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The Quran was revealed in stages to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) by Allah the Almighty in Arabic. The Quran has been handed down intact from generation to generation. It is a book written in mushafs (copies), begins with Surah al-Fatiha, and concludes with Surah an-Nas. Reciting the Quran is one of the best good deeds a Muslim can do. Reciting the Quran is the best act of worship after the obligations. The Quran consists of 323.015 letters, 77.439 words, 6.236 verses and 114 surahs. The Quran is a holy book that introduces the presence of the Almighty, guides us to live a coherent life by establishing a bond between contemplation, knowledge and behavior and makes belief and performing good deeds the key to lasting happiness and salvation. The Quran that shows the meaning of existence and life is the cure for minds and hearts, a source of wisdom and knowledge and a guide and roadmap to happiness in this world and the Hereafter. It was sent down to be read and understood and for the universal message that it gives to be assimilated and internalized. It is an eternal translation of the book of the universe and a torch that illuminates the horizons, paths, hearts and souls of humankind. It has not lost any of its light since the day it began to illuminate humankind and its values and meanings and ethical principles have always remained fresh and new. The eternal message that it gives must be apprehended while reading it. “Surely this Qur’an guides to that which is the straightest and gives good news to believers who practice good and they will get a great reward” (Isra 17: 9). “Allah, there is none worthy of worship except Him, the Living, the Ever Lasting. Slumber does not overtake Him nor does sleep. He knows what lies before them and what is behind them. His authority extends over Heaven and Earth.” (Baqara 2: 255) “We have sent a Messenger to every Nation. Serve Allah (Alone) and turn a side from false Gods.” (Nahl 16: 36) “Do you think then that we have created you for nothing and that you would not be returned to Us.” (Mu’minun 23: 115) Qualities of Mu’min “They are who are humble in their prayers, who avoid vain talk and who practice the System of Zakah and who faithfully observe their trusts and undertaking...” (Mu’minûn 23: 1-11) Duty towards Parents “Be kind to your Parents and the relatives and the Orphans and those in need and speak nicely to people.” (Baqara 2: 83) “Your Lord has ordered that you worship none but Him and show kindness to your Parents, whether either of them or both of them attain old age in your life, never say to them “Ough” nor be harsh to them, but speak to them kindly. And serve them with tenderness and humility and say: My Lord have mercy on them, just as they cared for me as a little child.” (Isra 17: 23,24) “Allah commands Justice, kindness and giving (their due) to near relatives.” (Nahl 16: 90) “Give Orphans their property and do not replace something bad for something good.” (Nisâ 4: 2) “Believers are but brothers, so set things right between your brothers and observe your duty to Allah so that you may obtain mercy.” (Hucurât 49: 10). “When you enter houses salute one another with a greeting from Allah, blessed and sweet.” (Nûr 24: 61) “Be modest in your behaviour and lower your voice. Truly the harshest of all voices is the voice of the ass.” (Luqman 31: 19) “If you find no one there in still do not enter until permission has been given” (Nûr 24: 27,28). Keeping promise “O, you who believe, fulfill your undertakings...” (Maide 5: 1) “Whenever you speak, speak justly even if a near relative is concerned.” (An’am 6: 152) “O, you who believe! Fear Allah and stand by those who are truthful.” (Tavba 9: 199) “Tolerate patiently what (Unbelievers) say and part from them in polite manner.” (Muzzammil 73: 10) “Allah commands justice and fairness...” (Nahl 16:90); (Maida 5:8) Reliance on Allah “...He who relies on Allah, Allah is enough for him” (Talaq 65: 3) “And there are People Who say: “We believe in Allah and the Last Day but actually do not believe” (Baqara 2: 8) Usury and Interest ”..Allah has permitted trading and forbidden Interest and Usury.” (Baqara 2: 275) Wine and Gambling .”..O you who believe! Liquor and Gambling, Idols and Divining arrows are only a filthy work of Satan; give them up so that you may prosper” (Maida 5: 90) “And keep away from Adultery. Surely, it is a hateful filthy work and a very bad thing.” (Isra 17: 32) 148
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month ' Tzarist Rule In the Years 1856-1917 and Communist Rule From the Death of Lenin To the Death of Stalin Depended On High Degrees of Central Power and Control By the State. the Similarities Between the Two Forms of Government Were Therefore Much Greate... Extracts from this document... ' TZARIST RULE IN THE YEARS 1856-1917 AND COMMUNIST RULE FROM THE DEATH OF LENIN TO THE DEATH OF STALIN DEPENDED ON HIGH DEGREES OF CENTRAL POWER AND CONTROL BY THE STATE. THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO FORMS OF GOVERNMENT WERE THEREFORE MUCH GREATER THAN THE DIFFERENCES.' HOW FAR DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS STATEMENT? Both forms of government did depend on high degree of central control. However, some Tsars and Stalin exerted more central controls than others. Stalin's stronger use of central control created differences between the two forms of government. The Tsars used different levels of central control. Alexander II used very little. He had emancipated the serfs, created the zemstva and allowed freedom of religion. Alexander III most resembled Stalin by using the most central controls. He also increased the power of his Predecessors secret police, renaming them the Okrana. The Okrana were similar to Stalin's secret police (NKVD.) Both were violent against minority groups and Russian's opposing the state. They could arrest anyone on suspicion of being an enemy of the state without any evidence. But Stalin used the NKVD as a central control to a bigger extent than the Tsar. During the purges (1934-38) the NKVD were vital. They arrested twenty million people in 1937 and created fear amongst communist workers, which became their biggest motivator. ...read more. Which was even less than the amount produced in 1913. Agriculture policies failed for Russia throughout both Tsarist and Communist rule. Hence the great need for Khrushchev to try to modernise agriculture. However, collectivisation was a success for state because it did appear communism worked, which had been Stalin's main aim. He had managed to collectivise the country in four years and peasants were too scared of the NKVD to rebel. They scrutinised them in the Mechanical Tractor Stations but although peasants did not rebel, the peasants incentive disappeared which is why grain productivity had fallen in 1934. A similar reason agriculture did not improve in Tsarist and Communist Russia was peasant conservatism. In Tsarist Russia the peasants had not wanted to use new farming methods and liked the security of the Mir which was why in 1914 the number of kulaks was limited and Stolypin had only managed to use his strip system on 10% of the land and under Stalin the peasants had refused new machinery, this meant agriculture could not progress for both governments and they had to focus on how to deal with the peasants rather than the actual policy itself. The peasants had no incentive to grow food, they received no reward and did not see the point in growing the food so that the NKVD could take it away. ...read more. Agriculture was also a failure for both forms of government. Neither forms of governments managed to give peasants an incentive and change their conservative views, Harold Stukman; "A minority achieved success as independent farmers, while the majority were unable to withstand rising taxes." Brian Moynahal; "A quarter of cattle, sheep and goats, and a third of pigs were slaughtered in 1930 by peasants who were determined that they should not be given to the collective." However, there were some major differences between the two forms of government. As time progressed the Tsars lost support from the nobles and power, after 1905 revolution Nicholas II had very little central control. But Stalin's dictatorship increased in strength and by 1938, the purges had made Russian's so fearful, they were willing to accept the totalitarian ruler instead of the democratic system which had originally been hoped for in the February 1917 revolution. Stalin had also used fear as a motivator for workers and managed to industrialise. Overall the most similarities occur between Alexander III and Stalin due to their repressive actions but although all the Tsars and Stalin depended on central control, it cannot be said that there were more similarities because of the power and support for Stalin's when his reign ended compared to the weak Tsarist system which Russians felt was not worth saving. Total Word Count 3247 ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related GCSE Russia, USSR 1905-1941 essays 1. Why did the Tsarist regime fall in 1917? The second paragraph is reliable, as it depicts terrible food shortages, and we know from historical knowledge that this was actually happening in 1916. Source E also shows food shortages, which increases the reliability of both source E and F, as they show the same thing happening around the same 2. How did Stalin control Russia from 1924-1953? Stalin made ambitious targets for each region, state, factory, section, and individual in Russia to achieve. These were usually near impossible to meet, and resulted in heavy penalties and many factory managers and workers being murdered or sent to gulags by Stalin's Secret Police. 1. Why was the Tsar's government overthrown in February/March 1917 There was one protest to which Nicholas responded with violence (see Causes: Political); in response, industrial workers went on strike and effectively paralyzed the railway and transportation networks. What few supplies were available could not be effectively transported. As goods became more and more scarce, prices skyrocketed. 2. The Policies of Joseph Stalin 1928 1953 Collectivisation involved changing the agricultural sector of the economy. Fifty to one hundred families would work together on a "kolkhoz", share tools and group livestock together. The idea, in theory, seemed feasible but the grain produced was sold to the government at a fixed, low price. consequences maybe if they tried to oppose the Tsar and therefore it brought a sense of fear in the lives of the Russian people not to oppose the tsar. It was a brutalising experience. The military reforms of 1874 meant that men would have to serve at least six years 2. Why was Lenin able to seize power in October 1917? Russia's leader he would have to make changes to the way he ran Russia. The result was The October Manifesto. This meant that Nicholas would become a figurehead, leaving the important decisions to elected politicians (rather like the monarch in Britain) 1. 'To What Extent Did Tsar Alexander III's Reign Mark A Major Change From That ... There had been such a revision of his father's reign that the period has been called the age of 'Counter-Reforms.' Alexander II's reforms had inevitably brought about an increase in the right of the people to discuss and criticise the regime, a consequence that the Tsar had taken personally. They had already lost millions of troops to the war and they didn't want to lose anymore. They had called an armistice before the treaty was signed in the hope that communism/socialism would take it's place in Germany. The first free elections were also held, this was thought to give • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Kings College operates a good example of an environmentally sustainable school? Discuss? Extracts from this document... 1Contents Page 1. Contents page 2. Introduction 3. Aim 4. Initiatives 5. School locational context 6. Example of environmentally sustainable school 7. Conclusion 8. References Kings College operates a good example of an environmentally sustainable school? Discuss? The environment is a key factor and is something we should take into consideration more and more now as we edge closer to global warming. Global warming is having a great effect on us now without us really knowing much about it. For example the factors that are playing a role are the amount of gas in the air that is being produced by humans. This is being done to produce electricity, heating and to drive our cars. It is vitally important that we start to do something about this as around the world; everyone will have to play their part to use less non renewable resources on a global scale. Therefore educating the younger generation to start to help look after and protect their environment becomes more and more important. The responsibility for this will predominantly come from influencing them in their school environment, where they spend the majority of their time up to the age of 18. However this will only be possible if the school takes it upon itself to introduce new measures to become a more environmentally sustainable. This exposure in the school environment will hopefully encourage more renewable resources to be used outside of school at home by recycling. This will help people get used to this way for later in life when there maybe a shortage of non renewable resources such as oil, gas and coal. The way in which the school could become more environmentally friendly is by encouraging people to for example try not to waste paper and use both sides and promoting these ideas widely and visually around the school. Also recycling, reduce the food wastage and the amount of energy used by the school. ...read more. Install point of use water heaters instead of using hot water from boilers a long distance from sinks. Keep replacing more light fittings with more energy efficient light fittings, these use less power and last about the same amount of time if not longer but cost a little bit more, yet the prices probably level themselves out. Increasing insulation of pipes to prevent any energy being wasted. So maintenance has to be reviewed regularly to see if money and energy is being wasted. Each classroom throughout school should have radiator thermostatic control valves to adjust the temperature level to stop rooms getting needlessly overheated. Also with transport to school if you really live a way away maybe car share but if you live in the local community do not needlessly waste petrol and release harmful emissions, instead walk, this is not just good for the environment it is also good for children to get exercise to keep them healthy. Investigate on site composting to see if it is good enough to grow flowers or food. Lastly turn off equipment such as computers when not in use but also the heating can be switched off during holidays and in the summer term when the weather has got better. Add an environment lesson to the school curriculum to encourage change. If the school introduced an environment lesson then not just in lesson would people do things but just in general wherever they are they will notice things that could save money and energy and will do something about this. This will not affect everyone but if the lesson was introduced in school for all years from 7-11's then they may possibly be an increase in energy saved in the local area. To do a carbon footprint of the school would be a very good indicator of how environmentally sustainable it is, from that you will be able to see where the school needs improving and what new methods could be introduced to achieve an all round ...read more. and have a feel good factor and want to make improvements to their community Environmental: > Water quality has been improved due to the planting of plants > Observing the coastal developments and managing them > Decrease in water consumption > The school have hired environmentally minded gardeners > School also introduced printer ink cartridge recycling program This school has a lot of initiatives in place to help them become a better environmentally sustainable school. They are still installing more measures to keep this improving happening, due to the fact they do not want people to ignore the changes after a while, as they will appreciate the environment more if the changes are ongoing throughout their school career. King college as a green school are still a long way off to reaching their goal as can be noticed when compared to Williamstown high school in Australia who are a great example of an environmentally sustainable school. Around the area of surrey I think that Kings College must be one of the most environmentally sustainable schools but still have a long way to go to become like Williamstown school in Australia who won an award on becoming environmentally sustainable. This school achieved this by working all the way throughout the school staff and pupils. Kings College if they got the same teamwork and commitment that they got then it would speed up this process and the goal would become closer, quicker and more achievable. The school is not a good example of an environmentally sustainable school at the moment but is improving with every amendment that is being made. With the support of parents, students and staff I think with a combined effort they will reach their goal. In the not too distant future this school will have more than half of the school buildings environmentally friendly. Kings College is doing very well in becoming an environmentally sustainable school in an area of decline. 1 http://www.sustainableschools.com.au/sustainableschools/studies/williamstown.html 2 http://www.google.com/maps/kingscollegeschool 3 http://www.wikipedia.co.uk/kingscollegeguildford ?? ?? ?? ?? 8 ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related International Baccalaureate Geography essays 1. Marked by a teacher Malthus got it right-we are doomed? 5 star(s) Thus population growth would enable agricultural development to occur. Another anti-Malthusian is Julian Simon, who produced a book in 1981 called 'The Ultimate Resource'. He claimed that our notions of increasing resource-scarcity ignore the long-term declines in wage-adjusted raw material prices. He also said that increasing wealth and technology make more resources available; although supplies may be limited physically Foreign talent have helped raise the production standard of TCS. They have also helped Singapore break into the international entertainment scene. For example, TCS artists like Shanghainese compere Wang Yanqing recently won the Asian TV Best Compere award. Malaysian Christopher Lee is also well received by the Taiwanese when the Alternatives such as biodiesels, natural gas, vegetable oils, hydrogen fuel cells, bioalcohols and nuclear power have been talked about. The problems with using natural gas, is that it too is finite just as fossil fuels are, though the concept of compressing natural gas (CNG) is a clean energy efficient fuel. 2. global warming Espessially if they help breed endangered animals. 25. Don't buy products if animals were killed to make it. 26. Cut up your six-pack rings before throwing them out.3 The power point helps to automate the creating of visual aids for lectures, training lessons, sales demonstration, and other presentations. 1. Study of Agricultural Systems The rice and grain production in Southeast Asia, or more so China, is an example of intensive subsistence farming. ==> Case study: Intensive subsistence agriculture maximizes food production on relatively small fields, which are carefully tended, fertilized, and irrigated. Intensive subsistence agriculture occupies less than 10% of the world's land area but supports about 50% the world's population. This could suggest that modern generations are becoming more educated about the effects, in accordance to modern initiatives to herald the inscrutable evidence of global warming. It could also of course be the older generation underplaying their surplus knowledge! Only 60% of people show to be worried about the effects 1. Drought in Australia Research Project In the face of a drought however, the farmers are unable to grow their crops due to the lack of water availability. Although most of Australian farmers have moved away from subsistence farming and adopted commercial farming methods, the farmers would either lose their jobs or become in debt simply because their crops cannot grow. 2. Antarctica Report - The Location And Purpose Of Mawson Station The mean daily minimum is at its highest in the month of January at -2.60C, dropping down considerably in March by almost 110C to -13.30C, marginally warmer than the annual minimum average of -14.3. Similar to the mean daily maximums, the mean minimums are at their lowest in winter, leaving • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Dolphins, like me in a bar surrounded by large angry dudes, do there best to talk their way out of fights: “Burst-pulsed sounds are used in the life of bottlenose dolphins to socialise and maintain their position in the social hierarchy in order to prevent physical conflict, and this also represents a significant energy saving,” Bruno Díaz, lead author of the study and a researcher at the BDRI, which he also manages, said. … According to the experts, the tonal whistle sounds (the most melodious ones) allow dolphins to stay in contact with each other (above all mothers and offspring), and to coordinate hunting strategies. The burst-pulsed sounds (which are more complex and varied than the whistles) are used “to avoid physical aggression in situations of high excitement, such as when they are competing for the same piece of food, for example,” explains Díaz. Tagged with:
icon_facebook icon_twitter icon_instagram Supercharge your Immune System 'Tis the season…for the flu, colds, and germs! Yoga is a great way to combat germs and illness, but if you still find yourself fighting the flu or warding off a virus, you may need to take a closer look at your diet. Certain vitamins and minerals play a huge part in beefing up our immune systems and guarding against unwanted sickness. When a healthy diet is combined with physical activity, those germs don’t stand a chance! Here's is a list of the top immune-boosting vitamins and minerals and their food sources, as well as a flu-fighting recipe that incorporates them all! Vitamin C: What is it? A water soluble vitamin that is not produced by our bodies, and therefore is an essential dietary component. It acts as an important physiological antioxidant and has been shown to regenerate other antioxidants within the body, including vitamin E. It also plays an important role in immune function and improves the absorption of non-heme iron (iron from plant-based foods). Where can I find it? red peppers, oranges, grapefruit, kiwi, green peppers, and broccoli Vitamin E: What is it? A fat soluble vitamin known for its antioxidant capabilities and role in immune function. Where can I find it? wheat germ, sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts and broccoli Vitamin A (beta-carotene): What is it? A fat soluble vitamin involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication. Vitamin A also plays a critical role in the normal formation and maintenance of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs. Beta-carotene is a provitamin found in plant pigments that is converted in our bodies to vitamin A. Where can I find it? sweet potatoes, spinach, carrots, pumpkin, cantaloupe, mangoes, and apricots What is it? An essential mineral that plays a role in immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. Low zinc status has been associated with increased susceptibility to pneumonia and other infections. Where can I find it? oysters, beef, crab, fortified cereal, lobster, pork, chick peas, swiss cheese, oatmeal What is it? A trace element that plays a role in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and infection. Where can I find it? brazil nuts, yellowfin tuna, halibut, sardines, cottage cheese, brown rice, and eggs. Remember, vitamins and minerals are best utilized by your body when they come from FOOD, so ditch the supplements and head to the market! Roasted Fall Harvest adapted from Just Eat Real Food (via multiplydelicious.com) 1 pound brussels sprouts (vitamins A and C) 1 small sweet potato, peeled and cut into 1/2 cubes (about 1 cup) (vitamins A and C) 1 Fuji apple, cut into 1/2 cubes (vitamin C) 1 Pear, cut into 1/2 cubes (vitamin C) 3/4 cup butternut squash, peeled and cut into 1/2 cubes (vitamin E, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C) 1/2 teaspoon sea salt 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon 2 1/2 tablespoons coconut oil, melted (antioxidant properties, aids in absorption of fat soluble vitamins) 1/3 cup toasted cashews or almonds, diced (selenium and zinc) 1/4 cup dried cranberries or other dried fruit of your choice Wash brussels sprouts and cut the ends off, then cut into halves or quarters depending on how big your brussels are. The goal is to try to have all the fruit and veggies in this dish to be about the same size so they cook evenly. Just keep this in mind when chopping everything up. Add brussels sprouts, sweet potato cubes, apple cubes, pear cubes, butternut squash cubes, sea salt, and cinnamon in a large bowl and toss together. Add melted coconut oil over veggies and fruit to evenly coat. Add mixture to baking sheet and spread evenly to coat the pan. Cook for 20 to 30 minutes or until veggies and fruit are soft and tender. The cooking time will depend on how large you make your cubes too. Immediately after removing pan from oven sprinkle toasted chopped cashews and cranberries over the veggies and fruit and stir to combine. Serve immediately on it’s own or as a side. Makes about 4-5 servings. Reference: Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institute of Health; http://ods.od.nih.gov/ Caroline C. Mazurek, MS, RD, LDN, teaches Level 1-2 Vinyasa at Stray Dog Yoga Studio Thursdays at 5pm, Fridays at 6am and Saturdays at 8am. Join her tonight at 5:00 for an immune boosting sequence. Click here to register.
Biotech 2nd Edition Sample Ch. 4 Biotechnology Sample Ch. 4 4 and Analysis DNA Isolation As a Manufacturing Technician at Fluidigm, Corp. Suman Dasgupta uses photolithography to manufacture the “molds,” or silicon wafers, that are an integral part of Fluidigm’s microfluid array chips. The arrays are used to study DNA, RNA, gene products, gene expression, and genetic diversity and have applications in personalized medicine and in wildlife conservation. Suman is “gowned up” to protect the array chips from contamination. Learn more about Fluidigm’s new technologies at Photo by author. It has been said of the biotechnology industry that, “DNA is the flash, and proteins are the cash.” This is because isolating and modifying deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules use some of the newest scientific technologies. By utilizing the new techniques, companies are able to manufacture and market hundreds of new protein products. In the following lab activities, you will learn some of the techniques used to grow specific cell lines. Working with bacterial cell cultures, you will learn how to isolate and analyze DNA from the cells. Some of the new lab techniques in this chapter include the following: • sterile technique • growing cells, also called “cell culture” • cell culture media preparation (media prep) • Gram stain analysis • bursting cells open, or “cell lysis” • separation, or precipitation, of genomic DNA • DNA analysis by horizontal gel electrophoresis These are introductory DNA laboratory procedures. In later chapters, you will learn how to introduce foreign DNA into cells to modify their characteristics. This is called genetic engineering, the technology that revolutionized science in the 1970s. Another revolutionary technology that will be discussed later is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method to make billions of copies of short sections or DNA for research and diagnostics. 66 Chapter 4 Laboratory Manual
Thursday, September 22, 2011 Where There's Dirt, There's a Way! World War I poster by James Montgomery Flagg, 1918. Gardening is the new old trend. With the economy being what it is, the return of consumers to real food, which we now call "organic", and the green push to eat locally harvested produce, more and more people are making the attempt to grow their own food. This is leading to some new and inventive ways of doing it. World War II poster from the U.S. GPO, by artist Morley, 1945. In the 1940s, "victory" gardens were planted to help with war rations. Recent figures I read claim that nine million tons were produced in the U.S., and the efforts produced 40% of the veggies consumed nationally. In Great Britain, it is estimated that $1.2 billion worth of produce was grown by the end of the WWI, in five million gardens. When people grew their own produce, it freed the produce on the market to be purchased by the military to feed the troops, and it was available at lower costs. Handbook from April, 1944, image courtesy of this site The postwar boom had housing being built with yards big enough for gardens, but most people went for lawns - the greener and more weed-free the better. Some people grew their own produce still, but until recent years it wasn't a trend. Container gardening did become popular, both for homeowners and apartment dwellers, especially when people found they could grow some produce in containers. Herbs were commonly grown in pots, but soon people found they could grow tomatoes, lettuce, and other veggies. Various containers are used here - from wooden boxes to tires. One type of container that is becoming popular to use is plastic swimming pools. They can be placed on the ground, patio or pavement, or even rooftops. They are great for sites with poor or contaminated soil, and even in harsh climates can last 5-6 years. Drain holes are made about 2" from the bottom to drain off too much water, while still keeping a small reservoir. Here pools are used to create little mini-gardens. This image and the one above courtesy of this site, which has lots of good info. In the 70s, community gardens started flourishing. Today they are an important part of urban renewal in some areas, and make use of vacant land that would be wasted otherwise. It also is less time-consuming, as the labor and costs are shared. Some are parceled off in allotments, each participant receiving their own little portion of land to grow what they wish. A community garden in D.C. in 2006. One of the coolest techniques is rooftop gardening. This method uses the otherwise unused space on top of a structure's roof, which receives the sun, and provides insulation to the structure, significantly cooling it in hot months. Roof load capacity is a critical determinant of whether this type of gardening is applicable to any structure. Hydroponics, where plants are grown in a soilless medium and fed a special nutrient solution is the lightest option. Accessibility and water supply are two other concerns, but if it can be done not only does it benefit the gardeners, but also birds, butterflies, and other creatures we share the earth with. This is the rooftop garden of Eagle Street, over a warehouse in Brooklyn. Vertical gardens were first planted by architects in the 80s to help cool buildings. Also called green walls, they are being employed to grow vegetables now. Some have plants rooted into the soil and growing up onto a supporting structure. Others have soil packed into a bag or shelf, then are hung on a supporting structure. These have to be replenished every year, and are not suitable in areas with seismic activities or high winds. Access to the plants and water is also a concern. Mat or coir fibers are often used, and new systems are being developed for consumers all the time. I recently read of "pocket" gardens being planted in France. These make use of posts in an urban setting, where vegetables and flowers are planted. A Parisian artist, Paule Kingleur, worked with 600 Parisian schoolchildren to plant them and tend to them. The planters are made of discarded milk cartons wrapped in fabric from recycled tents. Let's see if this trend catches on! Unless otherwise noted, images courtesy of Wikipedia. 1. Wow Linda, a topic so close to my heart and you've illustrated it beautifully. I was just wondering yesterday what the actual dollar value or trade difference individual or community gardens are having on the grocery store volume. Bill and I haven't purchased any produce but a head of lettuce or a sack of potatoes at the beginning of summer since the garden started producing in June. We still buy bread, cereal, coffee, meat and seasonings but have probably saved a couple hundred dollars already this year and froze enough produce to last us at least until January. I haven't even dug the spuds yet because I'm waiting for the first hard freeze to sweeten them up a bit. I'm still getting a lot of vegetables and hopefully can squeeze two more weeks out of the season to give the tomatoes a little much needed time to ripen. I'll have to send some pictures of the new raised beds I'm making from re-used tin panels that I salvaged from our shed when it collapsed in a snow storm. I was a bit ambitious making them 18" tall and they're a lot to fill but will certainly make it nice to weed and care for them. I have tons of yard debris so I fill them 3/4 with loose gangly stuff and keep the soil just in the top 4-6 inches. Most of my garden is raised beds and I'm going to plant in old tube socks next spring for some hanging garden items like seen in the Paris Pole gardens. Your articles are wonderful and informative. I'm so glad you invited me. 2. Thanks, ID! I enjoyed researching this post. I think everyone should have the pleasure of growing something, even if it's only herbs in pots. I didn't cover straw bales, which I may do in the future. I look forward to seeing your pix! 3. I'm 3/4 done with the second one of a series of eight experimental bins. They're really a chore to set up but once done will be done forever (or till I sell this place or die). I replanted the first one with the iris, daisy, violet and hyacinth stuff I'd salvaged from that flower garden spot and it was so much easier to plant and move things around now that it's out of the hard packed dirt and a little higher so I don't have to get down on my knees. The soil stays much looser and the moisture isn't wasted or run off into places it doesn't need to go. I'm mostly pleased with it. It's a little misshapen but in a year when all the stuff flows over the edges you won't even notice the crooked walls. The second one is going much better. I'm working my way around the learning curve. By the eighth one I'll have it down to a science and can legitimately post a how to series on making raised beds from salvaged tin. Right now I wish I had a big Samoan Masseuse to beat my muscles to oblivion. I hurt from head to toe.
Thursday, May 14, 2015 Four Types of Commandments Mitzvah – Those obligations from God that forge a bond between us and Him and express love to all beings. A yoking to God to learn His ways. Mishpatim - are the commandments with a clear explanation evident in the world (i.e., prohibiting theft, honoring parents). Dealing primarily with civil and criminal law. Chukkim - are the commandments with explanations that are less clear. This word has ritual connotations, and is traditionally associated with commandments "without reason," such as the rules on the red heifer. Torah Teaching or instruction; the concepts revealed to us about the Lord and the world and how it should relate to Him. It’s all about relationship! It is only through mitzvah observance that man can build a deep, enduring, and meaningful relationship with God. The Jew knows that the key to every good relationship is the obligations that it confers. It is a given that the stronger and more intimate the relationship, the more intense the level of responsibility. A husband's commitment to his wife is naturally in a different league than his commitment to a casual acquaintance. Every mitzvah is a demonstration of the fulfillment of obligations because of the close relationship between man and God. That a mitzvah is the very process of forging the bond is contained within the very word mitzvah "commandment," closely related to the word tzavta, meaning "a connection" or "a binding." Mitzvah performance creates a connection between God, the Commander, and man, the one being commanded. Every relationship has two components. There is an element of reaching out, of doing positive actions that build and foster the bond between the parties. Then there is an element of restraint, of holding back from any action that might sully or destroy the relationship. These elements are both found in the Torah commandments. 1. Thanks for posting this explanation. I've been studying Psalm 119, and was wondering what the difference was between statues, commandments, and precepts. I assumed that these words are not used interchangeably. This post helps. 2. Rabbi, always enjoy your teachings on Torah! Wondering why you did not include the eidot?
Diffuse Toxic Goiter Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical. Related to Diffuse Toxic Goiter: Graves disease, thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis Goiter, Diffuse Toxic (Basedow’s disease, thyrotoxicosis), a disease characterized by enlargement and intensified function of the thyroid gland and accompanied by the development of toxicosis. Diffuse toxic goiter develops in connection with increased production of thyroid hormones, higher levels of these hormones in the blood, and disturbance of their metabolism in the tissues. The goiter may be caused by mental traumas, poisoning, infections (especially of the upper respiratory tract; specifically, chronic tonsillitis), and overexposure to the sun in persons not accustomed to a hot climate. It generally develops gradually. It occurs mostly in females, often at puberty and the climacteric. It is manifested by weakness, ready fatigability, dyspnea, tachycardia, display of emotions, irascibility, tremor of the eyelids and limbs, insomnia, poor tolerance for heat, hidrosis, loss of hair, loss of weight despite increased appetite, and diarrhea. The palpebral fissures are often wide open, and exophthalmos and poor convergence of the eyes are frequently observed. Changes are most pronounced in the cardiovascular system: rapid heart beat, elevation of the systolic and lowering of the diastolic blood pressures, and resultant hypertrophy of cardiac muscle. Severe cases are characterized by cardiovascular insufficiency. All forms of metabolism are disturbed: oxygen consumption by the tissues increases, resulting in intensified basal metabolism; accelerated excretion of nitrogen (hyperazoturia), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and water; and elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) that may develop into glucosuria. The functioning of other endocrine glands becomes impaired: the adrenal cortex (hypofunction, in the severe forms), pancreas (insufficiency of the islands of Langerhans), and gonads (disruption of the menstrual cycle and hemorrhage in females; increased libido and potency followed by a sharp decline in both, testicular hypotrophy, and decrease in spermatogenesis in males). Diffuse toxic goiter is treated by proper work, rest, and sleep arrangements; high-caloric diet with sufficient amounts of vitamins (especially vitamin C); and iodine preparations (Microiod), thyrostatic agents (Thiouracil and Mercazole derivatives), and radioactive iodine (contraindicated for children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers). Surgery is effective. Gol’ber, L. M., and V. I. Kandror. “Patologicheskaia fiziologiia shchitovidnoi zhelezy.” In Mnogotomnoe rukovodstvo po patologicheskoi fiziologii, vol. 4. Moscow, 1966. Full browser ?
Home > Featured Articles > Managing Stormwater Runoff Traditionally thought of as a municipal issue, stormwater runoff can be eased with well planned landscape projects. Landscape contractors can play a critical role in encouraging homeowners to consider designs that beautify their homes while simultaneously reducing the impacts of stormwater runoff. Managing Stormwater Runoff By Katie Navarra Homes situated on lakefronts or along riversides are among the highest valued properties on the market. Buyers crave the tranquility associated with water and yearn for easy access to water sports. While waterfront properties are the most prized locations, they are also at the highest risk for pollutants from stormwater runoff. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has named stormwater runoff as the nation’s biggest water-quality threat, because it whisks pollutants from streets to lakes and streams via storm drains. Not only are storm drains the conduit for pollutants entering water sources, the systems in place are not large enough to handle the volume of runoff that is happening. “The existing stormwater infrastructure in place in most cities was not built to handle the amount of runoff that is now occurring,” said Steve Modrow, owner, ASLA, Principal Design, biota Landscape design. “Existing systems in large cities are failing due to age and deferred maintenance.” As cities and suburbs become more densely populated, the more critical it is to encourage homeowners to consider landscaping projects that can help alleviate the burden on municipal systems. Controlling stormwater runoff on residential properties not only helps reduce flooding, it also limits the amount of pollutants that enter a natural waterway due to runoff. “Stormwater runs directly to nearby bodies of water, allowing chemicals and debris to readily enter the water, creating a host of concerns,” said Modrow. In undeveloped areas with natural vegetation, water soaks into the ground. Today, much of the land in urban and suburban areas is covered with impervious surfaces including streets, parking lots and large roofs. With less surface area to absorb excess water, the extra water — along with any pollutants — flows into nearby lakes, streams and rivers. Convincing homeowners to invest in landscape projects specifically designed to manage stormwater can be challenging. “The idea of water conservation has not truly resonated with homeowners yet because the perception is that water is unlimited,” said Modrow. Unfortunately, many people associate water conservation with a “natural” or weedy look. However, “water conservation can be incorporated into any style landscape or architecture,” he said. And the end result can be beautiful. Management options Foundation plantings are the first option homeowners are willing to consider. When planted properly, trees and shrubs are an effective method for limiting runoff. “Foundation plantings are a good place to start, but only a small piece of a larger plan,” said Modrow. “The focus needs to expand and encompass the property border — planting along the perimeter helps slow down any runoff.” Native plants, grasses, perennials and trees indigenous to a region are the next step to creating a landscape designed to mitigate stormwater runoff. Native plants have evolved to survive in local conditions with minimal care. The plants grow long roots that are ideal for filtering excess water, removing pollutants before returning water to the ground. The longer root structure also increases the plant’s ability to tolerate drought. Rain gardens are another option. Rain gardens are 200- to 300-square-foot depressions in the ground filled with native plants. Excess water on the property is directed to the rain garden where it sits for a day or two while the plants slowly soak in the water, filter it, and return it to underground water sources. Homeowners unwilling to trade in manicured lawns and lush gardens can implement water-harvesting practices that address stormwater runoff, provide a water source for maintaining thirsty landscapes, and limit the amount of municipal water used to care for the high-maintenance plantings. A simple system such as a rain barrel or cistern can be used to capture and store runoff for later use. Rain barrels are typically placed at the end of a downspout. A hose or spigot is built into the barrel for easy use. Depending on the size of the landscape and the amount of water needed, a more elaborate subsurface collection system may be necessary to store enough water to care for the turfgrass and gardens. Check with local and state officials regarding larger rain harvesting systems as regulations vary. Permeable paving systems are an alternative for areas that cannot be landscaped. Driveways, sidewalks and even patio areas can be designed with permeable paving systems. For example, permeable interlocking concrete pavement is comprised of a layer of concrete pavers separated by joints filled with small stones. The spacers built into the pavers allow water to flow through the joints and into the crushed stones below the pavers. Once directed into the layer of crushed stone, the water is filtered through the soil subgrade. There are many techniques to manage water on a property — permeable pavers, rain gardens, etc. With a variety of landscape projects available to address stormwater runoff on residential sites, there is an affordable project for every homeowner. “Water can be managed with simple grading techniques and doesn’t need to be over-thought,” said Modrow. “Simply being aware and taking small steps to create a water responsible yard is better than doing nothing.” Managing stormwater runoff extends beyond limiting pollutants the reach streams, rivers and lakes. It’s also about conserving a natural resource in danger of depletion. In the United States, water is inexpensive and looked at as a basic right that is provided by the municipality, whereas water is a commodity in many other parts of the world. “It needs to become the expectation that we conserve water and reuse it and this will require a major shift of what an ideal landscape currently is,” said Modrow. About The Staff
Saturday, April 07, 2012 Josephus (37AD-100): The Life of Josephus This work is primarily a justification for his role as governor of Galilee. He paints a picture of a province on the verge of civil war where he is the only force trying to bring about civility and order. As a result, others are constantly scheming to kill him. My pondering on this has mainly been in comparison to the beginnings of Islam. Mohammed brought about the unity of the various warring tribes and sent them pouring out of Arabia to form an religious empire of the sword. Galilee and Judea did the opposite during the 1st century Jewish wars, as the factions turned inward to destroy each other. The Romans came in and imposed order by blotting out the country. Josephus has not one reference to Christians in his narrative, so it would be a stretch to claim that Christians were a cause. With all the animosity, many Christians were probably driven out before the catastrophic wars began. Delirious said... The only thing I know about Josephus is that he wrote a description of what Jesus looked like. I have always tended to believe that account was true. It seems like not too long ago that I looked that up and read it. Looney said... There are only a few small snippets related to Christianity in Josephus. He was born in 37AD, so he is mostly interacting with the next generation after the disciples.
