razia to the throne. Rukn-ud-din did not prove to be a competent ruler and he left his duty of administration to his mother Shah Turkan. The unpopular rule that followed led to revolts by several governors of various provinces. Finally Rukn-ud-din and his mother Shah Turkan were murdered and the throne was succeeded by Razia Begum who ruled from 1236 AD to1240 AD. She had accomplished the major task of subduing the revolting governors and the bringing the territories under her control. She married Altunia the governor of Bhatinda. In 1240 AD the Turkish nobles deposed her and declared. Bahram Shah as their ruler, and both Razia and Altunia was killed. Bahram Shah was a mere puppet in the hands of the nobles. He was succeeded by Masud Shah ,a nephew of Razia Begum. Owing to his inability the nobles displaced him with Nasir-uddin Mahmud the youngest son of Iltumish. He was in power for twenty five years. The affairs of the state was left to his father-in-law and minister Ulugh Khan Balban. After the death of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud in 1226 AD the power was taken over by Balban. As a minister during the time of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Balban had accomplished himself as an able administrator. His ideas of diplomacy and suppression of revolts with an iron hand helped him in establishing a strong rule in the history of the slave dynasty. As a minister he put down the revolting rajputs, the khokars, and the rulers of the Doab region. Ramthambhor, Gwalior, Chanderi and Malwa came under his rule. He was able to quell the power of Mewatis in 1259 AD.He firmly resolved the rivalry among the 'Fourty slaves' whose decision was the final word of the dynasty. They plotted against Balban with the help of the Sultan. But this resulted in Chaos which forced the Sultan to call back Balban. To ensure the kingdom's safety against the invading Mongols he built forts on the borders and stationed a strong army. In 1258 AD and 1259 AD Balban led campaigns against the Rajputs of the Doab and Meos of Delhi. During his early days of rule of Balban, he pursued the suppression of the Meos. He brought order in Rohilkhand. He suppressed the revolt of Tughril Khan, the governor of Bengal. Balban died in 1287 AD. His achievements besides the consolidation of the slave kingdom include his contribution to increase the power and importance of the ruler. He had brought various code of conduct in his court that involved even the manner of dressing and addressing. He reorganised his army with equipments and stationed them in forts at vulnerable places of foreign intrusion. He paid them well in cash besides appointing governors to supervise the activities of the army. His administration was strongly based on his military power. Enforcement of decision and disposition of justice with a competent spy system kept him informed of the activities of every one in his kingdom. He maintained a strict attitude towards the Hindus and kept them under strong suppression with the help of his military power. He was undoubtedly the greatest of the military rulers of the Slave dynasty. He was to be succeeded by Kai Khasrau, but a diplomatic gamble brought Qaigabad the son of Bulhara Khan the governor of Bengal to the throne. He was a grandson of Balban. Aged eighteen. Qaigabad turned a blind eye to the affairs of the state. He was disposed off by the nobles bringing his three year old son to the throne. Another series of uprisings and revolts started amongst the nobles, many of them declaring independence thus unleasing a state of confusion. This was the period when Jalaluddin Khilji of the Khilji tribe who was placed on the throne by the nobles brought a new rule to follow under the name of the Khilji dynasty. The rule of this dynasty started in 1290 AD and continued till 1340 AD. Between the period 1343 AD and 1351 AD, during the region of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq a series of revolts resulted in the vast empire being divided into numerous independent provinces. An Afghan or Turkish officer of the Delhi Sultan named Hassan assumed the title of Bahman Shah and after occupation of Daulatbad in the Deccan proclaimed independence. He was also known as Alauddin I, the founder of the Bahmani dynasty. His capital was at Gulbarga which was also called as Hassanabad after the Sultan's name Hassan. He conquered large part of the Deccan. By 1358 AD his empire included areas near the west coast , the ports of Goa and Dabhal. Alauddin I was succeeded by Muhammad Shah I. He waged wars against the Hindu rulers of Vijayanagar and Warangal. With his policy of subjuction he subdued countless number of rival Hindu rulers, and accumulated vast treasures. He administered the provinces by yearly tours and was advised by a group of eight ministers. Thus he set a pattern of administration for the Bahmani kingdom. He was succeeded by Alauddin Mujahid who ruled for 3 years before,being murdered by his cousin brother Duad, which resulted in a civil war. Ahmad Shah ascended the throne in 1422 after deposing Firoz who was the eighth Sultan who ruled from 1397 AD to 1422 AD. He attacked Vijayanagar and resorted to brutal subjection of his opponents who resisted his attacks. Peace was concluded with Vijayanagar. Ahmad Shah also fought against the Sultan of Malwa and Gujarat and the Hindu chiefs of the Konkan. It was during his reign that the capital of the Bahamani kingdom was shifted to Bidar, also called Ahmedabad. Ahmad Shah was succeeded by his eldest son Alauddin II who ruled from (1435-57 AD). He was succeeded by Humayun who ruled from (1451-1461 AD). He pursued a cruel policy of subjuction and brutal punishments till he was succeeded by Muhammad Shah III ,who ruled from (1463-1482 AD) assisted by his able minister Khwaja Mahmud Gawan. A series of conquest followed which involved capture of the strong fortress of Belgaum in 1473 AD and recovery of Goa in 1472 AD from the rulers of the Vijayanagar empire. It was during his rule that the famine of Bijapur befell over the Deccan in 1473 AD. Kanchipuram was raided in the course of the campaign against Vijayanagar in 1481 AD. In 1482 AD Khwaja Mahmud Gawan was murdered and Mahmud Shah succeeded to the throne in 1482 AD and ruled till 1518 AD. During his reign the provincial governors declared their independence and set up five separate kingdoms. The Imad Shahi Dynasty of Berar This consisted of the northern part of the Bahamani Kingdom. The Shahi Dynasty of Berar lasted for four generations till 1574 AD. The Barid Shahi Dynasty of Bidar The Barid Shahi dynasty was governed by the Barid Shahi Sultans. It was established in 1492 AD by Qasim Barid the minister of Mahmud Shah Bahamani. This dynasty lasted till 1619 AD when it was annexed by Bijapur. The Nizam Shahi Dynasty of Ahmadnagar The Nizam Shahi dynasty was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri. In 1490 AD his son Malik Ahmad defeated the army of Mahmud Bahmani and established himself independent. He assumed the title of Ahmad Nizam Shah and after him the dynasty was named Nizam Shahi dynasty. The next ruler was Burhan Nizam Shah was the next ruler who ruled for forty five years. He was succeeded by Hussain Shah. The state was later annexed in 1637 during the reign of ShahJahan. The Adil Shahi ynasty of Bijapur The Adil Shahi was founded by Yusuf Adil Khan, the governor of Bijapur who declared his independence in 1489. Yusuf Adil Shah waged war against Vijayanagar and other Muslim neighbours. It was duringhis rule that Yusuf Adil Shah's favourite residence, of Goa was captured by the Portuguese commander. Alberquerque in 1510 AD. Ismail Shah succeeded Adil shah but being a minor he was helped by Kamal Khan . He lost his life in a conspiracy and was succeeded by Ibrahim. Ibrahim assumed the title of Ibrahim Adil shah and ruled till 1557 AD.Ali Adil Shah Succeeded Ibrahim Adil Shah. Following a policy of alliance he married Chand Bibi the daughter of Hussain NIzam shah of Ahamadnagar. In the year 1564 AD the four sultans allied at Talikota against the Vijayanagar empire. The Battle of Talikota followed in 1565 AD. Commanded on the Muslim side by Hussain Nizam shah of Ahmadnagar. Ali adil Shah of Bijapur, Ali Barid shah of Golkonda. Victory for the Muslim forces came after a fierce battle and the empire of Vijayanagar was annexed to the territory of Bijapur and Golkonda. In 1570 AD Ali Adil Shah with the other sovereigns attempted to capture settlements of the Portuguese. Adil shah was killed in 1579 AD. The throne was passed on to Ibrahim Adil Shah II who was a minor. His mother chand Bibi looked after him while ministers ruled the kingdom. In 1595 AD the Ahmadnagar monarch was killed in a fight between Bijapur and Ahmednagar. Ibrahim Adil Shah II died in 1626 AD. In 1680 AD this country was annexed by Aurangzeb. The Qutab Shahi Dynasty of Golkonda The Qutab Shahi dynasty was a part of the Bahmani empire which was called Golkonda. The founder of this dynasty was Sultan Quli Qutab Shah who was formerly the governor of the eastern province. He declared his independence in 1518 AD. Qutab Shah met with his death in 1543 AD and his son Jamshed ruled till 1550 AD. The throne was held by Ibrahim till 1580 AD and later his son Muhammad Quli ruled till 1611 AD. The state was finally annexed by Aurangzeb in 1687 AD. In the Deccan there also existed a small kingdom which was not a part of the Bahmani kingdom. This was the Faruqi dynasty of Khandesh. It was established in 1388 AD and came to an end in 1601 AD after the fortress of Asirgarh was surrendered to Akbar Muhammad-bin Tughluq Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq also known as Tughluq Shah was appointed as the governor of Dipalpor in Punjab by Allauddin Khilji. The rule of Ghiyjas-ud-din Tughluq includes the suppression of the revolt at Warangal. Pratap Rudradeva of Warangal had accepted overlordship of Allauddin Khilji and agreed to pay tribute annually. After the death of Allauddin Khilji he neglected this. Ghiyas-ud-din sent his son Juna Khan to conquer Warrangal. In 1323 AD Rudra Pratap Deva was defeated. Warangal was renamed as Sultanpur and annexed to Delhi. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq came to the throne in 1325 AD. The rule of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq includes various reforms. The first of these reforms included his attempt to consolidate his empire by curbing the rebellions of 1327 AD by his cousin Baha-ud-din Garsharp in the Deccan and the other of Kishulu Khan, the governor of Multan and Sind in 1328AD. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's experiments with his ideas of administration are noteworthy. The transfer of his capital from Delhi to Daulatbad earlier known as Devagiri. This transfer of capital involved the shifting of the army, officials, servants, tradesman, court and shift of population. This was a torture of the people who suffered greatly. The introduction of token currency brought discredit to his rule. The rampant circulation of copper coin and withdrawal of silver and gold coins brought down the value of currency. Copper coins lost its value. To overcome this the Sultan ordered exchange of silver coins for copper coins. Thus people got silver coins in abundance and copper coins were in heaps. The taxation in Doab which resulted out of the conditions of an empty treasury and the scheme which was implemented in a wayward manner made it a failure. The conquest of Khorasan which required a strong army and later disbanding it was an act of instability. Muhammad bin Tughluq's engagements with his domestic affairs made him turn a blind eye to the Mongols who made use of his opportunity and invaded India in 1328 AD. The shifting of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri also proved advantageous to the Mongols, as they prepared for more conquests. The Sultan's ambitions plan of invading Himachal and the devastationof his army owing to inhospitable climatewas another blunder by Mohammed-bin -Tughluq. An attempt to capture Malabar in 1335 AD failed owing to the spread of Cholera in the army. In1338 Fakhruddin Mubarak of Bengal declared himself independent. In 1340 the Governor of Gujarat declared himself independent. The Sultan faced problems from the Afghans led by Hasan Gangu . In 1350 AD the province of Gujarat revolted and under Taghi. Pursuing the enemy to inflict punishment, unfortunated Mohammed bin-Tughluq died out of illness. He was succeeded by his cousin Feroz Tughlug who was delivered of a Rajput mother. Feroze Tughlaq Feroze Tughlaq became the Sultan in the year 1351 AD. Though the throne was a long dream of many. Feroz Tughlak did not contribute much to expand the territories of the empire which he inherited. His military weakness resulted in the loss of his territories. He failed in his attempt to regain Bengal. In 1360 he invaded Jajnagar to destroy the Jagan nath Puri temple. In 1326 AD he met with success in his expedition to Sindh, before this he had led an invasion Nagarkot with an idea to destroy the Jwalamukhi temples. The Sultan was not tolerant towards people with different religion. He reintroduced the Jagirdari system which was abolished by Alauddin Khilji's. All these measures brought a good result in the financial status of the empire. Feroz Tughluq also introduced reforms in the field of irrigation. He constructed dams, tanks and well and besides these also constructed buildings with architectural skill. This shows his awareness about public utility. Feroze Tughluq also patronized learning. He reformed the currency system. All these proves that he was the cast of the capable Tughluqs. After him the dynasty began to disintegrate. He was immediately succeeded by Ghias- uddin Tughlaq-II who ruled from 1388-1389 AD. He was murdered in 1389 AD and was succeeded by Abu Baker. In a struggle that followed between him and one of the sons of Feroze Tughlaq Abu Baker was defeated. The younger son of Feroze Tughluq. Nasir ud-din Muhammad ruled from 1390-1394 AD. He died in 1394 AD and was succeeded by Humayun. After his death in 1395 the Tughluq dynasty saw the last Tughluq ruler Mahmud Nasir-uddin. He ruled from 1395-1413 AD. The invasion of Timur sealed the fate of the Tughluq dynasty. After the Tughluk dynasty Indian history witnessed the rule of the Saiyyids and the Lodis. The foundation of these two kingdoms was on the rubbles of the Tughluq's which was grazed to the ground as a result of Timur's