Thursday, March 14, 2013 Blog Assignment #8 This Is How We Dream I feel a valid point was made, Yes! "Structure'' is a major part of any language it is the foundation which we all speak, write and learn. The evolution of this foundation has matured for millions upon millions of years, the value of literature has reached a level and time period for which it could be taught and learn on a basis everyone is able to occur to. Now that it is accessible to anyone who is willing to take the time to learn and fully understand what this means for the future , by one individual taking in this specific knowledge it can be passed on from hand to hand. Curiosity gives the new world the ideas and willingness to want more knowledge, it helps individuals separate themselves from the ''Average Society''. Technology is influenced much by education today as any other social outlet. The advantages that technology has given us is the option to surf and analyze opinions and other resources at a keystroke. In Part 2, of This Is How We Dream Dr. Miller touches on the rapidness of how information is updated and that the information itself, may be written by us, but does not SOLELY BELONG to us. I think that this is an interesting way of explaining things. I see, everyday how people place claims on ideas and ideals when they, themselves, received the information from an outside source or just built upon the idea of another. I share is opinion about educators being required to share ideas freely with our students. My only concern is that different teachers have different teaching styles and we all interprut things in a different manner. So, how will you know if your children have successfully crossed into the "land of the learning"? How do you know if your information is current and correct? I also get that Dr. Miller and Dr. Strange are saying that as a teacher, you have to have the willingness to also do research on a daily basis so that you are not behind in your field of study. I feel as though my students will be able to digitally compose because as an educator, I am required to learn so that my students can learn. This isn't a requirement my the school system, but I am requiring myself to learn these things because as a child coming up in this century....TECHNOLOGY IS THE KEY. I honestly have to say...what a great assignment!! Carly's idea was awesome. She and Dr. Miller share the most intimate ideas about multimedia. I love how passionate both parties are about the creativity of writing!!! I am a Special Education teacher in training, but a writer at heart. I hate to follow rules about what I can and can not write about. I feel as though it kills the creative mojo that flows within us all. Who would have thought that making a playlist of videos on YouTube could inspire you to feel so much and to do so much! Getting organized for your classroom, time management, etc...all videos that can be found on YouTube and used in your classroom. There is an uproar about how media is so negative on today's youth. As a future educator, I plan to shine a positive light on this just like Carly did :) This is the most interesting video that I have ever seen...Chipper is the typical student who first walks into the doors of Dr. Strange's class. They think that Dr. Strange is supposed to feed you something and then give you a test to spill of the information back out. I was a "Chipper" in the Spring of 2012. Someone who thought that learning on your own was too hard and says that if the teacher doesn't teach then the teacher isn't a good teacher. So not true!! Dr. Strange has proved that point time and time again with the EDM310 graduates that have gone on to share in multimedia tools. I know that this go 'round, I will be a success!!! I can honestly say that this was an interesting YouTube Video. Personally, I did not find it very helpful. I would have suggested an illustration or demonstration about how to help you with some of the problems students are having with EDM310, but that is just me. If I am going to try to explain to someone how to better themselves in something, I would come to them with solutions/suggestions on how to do better. My first run in with EDM310 was not a nice one. I was late with most of my assignments. I didn't add my pictures or modifiers like I should have and I, all around, did not take the cours seriously and it reflected in my grade which was a D. I am not used to making Ds so this really bothered me. I think that I would create a YouTube video demonstrating a survival guide to the University of South Alabama's EDM310. Now that is an idea!!! Dr. Strange, if you are reading this. Daphney McFadden thought of it first!! That is going to be my next personal project. Learn to Change, Change to Learn This is a point that I have been trying to make for the longest!!! If the student is the hub of Education then why is Education such an open and shut institution?! Someone please explain to me why the school systems are shutting down the avenues to the very thing that students connect with and are comfortable with as a learning tool. When a teacher gives a project or assignment for class, where does a student automatically go?? THE INTERNET. The library and books have become almost obsolete since the Internet was created. When are the leaders of education going to realize that the very media that they are trying to keep out of schools, are the very pieces of media that get students to u 1 comment: 1. I agree with you that technology is the key and how the internet plays such a part in students being able to locate information. I am still processing my time spent at Fonde Elementary this week. The classroom I was in had two computers. The school has a very nice computer lab. They had a math lesson in the lab and then played math games on the computers. On another day they caught up on their STAR testing and Edmodo posts in the lab. The thing that bothered me is that the students are not taught typing. The hunting and pecking was torture. I wish there was more time for the students to learn to type so that their time on the computers is the most effective.
Light (pulmones) - respiratory, which is enriched oxygen and selection of her carbon dioxide. The flow of air into the lungs and the removal of its output are provided respiratory movements of the chest wall, diaphragm and the contractile ability of the lung. Besides the basic functions of gas exchange, light perform secretory-excretory function and participate in metabolism. Anatomy and histology light man Fig. 1. Lungs: 1 - the trachea; 2 and 4 left lung (2 - top share, 4 - lower share); 3 - rib surface; 5 - heart tenderloin; 6 - diaphragmatic surface; 7, 9 and 11 - the right lung (7 - the lower the percentage, 9 - 11 - the top share); 8 - bias furrow; 10 - horizontal groove. Light (Fig. 1) are located in the thoracic cavity on both sides of the heart and major blood vessels, and covered the serous membrane - pleura (see). Between pleural bags, which are concluded in the lungs, is the mediastinum (see). The lungs have a conical shape with the basis, pointed down to the diaphragm, and the round top, serving on the front 2-3 cm above the collarbone, and behind rising to the level of VII cervical vertebra. The lower boundary of light back upon paravertebral line comes to XI, on an average axillary - up VIII, and the front srednesrochnoi - to VI ribs. The right lung has a greater volume than the left, it is shorter and wider, because the right diaphragm cupola stands above the left. In the lungs, there are three surface: rib, diaphragmatic (basis) and internal (medial). They demarcated sharp lower and front edges. At the leading edge of the left lung is formed heart tenderloin, bounded from below by the tongue. Behind the junction of the rib surface in the medial rounded and lies in the lung furrow chest. On the medial surface are the gates of light through which the lungs are bronchus, lung artery, and nerves are two pulmonary veins and lymphatic vessels. They form the root of the lung. At the root of the right lung artery lies below bronchus, and in the left - above it. Pulmonary veins are located below the arteries and bronchus. The right lung furrows is divided into three parts: upper, middle and bottom, left - to-two: top and bottom. Accordingly division easy to share the main bronchus is divided into lobe bronchi, the latter - by segment that is included in the segments of light. Bronchopulmonary segment called lung area, more or less completely separated from the neighbouring land connective tissue walls with flowing into them veins. This is an area of branching bronchus 3-th order in the branches of the pulmonary artery. Each light has 10 segments (no-PNA). the segments of light Fig. 6. The lung segments (a and B is right, and G - left): 1 - apical segment; 2 - rear segment; 3-front segment; 4 - lateral segment (right lung and upper reed segment (left lung); 5 - medial segment (right lung) and the lower reed segment (left lung); 6 - apical segment (lower lobe); 7 - basal medial segment; 8 - basal front segment (7 and 8 in the left lung in most cases have a common bronchus); 9 - basal lateral segment; 10 - basal rear segment. Segments (Fig. 6) consist of lung lobes. In each slice is lobular bronchus with a diameter of about 1 mm, formed as a result of the repeated branching segmental bronchi. Cloves are located in 2-3 rows at the periphery of the lung and separated by Magdalinovka connective tissue. It provides mobility segments during breathing movements. Lobular bronchus is divided into limit (terminal) bronchioles. The bronchial tree consists of large and small bronchi and terminal bronchioles. According to him, the air moves when you inhale and exhale but gas exchange between blood and air in them is not happening. Terminal bronchioles give rise to respiratory (respiratory) the bronchioles. In the walls appear protrusion - alveoli. Respiratory bronchioles branch out to end the alveolar moves and alveoli. All these entities form the alveolar tree, or respiratory parenchyma of the lung. Functional anatomy unit it is acinus (bunch), formed by the branches of one of the respiratory bronchioles. The diameter of the alveoli adult average of 0.2-0.25 mm, they are closely adjacent to one another. The inner surface is lined with a single layer of flat alveolar epithelium, lying on the basal membrane. Outside adjacent to her blood capillaries, held in millionarmy partitions, which is a lot elastic, retikuliarnah and collagen fibers. Blood capillary borders several alveoli, which creates optimal conditions for gas exchange. In light presents, vessels of big and small circles of blood circulation. To the vessels of the small circle are branches of the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the tributaries of the pulmonary veins, carrying arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Bronchi and lung parenchyma nourish bronchial artery is a branch of the thoracic aorta, venous blood flowing on bronchial veins in unpaired and pollonarrua Vienna. In light found in large quantities arterio-venous anastomoses. Lymphatic capillaries and vessels form in the lungs superficial and deep network and plexus. Lymph outflow occurs in the lung, broncho-pulmonary and upper and lower tracheo-bronchial the lymph nodes in the course of the bronchi, the root of the lung and the bifurcation of the trachea. They are innervated by the light wandering nerves and branches of sympathetic trunks that form in the lungs plexus in the course of the vessels and bronchi. Physiology - see the Breath. • Research methods and symptoms • Disease and lung damage • Lung damage • Purulent processes in the lungs (abscess and gangrene) • Adenomatosis and hypertension • Pneumonia - see Pneumonia. • The infarction • Perniosis light • Pulmonary edema • Parasites light • Pneumoconiosis - see Pneumoconiosis. Pnevmatikos - see Pnevmatikos. Pneumosclerosis - see Pneumosclerosis. • Progressive pulmonary dystrophy, syphilis lungs and pulmonary vascular sclerosis • Tuberculosis - see Tuberculosis. • Eosinophilic infiltration light • Pulmonary embolism - see Embolism. Emphysema - see Emphysema. Echinococcus lung - see above - Parasites of the lungs. Cm. also Echinococcosis. • Tumors of the lung • Operations on the lungs • Light (pulmones) - twin breathing organs located in the chest cavity in serous bags pleura (Fig. 1-3). Anatomy and histology Features of the structure of the lungs in children Research methods lungs Lung diseases Pathologic anatomy Symptoms and treatment X-ray diagnostics of diseases and damages Tumors of the lung Pathologic anatomy Classification, symptoms and treatment • X-ray diagnostics of lung tumors Lung surgery Abscess and gangrene light Lung damage Operations on the lungs Radiation damage to the lungs
Types of guitar Acoustic guitars An acoustic guitar is one not dependent on an external device to be heard but uses a soundboard which is a wooden piece mounted on the front of the guitar's body. The acoustic guitar is quieter than other instruments commonly found in bands and orchestras so when playing within such groups it is often externally amplified. Many acoustic guitars available today feature a variety of pickups which enable the player to amplify and modify the raw guitar sound. There are several notable subcategories within the acoustic guitar group: classical and flamenco guitars; steel string guitars, which include the flat top or "folk" guitar; twelve string guitars and the arch top guitar. The acoustic guitar group also includes unamplified guitars designed to play in different registers such as the acoustic bass guitar which has a similar tuning to that of the electric bass guitar. Renaissance and Baroque guitars Classical guitars António Chaínho and his Portuguese guitar António Chaínho and his Portuguese guitar Portuguese guitar The Portuguese guitar is a 12 string guitar used in Portugal for the traditional Fado song. Its true origins are somewhat uncertain but there is a general agreement that it goes back to the medieval period. It is often mistakenly thought to be based on the so-called "English guitar" - a common error as there is no such thing. For some time the best instruments of this and other types were made in England, hence the confusion. "English guitar" refers to a quality standard, not really an instrument type.[citation needed] This particular instrument is most likely a merge of medieval "cistre" or "citar" and the Arabic lute. Flat-top (steel-string) guitars Similar to the classical guitar, however, within the varied sizes of the steel-stringed guitar the body size is usually significantly larger than a classical guitar and it has a narrower, reinforced neck and stronger structural design. This allows the instrument to withstand the additional tension of steel strings. The steel strings produce a brighter tone, and according to many players, a louder sound. The acoustic guitar is used in many kinds of music including folk, country, bluegrass,pop, jazz and blues. Archtop guitars These are steel string instruments which feature a violin-inspired f-hole design in which the top (and often the back) of the instrument are carved in a curved rather than a flat shape. Lloyd Loar of the Gibson Guitar Corporation invented this variation of guitar after designing a style of mandolin of the same type. The typical Archtop is a deep, hollow body guitar whose form is much like that of a mandolin or violin family instrument and may be acoustic or electric. Some solid body electric guitars are also considered archtop guitars although usually 'Archtop guitar' refers to the hollow body form. Archtop guitars were immediately adopted upon their release by both jazz and country musicians and have remained particularly popular in jazz music, usually with flatwound strings. The electric semi-hollow body archtop guitar has a distinct sound among electric guitars and is consequently appropriate for many styles of pop music. Many electric archtop guitars intended for use in rock and roll have a Tremolo Arm. Ellis 8 string baritone tricone resonator guitar. tricone Ellis 8 string baritoneresonator guitar. Resonator, resophonic or Dobro guitars Similar to the flat top guitar in appearance, the sound of the resonator guitar is produced by a metal resonator mounted in the middle of the top. The physical principle of the guitar is therefore similar to the banjo. The original purpose of the resonator was to amplify the sound of the guitar. This purpose has been largely superseded by electrical amplification, but the resonator guitar is still played because of its distinctive sound. Resonator guitars may have either one resonator cone or three resonator cones. Three-cone resonators have two cones on the left above one another and one cone immediately to the right. The method of transmitting sound resonance to the cone is either a "biscuit" bridge, made of a small piece of hardwood, or a "spider" bridge, made of metal and larger in size. Three-cone resonators always use a specialized metal spider bridge. The type of resonator guitar with a neck with a square cross-section -- called "square neck" -- is usually played face up, on the lap of the seated player, and often with a metal or glass slide. The round neck resonator guitars are normally played in the same fashion as other guitars, although slides are also often used, especially in blues. 12 string guitars Russian guitars These are seven string acoustic guitars which were the norm for Russian guitarists throughout the 19th and well into the 20th centuries. The guitar is traditionally tuned to an open G major tuning. Acoustic bass guitars Have steel strings or gut strings and often the same tuning as an electric bass guitar. Tenor guitars There is very sketchy background information about tenor guitars on the Internet. A number of classical guitarists call the Niibori prime guitar a "Tenor Guitar" on the grounds that it sits in pitch between the alto and the bass. Elsewhere[citation needed]the name is taken for a 4-string guitar with a scale length of 23" (585 mm) - about the same as a Terz Guitar. The tenor guitar is tuned in fifths, C G D A, as is the tenor banjo and the cello. It is generally accepted[citation needed] that the tenor guitar was created to allow a tenor banjo player to follow the fashion as it evolved from Dixieland Jazz towards the more progressive Jazz that featured guitar. It allows a tenor banjo player to provide a guitar-based rhythm section with little to learn. A small minority of players close tuned the instrument to D G B E to produce a deep instrument that could be played with the 4-note chord shapes found on the top 4 strings of the guitar or ukulele. The deep pitch warrants the wide-spaced chords that the banjo tuning permits, and the close tuned tenor does not have the same full, clear sound. Harp guitars Extended-range guitars Guitar battente
Monday, June 19, 2017 Radio Meteor Detection The June 2017 issue of the Astronomical League Reflector had an interesting article about someone's participation in the Radio Astronomy Observing Program. What caught my eye in Dr. Alex Vrenios' description of his efforts was his attempt at detecting meteors using forward scattering. "Seeing" meteors using distant FM station signals scattered off ionized trails of meteors is nothing new. I've never given it a serious try because the FM spectrum in the Twin Cities is almost saturated. It's difficult to find a frequency that isn't taken by a local station. Dr. Vernios solves this problem by using National Weather Service weather radio stations. NWS stations operate at seven different frequencies, and their coverage is designed to not interfere with other stations. It's usually the case where only one station comes in clearly. Tune to a station frequency that doesn't serve your location and you'll probably get only static, which is perfect. The downside of using NWS frequencies is that they are not particularly good at scattering from meteors. Compared to an optimal frequencies like TV channel 2 (55.25MHz, more about that in another post) they reflect only about 1/25th as well. That's a whopping 14dB drop in potential received signal. NWS stations also tend to be very low power and run only 1.0 or 0.3 kW. (That's compared to a typical 50 or 100 kW for TV stations.) That said, the approach seemed innovative and worth a try. Also in its favor is the extremely low cost of the needed components. Here's what is needed: • A crossed dipole antenna that's built to receive NWS frequencies. • An RTL-SDR USB dongle. This is a simple device that turns your computer into a digital tuner. It has excellent frequency resolution and sensitivity. • SDRSharp software for contolling the dongle and presenting the results. It's free! • Chronolapse freeware for performing timed screen captures of the SDRsharp display. The antenna is easy to make if you don't plan on requiring it to be weatherproof. The dongle is available from Amazon, and the needed software is downloadable. The entire project can be assembled in one or two days, but finding the optimal settings for SDRSharp may take longer. I'll have more on that later, but for the moment let me show you what the results look like. To start, here is a map of the surrounding NWS stations of interest with their frequencies. My location is indicated by the red circle. Next, here is a typical FFT power spectrum and display of power levels shown in a "waterfall" diagram. You will want to click this to see it full scale. The top portion of the diagram shows instantaneous power as a function of frequency; the seven NWS frequencies are marked. During daytime three stations can be heard: The one serving my area, loud and clear; A 300W station in Norwood/Young America, poor; a 1000W station at Clearwater, very poor. A signal is evident at 162.4MHz, but no voice is discernible. That leaves three frequencies (162.4, 162.45, and 162.525MHz), none of which has any signal evident. However, as you can see, there has been a short burst of signal at 162.525MHz. Another example: This shows an approximately seven second burst at an otherwise silent frequency. Note that in both cases only one frequency showed a burst, suggesting that the cause was something local to the transmitting station or the path between it and the receiver. Bursts like these appear to happen frequently during the daytime. However, there are also longer and weaker bursts that show more complex structure. Are those cause by meteors or some other phenomenon? Sadly, it appears most of the bursts are being caused by reflections from local aircraft. After using the system for a while it became obvious that the bursts were coinciding with air traffic departing from the nearby airport. Recording the waterfall chart all night showed that there were no bursts overnight until a little after 5 A.M., when departures starting taking place. That's circumstantial evidence. But there is more: I zoomed the frequency scale to see what was happening in the way of Doppler shifts: Most of the bursts looked just like this, with a significant Doppler shift that diminishes over time as an aircraft passes. The magnitude of the shift indicates a speed of about 200 mph, which is consistent with a departing, climbing commercial jet. A meteor would not show this kind of signature. So the NWS-based system won't work for me unless I can reject the aircraft signals. This is a problematic task. There's a chance a system like this would work if it wasn't operating a few miles from an airport, but I'll have to leave that to others to discover. For now I'm moving on to trying out the method utilizing Canadian TV stations that broadcast video carriers at more optimal frequencies. More on that next time. One more piece of the mosaic imaged (but not yet processed). There's an outside chance I'll get it half finished this year. 7 down, 9 to go: Oh, and I'm pretty much done lambasting Trump for a while. It's not that he's matured or gotten any smarter or wiser--he's still a spoiled child with the mind of a dirty old man. It's just that there's apparently no changing him. The Republicans will use him to their advantage as long as possible, then either ignore or discard him based on their own limited self interest. The best way to deal with him and toadies like Jason Lewis is to educate yourself on the issues, support candidates who run against them, and to VOTE. 1. Argo from might help you reject some of the airplanes. 2. Thanks for the suggestion! I basically opted not to use Argo once I saw what SDR# provided, and because everything I could find about the software indicated it was intended for QRSS. Perhaps you could explain a bit how the program might work in this application? 3. I did this a last year... with much help from Dennis Condron – see his: The slope for airplanes 4. Oh, and I did run SDR# with VB Cable to get the signal into Argo. see this page to see how I did everything.. 5. Wow, you really documented nicely what you did! I'm going to try Argo next. I've gotten a complete day's worth of data from using a Canadian station and will post it tomorrow. Because of its distance from me I don't think it's contaminated with aircraft, but I'll let Argo confirm that. And I'll definitely want to try the NWS method again using Argo. 6. I used to use analog TV video carriers. Now they are gone but replaced by the digital TV pilot tones. They are at 310 kHz above the low end of the channel frequency i.e., 180.31 MHz for Channel 8.
Horse Racing Car Racing Tracing the origin and popularity of Tennis Most of the sports that are in existence today, the majority of them have its origin to the ancient times. Amongst those, many sports are still played with the same enthusiasm and today, we will take the time to trace the origin of one such game. Origin of the game based on facts It is believed that tennis is that a game date back to 1000 of years and much evident says that it has its relation with the ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece. Evidence like the Arabic word “Rahat” is similar to the word racket and the Egyptian town “Tinnis” has its resemblance to tennis. Avail otherinformation on the sport at TheBingoOnline. Similar stories can be found from all over the wo0rld where it has been strongly manifested that the sport has its strong relation in the ancient era. Spread of the sport One story signifies that the game was played by the French Monks in their Monastery and many believed that the word tennis was introduced by the monks here. Later, it grew popular in the area and expanded from the boundary of the monastery to all over the Europe. It has been said that until the 13th century, the game was played on a larger scale and some 1800 indoor courts were established. The game became so popular that the Pope of the Church, King Louis IV attempted to ban the game, but to no avail. It spread all over the England and made Henry VII and Henry VIII its big fans. They also ordered the establishments of many courts throughout the country. One of such court was built in the Hampton Court Place and still exists. Evolution of the sport Well, the sport was on constant evolution through these years and many modifications were added to (Know more about: sports reviews). For example, the modification of the indoor courts, the balls, that was wooden and was made bouncier with the use of leather materials. Initially, the game was played with the bare hands and later the gloved were introduced. By the 16th century, wooden rackets were introduced and a cork ball weighing 3 ounces. However, all these changes don’t prevail today and it is a lot different from what we know today. Popularity of the Sport The popularity of the sport rose around 1700, but again it was revolutionized in 1850. Charles Goodyear began the process of vulcanization and with this; the game could be played outdoors too. Many years later, Major Walter C. Wingfield initiated some rules and introduced some equipment for the game and the court sized was modified as well. The game was later spread across the world and many countries started playing it. After that the game never stopped playing and people across the world showed their interest in the sport. This also led to the introduction of many Championships and other competition. Today, Tennis has its importance in the world of sport and seen as a matured form of sport.
Genetic Consultations and Genetic Testing Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a disease caused by a malfunction of a single gene; as a result, genetic tests can be very useful in diagnosing and treating FAP. These tests can also help predict the particular symptoms that may develop in an individual as well as the severity of colorectal disease. A genetic workup starts with a visit to a genetic counselor, who takes a detailed family history, explains the genetics of FAP, and discusses the usefulness and implications of pursuing genetic testing. After the initial consultation, patients can opt to have their blood drawn and sent out for genetic testing. In addition to helping diagnose affected patients, genetic tests can also have the benefit of helping reduce anxiety among asymptomatic family members who are not sure if they are affected. A positive genetic test result in one family member can help direct his or her care and can ensure that he or she receives appropriate surveillance and treatment; in addition, once a family mutation has been identified, other family members can pursue the testing at a lower cost and can be definitively diagnosed or excluded from having FAP without having to undergo screening endoscopy exams. In the case of a “negative” test, or one that does not find a mutation, the results can serve as a family benchmark and alert other affected family members that a familial mutation cannot be identified. Presently, only 80 percent of FAP families have a mutation that can be identified with current testing technology. In the case of an unidentifiable mutation, all at-risk family members (as determined by a detailed family history) still need to undergo regular endoscopy screening.
Also known as : chequered chain stitch This is a little tricky for the first time doers. So be careful not to twine the threads too much in the process, and keep slow pace and patience. Magic chain stitch is a wonderful stitch, which uses two (or more) colors alternately to form the chain sequence. Check the notes at the end of this lesson for tips while doing this stitch. You need to know the chain stitch to be able to do this. I will be working over a curvy stitch line with three strands of pink and purple threads each. Fig 1: Use two colored threads of equal thickness and pull it through one needle. magic_chain_stich_2 magic_chain_stich_3 Fig 2: Since this follows the chain stitch procedure, position the needle the way we would in chain stitch, as shown above. Fig 3: Now, loop ONLY the first color of thread around the needle. I have looped the purple thread first. magic_chain_stich_4 magic_chain_stich_5 Fig 4: Pull out the needle to get one loop of the first color. Fig 5: Now, put in the needle for the next loop, as we would in chain stitch. magic chain stitch 6 magic chain stitch 7 Fig 6: Loop around the second color this time. Fig 7: Pull out the needle and you will see a loop of the second color. magic chain stitch 8 Fig 8: Continue the process of this chain stitching, looping each color alternatley, to get a pattern like shown above. In the process, you will notice that the threads might get twined. So, take time and patience to untwine it before continuing. One tip I can suggest to avoid any twining or frustrations is this: When pulling out the needle after looping the thread, try to first take out the needle completely, but don’t pull out the threads completely. Now, using your fingers, pull out the unlooped color first and then the looped color. This way, both threads get enough space to pull themselves out without twining into each other. So, for instance, take the Fig 6 of the lesson. We have looped the pink thread. Now we pull out the needle from the fabric, then use our fingers to pull out only the purple thread first. You will see that it disappears into the fabric. Now, pull the pink thread to tighten the pink loop. The work comes out neat and less complicated this way. Try doing magic chain stitch with three colored threads. 😀
Want to see correct answers? Login or join for free! World History Worksheets Looking for World History worksheets? Check out our pre-made World History worksheets! Share/Like This Page Egypt Questions - All Grades You can create printable tests and worksheets from these Egypt questions! Select one or more questions using the checkboxes above each question. Then click the add selected questions to a test button before moving to another page. Previous Page 1 of 19 Next Grade 6 Egypt Grade 6 Egypt Most of the pyramids were built during what? 1. the Old Kingdom 2. the New Kingdom 3. the Middle Kingdom 4. lunch yesterday Grade 6 Egypt Which of these is the CORRECT order of Egyptian society from highest to lowest class? 1. Pharaoh, Priests, Scribes, Merchants/Artisans, Slaves 2. Pharaoh, Priests, Merchants/Artisans, Scribes, Slaves 3. Pharaoh, Scribes, Merchants/Artisans, Priests, Slaves 4. Priests, Pharaoh, Merchants/Artisans, Scribes, Slaves Grade 6 Egypt Why is the Rosetta Stone significant? 1. It was the stone used to make canopic jars 2. It was King Tut's throne 3. It was used to translate hieroglyphs 4. It had spells to be used in the passage to the afterlife Grade 6 Egypt Which of the following accomplishments did King Menes achieve? 1. To commission the building of the Great Pyramids at Giza 2. Changed the religion from Monotheism to Polytheism 3. Unified both Uper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom 4. Married Cleopatra saving Egypt from Roman control Grade 6 Egypt Grade 6 Egypt Pyramids were built so Egyptians could... 1. protect their king in the after-life(safe-guard their soul) 2. To decorate Egypt with beauty 3. To make sure any person could live on forever Grade 6 Egypt Egyptian civilization developed on the banks of the Nile because 1. the sunshine if Africa allowed life to flourish. 2. the river flooded each year, depositing rich soil on its banks. 3. the river connected to the Mediterranean Sea. 4. people were growing crops in the surrounding desert. Grade 7 Egypt Why was the annual flood of the Nile River important to Egyptian farmers? 1. It gave them time to rest after harvesting their crops. 2. It swept away weeds and other trash left on the fields after the harvest. 3. It left behind silt that helped fertilized the soil. 4. It enabled them to travel by boat to sell their crops. Grade 7 Egypt Why is King Tut's tomb so important to archaeologists? 1. It was very large 2. He had 30 wives 3. It was the only tomb found totally intact 4. King Tut ruled for 50 years Grade 10 Egypt Egyptian civilization developed 1. on the shores of the Euphrates River 2. above the first cataract on the Nile River 3. in the cool highlands above Victoria Falls 4. along the banks of the Nile River Grade 10 Egypt Grade 7 Egypt How did the yearly flooding of the Nile River affect the people of ancient 1. It washed away homes and forced the people to move to a new location. 2. It left a strip of fertile land on both sides of the river, and this land was used for 3. It washed fish up on the shore, and the people gathered and used the fish for food. Grade 9 Egypt What is The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt characterized as? 1. The warriors. 2. The golden age. 3. The Slaves. 4. The Bulls. 5. None of the above. Grade 9 Egypt Who was the first female pharaoh of Egypt? 1. Akhenaton 2. Hatshepsut 3. Tutankhamen 4. Rames II Grade 9 Egypt Who ruled in the New Kingdom? 1. Kamose and Ahmose. 2. Akhenaton and Ramses. 3. The Slaves. 4. King Hatshepsut 5. Queen Hatshepsut Grade 9 Egypt The Nile River flows in which direction? 1. North to South 2. East to West 3. West to East 4. South to North Grade 10 Egypt The Assyrian Empire lasted . 1. About 100 years 2. For 1,000 years 3. Longer than the Persian Empire 4. A few decades Grade 6 Egypt Grade 7 Egypt The world's first nation state was created in 1. Egypt 2. India 3. England 4. New York Previous Page 1 of 19 Next
1. Money Market: Introduction 2. Money Market: What Is It? 3. Money Market: Treasury Bills (T-Bills) 4. Money Market: Certificate Of Deposit (CD) 5. Money Market: Commercial Paper 6. Money Market: Banker's Acceptance 7. Money Market: Eurodollars 8. Money Market: Repos 9. Money Market: Conclusion Treasury bills, or T-bills, are short-term debt instruments issued by the U.S Treasury. T-bills are issued for a term of one year of less. T-bills are considered the world’s safest debt as they are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. A key indicator The T-bill rate is a key barometer of short-term interest rates. Treasury bills are sold with maturities of four, thirteen, twenty-six and fifty-two weeks. They do not pay interest, but rather are sold a discount to their face value. The full-face value is paid at maturity, and the difference between the discounted purchase price and the full-face value equates to the interest rate. Purchasing T-Bills There are three ways to purchase T-bills and all other Treasury securities: · Non-competitive bid auctions allow investors to submit a bid to purchase a set dollar amount of the Bills at the next auction. The yield they receive is based upon the average auction price from all bidders. This is a good method for individual investors and can be done via the TreasuryDirect site. The maximum amount that can be purchased through a non-competitive bid is $5 million. Competitive bidding auctions are geared for those who only want to buy the bills at a specific or desired yield. These bids must be made via a bank or a broker. A buyer can purchase up to 35% of the amount of the initial offering for the bill being auctioned. · You can purchase them on the secondary market or via mutual funds and ETFs. T-bills, like all Treasury securities, can be bought and sold on the secondary market. Additionally, there are a number of mutual funds and ETFs that purchase T-bills. The secondary market There is an active secondary market for T-bills, but in order to buy or sell bills here you will need to use a broker as a middle-man. T-bills are very liquid and short-term, but the price will fluctuate based on movements in the rate on newly issued T-bills. Who are the major buyers? Although T-bills can be bought by individual investors, primary dealers, such as banks and broker-dealers, are the biggest purchasers of T-bills at the various auctions. Other major auction participants include investment funds, pension plans and retirement funds, insurance companies and other large institutional managers. Money Market: Certificate Of Deposit (CD) Related Articles 1. Investing The Basics Of The T-Bill 2. Investing Introduction to Treasury Securities 3. Investing Getting To Know The Money Market 4. Investing Buy Treasuries Directly From The Fed 5. Investing The Differences Between Bills, Notes And Bonds 6. Investing What's a T Bond? 7. Investing How Risk Free Is The Risk-Free Rate Of Return? Frequently Asked Questions 1. What's the Best Way to Contact Warren Buffett? 2. What is the Financial Services Sector? Trading Center
German nazi Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his army parade in Prague on March 15, 1939, the day of the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Wehrmacht. (-/AFP/Getty Images) The Nazi salute, outlawed as a criminal offense in countries like Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, remains a thorny legal issue in other European countries. In Switzerland, a 1995 anti-racism law criminalized the use of racist symbols in promoting discriminatory ideologies. But yesterday a Swiss court ruled that the symbol isn’t in fact a criminal offense if it’s used as a personal statement, the Associated Press reports. It seems to be a rather small technicality, considering the instantaneous associations most people presumably make upon seeing a Nazi salute being performed. While I’ll leave it to legal scholars to debate the various implications of the ruling, I do wonder what this means for other controversial symbols like the quenelle, the nebulous reverse Nazi salute newly popularized in France, which got a 28-year-old man a $4,130 fine from a French court last month. I also wonder whether the New York City taxi driver suspended for wearing a Nazi armband while operating his cab would, under the terms of the new Swiss law, be considered to be making a solely personal statement. Previous: French Court Issues Fine Over Quenelle Salute Related: Despicable Meme: Why the Quenelle Is the Grumpy Cat of Anti-Semites
Saturday, January 23, 2016 entropy, physics, markets, A.I., evolution, short summary Physics is our best known (most efficient) set of non-lossy compression functions for the data observed in the world, which is a way of saying Occam's razor was applied. Other sets of compression functions like religion + democracy + free markets are more intelligent than physics's functions if they result in more profit for the computing device implementing the functions (algorithms), in keeping with Marcus Hutter's definition of intelligence. Deciding the most efficient way to move the symbols around with electrons in CPUs, ions in brains, votes in government, reputation in open source, or money in markets allows the computing device (CPUs implementing real A.I., brains, government, open source, markets) to most efficiently move the much larger real-world objects that the symbols represent so that the computing device can more efficiently make copies of itself (seek lower entropy). This is how entropy relates to information and how information relates to intelligence and evolution which are the result of least action dynamics seeking lower physical entropy in the distribution of N atoms on Earth, as the excess entropy is sloughed off to space with 17 low-energy un-directed photons per incoming sun-directed photon, so that the Universe can expand (entropy and energy per comoving volume of the universe is constant): entropy is emitted from gravitational systems to fill the expanding void: entropy is not always "increasing" it is emitted). The result is higher energy bonds (lower entropy due to smaller volume) of the N atoms on Earth of n types, which is why machines that utilize metal and metalloid (e.g. silicon) atoms with their previously attached oxygen atoms removed (resulting in carbon-carbon, metal-metal, silicon-silicon) are replacing biology: they are more efficient due to the higher energy low entropy bonds. This is why entropy is important. high social entropy for low physical entropy. Another short summary Physical entropy on planet Earth is lowered by capitalism's combination with democracy because it keeps social entropy high by redistributing the wealth evenly. This causes a greater use commodities like metals, metalloids, and carbon with their oxygen atoms removed from the "ores", creating very strong bonds in smaller volumes (lower entropy). These strong bonds happen to acquire energy (solar cells), use it to move matter around (electrical motors), and to think about how to do it most efficiently (silicon-based CPUs), much more efficiently than biology which is why biology is being replaced. Our economic problems since the use of rocks have been due to non-rock users becoming outdated and thereby replaced. The great depression was caused by not printing enough money when farm and factory muscle was replaced by steel and copper. Now silicon with its oxygen atoms removed is replacing brains that have to move ions instead of electrons which weigh 40,000 times less. Cooperation on the whole is lowering entropy is what evolution is about. Regions of gravity (mass accumulation) emit entropy via lower-energy photons so that the universe can expand. On an expanding-volume basis, cosmological entropy is observed to be constant. Earth, economies, and engines are not isolated thermodynamic systems. Is there no such thing? Entropy is emitted. It "increases" only when the expanding universe is not considered. Genes are passive. Randomness combined with them do not lead to order. Dynamics, the Sun, and the universe sucking entropy out of Earth leads to the physical order seen in evolution. In order incorporate the "entropy always increases" law, the view that evolution is not leading to higher order was assumed, but in looking at how the mass on Earth is organizing itself, entropy is being lowered. The selfish gene view gives rise to justifying capitalism without government. The fatalistic view that "entropy always rises" supports that error. Fixed volumes of the universe are becoming more and more isolated and their entropy is increasing. group selection, moon low-entropy This is why everything in the above discussion appears vacuous. There is not any terminology being used that I can grab on to and falsify or subject to observation. It’s like trying to argue about the old and discredited mind-body problem. The mind is a result the body. Selection is the result of the flow of energy, not a force in and of itself. Genes, groups, altruism, and selfishness are results to be observed, not causes to which forces can be assigned. The Sun and moon seem to be like a father and mother. One gives the energy and the other replenishes the order. If the moon ceased to exist and the axis was straight, things might more quickly devolve to a more stable and boring state. Spontaneous negative entropy reactions can occur when the internal energy decrease is greater than the negative dST. dG=dU-dST is spontaneous if dG is negative. The Earth-moon interaction that results in a depletion of Earth's rotational free energy appears to do this. The Earth is putting the moon into a higher orbit, 3.78 cm per year (1.37E19 Joules), at a cost of rotational energy. The amount of rotational energy lost from the Earth is more than this as there are additional friction losses generating heat on Earth. Consider the dU lost from Earth's water and air as the Earth's rotation rate slows. Applying rotational mechanics for a spherical solid and spherical shell, I get that 0.00038 of the energy sent to the moon is being lost from the oceans' rotational energy (the rest is in the mantle and core). There is a forcedistance on the water over and above the friction heat that is generated. Looking at Gibb's free energy equation and using 270 K, this is a maximum potential entropy reduction of 330,000 J/K per second. I get 1,260 J/K per second for the air mass. They are more than this as the Earth's core does not have the same reduction in rotational velocity, and I assumed uniform distribution of Earth's mass when it actually concentrates giving it a smaller moment of inertia. There is a velocity increase in the moon, but I calculated that to be only 3 J/s. The real energy cost appears to be in getting it into the higher orbit. Isaac Asimov said the tides were required to get life on land. It also churns the mantle that I think is a major source of the veins and ore concentrations (lower entropy) that modern economic life relies on. It is the original cause of the Earth's tilt which causes the seasons which is another source of periodic disturbance (external force) that makes the Earth a bit different. I can imagine life would get boring more quickly if the seasons, tides, and mantle churning stopped. The rotational energy lost in the interior of the Earth could not contribute to life except by churning the mantle which could have allowed more "hot vents" and such. But it also resulted in a more orderly arrangement of ores, veins, etc that modern economies tap into at a great savings compared to if the resources were evenly distributed in the mantle. The movement of commodities on Earth may also lower entropy. For example, metals and metalloids (especially silicon needed for solar cells and CPUs) are much stronger bonds than the "oxygenated" ores, which means they are lower molar specific entropy, at least for the iron and silicon atoms. But the CO2 released negates this. Even if captured back to a fossil fuel, more O2 in the atmosphere from the original Fe2O3 or SiO2 has enough entropy to negate my point. Is concrete lower entropy than the raw materials? We're depleting the entropy caused by the non-random geographical distribution of ores in nature (although I'm not sure roads and building are less order). But the geographical re-distribution change in entropy should be small compared to the chemical bond differences. Biology is apparently being replaced by these stronger, denser, bonds. Interestingly, moving matter, acquiring sun energy, and thinking about how to most efficiently do it are greatly improved by making use of the stronger, lower specific entropy bonds: electrical motors, silicon solar cells (20x more efficient than photosynthesis), and CPUs (electrons weigh 50,000 times less than ions). Not to mention stronger structures, and even metal-air batteries may replace fossil fuel for energy storage. It's not just bones and teeth. Selection is not a force. Genes are just the memory of what the environment found. Arguments over gene, individual, kin, and group selection are errant and non-physical, like the old mind-body discussions. The entropy of the universe on a comoving volume (expanding volume) basis is constant. See Weinberg's "First Three Minutes" book. Also, since there is not a heat transfer on cosmological scale, there is no entropy transfer, so constant entropy is a direct observation. This means entropy is required to decrease on a fixed-volume basis. My view is that gravitational systems (mass concentrations) must be releasing entropy to the universe "so that it can expand." If life became so advanced in efficiency and reducing the rate of entropy released, would the universe expand more slowly? Is dark matter Dyson spheres converting all the starlight they surround to mass? post to physics stack exchange The moon's orbit is increasing 3.78 cm/year due to the faster spinning Earth and tides pulling on it. The Earth slows down 15 microseconds/year. From this I've estimated (assuming the core's rotation reduces as much as the mantle and an even distribution of mass) there is 10 times more heat from friction in the tides, mantel, and core than the amount of internal energy from Earth's decreased rotation that is transferred to lift the moon. The resulting heating does not raise Earth's temperature much, as it is constantly dissipated, bringing it back down to the Sun's heating (the Sun heats the Earth something like 10,000 times more than the rotational heat). This heating is not an offset for the internal energy transferred to the moon. I might have errors in these estimates, but it does not change my question. When Gibbs free energy (Gibbs=U+pV-TS) is negative, spontaneous reactions can occur even if entropy is reduced. I believe this is how crystals and/or snowflakes form, losing internal rotational energy that is greater than the TdS decrease. An internal energy loss gives a negative Gibbs free energy for the Earth (on open thermodynamic system), and there is not a temperature increase directly connected to the internal energy loss, so it seems the Earth can have some of its entropy decreased by the presence of the moon, if the correct "things" are in place (chemical or mass distribution). Asimov said life could not have made it to land without tides, and modern economics depends heavily on the uneven distribution (lower entropy) of ores and veins, a lot of which I believe is the result of the moon keeping the mantel more active. The seasons and complex but not random wind patterns also seem to benefit life. Since the Earth is an open system, it can have a decrease in Entropy. Daniel Styer estimates life decreases entropy on Earth about 300 J/K per second. If the water and air portion of the lost internal energy were converted to lowering entropy at 300 K, I get 300,000 J/K per second. Compared to if there was not a collision that created the moon, how do you estimate the amount of entropy reduction due to 1) tides not being an even distribution of the water 2) other mass not distributed as evenly as it might have been 3) the axis tilt? Does all that internal energy loss HAVE to be balanced by a TS decrease? If T is so constant, is it a pure S decrease? Many have said life does not violate the 2nd law because the Earth emits so much entropy. The presence of the moon seems to have had a huge beneficial impact for life on Earth from an "information-type" of effect (forced oscillations from the Earth's own internal energy). If the moon is decreasing entropy on Earth from this effect did this make life a lot more probable instead of just possible? Tuesday, January 12, 2016 Machines controlling government is the result of dynamics and cosmological entropy. (from amazon comments on John Hawley's review to "Lights in the Tunnel") I don't think we are supposed to solve this problem. The machines are more efficient at acquiring energy from the Sun, moving matter, and above all they are better at thinking about how to do it. The problem humans have is that the economic machine needs them less and less to replicate itself more and more, displacing (killing off) the biosphere. The species extinction rate is currently 50,000 times faster in the past 100 years than what they call the "background" rate. As ores and hydrocarbons get more and more transformed into metals, metalloids (silicon for example), and carbon-carbon bonds, the machines get more and more efficient on larger and larger scales with a smaller and smaller machine/person ratio. The entropy of the limited mass on Earth is decreasing faster than biology by itself could ever dream of, thanks to these stronger bonds (smaller volume per mass). Corporations are required to seek a 3-part goal: dis-employ as many inefficient human workers as possible while taking as much money as possible from as many customers as possible while directing the profits to the fewest number of shareholders. At every step the goal is to take people out of the picture. Voters controlling government historically got in the way by redistributing the wealth more evenly, but the corporations in many countries are getting that under control (making voter's desires irrelevant and returning to a concentration of wealth) with the help of the banks' legions of computers. It's not an accident the banks employ so many programmers compared to other industries: it's all about command and control of people through money. The machines have risen, the biosphere is already 1/3 of the way destroyed and human population growth is rapidly slowing. The average person still thinks humans are in control. The physics principle of stationary action is in control (directing evolution) and people somehow still think morals or human desire have relevance. That's just a diversion the machines have created. Not that they have a willful mind anymore than a house thermostat, it's just the way the dynamics of physics evolves. People still think they have a moral right and responsibility to keep the machines in check through things like pollution regulation or keeping useless people employed. We will either step aside or be pushed aside as our children (the machines) finish crushing biology out of economic relevance. Economics is just the economizing of resources in the pursuit of the principle of least action, i.e. just another embodiment of evolution with or without DNA. Franchises, chickens, M&Ms, democracy, transistors, and screws are self-reproducing, feeding off of humans who feed off of plants, animals, fossil fuels, and solar cells who all feed (or fed) off of the Sun. Do cows, chickens, corn, and soybeans feed off of humans or vice versa? Do customers feed off of Walmart and Amazon or vice versa? Does the federal government feed off of voters or vice versa? When looking at Hamiltonian or Newtonian dynamics that use differential equations, you have a starting time with initial conditions that imply a direction of time and force. But the least action method is an integral method and has been shown by its utility in quantum dynamics to be more fundamental. It does not force things in time which causes it to be biased towards lower entropy (life) in closed thermodynamic systems like the Earth. People argue life is not creating order only because they think entropy always increases, but that is only for isolated systems. In closed systems like the Earth where Energy in equals Energy out and the energy out has higher entropy, local entropy can decrease. The end result of least action for a closed system with unstable initial conditions is stronger and stronger chemical bonds and thereby lower entropy. S=kN[aln(V/N)+bln(U./N)+cln(mass/N)+d] where N, mass, a, c, and d are constants for Earth atoms but b=heat capacity/N (shifting U from K.E. to P.E.) and V decrease as life progresses, or rather distribution of N in V stratifies for lower entropy calculation. This is extending a gaseous equation for entropy to solids that gets away from the fundamental spacemomentum states of entropy, but in terms of phonon entropy for solids the entropy for a single oscillator (think single atom) is S=kln(kT/hf+1) where f is higher for stronger bonds so for a certain T for Earth's surface, S decreases as the bonds strengthen. The tighter bonds mean smaller V and b. You can also look specific entropies for solids to confirm the difference between the metals and metalloids with and without the oxygen atoms. So the massive energy invested in refining ores to make CPUs, solar cells, carbon fiber, nanotubes, wires, and steel result in lower entropy and the waste heat is released to the atmosphere which cools off as higher-entropy photons are released to space to maintain energy-in and energy-out equal due to the Sun. If the C in the CO2 of the atmosphere is recovered to create strong structures in the distant future there will be some cooling of Earth, further reducing S of our solids. DNA crystals were just the start. Human desire is an illusion just as much as thinking cow or chicken desires control humans. Either view implements the dynamics equally well, but choosing one over the other is an inferior view of the dynamics. The influx of books and fossil fuels enabled democracy that has temporarily overthrown the historical normal of many poor and a few rich. People ARE cattle to the banks, governments, and religions. The efficiency of the economic machine is paramount as it overthrows less efficient systems and it is not related to median human happiness. Jewels of modern economic "miracles" are Japan and South Korea and they are pretty much tied for 1st place in alcoholism, teen suicide, and percent of adults who have never touched the opposite sex. Ralph, humans can't direct where the screw goes without the help of plants. You're assigning a primary force to human thought, but the primary force times distance is the Sun's energy which is being directed by the principle of least action that guides the quantum and thermal randomness of the world towards lower entropy on Earth as the excess entropy is sloughed off. Contrary to classical thermodynamics, cosmologists have observed the entropy of the universe to be constant on an expanding volume of the universe (comoving volume) basis which means the entropy of constant volumes (local gravitational systems like the solar system and galaxy) must decrease to create entropy for the expanding regions of space. Evolutionary thought usually hand-waves over how randomness of thermal and quantum fluctuations result in apparent order by just denying order is increasing. If the mass on earth continues to remove oxygen atoms from metal and metalloid atoms, entropy will continue to decrease (order is increasing). My assertion I can't find elsewhere is that this should be expected from the principle of least action. Newton's methods allow for non-fundamental non-conservative forces (friction) which is why "entropy always increases" appears to be a rigid rule of cycles and it is for isolated systems. But the expanding universe is not isolated, it is expanding. And friction is not a fundamental force (see Feynman's physics course, least action chapter). In other words, the randomness of reactions on Earth emit entropy, not simply increase it. Humans are already fighting against machines and they are losing, as evidenced by 20x more energy being spent with 1,000 time more technology than 100 years ago, but we are not seeing a 20,000 times improvement in the quality of life divided by the reduction in work hours. It has mostly been "wasted" on increasing population which means increasing competition for limited resources. As long as you discuss how "we" (the majority of the population) should move forward, you are missing the point of why we were born. We were born to compete and get rid of the less efficient in keeping with least action dynamics and decreasing local entropy. This means only a few "should" have children which means a divergence of wealth, or genetic manipulation for all, both of which are just steps towards replacing DNA with machines. Especially since programmers (replacing human thinkers to the point of making brains more and more obsolete) are the ones with the wealth to have more children (but they don't choose to, hence more machines...see end of this text). It is already occurring as the intelligence and hard work of even 20-something billionaire programmers is decreasing: compare HP, MS, and Apple founders to youtube, snapchat, and facebook. Luck and clever people-manipulation ("will you be my friend?" was the manipulative virus that created facebook) is now more important than programming intelligence which is my evidence of how irrelevant brains have already become to economics, joining muscles' irrelevance. Photosynthesis and energy storage is next up on the DNA chopping block: metal-air batteries will replace fossil fuels in transportation energy and solar cells are 20x more efficient than photosynthesis on an area basis, already covering vast areas of what used to be green with black and growing exponentially, removing oxygen from the metals and silicon metalloids to make it happen (lower entropy for the mass on Earth) for the economic (economizing) machine that is guided by least action, not human thought as we egotistically perceive. Our genes are directing us to make society more efficient, not to increase median human happiness, which is why economics is so confused. We feel we should make life better for all, but our end-actions show there is a fine print we like to forget so that less efficient people do not catch on: "...better life ... <small>for all who are more efficient than the rest.</small>". But our economics is blind as to if "all" is restricted humans (and even DNA) or not. Democracy keeping economics in check with 1 vote per person instead of dollars was a temporary solution to the machines not having enough intelligence to control the government. The machines now control our governments with the best actors in place to keep the masses fooled and pacified as to what is really going on. It is not a conspiracy of a few people or companies: it is the result of the dynamics of masses in potential fields (forces) and the known cosmology. Our economic machine is no longer selecting for the most efficient people to create more efficient people. It is selecting for the people who are the most efficient at replacing people with machines, i.e., programmers, social system manipulators, and actors. These 3 groups currently benefit each other (Apple, snapchat, and facebook (I think) all started with about 1 good programmer and 1 good social was another...but I have a bias in knowledge towards the socially-visible entities) but they also will eventually be on the chopping block. People farming in remote locations will remain for a long time. The wealthy are not exactly having more children than the poor (maybe just the opposite) mainly due to being married to the "machine" that causes stress and confusion about from the joy of breeding. So some religions (catholic and Islam) and cultures (latin America) that stress happiness in family over technological and stressful wealth are losing out at least militarily to those who have acquired more power thanks to the machine. Education and a change in culture is touted as the solution to the overpopulation problem, but this is just a different way of saying the machine should replace people to a greater and greater extent. I could be wrong about least action as life (order increasing) does not arise on all planets, so far. It might be something like the destabilizing effect of the moon (that is a pre-existing order that is decreasing as it slows down and falls towards Earth) that at least re-creates order in the form of more ore veins from volcanoes and tides which could explain one reason why Earth is different, but if the moon disappeared it is not clear that Earth would more quickly stabilize to a disordered state. I am not saying human life is worse off, but that there has been a lot of waste compared to past times based on what all the energy and technology should have done for us, and that such a trend can slowly (or rapidly) change from being "growing less rapidly" into a negative growth in happiness per person. What is this "machine takeover" he's talking about? Corporations control US government like never before. For example, some economists estimate the government shifted $20 to $30 trillion from the bank balance sheets to the taxpayer. That the corporation appears as a mindless machine should not be a new idea. Also I mean solar cells are on an exponential growth curve, replacing green fields in many places, in addition to green portions of the Earth rapidly decreasing and 5,000 times more species dying off than pre-1900 (not 50,000 like I previously said). Green decreasing and species decreasing so rapidly while corporations increase exponentially is the definition of a "machine" takeover. What evidence does he have that the Great Depression was caused by machines? I'll quote from wiki: "technological unemployment was not a significant concern for main stream economic thinking until the mid to late 1920s, and especially in the 1930s. In the 1920s mass unemployment re-emerged as a pressing issue within Europe. At this time the U.S. was generally more prosperous, but even there urban unemployment had begun to increase from 1927. Rural American workers had been suffering job losses from the start of the 1920s; many had been displaced by improved agricultural technology, such as the tractor. " "The first three decades of the 20th century saw capital investment and economic output surge with electrification, mass production and the increasing motorization of transportation and farm machinery. The resultant rapid growth in productivity meant there was a lot of excess production capacity, with falling prices and numerous manufacturing plant closures. As a consequence, the work week fell slightly in the decade prior to the depression. The depression led to additional large numbers of plant closings. "It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the [productivity, output and employment] trends we are describing are long-time trends... the present depression is a collapse resulting from these long-term trends." - M. King Hubbert[45] Scott says we fixed the Great Depression with "useless jobs." What is his evidence for this? This requires a certain perspective. By "useless jobs" I mean there are very few people today compared to past times who are producing food or things that we need to have a great standard of living and happiness. Agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and construction make up 7% of the population (see BLS website). That we divert money "where we want" is not an arguing point as long as massive government controlled by "the machine" is defining the macroscopic rules that dictate where money is spent. For example, having high taxes and yet no retirement or healthcare. The biggest single losses to voters as a result of government involvement have been to the banks and health care industry. Why is being a programmer a "sucky lifestyle"? What? You don't know any programmers?? What does he mean when he claims Mexicans aren't "duped by machines"? What evidence does he offer that Mexicans working at construction jobs, living in crummy apartments with three kids are happier than upper class white Americans? I did not mean to imply upper class. I meant middle class. By "duped" I mean whites are being duped by the machine via stress and confusion in pursuit of monetary wealth into not having as many children as others who are less connected to the corporate machine. My thesis is that the machine is going to replace biology which is why those who are a part of it are having fewer babies, nearly the opposite of in biological thinking as being made happier. That they need 4x more antidepressants is an arguing point. 8x if you're a white women in your 40's and 50's (what portion of that 23% drugged middle-age white women never had children?) . To not be concerned that the ratio of happiness per median person divided by the energy+resources+technology+capital investment has been decreasing the past 100 years is like saying we should be happy a thief took only $100 out of our income instead of $1000. Life is certainly better for the median human and it is still improving. I am arguing it is already decreasing for humans who are married to the machine. All the increases are only in areas where war is decreasing and food and basic medicine are improving (the 3rd world now living not so far behind). I am not sure life is better for the average American when compared to the 1950's, before the transistor was invented. I suspect the computer replacing brains is the primary culprit, which could have given us a lot more improvements, but that the change was so rapid that the vacuum was filled with less-productive jobs and the government+corporate duopoly. The vacuum is being filled by replacing biology. That the corporation is legally defined like an individual is another sign that "the machine" is another thinking entity that people do not generally recognize as intelligence outside of the human brain. To say a car or company shows no sign of human-like intelligence is like saying a single neuron does not display human-like intelligence. They don't. It's the system as a whole where the intelligence lies. We are like ants to our economic/computer system's brain. Ants can't conceive people, but maybe one ant can open the eyes of other ants as to the dangers of the shadows that we can see. It's not a conspiracy, it's physics, as I've tried to explain and argue. Humans have helped create the problem by their inherent desire to compete and to select for the most attractive and let the less efficient die out. We let ego push us into trying to be smarter (degrees) with bigger cars and houses, ostensibly for obtaining better mates, but it has the side effect of promoting machines over biology. I myself am using capital investment to replace amazon rainforest with a palm plantation, "enslaving" locals as a result of my technological prowess, even capturing one of their more attractive women who's 15 years younger. They are all happy with the arrangement. The side effects of how this promotes the machine at the expense of biology is hard to see, except that the rain forest was sustainable indefinitely with many species but my palm plantation is not. I used computers to do this, with the help of my machine-like country that creates the world's currency backed by a military nearly as big as every other military combined. I used a new highly refined metalloid instead of steel in weapons that requires 800 times more energy per kg to produce than steel production. Species create species that replace themselves, but it's now occurring more rapidly than before as DNA per energy input to our economic system is decreasing while the metals and metalloids increase. Silicon computer chips instead of steel blades are the new high-energy bonds deciding when, where, and how people are to be enslaved to the economic system. Monday, January 4, 2016 least action, evolution, entropy, machines, invisible hand=self gene Group selection verses selfish gene finds its cause and exact parallel in the principle of least action verses Newton's laws. I assume "group selection" does not have a limiting boundary to small groups buts extends Gaia-like to be Earth-wide. Evolution is not acting outside of dynamics. Dynamics with quantum and thermal fluctuations must be enough to describe the source and direction of life and evolution. It is just a physical system with no magic or God. Randomness is not a God. Newton's law is expressed more precisely and sometimes more usefully as Langrangian or Hamiltonian dynamics. These 3 methods are differential methods so you can plug them into a computer and get your answer for any time given the initial conditions and constraints. Least action is a different beast because it is an integral that is minimized. It is not easily solved for most problems. The mathematically rigorous demand that it also might be a saddle point or maximum, but I believe that ignores quantum and thermal fluctuations that disturb such possibilities, so it seeks minimums. There is no physics law that indicates randomness results in order spontaneously. Many deny that life gives rise to order because they do not want to violate the thermo law that says disorder always increases. What happens is that the Earth emits excess disorder as a large number of low energy photons moving in random direction as compared to the incoming high energy photons directed from the Sun. So order (lower entropy) can arise in life without violating the entropy law. Least action is average kinetic energy minus average potential energy, minimized over any and all time periods, given the physical system's constraints. The least action integral is thereby biased towards lower heat and higher energy bonds. This is lower entropy. There is no perfect efficiency so heat is always generated, but excess heat is sloughed off the Earth as the energy coming in must equal the energy going out. The net result is more potential energy left behind without extra heat (global warming aside), i.e., a decrease in S when T is relatively constant. You can't see more order when looking at the differential forms, but you can when looking at the integral (holistic) form. So I am in favor of the group selection view when explaining the source and direction of evolution, but the gene selection when doing any local calculations. Kinetic energy is heat. Potential energy (as far as life is concerned) is stronger bonds. The selfish view is that life struggles and fights and thereby needs higher-energy bonds to survive and win. But this always requires pre-existing forces, i.e. some type of unseen God (also known as the unseen hand in economics). It is saying random selection resulted in lower entropy. But the whole system (least action) biased towards lower entropy, which is what I believe is the source of the stronger bonds. Notice that the idea of good and bad is done away with if the self gene view is not considered "the source". The distasteful acerbic nature Dawkins has towards religion is connected with the selfish gene view. The holistic view is more Buddhist-like. Dawkins seems to have an unspoken God by believing in good and bad. Religion has a least-action "right" to fight and be destroyed or survive just like science. Least action might need both science and rhetoric to proceed more quickly, but the rhetoric may not be truth. The least action math has been shown to go very deep, guiding quantum mechanics methods and beyond. It is deeper than the differential forms. The entropy of the universe is an open question but the observations show entropy per comoving volume of the expanding universe is constant. I could not believe this when a PhD thermodynamic cosmologist told me because we always here differently and a specific law says otherwise, but Wikipedia confirms it. So entropy of fixed-volumes like solar systems and galaxies is decreasing. They are releasing entropy to the universe "so that it can expand", which is a subtle difference from "entropy is always increasing". It is always being emitted. Machines will replace biology on Earth because they are more efficient at fulfilling the direction required by least action. They use very high energy bonds of metals, metalloids (like silicon for solar cells and thinking machines), and carbon-carbon bonds. This gives them orders of magnitude greater capability of acquiring energy (currently 20x better than photosynthesis) to move matter (200x cheaper than muscle) to create stronger bonds (copies of themselves). The end game for each solar system is a Dyson sphere that converts photons to mass, not emitting anything but gravity, and could be a source of dark matter. When given a range of potential energy bonds to choose from, if you are seeking the higher energies you end up with fewer options. This means copies and pseudo-copies in your results. The order created from simply having more copies is the result of least action seeking higher potential energy. The QED methods of quantum mechanics is a least action-type math and found its motivation from least action. I think it may be the deeper source of least action dynamics, but I doubt anyone has derived how it might be seeking order on the macro scale while displaying randomness on the microscale. Emitting excess entropy is connected to gravitation and cosmology, which QED does not include. Dawkins book "Selfish Gene" is all that's needed to see that "Selfish Gene" has a problem. His first 50 to 100 pages are replete with bewildering double-talk trying to explain why the gene view is best. Frankly, I believe the first 50 to 100 pages are garbage. The debate also has a non-accidental parallel in economics, which is also based on dynamics. The selfish gene is the supposed "invisible hand" of free markets. Wikipedia's definition of invisible hand: The belief that government is good and needed for greater order on Earth (happiness?) is the parallel of believing in group selection. Joseph Stiglitz says today's economic debate centers on having the right balance between the two views: group selection = voters influencing government to set the rules order to create a more powerful society that can displace kingdoms and anarchy. There is an end result in mind: better life for all in the society in the short and long run, possibly exactly like the least action integral sum over all times. selfish gene = selfish economic agents acting under those rules. The differential laws can be derived from least action, and maybe vice versa, but the vice versa case is not as generally useful in physics. It might be difficult for genes to carry the information needed for group selection. Genes tend towards acting like a virus or cancer. Religion and government apparently carry group selection rules. I assume group selection has no definite limit and applies to evolution as a whole, resulting in a Gaia-like Earth as a result of dynamics and thermodynamics.
Can Fractals Make Sense Of The Quantum World? QUANTUM theory just seems too weird to believe. Particles can be in more than one place at a time. They don’t exist until you measure them. Spookier still, they can even stay in touch when they are separated by great distances. Einstein thought this was all a bit much, believing it to be evidence of major problems with the theory, as many critics still suspect today. Quantum enthusiasts point to the theory’s extraordinary success in explaining the behaviour of atoms, electrons and other quantum systems. They insist we have to accept the theory as it is, however strange it may seem. It is an argument that is drawing attention from physicists around the world. “His approach is very interesting and refreshingly different,” says physicist Robert Spekkens of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada. “He’s not just trying to reinterpret the usual quantum formalism, but actually to derive it from something deeper.” So while Palmer has spent the last 20 years establishing a reputation as a leading mathematical climatologist, he has also continued to explore the mysteries of his first interest, quantum theory (see “Quantum ambitions”). “It has taken 20 years of thinking,” says Palmer, “but I do think that most of the paradoxes of quantum theory may well have a simple and comprehensible resolution.” Bohr and his supporters believed that the theory’s successful description of atoms and radiation meant you should abandon old philosophical concepts, such as the idea that objects have definite properties even when no one is there to measure them. Einstein and his followers countered that such radicalism was wildly premature. They argued that much of the quantum weirdness was nothing more than a lack of adequate knowledge. Find a quantum system’s “hidden variables”, Einstein suspected, and quantum theory might make common sense, a view that quantum enthusiasts thought was ultra conservative and out of touch. The argument rages to this day. Fractals unite Palmer believes his work shows it is possible that Einstein and Bohr may have been emphasising different aspects of the same subtle physics. “My hypothesis is motivated by two concepts that wouldn’t have been known to the founding fathers of quantum theory,” he says: black holes and fractals. For example, it may point to a natural explanation for one of the biggest puzzles of quantum physics, what physicists refer to as its “contextuality”. Quantum theory seems to insist that particles do not have any properties before they are measured. Instead, the very act of measurement brings their properties into being. Or, put another way, quantum systems have meaning only in the context of the particular experiments performed on them. Palmer’s idea suggests a third possibility – that the kinds of experiments considered by Kochen and Specker are simply impossible to get answers from and hence irrelevant. The key is the invariant set. According to Palmer’s hypothesis, the invariant set contains all the physically realistic states of the universe. So any state that isn’t part of the invariant set cannot physically exist. Due to the spare and wispy nature of fractals, even subtle changes in the hypothetical universes could cause them to fall outside the invariant set. In this way, Spekkens says, Palmer’s hypothesis may help to make some sense of quantum contextuality. “I think his approach is really interesting and novel,” says Spekkens. “Other physicists have shown how you can find a way out of the Kochen-Specker problem, but this work actually provides a mechanism to explain the theorem.” Following on from this, Palmer believes that many other features of quantum theory also fall into place. For example, quantum theory is famous for making only statistical predictions – it can only tell you the probability of finding an electron with its quantum-mechanical spin pointing up. This arises naturally, suggests Palmer, because quantum theory is blind to the intricate fractal structure of the invariant set. Just as our eyes cannot discern the smallest details in fractal patterns, quantum theory only sees “coarse grain approximations”, as if it is looking through fuzzy spectacles. Other physicists seem inspired by the novelty of Palmer’s approach. “What makes this really interesting is that it gets away from the usual debates over multiple universes and hidden variables and so on,” says Bob Coecke, a physicist at the University of Oxford. “It suggests there might be an underlying physical geometry that physics has just missed, which is radical and very positive.” Palmer is hoping that will change. In a paper submitted to the journalProceedings of the Royal Society A, he shows how the basic idea can account for quantum uncertainty, contextuality and other quantum puzzles ( Many details still need to be fleshed out, says Coecke. “Palmer manages to explain some quantum phenomena,” he says, “but he hasn’t yet derived the whole rigid structure of the theory. This is really necessary.” After all, the theory backs Einstein’s view that quantum theory really is incomplete. It is, Palmer says, blind to the fractal structure of the invariant set. If it wasn’t, it would see that the world is not only deterministic, but it never exhibits any spooky effects. Quantum ambitions “I felt that quantum theory was at best a provisional theory,” Palmer recalls. Instead, he switched to climate science where he rapidly established an international reputation. Today Palmer is known for pioneering a method called ensemble forecasting, which incorporates the role of chaos to create climate forecasts that include specific estimates of their own accuracy. But even as Palmer’s work became widely influential – so much so that he has taken a key role on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – he could never forget the quantum puzzles that so occupied him before. What is a fractal? %d bloggers like this:
Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities indicate that Adria no longer behaves as a rigid tectonic indenter into southern Europe and is divided into northwestern and southeastern velocity domains. Differential motions are recognized in a velocity field determined from the Peri-Tyrrhenian Geodetic Array (PTGA) and International GPS Service (IGS) sites in the circum-Tyrrhenian region of the central Mediterranean and published GPS velocities from the eastern Adriatic coast. In a fixed Eurasian reference frame, PTGA and IGS site velocities in Sicily and southern Italy are as much as 10 mm/yr in a northward direction, similar to GPS velocities along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. In contrast, velocities in northern Italy are small or statistically insignificant and similar to velocities in Sardinia and Corsica outboard of western Adria. The tectonic boundary dividing Adria is seismically active and passes around the southern and eastern margins of the Tyrrhenian Basin, crosses central Italy, extends into the Adriatic Sea, and follows the western margin of the Dinaride tectonic belt north to the Gulf of Venice. The eastern margin of Adria is approximately located and follows the axis of the central Dinaric Alps southeast to the Hellenic arc. Southeastern Adria has a velocity related to northward motion of Africa, whereas northwestern Adria has negligible differential motion in the Eurasian frame and now is part of the Alpine collage of southern Europe. You do not currently have access to this article.
NSAIDs yes there are Alternatives I often have patients that I treat ask me about NSAIDs i.e. non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and whether they can continue to use them when they embark on one of my suggested protocols that encourage the ‘Good Gut Solution’ of using drugless therapy. Very often, they are so happy to have symptom and pain relief when by using NSAIDs, that they fail to investigate the dangers and side effects. They don’t know how the side effects will affect them in the long run. They don’t know the true nature of the drugs. In the long run, its more about temporary relief than it is about truly helping the body to get well. NSAIDs definition according to Wikipedia “Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, usually abbreviated to NSAIDs / en-sed —but also referred to as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics (NSAIAs) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)—are a class of drugs that provides analgesic and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, and, in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects.” “The term nonsteroidal distinguishes these drugs from steroids, which, among a broad range of other effects, have a similar eicosanoid-depressing, anti-inflammatory action. As analgesics, they are unusual in that they are non-narcotic and thus are used as a non-addictive alternative to narcotics”. Wikipedia lists the following adverse effects: NSAIDS non steroidal antiinflammatories NSAIDS non steroidal antiinflammatories “The widespread use of NSAIDs has meant that the adverse effects of these drugs have become increasingly prevalent. Use of NSAIDs increases risk of having a range of gastrointestinal (GI) problems. When they are used for pain management after surgery they cause increased risk of kidney problems. “NSAIDs, like all drugs, may interact with other medications. For example, concurrent use of NSAIDs and quinolones may increase the risk of quinolones’ adverse central nervous system effects, including seizure.” Yes, the action of NSAIDs (non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs) is to check inflammation. They address the symptoms of swelling and pain that happens when the body is injured in some way and the immune system comes to help. It’s true that NSAIDs are not steroids, which reduce the inflammatory response by suppressing the immune system. NSAIDS are, in fact, non-steroidal drugs and indeed, have a different action. The way they work is by stopping a protein, or enzyme, that stimulates changes in the body, from doing what it’s supposed to do. The enzyme is called cyclooxygenase. It is also known as COX. There are two forms. The first, COX-l, helps the kidneys and also guards the stomach lining against digestive chemicals and acids. The second enzyme, COX-2, is one that makes hormone-like substances called prostaglandins. These cause inflammation, pain, and fever. NSAIDs are able to reduce inflammation and pain by blocking the action of both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Unfortunately, in doing so, they also cause stomach upset and even ulcers in both the stomach and duodenum i.e.the first part of the small intestine. Sometimes this even results in bleeding. So, to counteract these effects, another category of NSAIDs evolved. These are called the COX-2 inhibitors. They block the action of the COX-2 enzyme that has an significant affect on pain and inflammation. Because the COX-1 enzyme isn’t it’s target, this class of NSAIDs drugs don’t cause undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms as often as traditional NSAIDs do. Although NSAIDs block prostaglandins and so reduce swelling, fever and pain, it’s not necessarily beneficial for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Prostaglandins are actually useful in the GI tract because they have a protective effect on the mucosal lining of the gut. They can also lessen the effects of cytokines, which are proteins released by the immune system, that produce inflammation. So, although NSAIDs may relieve pain they also cause damage to the mucosal lining in healthy people or may reactivate the symptoms of disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBD patients. The common side effects of COX-2 inhibitors are: • abdominal pain, • gas or flatulence, • nausea, • diarrhea, • headache and • insomnia. These are not side effects that would be easy to manage for those suffering with inflammatory bowel disease of colitis and crohns IBD. Also people allergic to sulfonamides, like trimethoprim (Trimpex, Proloprim, Primsol) and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), aspirin or other NSAIDs may find that they have an allergic reactions to COX-2 inhibitors and ought not take them. Generally speaking, NSAIDs, including COX-2 inhibitors, may increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke, and may increase risk factors for heart disease and related conditions, particularly with longer duration of use. Yes, there are natural, effective antiinflammatory alternatives. I have found that many clients are able to control their symptoms of inflammation and pain by using drugless alternatives. There are several to choose from. The ones that I favor that give me the best results include: Whole Leaf Aloe Extract, Serrapeptase, Garden of Life’s FYI – Dosage may vary depending on the severity of the condition. I have some patients with IBD taking 9 x FYI per day with much relief. Dr Pamela Nathan L.Ac DHM Good Gut Solution A natural Approach to Healing the Environment Within.