invasion. Timur was a Barlas Turk. Born in 1336 AD he grew up with a military skill that made him a military genius. He attained the throne of Samargand in 1369 AD. With a zeal of conquering distant lands he set out and conquered several central Asian territories before turning towards India. With an ambition to possess a large territory, besides acquiring enough wealth and with an awareness about the disintegrating Delhi Sultanate he invaded beyond the Indus with a powerful army. Timur's grandson Pir Muhammad had conquered Multan, Ulch, Pakpatan and Dipal-pur. Both proceeded towards Delhi and defeated Sultan Muhammad Shah. He then conquered Meerut and Haridwar. Besides conquering these territories he looted the wealth of the temples. He nominated Khizr Khan as his governor in India. Thus the political stability of the country was disrupted and the condition that prevailed then ultimately resulted in the downfall of the Tughlaqs. Saiyyid dynasty Then came the Saiyyid dynasty founded by Khizr Khan. The Sayyids ruled from about 1414 AD to 1450 AD. At a time when the provinces were declaring themselves independent the first task of Khizr Khan was the suppression of the revolts. In 1412 AD he conquered Gujarat, Gwalior and Jaunpur. In 1416 he defeated Bayana and in 1421AD he attacked Mewat. Due to illness he died in the year 1421 AD. He was succeeded by Mubarak Shah who succeeded in suppressing the revolts against him In a conspiracy against him he was killed by him opponents in 1434 AD. After him Muhammad-bin-Farid came to the throne. During his reign there was confusion and revolts. The empire came to an end in 1451 AD with his death. The Lodhi dynasty Behlol Lodhi who was in service during Khizr Khan founded the Lodhi dynasty. Behlol Lodhi was an Afghan of the Lodi tribe. He became the governor of Punjab and was proclaimed the Sultan in 1451AD. After coming to the throne he quelled the rebelling nobles and Jagirdars. He gave jagirs to the Afghan nobles to win their cooperation, and brought Mewar, Sambal and Gwalior under his rule. Behlol Lodhi nominated his son Nizam Khan as his successor. But the nobles placed Barbak Shah on the throne. In the struggle that ensured Nizam Khan was successful and ascended the throne as Sikandar Lodi. He proved to be a capable ruler who brought back the lost prestige of the Sultan. He maintained friendly relations with the neighbouring states. Sikandar Lodi settled his differences with his uncle Alam Khan who conspired against him. He also defeated Barbak Shah who in co-operation with Hussain Shah of Jaunpur fought against him. Barbak Shah was appointed the governor of Jaunpur. He brought Gwalior and Bihar under his rule. Though he was a religious fanatic yet he brought changes in some of the practices of the Muslims. He encouraged education and trade. His military skill helped him in bringing the Afghan nobles under his control. Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by Ibrahim Lodi who is said to have been the last great ruler of the Lodi dynasty. He came to the throne in 1517 AD. The nobles brought his younger brother Jalal Khan as the ruler of Jaunpur. The nobles who wanted division of the empire into two created problems of Ibrahim Lodi. He defeated Jalal Khan in a battle. He conquered Gwalior, and came into conflict with Rana Sanga the ruler of Mewar who defeated him twice. His relations with the Afghan nobles became worse and this led to several conflicts with him. The discontented Afghan chiefs sent Daulal Khan Lodi to invite Babur the ruler of Kabul to India. After many incursions in the year 1525 and1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat. With this defeat the Delhi Sultanate was laid to rest. The History of India added a new outlook with the coming of Babur. This was the beginning of a rule that is recorded as the medieval history of India. Alauddin Khilji After coming to the throne of the Khilji dynasty Jalal-ud-din expanded the boundaries of his empire. Besides this his achievements include suppression of the revolt of Malik Chhaju with the governor of Qudh. He suppressed the 'Thuggees' a band of robbers and send them off peacefully to Bengal. It was during the conquest of Bhilsa that Ala-ud-din the nephew of Jalal-ud-din started realising the dream of being Sultan. In 1292 AD Alauddin led an expedition to Devagiri hearing of its wealth. Devagiri was forced to pay a huge war indemnity. This helped Alauddin in buying the nobles and pleasing the soldiers who were disatisfied by the rule of Jala-ud-din. Alauddin then hatched a conspiracy and got Sultan Jala-lud din killed and proclaimed himself as the Sultan. In the year 1296 AD Alauddin became the Sultan, after Malika Jan the widow of Jalal-ud-din and her younger son Qadin Khan left Delhi. In 1297 AD Alauddin Khilji set off for conquering Gujarat. The Raja of Gujarat took shelter in Devagiri where Nusrat Khan an Ulugh Khan pursued them and looted. Here Nusrat Khan purchased a Hindu slave called Malik Kafur who in due course helped Alauddin Khilji in his future conquests. In 1301 Ramthambhor was captured and the Rajput Hamir Deva was murdered. In 1303 he conquered Chittor killing Rana Rattan Singh. His queen Rani Padmini with the other women committed Jauhar. In 1305 Alauddin Khilji captured Malwa and annexed Ujjain, Mandu, Dhar and Chanderi. Allauddin Khilji's expedition to Bengal was not successful and it remained independent. In 1308, Allauddin led an expedition to capture a fort in Sivana, Rajasthan. In 1311AD Allauddin set off on the Jalor expedition. Thus he almost completed his conquests of North. Allauddin now set out to conquer the south lured by the wealth of Devagiri.Being the first to have thought of venturing to the south this region could be a source of revenue for him. In this adventure of his, Malik Kafur his slave who in course of time turned to be an able commander contributed greatly.Allauddin had already invaded Devagiri in the year 1294 AD and had reconciled for the condition that a tribute would be paid. Malik Kafur led the operation . A huge war indemnity was paid and a tribute offered. In 1310 AD Malik Kafur was sent to invade the Hoyasala kingdom of Dwarasamudra. The ruler conceded to his demands and further assisted Malik Kafur in his quest against the Pandya kingdom.In 1311AD Malik Kafur went on an expedition to the Pandya kingdom which had its capital at Madurai. Malik Kafur came out successful. In 1313 AD Allauddin set out on Devagiri and annexed it to Delhi. During the rule of Allauddin Khilji, the Mongols invaded the country several times. The first invasion came during the period of 1297 AD. The forces of Sultan successfully repulsed this invasion . In 1298 AD Saldi's invasion was neutralized by Zafar Khan thus increasing his prestige. In 1299 AD Qutlugh Khwaja invaded India for the third time. A fierce battle was the result involving Zafar Khan, Nusrat Khan and Alagh Khan. The Mongols were routed but it cost the life of Zafar Khan. In the year 1303 AD under the leader ship of Targhi another mongol invasion was carried out. From this invasion Allauddin Khilji learnt the lessons of keeping himself prepared, not only with a strong army but by fortifying and organizing his armed forces. In 1305 AD the Mongols led by Ali Beg and Tartaq invaded India but were brutally defeated. The last of the mongol invasion was the under the leadership of Kubak and Iqbamand. Even this invasion was successfully met by Allauddin Khilji. In his later days Allauddin had to face many troubles. Malik Kafur influenced all his actions. He met with his death in the year 1316 AD. An infant son of the Sultan was placed on the throne and he acted as the regent. Malik Kafur imprisoned, blinded and killed other members of the royal family. But Malik Kafur was murdered, and Mubarak Khan the third son of Alauddin Khilji became the regent. He then imprisoned Sahib uddin and ascended the throne as Qutb-ud-din Mubarak in the year 1316 AD. The rule of Qutb-ud-din Mubarak was an utter failure owing to his liberal administration and luxurious life style. Above all he was under the influence of youth called Hassan who later was called Khusru Khan. The misdoings of Qutb-ud-din Mubarak led to his death at the hands of Khusru Khan. The death of Mubarak sealed the fate of the Khilji dynasty. Khusru who came to the throne after Qutbuddin Mubarak was not favoured by the Turkish nobles. He was killed by a Qaraunak Turk noble, Ghazi Malik Tughluq. This paved the way for the foundation of a new dynasty called the Tughluq dynasty. No comments: Post a Comment
Here is a little bit of visual information for you all to consider. When thinking of humans and humankind, we realize we are top dog on the planet and at the top of the food chain. Here is a little visual exercise to bring things back into perspective. Begriming with our home, which is the largest of the inner "rock like" planets and traveling through the cosmos, looking at how we stack up with some of the really "Big Boys", of the universe. For your enjoyment, here is a small visual presentation to demonstrate, just how tiny we really are, sitting out here on the fringes of our galaxy on a tiny ball of rock, forest, water and sand. This puts things into the proper perspective for me. Above you can see the five smallest planets in our own solar system. Earth is clearly the largest of the Five smaller planets. This might make some of us feel pretty proud, but read on and see where we stack up against the giants. When we start looking at the gas giants, like Jupiter and Saturn (shown here without it's rings or moons) we look pretty little, and take a look at little pluto, now. Pluto is now thought to be an asteroid rather than a planet. As large as Jupiter is, the gas giants are dwarfed by our Sun. The central figure in our solar system is immense compared to her children and even Monster Planets like Jupiter and Saturn, look like marbles or beads compared to Sol. As large as our sun seems to us, in comparison to the rest of the planets in our solar system, it is in it's own place made to look like a tiny bit of buck shot, or a b-b from an air rifle. Check out Arcturus for example and look how much larger it is than our own sun. Just as was the case with our own sun, being dwarfed by Arcturus, look at how tiny Arcturus is compared to the really big boys, Betelgeuse and Antares. It certainly does serve to show us that no matter how lofty a status we occupy on our own planet, we are as insignificant as a sand flea on the Sahara Desert when it comes to pure size alone. However consider also that these giants all are part of their own galaxies which are still larger still. We are looking at a section of space as seen through the Hubble Telescope. This photo shows galaxies that are billions of light years away from us, filled with stars, planets, and undoubtedly life as well. It is almost an impossibility that we are the only sentient beings in the Universe, and as you can see from these comparisons, we are actually not of much significance at all, compared to the Cosmos which is infinite. Sort of a humbling experience, isn't it? (back to top)
ACT English: Transitions SAT Question of the Day The SAT question of the day is a Sentence Completion Question that has already been addressed on this blog: click here to see an explanation. ACT Question of the Day ACT English questions are part of a passage. The text you must evaluate will be underlined with an identifying number. In this particular question, only one word is underlined. Philosophy and Baseball In the fall of 1967, the Boston Red Sox were playing in the World Series. I was a freshman at a university that was located in the Midwest at the time, enrolled in a philosophy course that met at two in the afternoon. The course was taught by a native Bostonian. He wanted to watch the games on television, but he was too responsible to cancel class. So he conducted classes, those October afternoons, while actually listening to the games on a small transistor radio propped up inside his lectern, the volume turned down so that only he could hear. Baseball is unique among American sports by its ability to appeal to a love resembling that of a child of fable and legend. Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, Joe DiMaggio, Roberto Clemente—names like these will echo through time that are trumpet calls to storied battles fought and won in ages past. When Hank Aaron stretched out a sinewy arm to pull one down, striding up to a rack of ash-hewn bats, he became a modern-day knight selecting their lance. And when glints of the afternoon sun shone off Mickey Mantle's colossal bat, there will have to be seen for one brief, stirring moment the glimmer of the jewels in King Arthur's own mighty sword, Excalibur. So there he stood, that learned professor of mine, lecturing about the ideas, that have engaged people's minds for centuries. Then he'd interrupt himself to announce, with smiling eyes, that the Sox had taken a two-to-nothing lead. Here was a man who's mind was disciplined inside his schoolbook to contemplate the collected wisdom of the ages—and he was behaving like a boy with a contraband comic opened. On those warm October days, as the afternoon sun dances and plays on the domes and spires of the university, the philosophers had to stand aside, for the professor's imagination had transported him to the Boston of his youth. Choose the best alternative for the underlined part. G. (Begin new paragraph) To summarize, H. (Do NOT begin new paragraph) So J. (Do NOT begin new paragraph) Yet Normally you don't want to start a sentence with the word "so." In this case, before you cross out (F), take a look at how this sentence relates to the rest of the passage. There is one paragraph about the professor, one paragraph about baseball, and then another paragraph that goes back to the professor. That paragraph break has to be there because the topics of the paragraph are so different. You have just eliminated (H) and (J). Look at (G). The purpose of the last passage is not to summarize, but to add to your understanding of how the professor reconciles baseball with his class. Eliminate (H). Take a look at the offending word "so" in (F). This word lets you know that this paragraph is linked to something that came before, specifically, the image of the professor with a radio inside his lectern. It helps to position this paragraph against previous information, so it works in this passage. The correct answer is (F).