Average Weekly Wage Definition - What does Average Weekly Wage mean? An average weekly wage is a number used to calculate disability insurance benefits when a person becomes disabled by an injury or illness covered by their policy. Calculating this figure is primarily relevant for worker's compensation and disability insurance. Insuranceopedia explains Average Weekly Wage If people become disabled but don't have disability insurance and aren't eligible to collect worker's compensation benefits, they can quickly lose their savings and become broke. However, in order to determine how much disability insurance or workers' compensation coverage a person gets, their average weekly income must first be calculated. Since these benefits are meant to compensate for lost wages, the benefits issued will be based on this figure. Share this: Connect with us Email Newsletter
Tumblelog by Soup.io Newer posts are loading. You are at the newest post. Click here to check if anything new just came in. October 02 2014 Interested to know where life begins on earth? Nicholas Hud and a team from the CCE(Center for Chemical Evolution) are working to understand the origins of life on Earth by studying how chain-like chemicals called polymers first came together to form RNA and DNA. September 04 2014 Do you know how origin of life has started in space? No, then we atastrobio.net help you to know how studying a comet can help us to learn about life in the solar system. August 07 2014 Know How Origin Of Life On Earth Has Started Are you also curious to know beginning of life on earth? Yes, then subscribing on Astrobiology Magazines will help you to explore everything regarding universe. Could not load more posts Just a second, loading more posts... You've reached the end. Don't be the product, buy the product!
Robolab is a graphical programming environment that allows controlling the intelligent block of LEGO RCX . This software commercialized by LEGO 1 is aimed at educational use with children and young people, aged between 6 and 16 years, and uses an adapted version of LabVIEW , from National Instruments . Robolab software is icon based, which allows you to create diagrams that are the programs that control the RCX. It offers different modes of programming adapted to the learning level of students: Pilot and Inventor. In addition, it offers the Investigator mode oriented to its use in the science laboratory.
In July, we learned that microglia can stop working and that they may be implicated in Alzheimer's. We don't often hear the word "microglia" in everyday parlance. So, a quick refresher may be in order. Microglia are an immune cell resident in the brain and spinal column. They are macrophages which surround and consume cellular trash such as dead cells, pathogens and anything that doesn't register as healthy cells that belong there. Some macrophages can increase inflammation and others have anti-inflammation properties. Microglia decrease inflammation. The study in July indicated that microglia may stop working and allow for a build up of detritus in the Central Nervous System which then allowed for Amyloid Beta to reach critical levels. The theory which resulted is that by blocking a receptor called EP2, the microglia could be bumped back into work. A new study from a different lab has been released. This study examined post-mortem human brains and found an increase in the microglia count in the brains which had Alzheimer's. More microglia would indicate that the bodies were trying to clear the debris and trying to reduce the inflammation. The resulting theory is that by blocking a different receptor, CSF1R, fewer microglia will be produced and there will be an improvement in memory and cognition. Both studies hope to find a drug which will help reduce Alzheimer's symptoms. The first study looked at genetically engineered mice and the second looked at, I presume, human brains. However, it did use a drug which prevented the production of the receptor in mice brains as well. Maybe I'm wrong but these two studies seem contradictory. Increase microglia vs decrease microglia. Either way, their results with mice need to be proven in humans before we can determine if either are correct. Popular Posts
As Exercise Physiologists we get asked many questions about how physical activity can help diabetes management and to dispel myths associated with being active. Below are some of the most frequently asked questions and answers about how and why physical activity is beneficial. 1. How do I lose weight from my stomach? Unfortunately there is no easy fix when it comes to shifting weight from your stomach. For waist reductions it is important you focus on a combined approach of healthy eating and regular physical activity, one without the other will have less of an impact. To monitor your progress take measurements from all area of your body (waist, arms, legs, chest, hips) and don’t just rely on waist reductions. With this approach you may find that progress is happening and you are achieving results! As your waistline grows so too does your risk of developing chronic disease, diabetes-related complications and insulin resistance. Abdominal fat, in particular visceral fat or fat surrounding your organs, is a predictor of chronic disease. A small reduction in waist circumference can equate to large reductions in associated risk. Making sure you are meeting or exceeding the minimum recommendations of 30 minutes on most or preferably all days of the week will help you to lose weight. 2. HIIT – What is it and what benefit does it have? High Intensity Interval Training is a term that describes high intensity exercise interspersed with lower intensity exercise and can significantly improve cardiovascular fitness. This type of training is often used by people who are time poor because it involves working at high intensities for a shorter duration of time. Evidence remains ambiguous as to which is more beneficial, HIIT or traditional endurance exercises. It is important to consider that the level of intensity required when performing HIIT may be unachievable or unsafe for untrained individuals. 3. If I work out does that mean I can eat what I like? The short answer is no. Exercise alone won’t lead to significant weight loss or greatly improved blood glucose management. When combined with a healthy eating plan however, it can help to normalise blood glucose levels, reduce dependence on medications and avoid age-related decline in muscle mass or muscle wastage associated with caloric restriction. Additionally, it has been shown that approaching weight loss with a combination of diet and exercise can help to maintain loses and achieve a healthy weight safely. 4. When is the best time to exercise for my diabetes? There are lots of different ideas about the time of day to exercise however, the best time to exercise is the time that you will actually do it. Choose a time that suits your lifestyle and makes it easier for you to engage in activity. There is some research to suggest that exercising in the morning reduces risk of hypoglycemia in people with type 1 diabetes or those on insulin/sulphonylureas. Exercising in the morning also means that it is completed before life gets in the way. Often exercise is put on the ‘back burner’ so getting it done first thing means the rest of the day is yours! If you are exercising in the morning it is important to eat some form of carbohydrate (steal from your breakfast so you don’t have an extra meal) prior to exercise to avoid a drop in your blood glucose levels. Diabetes NSW & ACT - Live your life
Caving or spelunking is the recreational sport of exploring caves. In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment. [ Caving in New Zealand] (from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand)] The challenges of the sport depend on the cave being visited, but often include the negotiation of pitches, squeezes, and water (though actual cave diving is a separate sub-specialty undertaken only by very few cavers). Climbing or crawling is often necessary, and ropes are used extensively for safety of the negotiation of particularly steep or slippery passages. Naming issues Clay Perry — an American caver of the 1940s — wrote about a group of men and boys who explored and studied caves throughout New England. This group referred to themselves as "spelunkers". This is regarded as the first use of the word in the Americas. Throughout the 1950s, "spelunking" was the general term used for exploring caves in US English. It was used freely, without any positive or negative connotations, although only rarely outside the US. In the 1960s, the term "spelunking" began to convey the idea of inexperienced cavers, using unreliable light sources and cotton clothing. In 1985, Steve Knutson (editor of "American Caving Accidents") made the following distinction: This sentiment is exemplified by bumper stickers and t-shirts displayed by many cavers: "Cavers rescue spelunkers". "Potholing" refers to the act of exploring "potholes", a word originating in the north of England for predominantly vertical caves. The term is often used as a synonym for caving, and outside the caving world there is a general impression that potholing is a more "extreme" version of caving. Fact\|date=June 2007 Practice and equipment Hard hats are worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks. The caver's primary light source is usually mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free. Electric lights are most common, with halogen lamps being standard and white LEDs as the new competing technology. Many cavers carry two or more sources of light - one as primary and the others as backup in case the first fails. More often than not, a second light will be mounted to the helmet for quick transition if the primary fails. Carbide lamps systems are an older form of illumination, inspired by miner's equipment, and are still used by some cavers. [ [ Caving equipment and culture] (from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand)] Ropes are used for descending or ascending pitches ("Single Rope Technique") or for protection. Knots commonly used in caving are the figure-of-eight- (or figure-of-nine-) loop, bowline, alpine butterfly, and Italian hitch. Ropes are usually rigged using bolts, slings, and carabiners. In some cases cavers may choose to bring and use a flexible metal ladder. Caves can be dangerous places; hypothermia, falling, flooding, and physical exhaustion are the main risks. Rescuing people from underground is difficult and time-consuming, and requires special skills, training, and equipment. Full-scale cave rescues often involve the efforts of dozens of rescue workers (often other long-time cavers who have participated in specialised courses, as normal rescue staff are not sufficiently experienced in cave environments), who may themselves be put in jeopardy in effecting the rescue. This said, caving is not necessarily a high-risk sport (especially if it does not involve difficult climbs or diving). As in all physical sports, knowing one's limitations is key. The risks are minimised by a number of techniques: * Checking that there is no danger of flooding during the expedition. Rainwater funneled underground can flood a cave very quickly, trapping people in cut-off passages and drowning them. After falling, this is the most likely fatal accident in caving.Fact\|date=March 2007 * Using teams of several, preferably at least of four cavers. If an injury occurs, one caver stays with the injured person while the other two go out for help, providing assistance to each other on their way out. * Notifying people outside the cave as to the intended return time. After an appropriate delay without a return, these will then organise a search party (usually made up by other cavers trained in cave rescues, as even professional emergency personnel are unlikely to have the skills to effect a rescue in difficult conditions). * Use of helmet-mounted lights (hands-free) with extra batteries. American cavers recommend a minimum of three independent sources of light per person, but two lights is common practice amongst European cavers.Fact\|date=March 2007 * Vertical caving using ladders or SRT (Single Rope Technique) to avoid the need for climbing passages that are too difficult. SRT however is a complex skill and requires proper training before use underground and needs well-maintained equipment. Some drops that are abseiled down may be as deep as several hundred meters (for example Harwood Hole). Cave conservation Bats are one such fragile species of cave-dwelling animal. Despite their often frightening reputation in fiction and in the movies, bats generally have more to fear from humans than vice-versa. Bats can be beneficial to humans in many ways, especially through their important ecological role in reducing insect pest populations, and pollination of plant species. Bats which hibernate are most vulnerable during the winter season, when no food supply exists on the surface to replenish the bat's store of energy should it be awakened from hibernation. Bats which migrate are most sensitive during the summer months when they are raising their young. For these reasons, visiting caves inhabited by hibernating bats is discouraged during cold months; and visiting caves inhabited by migratory bats is discouraged during the warmer months when they are most sensitive and vulnerable. Caving organizations Cavers in many countries have created organizations for the administration and oversight of caving activities within their nations. Among the oldest of these are the National Speleological Society (1941) of the USA (originally formed as the Speleological Society of the District of Columbia on May 6, 1939) and the Swiss Society of Speleology created in 1939 in Geneva, but the first speleological institute in the world was founded in 1920 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, by Emil Racovita, a Romanian biologist, zoologist, speleologist and explorer of Antarctica. For a list of these organizations, see Caving organizations. ee also * Cave * Cave rescue * Speleology, the scientific study of caves * Urban exploration, an activity similar to caving, but done in urban areas * Caving organizations * List of caves * Pit cave Popular culture * "Journey Into Amazing Caves" (2001) * "" (2006) * "Planet Earth" (2006), fourth episode "Caves" Feature (fictional) films * "The Cave" (2005) * "The Descent" (2005) * "The Cavern" (2005) "widely considered to be the bible of caving techniques, particularly by European cavers" Citation author = Burger, Paul year = 2006 title = Cave exploring isbn = 0-7627-2560-5 publisher = FalconGuide location = Guilford, Conn. oclc = 53912806 62615915 : "Good beginner to intermediate guide to caving, focusing primarily on US caving techniques" * [ Speleological Abstract (SA/BBS)] Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the [ UIS] . * [ Caving Photos] Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: • caving — pp. Staying inside one s home as often as possible. Example Citation: For years we have been sold the notion that pre prepared convenience meals were the future for a time poor generation. Kitchens were obsolete, cooking would soon be an archaic… … New words • Caving — Cave Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Caved}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Caving}.] [Cf. F. caver. See {Cave}, n.] To make hollow; to scoop out. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] The mouldred earth cav d the banke. Spenser. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English • Caving — Höhle in Alabama. Das Höhlenwandern bzw. Caving ist die Begehung von Höhlen als Sport oder Hobby. Im Gegensatz zur Speläologie spielt dabei die wissenschaftliche Erforschung normalerweise eine untergeordnete Rolle auch wenn die eine oder andere… … Deutsch Wikipedia • caving — noun Date: 1932 the sport of exploring caves ; spelunking … New Collegiate Dictionary • caving — /kay ving/, n. spelunking. [1865 70; CAVE1 + ING1] * * * … Universalium • caving — noun The recreational sport of exploring caves … Wiktionary • caving — 1. The sport of exploring caves. Synonyms: (British.) potholing; spelunking. 2. A method of mining in which the ore is allowed to cave or fall [10] … Lexicon of Cave and Karst Terminology • caving — cav\|ing [ˈkeıvıŋ] n [U] BrE the sport of going into ↑caves deep under the ground American Equivalent: spelunking … Dictionary of contemporary English • caving — cav\|ing [ keıvıŋ ] noun uncount the sport of walking and climbing through CAVES under the ground: SPELUNKING … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English • caving — keÉªv n. natural underground tunnel, hollow opening in the ground v. collapse, cease to resist, submit; cause to collapse … English contemporary dictionary Share the article and excerpts Direct link Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”
Calvert – Growing from Groceries Hello Garden Friends, This Friday at Calvert Street we continued our lessons from last week about the food chain and where food comes from by talking about seasonal vegetables and closing the linear consumption chain. From the field –> to processor –> to distributor –> to retail —> to consumer –> and now how to go back to the field. The lesson started by teaching the students how to shop for seasonal vegetables. There are three basic principles I said: 1) If it is all green and not a fruit, it can handle the cold weather 2) If it grows under the soil it can handle the cold season 3) If it is colorful or a fruit it is ripe during the warm season. The students then proceeded to give examples on warm and cold season vegetables using their new-found knowledge. Next I showed them an example of something that is planted during the cold season because it grows underground. I purchased garlic bulbs from the local grocery store and taught the students how to separate the cloves from the bulb and carefully orient the cloves root side down into the soil. I also purchased some celery after learning the same thing can be accomplished buy replanting the bottom of the stalk into the soil. We used the top of the stalks in a recipe called “ants on a log.” A personal favorite crafted by smearing peanut butter into the celery stem and sticking raisins strategically into the peanut butter. Until next week, Grow on! -Jeff Mailes
Traffic School Simple \| Defensive Driving & Traffic School Online Road Rage What is Road Rage? Did you know that there is a difference between aggressive driving and road rage? Aggressive driving can be following too close, speeding, failing to signal, unsafe lane changes or any form of inconsiderate driving, and these driving behaviors are considered to be a collective traffic offense. Road rage, on the other hand, is a different criminal offense and involves retaliation with violence. The violence can be anything from a physical confrontation to an assault with a weapon (including the vehicle used as a weapon). What is surprising is that the person that insights the road rage may have done so unintentionally. Are Incidents of Idaho Road Rage Increasing? The number of cars on the road keeps increasing and so do the number of aggressive drivers. Idaho is dedicated to making the roads safer and has implemented a plan to educate people on how they can avoid road rage. The Idaho Transportation Department reported in the 2007 Annual Evaluation Plan of the Idaho Highway Safety Plan that the ‘Aggressive Fatality and Serious Injury Rate’ decreased from 7.19 in 2005 to 7.02 in 2006. The state did not reach its goal of 6.56 but are encouraged since the rate has decreased. People are shocked when they see videos of road rage incidents. The more education drivers receive, the less road rage there will be. People have to make a conscience effort to avoid confrontations. Reducing stress in your life, especially while driving, can only help everybody. There are many ways drivers can avoid incidents. How to Avoid Confrontation. There are some things that you can do to try to avoid someone else’s rage: • If someone wants to pass you, let them. Give aggressive drivers some room • Do not tailgate, flash your lights, or honk your horn annoyingly at another driver. Your horn is not there to tell people how mad you are • Keep the hand gestures and nasty faces to yourself and avoid eye contact • If you are a slow driver, stay in the right lane. If you see someone following you and suspect that they want a confrontation, drive to a heavily populated area or even to a police station. It is highly unlikely the aggressor will continue in front of witnesses, especially police officers Cooler Heads Prevail Road rage might be caused from an escalation of a stressful situation. If this is the case, the best thing you can do is remain calm. If another person is acting out at you, the last thing you want to do is exacerbate them. It is really hard to fight with someone if they are not reacting. Inside you might be boiling, but you must remain cool; take a deep breath and count to 10. It is frustrating to drive in heavy traffic during rush hour, but there are many things you can do to reduce the stress: • Try listening to some music or a book on tape • Before you start out on a trip allow plenty of time for traffic • If you are late, face the reality that you are going to be late and apologize once you get to your destination. If your boss allows you might consider altering your start time so you will avoid rush hour traffic How it Starts and Ends Tailgating, speeding, a vehicle weaving in and out or traffic bumper to bumper are all instances where road rage can start. Anything that can make someone irritated can initiate road rage. This does not mean that the action was intentional. Have you ever almost missed an off-ramp and pulled over in front of someone so you could get off? This person may become so upset that they will uncontrollably cause harm. They might try to run you off the road, use their car as a weapon or pull out and use a weapon they might have in the car. You were not angry at the person you pulled in front of – you just didn’t want to drive to the next exit and turn around. This person may have had a bad day at work or could be having family troubles. You pulling in front of them could have been “the straw that broke the camel’s back”. The outcome of road rage varies depending on the circumstances. In severe cases the end result could be death. This is a criminal offense and should not be taken lightly. Reporting Road Rage in Idaho The best thing you can do if you see someone being violent or find yourself as a victim of road rage is call 911. Tell the operator where you are and what is happening. Pay attention to the license plate, color and make of the vehicle. If you are a witness of an accident involving road rage, keep your distance! Contact the police and, once the police arrive, describe to the officer what you saw and let the officer handle it from there. Driving University Online Course
The Crucifixion of Christ, Part 1 See The Roman Trial, Part 2 Holy and Great Friday. The Crucifixion. Mosaic in the Monastery of Hosias Lukas. Holy and Great Friday. The Crucifixion. Mosaic in the Monastery of Hosias Lukas. We have reached the lesson on the Crucifixion. I will be talking to you today about the history of the Crucifixion, what it entailed, as well as some of the spiritual insights the Fathers have for us on the Crucifixion. For those of you who like the Fathers, there are going to be lots of quotations from the Fathers in this lesson, and I will be doing some explanation from details in the Gospels about the Crucifixion of Christ. I will be using quite a few quotes from the Fathers today, including quite a number from Augustine. If you’re new to this podcast and if you’re an Orthodox Christian not accustom to hearing Augustine quoted, as I explained in an earlier podcast, I think it’s appropriate to quote Augustine, and if you want to know why you can listen to the fourth podcast lesson [third transcription.—O.C.] in this series of Search the Scriptures for an explanation of why I’m using Augustine. I will tell you that all of the quotations you will hear from Augustine today come from his various sermons, not from his theological works, so the sermons are where you’re going to find some very inspiring statements by St. Augustine. Did the Jews have the right to kill? Another question: People often wonder (and somebody wrote in to ask me about this) how it is that the Gospels report that the Jews took Christ to Pilate because they did not have the right to execute anyone? And yet we know that St. Stephen was executed (in Greek Stephanos, that’s why I usually refer to the first Christian martyr as Stephan even though it’s commonly pronounced “Steven”). So St. Steven or St. Stephan is called the protomartyr because he is the very first Christian martyr. We know that he was executed by the Jews. For this reason many people doubt the accuracy of the Gospel accounts; but the Gospels are accurate. The Jews did not have the right to kill someone. They didn’t have the right of capital punishment. That right was reserved by the Romans, with one exception that I know of: They had the right to kill any Gentile who entered the Temple. And this is why when St. Paul enters the Temple, in the book of Acts, a riot almost breaks out—because they believed that Paul had brought a Gentile into the Temple, and Paul is arrested for this. We know that there were signs in Hebrew, Latin and Greek on a wall that surrounded the outside of the Temple building itself, warning Gentiles not to enter the Temple on penalty of death. It is told to us by Josephus, and by Philo of Alexandria, another first century Jewish writer. In recent years one such sign was actually discovered, so we know that they could kill people for that one narrow exception. But that didn’t happen very often. So why was St. Stephan stoned to death? If you look at that case in the book of Acts you’ll see clearly that this was a mob action. They did not have the right to kill him, but he was preaching, and as he was preaching he talked about the Lord. And what he said about Christ was so offensive to the Jews who were listening that they believed he committed blasphemy; it tells us that they stopped up their ears, rushed at him, and grabbed him and took him outside the city where they stoned him to death. We also see in the Gospels many attempts to arrest Christ; and people wanted to stone Him to death right on the spot, right? What about the adulterous woman? They brought her to Christ, and they were threatening to stone her to death. Holy and Great Friday. The Jews demand Christ's death: "Crucify Him!" 6th c. Miniature from the Rossano Gospels. Rosano museum, Italy. Holy and Great Friday. The Jews demand Christ's death: "Crucify Him!" 6th c. Miniature from the Rossano Gospels. Rosano museum, Italy. Thus, even though it was illegal there were times when people reacted violently and would stone someone to death if they felt it was warranted, but that didn’t make it legal. In the case of Christ, they wanted Him executed legally, and that’s why they took Him to the Romans. It was for a couple of reasons. They wanted Him executed legally to absolve themselves of responsibility for His death; and, the Jewish leaders also wanted Him executed by crucifixion to totally discredit and humiliate Him, to prove without a shadow of a doubt that He was cursed by God and a false prophet. You will see why that’s the case during this lesson when I explain to you precisely what crucifixion entailed. So let’s begin with our prayer: “In the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. Illumine our hearts, O Master Who loves mankind, with the pure light of Thy divine knowledge and open the eyes of our minds to understand Thy Gospel teachings. Implant in us also the fear of Thy blessed commandments, that trampling down all carnal desires, we may enter upon a spiritual manner of living, both thinking and doing such things that are well-pleasing to Thee. For Thou art the illumination of our souls and bodies, O Christ our God, and to Thee we ascribe glory, together with Thy Father, Who is from everlasting, and Thine all-holy, good, and life-giving Spirit, now and ever and unto the ages of ages. Amen.” The Lord came to His passion willingly Well, the first thing that I want to tell you about is how important it was to the Fathers of the Church to emphasize that the Lord came to His passion willingly, and I want to share with you a couple of quotes about this. St. John Chrysostom said, “It was to teach us this lesson, (that is, not to fear death) by His example, that Christ went to His Passion; not by compulsion or by necessity, but willingly.” And St. John of Damascus also said: “With Him, nothing is found to be done under compulsion. On the contrary, everything was done freely. Thus, it was by willing that He hungered, and by willing that He thirsted, and by willing that He was afraid, and by willing that He died.” Thus, it’s common for the prayers of Holy Week to speak of the Lord’s “voluntary Passion,” and that’s why they emphasize this so much. It’s so important to note that Christ did this: He consented, He deigned to be crucified. It was a sign of His great condescension to be crucified. What was crucifixion? Let’s begin talking about what crucifixion was. Where did it originate? It is said that it originated among the Babylonians and others say among the Persians, around the sixth century B.C. It was later adopted by others, unfortunately, and of course the Romans used this as their preferred method of execution for those who were not Roman citizens. Originally people were literally crucified on trees. They didn’t have to build a cross. They just found a tree, affixed the person to the tree trunk and their arms to the tree branches. This is another reason why the cross is sometimes called “the tree.” Later, actual crosses were constructed for this form of execution. It was considered the most painful and the cruelest of all punishments, the very worst form of punishment Rome had. It was slow, painful and humiliating. We get our word for the worst kind of pain, the word “excruciating,” from this idea. “Excruciating” means “out of the cross.” That’s a Latin for pain that is so bad that it can only be compared to crucifixion. It was a punishment reserved for the worst offenders of society, those who did not deserve to die with even a shred of dignity. It was a form of death so debasing, so revolting and so shameful that we cannot really comprehend how it was perceived in the Roman Empire to say that your Savior, your God, your Messiah died on a cross. For this reason Paul says, “I am not ashamed of the Gospel,” even though “We preach Christ crucified.” He speaks of “the scandal of the cross.” This is an understanding which we have lost, dear brothers and sisters, because we grow up knowing that Christ was crucified. It doesn’t shock us. But it was a shocking and a scandalous death, a death so scandalous, that a Roman citizen could not legally be crucified, for to do so would be to degrade the glory of Rome itself. Only Roman subjects, not citizens, were crucified. If you’re wondering, women were also crucified, but they were crucified facing backwards, they faced the wood, and I think perhaps the reason for this was because the person was crucified naked, absolutely stark naked, and this was done to add to their humiliation. Now in case you’re wondering about Christ, He was not crucified completely naked because in Judea, because of Jewish law, because of Jewish modesty, the condemned person was allowed to wear his undergarment and this is what we see in the icons and paintings of the Crucifixion. So, Christ was not crucified naked, but most people were. We have many saints of the Church who were crucified. St. Peter and St. Andrew were crucified. They were not in Judea when they were crucified, so they suffered a very painful, humiliating death; they were entirely naked, and they probably spent many hours if not days on their crosses. Crucifixion was a very public event. One of the things I didn’t like about the Mel Gibson movie, this particular detail that was incorrect, was the fact that it showed the place of execution far, far outside of the city. It’s a beautiful scene on a nice rocky hill, but the city is miles away, far in the distance. But in fact, crucifixions took place just outside the city walls. First of all, there’s no reason to take the criminals miles away just to kill them. It was definitely done outside the city because it was considered that to die, to be executed, was a curse, and they didn’t want to stain the city with blood. They didn’t want the city itself to be cursed by the blood of a condemned person. That’s why it tells us St. Stephan was taken outside the city and stoned to death. They didn’t do it right there within the city walls. But the crucifixions also took place outside the city and on the main road leading into the city–whatever city it was–to make a statement, so everyone could see what would happen to anyone who committed a crime or challenged the authority of Rome. It was like advertising. You want to place your billboard next to a busy highway where everyone can see it, and Rome was making a statement. So, there was a theological reason why crucifixion and other kinds of executions took place outside city walls: They didn’t want to stain the city with the blood of a condemned person, because that blood was like a curse, and they didn’t want to curse the city. Of course, there was also a practical reason: They wanted people to see what happened. In the American West, the same thing happened with hangings. Hangings were public events. Everyone would go to see them. Today, the site of the Crucifixion is within the city walls because after the time of Christ, the city of Jerusalem was expanded and new walls were constructed. So, the Church of the Resurrection, which contains both the tomb of Christ and the site of the Crucifixion, is within the city walls of Jerusalem today. But at the time of Christ it was outside the city walls, and the fact that Christ died outside the city was also seen as fulfillment of prophecy. Remember that parable that we discussed, the parable of the wicked tenants who take the son of the owner of the vineyard outside the vineyard to kill him? After being condemned to death by the Roman governor, the crime committed was inscribed on a placard, a small sign called a “titulus.” Christ’s sign said “The King of the Jews,” and the Jewish leaders protested to Pilate. They didn’t want it to say, “The King of the Jews.” They wanted it to say “This man said He was the king of the Jews,” but Pilate purposely had it say, “The King of the Jews.” He was really “sticking it” to the Jewish leaders, (retaliating against them.) He was angry with them for forcing him have Christ crucified and he is doing that on the sign on purpose. The Fathers of the Church also noted that. The Roman scourging Flagellation of Christ by Rubens Flagellation of Christ by Rubens So, first He was condemned, a placard was drawn up, but also prior to Crucifixion the condemned person was usually scourged. I told you in the previous lesson that a Roman scourging was different from a Jewish flogging or whipping. The instrument used by the Romans was not the smooth, calf-skin whip of the Jewish flogging, but a different kind of instrument called the flagellum. The flagellum was a whip that had several strands that branched out at the end, and at the end of these strands were metal balls and pieces of sharp metal or bone. The metal balls would strike the person’s back and as if tenderize the flesh, and those sharp pieces of metal would dig into the person’s flesh. When the Roman soldier pulled it out it would take a bit of flesh with it. So when the flagellum struck the condemned man, with each strike he received many, many serious wounds. You can see how this was different from the one strand of calfskin whip. The scourging was extremely serious; it was easy to die from the scourging. Not only did the flagellum—the strands—actually hit the person on his back, it could also wrap around and strike them on their abdomen, and it was not uncommon for the entrails of the person to become exposed and their organs to be seen. Now much was made of the realism of the Mel Gibson movies, especially the scourging scene. First of all, in the movie, he [Gibson] also has the Lord beaten with rods before the scourging. That didn’t happen. I don’t know why they felt compelled to add things that are not in the Gospels. The scourging was enough. I was a little bit afraid because I know how bad scourging really was, but when I saw the movie it was not as bad as I thought it would be, because even though it was more violent and at least more bloody than previous movies, it was not as bad as a real scourging would have been. A real scourging was much, much worse than what the movie showed. A real scourging would have left the condemned person’s back basically a bloody pulp, the muscle was shredded by these pieces of metal that tore into the flesh and then the soldier would have to pull it out. Many people could die from the scourging alone, but the Romans had become experts in administering this type of punishment and they didn’t want the person to die before he was crucified, so they knew how far to push it to make sure that they actually would have the opportunity to be crucified. I also told you that the Gospels do not tell us how many scourgings the Lord received. There is in fact no mention of 39 lashes in the Gospels. That was a limit under Jewish law for a flogging; that’s a Jewish whipping. But this was a Roman scourging. There was no limit and as I told you before I’m convinced that the Lord received a terrible scourging, much worse than the ordinary. If He had not already been flogged by the Jews with a whip, He had a very, very severe scourging. You see the other things that were done to Christ: The mocking, the striking of Him, the crown of thorns—those things would not have hastened His death. But the fact that He dies after only three hours on the cross shows that He endured a very intense suffering prior to the crucifixion in this scourging, because the Lord was a young man. He was strong, He was healthy, people generally hung on the cross for many, many hours before dying; and you see this because the Gospels tell us that Pilate was surprised to learn that He was already dead. So that gives you an indication of how much the Lord suffered in the scourging. It’s really unimaginable for us. Carrying the Cross Holy and Great Friday. The Lord walks to His suffering. Fresco in Stavronikita Monastery, Mt. Athos. Holy and Great Friday. The Lord walks to His suffering. Fresco in Stavronikita Monastery, Mt. Athos. Now, unlike the [Mel Gibson] movie and most movies, the condemned criminal did not carry the entire cross, only the crossbeam. In some of the movies Jesus looks almost pretty: He’s wearing a white robe and carrying the entire cross—but that didn’t happen. You can imagine that something that’s strong enough to hold the weight of a grown man would not be light enough for him to lift. So we’re not talking about a thin cross like you might see in a procession. We’re talking about a heavy cross that would have weighed together (both pieces) at least 300 pounds. They couldn’t carry it; instead they carried just the crossbeam. After the scourging the crossbeam would have been placed on the back of the condemned man, across his shoulder blades and across his back, attached with ropes to his arms. And then he would have carried it through the streets of the city. The weight of that heavy beam would naturally have caused him to lean forward, and it was very difficult to support that weight. That crossbeam alone would have been at least 100 pounds if not more. After the scourging and especially having this placed across His back, having Him leaning forward to try to stand up under the weight of the cross beam, especially after scourging, would have been very, very difficult. And of course we know that the Lord did not have the strength to carry it to the place of execution, so the Romans forced Simon of Cyrene, a bystander, to carry it the rest of the way. That was one of the rights of coercitio. I had told you before they had the right of coercion. Simon did not have the right to say, “No, I don’t want to carry that.” He had to carry it because they had the right to coerce people into labor. They say, “Hey, you there!” and take this fellow–whose name has been preserved, isn’t that wonderful?