Wednesday, August 22, 2007 It is NOT ghosts holding you down! Sleep paralysis is caused by a timing delay between our brain and body. It leads to an awareness of being awake, yet is accompanied by a frightening inability to move our arms or legs, utter a single word or cry out for help. It may be accompanied by unexplained sights and sounds, or even a feeling that someone else is in the room. Needless to say, it is a frightening condition that gets one’s attention. While much more common in those under the age of 30, sleep paralysis can occur at any age. It usually shows itself in the dreaming period of sleep known as rapid eye movement, or REM. During this time our muscles (except those involved with breathing or eye movement) are temporarily weakened by signals from the brain that keeps them from moving or otherwise acting out our dreams. If we awaken from REM before this dreaming stage is complete, our brain is on full alert status while our muscular system is still waking up and getting re-activated from its sleepy state. This has the potential to create the panicked feeling of not being able to move or speak at our brain’s command. Even though this seems to last a long time, normal movement and speech usually returns within 10 seconds to several minutes. While linked to those with the neurological condition known as narcolepsy, sleep paralysis can affect anyone. It is more common in individuals with sleep disorders, small children, shift workers, those who are experiencing increased stress or anxiety, are sleep deprived, lie on their backs, or have a family history of sleep paralysis. It is estimated to affect between 40 percent to 50 percent of people at least once in their lifetimes, and about 1 percent to 2 percent on a regular basis. Clues that you may have sleep paralysis include: Onset immediately upon awakening or just prior to falling asleep. Inability to speak or utter a sound until your whole body “wakes up”. In spite of being conscious, you cannot move your arms or legs for a brief period upon awakening or just prior to falling asleep. Unexplained fear. Visual or auditory hallucinations that may be accompanied by unexplained smells. Sensing an unexplained “presence” in the room. More common during times of stress. A “floating” sensation. A pressure feeling on your chest (this should be reported to your personal physician). The following steps have the potential to greatly decrease episodes of sleep paralysis: Establishing and maintaining a regular sleep schedule Stress reduction techniques No large meals or caffeinated products within three hours of bedtime Sleeping on the side and not on your back Regular exercise I am concerned because it appears you are experiencing frequent episodes of sleep paralysis. I would encourage you to keep a diary of your symptoms (paralysis, strange sounds or smells, others), as well as how often they occur. It is also important to make an appointment with a physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. The information you provide will be extremely helpful. Additionally, the sleep specialist will most likely order a test known as a polysomnogram. This is a sleep study that records specific activities (skeletal muscle tone, patterns of REM sleep, others) while you are asleep. All this data will be used to determine whether you have a sleep disorder, and if so, what methods (including medication) will be used to alleviate the symptoms. laurenbove said... sleeping pills or tranquilizers are underused. WAT said... I've had this happen to me before. Usually a cry out for help ta Jesus gets me out of one of these and makes it all better.
Published Date 01 - Feb - 2006 \| Last Updated 01 - Feb - 2006 Information rules like never before. And the Internet is the enabler of today's information; it's like the nervous system of a world in the information age. It is seething with information of all types, in many languages, at many levels, serving the needs of diverse populations, driving business, dispensing entertainment, creating never-before-imagined communication channels. There is a remarkable similarity-and one that cannot be taken lightly-between an individual brain and the Internet. The brain has a memory system that allows it to store and retrieve information; the Internet is a massive shared memory, with information being stored and retrieved all the time. Then, there is the network effect: in the brain, it is the network of neurons, with all their connections, that gives rise to its intelligence. The Internet, too, depends on the network effect for its power-the utility of the network increases exponentially as more users are added. Third, both the brain and the Internet have their information protocols. In an information-driven world, then, think of many intelligent units connected together, with the Internet as the medium. The information is the thought process. The individual nodes- whether mechanical or human-are the neurons. It's a huge collective brain, no less. But it's a brain in its infancy: it doesn't think for itself, it doesn't learn, it doesn't solve problems… What several theoreticians have proposed is that the next logical step in the development of the Internet is of it becoming a Global Brain or Overbrain. On the Internet, each node-an applet, site, server, or whatever -is dumb in itself, but the Net as a whole can exhibit intelligent behaviour. The concept of an Overbrain is based on a few broad ideas: first, that inter-human communication, being as advanced as it is now, is sufficient to make for a global superorganism. Second, that the Overbrain will be more powerful and knowledgeable than individual humans or machines. And third, that it would be something of a grid, with humans as well as machines as nodes on it. The Web will learn from-and adapt to-the behaviour and needs of its users. No human knowledge "injected" into the Web need ever be lost any more It's a very natural idea, actually. People are already acting as nodes. Take Google Answers, for example. You pay and get your query answered-it doesn't matter to you whether your query has been answered by a bot or a human. The expert who answers your question is a node. You play a game on the Web with a stranger. You're both nodes. You make a Wikipedia entry. You're a node. In what follows, we introduce what people have been calling the Global Brain, which we call the Overbrain. We look at mechanisms by which the Internet could become more intelligent, and ask what could happen thereafter. Similar Sites, Similar People Today's Internet has the trappings of a brain, but not those of a particularly smart one. Think about Amazon's recommendation system. When you buy a book or CD, you're prompted with something like "People who bought this item also bought…" This could happen all over the Net! But as of now, when you visit a Web page, you aren't presented with something like "People who visited this page also visited…" There could also be links from a page you visited to pages that "similar" people also visited. Web sites such as del.icio.us introduce the concept of "similar people." These concepts-of similar sites and similar people-are important. Treating both sites and people as nodes, we're talking here about clustering. Many aver that in a biological brain, it is clusters of neurons that make up ideas and concepts. Fragmented sets of information points just don't cut it: there needs to be organisation. In practical terms, an organised Web would be much more useful than the fragmented collection it is today. And in theoretical terms, an Overbrain would need to be organised if it is to learn and think. A Learning Web The human brain implements what is known as "associative learning." Neurons that are activated one after the other have the connection strength between them increased. Similarly, concepts that are more frequently used together become more closely interlinked. For example, if you frequently think about "mouse" and "keyboard" at the same time, the two become more tightly integrated together-possibly under a new heading, such as "input devices." Applying this to the Web would mean increasing the linkage between two pages depending on how close they are in terms of usage. So if a user views page A and then page B, the linkage between them can be increased, or a new link can be placed between them. If the user views page C after that, there will also be a link from A to C. Now, these links will need a minimum strength in order to be displayed, and so some links could die out altogether. Of course, there's the issue of unrelated sites being visited in succession, but that's addressed by the fact that the links between such sites will ultimately die out. An example of this is at the Global Brain Group (GBG), associated with the Principia Cybernetica Project (PCP). J Bollen, working with F Heylighen, chair of the GBG and AI researcher at the Free University of Brussels, has put up a smart server that does just this. The result is "a dynamic system of strengthening and weakening links between different pages." Bollen continues, "These ever-shifting hyperlinks bear a remarkable resemblance to connections that grow and fade in a human brain. On the Principia Cybernetica Web (the Web site of the PCP; http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be), algorithms will reinforce popular links... It's the first step on the road to the global brain." The important thing about this is that the Web is learning from-and adapting to-the behaviour and needs of its users. No human knowledge "injected" into the Web need ever be lost any more. Distant documents could get linked together. Clusters of ideas could form. Take the example of gorillas and conservation; one site could be that of Greenpeace, which mentions gorillas in passing. The other site could be about the social behaviour of gorillas. Mere keyword matching would not link these two as similar; if the Web could learn, it would eventually tie them together. What if the Web were intelligent enough to learn concepts on its own? The Overbrain could do data mining, where interesting patterns are observed from a mass of data and presented to the user. If a sufficient number of people who consume a certain kind of food (purchased on the Web, of course) develop a vitamin deficiency, the Overbrain could mark this up as a syndrome, and warn buyers of that food about the deficiency. A Thinking Web Here, we look at the idea of software agents on the Web, or Web agents. We've mentioned agents in The Lizard Of Oz, Digit, January 2006. The Web has thus far been more or less a passive information repository-when you're looking for information, it's you that has to be intelligent; you need to supply the search engine with an intelligent query. On the PCP Web, algorithms will reinforce popular links, while rarely used links will diminish and die. It's the first step on the road to the global brain Johan Bollen, Assistant Professor Computer Science dept.,Old Dominion University Enter the agent. Much like a bat that detects its prey by spreading echo waves and having the prey reflect them, you could let a Web agent "fan out" over the Web and have it return relevant information to you. Say you're looking for whether gorillas are apes; also, you want to list out what people think are the smartest animals, and whether gorillas figure in that list or not. This is a complex query, so you "weight" your search term: you give "gorillas" and "smart" a high weightage, "apes" and "animals" a lower weightage, and "list" the lowest weightage. Your agent could make copies of itself and actually have a presence all over the Web, not knowing exactly what it's looking for, and come up with the best matches. For example, it might spot that a particular domain has interesting information on animal taxonomy and try and apply "ape" in that domain. Just like regular software agents, Web agents could learn about their users. And agents could learn from each other, exchanging experiences! This is not the space to analyse what human thinking consists in, but introspection will reveal that when we think about something-as when we try and solve a problem-we start off at a point, and fan our thoughts out to all the concepts and ideas we have. Our thoughts play the role of agents; the concepts and ideas play the role of the clusters we talked about earlier. Thinking and learning could be combined. The knowledge an agent gains in its journeys across the Web could be passed on to the Web itself. And the learning Web would, in return, facilitate the agents' job. For all this to happen, data on the Web needs to be structured better than it is now. It could happen in many ways, but one set of technologies waiting to take off comprise the Semantic Web (www.semanticweb.org), a vision of Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the WWW. Berners-Lee, in Weaving The Web, 1999, said: "If HTML and the Web made all the online documents look like one huge book, (Semantic Web technologies) will make all the data in the world look like one huge database." Documents on the Semantic Web are much more easily processed by machines than HTML documents are, and Web agents are more easily imaginable on something like the Semantic Web. Eliciting Information Now here's where it gets really interesting. The Overbrain could very well become a repository of all the world's information. Someone high up at Google did recently say that the company would index all the world's information by 2050-whether he said it in jest or not is not the point; the fact is, we're certainly moving in that direction. But our point is also that this repository would be a smart repository in a number of ways: It would be "in touch" with human experts, who would be nodes on it. It would maintain the consistency of its knowledge, implying that, while being distributed, there would be a centralised check. Think of your brain: you cannot possibly harbour two entirely contradictory beliefs! To this end, it would elicit information from the experts and from its users. To elucidate, interaction with the Overbrain need not be one-sided-after all, in the case of our brains, information flows both ways. The Overbrain could keep a check on the consistency of the knowledge it contained; for example, it should not be the case that one node says the plural of "virus" is "viruses," with another saying it's "virii." This is a silly example, but suppose the Overbrain detected such a mismatch. It could consult an expert in biology (or software) and ask for his opinion-using which it would update the data in the mistaken node. This is a massive step: if this were to actually come to pass, the Internet would be 100 per cent reliable, and this alone would make it a hundred times more useful. The natural question now is, how would an expert be located? We can envisage a scenario in which experts register themselves with the system. Every individual has knowledge unique to him, and that others can benefit from. As more and more people plug in to the Overbrain, we'd have what we like to call a techno-ideosphere. Each one of us would have some form of