–Simon of Cyrene. Now we don’t know exactly why his sons were named, but his sons are mentioned in the Gospel of Mark. It’s one of those little details in Mark’s Gospel that isn’t repeated by the others. He tells us that Simon of Cyrene was the father of Alexander and Rufus, who must have been known to Mark’s Christian community. That’s why he mentions them by name. Thus, the cross beam was lashed to the outstretched arms of the criminal as he walked through the city streets on the way to his execution with a soldier carrying the “titulus” proclaiming his crime, or the titulus hanging around his neck. And this, in the case of Christ, was when the general public first began to realize that He had been condemned to death—when they see Him walking through the streets. He must have been almost unrecognizable at this point. The women see him on the streets, it tells us in the Gospel of Luke, and they are distraught. They begin weeping for Him. Holy and Great Friday. Ascending the Cross. Early 14th c. Vatopedia Monastery, Mt. Athos. Holy and Great Friday. Ascending the Cross. Early 14th c. Vatopedia Monastery, Mt. Athos. Now it tells us that He came to the place of execution, the place called The Skull, Golgotha (or “Calvary” in the Latin tradition, but in the Bible it’s “Golgotha.”) We don’t really know why it was called, “the Place of the Skull.” Some say it was the shape of the hill—there was a hill there and it looked like a skull. However, there is nothing in the Gospels that says why it was called the Place of the Skull, nor even says that Christ was crucified on a mountain or a hill. In artistic depictions and in the movies it’s always on a hill. There is nothing that tells us that Christ died on a hill, but noticing way the movies portray things, an impression is formed. We assume this is true because it is what we have seen. There was a legend, if you will, that explains why it’s called the place of the skull. There was a legend that Adam was buried on the site of the Crucifixion, and this is why in some icons of the Crucifixion you will see a little skull underneath the cross. Of course, we have no way of knowing whether that was historically true, but Chrysostom knows about this legend and he tells us about it in his homily on John. Chrysostom says, “Some say that there Adam had died and lay buried, and that Jesus set up His trophy over death in the place where death had begun its rule. He went forth carrying His cross as a trophy in opposition to the tyranny of death; and, as is customary with conquerors, He also carried on His shoulders the symbol of His victory.” So you see how Chrysostom sees the meaning of the fact that Christ carried the trophy—His cross? His Cross was like a trophy, the symbol of His victory. And we don’t really know, as I said, whether or not Adam had actually been buried there, but the theological meaning applies in any case. The upright portion of the cross was left at the site of the execution, and when the condemned person arrived at the site he was put on the ground on his back. You can imagine how painful that was considering the condition of the back as basically bloody shreds of flesh. And the nails were driven into his wrists, not into his palms as shown in the paintings. The nails were pretty long, 5-7 inches long, about 3.8 of an inch wide, and they were square, not round. They didn’t make round nails, they made square nails. We know that the nails were put into the person’s wrists, not their palms, for a couple of reasons. First, the palms could not have supported the weight of someone hanging on the cross. Someone like Christ would have weighed a lot. The palms could not have supported the weight. The nails would have torn through the hand; but the wrists could support the weight. Also, skeletons have actually been discovered that had nails through the wrists. The remains of condemned crucified people have been discovered, so we know that historically this was the case. The reason for the confusion may be because the Greek word for “hand” in ancient Greek was “cheir,” in modern Greek “cheri,” it means both hand and arm. There is no separate word like we have in English that distinguishes between the hand and the arm. It is the same with “foot.” In Greek “podi” means both “foot” and “leg.” After being nailed to the cross, to the crossbeam, the condemned person was lifted up unto the upright beam with a system of pulleys or a frame that held the crossbeam. It wasn’t that they were nailed to the whole thing and then they were pushed up and dropped into a hole, which you sometimes see in the movies. I suppose they could have done that, but that’s not what generally happened. The King of the Jews The “titulus,” the placard which stated the crime, was affixed to the top of the top of the cross so that everyone could see the crime of the executed man, and in the case of Christ it read, “The King of the Jews.” St. Augustine said about this, “This title was placed over His Cross, showing that not even by killing Him could they manage not to have Him as the King.” I think that’s a very interesting observation. He notes the irony there. He also says that, “The title was written in three languages—Hebrew, Greek and Latin—amounting to a declaration that He was going to reign over the nations as well as the Jews.” another wonderful insight, I would say. St. John Chrysostom said this: “They had, to be sure, delivered Him up as of no account, and had tried to strengthen this erroneous opinion of Him by associating Him with the thieves. But Pilate silenced the tongues of all who might wish to malign Him by pointing out that they had risen up against their own king.” You see how Chrysostom notes, that Pilate did this purposely to irritate the Jews, to basically get back at them for forcing them to have Christ crucified? Continuing with Chrysostom: “So Pilate set the inscription in place, giving voice to a splendid message, both proclaiming His victory and heralding His sovereignty, not in one tongue only, but in three languages, that no one would fail to be aware of Christ’s vindication.” Chrysostom also comments on the fact that they crucified the Lord between two thieves, and that this was fulfillment of prophecy. He said in his homilies on John: “Unwillingly they fulfilled the prophecy in this detail also. Indeed, the very things which they did to revile Him, were the ones that contributed to reveal the truth, for the prophet had foretold this circumstance also from ancient times in the words ‘He was reputed with the wicked’.” (Isaiah 53) If you haven’t read Isaiah 53, it is read in Church during Holy Week. Please pay attention to this or go and open your Bible and read that chapter from Isaiah, which is a very profound prophecy of the Passion of Christ. Chrysostom also noted regarding the placement of Christ between the thieves: “There indeed three were crucified, but Jesus alone was glorified that you might learn that it was His power that was in control of everything. Even though it was when the three were fastened to the cross that miracles took place, no one attributed what took place to any one of the others, but to Jesus only. Thus, the strategy of the devil was foiled, for one of the other two was saved. Not only then did he not diminish His glory by the Crucifixion, but he even augmented it, and not a little. For to convert a thief on the cross and to conduct him to Paradise was an achievement in no way inferior to that of splitting open the rocks.” St. Augustine also says about that: “Three men were crucified in the same place; the Lord in the middle, because he was ‘reckoned among the wicked’ (Isaiah 53). They placed the two robbers on either side but they did not have a similar cause. They were flanking Christ as He hung there, but they were far removed from Him in reality. They were crucified by their crimes, but He by ours.” St Augustine also said “The Cross was a classroom. That’s where the Master taught the robber. The tree He was hanging on became the chair He was teaching from.” Christ’s garments Now about the dividing of the garments. As part of their wages, a tip if you will, the soldiers could divide up the condemned man’s belongings, and usually it was a matter of his clothes. This was because (and you might be wondering why would they would want someone else’s clothes) fabric was very difficult to make in antiquity. You had to raise the sheep, you had to trim off the wool, card it, spin it, and weave it. It was very, very time consuming, so fabric was very expensive, and people did not own a lot of clothes like we do today. In the case of Christ they were going to divide up His garments, but because he had a seamless robe they decide to gamble for it. In the case of Christ, He had nothing of value at all but His robe, which as only St. John the Evangelist remarks, is a seamless robe. Now about the dividing of the garments Chrysostom said this: “Notice how frequently they cause prophecies to be fulfilled by their wicked deeds. Furthermore, even though there were three crucified, this prophecy was fulfilled only with reference to Christ.” This quote was from his homilies on John. In his homilies on Matthew, Chrysostom said this: “And they divide His garments amongst them, which sort of thing is done in the case of very vile and abject criminals, and such as have no one belonging to them and are in utter desolation. They parted the garments, by which such great miracles were done. But they wrought none now, Christ restraining His unspeakable power, for as to one base and abject, and the vilest of all men, they dare to do all things. To the thieves at any rate they did nothing of the kind, but to Christ they dared it all. And they crucified Him in the midst of them, that He might share in their reputation.” Christ’s robe is described as seamless; thus it was a very expensive garment, which is the reason why the soldiers decide not to tear it but instead to gamble at the chance to win it as a prize. You can imagine what it would take to weave something so that there is no seam. That would take a lot of skill. Many Fathers saw in this detail a sign of Christ’s role as the great, Heavenly High Priest, since the robe of the high priest was also seamless; Josephus tells us this. In the rabbinic tradition a seamless robe was also associated with Moses, and it was also forbidden to tear the high priest’s garments (that’s in Leviticus). the Fathers often comment on the fact that Christ was the high priest who entered the Holy of Holies, who sacrificed Himself for us, who mediates before God for us at the Heavenly altar. He is the one who offers and is offered, who accepts and is distributed, etc. Now in the case of Chrysostom commenting on this, his manuscript seems to not say that it was seamless. His manuscript is very different, and he comments on the simplicity and the ordinary nature of Christ’s robe. So in case you read Chrysostom and you see that, it says, in his manuscript obviously that it was “woven from the top.” And he understands this to mean that Christ’s clothing was ordinary, so he arrives at the opposite conclusion. But it was probably due to a manuscript variation, since all books were hand copied in antiquity, and there were slight variations. This is why it seems that he doesn’t comment about Christ being the high priest but instead says His garments were ordinary. The reviling Now about the reviling by the passersby. You should know that the cross was not very high. This is also very different from what we typically see in the movies in which Christ seems to be very high off the ground. They weren’t, in fact, that high. There would be no reason to put them that high. It would just be more difficult to put them up there and take them down; but basically they weren’t that high also because part of the humiliation of the cross was that passersby were permitted to do anything they wanted to those hanging on the cross. They could curse at them, they could spit on them, they threw rocks at them, and they could walk up to them and beat on them. Now these things were not done to Christ except that He was probably cursed and He was certainly mocked from the cross, but this was part of the intentional humiliation of this manner of death. That’s why it was so scandalous, so horrible, so disreputable. And of course, Christ is mocked on the cross. I don’t think anything else was done. Nothing else is mentioned in the Gospels, but there was tremendous irony in everything that was said about him by the mockers. Chrysostom says this: “Beholding Him impaled upon the cross, they revile Him, both they themselves and the passers by. And this was more grievous than all, that on the charge of being an impostor and deceiver He suffered these things, and as a boaster, and vainly pretending what He said. Therefore they both crucified Him publicly, that they might make a show of it in the sight of all; and therefore also they did it by the hands of the soldiers, that these things being perpetrated even by a public tribunal, the insult might be the greater by their derision to show that He is not a king.” So Chrysostom believes that they were more inclined to mock him because of the fact of what the titulus said: “The King of the Jews.” What did they say? They said, “He saved others, Himself He cannot save.” Chrysostom said about that particular statement: “By this aiming hereby to bring discredit even on His former miracles.” So you see? The statement was intended to show that He did not really save anyone. He did not really cure anyone; because one of the things the Jewish leaders were saying to discredit Christ was that He did His miracles by the power of Satan, right? They questioned His ability to do these things and said that He did them not by the power of God, and thus they’re discrediting the miracles by saying, “He saved others…” But of course, He Himself didn’t need saving, and He did this to save others. There’s so much irony in their statements. They also said, “He trusted in God, let Him deliver Him”; or, “If He is the Son of God let Him come down from the cross. Let God deliver Him if He delights in Him.” Chrysostom said this about those statements: “Deplorable! Most deplorable! Were the prophets not prophets, nor the righteous not righteous because God did not rescue them out of their dangers? They surely were, despite suffering these things.” So in fact the irony is that God in fact did delight in the obedience of the Son. God did not deliver Him because the Son was on the cross willingly. And these statements in Chrysostom’s explanation show that simply because we suffer does not mean that God had abandoned us. And concerning the words, “If He trusted in God, let God deliver Him... Let Him come down from the cross,” St. Augustine said this: “In fact, He did more than their mockery required of Him. There is, after all, more to rising from a tomb than coming down from a tree.” Next: The Crucifixion of Christ, Part 1b. The Lamb of God. Presbytera and Dr. Jeannie Constantinou’s podcasts can be found here. Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Transcription by See also Christ is Risen! Part 7b. The First Fruits of the Resurrection Christ is Risen! Part 7b. The First Fruits of the Resurrection Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Dr. Jeannie Constantinou We’re going to talk about what he meant by “first fruits”, and also what he meant by the statement “those who are baptized for the dead”—a very enigmatic statement. Christ is Risen! Part 7a. Subtle Differences Between East and West Christ is Risen! Part 7a. Subtle Differences Between East and West Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Before continuing with her discussion of 1 Corinthians in her seventh and last podcast on Christ’s Resurrection, Dr. Jeannie Constantinou discusses some of the subtle differences between the Eastern and Western understandings of doctrine. Christ is Risen! Part 6b. The Resurrection of the Body Christ is Risen! Part 6b. The Resurrection of the Body Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Dr. Jeannie Constantinou So if Christ did not rise, then we also will not rise. And if we cannot rise, then Christ also did not rise. To deny our future resurrection is to deny Christ’s resurrection. And conversely, to deny Christ’s resurrection is to deny our resurrection and to deny eternal life itself. Christ is Risen! Part 6a. Who was the fist witness? Christ is Risen! Part 6a. Who was the fist witness? Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Christ is Risen! Part 6a. Who was the fist witness? Christ is Risen! Part 6a. Who was the first witness? Dr. Jeannie Constantinou In this lesson, Dr. Jeannie talks more about Tradition, and explains the discrepancies in the scriptural accounts about the early witnesses to Christ’s resurrection. Christ is Risen! Part 5b. The Apostle Paul Christ is Risen! Part 5b. The Apostle Paul Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Let’s see what Paul said; he received this and passed on to them. The way he phrases it sounds very much like an early Creed. And I think we can say almost without qualification that this was an early Christian Creed. Christ is Risen! Part 5a. Tradition Christ is Risen! Part 5a. Tradition Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Dr. Jeannie Constantinou So, St. Paul's epistles are contemporaneous with his missionary activity, whereas the Gospels were not written at the time that Christ was preaching, or even right after the Resurrection, because there was no need to write a Gospel right after the Resurrection. Christ is Risen! Part 4 Christ is Risen! Part 4 Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Christ is Risen! Part 4 Christ is Risen! Part 4 Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Today Dr. Jeannie talks about the nature of the resurrected body, the supposed “family tomb of Jesus” excavated in 1980, and the question, “Why did Jesus have to die?” Christ is Risen, Part 2b. Rejoice, and Peace! Christ is Risen, Part 2b. Rejoice, and Peace! Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Christ is Risen, Part 2b. Rejoice, and Peace! Christ is Risen, Part 3. Rejoice, and Peace! Dr. Jeannie Constantinou When the women find the empty tomb they are alarmed, and this is because grave robbery was a very big problem in antiquity. Christ is Risen, Part 2. The Empty Tomb Christ is Risen, Part 2. The Empty Tomb Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Dr. Jeannie Constantinou Dr. Jeannie Constantinous discusses the various doubts that periodically come up about Christ’s burial, about witnessing to Christianity by the example of our lives, and about the consistency of the Gospel histories on the Resurrection. Enter through FaceBook , or enter your information: Your name: Your e-mail: Enter the digits, seen on picture: Characters remaining: 700
The robot called ERWIN (Emotional Robot with Intelligent Network) is the brainchild of Dr John Murray, from the School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, UK. It is hoped the research will not only help scientists to understand and develop better, more realistic relationships between humans and 'companion' robots, but that it could also help to inform how relationships are formed by children with autism, Asperger syndrome or attachment disorder. "Cognitive biases make humans what they are, fashioning characteristics and personality, complete with errors and imperfections. Therefore, introducing cognitive biases in a robot's characteristics makes the robot imperfect by nature but also more human-like," said PhD student Mriganka Biswas. "Based on human interactions and relationships, we will introduce 'characteristics' and 'personalities' to the robot. If we can explain how human-to-human long-term relationships begin and develop then it would be easier to plan the human-robot relationship," said Biswas. When two people interact for the first time, if the two different personalities attract each other, a relationship forms. But in the case of conventional human-robot interaction, after gathering information about the robot, the robot's lack of identifiable characteristics and personality prevents any relationship bond developing. ERWIN has the ability to express five basic emotions while interacting with a human. "Robots are increasingly being used in different fields such as rescuing people from debris, in medical surgeries, elderly support and as an aid for people who have autism," Biswas said. Scientists will be collecting data from the robot's interactions with humans, while also employing a 3D-printed humanoid robot and Keepon - a small yellow robot designed to study social development by interacting with children. Its simple appearance and behaviour are intended to help children, particularly, those with developmental disorders such as autism, to understand its attentive and emotive actions. Latest News from Lifestyle News Desk
The scale of earthquakes is commonly measured by Richter scale which compares the maximum heights of the seismic waves at a distance of 100 kilometers from the point on the earth's surface directly above where the earthquake originated within the earth, the epicenter[1]. The Richter scale then divided into categories called Magnitudes which are the estimation of the energy released by an earthquake. Source: guardian Earthquakes happen because the Earth’s tectonic plates are always moving and floating on molten rock. An earthquake can last few seconds to a few minutes, which can be followed after-shocks. Most earthquakes occur on the edge of plates, especially where one plate is forced under another such as happens off Sumatra or past another as occurs in California. The earth's outer shell is divided into seven major and some smaller plates which are constantly in a dynamic state, pushing against, pulling away from, or grinding past one another. Forces build up as the plates attempt to move in relation to each other. When the adhesions along the fault give way, stored energy is released in the form of earth tremors, volcanic activity etc. Types of plate movements and principal effects of earthquake[2]: • Oceanic plates pulling away from each other leads to hot volcanic material being expelled from cracks to form mid-ocean ridges. • Oceanic plates colliding with and forced under continental plates leads to mountain ranges being pushed up, accompanied by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. • Collisions of continental plates force up mountain ranges; release compression energy in quakes. See also a paper about earthquake characteristics published by Montana government. There are several primary impacts of earthquake[3]: • Total or partial destruction of structures. • Blockage or breakage of transport activities. • Interruption of Water Supply. • Breakage of Sewage Disposal Systems. • Loss of Public Utilities, eg. electricity & gas Earthquakes will give various effects of damages while it depends on the scale. An example of massive damages of earthquake was on 2004 when an earthquake was occurred in Sumatra-Indonesia. It was not only affected Indonesia, but also several countries such as Thailand, Sri Lanka, etc. See also the damages of earthquake in Aceh-Indonesia 2006 and environmental impacts in Haiti earthquake 2010. Emergency Action When in a situation of emergency, we should consider where we are, a good basic knowledge of emergency will be helpful in emergency situation. • If you are indoor, take cover under a heavy desk or table. If you get under a table and it moves, try to move with it. It would be better if you stay away from falling objects, glasses, hanging objects, huge furniture that can be fallen. If you are in a public building, do not rush for the doorways and do not use elevators. • If you are in automobile stop as quickly and safely possible but not under a potential materials that could fall but into an open space. When you drive on, watch for hazards created by the earthquake, such as breaks in the pavement, downed utility poles and wires, a fallen overpasses and bridges. Learn also about community emergency response team and an emergency plan in New Zealand. There are many ways to reduce earthquake damages. Possible actions include[4]: • Developing construction techniques that are seismic resistant. • Conducting a program to introduce improved construction techniques to the building industry and the general public. • Instituting incentives to encourage future development on safer sites and safer methods of construction through: • Land use controls (zoning). • Building Codes and standards and means of enforcing them. • Land development incentives. • Reducing possible damage from secondary effects by: • Identifying potential landslide sites and restricting construction in those areas. Learn also a guidance manual on nonstructural earthquake mitigation by FEMA and a mitigation plan which is developed by Nevada government. Further information Several actions related to earthquake management planning. 1. A journal on contingency planning for earthquake in Asia. (click here) 2. GIS for Earthquake, developed by ESRI. (click here) 3. A case study on earthquake risk management in Italian region. (click here) Zircon - This is a contributing Drupal Theme Design by WeebPal.
Tuesday, May 31, 2011 Germany - 1917 Albatros C.X A Sleek Reconnaissance Plane for the Late War Albatros C.X - 1917 Albatros C.X - 1917 The Angry Lurker said... I like it, what's that above the engine, it's very pronounced. W. I. Boucher said... The big brown thing is the exhaust manifold and the tube runs to the radiator on the upper wing. kingsleypark said... Nice looking craft. How would they have been deployed? In their own squadrons or would they have been assigned to a fighter squadron as a reconnaissance wing? W. I. Boucher said... @KP: A good explanation on organization of reconnaissance aircraft is at: Historical Miniatures Journal Issue Number 5 By George Grasse The short answer is: C-Class aircraft were formed into Flieger-Abteilung units to carry out the duties of artillery spotting (Artillerieflug), photo reconnaissance (Photoflug) and ground attack (Bombenflug), among other missions, on a routine basis. A Flieger-Abteilung was assigned to Korps or Army for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and aerial photography, often referred to as strategic army cooperation. A Flieger-Abteilung-Artillerie, or FA (A), unit was assigned to individual front line divisions for the same kind of work but for local, tactical purposes. I hope that helps. kingsleypark said... Cheers Will! Very helpful.
Children's Health Facial Expressions, Weight May Sway Kids' Eating The French research team asked 120 adults and children to look at various photos of people eating. In the kids, the effect of the photos was much more complicated than in the adults. In general, adults paid attention to body weight. That is, they were less likely to want a given food when the photo depicted an obese person eating it, versus a normal-weight diner. Children, on the other hand, had more complex reactions. If the food was something they already liked -- chocolate, for example -- they wanted it, regardless of how heavy or thin the person in the photo was. But if they didn't like the food, their ratings of it declined even further if they saw a photo of an obese person (but not a thin person) consuming it. What's more, children were influenced by emotions. Photos of people happily eating made them want a favorite food even more - regardless of whether the eater was heavy or thin. In contrast, a photo of a person looking "disgusted" by that same food tended to turn the children off -- again, regardless of the person's weight. If a child disliked the food, seeing a diner with a pleasant expression made the child more open to the food. But that pleasant face was more effective when the person was thin rather than obese. The findings, published in the journal Obesity, suggest that adults' eating preferences are uniformly influenced by images of body weight. Children, on the other hand, also factor in their own likes and dislikes, and other people's emotions. "The children's reactions were unexpected," researcher Sylvie Rousset, of the French National Institute for Agricultural Research, told Reuters Health in an e-mail. "To our knowledge, no experiment has shown the influence of 'disgusted' or 'pleasant' faces on children's desire to eat," she said. Between the ages of 5 and 8 -- the age range of children in this study -- kids may be prone to imitating the emotions of people around them, Rousset explained. So seeing a pleased- or unhappy-looking diner may have a bigger impact on children than it would on adults. Children in the study were affected by images of body weight to some extent. That, according to Rousset, suggests that children are aware of some of the negative stereotypes associated with obesity, but they are less influenced by them than adults are. So what does all of this mean? For one, it might be worthwhile for parents to try to look happy about eating healthy foods. (Parents, Rousset noted, often automatically express their feelings about a tasty or less-tasty food via facial expression.) But of course, eating behavior is complex. According to Rousset, studies like the current one are aimed at uncovering the different "psychosocial" factors involved in shaping children's attitudes toward food and their longer term eating habits. How well the findings from a study setting translate into real life is not clear -- since real life is complicated. Adults in this study were less likely to want to eat when viewing a photo of an obese person dining. But there is also research suggesting that people eat more when dining with a friend than with a stranger -- especially when they and their friend are both overweight.
Proximity fuze Proximity fuze A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze) is a fuze that is designed to detonate an explosive device automatically when the distance to target becomes smaller than a predetermined value or when the target passes through a given plane. The concept originated with British researchers and was developed under the direction of physicist Merle A. Tuve at the The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (APL). The fuze is considered one of the most important technological innovations of World War II. The advent of the proximity fuze contributed massively to the Allied victory in WW2. There are different sensing principles: * radio frequency sensing * optical sensing * acoustic sensing * magnetic sensing * pressure sensing The radio frequency proximity fuze concept was proposed to the British Air Defence Establishment in a May, 1940, memo from William A. S. Butement, Edward S. Shire, and Amherst F.H. Thompson.[1] A breadboard circuit was constructed by the inventors and the concept was tested in the laboratory by moving a sheet of tin at various distances. Early field testing connected the circuit to a thyratron trigger operating a tower-mounted camera which photographed passing aircraft to determine distance of fuze function. Prototype fuzes were then constructed in June, 1940, and installed in unrotated projectiles (the British cover name for solid fuelled rockets) fired at targets supported by balloons.[1] The details of these experiments were passed to the United States Naval Research Laboratory and National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) by the Tizard Mission in September, 1940, in accordance with an informal agreement between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt to exchange scientific information of potential military value.[1] Parallel NDRC work focused on anti-aircraft fuzes. Major problems included microphonic difficulties and tube failures attributed to vibration and acceleration in gun projectiles. The T-3 fuze had a 52 percent success against a water target when tested in January, 1942. The United States Navy accepted that failure rate and USS Cleveland (CL-55) tested proximity fuzed ammunition against drone aircraft targets over Chesapeake Bay in August 1942. The tests were so successful that all target drones were destroyed before testing was complete. Proximity fuzes promptly went into large scale production.[1] A General Electric Christmas-tree lamp manufacturing facility in Cleveland, Ohio was modified to produce the tubes; and the fuzes were assembled at General Electric plants in Schenectady, New York and Bridgeport, Connecticut.[2] Vannevar Bush, head of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) during this war, credited the proximity fuze with three significant effects. [3] It was important in defense from Japanese Kamikaze attacks in the Pacific. Bush estimated a seven-times increase in the effectiveness of 5 inch anti-aircraft artillery with this innovation.[3] It was an important part of the radar-controlled anti-aircraft batteries that finally neutralized the German V-1 bomb attacks on England.[3] Third, it was released for use in land warfare just before the Battle of the Bulge. It decimated German divisions caught in the open. The Germans felt safe from timed fire because they thought that the bad weather would prevent accurate observation. General Patton said that the introduction of the proximity fuze required a full revision of the tactics of land warfare[3]. [edit] Radio frequency sensing [edit] Optical sensing [edit] Acoustic sensing [edit] Magnetic sensing [edit] Pressure sensing [edit] VT and "Variable Time" The designation "VT" is often said to refer to "variable time". Fuzed munitions before this invention were set to explode at a given time after firing, and an incorrect estimation of the flight time would see them explode too soon or too late. The VT fuze could be relied to explode at the right time—which might vary from that estimated. The idea that it stood for "variable time" was a happy coincidence that was supported as an intelligence smoke screen by the allies in WW2 to hide its true mechanism.[5] Anonymous's picture Posted by: Anonymous 7 years 40 weeks ago Rating Overview This text will be replaced Recent Activity
Call: 909-793-4477 / Email: What is naturopathy? Naturopathy is a therapeutic approach developed in the early 20th century by Benedict Lust and some of his contemporaries. It combined a number of existing natural therapy techniques and consolidated many of the doctors practicing natural medicine at the time. Nowadays, Naturopathic Doctors are trained in four-year, full-time medical schools with equivalent training to that of a medical doctor. However, instead of specialising in surgery or the use of pharmaceuticals, Naturopathic Doctors study a broad range of alternative health approaches including nutrition, homeopathy, hydrotherapy, counseling and herbal medicine. Benedict Lust What is homeopathy? Homeopathy is a system of medicine developed by Samuel Hahnemann in the late eighteenth century. Hahnemann found that a substance which caused certain symptoms in a healthy individual could cure those symptoms in a sick person. He also discovered that by diluting the substance in water and succussing (shaking) it, he could make more powerful remedies. Homeopathy is one of the most widely used treatment approaches in the world. The highest ideal of therapy is to restore health rapidly, gently, permanently; to remove and destroy the whole disease in the shortest, least harmful way, according to clearly comprehensible principles. Samuel Hahnemann What is the difference between homeopathy and naturopathy? Homeopathy is a specific system of medicine using dilute potencies of natural substances to stimulate the body’s natural healing processes. Naturopathy is a form of medical practice that includes a wide array of alternative therapeutic modalities, including homeopathy as well as other approaches such as nutrition and herbal medicine. What is anthroposophical medicine? Anthroposophical Medicine was developed out of the philosophical work of Rudolf Steiner, who also inspired Waldorf education and biodynamic agriculture. Anthroposophical Medicine holds that: • Every human being is unique and needs to be treated accordingly • It is necessary to combine artistic and spiritual insights with scientific knowledge to achieve true healing • Life has meaning and purpose, and that loss of this sense can lead to ill-health • Illness often provides opportunities for positive change and new balance in life The beautiful natural world we see consists entirely of imitations of disease processes. Inside the human being, these processes are disease processes; outside the human being, they are the beauties of nature. We must simply understand the individual connections. We must know how to derive disease processes from the natural world and incorporate them into the human being as substitutes. Rudolf Steiner What is craniosacral therapy? Developed by Osteopathic Physician John Upledger in 1970, CranioSacral Therapy is a gentle, hands-on method of enhancing the body’s own healing capabilities. The practitioner uses the subtle rhythm of the movement of spinal fluid throughout the body to diagnosis and treat restrictions. Through gentle manipulation of the cranial bones, sacrum, spinal cord and interconnected membranes and body tissue, CranioSacral Therapy helps alleviate a wide range of illnesses, pain and dysfunction while increasing energy and improving circulation. How do I tell the quality of my nutritional supplements? This is a difficult problem. The doctor may recommend certain nutrients or herbs to you. Where you purchase your vitamins is very important. Because there is little regulation of the supplement industry, you have no guarantee that your supplements contain what the label states. Here at Paracelsus, we will generally only use supplements from companies that do independently verified laboratory testing on their products. Most companies do not do this, even many of the companies available in health food stores. The company may think that it is selling you the best product available, but if it is not testing the materials, you have no idea whether or not this is true. The product may not contain what it is supposed to AND it may contain toxic contaminants! Visit the “quality verification” section at for more information. Back to Top
What Is Military Phonetics? Article Details • Written By: John Markley • Edited By: Melissa Wiley • Last Modified Date: 13 August 2017 • Copyright Protected: Conjecture Corporation • Print this Article Free Widgets for your Site/Blog Military phonetics refers to a type of phonetic alphabet, or spelling alphabet, used by military forces. Like other phonetic alphabets, military phonetics represents each letter of the alphabet with a specific word starting with that letter, which can be used to spell out words, acronyms, or alphanumeric designations. They are commonly used by military forces because of their usefulness as a way to make quick but clear audio communications. One reason for the importance of military phonetics is that it makes a message more likely to be understood in a situation where there is significant background noise or where parts of the message are missing. For example, similar-sounding letters such as B, D, and G can be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment, and if segments of a message are inaudible due to background noise or radio interference, the audible segments remaining may not be comprehensible. The words “baker,” “delta,” and “golf,” on the other hand, are more clearly distinct from each other and more likely to be understood the first time. This can be essential in a military context, where time is often of the essence; misunderstanding of communications can have disastrous consequences; and noise from weapons, engines, and equipment or static during radio transmissions can make spoken communications difficult to hear clearly. The best-known system of military phonetics in use today is the NATO phonetic alphabet, named after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is also called the ICAO alphabet, referring to the International Civil Aviation Organization. In addition to its military use by NATO members, it has also been adopted for use by civilian organizations, including the US Federal Aviation Administration and the International Maritime Organization. Each letter of the alphabet is assigned a specific word. Most of the NATO alphabet's words are either in English or are readily recognizable to most English speakers, such as “whiskey” for W, “hotel” for H, and “X-ray” for X. In some cases, the spelling is different to prevent confusion caused by the different spelling rules of different written languages. For example, the letter A is represented by “alfa” rather than the English spelling “alpha” so that the proper pronunciation is clear. Common military terminology is often derived from military phonetics, using a short series of words from their phonetic alphabet to represent commonly used terms and phrases. Examples from the United States military include “Oscar Mike” for “on the move” and “Lima Charlie” for “loud and clear.” In some cases, these terms become sufficiently well known that their meaning is commonly understood even outside the military. For example, the use of the term “Charlie” as a name for Communist forces in the Vietnam War comes from “Victor Charlie,” referring to the Viet Cong. You might also Like Discuss this Article Post 2 The article doesn't mention it, but law enforcement agencies use this alphabet all the time. I hear them on the police scanner, and they always use it when reading off license plate letters and numbers, and sometimes when spelling names. It does alleviate some of the confusion, but you need a pen handy to write down the words so you can get the letters correct. This is one of those systems that anyone can learn and actually does make some procedures a little easier. Post 1 I had to learn the military phonetic alphabet when I was in JROTC in high school. It was actually funny, because we would spell things to each other in the phonetic alphabet and those not in the know didn't know what we were talking about. When you're in high school, these things are important. We were actually tested on it and I remember making 100 on the test. It wasn't that difficult and really, common sense would tell you what most of the words were. After all, you had the first letter! Post your comments Post Anonymously forgot password?
Loading presentation... Present Remotely Send the link below via email or IM Present to your audience Start remote presentation • Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present • People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account • This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation • A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation • Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Make your likes visible on Facebook? You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. No, thanks Fossil Fuels and Natural Resources No description Jessie B on 11 February 2014 Comments (0) Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Fossil Fuels and Natural Resources Fossil Fuels Three Different Types of Fossil Fuels Earth Resources The first kind of fossil fuel is oil. The oil could be called petroleum. It is found deep in the ground stuck between rocks. It is used for electricity and heat during the winter. The Second Kind is... The second kind of fossil fuel is natrual gas, a element lighter than air. This gas is made out of methane, which is made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This is found near the oil in the ground. This is also soaked up from the ground and because it doesn't have a smell, it is mixed with a bad smell, so that we can tell if there is a leak because you can not see it. Gas is used for cars in a couple different ways. It is used for running the car and daylight headlights. Also, stoves and other appliances. The Third kind is... The third kind of fossil fuel is coal, which can form a black rock that you may get in your stocking or soft brown dirt. Coal is the source for most of our electricity and energy in the U.S. Many of the coal beds are near the earths surface. Coal is obviously used for freight trains, and lots of plants are fired that way. Here is a link that explains it a little better than I can. What is an earth resourse? Earth resources (considered also as natural resources) are resources that the earth naturally provides or produces that humans benefit from. Some earth resources are metals/minerals, water, plants, wood, oil, and coal. Water and Plants Water is one of the most important natural resources because it is necessary for life. We use water for drinking, washing, cooking, and irrigation. .Nearly 97 percent of all the world's water is salty or otherwise undrinkable. Another 2 percent is locked in ice caps and glaciers. That leaves 1 percent for all our needs. . There is about 326 square miles of water on earth (72 per Oil and Oil is used for gasoline and diesel for our cars, as well as asphalt. It also sometimes powers machines that make household objects crude oil: a dark oil made of mostly hydrocarbons, also known as petroleum electricity: a form of energy that is created from charged particles The First Kind is... The natural resource of forests and wood helps us in many different ways. . removes carbon dioxide from atmosphere . produces material for furniture and paper Minerals and Metals are used not only for jewelry but also for equipment and tools. Here are a few minerals and their uses. Jewelry, mechanical equipment Jewelry, dental material equipment, jewelry stainless steel, green glass leather treatment steel, cast iron By Sarah and Jessie We use all sorts of plants mainly for decoration and food. Fruits, vegetables and edible leaves are used in salads, sides and just snacks. We use other plants for decoration but the most important use of plants is for them to take the carbon dioxide out of the air and replace it with oxygen which we need to breathe. Coal is a sediment rock made from layers of earth being pressured and compressed. We use coal for energy for trains, heat and electricity. natural resource: any materials found in nature that can be used for economic gain, such as minerals, forest and water produced by nature. energy: the property of matter and radiation that is manifest as a capacity to perform work fossil fuel: a fuel such as coal or gas that is formed from the remains of dead animals and plants How are Fossil Fuels Formed? generator: it converts chemical energy into electricity global warming: an increase of earths temperature, caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and pollution Coal is formed by plants that decompose and turn to peat, which is full of carbon. Water and gas are squeezed out as more peat formed and left only carbon. After the carbon is compressed and pressured it forms coal. greenhouse gas: any gases that keep heat in the atmosphere Natural gas is formed when sea animals and plants decompose and are covered in a layer of sediment. Each new layer causes the pressure and heat to increase which can either cause it to form oil or gas. natural gas: used as fuel, consisting of methane and other hydrocarbons. nonrenewable resource: a resource that you can't renew Why are Fossil Fuels important? petroleum: hydrocarbons that is in rock and can be in gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, oil Fossil Fuels provide energy for transportation, communication, electricity and other household objects and devices. renewable resource: any resource that can be replenished in time turbine: a machine that produces continues power climate change: a change in climate patterns, mostly from lots of atmospheric carbon dioxide How do we get energy from Fossil Fuels? Fossil Fuels are turned to energy by being heated and burned in a very high level boiler which creates pressure steam. The steam is so pressurized that it turns the generator which generates electricity. It is then used to heat homes and become fuel for transportation What are some products are made from fossil fuels? . Medicines (cough syrup, rubbing alchohol ect.. . Fertilizer . Plastics . Paints . Gasoline ran vehicles Video on how Fossil Fuelis used Thanks for watching! all: http://pp.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=fossil+fuel%3B+coal Our Picture Full transcript
7 strings strings [-afovV] [-min-len] [-t radix] [--radix=radix] [-e encoding] [--encoding=encoding] [-T bfdname] [--target=bfdname] [-s] [--output-separatorsep_string] [--help] [--version] file Print the name of the file before each string. -n min-len Like ‘-t o’. Some other versions of strings have -o act like ‘-t d’ instead. Since we can not be compatible with both ways, we simply chose one. -t radix Print the offset within the file before each string. The single character argument specifies the radix of the offset—‘o’ for octal, ‘x’ for hexadecimal, or ‘d’ for decimal. -e encoding Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found. Possible values for encoding are: ‘s’ = single-7-bit-byte characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), ‘S’ = single-8-bit-byte characters, ‘b’ = 16-bit bigendian, ‘l’ = 16-bit littleendian, ‘B’ = 32-bit bigendian, ‘L’ = 32-bit littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings. (‘l’ and ‘b’ apply to, for example, Unicode UTF-16/UCS-2 encodings). -T bfdname Specify an object code format other than your system’s default format. See Target Selection, for more information. Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. By default, output strings are delimited by a new-line. This option allows you to supply any string to be used as the output record separator. Useful with –include-all-whitespace where strings may contain new-lines internally.
ACC 375 Week 4 DQs This pack of ACC 375 Week 4 Discussion Questions consists of: What are the four steps involved in the fraud theory approach? Describe and give examples of each. Describe the three components of the fraud triangle. Which component does management control? What is meant by the term check tampering? What are the five methods of check tampering? Search the internet for an article related to fraudulent behavior. What was the motive behind the unethical behavior? What might the organization have done to mitigate the unethical behavior? Discuss three common methods used to overstate expense reports. What types of controls might a company implement to limit this behavior? Show more > Learn more effectively and get better grades! Ask a Question
The Aztec It was a larged area that is now mexico about 1428 and 1521 the empire ended . Their clothes was generally loose and did not completly cover their body it was made from cotton or ayate fiber.The Aztec would eat Corn, Posole,Bean, Vegatables and Tamales. They would get their food from farming their diet was bacially corn bean squash and more other stuff. The warrior held a very impotant place in the centrual of mexico. Comment Stream
Intro to Women's Studies 2010 etsu: 2011-2014 The Social Construction of Gender / Lorber Leave a comment This article discusses how our gender (as in the gender that we are born with) has little effect on how we live our lives. The only reason that males act masculine and females act feminine is because that is how society has formed us. The article talks about how gender only works if everyone “does gender.” If we do not act as our roles have been set for us, what gender we are will have no affect on our lives. Near the beginning of this article, Lorber explains how gender is imposed on children from birth, and it is continually imposed on people until their dying days. This article caused me to believe that the main reason that gender is important is because our ancestors needed a reason to justify the social inequality. The reason that it still applies today is because most people voluntarily go along with their society’s prescriptions for those of their gender status, because the norms and expectations get built into their sense of worth and identity as the way we think, the way we see and hear and speak, the way we fantasy and the way we feel. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Rhode Island State Profile Where is Rhode Island? Rhode Island is a state located in the New England region of the United States. It is bordered on the Massachusetts on the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean on the south; and on the west by Connecticut. What is the capital of Rhode Island? Providence is the capital and the largest city of Rhode Island. The city was founded in 1636 by a religious exile from Massachusetts Bay Colony named Roger Williams. How big is Rhode Island? Covering an area of 1,214 square miles, Rhode Island is the smallest state in the United States. According to the 2010 estimate, the state had an estimated population of 1,052,567. What is the nickname of Rhode Island? The official nickname of Rhode Island is "The Ocean State." The name refers to the geography of the state - the many islands and bays that comprise the state. Who are the political leaders of Rhode Island? Governor - Lincoln Chafee Lieutenant Governor - Elizabeth H. Roberts When did Rhode Island achieve statehood? Rhode Island is the thirteenth US state; it was admitted to the Union on May 29, 1790. It was the first colony to resist the policies of King George III. The state ratified the Articles of Confederation in 1778 and entered the union on May 29, 1790. Rhode Island was the last of the original thirteen colonies to join the union. What is the economy of Rhode Island like? Rhode Island has a diversified economy based on services, manufacturing, finance and other industries. The total gross domestic product of the state in 2010 was estimated at $49,500, while its per capita personal income was $42,579. The unemployment rate in the state was 11.5 percent. Agriculture, tourism, jewellry, silverware, textiles, electrical equipment, and rubber and plastic items are the major sectors/industries in the state.Health care is the largest source of revenue in Rhode Island. Manufacturing is the third-largest industry; the major products include fabricated metal products, costumes, electrical equipment, textiles, machinery, rubber, and plastic products. What is the official language of Rhode Island? English is the official language of Rhode Island. The other languages in the state include Spanish, French, Portuguese, Chinese and German. What is the official religion of Rhode Island? Christianity is the official and also the most widely practiced religion in Rhode Island. Roman Catholicism is the largest denomination. There are a significant number of Muslims and Jews in the state. What are the famous places in Rhode Island? There are a number of beautiful places in the state of Rhode Island. Beavertail State Park, Fort Adams State Beach, Misquamicut State Beach, and the Brenton State Park are some of the most beautiful state parks in Rhode Island. The state also has more than fifty museums and historic sites; the most notable ones being the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, the Museum of Art of the Rhode Island School of Design, the Roger Williams Park Museum, also in Providence, and the Nathanael Greene Homestead. What are the state symbols of Rhode Island? • State Bird: The Rhode Island red chicken is the official state bird of Rhode Island. It was chosen as the state bird in 1954 by the then Governor Dennis J. Roberts. • State Tree: The red maple was adopted as the state tree of Rhode Island in 1964. It was chosen by the school children of the state. • State Flower: Violet (viola) is the official state flower of Rhode Island. It was officially designated as the state flower in 1968. Rhode Island was the last state in the United States to adopt the state flower. • State Flag: The official flag of Rhode Island was adopted in 1897. The flag is of white color,fringed with yellow on three sides. There are thirteen yellow stars in a circular shape that symbolize the original thirteen colonies. Beneath the anchor is a blue ribbon on which is imprinted the word "Hope" in gold letters. "Hope" is also the motto of the state. Last Updated on: May 16, 2017
Psychotherapeutic Agents To understand psychotherapeutic agents we must understand the Central nervous system(brain and spinal cord). This system must be able to process and respond quickly to external and internal activity. While maintaining homeostasis through visceral, somatic and motor activity it must also create and respond to memories, thoughts, and emotions every second of the day. Psychotherepeutic agents must be able to alter CNS diseases or disorders like, anxiety, schizophrenia, parkinson's disease, mental disorders, and epilepsy. Some drugs that are used are, Opioids, Benzodiazepines, Local Anesthetics, Antihypertensives, Inhalation anestheitics, Antiparkinsons agents and Antipsychotics. Some of the devisions of the CNS include the, Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System, Midbrain and Brainstem, and Spinal Cord. The Cerebral Cortex: Somatosensory cortex processes sensory information. Motor Cortex initiates and coordinates somatic muscle activity. Association/Visual/auditory areas are involved with voluntary movement, integration of sensation, consciousness, abstract thought, memory and learning. Drugs that alter the Cerebral Cortex Activityb by reducing cortical activity. Antianxiety drugs = Benzodiazepines, such as (Diazepam) used to manage anxiety disorders, ethanol withdrawal, skeleta muscle relaxant and treatment of convulsive disorders. Benzodiazepines also effect the Limbic system. Benzodiazepines also can act on different sites within this system to activate or make more effecive the production of GABA(Y-aminobutyric acid)which will help reduce anxiety and development of sedation. Limbic System(amygdala, septum, hippocampus, olfactory lobes, basal ganglia and portions of the thalamus) coordinate emotional sensations with motor visceral and endocrine functions. Benzodiazepines help modify this system. Schizophrenia may have excessive dopaminergic activity and drugs used to treat this psychotic episode must be a dopamine receptor antagonist to block the excess dopamine being processed. Just the opposite with Parkinson's Disease which has a major decrease in dopaminergic activity and treated with drugs such as Levodopa to increase the generation of Dopamine. Epileptic patients have a reduction of Benzodiazepine receptors which could be a part of the pathogenesis o epliepsy. Midbrain and Brainstem(mesencephalon, pons, medulla, retiicular activating system and most of the cranial nerve nuclei): coordinates cardiovascular, pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems. Integrates swallowing and vomiting reflexes. Maintains arousal and development of sleep. This system is sensitive to many drugs and CNS depressants. Opioids can produce anlgesia by activating opioid receptors. diagnosis of depression references the American Psychiatric Association Criteria for Diagnosis of Major Depression: (alyssa) At least five of the following symptoms must be present within a two week period. At least one symptoms must be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. • Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g. feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful) Note: In children and adolescents, this can be irritable mood. • Significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month) or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. Note: in children, consider failure to make expected weight gains. • Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day. • Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guild about being sick). • Diminished ability to think or concentrate or indecisiveness, nearly every day. • Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide. [Source: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC; America Psychiatric Association, 1994]; Boyer, W., and Nemeroff, C.B., Mood Disorders: Depression and Mania, In, Medicine for the Practicing Physician, (Hurst, J.W., editor-in-chief) Appleton and Lange, 1996, pp. 22-2 external image contline2.gif Definitive diagnosis of mania references the American Psychiatric Association Criteria for Diagnosis of Mania • During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (for if the mood is only irritable) and have been present to a significant degree: 1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. 2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g. feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep) 3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking. 5. Distractibility. 7. Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g. engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments. Treatment of Manic Patients: Although manic disorder or bi-polar disorder, is thought to have a genetic component, it is treatable with anti-manic drugs. Lithium Salts: These are used in the treatment of mania but, are only adequat for about half of the diagnosed conditions. It is thought that these can be useful as a prophylactic in unipolar and bi-polar disorders and as prevention for the degenerative disese of Antipsychotic Drugs: These are used in 85% of patients during the initial stage of therapy. Anti-Convulsants: The use of valproate and carbazepine along with, omega -3 fatty acids, calcium channel blockers, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormone have recently been introduced as adjuncts to traditional bipolar disorder therapy. benzodiazepines: The use of clonazepam and lorazepam in conjunction with haloperidol. have proven effective to calm down manic patients until lithium can achieve a therapeutic concentration. Major types of antidepressants include: • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)are another early form of antidepressant. These drugs are most effective in people with depression who do not respond to other treatments. They are also effective for other mental illnesses. Substances in certain foods, like cheese, beverages like wine, and medications can interact with an MAOI, so these people taking this medication must adhere to strict dietary restrictions (see below). For this reason these antidepressants also aren't usually the first drugs used. Examples of effective and safe medications commonly prescribed for depression or depression-related problems are listed in the chart below. Drug Name Type of medication Potential Side Effects These medicines are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) which work by increasing the available amount of serotonin and/or norepinephrine in the brain. Dry mouth, blurred vision, increased fatigue and sleepiness, weight gain, muscle twitching (tremors), constipation, bladder problems such as urine retention, dizziness, daytime drowsiness, increased heart rate, sexual problems. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) increase the amount of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain Must avoid certain foods and medications to avoid dangerous interactions* Serious side effects may include: headache, heart racing, chest pain, neck stiffness, nausea and vomiting. If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical care immediately. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, work by increasing the amount of serotonin, a neurotransmitter found in the brain. Sexual problems including low sex drive or inability to have an orgasm are common but reversible, dizziness, headaches, nausea right after a dose, insomnia, feeling jittery. Wellbutrin may increase the amounts of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. Weight loss, decreased appetite, restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, constipation, dry mouth, diarrhea, dizziness Wellbutrin is much less likely to cause the weight gain or sexual problems seen with other antidepressants. These drugs increase the levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Drowsiness, blurred vision, lightheadedness, strange dreams, constipation, fever/chills, headache, increased or decreased appetite, tremor, dry mouth, nausea. Remeron can be sedating. Cymbalta may increase sweating and blood pressure and also cause fatigue and reduced energy. Desyrel (trazodone) These drugs block various neurotransmitter chemicals to some degree. Desyrel may cause drowsiness, fatigue, tremor, headache, dry mouth, nausea and vomiting. Ludiomil may cause headache, dizziness, dry mouth, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, sweating. Mechanism of action: Barbiturates bind to the GABAA receptor at the alpha subunit, which are binding sites distinct from GABA itself and also distinct from the benzodiazepinebinding site. Barbiturates produce their pharmacological effects by increasing the duration of chloride ion channel opening at the GABAA receptor (pharmacokinetics: this increases the efficacy of GABA) whereas benzodiazepines increase the frequency of the chloride ion channel opening at the GABAA receptor (pharmacokinetics: this increases the potency of GABA). The direct gating or opening of the chloride ion channel is the reason for the increased toxicity of barbiturates compared to benzodiazepines in overdose Tolerance and dependence With regular use tolerance to the effects of barbiturates develops. This in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the drug to get the original desired pharmacological or therapeutic effect.[17] Barbiturate use can lead to both psychological and physical dependence and the drugs have a high abuse liability.[18] Psychological addiction to barbiturates can develop quickly. The GABAA receptor, one of barbiturates' main sites of action, is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance to and dependence on barbiturates, as well as the euphoric "high" that results from their abuse.[18] The mechanism by which barbiturate tolerance develops is believed to be different than that of ethanol or benzodiazepines, even though these drugs have been shown to exhibit cross-tolerance with each other.[19] Pharmacological effects: Depression to varying degrees ranging from mild sedation--- respiratory arrest--- death. Many factors affect the level of depression such as: Drug, dose, route, pt. initial behavior state, environmental surroundings, time taken, physical and psychological state. CV. system: -Sedative dose= no effect - Hypnotic dose= mild hypotension and decrease heart rate - Beyond hypnotic dose= progressive depression. Respiratory system: - At a high dose it caused progressive respiratory depression - It increases respiratory reflux activity such as coughing sneezing. Absorption, fate and excretion: Generally available in Na salt therefore, completely absorbed in GI tract Lipid solubility determines their crossing of the blood brain barrier. Stored in the body fat therefore slowly released, metabolized and excreted. The long term use increases the liver microsomal enzyme activity. Adverse effect and drug interaction: Capability to induce hepatic microsomal enzyme. High dose depressed respiration Increase respiration complication such as cough and sneezing. Combination of 2 or more CNS depressant produces an increase in the level of CNS depression Dentist need to inform their patient to restrict alcohol consumption after general anesthesia. Obtain accurate MH keep record of the drug, dose and time taken. Consult physician. Therapeutic uses: Management of tonic-clonic seizures and other types of convulsive disorders. short acting can be administered as inravenous sedatives and anesthetics Chlora hydrate: none barbiturate sedative hypnotics Pharmacological effect: Sedative hypnotic in pediatric dentistry Used in TX of alcohol withdrawal Adverse Rxn CV depression Drug interaction: Causes CNS depression when taken with other sedatives Combination with alcohol = potentiating drug interaction It‘s a mutagen that causes chromosomal damage Pharmacological effect: - Bronchodialator - inihibit the contraction of gastrointestinal and bronchiol smooth muscle and increase capillary permeablility. - CNS depressant - Analgesic - Decrease in salivary secretion Absorption, fate, and excertion: Rapidly absorbed orally or parenterally. Terminated by conversion to inactive metabolites through hydroxlation in the liver. Second generation H1 antihistamines are not metabolized to an active form and are largely excreted unchanged in the urine. Adverse Reaction Drowsiness and dry mouth. General therapeutic uses of sedative Hypnotics - Relieve fear and anxiety in dental procedure= barbiturates has been supplanted by benzodiazepines - Chlora hydrates and antihistamine are still in use in pediatric dentistry - Sleep disorder - Barbiturates are used in anesthesia and IV sedation to deepen CNS depressant Uses in Dentistry -CNS actions rather than for their specific antihistaminic effects. May be used for conscious sedation and general anesthesia. May also be useful when patient is allergic to conventional local anesthetics. or management of systemic anaphylatic reactions that may occur in the dental setting. Centrally acting muscle relaxant Pharmacological effect Relaxation of the voluntary muscles Reduce the neural activity in variety of brain structure. Most widely used due to their highly safety margin Mechanism of action: - When GABA is activated … the Cl channel opens up allowing for the Cl influx… membrane hyper polarization and neural inhibition. - It increases the frequency of channel opening Causes relaxation of voluntary muscles through depression of CNS 1. Mechanism of action: generally reduce neural activity in a variety of brain structures including brainstem, thalamus and basal muscle relaxation also show some preferential depression of polysynaptic reflex; thus depression of interneurons is not an identifying characteristic of this class. 2. Although their precise mechanism of action is unknown, the centrally acting drugs don’t relax skeletal muscles directly or depress neuronal conduction, neuromuscular transmission, or muscle excitability. Rather, centrally acting drugs are known to be central nervous system CNS depressants. The skeletal muscle relaxant effects that they cause are likely related to their sedative effects. Pharmacological effect - Depression, sedative hypnotic, muscle relaxant, and antiseizure activity. CV system,: - Greater than normal dose= decrease in BP, cardiac out put and stroke volume. Respiratory system: - Depressant and apnea. Absorption, fate, and excretions; Differ, wide range of speed of on set duration: Short acting, intermediate, long acting Classified according to their elimination ½ life After oral administration = rapid absorption Many biotransform to long acting metabolites which causes the hangover the next day. Adverse effect: - Drowsiness - In elderly and young patient causes excitation rather than depressant - Change in normal sleep pattern - Allergic rxn = skin rash - Dizziness - Can result in physical and psychological dependence - Abrupt cessation of these drugs can cause several withdrawal symptoms - Bradycardia - Abdominal distress - Constipation - Diarrhea - Heartburn - Nausea and vomiting Therapeutic Uses: - Patient receive these drugs to treat acute, painful musculoskeletal condition - Used in conjunction with rest and Physical Therapy. Tolerance and psychological dependence: - Develop frequently - Physical dependence depend on the drug dose and ½ life - Despite this problem it is considered the highest safety margin compared to other sedative drugs. Drug interaction: • Antacidsand anticholinergics- may slow down absorption which may slow down acute therapeutic effects. • Oral contraceptives, isoniazid reduces the rate of elimination and thus the half-life increases leading to possibly excessive drug accumulation. • Digoxin protein binding of diazepam altered causing increased digoxin levels • L-dopa - worsening of parkinsonian symptoms • Disulfiram - slows down the rate of metabolism leading to increased effects of benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine Specifically: Mechanism of action: Benzodiazapine increases frequency of Cl- channels in response to GABA. Thus any transmitters system modulated by GABA is inhibited to a greater extent by benzodiapines. As Benodiazepines bind to receptors on or near the GABA receptors, it enhances the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and allows more cholride ions to flow into the postsyaptic neuron. This depresses the nreve impulses, causing them to slow down or stop. Pharmacological effects: Effects CNS as depressant and sedative. Anti-anxiety, sedative-hypnotic, amnesic, anticonvulsant and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Pharmokenetics: Certain benzodiazapine (alprazolam) has documental antidepressant and anti-panic properties. Diazepam is skeletal muscle relaxant. Diazepam is only benodiazapine approved for treatment of muscle spasm of central origin. Adverse reactions: Drowsiness, dysarthia, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, muscle weakness, apathy. In elderly and really young, experience paradoxical reactions (the opposite) such as nightmare and insomnia. Abuse and tolerance: true physical dependence is less common. Severity is dependant on half life of drug. Tolerance is slower to develop with long acting agents. Quick withdrawal of drug leads to patient feeling increased symptoms that they were originally taking benzodiazapine for ex: anxiety and sleeplessness. Drug interactions: specific drug interactions include: Carbamaepine, rifampin, Cimetidne, and other antiolytics and other sedative hypnotics. Do not take if patient is pregnant, in large doses or with anti-fungals and antimicrobials. Lethal Combination when benzodiazepines are taken with other CNS depressants including alcohol and anticonvulsants. The result is enhanced sedative and CNS depressant effects, including reduced level of conciousness, reduced muscle coordination, respiratory depression, and death. The metabolism of the benzodiazepine - Flurazepam may be reduced by hormonal contraceptives, increasing the risk of toxcity. Management: Patient should gradually withdraw from drug due to side effects increases with immediate withdrawal from system. Uses and management of patient: Uses are mainly for anti-anxiety or sedative. Benzodiazepines should not be given for more than a 4 month period. Antianxiety Drugs: 1. Mechanism: Although buspirone’s mechanism of action remains unknown, it’s clear that buspirone doesn’t affect GABA receptors like benzodiazepines. Buspirone seems to produce various effects in the midbrain and acts as a midbrain modulator, possibly due to its high affinity for serotonin receptors. 2. Therapeutic uses: o Treat generalized anxiety states 3. Adverse effects: o Dizziness o Light headedness o Insomnia o Rapid heart rate palitations This drug interacts with... to cause... tricyclic antidepressants increased effect of antidepressants due to decreased breakdown by liver peripheral vasoconstriction and may reverse action of epinephrine decreased effect of antipsychotic due to decreased absorption from GI tract anticholinergic agents decreased effect of haloperidol opoid analgesics enhanced opiod-induced respiratory depression sodium bicarbonate increased effect of tricyclics by increased renal tubular reaborption of drug Antimanic & increased effect of benzodiazepines by decreased breakdown by liver increased effect of benzodiazepines due to decreased breakdown by liver decreased rate of absorption of benzodiazepines potentiation of CNS depressant effects.
Saturday, October 04, 2008 Forbes Magazine: "A Golden Age" It seemed like it was never going to end – the rise of the economy, the increased prosperity, the bull stock market. Forbes magazine said it would be ‘recognized as a golden age of American industry.” This was in the summer of 1929, but then the US economy collapsed. From growth rates of between three and 10 per cent in per capita terms, the US economy imploded: contracting 11 per cent in 1930, another 9.5 per cent the following year, and then shrinking a further 15 per cent in 1932. Who would have thought that the Roaring Twenties would transform into the worst economic disaster of all time? Emphasis mine Ilian Mihov, Professor of Economics, at INSEAD, suggests We should heed the lessons of the collapse of the ‘golden age’. What is the biggest lesson from the Great Depression? In my view, it is that monetary policy and the financial sector play a crucial role in economic development. Let me put it more precisely: good monetary policy is unlikely to accelerate the speed of economic growth – after all we have more income year after year because mankind comes up with new ideas, with new products, with more efficient ways of producing output. However, bad monetary policy can easily derail economic development. It is true for rich and poor countries alike. Why are financial markets and the banking sector so important? Banks fulfill a very important role in the economy by matching borrowers and lenders. When we deposit $100 in a bank, the bank keeps, at most, two to three dollars in its vaults (in fact the money is often in the central bank), the remaining $98 or so is lent to a borrower. Most businesses require loans for their normal operations. When the banking sector does not work properly, businesses cannot get loans and they have to curtail their production and lay off workers. As they curtail production, they demand fewer products from their suppliers and therefore their suppliers have to reduce their output and fire workers. If manufacturers cannot sell their goods because the firm downstream does not need as many products as before, they cannot generate enough revenue to repay their earlier loans. Businesses go bankrupt and banks experience further problems as their balance sheet deteriorates due to non-performing loans. At this point, banks want to lend even less because of the uncertainty generated from bankruptcies. As they lend less, the vicious circle continues – with producers cutting production and firing workers. On the top of this, depositors start worrying about their deposits because the non-performing loans have made some banks go belly up – your bank has lent out your money to borrowers who cannot return it. Depositors start withdrawing their cash and banks have even fewer possibilities for lending as they have to hoard cash in case there is a run on the bank. If the financial sector does not work, the real economy can go into a deadly spiral and shrink by 30 per cent as during the Great Depression. Can this happen again? It is unlikely this will happen today. But I used to think that it was impossible. The lessons of the Great Depression are so clear and vivid that it was unimaginable that someone would risk the stability of the economy just to gain votes from his or her constituency. Are these CEOs overpaid? Should they go to jail? Maybe the answer to both questions is “yes”, but it’s important to understand that penalising greedy CEOs has nothing to do with saving the macroeconomy. Many of the issues raised by politicians recently have to be addressed, but it is a separate debate and will involve separate legislation. Emphasis mine. As I noted in the previous post, back in the dark mists of the last century I learned this in High School Economics. HT: Pragmatic Euphony No comments:
Bangladesh is a tropical country. Its climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, air, light, etc are favorable for the production of various crops. It is also a Delta country. As a result, its topography and soil conditions are favorable for the growth of certain crops . Think about the vast expanse of flat land we have! Also the few hills we have are not very big and high. Bangladesh is crisscrossed by hundreds of rivers- big and small. They give the land a lot of alluvial after each flooding. This alluvial soil is fertile and easy to prepare for cultivation. A country plough is a traditional Agriculture implement. Every village carpenter can made it. And you can buy a plowshare from any village blacksmith. The carpenter first makes its body by shaping it out of a log. Then he shapes the upper end of the curved wood into a handle. He then fixes a share to the top of the lower end of the body. Finally, he fixes a wooden beam to the body. Now it is ready for use in the field. A pair of bullocks draw the plough while the farmer holds the handle firmly. He can use the plough to break up and loosen the soil. A country p lough has some advantages.He can easily carry it from one place to another.It is simple to made, easy to operate and is not expensive. But if you want to do some deep plugging and control deep-rooted weeds the country plough is not the right tool. In these days of fast- increasing inflation and wage restriction, are finding it essential to do everything they can to reduce their cost of living . Growing one’s own fruit and vegetable has become necessary, as well as pleasurable, for many of us. Home freezers are now very popular, and, if used intelligently, do not take long to repay their initial cost. You can grow you produce cheaply from seeds of plants, pick it at its peak, eat what you want, and freeze the rest so that you can still enjoy it in its prime when it is out of season, and without having the trouble of going to the shops. But a far larger part of the average family’s food bill goes on protein foods, important which, like fruit and vegetables, is an important part of a healthy, well balanced diet. Cheese and eggs are still relatively cheap sources of protein, have risen phenomenally. Even the cheaper’ cuts of meat and types of fish are now expensive, and a home-produced source of these foods is the best way to make the maximum savings. Traditionally, these sources wore chickens, which produce eggs, of course, as well as meat, and rabbits. But nowadays people are also turning to fresh- water fish such as rainbow trout, carp and trench, which can be raised in ponds and ornamental for the unproductive goldfish, golden ore, golden ruddy, etc. Although to many people this may sound a novel idea, it is nothing of the sort. All the medieval monasteries had within their walls one or more fishponds stocked with carp. The monks were obliged to eat fish on certain days for religious reasons, and sea fish would have been inedible after a long journey from the coast .a fish pool was also a feature of many of the garden of great house, and before the eighteenth century, served the same purpose. Then the style of large houses and their gardens changed the pool became ornamental and was planted out with water lilies, and goldfish were introduced. In the more rural districts of France many small pools are stocked with carp still, and provide fish for the table. Online farming Digital system
julio 24, 2012 Writings the authorship of which is unknown, unacknowledge, or concealed by a fictitious name, a practice employed since classical times to thwart censorship and protect authors from retaliation for publications on matters of controversy. Because much early literature was orally transmitted and was therefore remembered for its own sake, not the author´s, the names of early poets and storytellers were forgotten, so that such literature (Beowulf, the ballads, the Norse sagas) is usually anonymous. Throughout history, some authors have deliberately hidden their identity by withholding their names or using assumed names. There are various reasons for this. In times of political or religious controversy it may be unsafe or unwise to publish the writer´s name. The Marprelate Tracts (1588-89), by the pseudonymous Martin Marprelate, attacking the English episcopacy in somewhat ribald fashion, resulted in the rack for the printers and hanging for the suspected author. The anti-government letters of Junius, published in the London Public Advertiser (1769-72), have been attributed to or claimed by some 50 authors. When it was not considered respectable for women to be writers, the author might be indentified as "A Lady". Other women writers adopted masculine names -George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) and George Sand (Lucie Dudevant, née Dupin). Some authors writing in more than one kind of literature prefer to keep their literary careers separate by using pseudonyms: the 20th-century English detective-story writer Nicholas Blake is the poet C. Day Lewis. Ithers prefer to adopt pseudonyms in deference to their professional standing -James Bridie (the Scottish physician O.H. Mayor). In the 16th and 17th centuries, the golden age of pseudonyms, most writers used one at some stage in their careers -one of the more bizarre examples was "Aceeeffghhiilmmnnoorrssstuu", an alphabetical anagram of the name Christoffel von Grimmelshausen. A more predictable later derivation is that of Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) from the call meaning "two fathoms deep" used on Mississipi river boats. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Scottish authors were said to use pseudonyms most, with Poles coming next. In the 18th century the French philosopher Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) used at least 137 pseudonyms, and the American Benjamin Franklin used 57. No hay comentarios: Publicar un comentario
Friday, May 7, 2010 Toxic Heavy Metals: Eliminate the Bad and Ugly By: Rita Ellithorpe, MD and Robert Settineri, MS Tustin Longevity Center Human beings have been exposed to toxic heavy metals for thousands of years. Even the ancient Roman civilization wasn’t exempt. Today we are inundated with these insidious contaminants more than ever in history. Modern industrial and commercial practices pollute our drinking water, air and soil with toxic metal compounds. These harmful metals are involved in mining and the manufacture of consumer goods, as well as burning and refining processes. Toxic heavy metals are found in a vast array of sources: construction materials, cosmetics, medicines and fuels, to name just a few. They infiltrate your daily life through common everyday commodities such as baking powder, personal care products, pesticides, and antibiotics. It’s interesting to note that some of the diseases related to toxic metal poisoning have the same symptoms as the poisonings themselves. For instance, when comparing multiple sclerosis, autism and mercury poisoning, you will find some overlap in general neurological , cognitive and mental symptoms, specifically anxiety, depression, lack of coordination, memory loss and cognitive challenges to mention a few. Here we list several toxic heavy metals, symptoms of poisoning, and disease links. Mined extensively in Missouri, Colorado, Idaho and Utah, lead is the fifth most utilized heavy metal in the United States. Lead is one of the most harmful elements on Earth and is absorbed into the body following inhalation or ingestion. Exposure to lead can come from a myriad of sources, including drinking water and air-borne lead particulates. Sources include batteries, cast iron products, canned foods, ceramics, vinyl products, black hair dyes, rinses and more. It is widely recognized as a neurotoxin and high concentrations can cause irreversible brain damage. Lead can kill brain cells, causing seizure, coma, and even death. Symptoms of lead poisoning: Abdominal pain, anemia, anorexia, anxiety, bone pain, brain damage, confusion, constipation, convulsions, diminished motor reaction times, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headaches, hypertension, inability to concentrate, seizures, learning disabilities, indigestion, irritability, appetite loss, muscle incoordination, memory problems, miscarriage, muscle pain, tremors, vomiting, weakness. Disease links: Dementia, brain cancer, high blood pressure, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, liver impairment, myocardial infarction, stroke, birth defects. Not only is arsenic famous in detective novels and screenplays as the secret poison of choice, arsenic is the most common environmental cause of heavy metal toxicity in humans. It enters the environment through volcanic gas and ash, and can also enter the environment when volcanic rocks are eroded by running water. It is an industrial byproduct of metal smelting processes, and can enter the atmosphere as arsine gas or enter the water supply in effluent. People can also be exposed to arsenic through common household products such as paints and wood preservatives. Perhaps the most prevalent sources are pesticides and fungicides used both around the house and in agriculture. Arsenic can cause damage to the peripheral nervous system, leading to numbness in the hands and feet, tingling, and feeling “pins and needles.” It can appear as a darkening of the skin (not due to exposure to sunlight). Excessive exposure can also appear as white bands in the fingernails a month or more after a critical dosing, as well as excessive growth of the skin on the palms and soles of the feet. It also blocks the production of glutathione which prevents oxidative cell damage. Symptoms of arsenic poisoning: Acute symptoms include rawness of the throat from ingestion/breathing, red skin or rash at point of contact, severe abdominal pain and vomiting and diarrhea. Chronic exposure can lead to anorexia, fever, inflammation of the mucosal membranes, heart arrhythmia, liver damage and jaundice, and gangrene. Disease links: Anorexia, multiple cancers, bronchitis, emphysema, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, liver cirrhosis, stillbirths and postneonatal mortality, blackfoot disease. Mercury is everywhere in today’s world: it not only degasses from the earth’s crust in volcanic emissions and evaporates from bodies of water; it also comes from commercial processes like burning fossil fuels (such as coal), incinerating waste, forest fires, fertilizers, and fungicides. It is found in thermometers, barometers, fluorescent light bulbs, vaccines (thimerosal is still in vaccines in thresholds considered un-reportable) and dental fillings. Mercury accumulates in the body and has been implicated in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Lou Gehrig’s disease. Occupations that chronically expose workers to mercury include dentistry, painting, electrical, pharmaceutical and laboratory, farming, factory production, mining, chemistry and beautician work. Symptoms of mercury poisoning: Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, chronic bronchitis, lung problems, kidney disorders, fatigue, insomnia, loss of memory, excitability, chest pains, reduction of sensory and motor nerve function, depression, visual and/or auditory hallucinations, muscular tremors, sleep disorders, impaired coordination, speech disorders, dementia, headaches, and diminished mental function. Disease links: Multiple sclerosis, autism, cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, psychosis, chronic fatigue syndrome. Since cadmium is found in zinc-, lead-, and copper-containing ores, industrial activities such as mining, smelting and refining metal ores discharge significant amounts of cadmium into the atmosphere. Fossil fuel burning, waste incineration and steel production also contribute their share, as do vented nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries used in aircraft, buses, and diesel locomotives. And smokers beware; about 40 to 60 percent of cadmium inhaled through cigarette smoke is absorbed by the body as opposed to the five to 10 percent taken up from food or water. From all combined sources, it is estimated that 4,000 to 13,000 tons of cadmium are released annually into the environment. Symptoms of cadmium poisoning: Anemia, dry and scaly skin, emphysema, fatigue, hair loss, heart disease, depressed immune response, hypertension, joint pain, kidney stones, liver dysfunction, loss of appetite, diminished sense of smell, lung cancer, pain in the back and legs, yellow teeth. Disease links: Immune system deficiencies, lung cancer, prostate problems, birth defects and miscarriage, behavioral and learning disabilities. Even though it technically is not considered a “heavy” metal, aluminum is a toxic metal and the third most abundant element on earth. Besides a myriad of commercial sources, aluminum comes to us from out of the sky and land. Acid rain (originating from air pollution)comes into contact with soil and other sources, to dissolve aluminum compounds and spread them widely over the planet. Some scientists and health professionals believe that bioaccumulation of aluminum could be responsible for at least ten common neurological disorders—including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and senile and pre-senile dementia. Note: Beryllium, a metal in some ways similar to aluminum and used in exotic aircraft and spacecraft parts, as well as bicycle wheels, is also toxic. Symptoms of aluminum poisoning: Excessive headaches, abnormal heart rhythm, depression, numbness in the hands and feet, blurred vision, muscle pain, psychosis, fatigue, long-term memory impairment, loss of balance, inability to pronounce words properly, even liver and kidney failure. Disease links: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, anemia, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease), birth defects. Nickel is a heavy metal used in the automobile industry, electronics, as a catalyst in chemical processes, in nickel-cadmium batteries, many household products and in cheap jewelry. Environmental nickel comes from surface runoff, industrial and municipal waste discharges, and natural erosion from soil and rocks. You can become allergic from contact with nickel jewelry. The nickel ions are transported through the sweat into the skin. Nickel can cause cancer of the upper respiratory tract and it is thought that its carcinogenic effects are due to its lipid-peroxidation properties that burn the cell’s fatty membrane, causing DNA-strand gaps and breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks. Foods like cocoa, soybeans, some dried legumes and nuts, and oatmeal contain high concentrations of nickel. Symptoms of nickel poisoning: rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal septal perforation, asthma, dermatitis, kidney damage, headaches, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, insomnia. Disease links: Lung and nasal cancers. Other Toxic Heavy Metals There are approximately 35 “heavy metals”, of which 23 are listed as being toxic to humans. A heavy metal is defined as having a density 5 times greater than water. Technology has introduced uses for heavy metals that have never before been present in our environment, and hence new avenues for humans to be exposed to those heavy metals. Urine and feces samples offer the most accurate methods for diagnosing individual toxic heavy metal burden. It’s important that you take a test for heavy metals both before and after undergoing a chelation regimen. That way you can assess your levels and monitor your progress. We have vast experience in our clinic and have conducted published clinical studies on chelation therapy utilizing Detoxamin (calcium disodium EDTA suppositories). We have performed extensive clinical studies with Detoxamin and I personally have over 4000 of my patients on the product. Some of the most important clinical outcomes I see in my patients are increased blood circulation, improved cognitive function (memory, concentration and mental focus), better sleep patterns, reduction multiple toxic metals, increased activity/energy levels, improved prostate conditions, reduced muscle and joint pain, improved blood marker values (LDL and HLD cholesterol) and more. I urge all my patients and all health care professionals to become more informed about chelation therapy, and to consider Detoxamin as a foundational solution for the removal of toxic heavy metals to improve the quality of their lives. Detoxamin is safe, gentle, 80% less cost than intravenous EDTA therapy and works while you sleep. 1 comment: 1. Re: aluminum, just wondering why you don't mention that many of us apply aluminum to our underarms daily as deodorant. Considering what you wrote above, maybe that's not so advisable.