identification. The domain and level of knowledge that one has to offer would be encoded in the identification, and there could be a sort of "global login" procedure. We can then envisage a system that offers knowledge in return for knowledge-so you log in as a gardening expert, and take help on subjects such as sports. We can also think of knowledge flowing between experts, resulting in debates and discussions that will enrich the usefulness of the Overbrain. Memes On The Internet Memes are ideas that can be passed on to others. In The Meme Machine, Susan Blackmore, psychologist and memeticist, has suggested that humans are basically carriers for memes-just like anthropologist Desmond Morris suggested that we are merely carriers for genes. An example of a meme is Darwin's idea that we descended from the apes. The Internet is, as we can all see, amazingly suited to the propagation of memes. Many memes start off at blogs. An example of a meme currently doing the rounds is the anti-evolutionary idea of Intelligent Design (for more information, visit www.arn.org). This is a good example because a few months ago, nobody had heard about it, and all of a sudden, the Web is abuzz with the phrase. How do memes tie in with what we've been saying about the Overbrain? Well, the Overbrain can be a formal facilitator of meme exchange. Take the case of Idea-X, at http://idea-x.net. From phptr.com, "Idea-X is an online idea exchange. Participants can either propose ideas or ask for ideas to address a specific problem. A suite of tools allows people to see how other members rate each of the ideas and the people proposing them, and to keep track of the best ideas on the site." Where Idea-X lacks is that anyone can look at the ideas on the site and use them any way they want. A more rigid system is offered by PLX Systems, "an online market for intellectual property." At www.pl-x.com, you can buy and sell registered intellectual property. This may sound too commercial, and against the nature of the Internet, but it's an example of the "expert login" principle we talked about-you give something, you take something. Idea-X and PL-X are isolated examples; the Overbrain will likely incorporate a vast meme-exchange network. On the Overbrain, memes could sprout all on their own: they could be inferred or detected from documents! They will spread, they will morph, they will be downloaded and uploaded, they will die out-all based on how useful or interesting they are. It happens on today's Internet, but slowly. Think about the way a good idea hits your brain, activating several concepts and eliciting several responses at the speed of thought. And extend that to an Overbrain, with its rich hyperlinks, its agents buzzing around, its analysis of its own knowledge and ideas! If we don't want to be dictated to, we'll have to be very careful about controlling our dependence, and the evolution of the Global Brain Daniel C Dennett, Director Center for Cognitive Studies,Tufts University Giving It The Push There is an important issue we've glossed over. There are certain things the Overbrain would not be able to imbibe all on its own; it would need an initial push-notably in the direction of traditional artificial intelligence. It would have to have some of its links structured as relationships; and it would need to have common sense. Here, we can mention that projects such as Cyc (Refer The Lizard Of Oz, Digit, January 2006) are aiming to build a system that encompasses all of human common sense, for example, that if your father has three sons, you have two brothers. Such a common-sense system could be integrated into the Overbrain. On the point of relationships, the Overbrain should know, taking the example of a cat, that: 1. It is a member of the mammal class and of the animal class 2. It has feet and a tail 3. It is a pet And so on. Reciprocally, "tail" should be linked as a member of animal bodies; "pet" should include cats, dogs, and so forth. Semantic Web technologies, which we mentioned earlier, are ideally suited to the marking up of information on the Web in this way. Today, we interact with the Internet by way of keywords. This is akin to the age of machine language in programming. Humans and the Overbrain will interact in natural language, which means that the Overbrain will need to have natural language understanding capabilities. We can also think about more sophisticated interfaces, and about downloading stuff directly to our brain. But such a tight integration of man and machine is the subject of another discussion altogether! Beyond A Repository At this point, we're talking about an entity that has all the knowledge humans have, that can think, learn and adapt, that "knows what it knows", and that can easily communicate with us. What sphere of life would be spared from such an entity? Wherever there's knowledge, information, or intelligence involved, it would be a two-way flow between humans and the Overbrain. Would there be any need for schools and teachers any more? What would universities and think-tanks become but "Overbrain exchange centres"? Would there be a need for non-fiction books any more? We learn from blogger Stephen Pratt (http://stephenpratt.com) that Heylighen said in 2000: "Whatever problem people have, any kind of question to which they want an answer, it will all become easier because the Web will self-organise and adapt to what people expect of it." And Heylighen reportedly went on to say that all the technology required to enable an Overbrain is already there -and that "the main stumbling block is the difficulty of convincing the powers behind the Internet to adopt the common protocols that will be needed." Being a repository of information is all fine. The Internet already is one. The interesting possibilities arise when the Overbrain begins analysing its knowledge. When it begins forming its own beliefs. When it becomes … aware? Whether or not the Overbrain will develop consciousness, we'll leave to the philosophers. But when the Overbrain has beliefs and opinions of its own, it will take on more control. And why not? What sophisticated system in the world today doesn't depend on computers for its functioning? And when it comes to an Overbrain, who will not hand over control to something that knows much more than what an individual brain can ever know? Beyond students and learning and books, think of governments, or corporations, and how they might turn to the Overbrain for help in decision making. Would not an overbrain dictate policies? Would it not run everything? A Skynet? Skynet is the fictional computer network in the The Terminator series of movies that turns against mankind. If we're saying we'll hand control over to an Overbrain, won't it take over us? Let's start with a warning from someone in the know. Daniel Dennett is a professional philosopher, and the author of several mind-body-brain bestsellers. From Pratt's site, Dennett says, "The global communication network is already capable of complex behaviour that defies the efforts of human experts to comprehend. And what you can't understand, you can't control. We've already made ourselves so dependent on the network that we cannot afford not to provide it with the energy and maintenance it needs." Dennett goes on, "If we don't want to be dictated to, we'll have to be very careful about controlling our dependence, and its evolution." It seems that it's a foregone conclusion for Dennett that the Overbrain will happen. But then again, think of a now-famous article called Why The Future Doesn't Need Us, in Wired Magazine in 2000: it was written by Bill Joy, co-founder of Sun Microsystems. He began with, "Our most powerful 21st-century technologies -robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech-are threatening to make humans an endangered species." When it comes to speculation, the people up there seem as confused as the rest of us: some predict doomsday, while others speak blithely of better times to come. Regarding Dennett's comments, we agree that beyond a certain point we will not be able to understand the workings of the Overbrain, but we ask, isn't the dynamics of the Internet already beyond our comprehension? And as for control and dependence, what would happen to the civilised world if all computers were unplugged? Coming back to Skynet, what if someone proposed to the Overbrain that it had the power to take over mankind? Wouldn't it turn evil at that point? Well, the Overbrain would be a reflection of the majority-one idea injected somewhere will not make a difference if the majority thinks (and hopes!) otherwise. But in any case, a doomsday question belongs in the realm of science fiction, where the Overbrain is assumed to have a consciousness and self-awareness and so on: we're assuming it won't. Think of the analogy with the human brain: you have a personality, your brain doesn't. Similarly, humanity might have a collective personality, but its Brain will not. Probably. Maybe. We hope so… An important point we've just raised is that it's the view of the majority that will be reflected by the Overbrain. Your current brain state is an "average" of all the thoughts working away inside it; similarly, the Overbrain will reflect the "average" or "most common" view. Is that depressing? Will individualism die? The point here is that this is not radically different from the situation today. It's the majority that dictates that most people should do a 9 to 5 job, and we accept it as the norm. It's the majority that likes Microsoft and Windows, and that's why most of us use it! As for individuality, it will always stand to be rewarded-recall what we said about the spreading of memes. If you have a great idea-a worthy meme-it will spread faster, more easily than it can today. Our view is that the Overbrain is something that will enrich our lives, much like the Internet has. As a final point, one can always "opt out" of the Overbrain. Just because Google has a personalised search feature doesn't mean you have to use it-you can provide your login information only when you want to. Of course, opting out of the overbrain could be a hundred times worse than the situation today when your modem gives up on you, but at least you'll have the choice! A Natural Progression Heylighen said about the Global Brain that it could happen within "just five years." But he said that in 2000. AI researchers are notorious for being overly optimistic and often hopelessly wrong with their predictions. We must distinguish well between fact and speculation. What we know for sure is that the Overbrain is the direct evolution of the Internet; that the need for communication can only increase; the need for coping with info overload can only increase; and that the need for sharing human intelligence can only increase. Whether all this will indeed lead to an Overbrain, we can't say. But it's an idea. A meme, we should say. Team DigitTeam Digit All of us are better than one of us.
Subscribe (free) About NaturalNews Contact Us Write for NaturalNews Media Info Advertising Info Bamboo: A Multi-Purpose Plant With Eco-Friendly Potential Thursday, April 03, 2008 by: Cathy Sherman Tags: bamboo, health news, Natural News Most Viewed Articles (NewsTarget) It can be stronger than iron, yet fragile as paper. It can be eaten as well as worn. As a source of medicine, it can heal. It cleans the air and makes music in the wind. Now, make room in your closets for the newest in textile plants... bamboo. As the fastest growing woody plant on earth, bamboo has a short growth cycle. Some bamboo species can grow up to one meter daily, which makes it a rapidly renewable resource. Because it is so versatile and high-yielding, it solves the problem of replenishing many consumables within a short time. There are over 1600 species of bamboo which have adapted to many environments. It can be harvested in three to five years, whereas most softwoods take ten to twenty years. Bamboo also tolerates extremes of precipitation, from 30-250 inches of annual rainfall, as well as droughts. Environmentally, this grass generates 35% more oxygen than an equivalent amount of trees while it cleanses the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and purifies the soil. Its roots help prevent erosion and rain run-off. In addition it provides shade, an acoustical barrier and a wind break. As a building material, bamboo has advantages over wood due to its flexibility, strength and light weight. These qualities also allow it to "dance" during an earthquake. After the violent 1992 Costa Rica earthquake, only the bamboo houses from the National Bamboo Project remained standing in the affected area. Bamboo's versatility applies to other building uses also. Ply bamboo can be used for wall paneling and flooring, while the stalks serve as raw material for housing construction and rebar for reinforced concrete beams. Bamboo's tensile strength is 18,000 pounds per square inch, making it stronger than any other wood. What is more exciting, it is possible to plant and grow your own bamboo home! In tropical climates, with a 20 meter by 20 meter plot, two 64 square meter homes can be constructed from the harvest in the course of five years. Every year after that, one additional house can be built per plot. Medically, bamboo has for centuries been used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine, including acupuncture. Its powdered, hardened secretion is used internally to treat asthma and coughs. Ingredients from the root of the black bamboo help treat kidney disease, and bamboo roots and leaves have been used to treat venereal disease and cancer. It is said that its sap can reduce fever and its ash will cure prickly heat. Current research is revealing bamboo's potential for many more health-enhancing uses. Bamboo is also edible; it is used by the Japanese as a natural food preservative because the antioxidant properties of its pulverized bark prevent bacterial growth. Many an Asian dish calls for bamboo shoots - very young plants. It is often used as fodder for animals and food for fish. For centuries the sound qualities of bamboo have been appreciated in uses from wind chimes to flutes. Its ambiance adds not only to the enjoyment of gardens but also home interiors. We prepare and serve foods with it and eat on it. Artists have utilized bamboo for the paper, the brush and the subject of artwork. In addition to building with it, using it for health and nutrition and its many other practical applications, we now wear bamboo. It is used in textiles for everything from towels and underwear to men's sweaters. Bamboo offers many surprising advantages in clothing: it offers breathing/wicking properties, elasticity, softness, and absorbability. It also takes up dyes easier, which means less dye needs to be used. It is less coarse than linen, hemp and burlap - other plant-based fabrics. The pesticide problem with cotton has not been a factor with bamboo, and because it grows like a weed, it should not require great amounts of fertilizer. Still, organic certification for bamboo is not yet available since most of the bamboo used in the states comes from China. The best we have is the "Oeko Tex Standard 100" certification, which promises that there are no harmful chemicals in the finished fiber (even if chemicals were used in the processing of that fiber). It isn't known how long bamboo will retain its natural pest-free status. At present it is grown among other plants in a natural state. When grown as a mono-crop in response to increased demand, it might lose this quality, causing growers to resort to pesticides. The downside of bamboo as a textile is that it is subjected to the same kind of processing procedures as cotton or rayon, in that strong solvents are required to make it suitable for any textile use. These solvents affect the environment, as they are waste products of the manufacturing process. They find their way into groundwater when they are laundered out of the finished product. The health of processing-plant workers is also impacted by the solvents. Though less harmful, mechanical methods are also available, they are less frequently used because they are more expensive. They work by crushing the bamboo into pulp, without adding the harmful solvents. More recently developed processes include closed-loop systems such as the Lyocell process used in making Tencel, and processes using safer solvents such as acetic acid. These may be used more frequently, as the demand for organically-processed bamboo textiles increases. As a result of these factors, bamboo textiles are a mixed bag ecologically. While the crop itself so far gets high marks environmentally, the processing has the same negatives as cotton. Advances can be made in this area, but manufacturers have to feel the demand for this. Consumers can make their desires known, and as long as they are willing to pay the price, bamboo clothing can become a greener alternative. About the author Join the Health Ranger's FREE email newsletter comments powered by Disqus Support NaturalNews Sponsors: Support NaturalNews Sponsors: The War on Independent Media Has Begun
Sunday, August 24, 2014 Who's Framed Personalized Learning? Do you know what framing is? It is like spinning a tale and using a term the way you, an organization, or policy makers want the term to be represented. Well, "Personalized Learning" has been framed. In a way that is making educators skeptical of its use and what it means. Who's ultimately responsible for the learner learning? Benjamin Riley started this new buzz by questioning what Personalization is in his blog post, "Don't Personalize Learning" where he stated that according to Bransford (author of How People Learn), students don't have the requisite knowledge schemas to effectively self-direct their learning. However, we went back to several theorists and one in particular, Lev Vygotsky, whose theories are the foundation of personalized learning.Vygotsky believed that mental tools extend our mental abilities, enabling us to solve problems and create solutions in the real world. This means that to successfully function in school and beyond, children need to learn more than a set of facts and skills. They need to master a set of mental tools—tools of the mind. After children master mental tools, they become in charge of their own learning, by attending and remembering in an intentional and purposeful way. The idea behind this is that learning is personal. It starts with the learner. Personalizing learning is not something someone or something does to a learner. To really learn and understand what learners are going to learn or how they learn, they need to be motivated to want to learn. They need to know how they learn best They have to have a stake in their learning. The conversations have strayed from the basic intent of personalization to believing that learners cannot own or drive their learning. Since then the idea and term "Personalized Learning" has been hijacked. Companies are very good at framing their programs as personalized learning. Textbook companies promote their curriculum with pacing guides. Be aware of who is framing their story around "personalized learning." Traditional classrooms involve teachers directing instruction and being responsible and accountable for what learners learn. The curriculum tends to be fixed. Teachers are told they need to "cover" the curriculum. Learners have no stake in what they are learning if teachers are the ones accountable for the learning. Grades may be the only motivation: extrinsic motivation. The focus is usually on the curriculum and teaching; not the learner and how they learn best. So what do learners want and need to learn? What motivates them to want to learn? We asked Kathleen Cushman who shared the 8 Universal Secrets of Motivated Learners. What they learn has to matter to them; it needs to challenge and stretch them. When they are challenged and have the skill level to do a task and are motivated to learn something, they are engaged in their learning. Teachers encourage learners to have a voice in their learning and a choice in how they learn. To do this, the learning environment changes. Teaching changes. This does not happen overnight but as with our Stages of Personalized Learning Environments chart, teachers can dip their toes into personalized learning one step at a time. Our book, Make Learning Personal, has stories from teachers and learners who have changed their teaching and learning. Many teachers that partner with their learners and changed how they teach told us they would never go back to traditional teaching. So we decided to ask a few of our friends what they think about framing personalized learning: "Personalized learning primarily involves changing the role of a child from a passive-oriented student to an active-oriented learner. Any process, practice, system or initiative which labels itself 'personalized,' but does not change the role of the learner to have more voice and choice in their own learning isn't fully personalized. Much of what is being categorized as personalized learning today involves technology integration and enhancements in the role of the teacher, without necessarily empowering the learner to discover, follow and cultivate their own passions and take an ever-increasing role for the privilege and responsibility of learning." Bryan Bronn, Principal, Branson Junior High , Branson, MO "I believe that true personalized learning comes from an organic interest in a child's mind and heart and then a freedom to let this interest reach it's full potential. It is the guiding of a child's natural curiosity to seek and explore their world as an independent, self-motivated learner. Personalized learning can only flourish when an educator lets go of the "control" of knowledge. Furthermore, the notion that guidelines and time frames are needed also must be put to rest. When true personalized learning occurs in the younger years it is hard to distinguish learning and play as they become one in the same to a child's eye. Learners no longer speak the vocabulary of "subjects" but rather of interests and new discoveries. Personalized learning is the shift from the teacher asking, "How can I teach you this?" to the learner saying, "I GOT THIS!" Lisa Welch, K-1 co-teacher, KM Explore, Wales, WI "I've been seeing the recent blog posts about this and I am glad you are working on a post to provide some clarification. It is been bothering me so much that the term is being hijacked and the meaning distorted, which has resulted in some very harsh criticism of a particular learning model that really isn't personalization but is being labeled as such. Personalization should not be a buzzword. Personalization can be achieved without technology. Personalization is about meeting learners where they are and helping them develop the skills to become self-driven learners. It isn't just about a personalized pace through a prescribed curriculum -- it's also about enabling and empowering students to collaborate with a teacher or learning coach (and peers and parents and others) to also develop their own personalized pathways through learning that includes so much more than just the prescribed curriculum." Stephanie Sandifer, Director, Strategic Operations at June Labs, TX "Personalizing learning requires the learner to participate in all levels of the learning process - from idea generation, to planning activities and resources, to designing assessments and performances of learning and understanding. Of course, learners who have been in the old paradigm of instruction have skills they need to acquire in order to do this well and make the learning their own process. Learners needs guidance and tools to do begin to personalize their learning process and then own it. It takes practice and repetition to learn and then be able to transfer those skills to other interests and concepts. Tech companies are jumping on the "tool" side of this process and their are many effective tools being used and developed for learners to personalize how they go about acquire knowledge and constructing understanding. Those of us working with learners who are participating in learning that meets their goals and dreams need to be very careful with the use of our vocabulary on a daily basis. Differentiating between personalized learning tools, such as ePortfolio formats or systems, and developing a personalized approach in a learning environment are two very different things. Personalized learning environments needs structures and tools that learners can use to make their learning relevant and meaningful to them. Learners need to help design those environments and to help select the tools that they need." Caroline Camara, HS Science Teacher, Mt. Abraham Union Middle/High School, VT From everything we see and read and learn about teachers changing roles and learners having a voice in their learning, the environment changes. Teaching changes. The results are learners taking responsibility for their learning. Teachers are still essential and valuable. Teachers become partners with their learners by creating a learning environment that encourages curiosity, creativity, and collaboration. Then you will see that learners of all ages can self-direct their learning. All of us just need to keep telling and sharing stories.
What is Google Crawling and Indexing Every blogger either Professional or Newbie everyone spend their most precious time for studying the concept What is Google Crawling? and What is Google Indexing? or How Google Indexing Work? Basically SEO is very huge and before start learning about SEO, we must aware about the basic of SEO. Basic of SEO are as follows: 1. What is Crawling? 2. What is Indexing? World Wide Web works completely only on 2 concept Crawling and Indexing. If we talk about Google Search Engine then question will be change a bit i.e What is Google Crawling? and What is Google Indexing? So, let understand the concept of SEO What is Crawling? When any search engine track your website’s each and every page for gathering the data available on your website. This process is called Crawling. What is Indexing? After crawling your website and gathering all the data. Now search engine put your website data on the search engine result (i.e. Web Searching result). This process is called Indexing. What is Google Crawling and Indexing 3 What is Google Crawling? When Google search engine track your website and gather all the data posted on your website. This process is call Google Crawling. Now Let’s understand How Google Crawl Works? Google Crawling always follows a path. Here definition of Path is links. So Google Crawling always follows the links available on your website. Let’s take an example Google Spider Bot comes to your website home page and crawl your 1 link i.e. homepage. Now Google Spider Bot found 5 more links i.e. 5 menu’s and crawl the same. So here total crawl pages are 6 (1 Homepage + 5 Menu options). Here Site maps plays vital role and guides google spider bot in crawling the website. Site maps stores all the links of your website and Google spider bot gather every data available in those site map links. This is the reason why we create site maps. Now Robots.txt plays another crucial role in crawling. Robots.txt file guide google spider bot and explains which site maps is required to crawl the website. There might be several pages which webmaster or administrator don’t want to crawl by any search engine. So using robots.txt file you can stop spider bot crawling. How Google Crawling Works What is Google Indexing? When Google shows the put of any search query on search result page, using your website data which was gathered while crawling is called Google Indexing. Indexing the dependent upon the meta tag, here meta tag is used to index or No-index. Here Google will crawl the website and shows the result in search engine, this is index meta tag. Similarly if you don’t your post or page to be displayed on search engine, then use NO-index. Google will never add those pages in indexing. Important Tips: Always allow important parts of the blog/website for crawling and indexing. never index achieves, tags, categories, index.php, etc.
Rain causes another radioactive leak at Fukushima Heavy rain has caused a leak of radioactive water containing a cancer-causing isotope at the Fukushima nuclear plant, possibly into the sea, the plant operator says. The revelation comes as a typhoon approaches Japan, threatening further downpours. It is the latest in a long line of setbacks at the site and further undermines agreements between operator Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO) and the government that limit the level of radioactive contamination in water that goes outside the plant. TEPCO said on Monday that a barrier intended to contain radioactive overflow was breached in one spot by water contaminated with strontium-90 at 70 times the legal limit for safe disposal. Strontium-90 is produced during nuclear reactions. It accumulates in bones and remains potent for many years, and causes several types of cancer in humans. The admission also coincided with a team of experts from the United Nations' nuclear watchdog wrapping up their review of Japan's progress in cleaning up the worst atomic disaster in a generation. TEPCO has poured thousands of tonnes of water on badly damaged reactors at Fukushima to keep them cool and prevent them melting down again. This huge volume of water has to be stored in large tanks until cleaned of the radioactive substances it picks up in the cooling process. Rain exacerbates the problem because as it hits polluted surfaces, it becomes contaminated, meaning TEPCO needs to scoop it all up for storage and treatment. While the storage tanks all appeared to have survived the battering from heavy rain on Sunday, the concrete overflow barriers around them were not high enough to contain the rainwater runoff in several places. Meteorologists say a typhoon that is likely to bring further heavy rain is churning its way slowly towards Japan. Forecasters expect it will hit later in the week. In August, 300 tonnes of polluted water leaked from a tank. It is now believed to have mixed with groundwater that is on its way to the sea.