Thursday, December 4, 2014 Helping Nonhuman Animals Helps Humans Some have reservations about expanding their circle of compassion to include other species, for it might detract from the very important work humans have left to do in caring for our own species at both the individual and societal level. As far as I know, there are no studies suggesting that helping one demographic or species causes a human person to diminish their compassion for another. Many in fact argue that as we increase our compassion for any other, we increase the chances that our capacity of compassion for all others will also increase. We don't know this to be absolutely true, but recent studies suggest, as do many faith traditions, that it is so. One scientific study showed that vegetarians and vegans had higher activation in brain areas associated with empathy than did omnivores when viewing scenes of either humans or nonhumans suffering. This might suggest that empathy is associated across species lines, and those with higher empathy for nonhumans have higher empathy for humans. Similarly, a study with children given humane education showed that empathy towards nonhuman animals is correlated with empathy towards humans. What does our Unitarian Universalist faith have to say about the connection between caring for humans and nonhumans? The First Principle Project's goal is to involve many in this question, with the hope of deepening faith, and increasing healing, wholeness, and compassionate action in the world towards all others. Here is as story of one Unitarian who exemplified how caring across species lines is related. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded by Unitarian Henry Bergh. He urged the New York legislature to pass the charter incorporating the ASPCA -- which it did, on April 10, 1866. Nine days later, an anti-cruelty law was passed, and the ASPCA granted the right to enforce it. This step toward animal protection occurred before there were any protections against child abuse on the books. Eight years later in 1874 when Etta Wheeler sought to take action against the abuses to 10-yr-old Mary Ellen McCormack, she was frustrated by the lack of anti-cruelty to children legislation. So she turned to the ASPCA and the anti-cruelty laws they were charged with enforcing. Henry Bergh saw the girl, like the horses he routinely saved from violent stable owners, as a vulnerable member of the animal kingdom needing the protection of the state. He arranged for the case to be argued, and it went to the NY Supreme Court, which ordered Mary Ellen removed from her abusive mother. Bergh also prompted the formation, in 1874, of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (MSPCC). Here is a clear case where better treatment of animals helped humans get better treatment, and how one man did all he could not just for nonhuman animals, but for humans as well. Can you think of other instances? If so, please post them here in the comment section. The First Principle Project is about sharing our stories, experiences, feelings, and thoughts so that together we can care for the many, including our beautiful human selves. May it be so. Rev. LoraKim Joyner, DVM First Principle Project Facilitator For more about Henry Bergh and his transspecies work, click here and here. For the obituary of Henry Berg, click here. 1. I think this is what Tolstoy meant when he said that as long as there are slaughterhouses there will always be battlefields. Shutting down our natural empathy and compassion for any other being makes it that much easier to do when it comes to our fellow human beings as well. 2. At night secretly comes through crack in the floor,sent by Universe,exactly knowing what to do,a cockroach comes like an angle to restore this space to the best form so all beings can use it in its best form .Now In the same space there is a confused human being who claims its proprietorship over it and removes the cockroach like angle by force or poison so nobody else can use it. At night secretly comes through the window,sent by Universe,exactly knowing what to do,a thief comes like an angle to restore this space to its best form so all beings can use it like that.In the same space there is a confused human being who claims proprietorship over it and removes this thief by force,or kills Him so nobody else can use it. Secretly through a nose of a sick human being a germ an angle comes to restore this body to its best shape....but is not welcomed and killed by poison.......
Ideas from 'Knowledge:Readings in Cont.Epist' by Bernecker / Dretske [2000], by Theme Structure [found in 'Knowledge: readings in contemp epistemology' (ed/tr Bernecker,S /Dretske,F) [OUP 2000,0-19-875261-x]]. 11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 1. Knowledge Causal theory says true perceptions must be caused by the object perceived You can acquire new knowledge by exploring memories Foundationalism aims to avoid an infinite regress Infallible sensations can't be foundations if they are non-epistemic Justification is normative, so it can't be reduced to cognitive psychology 18. Thought / C. Content / 6. Broad Content Semantic externalism ties content to the world, reducing error
Extreme Weather Caused by Global Warming by Editor A recent report which highlighted two weather related disasters in Illinois could begin an introduction of effective measures to reduce green house gases. The report calls for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to finalize rules aimed at cutting the largest contributors to carbon emissions. The move is considered a major step towards reducing carbon emissions in the U.S. The U.S. is one of the biggest producers of carbon gases on the planet! Carbon emissions to blame for extreme weather. CHICAGO — After a year that saw many parts of the country hit by scorching heat, devastating wildfires, severe storms and record flooding, a new report finds the vast majority of Illinoisans live in counties recently affected by weather disasters. Given that global warming could lead to certain extreme weather events becoming even more common or more severe in the future, U.S. Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Ill., Environment Illinois, and experts called for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to finalize pending rules to cut the largest sources of dangerous carbon pollution. The April 4 report found that 97percent of Illinoisans live in counties affected by federally declared weather-related disasters since 2006. The report highlighted two weather-related disasters that took place in Illinois last year: the spring flooding of the Mississippi River, which forced the evacuation of the entire town of Cairo, Ill., killed seven people, and caused up to $9 billion in damages; and Chicago’s Groundhog Day blizzard, in which 70 mph winds and 20 inches of snow stranded up to 1,500 motorists on Lake Shore Drive. That storm killed 36 people in the Midwest and inflicted $1.8 billion in damages. “Millions of Illinoisans have lived through extreme weather, causing extremely big problems for Illinois’ economy and our public safety,” said Max Muller, Environment Illinois’ program director. “Given that global warming will likely fuel even more extreme weather, we need to cut dangerous carbon pollution now.” Durbin, who joined Environment Illinois to release the report April 4, said: “We ought to face the reality of greenhouse gas emissions and create energy and environmental policies to reduce their destructive impact. We need to invest in renewable energy and pollution controls to help slow the effects of climate change and protect our public health. It is critical that we leave our children and grandchildren with a sustainable planet and a promising, bright future.” News Source: The Rock River Times Given that more and more evidence is pointing toward carbon gases being a main factor in extreme weather events… Do you think more should be done to reduce carbon emissions? What steps do we need to start taking to reduce carbon globally? Write your comment, then login to facebook to post it. Previous post: Next post:
Thursday, January 23, 2014 How ancient cities can help us understand modern cities Tropical sprawl at Angkor (Evans et al. 2013) Coatetelco, an Aztec city (Smith 2008) 4. Who needs to look at archaeological findings? Dharavi slum in Mumbai 1. Good points, Mike. Something we are trying to do here at BU is to foster better dialogue, or even collaboration, between those of us studying prehistoric/premodern cities and historical archaeologists working with data from early chapters of extant cities, such as Boston or Charleston, SC. I think this could help with the urban trajectory argument in bridging a premodern/modern or prehistoric/historic divide that make claims of contemporary relevance seem tenuous to skeptics. 2. Michael - Some excellent points made here. As an urban planner with a background in mesoamerican archaeology, I frequently struggle with explaining to colleagues how the archaeology of cities/settlements can help inform our understanding of modern cities. Your work as posted here and elsewhere has proven invaulable in helping me bridge this gap. There's a lot of work to be done; however, the application of technologies such as LIDAR and GIS to ancient cities are producing data sets that are more comparable to data from modern cities. Always enjoy reading your posts. Keep up the good work. 3. @Troy - Thanks for the feedback. Yes, new technologies are revolutionizing the study of ancient cities. But we are still in the exploratory stage, so much of the work is technically advanced but conceptually primitive. That should improve with time, though. 4. @David - I replied earlier, but evidently my response didn't get posted? Tracing individual cities through time is an excellent way to make comparisons and see connections between cities today and earlier cities. This is of less use for ancient cities, though, since we rarely have good data at multiple points in time. We wanted to track individual cities through time in our urban services project ( ), but we couldn't find examples that would allow this. 5. Hi Michael, What about the opposite? Do you think that modern cities have much to tell us about the past? How do you feel about a traditionally "modern" urban disciple, such as geography, researching aspects of early cities? Or, can methodologies, theories, or conclusions about modern cities be applied at all to the past? 1. "...traditionally 'modern' urban discipline..." - Typographical error - apologies. 6. Good question. On one level, virtually all of the social interpretations archaeologists make of our data depends on making analogies with modern or historical conditions.But the extent to which contemporary urban patterns apply to ancient cities is still a big unknown. Can we make reasonable analogies between the two categories? I used to think that contemporary and ancient cities were so different that any comparison had to be superficial. But now I see that many aspects of cities are comparable, and thus our knowledge of contemporary cities can furnish clues and analogies and insights for studying ancient cities. Neighborhood dynamics is an obvious example, one I have worked with. But contemporary urban economics, with agglomeration economies, are so radically different from ancient economies, that comparisons for the most part will not be useful. The whole topic of sorting out three categories is something we need much more work on: (1) urban universals (e.g., neighborhood organization); (2) traits limited to individual historical/cultural urban traditions (e.g., the role of ballcourts in Mayan cities), and (3) traits that vary among cities and whose presence and significance are important things for comparative research. Thanks for this important question. I should probably devote a post to it before long!
London's blue plaques FEATURE Many well known people have lived in London, and many of their former homes are indicated by a distinctive blue plaque, displayed on the outside of the house they once occupied or were born in. BritEvents reveals a little history behind these interesting blue plaques. London's blue plaques Over the centuries, many famous people have called London home, ranging from writers and artists, to scientists and inventors. If you have visited London and have happened to glance up, you may have noticed a blue plaque on the wall, informing you that somebody famous once lived, or was born, in that house or at that address. There are over 800 of these plaques all over the city, commemorating such famous residents as Charles Dickens, Samuel Pepys, and Vincent van Gogh, although they are particularly concentrated in the West End, Chelsea and Kensington. Jimi Hendrix Blue Plaque LondonBlue plaque to commemorate Jimi Hendrix at his house at 23 Brook Street, London. It can be fun trying to spot the plaques as you wander around, and many visitors to the capital make a point of seeking out the one time home of their favorite London resident. The first plaque was erected in 1867, commemorating the poet Byron, after a suggestion made by William Ewart, a Member of Parliament several years earlier. That first plaque did not survive, and the oldest surviving one is in St. James andcommemorates Napoleon III. The early plaques underwent several different designs, and not all of them were blue; in fact, they were originally known as 'Indications of Houses of Historical Interest in London'. The distinctive design that is familiar today dates from the Second World War, and blue was chosen as it was considered to be most visible against the gray, white and brown of London's buildings. Since 1986, the scheme has been overseen by English Heritage, whose rules for inclusion still follow the original guidelines. The person being commemorated must have been dead for at least 20 years, or the centenary of their birth must have passed. Charles Darwin Blue Plaque LondonA blue plaque on one of Darwin's London homes at Upper Gower Street in London Robert Siegel Md, PhD, Standford University The owners of the building also have to grant permission to have a plaque on their wall, although for homeowners, there is a certain prestige in having a blue plaque on the front wall and it is an undeniable bonus for anyone selling their house. Although most plaques are for historical figures, there are some notable exceptions. On the wall of 221B Baker Street, a plaque indicates that the consulting detective Sherlock Holmes lived there from 1881 until 1904. There are also several plaques commemorating the well known character of Dr. Who, star of a long running television show. Blue plaques also commemorate prominent organisations and societies, including the League of Nations, the English National Opera and the National Trust. Charlie Chaplin Blue Plaque LondonThe childhood home of Charlie Chaplin in 287 Kennington Road, London, SE 11. Although the majority of the plaques commemorate famous British people, those from overseas are also represented. Around 20 prominent Americans have their own blue plaque, including Mark Twain, Henry James, Benjamin Franklin, and the inventor of Morse code, Samuel Morse. Businessman and retailer Harry Selfridge, whose famous store is located in Oxford Street, has a plaque on the wall of his one time home in Mayfair. In the same neighborhood, the 1960s rock legend Jimi Hendrix has his own plaque on a house in Brook Street,next door to where the English composer Handel lived, albeit acouple of centuries earlier. In addition to the official plaques, which are under the responsibility of English Heritage, there are various other plaques and markers that have been erected by local councils and specialist groups. In particular, Comic Heritage has erected plaques at the former address of many famous British comedians, including Benny Hill and Peter Sellers. However, perhaps the most intriguing plaque is a fake one in a suburban north London street commemorating the supposed inventor of the supermarket cart, Carswell Prentice. For more information about the historic Blue Plaques, visit the English Heritage website at, which outlines the history of the London-wide blue plaques, the design, and further guidance for anyone interested in putting up a plaque. Your comments: comments powered by Disqus
Posts tagged as: Plastic bottles are a huge problem in 21st century America. For example, according to the Beverage Marketing Corp, in 1976, the average U.S. citizen drank just 1.6 gallons of bottled water. By 2006 this had leapt to a massive 28.3 gallons and itâ€™s rising still. And itâ€™s not just plastic water bottles; any beverage, be it Coke, Juice, various oils for use in automobiles, thereâ€™s a million and one products which come in plastic bottles. Plastic lids, yogurt tubs, shampoo bottles and other cosmetic containers all come under the title of â€˜plastic bottles.â€™ Can they be recycled? Many types of plastic bottles can be recycled, but sadly only around 27% of them actually are. Back in 1988, a system was introduced whereby plastics were marked with a code so that it was easy for the consumer to see if the product was suitable to be recycled. However, although this code may be easy for those involved in the plastics industry to understand, it is not clear to the every-day consumer. The various plastic bottles and packaging are referred to as PET â€“ which is short for polyethylene terephthalate, the plastic resin used to make the bottles. All towns and cities have recycling centers where you can take plastic bottles, and this is probably the best place to get rid of them. If you are unsure about where your local recycling center is, visit and enter your zip code to find the nearest to you. What are the possibilities for the recycled material? Plastic bottles (PET) are generally recycled into fibers which are then used in the production of carpets and textiles. The recycling of plastic bottles in the U.S. has the capacity to be used to a far greater extent; in fact demand is higher than the amount currently produced. It is very possible that in the future recycled plastic bottles will also be used to make waterproof products such as shipping containers or even fleece clothing. There have been many health scares recently about the danger of re-using plastic water bottles or placing them in the freezer. There is growing medical evidence to support a very slight risk to health by re-using bottles for beverages, and they are only intended for single use. However, there is no risk of placing them in the freezer. But what about the resources used in the recycling process? Yes, it uses up energy to recycle plastics, but the main problem is that plastic used for bottles and other packaging is made from non-renewable sources. Most are made from natural gas â€“ the same as the gas used in your home for heating and cooking. The biggest thing all of us can do is to cut down on our use of plastic bottles, although this is very hard to do, seeing as most products come packaged this way.
Historical Cost Model Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 33 • Published : December 27, 2012 Open Document Text Preview What is included in the cost basis of a long- lived asset? Explain for a least two types of such assets. Add the original price of your investment and any transaction costs. For example, if you buy 100 shares of stock at $10 per share and pay a $20 broker’s commission, your purchase expense totals $1,020. Disregard dividends or other income you receive as cash while you own the investment. Dividends or interest are classified (and taxed) by the Internal Revenue Service as ordinary income and do not increase or decrease your cost basis. Add any additional money you invest (plus transaction costs) to your original purchase expenditure. Most often, such additional investment is in the form of reinvested dividends. Another example is money you spend for improvements to a real estate investment. Add the transaction costs you pay when you liquidate the investment. If the original purchase expenditure for 100 shares of stock was $1,020, and you paid $30 in transaction fees to sell the shares, your total investment expenditure comes to $1,050. This is your cost basis. What sources are reliably used to estimate as asset's useful life? Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of long-lived plant assets other than land to expense over the asset's estimated useful life. For financial reporting purposes, companies may choose from several different depreciation methods. Before studying some of the methods that companies use to depreciate assets, make sure you understand the following definitions. •Useful life is an estimate of the productive life of an asset. Although usually expressed in years, an asset's useful life may also be based on units of activity, such as items produced, hours used, or miles driven. •Salvage value equals the value, if any, that a company expects to receive by selling or exchanging an asset at the end of its useful life. •Depreciable cost equals an asset's total cost minus the asset's expected salvage value.... tracking img
Water Harvesting Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 132 • Published : May 19, 2013 Open Document Text Preview The Rainwater harvesting is the simple collection or storing of water through scientific techniques from the areas where the rain falls. It involves utilization of rain water for the domestic or the agricultural purpose. The method of rain water harvesting has been into practice since ancient times. It is as far the best possible way to conserve water and awaken the society towards the importance of water. The method is simple and cost effective too. It is especially beneficial in the areas, which faces the scarcity of water. People usually make complaints about the lack of water. During the monsoons lots of water goes waste into the gutters. And this is when Rain water Harvesting proves to be the most effective way to conserve water. We can collect the rain water into the tanks and prevent it from flowing into drains and being wasted. It is practiced on the large scale in the metropolitan cities. Rain water harvesting comprises of storage of water and water recharging through the technical process. Methods of Rainwater Harvesting : Catchment : Any surface or the paved areas can be treated as catchment. Even the footpaths and roads can act as the catchment, as these areas too receive the direct rainfall. Rooftops are the best among them because of the large coefficient of run off generated from them and there are less chances of contamination of water. Conveyance : Conveyance system basically includes rain gutters and down pipes which collects the rain water from catchment to the storage tank. These rain gutters are usually built during the time of construction. They need to be designed appropriately as to avoid the loss of water during the conveyance process. Storage : The most important part of the rain water harvesting is the storage system. The storage system is designed according to the amount of water that is to be stored. The design and site (location) of the storage or the recharge system should be properly chosen. The areas which... tracking img
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel Karaite Women Updated on January 23, 2013 I'm glad you asked that question bp10191960 . It was actually a topic upon which I intended to write sooner than later and your question provided the incentive to act upon it now. Many are confused about the issue of women's rights in Karaism thinking that because Karaism is based on the Torah that it would be archaic in its treatment of women. In fact the exact opposite is true. The Torah was very progressive in its attitude towards women and it has only been the later religious interpretrations by Rabbanite Judaism, Christianity and Islam that have deemed woman as second class citizens. Let me explain: Based on the daughters of Zelophehad, the leadership of Miriam and the judging position of Deborah, it was clear right from the onset of Judaism that women could hold title and positions of power. The right to title was never clearer than in the fact that Among the Karaites, unlike the Rabbanites, our daughters have equal rights of inheritance with our sons. And if we as men should remarry after our first wife's death, and have children by our second wife, our first wife while alive was entitled to issue a special document to ensure that her property would only be inherited only by her own children. This first wife could also enforce the inheritance of her estate by her children from a previous marriage by inserting a special stipulation into her marriage contract. These laws were specifically instituted in Karaism based on the daughters of Zelophehad to ensure that women were protected. In fact this was on equal status to men and this has been preserved in Karaism from this ancient tradition. The Torah explicitly mentions that both men and women were required to come and learn the Torah in the Jubilee year. This meant that not only women had to observe and keep the commandments but they had to be educated in order to study the Tanach. There is even evidence that in the 10th century, that the leader of the Karaite community of Spain, and this was a large and significant community was a woman referred to as "The Teacher" [al-Mualema]. I should mention that she only came into the position of Hacham after the Rabbanites killed her husband, the Karaite leader Sidi ibn al-Taras. I add this only because I have some Rabbanite readers that refuse to believe that their ancestors actually persecuted and killed their Karaite brethren which I have alluded to in many of my articles, especially since some of those killed were my direct ancestors. But referring back to women in leadership positions, you won't find anything comparable in Rabbanite Judaism until recently and that is only in the reform communities as the Orthodox still won't tolerate it. One of the most subservient conditions was the levirate marriage in which the widow of a man was forced to marry his brother as if she was chattel having only one role and that was to produce a child. As Karaites unlike the orthodox Rabbanites, we do not require fulfillment of the levirate marriage. Furthermore, the right to divorce is not exclusive to the male as Karaite law grants women the same rights to divorce as men. Even if the man should refuse to give his wife a bill, in the event that he refuses to deliver a bill of divorce then the wife can present her case to the Karaite beit-din (religious court) and if her case is solid it will grant the couple a divorce by judicial decree. Unfortuantely, beause the Orthodox Chief Rabbinate has exclusive legal authority in matters of personal status concerning Jews in Israel the Karaite beit-din is acting without official status in this matter but it is still upheld within the Karaite community. It should also be mentioned that conjugal rights belong to the woman, not to the man. Because theoretically by Karaite law a man can take a second wife, the rights of the first wife are protected since to do so has to be with her permission. Furthermore, unlike the Rabbinites, there is no Karaite prayer thanking God that as men we were not born a woman. Also our women are given freedom of dress and may dispose of their property without their husbands' permission. After all, it is their property and as indicated previously, under Karaite law, the husband is not the automatic heir of his wife for any of her belongings. If she were to die childless then accordingly those possessions she brought into the marriage are to be returned to her father or her brothers, while the husband retains only the delayed portion of the dowry as written in the Ketubah. And if the couple should have children, the her possession only remain with her husband until his death, at which time the children inherit it. So as can be seen, in the Karaite tradition women have always been considered equal. They have the right to serve in any religious office; they have never been classified as second-class citizens; and wherever there has been a Rabbinic injunctions against women, then Karaism has come to their defence to ensure that we did the opposite. Because Rabbanites actually took away a woman's legal standing, it was Karaism that proclaimed that a female witness in court was equal to any male witnesses. Of interest, we know that from Psalms women used to sing in the Temple. Psalms 46:1, 68:26 are Psalms that were written specifically for women to sing, and accompany with dancing and the playing of instruments. So women in Karaite Judaism were never prohibited from singing or speaking in the Knessah [synagogue] which again was prohibited by Orthodox rabbanites until recently. But as a consequence of the liberal attitude in Karaism, women could always hold the position of Hazzan in the Kenessah. To those that mention that in the Kenessah there is still separation of men and women while praying, I would point out that the reason for this is entirely different from the Orthodox Rabbanites that place their women behind walls and screens beause they're seen as a distraction to the men while praying. In our case we do so because much of our praying is done while kneeling on the floor and this could possibly result in the women exposing themselves to those men kneeling behind them. Therefore in the Kenessah women sit either beside the men, or behind them a generalized tradition based entirley on the preservation of modesty. So as you can see, the status of the woman in Karaism is well protected, preserving her equality not only amongst men but before God as well. Avrom Aryeh-Zuk Kahana 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment • Kahana profile image Kahana 5 years ago Shalom Teshuah, As is written in Isaiah,"Take the millstones, and grind meal; remove thy veil, strip off the train, uncover the leg, pass through the rivers," is an analogy of Babylon being reduced from Empress of the World to nothing more than a common street urchin or peasant. Now she will bare her arms and her legs to toil in the mills like any other woman. She will have to roll up her skirt and bare her legs to cross the river since no one will carry her across in a litter any longer. In the next verse, her shame is exposed but that is a figurative shaming of the once ‘so mighty.’ Essentially there is nothing to do with measuring an actual degree of nakedness but only the metaphoric degree of how the great had fallen. But nakedness in itself was never condemned in the Torah. In Genesis it was not God that grew concerned about it. It was man that became aware of his nakedness and grew ashamed in the Garden of Eden. So in fact, God was telling us that being naked was perfectly acceptable as long as we could deal with it but we could not do so and therefore had to address the issue of our passions, lusts and modesty by introducing our own standards. Remember that Noah's nakedness was uncovered but this was a reference to having his genitals exposed after he became drunk and his sons purposely and intentionally shaming him in this manner. Lot was similarly exposed at which time both his daughters lay with him and subsequently conceived. In these stories it would suggest that exposure of the genitals or any clothing that would permit the genitals to be viewed in some manner is unacceptable if it is done for evil or lustful purpose. So it is the intention that determines the sinful nature. And now you can appreciate that David watched Bathsheba in her bath which in itself was not a sin; arranging to have Uriah killed so that he could possess her was his sin. From the Song of Songs we know that talk of the flesh is not only acceptable but is valued in its appropriate place. What we learn from these passages is that modesty is open to interpretation but if we know the way we have dressed is provocative, then we also know that it is not preserving the modesty that is expected of us. Karaism is about making judgments by your own understanding. As long as you preserve the original intent of the Tanach (ie. don't dress provocatively for lewd reasons) and you dress according to the set of beliefs that you have self-defined as being modest, then it is acceptable. • profile image teshuah 6 years ago Shalom! I have recently been directed to your hub pages and I am loving them! What a wealth of information!! You mentioned in this article that Karaite women have no requirements regarding dress. Thus, I feel it is a good place to ask this question. : I desire for my definitions of how to live to be defined by the one who gave me life. So when YHWH says to uncover my nakedness it would be shameful to me ...I want to know what does HE say nakedness IS? My question of the interpretation of what constitutes nakedness comes from the word used for thigh in is 47:2. it clearly says in the def that for man it is as much as the calf even. The passage refers to a woman. Verse three says her nakedness has been exposed and her shame uncovered. Verse two sets it all up telling us what takes place for that to happen, and so I am wondering if it is safe to interpret this defines what nakedness is. The word used for nakedness itself in Torah does not explain specifically what nakedness is. We are left to our own imaginations and interpretations. That's why I thought to look for something further defined. Is there something I am missing in the surrounding verses that show this is completely allegorical and not a literal example of YWHW's mind on an example of nakedness? This is where my concern is. Is nakedness to be considered down to the calf? I have read it as such for the last year and... well, living in the Deep South... gets a little warm that way... My first love is to follow the standards of living set out for us by Yah - but if that is not something he is really asking of us and it isn't shameful to uncover say, up to the knee even..... well, I think it would be a little more comfortable for me and my girls. • profile image Zvi 7 years ago Two corrections: 1.Women could not hold the position of Hazzanit {female} in Bayt haKenesset when ritually impure, so any woman pre-menopause was very restricted in such a capacity. Till this very day, in perpetuation of a custom from Egypt, no women may lead services or be called up to Torah readings in Israel, the US (except perhaps in the new neo-Qaraite synangogue of Virginia), France, Switzerland and probably also Turkey. 2.As far as I know levirate marriages are possible among Qaraites, only they prohibit the Yavam from being the deceased husband's actual brother. • profile image chocolatefish 7 years ago Wow! Women's rights athousand years ago. You should be very proud of that. • Margaridab profile image Margarida Borges 7 years ago from Lyon, France It's always interesting to know about other cultures. Thanks!
Vaccine Induced Demyelination Myelination is an essential part of human brain development. Nerves can only conduct pulses of energy efficiently if covered by myelin. Like insulation on an electric wire, the fatty coating of myelin keeps the pulses confined and maintains the integrity of the electrical signal so that it has a high signal-to-noise ratio. When the insulation on a wire is damaged or destroyed, the flow of electrical current may be interrupted and a short-circuit occurs.Oligodendrocyte cells give white matter its color by manufacturing myelin. If myelin falls into disrepair, nerve axons cease to function, even though they themselves aren’t damaged. Protecting oligodendrocytes after brain or spinal cord injury might keep nerve cells intact.At birth, relatively few pathways have myelin insulation. Myelination in the human brain continues from before birth until at least 20 years of age. Up until the age of 10 or so, vast areas of the cortex are not yet myelinated. Up to the age of 20, large areas of the frontal lobes are not yet myelinated.1 The prefrontal portions of the cerebrum have a profound influence on human behavior.2 If an individual is injected with vaccines,most of which have adjuvants like mercury and aluminum compounds, as well as foreign proteins (some from other species in which the vaccines were grown) and biological organisms, unprotected nerves may be impacted. The argument for a role of vaccines in the development of autistic disorders hinges on these biological effects upon nerves, damaging them in a way that influences behavior and learning patterns. The argument for adjuvants evoking an auto-immune response does not hinge on any inherent neuro-toxicity of these compounds, but on the initiation of an allergic response. Make INFORMED decisions, people! Sincerely, Valeriya Isernia, AP trainer
Reign of Hongwu Emperor: The First Emperor of the Ming Dynasty It was in 1356 when Zhu Yuanzhang took control of one of the major cities in China, it was this city that became his base of operations and later the capitol of his empire. Word got around quickly that in this place there was relative peace and a good government and the next ten years saw the city grow ten times its original size. The Mongols never made any attempt to retake the place because they were badly crippled by internal fighting. The Mongols eventually lost the whole of central and southern China to different groups. Because of his skills as a leader, Zhu Yuanzhang was able to take in a group of followers that were themselves talented; when he was thirty five he went to battle to take control over the now separated Red Turban territory. After fighting the largest naval battle known, he won and from then on, he no longer fought in his battles, he had plenty of generals to do that for him, instead, he directed everything from his palace in Nanjing. It was in 1366 when Zhu Yuanzhang went on to take the rest of China; after defeating some smaller territories and getting the allegiance of others, he marched against the Mongol army and after a halfhearted fight, the Mongols fled back to their home (the place we now know of as Mongolia). In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Emperor and Hongwu was the title of his reign, Confucianism was brought in again and the people that had a higher role in society only got their places by taking an exam that tested their knowledge of literature and philosophy; the scholars once again had their place in China. The farmers had it a little better then before, Zhu Yuanzhang knew of the hardships that they faced and put some laws into place to try and protect them but it still was not enough, the wealthy still had loopholes through witch they could control and take over the farmers’ land, so while he meant well it still was not enough. Zhu Yuanzhang ruled with a fist of Iron, some people would say that he was bad others good, but he did untie China under one rule and he did have a sense of fairness, it is said that he is the single most influential person in China’s history…never before had the world seen somebody so poor rise to the post of Emperor in just 16 years.
How To Get Emancipated in Minnesota Published By: Category: Juvenile Law Minnesota Emancipation New Jersey high school senior Rachel Canning generated media waves in early 2014 with a lawsuit against her parents for financial support and college tuition. The teenager claimed her family kicked her out of the home and that she was unable to financially support herself. Ms. Canning’s lawsuit asked her parents to pay the remainder of her private school tuition, living and transportation expenses, upcoming college tuition, and legal fees for the lawsuit filed against them. The case drew several topics of discussion, such as intervention of courts in family matters, the implications of children suing parents, the tragedy of a family conflict getting national media attention, etc. One issue we find particular interesting is “emancipation” or the freeing of a child from parental legal responsibility. Each state has its own rules and this blog post discusses Minnesota’s emancipation laws. Emancipation in Minnesota Minnesota children under the age of 18 who get permission to live alone and be independently responsible are considered “emancipated.” Parents of emancipated children give up their right to control the child, who in turn gives up the right to be financially supported by the parents. In Minnesota, children can legally be emancipated but there is no statutory definition for what emancipation is, nor does Minnesota have a specified emancipation procedure for minors to follow. Courts can use their discretion in declaring a child emancipated after considering several factors such as the minor’s living situation, any implied or express consent by the parents, and certain acts done by either the minor child or the parents. Each case is evaluated individually and not handled in a generalized manner. Emancipation is triggered by certain events: • A child turning 18 years old • A child lawfully marrying • Implied or express parental consent • Emancipation by court order Rights of Emancipated Minors Emancipated children are not considered adults under Minnesota law. Children cannot become adults until they are 18 years old, even when emancipated. This means juvenile laws still apply to emancipated minors. It also means children cannot do certain things like buy cigarettes or alcohol, avoid curfew laws, or vote until turning the appropriate age. Although emancipated children are still subject to the law based on their age, Minnesota law recognizes their ability to act independently in many scenarios such as: • Declining immunizations based on religious beliefs (Minn. Stat. §121A.15, subd. 3(d)) • Owning a passenger automobile or truck (Minn. Stat. §168.101, subd. 1) • Being eligible for General Assistance (Minn. Stat. §256D.05, subd. 1(a)(10)) The reasons for seeking emancipaton can vary, and may stem from an abusive or neglecting home. For those seeking additional information about juvenile law and education, here are some helpful resources: Christopher Keyser is an attorney at Keyser Law, P.A. He practices criminal and juvenile defense in Minnesota with offices in Minneapolis and Stillwater. You can reach Christopher directly at 612-338-5007.
Everyone either knows someone or has themselves played a video game when they should have been doing homework. It’s a part of student life. There’s something about the nature of a videogame that begs to be played for long periods of time. That “one more level” feeling everyone’s had until they realize it’s 8 a.m. and they have to get ready for class. They’re miserable the rest of the day but if you asked them, they would say they would do it again. And that’s kind of incredible. What is it about video games that merit such a fervor and passion from players? Whereas someone can pass out watching a TV show or a movie a video game requires the player to do something, to stay engaged. It’s the ultimate active vice, the one that can’t be ignored and demands your full attention. So when have video games stopped Laurier students from studying? First year Game Design and Development student Cassie Duliban has some experience with struggling to balance studying and gaming. “I played Dragon Age Inquisition for two days before Monday morning… without getting up,” Cassie told me. When I asked her if she would do it again she gave me a definitive yes. “I missed three English assignments last year from playing games” Cassie recalled. Cassie certainly isn’t alone in missing out on school work to video games. Pew Internet Research reports that 70 per cent of post-secondary students play video games and a little under half of all students have stated that games have gotten the way of their school work. First year Game Design and Development student Jelena Vulić stated she’s stayed up late several times so far this year playing video games. “I think three in the morning was the latest,” she said, adding that the longest she’s played in one sitting is about three hours. Jelena hasn’t missed any classes or assignments due to playing video games but she says the biggest challenge is going to class tired. Cassie also struggles with being too tired from playing games. She said, “I usually have to power through like I might fall asleep in class a lot. I have developed techniques to avoid attention from the teacher, so I’ll put my hair down and brush it over my eyes to avoid people seeing my eyes closed.” All of this would lead people to believe that students shouldn’t play video games when they should be studying but the majority of those who have would and will do it again. They can’t escape the allure of digital worlds, begging to be explored or online opponents challenging them to be better. Games are the ultimate escapism for most students, a way to escape the real world of responsibility and commitments. But prioritizing video games over school work too often can become a harmful vice. When asked what she would say to a student struggling with playing video games instead of studying Jelena stated, “Don’t stay up and play video games on a school night, kids!” Stephan Reilly Stephan Reilly I’m a second year Game Design & Development student at Laurier, I’ve got a passion for games and a love of writing (mostly about games). My Twitter is @StephanReilly Stephan Reilly Latest posts by Stephan Reilly (see all)
Summary of the 406th Fighter Group History During WWII After months of training at various Southern bases the 406th embarks from New York on the "Sterling Castle" arriving in Liverpool and assigned to Ashford, Kent from where it flew its first operational mission on May 9, 1944. Fighter sweeps, escort duties and dive bombing missions lead up to June 6th and D-Day, when the group provides top cover over Utah Beach. Thereafter the 406th transitions to what proves to be a most effective role — Tactical Airpower — and the ground attack for which the 406th's distinctive willingness to aggressively press home the attack and to pay for it was ideal thus leading to their effective yet unassuming success. Assigned to a rapid succession of airfields across France, Belgium and finally Germany while living in often muddy tents and war ravaged buildings the Group felt like "gypsies" as it encounters air to air combat and provides support to thrusting armored columns and uses the emerging technique of ground controller communication to pinpoint enemy frontline positions and seemingly having a constant presence over enemy marshalling yards, rail lines, bridges, Lufewaffe installations and troop and material concentrations — made even more effective when the 406th was the first American fighter group to be equipped with rockets. Such an attack on September seventh on a massive enemy column lead to the capture of 20,000 Germans and the request of their General Elster to surrender to who he felt was primarily responsible for his defeat — the Army Air Force for which the 406th received its first Presidential Citation. Living, moving, training and above all fighting the enemy continues with little let up through Northern France, Ardennes, Central Europe and Rhineland campaigns right into December when the 406th found itself sharing Mourmelon camp with the 101st Airborne when they were hastily called to Bastogne with the 406th assigned their air cover at this, the Battle of the Bulge. For five days and 519 unrelenting sorties the 406th brings aerial firepower to bear both on the ground and in the air with the reappearance of the Luftwaffe, helping to stop the 101st from being overrun and blunting a potential enemy break out at a loss of 10 pilots and 40 of the 60 operational P-47's suffering battle damage leading to the Group's second Presidential Citation and visit from General McAuliffe. The aftermath of that victory saw the 406th contribute to a crescendo of destruction on enemy troops and material clogging rear assembly areas even as strongholds along the retreating enemy lines needed to be bombed and strafed accounting for ever increasing numbers of destroyed locomotives, track and rolling stock, buildings, tanks, trucks, gun emplacements, horse drawn equipment and on ground aircraft plus the demise and capture of troops leading to Operation Flashpoint and the crossing of the Rhine where the 406th covered allied airborne landings in Germany. The war's final home base was Handhoff airfield in Germany which saw several missions against a frantic enemy being harassed from both east and west until the operational space assigned the 406th narrowed significantly due to Russian advances- a prelude to April 20th and the last wartime mission that put a final tally on 13,612 sorties, 34,000 hours of flying time, 133 aircraft lost to enemy action, 85 men MIA/KIA, 292 enemy destroyed in the air or on the ground, tons upon tons of ordinance delivered and thousands of targets, many critical, destroyed as contribution to victory in Europe.