Ethical Realism July 19, 2011 The Is/Ought Gap: How Do We Get “Ought” from “Is?” The is/ought gap illustrates the difficulty in understanding what it means to say that we ought to do something, and how we can know what we ought to do. What is the is/ought gap and what’s it all about? I will describe the is/ought gap, discuss its implications in meta-ethics, and discuss various solutions to the is/ought gap. (more…) November 11, 2010 Virtue Ethics Filed under: ethics,philosophy — JW Gray @ 6:38 am Tags: , , , , , , The virtue ethics of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Epicureans, and the Stoics were very individualistic and primarily concerned with helping one person become a better person though self-improvement. This is a sharp contrast to the current popular moral theories—Kantianism and consequentialism—that tend to be concerned with categorizing actions as right and wrong. These moral theories provide us with a set of rules to follow. They are much like computer programs invented to determine which actions are (or tend to be) right or wrong. The personal requirement of “thinking for yourself” would ideally be dispensable because the moral theory can think for us. (more…) January 4, 2009 Chapter 1: Ancient Ethics In order to understand how exactly moral facts and values could be endorsed, it can be useful to consider how they have been justified throughout western history. Ancient philosophers in particular can be useful because they considered every possibility they could think of and we still revisit those same themes time and time again. (Do we need God to justify values? If so, how does it help do so?) (more…) Create a free website or blog at
Today in Irish History: Eoghan Ruadh O’Neill Dies. Johnny Giles November 6: TODAY IN IRISH HISTORY (published by IrishmanSpeaks) 1649: Death of Eoghan Ruadh O’Neill probably by poisoning. Young Ireland founder Thomas Davis wrote the Lament for Eoghan Ruadh O’Neill. “Did they dare, did they dare, to slay Eoghan Ruadh O’Neill?” “Yes, they slew with poison him they feared to meet with steel.” “May God wither up their hearts! May their blood cease to flow! May they walk in living death, who poisoned Eoghan Ruadh!” “Though it break my heart to hear, say again the bitter words. From Derry, against Cromwell, he marched to measure swords: But the weapon of the Sacsanach met him on his way, And he died at Cloch Uachtar,[78] upon St. Leonard’s day. “Wail, wail ye for the Mighty One! Wail, wail ye for the Dead! Quench the hearth, and hold the breath–with ashes strew the head. How tenderly we loved him! How deeply we deplore! Holy Saviour! but to think we shall never see him more. “Sagest in the council was he, kindest in the hall! Sure we never won a battle–’twas Eoghan won them all. Had he lived–had he lived–our dear country had been free; But he’s dead, but he’s dead, and ’tis slaves we’ll ever be. “O’Farrell and Clanrickarde, Preston and Red Hugh, Audley and MacMahon, ye are valiant, wise, and true; But–what, what are ye all to our darling who is gone? The Rudder of our Ship was he, our Castle’s corner stone! “Wail, wail him through the Island! Weep, weep for our pride! Would that on the battle-field our gallant chief had died! Weep the Victor of Beann-bhorbh[79]–weep him, young men and old; Weep for him, ye women–your Beautiful lies cold! “We thought you would not die–we were sure you would not go, And leave us in our utmost need to Cromwell’s cruel blow– Sheep without a shepherd, when the snow shuts out the sky– Oh! why did you leave us, Eoghan? Why did you die? “Soft as woman’s was your voice, O’Neill! bright was your eye, Your troubles are all over, you’re at rest with God on high, But we’re slaves, and we’re orphans, Eoghan!–why didst thou die?” 1940: One of Ireland’s greatest ever soccer players, Johnny Giles is born in Dublin. 1996: Bill Clinton is re-elected President. While Clinton does not have Irish heritage, it is quite likely that the Northern Ireland peace process and the Good Friday agreement would never have happened without his cajoling and support. In Ireland, the man is a rock star. Want to learn more about Ireland? BUY Quality Quality Guinness and Ireland Rugby Shirts Guinness Rugby Shirts - Brilliant!Rugby Shirt - Ireland 3 Trackbacks to “Today in Irish History: Eoghan Ruadh O’Neill Dies. Johnny Giles” Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
• "Ghetto" (1954) • "The Horn of Time the Hunter" (also known as "Homo Aquaticus", 1963) • The novel Starfarers (1998) The Kith develop out of early interstellar explorers in the twenty-first and twenty-second centuries. Because of the effects of time dilation associated with travel at near-light speeds, the Kith maintain separate settlements ("Kithtowns") in which care was taken to keep their language and culture consistant over the course of millenia. Although the Kith are instrumental in maintaining the network of trade that makes human interstellar civilization possible, over time they become the object of derision, suspicion and ultimately persecution. Their Kithtowns become ghettos, pogroms are launched against them and they are ultimately forced to flee human space altogether. Ad blocker interference detected!
Tamil Militant Groups Sri Lanka Table of Contents The de facto policies of preference that the Sri Lankan government adopted in order to assist the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment affected most severely middle class Tamil youth, who found it more difficult during the 1970s and 1980s to enter a university or secure employment than had their older brothers and sisters. Individuals belonging to this younger generation, often referred to by other Tamils as "the boys," formed the core of an extremist movement that had become, by the late 1980s, one of the world's most violent. By the end of 1987, they fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces but also the armed might of the (Indian Peacekeeping Force) and terrorized both Sinhalese and Tamil civilians with acts of random violence. They also fought among each other with equal if not greater brutality. In a sense, the militant movement was not only a revolt against the Sinhalese-dominated status quo but also an expression of intergenerational tensions in a highly traditional society where obedience to parental authority had long been sacrosanct. Militant youth criticized their elders for indecisiveness at a time when they felt the existence of their ethnic community clearly was in danger. The movement also reflected caste differences and rivalries. The membership of the largest and most important extremist group, for example, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), was generally drawn from the Karava or fisherman caste, while individuals belonging to the elite Vellala caste were found in considerable numbers in a rival group, the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE, also PLOT). Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) emerged in 1972 when Tamil youth espousing an independent Tamil state established a group called the Tamil New Tigers. At that time, the idea of secession was still considered radical by most Tamil leaders, though the TULF embraced it four years later. An incident of apparently unprovoked police brutality in 1974 started the LTTE on its career of insurgency. In January of that year, the World Tamil Research Conference, bringing delegates from many different countries, was held in Jaffna. Police seeing large crowds milling around the meeting hall attacked them ferociously. Nine persons were killed and many more injured. The incident was viewed by youthful militants not only as a provocative act of violence but as a deliberate insult to Tamil culture. It was, according to one Tamil spokesman, "a direct challenge to their manhood." The Tigers' first act as an insurgent movement was to assassinate the progovernment mayor of Jaffna in 1975. Subsequently they went underground. As extremist movements in other countries have done, the LTTE apparently established contacts with similar groups, such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, trained with Palestinians in Libya and Lebanon, and ran its own secret training camps in India's Tamil Nadu State. In 1988 Velupillai Prabhakaran, its undisputed military and political leader, and A.S. Balasingham, its ideological spokesman, were the LTTE's most important figures. The Tamil militants' choice of the tiger as their symbol reflected not only the ferocity of that animal but a deliberate contrast with the lion (singha), which traditionally has been a symbol of the Sinhalese people and is depicted in the Sri Lankan flag. Ideologically, LTTE theoreticians at times resorted to Marxist rhetoric to characterize their struggle. Overall, the creation of an independent Tamil state, irrespective of ideology, remained the movement's only goal. In pursuit of this objective, the LTTE seemed more wedded to direct and violent action than formulation of principles on which the independent state would operate. LTTE leader Prabhakaran maintained friendly, though watchful, relations with the chief minister of India's Tamil Nadu State, M.G. Ramachandran, until the latter's death in 1987. Until India's intervention in 1987, he could count upon at least the moral support of Ramachandran's political party, the All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Some of the LTTE's militant rivals maintained ties with the Tamil Nadu opposition party, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, which was headed by Ramachandran's bitter rival, M. Karunaidhi. Other Tamil Groups Observers in the late 1980s counted at least thirty separate guerrilla groups of which five, including the LTTE, were the most important. The other four major groups were the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF), led by K. Padmanabha, the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), led by Sri Sabaratnam until he was killed by the LTTE assassins in May 1986, the Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students (EROS), led by V. Balakumar, and the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), headed by Uma Maheswaran. These groups differed significantly in terms of strategies and ideologies. EROS was said to prefer acts of economic sabotage. In March 1985, the LTTE, EPRLF, TELO, and EROS formed a united front organization, the Eelam National Liberation Front (ENLF). PLOTE, probably the most genuinely Marxist-Leninist of the five major guerrilla groups, remained outside the coalition. By mid-1986, ENLF had become largely inoperative after the LTTE quit, although the other groups sought to form a front without its participation. The Liberation Tigers proceeded to devour their rivals during 1986 and 1987. TELO was decimated in 1986 by repeated LTTE attacks. During 1987 the Tigers battled not only Indian troops but members of PLOTE and the EPRLF. The year 1983 can be regarded as a psychological turning point in the ethnic crisis. The brutal anti-Tamil riots of July in Colombo and other towns, and the government's apparent lack of concern for Tamil safety and welfare seemed to rule out a peaceful resolution of differences between Tamils and Sinhalese. The riots were touched off by the July 23 killing of thirteen Sinhalese soldiers by LTTE guerrillas on the Jaffna Peninsula. According to Tambiah, the mutilated corpses were brought to Colombo by their comrades and displayed at a cemetery as an example of the Tigers' barbarism. In an explosion of rage, local Sinhalese began attacks on Tamils and their property that spread out from Colombo District to other districts and resulted in at least 400 casualties (the official figure) and perhaps as many as 2,000 (an estimate by Tamil sources). Fifty-three Tamil prisoners were killed under questionable circumstances at the Welikade Prison outside Colombo. Damage to property, including Tamil-owned shops and factories, was initially estimated at the equivalent of US$150 million, probably a low figure. The authorities, seemingly paralyzed during the bloody days of July 24 to July 31, did little or nothing to protect the victims of mob violence. Curfews were not enforced by security personnel even though they were required under a nationwide state of emergency in effect since the May by-elections. Jayewardene withdrew to his presidential residence, heavily guarded by government troops, and issued a statement after the riots that "the time has come to accede to the clamor and the national respect of the Sinhala People," that expressed little sympathy for the sufferings of the Tamils. There was ample evidence, reported in the Indian and Western media, that the violence was more a carefully planned program than a totally spontaneous expression of popular indignation. According to a report in the New Delhi publication, India Today, "the mobs were armed with voters' lists, and detailed addresses of every Tamil-owned shop, house, or factory, and their attacks were very precise." Other sources mentioned the central role played by Minister of Industry and Scientific Affairs Cyril Mathew in providing personnel for the violence and the ease with which the mobs found transportation, including government vehicles, to move from place to place. According to political scientist James Manor, the eagerness of powerful politicians such as Mathew to stir up ethnic trouble stemmed at least in part from factional struggles within the ruling UNP. Mathew reportedly used the riots to compromise the aging and seemingly indecisive Jayewardene and undermine support for the chief executive's all-but-designated successor, Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa. According to India Today reporting in August 1983, five UNP factional groups, including Mathew's and Premadasa's, competed for influence. With deep reservoirs of anti-Tamil sentiment among poorer Sinhalese to draw upon, Mathew could not be ignored in any post-Jayewardene political arrangement within the UNP. His schemes, however, ultimately backfired. In December 1984, Mathew was obliged to resign from the cabinet for opposing negotiations between the government and the Tamils on regional autonomy, and he subsequently faced expulsion from the party. The 1983 violence had a caste as well as ethnic dimension. Mathew was a leader of the Vahumpura caste. This group has a lower status than the politically dominant Goyigama caste but comprises more than one-third of the Sinhalese population. Traditionally, Vahumpura occupations included the making of jaggery (brown sugar derived from palm sap) and domestic service in higher caste households. Nevertheless, they trace their descent from the attendants of Mahinda, the brother or son of the Indian emperor Asoka, who came to Sri Lanka as a Buddhist missionary in the third century B.C. and thus claimed an esteemed status among Sinhalese Buddhists. The Vahumpura also had been actively involved in commerce, but in the 1970s and early 1980s they were forced out of the business by their Sinhalese Karava and Tamil competitors. The resultant decline in their fortunes was a source of much resentment toward the other groups. Some observers speculated that the LTTE had moderated to a slight degree its attacks against government forces in the north, because of the presence of Tamil "hostages" in Colombo and other Sinhalese-majority urban areas, but that the July 1983 riots removed such inhibitions. The vicious cycle of violence intensified as attacks by the LTTE and other groups against troops brought harsh retaliation against Tamil civilians, especially in the Jaffna Peninsula. Reports issued by Amnesty International, the London-based human rights group, told of random seizures, tortures, and executions of hundreds of young Tamil men by the armed forces in Northern and Eastern provinces. These actions forced the great majority of Sri Lankan Tamils, whatever their point of view on the goals or methods of the guerrillas, into the arms of the extremists. In the words of one observer, the Tamil population in the north was "visibly afraid of the Tigers, but they disliked the [Sri Lankan] Army even more." As the civil war intensified, government troops were besieged inside the seventeenth-century Jaffna Fort, and most areas of Jaffna City and the surrounding countryside were under Tiger control. The government ordered serial bombings of the city. Thousands of Tamils sought refuge from government attacks across the Palk Strait in India's Tamil Nadu State. As indignation among Tamils in India grew over the atrocities, Colombo was filled with rumors of an impending Indian invasion that would have resulted in a permanent division of the island. The 1984 All Party Conference In January 1984, the Jayewardene government convened an All Party Conference to seek a resolution of the communal issue. Participants included the UNP, the SLFP, the TULF, and five smaller groups. The major issue under discussion was devolution. The government proposed the granting of autonomy to the country's districts through the creation of district councils and other changes in local government. Also, the government proposed establishment of a second house of Parliament, a council of state, whose members would include the chairmen and vice chairmen of the district councils and which would have both legislative and advisory roles. The Tamil spokesmen rejected these proposals. One reason was that they did not allow for special links between Northern and Eastern provinces. No compromise was reached and the conference broke up on December 21, 1984 and was not resumed, as had been planned, in 1985. Even if the All Party Conference had reached an agreement on devolution, it was unlikely that it could have been implemented because the SLFP and the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna had withdrawn from the negotiations. The proposals also were denounced by militant Sinhalese groups, such as politically active Buddhist monks, who viewed them as a sellout to the Tamils. India's Perspective By the close of 1984, it was becoming clear that the parties within Sri Lanka were incapable of reaching a workable compromise on their own. The new Congress (I), I for Indira Gandhi, government of Rajiv Gandhi in India assumed an active mediation role at the request of the government of Sri Lanka. Gandhi's own interest in containing the ethnic crisis was self-evident. Thousands of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees were fleeing to Tamil Nadu State, which was also a sanctuary for most of the militant groups and the now disenfranchised TULF (the number of Tamil refugees was more than 100,000 in early 1987). Local politicians, particularly Tamil Nadu's chief minister, M.G. Ramachandran, demanded initiatives on the part of New Delhi to halt the violence. Ramachandran's AIADMK was one of the few southern regional parties friendly to Gandhi's Congress (I). An appearance of insensitivity to Tamil suffering on the part of New Delhi might cost it the support of the AIADMK or strengthen the hand of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, the state's major opposition party. At the same time, Gandhi, whose predecessor as prime minister (his mother) had been assassinated by Sikh extremists on October 31, 1984, had no desire to encourage separatist forces within his own ethnically and religiously divided country by sponsoring separatist sentiments in Sri Lanka. New Delhi wished to rein in the Tigers without appearing to be too enthusiastic a backer of Jayewardene's government. A third problem for Gandhi was strategic. As the ethnic crisis deepened, the Jayewardene government sought increasing military aid from countries of which India was suspicious or which seemed to challenge New Delhi's primacy in the Indian Ocean region. China, Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), and South Africa supplied Sri Lanka with arms. Israel operated a special interest section in the United States Embassy in Colombo, and Israeli experts provided training in counterinsurgency and land settlement strategies. Retired members of Britain's Special Air Service also trained Sri Lankan military personnel. India also feared that the United States naval forces might establish an Indian Ocean base at the strategic port of Trincomalee ("another Diego Garcia" charged India). The most ominous foreign presence, however, was Pakistan's. In March-April 1985, Jayewardene made an official visit to Islamabad to confer with President Mohammed Zia ul Haq and other top Pakistani officials. According to Indian sources, Sri Lankan forces were trained by Pakistani advisers both in Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Gandhi, like his mother before him, referred to Sri Lanka's inclusion within a "Washington-Islamabad-Beijing axis". More about the Government of Sri Lanka. Custom Search Source: U.S. Library of Congress
The Eldair Solar Calendar Explained: The Eldair calendar was created some thousand years ago by the Sorcerers who discovered that their world had a 405 day orbit around their sun. Sorcerers tend to be a very organized people so they created a calendar that was divided up into 10 months, each month having four ten-week days. That left 5 days left over which they consider "leap days". These Leap Days exist outside the normal calendar and are used for the Equinoxes and Solstices, and are automatically considered holidays. The month names are based off of the runic markers visible in the stars during that month, much like our constellations. Since the calendars creation it's been adopted by the other civilizations around the world. Lunar cycles: 72, 45, 21 LCM 2520 = 6.2 years full moon The Lunar Cycles: Eldair has three moons that orbit around it. The Watcher, Eldair's closest moon appears the largest and has a 21 day orbit. The Warrior, Eldair's red moon, has a 45 day orbit and The Guardian has a 72 day orbit and appears the smallest. According to Eldair's calendar, these three moons are full on the same night every six years and two months. These nights are considered highly spiritual, and thanks to tidal pull, create the highest and lowest tides during their six year cycles. And just FYI, the night that Embera, Indri, and Iva were brought to Eldair was in fact, one of these Full Moon's Night. (Hallren and Kian were actually pretty bummed to be spending it out in the woods because crazy parties usually go down on these nights and they have to wait another six years for the next one.) Subscribe to our Feed! Jemma's Patreon Page! Instagram webtoons Twitch Channel deviantart Visit my store on Storenvy comments powered by Disqus
Make your own free website on Ned Hopson Family Ned Hopson and Naomi Griffin Hopson [Grand aunt Kate Hopson \| Grandparents: Arthur Hopson, Georgia Crawford Hopson ] If my mind can conceive it, And my heart can believe it, Then, I can achieve it. Emancipation Proclamation Then They Were Free 22 September, 1862 Dream-scaping: The Wheels of the Dream are our individual families connected through birth, marriage, or adoption. Each generation of families is characterized as a wheel ofhe American Dream. Rolling along the pathway of time, over Wheels now 173 years old. Cities/towns and states were a family or cluster of families lived are depicted as hubs or Dream Scences. 'The apple never falls far from the tree.' Before They Were Free: More than 25, 000 thousand politically and socially, albeit, spiritually free, enslav ed people. From the environs around Cadiz, KY, they dared to dream their once impossible dream of freedom. Ned Hopson, Lewis Hopson, and James Hill enlisted July 28 1864 at Paducah, KY. [NEXT\| KY USCT History \| [ 8th KY USCT Artillery Regiment Roster ]
Image 1 of 1 Soil samples collected from an archaeological excavation are placed in a bath of running water. Small particles of carbonised wood, animal bones, shells, seeds etc float away from the heavier earth and clays to be collected by sieves for later microscopic analysis. The residue is then washed and inspected by eye to retrieve any items which may have escaped the flotation process.
Tuesday, March 11, 2008 Analogy #163: Challenge Your Assumptions What is it with Americans and breakfast foods? We seem to segregate food into two categories—food appropriate for breakfast and food appropriate for the rest of the day. And heaven forbid that we would confuse the two and eat one of these foods at the wrong time of the day. Take, for example, oats. Oats are a common breakfast food found in oatmeal, oat bran muffins, and Cheerios cereal. However one almost never eats oats at any other time of the day. And what about bread? For some reason, if it is eaten in the morning it has to be toasted. The rest of the day tends to be toast-free. At McDonalds, I can get all kinds of beef patty combinations the rest of the day, but no pork. For breakfast, I can get all kinds of pork combinations, but no beef. And then there are these silly substitutions: 1) I can only eat potato chips the rest of the day. For breakfast, they must be crispy hash browns. 2) I cannot eat chocolate cake for breakfast, but I can eat a gooey chocolate muffin. 3) I cannot eat a fruit pie for breakfast, but I can eat a fruit Danish. 4) Corn chips the rest of the day, corn flakes in the morning. And then, of course, there is the magic egg. You can put almost any combination of any type of food on a plate, and as long as it is inside or next to an egg, it magically becomes a breakfast food. Take away the egg and it might be no longer appropriate for breakfast (think steak and eggs versus just steak). As an act of defiance, for dinner today I made Ham and Eggs. Our actions are based on assumptions. Some things are assumed to be right and other things assumed to be wrong. We are much more likely to do the things that fit into our assumptions about what is the right thing to do. In the case of food, we tend to have assumptions about what is appropriate to eat for breakfast and what is appropriate to eat the rest of the day. Therefore, we eat different foods for breakfast versus the rest of the day. Is there some medical reason for this? Do oats only have nutritional value in the morning? Is there something about the roundness of a muffin verses the triangular shape of a cake that makes round things better in the morning? Of course not. But the assumptions of what to eat at what times persist never-the-less. Business decisions are also based on assumptions. We may not even consciously know what the assumptions are behind those decisions, just like we may not know why breakfast potatoes need to be in the form of hash browns. Strategic planning is often about finding new opportunities. Many times these new opportunities can defy the prevailing assumptions of the day. If we do not challenge the root assumptions of society in our strategic planning process, we may become blind to all of the great opportunities which come from re-writing those assumptions. The principle here is that behavior is an outcome of assumptions. Unless we challenge those assumptions, we may never get to the optimal behavior. Take, for example the idea of re-engineering. We may have a ten-step process for getting something done. As part of a productivity strategy, we may want to make that ten-step process more efficient. One way to do that would be to examine each of the ten steps separately to find ways to make each step more efficient. However, this is based on the assumption that all ten steps are really necessary. If we look at the process holistically, we may find that assumption to be invalid. Perhaps we can get that process done in only 5 steps if we re-engineer the whole thing. Eliminating half the steps could be a far greater productivity gain than just making each of the original ten steps marginally better. However, if the assumptions are never challenged, that 5 step process would not be discovered. Great new business opportunities often fly in the face of old assumptions. There used to be an assumption that people expected drinking water to be essentially free. Nobody in their right mind would pay for a drink of water. Now the bottled water business is huge—one of the greatest new businesses to hit the food industry in a long time. People think nothing of paying more than a dollar for a drink of bottled water. If the old assumption had never been challenged, this great opportunity might never have occurred. In an earlier blog, I talked about all the different business models that can be found in the pizza business (see “There’s More Than One Way to Slice Pizza”). If the old business models had not been challenged, then the new business models for pizza would not have been discovered. Let’s go back to the breakfast foods. There really is a reason behind the segregation of food into these two categories. What one has to realize is that at one time, making dinner was a very time consuming chore. A little more than a half-century ago, the typical time for dinner preparation was around an hour and a half. If you go back more than a century, dinner preparation could take two hours or more. In addition, every day you had to find the time to bake your own fresh bread. So here was the deal. Nobody had the time or inclination to spend two hours making a meal in the morning. You wanted to eat sooner than that. Back in the 1800s, there were only a limited number of foods you could prepare quickly. They were things like eggs, oatmeal and pancakes. That’s how they got assigned to the morning. The other foods took too much time to prepare, so they were relegated to later in the day. The toast? Well, fresh baked bread at home did not have preservatives, and back in the 1800s, they didn’t have those nice plastic bags to keep the bread moist. As a result, the morning bread left over from yesterday’s baking was a little dried out. Toasting made the dry bread taste better. Of course, those assumptions about time seem silly today. The average prep time for dinner these days is close to 15 minutes. Thanks to modern packaging and microwave ovens we can have just about any kind of food we want in about seven minutes or less. So all of the assumptions about what is appropriate for breakfast no longer apply. Yet the habits remain because not enough people are challenging the assumptions. Yes, some restaurants are serving breakfast all day long. But why don’t they serve dinner all day long? There is some movement in this direction by the fast food chains. McDonald’s attempted to position its McGriddles breakfast food as an end of the day meal for people who stayed up all night enjoying themselves at nightclubs. McDonald’s is also considering serving breakfast all day long. After all, it is among the highest margin meals they make. Taco Bell invented a new meal, which they call the fourth meal. It is eaten sometime between dinner and bed time. And of course, they plant the assumption that Taco Bell food is most appropriate for that fourth meal. Therefore, sometime during the strategic planning process, it is wise to bring up the topic of assumptions. First, we need to bring those hidden assumptions to the surface. If we are unaware of them, we cannot deal with them. They is a “why” for every action and if we know the assumptions, we will know the whys. Second, we need to challenge those assumptions. Are they still valid, or have they become obsolete, like the assumptions around breakfast foods. Third, if the assumptions are weak or obsolete, is there an opportunity to replace those assumptions? Great business opportunities to cut costs or create new industries may be possible under a different set of assumptions. Fourth, we must assess how ingrained current habits are to determine how difficult it will be to change those habits and thought patterns. Some are harder to change than others. For example, clear beer was too far of a stretch for people to accept. The assumption that full-bodied beer must have full-bodied color was too hard to break. Assumptions drive activities. If you want to optimize the activities of yourself and your customers, it is wise to challenge those assumptions. This past week, the comic strip Mutts captured this idea of challenging assumptions well. The comic showed two birds sitting on a branch next to a warm, tropical beach. The first bird said to the second bird, “Bob, it’s about time we started to fly north.” The second bird looked at the current surroundings, thought a moment, and then replied, “Why?” This bird was challenging the assumption that one has to fly north for the summer. Why not just hang out at the tropical beach? No comments: Post a Comment
Human Security and the Syrian Refugee Crisis Atme Syrian Refugee Camp, March 2014 Human Security and the Syrian Refugee Crisis - Laura Mojonnier The two main concepts of security – human and state – are often seen as existing in tension. The thinking goes that for the state to perpetuate and protect itself in the face of threats like domestic unrest, terrorism, or foreign invasion, it must occasionally subordinate its citizens’ human rights. This rationale can be seen in the choice of the Syrian and Libyan regimes to try to crush the protests that began in 2011. But in reality, state and human security complement each other; one cannot be achieved without the other. Where people live in want or need, and where their human rights are regularly violated, the state is insecure because its people are insecure. Additionally, where the state is insecure politically, environmentally, or internationally, human security cannot be guaranteed. Recent developments in North Africa and the Middle East exemplify this truth, especially the evolving humanitarian crisis in Syria, which has produced 2.3 million registered refugees and 6.5 million Internally Displaced Persons to date. The international community must bear in mind this interdependent relationship between human and state security as it attempts to address the Syrian refugee crisis, as well as achieve a durable peace in the region. The concept of state security developed when a nation’s principle task was to protect its boundaries and people from external threat, usually from interstate wars. The concept of human security, alternately, reflects the more complex world in which we currently live, where the causes and externalities of conflicts emerge out of a web of interrelated factors, and where “humanitarian action has become intertwined with the political, military and development dimensions of violent conflict – an uneasy relationship” (“Human Security Now”). The UN defines human security simply as “freedom from fear” and “freedom from want” – the ability to live in dignity, without having one’s human rights violated. This breadth is one of the chief benefits of the definition. It captures the evolving complexity of the modern international environment. While the exact causes of the Arab uprisings vary by country, most were triggered by the region’s severe lack of human security, such as youth unemployment, destructive droughts, and abuse by authorities. But many Arab governments viewed mass street protests as affronts to national security – not to mention their own power. When they tried to crush the demonstrations in the name of state security, as in Libya and Syria, they ironically sparked protracted, bloody civil wars, which dramatically decreased security by any definition. The consequences of such clashes are perhaps severest in Syria, where the war rages on. As the international community contemplates how to mediate the conflict and its fallout, it must recognize that though the political and humanitarian crises are linked, they must be dealt with separately. The humanitarian emergency in Syria must be addressed immediately, before the conflict ends, because at the moment a political resolution is uncertain. The war has killed close to 115,000 people, including more than 11,000 children and 41,000 civilians. Those who remain often fear for their lives; they may have wounded family members, or have seen their livelihoods evaporate. If they can, they migrate, either within Syria or abroad. Many move to neighboring states: today Lebanon hosts 845,858 Syrian refugees; while Jordan hosts 567,111; Turkey, 553,281; Iraq, 207,053; and Egypt, 130,841. In many of these countries, tensions are high, as natives lament the sudden influx of migrants when there is no capacity to absorb them. While these refugees are protected by UNCHR’s supranational mandate, their arrival in such large numbers can be seen as a threat to national sovereignty. The international community must address the burdens adjacent countries face by compensating them for their additional costs on schooling, healthcare, and infrastructure. Moreover, in the post-9/11 world, the concern with terrorism has lead to a securitization of the migration debate. States have sincere fears about combatants being mixed in with the refugees, having observed the Somali situation in Kenya. Syria’s neighbors have opened their borders with compassion, but they must be assured that their state security will be maintained. To start, refugee camps should be kept far from borders, and infrastructure like schools and health facilities should be built so that the refugees do not become susceptible to the influence of radicals, which may happen if the migrants lack basic human security. Such actions can help prevent another situation like the birth of the Taliban, which grew out of the “mud and hopelessness of the refugee camps in Pakistan, along the Afghan border”. Humanitarian action is not enough, however. To end the conflict, a political agreement must be reached. Once a safe environment is established after disarmament, a peace accord that addresses the war’s root causes must be adopted. Such an agreement should use a human security framework to establish not only political and military détente, but also orderly repatriation and the long-term human security that will prevent a return to war. This accord must disarm combatants; establish property restitution and reconciliation programs; achieve justice for victims and hold perpetrators accountable; and put in place the legal apparatuses (police, minority rights, well-timed elections), infrastructure (jails, schools, hospitals), and economic systems (land reform, etc.) that will foster rule of law and lasting development. The returning refugees’ psychological states must also be considered, including feelings of desperation and long absences from school for children, to help stave off the increased crime and social unrest that sometimes follow repatriation. Ultimately, the current situation in the Middle East and North Africa shows us that a lack of human security can be both a cause and consequence of contemporary conflict, and that fostering this broader, more nuanced approach to security is the only viable way to create enduring peace.
Dictionary Information: Definition Continuation Thesaurus: Continuation Description and Meaning: Continuation Continuation (Contin`ua"tion) (?), n. [L. continuatio: cf. F. connuation.] 1. That act or state of continuing; the state of being continued; uninterrupted extension or succession; prolongation; propagation. "Preventing the continuation of the royal line." Macaulay. 2. That which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on; as, the continuation of a story. "My continuation of the version of Statius." Pope. Encyclopedia Index Authors Encyclopedia \| Encyclopedia of the Self Classical Authors Index \| Classical Authors Directory \| Classical Authors Library
Custom Search Thursday, April 9, 2009 Why the Anunnaki came to Earth The Annunaki came to Earth in need of gold. The atmosphere of their native planet was diminishing. It may seem like a weird concept to have a need for gold to restore damage to a planet. With the current situation on global warming, the US is having scientists look into hi tech solutions including "space mirrors". One way to reflect light into space would be to introduce a reflective substance into the upper atmosphere. Planet Nibiru is said to revolve around the sun in an oval pattern, unlike other planets that follow a circular course. Much like the course of Halley's Comet. There are many comets with long orbital periods. Halley is the most famous of the periodic coments and is currently expected to pass Earth every 75 years. Planet Nibiru has a much longer course. There is no proven time line given that Nibiru's is expected to pass the inner solar system. Some have guessed it to be around 3,600 years. It is believed that their planet is very cold. This could mean the the gold was not used to keep warmth in but rather to keep light out. Wednesday, April 8, 2009 Anunnaki and the creation of Mankind Two Sumarian's, Enlil and Enki were sent to Earth to oversee the mission of mining gold. Enlil and Enki were the son's of Anu, translated "supreme Lord of the Sky". Enki had been the first of the Anunnaki to make the trip to Earth. When Enki failed to produce a sufficient amount of gold, Enlil was sent in to take over. This fueled an already existing conflict between the brothers. The mining was relocated from Mesopotamia to South Africa (Ab-zu). After some time the Anunnaki appointed to work the mines mutanied. It was at this time that Enki had the idea of creating a primitave worker. Let us make man in our image, after our likeness.” Enki was then granted permission to create a slave race for the Anunnaki. Enki's first creation "Adam" could not procreate on its own. Enki then created "Eve" without Enlil's knowledge. Enlil created an E.DIN, a special place where new strains of edible crops could be developed and later implemented. The slaves were placed in E.Din aiding in the efforts to raise food. Enki encouraged them there to eat the fruit from the "Tree of Goog and Evil" (e.g. sexual knowlege) (note: “snake” is nahash, which comes from the root word NHSH, and which means “to decipher, to find out.” In other words, Enki, the God of Wisdom) When Enlil learned of this he banished the humans from E.Din. Enki looked after the slaves. Throughout the rest of the time the Anunnaki spent on Earth Enki and Enlil were at odds over the situation of the humans. Enlil and Enki continued in many fueds listed in the Bible. Humans also chose sides during this time. Noah, who remained on Enki's side was furnished with plans for a boat when Enlil created the great flood. In circa 2000 B.C.E. there was a war between Enki’s humans and Enlil’s humans. This lead to the destuction of Sodom and Gomorrah with nuclear weapons. The decision for this, however, was not, as you might have expected, due to Enlil’s instigation. Instead, it was due to the actions of his sons, Ninurta and Ningal. Beacause of this Enlil was no longer recognized as the Lord of the Command by his peers. The fallout of their actions resulted in the final destruction of the Sumerian civilization. In the end Enki was able to preserve his creation on Earth. Tuesday, April 7, 2009 Plant Nibiru Nibirians, the people of Nibiru, are often referred to as the Anunnaki, Nephilim, Elohim (plural for god), and Mardukians. The word "Anunnaki" literally means "those who came from heaven to earth". In the Old Testament these "heavenly" visitors are called "Anakim". Planet Nibiru's origin comes from clay tablets found during the past 100 years. These tablets, dated 2,500 B.C. clearly show our solar system with great accuracy. These pictures, from the Sumarians lay out our solar system with the planets, sun and sizes that have been proven today. How were they able to do this? Pluto was not discovered until 1930. Some people believed that Nibiru would pass by Earth in 2003. The expected date now is 2012 though no one knows for sure.
Error message The file could not be created. Parliaments, the Environment and Climate Change AGORA moderator's picture The world is facing severe challenges relating to climate change and the exploitation of environmental resources. Parliaments have a key role in setting a country’s wider development vision, and in developing sound environmental policies in support of this vision. This includes shaping a policy and regulatory framework that promotes mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, the development of renewable energy potential, and the provision of improved energy access and security, among others. In addition to their law-making functions, parliaments should provide effective oversight to ensure that the legislation it passes is sufficiently funded and implemented, and that the citizens it represents are consulted and included in these decision-making processes. Legislators have a wide range of tools at their disposal to carry out these tasks and to promote inclusive, sustainable development that successfully tackles climate change: • As a lawmaking institution, parliament is accountable for the laws it makes and amends. It is essential to establish a robust legal framework that governs the development, management and taxation of the energy, forestry and fishery sectors, but that also tackles climate change and establishes much-needed adaptation and mitigation measures. This framework should also function as a sound legal basis for administering the rights and demands of a country’s different stakeholders. Beyond this, parliament also has a crucial role to play with regard to the ratification of international climate change treaties. Since such treaties have proved extremely difficult to negotiate and have fallen far short of the necessary targets, however, many countries (and their parliaments) are increasingly directing their attention towards climate change frameworks at the national level. • As an oversight body, parliament is responsible for holding the government to account for its execution of laws, policies, and funding. Parliament can assume this ‘watchdog’ role through question periods, by conducting public hearings and by inviting government officials to testify before committees. Parliament also plays a key role in the budgetary cycle by securitizing the expenditure and revenue proposals of the executive, and by overseeing their implementation. An example of this is India, where MPs aligned in the Climate Parliament network succeeded in having 1% of the national budget earmarked for renewable energy development. Similarly, in Uganda MPs succeeded in making access to energy the "9th Millennium Development Goal" for the country. They also established a new national Energy Fund, in which more than $150 million has been invested. • As a representational institution, parliament needs to channel the views and concerns of the population to the relevant government actors. This includes a healthy and constructive collaboration with all constituents, including civil society organisations, women, indigenous peoples and citizens in general, to ensure that government decisions reflect the perspectives of all concerned. 1. Parliaments & Climate Change In most developing countries, including many of those that are not fully democratic, the parliament has a key role to play in both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. Most countries need to lower their greenhouse gas emissions and urgently reduce their vulnerabilities in the face of an increasing risk of floods, droughts and heat waves, water shortages, air pollution and soil erosion, to name a few. This section offers an introduction to the science behind climate change, with a particular focus on mitigation and adaptation. It also outlines the international action framework, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative Addressing climate change is a complex and challenging task, but parliaments and parliamentarians are well-positioned to take action and to deliver much-needed, lasting results. These pages will review key issues with regard to legislation, representation and oversight on climate change, and will offer concrete action points for MPs to employ in their respective institutions. To read more about parliaments and climate change, please click here. 2. Parliaments & Renewable energy Many countries have started to implement policies and adopt legislation to harness renewable resources  water, sun, wind, geothermal and biomass  to produce electricity, heat and fuel. As the world moves towards adoption of renewable energy as a key source of energy production, the role of parliamentarians has been and will remain critical in developing legislation required to create and deliver access to energy from renewable sources. The development of renewable energy cannot be achieved without political leadership. Parliamentarians have all the levers they need in order to act: they vote on laws, impose taxes and approve state budgets; they oversee the operations of government and have direct access to Ministers, Prime Ministers and Presidents; they can influence national policy, build strong legal frameworks, direct spending in new directions, and establish stronger policies and targets for action on renewable energy. In short, the transition to a post-fossil fuels world will benefit considerably from the support of parliamentarians ready to use their political capital for the promotion of renewable energy. To read more about parliaments and renewable energy, please click here. 3. Deforestation: REDD+ As a contribution to the global fight against climate change, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries (REDD+) is an international mechanism that creates a financial incentive for developing countries to better protect forests and manage forest- related activities. Parliaments will be key actors in developing national REDD+ processes. They will produce legislation governing the forestry sector, develop policies on how to regulate forests, and scrutinize the national budget for this process. Finally, parliament is a key mediator between local and national interests. Given their representative role, parliaments make for an excellent forum for ensuring the interests of those that will be most affected by the REDD+ process (such as indigenous peoples). To read more about REDD+, please click here. 4. Extractive Industries The oil, gas and mining sectors contribute significantly to government revenues, GDP and export in resource-rich countries. Despite this opportunity for development, many resource-rich countries fail to use the extractive industries sector for wider economic and social development, resulting in higher poverty rates and, in some instances conflict. Parliament plays an important role in the extractive industries sector, and can contribute to the use of the petroleum and/or mining sectors for long-term sustainable development in a number of meaningful ways. To read more about parliaments and extractive indutries, please click here

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