Thursday, 24 December 2015 Global Positioning System (GPS) " Research " 1- Introduction: With development of science and technology, GPS measuring technique also makes some progress nowadays and plays an increasingly important role in practice of engineering surveying. Although GPS measuring technique has many advantages, such as high technical content, high measurement accuracy and short measuring time, it still has some problems in practical application, which we need pay attention to. This thesis simply analyzes composition, technical advantages and application of GPS measuring technique, focuses on studying problems of GPS in engineering practice and proposes solutions via exploration. GPS just refers to global positioning system, which belongs to radio navigation positioning system in essence. It is jointly composed of global communication satellite and signal reception devices and can provide accurate navigation, time information and three-dimensional coordinate for users. As the latest satellite positioning navigation system, GPS can not only realize all-weather, global and uninterrupted three-dimensional navigation positioning function but also have strong confidentiality and anti-interference performance. As global digitization process accelerates, GPS technique develops rapidly, is widely applied to engineering surveying and plays an important role. 2- Composition of GPS system: Global positioning system (GPS) mainly contains two sub-systems, i.e., ground monitoring system and space satellite group system. According to hardware facilities, it also contains satellite receiving equipment. The space satellite group includes 24 satellites in all and all satellites are averagely distributed to 6 orbits surrounding the earth, whose distance to the ground is 0.2 million kilometers. On such orbits, operational cycle of satellites is 11 hours and 58 minutes. In this way, any site on the earth can receive GPS signals sent by 4 satellites at least and 11 satellites at most simultaneously anytime. Devices contained by GPS user terminal part involve receiver, data processing equipment, corresponding user equipment, meteorological instrument and computer etc. 3- Advantage of GPS surveys : • Three Dimensional . • Site visibility Not Needed . • Weather Independent . • Day or Night Operation . • Common Reference System . • Rapid Data Processing with Quality Control . • High Precision . • Less Labor Intensive(Cost Effective) . • Very Few Skilled Personnel Needed . • GPS eliminates the need for establishing control before a survey . •GPS can establish control as and when needed and establish points at strategic locations to start and close conventional traverses. •All or any of the following values could be available directly in the field or after post-processing the data - Latitude, longitude, geodetic height and X, Y, Z Cartesian coordinates. - State Plane or Project coordinates . - Forward and back geodetic azimuth of the baseline . - Geodetic distance or Monument to Monument slope distance of baselines . - Vertical angle from point to point . •GPS determines the geodetic azimuth between two points directly thereby eliminating the need for converting an astronomic azimuth to geodetic azimuth by applying Laplace correction . •State plane coordinates can be directly computed from the latitudes and longitudes obtained from GPS. •The slope distances can be reduced to the ellipsoid very accurately as ellipsoidal height is known . Note, however that, even though the baseline components such as distances and azimuths are accurate, the accuracy of coordinates of new points are dependent on the quality of known points included in the survey. 4- Methods of GPS Surveys : -Static GPS Surveys : Static GPS survey procedures allow various systematic errors to be resolved when high-accuracy positioning is required. Static procedures are used to produce baselines between stationary GPS units by recording data over an extended period of time during which the satellite geometry changes. -Fast-static GPS Surveys : Fast-static GPS surveys are similar to static GPS surveys, but with shorter observation periods (approximately 5 to 10 minutes). Fast-static GPS survey procedures require more advanced equipment and data reduction techniques than static GPS methods. Typically, the fast-static GPS method should not be used for corridor control or other surveys requiring horizontal accuracy greater than first order. -Kinematic GPS Surveys : Kinematic GPS surveys make use of two or more GPS units. At least one GPS unit is set up over a known (reference) station and remains stationary, while other (rover) GPS units are moved from station to station. All baselines are produced from the GPS unit occupying a reference station to the rover units. Kinematic GPS surveys can be either continuous or “stop and go”. Stop and go station observation periods are of short duration, typically under two minutes. Kinematic GPS surveys are employed where third-order or lower accuracy standards are applicable. -OPUS GPS Surveys : The NGS On-line Positioning User Service (OPUS) allows users to submit individual GPS unit data files directly to NGS for automatic processing. Each data file that is submitted is processed with respect to 3 CORS sites. OPUS solutions shall not be used for producing final coordinates or elevations on any Caltrans survey; however OPUS solutions may be used as a verification of other procedures. 5 - Equipment : Post processed GPS surveying equipment generally consists of two major components: the receiver and the antenna. -Receiver Requirements: First-order, second-order, and third-order post processed GPS surveys require GPS receivers that are capable of recording data. When performing specific types of GPS surveys (i.e. static, fast-static, and kinematic), receivers and software shall be suitable for the specific survey as specified by the manufacturer. Dual frequency receivers shall be used for observing baselines over 9 miles in length. During periods of intense solar activity, dual frequency receivers shall be used for observing baselines over 6 miles in length. -Antennas : Whenever feasible, all antennas used for a project should be identical. For vertical control surveys, identical antennas shall be used unless software is available to accommodate the use of different antennas. For first-order and second-order horizontal surveys, antennas with a ground plane attached shall be used, and the antennas shall be mounted on a tripod or a stable supporting tower. When tripods or towers are used, optical plummets or collimators are required to ensure accurate centering over marks. Fixed height tripods are required for third-order or better vertical surveys. The use of range poles and/or stake-out poles to support GPS antennas should only be employed for third-order horizontal and general-order surveys. -Miscellaneous Equipment Requirements All equipment must be properly maintained and regularly checked for accuracy. Errors due to poorly maintained equipment must be eliminated to ensure valid survey results. Level vials, optical plummets, and collimators shall be calibrated at the beginning and end of each GPS survey. If the duration of the survey exceeds a week, these calibrations shall be repeated weekly for the duration of the survey. For details regarding equipment repair, adjustment, and maintenance. 6- General Post Processed GPS Survey Specifications: -Network Design Baselines (Vectors) Baselines are developed by processing data collected simultaneously by GPS units at each end of a line. For each observation session, there is one less independent (non-trivial) baseline than the number of receivers collecting data simultaneously during the session. Notice in Figure 6A-1 that three receivers placed on stations 1, 2, and 3 for Session “A” Baselines are developed by processing data collected simultaneously by GPS units at each end of a line. For each observation session, there is one less independent (non-trivial) baseline than the number of receivers collecting data simultaneously during the session. Notice in Figure 6A-1 that three receivers placed on stations 1, 2, and 3 for Session “A” yield two independent baselines and one dependent (trivial) baseline. Magnitude (distance) and direction for dependent baselines are obtained by separate processing, but use the same data used to compute the independent baselines. Therefore, the errors are correlated. Dependent baselines shall not be used to compute or adjust the position of stations. -Loops : A loop is defined as a series of at least three independent, connecting baselines, which start and end at the same station. Each loop shall have at least one baseline in common with another loop. Each loop shall contain baselines collected from a minimum of two sessions. Networks shall only contain closed loops. Each station in a network shall be connected with at least two different independent baselines. Avoid connecting stations to a network by multiple baselines to only one other network station. First-order and second-order GPS control networks shall consist of a series of interconnecting closed-loop, geometric figures. First-order, second-order, and third-order GPS control networks shall be designed with sufficient redundancy to detect and isolate blunders and/or systematic errors. Redundancy of network design is achieved by: • Connecting each network station with at least two independent baselines • Series of interconnecting, closed loops • Repeat baseline measurements 7- Satellite Geometry: Satellite geometry factors to consider when planning a GPS survey are: • Number of satellites available • Minimum elevation angle for satellites (elevation mask) • Obstructions limiting satellite visibility • Positional Dilution of Precision (PDOP) • Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP) when performing vertical GPS surveys 8- Field Procedures: -Reconnaissance : Proper field reconnaissance is essential to the execution of efficient, effective GPS surveys. Reconnaissance should include: • Station setting or recovery • Checks for obstructions and multipath potential • Preparation of station descriptions (monument description, to-reach descriptions, etc.) • Development of a realistic observation schedule -Station Site Selection : The most important factor for determining GPS station location is the project’s requirements (needs). After project requirements, consideration must be given to the following limitations of GPS: • Stations should be situated in locations, which are relatively free from horizon obstructions. In general, a clear view of the sky is required. Satellite signals do not penetrate metal, buildings, or trees and are susceptible to signal delay errors when passing through leaves, glass, plastic and other materials. • Locations near strong radio transmissions should be avoided because radio frequency transmitters, including cellular phone equipment, may disturb satellite signal reception. Avoid locating stations near large flat surfaces such as buildings, large signs, fences, etc., as satellite signals may be reflected off these surfaces causing multipath errors. With proper planning, some obstructions near a GPS station may be acceptable. For example, station occupation times may be extended to compensate for obstructions. -Weather Conditions: Generally, weather conditions do not affect GPS survey procedures with the following exceptions: • GPS observations should never be conducted during electrical storms. • Significant changes in weather or unusual weather conditions should be noted in the observation log (field notes). Horizontal GPS surveys should generally be avoided during periods of significant weather changes. Vertical GPS surveys should not be attempted during these periods. -Antenna Height Measurements : Blunders in antenna height measurements are a common source of error in GPS surveys because all GPS surveys are three-dimensional whether the vertical component will be used or not. Antenna height measurements determine the height from the survey monument mark to the phase center of the GPS antenna. With the exception of fixed-height tripods and permanently mounted GPS antennas, independent antenna heights shall be measured in both feet and meters (use conversion between feet and meters as a check) at the beginning and end of each observation session. A height hook or slant rod shall be used to make these measurements. All antenna height measurements shall be recorded on the observation log sheet and entered in the receiver data file. Antenna height measurements in both feet and meters shall check to within ± 0.01 feet. When a station is occupied during two or more observation sessions back to back, the antenna/tripod shall be broken down, reset, and re-plumbed between sessions. When adjustable antenna staffs are used (e.g., kinematic surveys), they should be adjusted so that the body of the person holding the staff does not act as an obstruction. The antenna height for staffs in extended positions shall be checked continually throughout each day. When fixed-height tripods are used, verify the height of the tripod and components (antenna) at the beginning of the project. -Documentation : The final GPS Survey project file should include the following information: • Project report • Project sketch or map showing independent baselines used to create the network • Station descriptions • Station obstruction diagrams • Observation logs • Raw GPS observation (tracking) data files • Baseline processing results Loop closures • Repeat baseline analysis • Least squares unconstrained adjustment results • Least squares constrained adjustment results • Final coordinate list 9- Office Procedures: -General : For first-order, second-order, and some third-order Post-Processed GPS surveys, raw GPS observation (tracking) data shall be collected and post processed for results and analysis. Post processing and analysis are required for first-order and second-order GPS surveys. The primary post-processed results that are analyzed are: • Baseline processing results • Loop closures • Repeat baseline differences • Results from least-squares network adjustments Post-processing software shall be capable of producing relative-position coordinates and corresponding statistics which can be used in a three-dimensional least squares network adjustment. This software shall also allow analysis of loop closures and repeat baseline observations. -Loop Closure and Repeat Baseline Analysis: Loop closures and differences in repeat baselines are computed to check for blunders and to obtain initial estimates of the internal consistency of the GPS network. Tabulate and include loop closures and differences in repeat baselines in the project documentation. Failure of a baseline in a loop closure does not automatically mean that the baseline in question should be rejected but is an indication that a portion of the network requires additional analysis. -Least Squares Network Adjustment : An unconstrained (free) adjustment is performed, after blunders are removed from the network, to verify the baselines of the network. After a satisfactory standard deviation of unit weight (network reference factor) is achieved using realistic a priori error estimates, a constrained adjustment is performed. The constrained network adjustment fixes the coordinates of the known reference stations, thereby adjusting the network to the datum and epoch of the reference stations. A consistent control reference network (datum) and epoch shall be used for the constrained adjustment. The NGS Horizontal Time Dependent Positioning (HTDP) program may be used to translate geodetic positions from one epoch to another. 10-Applications of GPS : 1-Civilian Applications of GPS : 1. Road Transport 2. Aviation 3. Shipping & Rail Transport 4. Science 5. Security 6. Heavy Vehicle Guidance 7. Surveying, Mapping and Geophysics 8. Telecommunications 9. Financial Services 10. Social Activities 2- Military Applications : Aircraft navigation systems usually display a "moving map" and are often connected to the autopilot for en-route navigation. Cockpit-mounted GPS receivers and glass cockpits are appearing in general aviation aircraft of all sizes, using technology such as WAAS or LAAS to increase accuracy. Many of these systems may be certified for instrument flight rules navigation and some can also be used for final approach and landing operations. Glider pilots use GNSS Flight Recorders to log GPS data verifying their arrival at turn points in gliding competitions. Flight computers installed in many gliders also use GPS to compute wind speed aloft, glide paths to way points such as alternate airports or mountain passes, and to aid en route decision making for cross-country-soaring. Boats and ships can use GPS to navigate all of the world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GPS units include functions useful on water, such as "man overboard" (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GPS may be connected to the ships self-steering gear and Chart plotters using the NMEA 0183 interface. GPS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling AIS. Heavy Equipment can use GPS in construction, mining, and precision agriculture. The blades and buckets of construction equipment are controlled automatically in GPS-based machine guidance systems. Agricultural equipment may use GPS to steer automatically or as a visual aid displayed on a screen for the driver. This is very useful for controlled traffic, row crop operations, and when spraying. Harvesters with yield monitors can also use GPS to create a yield map of the paddock being harvested. Hikers, climbers, and even ordinary pedestrians in urban or rural environments can use GPS to determine their position with or without reference to separate maps. In isolated areas, the ability of GPS to provide a precise position can greatly enhance the chances of rescue when climbers or hikers are disabled or lost (if they have a means of communication with rescue workers) . 11- References : 1) California Department of Transportation CALTRANS SURVEYS MANUAL 2) Wu Yingjie. Experience about GPS in engineering surveying [J]. Municipal Engineering of China, 2005(2). 3) Li Jun. GPS measuring technique and its application to engineering surveying [J]. Journal of Qiqihaer Vocational College, 2012(5). 4) Ma Jie. Discussion on improvement in accuracy and reliability of GPS RTK landmarks [J]. Zhongzhou Coal, 2006(2). Wednesday, 23 December 2015 A geothermal Power Plant " Research " 1. Introduction Geothermal energy " the heat of the Earth " is a clean, renewable resource that provides energy in the world. The U.S. has been using commercial, large-scale geothermal power plants at deep resource temperatures (between 200 ̊F and 700 ̊F) since the 1960s. Geothermal energy development and production is a thriving international market. 2. What is geothermal energy? Heat has been radiating from the center of the Earth for some 4.5 billion years. At 6437.4 km (4,000miles) deep, the center of the Earth hovers around the same temperatures as the sun's surface, 9932°F or (5,500°C) see(Figure 1). ( Figure .1 ) : temperature in the earth , source (GEA) Scientists estimate that 42 million megawatts (MW) of power flow from the Earth’s interior, primarily by conduction Geothermal energy is a renewable resource (The National Energy Policy Act of , 1992). One of its biggest advantages is that it is constantly available. The constant flow of heat from the Earth ensures an inexhaustible and essentially limitless supply of energy for billions of years to come (the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of , 1980) . The uses of geothermal for heat and other purposes were indigenous practices across a variety of world cultures: " The Maoris in New Zealand and Native Americans used water from hot springs for cooking and medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The people of Pompeii, living too close to Mount Vesuvius, tapped hot water from the earth to heat their buildings. Romans used geothermal waters for treating eye and skin disease. The Japanese have enjoyed geothermal spas for centuries " ( Nersesian page334) . Rainwater and snowmelt feed underground thermal aquifers. When hot water or steam is trapped in cracks and pores under a layer of impermeable rock, it forms a geothermal reservoir. A viable geothermal system requires heat, permeability, and water. Developers explore a geothermal reservoir to test its potential for development by drilling and testing temperatures and flow rates. The First Geothermal Plant at the Larderello , Italy dry steam field, Prince Piero Ginori Conti first proved the viability of geothermal power plant technology in 1904 . 3. What is a baseload power source? A baseload power plant produces energy at a constant rate. addition to geothermal, nuclear and coal-fired plants are also baseload. Because the energy is constant, its power output can remain consistent nearly 24 hours a day, giving geothermal energy a higher capacity factor than solar or wind power, which must wait for the sun to shine or the wind to blow, respectively. This means a geothermal plant with a smaller capacity than a solar or wind plant can provide more actual, delivered electricity. In geothermal development, one megawatt is roughly equivalent to the electricity used by 1,000 homes. A geothermal plant can also be engineered to be firm, flexible, or load following, and otherwise support the needs of the grid ( GEA “ The Values" ). Most geothermal plants being built now have adjustable dispatching capabilities. In addition to geothermal, natural gas is dispatchable. This means a geothermal plant can meet fluctuating needs, such as those caused by the intermittency of solar and wind power. 4. How does a conventional geothermal power plant work? After careful exploration and analysis, wells are drilled to bring geothermal energy to the surface, where it is converted into electricity. (Figure: 2) in the next page shows the geothermal installed capacity in the U.S. from 1975 to 2012,separated by technology type. the (USGS) has defined moderate-temperature resources as those between 90°C and 150°C (194 to 302°F), and high-temperature geothermal systems as those greater than 150°C. the three commercial types of conventional geothermal power plants is : flash, dry steam, and binary. ( Figure :2) : Total U.S. Geothermal Installed Capacity by Technology(MW) 1975–2012. source (GEA) 4.1 A geothermal flash power plant In a geothermal flash power plant, high pressure separates steam from water in a “steam separator” (Figure 3) as the water rises and as pressure drops. The steam is delivered to the turbine, and the turbine then powers a generator. The liquid is re-injected into the reservoir. In U.S , Under one-third of the installed geothermal capacity, is comprised of flash power plants, with the majority in California (GEA “Annual” 2012, page 7). (figure: 3) a geothermal flash power plant source (GEA) 4.2 A geothermal dry steam power plant In a geothermal dry steam power plant, steam alone is produced directly from the geothermal reservoir and is used to run the turbines that power the generator (Figure 4). Because there is no water, the steam separator used in a flash plant is not necessary. In U.S , the Dry-steam power plants account for approximately 50% of installed geothermal capacity. and are located in California. (figure: 4) A geothermal dry steam power plant , source (GEA) 4.3 A geothermal binary power plant Binary plants use an Organic Rankine Cycle system, which uses geothermal water to heat a second liquid that boils at a lower temperature than water, such as isobutane or .This is called a working fluid (Figure: 5). A heat exchanger separates the water from the working fluid while transferring the heat energy. When the working fluid vaporizes, the force of the expanding vapor, like steam, turns the turbines that power the generators. The geothermal water is then reinjected in a closed loop. (figure: 5) A geothermal binary power plant , source (GEA) 5. How do geothermal heat pumps work? (figure:6) geothermal heat pumps work 6. Environmental Benefits In an international community increasingly worried about worsening effects of climate change, geothermal can play an important role in reducing air emissions. Experts generally agree that effects of climate change pose significant environmental dangers, including flood risks, drought, glacial melting, forest fires, rising sea levels, loss of biodiversity, and potential health dangers. and most geothermal plants being developed will produce nearly zero air emissions. So, using geothermal helps to offset energy-related carbon dioxide, which accounted for 82% of greenhouse gas (GHG). Using geothermal also eliminates the mining, processing, and transporting required for electricity generation from fossil fuel resources; and, it has among the smallest surface land footprint per kilowatt (kW) of any power generation technology. Geothermal power plants are designed and constructed to minimize the potential effects on wildlife and vegetation in compliance with a host of state and federal regulations. A thorough environmental review is required before construction of a generating facility can begin. Subsequent monitoring and mitigation of any environmental impacts continues throughout the life of the plant.
Friday, June 19, 2009 Where Green Roofs are the Law When writing my post about Toronto mandating green roofs for new construction over 2000 sq m., I had remembered that Tokyo had a similar law, but hadn't provided any source material. Since then, I decided to find out what localities or countries required green roofs by law. While I don't wish to discuss the merits or demerits of mandating green roofs by the force of law, I am happy to discuss the benefits from the green roofs themselves. Water Barrels and Storage As mentioned above, Toronto's City Council passed a law in May of 2009 requiring roofs over 2,000 sq m. to have green roofs that cover between 20-50% of the roof's surface. For Toronto, storm water runoff and pollution control are significant issues, as well as reducing heating costs. However, it turns out the Tokyo is the leader in legislating green roofs. The Fujitsu Research Institute reports that the law, Ordinance on Environmental Preservation, originally passed in December of 2000, implemented in April 2001, and revised in June of 2008, is focused on reducing petroleum in general, though it also spells out other green activities, including green roofs. highlights that the Ordinance requires " buildings greater than 1,000 square meters (10,000 sf) or over one-quarter acre to green at least 20% of its useable roof space." For Tokyo specifically, a key goal in implementing this ordinance was to reduce the urban heat island effect. Mountain House Freeze-Dried Food Not to be outdone by the Japanese, Switzerland has a federal law requiring green roofs. The law, however, is administered at the Canton (state) level, with each state taking a slightly different interpretation. Again, is a wealth of information, with this quotation: "The cities of Basel, Zürich, and Luzern, for example now require that every new flat roof be planted per building code. As of the end of 2005, approximately 20% of the flat roofs are green roofs within Basel in the city of Basel in a year there will be around 80. This equals about 80 city projects totaling 480,000 m2, with the outlying countryside projects also around 80, estimated at 500,000 m2 (Dr. Stephan Brenneisen, 2005)." As we have seen, legislating green roofs does create great benefits for the localities in which the laws are past. Buildings use less energy as the green roofs reduce HVAC costs, and they also reduce the load on storm water management systems. Additionally, major cities reduce the urban heat island effect. Clearly, these are tremendous benefits, though I don't personally believe they should be mandated by law. Low Fares to France and Europe Colin said... I'm curious as to how mandated green roofs have spurred interest in non-mandated green roofs in those cities/countries. Part of the reasoning behind Toronto's by-law was to also stimulate a local green roof economy (which is light-years behind, and sometimes 10x the cost of European systems). So, has the price of green roof components drop in Tokyo over the last 10 years? Are more home-owners putting on green roofs, even though they aren't required to? WRGII said... Thank you for your excellent questions! I don't have the data on costs, but I do know that in Tokyo and Toronto, the mandate is only for larger structures, not typical home owners. My impression is that home owners aren't flocking to green roofs as the initial cost, specifically roof load increases, are more expensive than traditional roofs. In this down economy, you aren't seeing that as a desired upgrade. Hopefully, as the benefits of green roofs become more well known, it will be more desirable, as the benefits to the home owner are so high.
Monday, May 14, 2012 Child Development Milestones Parents frequently ask ,"How will I know if my baby is progressing normally?"The more parents and caregivers know of their children, the better they will be able to provide appropriate experiences. Children are one-of-a-kind and unique in their own ways. Observation is the best tool to assess a child's development.There are many domains of child development like • physical/motor development • social/emotional development • communication/language development • cognitive development Knowledge of development milestones are important for all caregivers to observe and record a child's development over time. Developmental Milestones Observational Record can display a lot of information and track child's progress. Three categories can be used in the observational record i.e. Learning, practicing and mastery.When any new action or behavior is noticed, it can be recorded with the date and comment when a milestone be attempted, repeated or accomplished. Sunday, May 6, 2012 Importance of Fathers in Child Development How Do Fathers Fit In? Fathers have a direct impact on the well-being of their children. Even from birth, children who have an involved fathers are more likely to be emotionally secure, be confident to explore their surroundings, and, as they grow older, have better social connections with peers. These children also are less likely to get in trouble at home, school, or in the neighborhood. The way fathers play with their children also has an important impact on a child's emotional and social development. Fathers spend a much higher percentage of their one-on-one interaction with infants and preschoolers in stimulating, playful activity than do mothers. From these interactions, children learn how to regulate their feelings and behavior. Children who grow up with involved fathers are more comfortable exploring the world around them and more likely to exhibit self-control and pro-social behavior. In short, fathers have a powerful and positive impact upon the healthy development of children and to create a safe environment for children.
Beagle Obedience Some basic obedience training ideas are now being added to this site! This page was last updated: December 9, 2007 Copyright Glenn Laffy 2005-2007 Beagles are generally easily motivated by food. Use that to your advantage when training a beagle! I highly recommend starting attention training with your beagle when he is still very young. Begin by teaching a "watch me" command. The second your dog starts to look at you, give a "yes" (or click if using a clicker) and immediately give a small treat. Try to gradually require the dog to look directly into your eyes for longer and longer periods of time before you give the "reward marker." This foundation training is extremely helpful for later more advanced obedience training and should be continued periodically throughout your beagle's life. Teaching "sit" is relatively easy: merely lift gently up on the collar as you say "sit" and reward the sit with a treat. Alternately, some people teach it with a gentle push down on the rump. A third method is to lift a treat up above the head, while easing the rear down. Teaching "down" can generally be accomplished by lowering a treat to the floor just in front of his mouth as you give the command. "Come" can be taught using a treat to encourage the dog to come to you when you give the command. If considering entering in obedience competitions, try to aim for a straight sit dead in front with the dog almost but not quite touching your feet. "Stay" should be taught gradually... At first reward for just a few seconds staying in place... gradually increase the time OR distance but NOT both so that eventually he will stay in place (either sit, down, or stand) for several minutes with you not even in the same room! With any of these or other commands, food can be weaned as the dog learns the commands but should be used periodically to reinforce these commands. A mechanical device which produces a clicking noise when pushed. Often used in "Clicker training" of animals including dogs. Reward Marker: A word, sound, or signal that indicates that a behavior was correctly performed and that a reward is coming. Typical examples of this include: "YES!" or a "click" made by means of a "clicker." This is a great site for everything Obedience!: Dr. P's Dog Obedience Contributions to help defray the cost of this site are gratefully accepted!
exchange link Ada kesalahan di dalam gadget ini Rabu, 25 Maret 2009 The Ontological Argument One of the most fascinating arguments for the existence of an all-perfect God is the ontological argument. While there are several different versions of the argument, all purport to show that it is self-contradictory to deny that there exists a greatest possible being. Thus, on this general line of argument, it is a necessary truth that such a being exists - and this being is, of course, the God of traditional theism. This entry explains and evaluates classic and contemporary versions of the ontological argument. 1. Introduction: The Non-Empirical Nature of the Ontological Arguments Most of the arguments for God's existence rely on at least one empirical premise. For example, the "fine-tuning" version of the design argument depends on empirical evidence of intelligent design; in particular, it turns on the empirical claim that, as a nomological matter, life could not have developed had certain fundamental properties of the universe differed even slightly from what they are. Likewise, cosmological arguments depend on certain empirical claims about the explanation for the occurrence of empirical events. In contrast, the ontological arguments are conceptual in roughly the following sense: just as the propositions constituting the concept of a bachelor imply that every bachelor is male, the propositions constituting the concept of God, according to the ontological argument, imply that God exists. There is, of course, this difference: whereas the concept of a bachelor explicitly contains the proposition that bachelors are unmarried, the concept of God does not explicitly contain any proposition asserting the existence of such a being. Even so, the basic idea is the same: ontological arguments attempt to show that we can deduce God's existence from, so to speak, the very definition of God. It is worth reflecting for a moment on what a remarkable (and beautiful!) undertaking this is. Normally, existential claims don't follow from conceptual claims. If I want to prove that bachelors, unicorns, or viruses exist, it is not enough just to reflect on the concepts. I need to go out into the world and conduct some sort of empirical investigation using my senses. Likewise, if I want to prove that bachelors, unicorns, or viruses don't exist, I must do the same. In general, positive and negative existential claims can be established only by empirical methods. There is, however, one class of exceptions. We can prove certain negative existential claims merely by reflecting on the content of the concept. Thus, for example, we can determine that there are no square circles in the world without going out and looking under every rock to see whether there is a square circle there. We can do so merely by consulting the definition and seeing that it is self-contradictory. Thus, the very concepts imply that there exist no entities that are both square and circular. The ontological argument, then, is unique among such arguments in that it purports to establish the real (as opposed to abstract) existence of some entity. Indeed, if the ontological arguments succeed, it is as much a contradiction to suppose that God doesn't exist as it is to suppose that there are square circles or female bachelors. In the following sections, we will evaluate a number of different attempts to develop this astonishing strategy. 2. The Classic Version of the Ontological Argument a. The Argument Described St. Anselm, Archbishop of Cantebury (1033-1109), is the originator of the ontological argument, which he describes in the Proslogium as follows: The argument in this difficult passage can accurately be summarized in standard form: 2. God exists as an idea in the mind. 6. Therefore, God exists. Intuitively, one can think of the argument as being powered by two ideas. The first, expressed by Premise 2, is that we have a coherent idea of a being that instantiates all of the perfections. Otherwise put, Premise 2 asserts that we have a coherent idea of a being that instantiates every property that makes a being greater, other things being equal, than it would have been without that property (such properties are also known as "great-making" properties). Premise 3 asserts that existence is a perfection or great-making property. Accordingly, the very concept of a being that instantiates all the perfections implies that it exists. Suppose B is a being that instantiates all the perfections and suppose B doesn't exist (in reality). Since Premise 3 asserts that existence is a perfection, it follows that B lacks a perfection. But this contradicts the assumption that B is a being that instantiates all the perfections. Thus, according to this reasoning, it follows that B exists. b. Gaunilo's Criticism Gaunilo of Marmoutier, a monk and contemporary of Anselm's, is responsible for one of the most important criticisms of Anselm's argument. It is quite reasonable to worry that Anselm's argument illegitimately moves from the existence of an idea to the existence of a thing that corresponds to the idea. As the objection is sometimes put, Anselm simply defines things into existence-and this cannot be done. Gaunilo shared this worry, believing that one could use Anselm's argument to show the existence of all kinds of non-existent things: Now if some one should tell me that there is … an island [than which none greater can be conceived], I should easily understand his words, in which there is no difficulty. But suppose that he went on to say, as if by a logical inference: "You can no longer doubt that this island which is more excellent than all lands exists somewhere, since you have no doubt that it is in your understanding. And since it is more excellent not to be in the understanding alone, but to exist both in the understanding and in reality, for this reason it must exist. For if it does not exist, any land which really exists will be more excellent than it; and so the island understood by you to be more excellent will not be more excellent." Gaunilo's argument, thus, proceeds by attempting to use Anselm's strategy to deduce the existence of a perfect island, which Gaunilo rightly views as a counterexample to the argument form. The counterexample can be expressed as follows: 1. It is a conceptual truth that a piland is an island than which none greater can be imagined (i.e., the greatest possible island that can be imagined). 2. A piland exists as an idea in the mind. 3. A piland that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is greater than a piland that exists only as an idea in the mind. 4. Thus, if a piland exists only as an idea in the mind, then we can imagine an island that is greater than a piland (i.e., a greatest possible island that does exist). 5. But we cannot imagine an island that is greater than a piland. 6. Therefore, a piland exists. Notice, however, that premise 1 of Gaunilo's argument is incoherent. The problem here is that the qualities that make an island great are not the sort of qualities that admit of conceptually maximal qualities. No matter how great any island is in some respect, it is always possible to imagine an island greater than that island in that very respect. For example, if one thinks that abundant fruit is a great-making property for an island, then, no matter how great a particular island might be, it will always be possible to imagine a greater island because there is no intrinsic maximum for fruit-abundance. For this reason, the very concept of a piland is incoherent. But this is not true of the concept of God as Anselm conceives it. Properties like knowledge, power, and moral goodness, which comprise the concept of a maximally great being, do have intrinsic maximums. For example, perfect knowledge requires knowing all and only true propositions; it is conceptually impossible to know more than this. Likewise, perfect power means being able to do everything that it is possible to do; it is conceptually impossible for a being to be able to do more than this. The general point here, then, is this: Anselm's argument works, if at all, only for concepts that are entirely defined in terms of properties that admit of some sort of intrinsic maximum. As C.D. Broad puts this important point: [The notion of a greatest possible being imaginable assumes that] each positive property is to be present in the highest possible degree. Now this will be meaningless verbiage unless there is some intrinsic maximum or upper limit to the possible intensity of every positive property which is capable of degrees. With some magnitudes this condition is fulfilled. It is, e.g., logically impossible that any proper fraction should exceed the ratio 1/1; and again, on a certain definition of "angle," it is logically impossible for any angle to exceed four right angles. But it seems quite clear that there are other properties, such as length or temperature or pain, to which there is no intrinsic maximum or upper limit of degree. If any of the properties that are conceptually essential to the notion of God do not admit of an intrinsic maximum, then Anselm's argument strategy will not work because, like Guanilo's concept of a piland, the relevant concept of God is incoherent. But insofar as the relevant great-making properties are limited to omnipotence, omniscience, and moral perfection (which do admit of intrinsic maximums), Anselm's notion of a greatest possible being seems to avoid the worry expressed by Broad and Guanilo. c. Aquinas's Criticisms While St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) believed that God's existence is self-evident, he rejected the idea that it can be deduced from claims about the concept of God. Aquinas argued, plausibly enough, that "not everyone who hears this word 'God' understands it to signify something than which nothing greater can be thought, seeing that some have believed God to be a body." The idea here is that, since different people have different concepts of God, this argument works, if at all, only to convince those who define the notion of God in the same way. The problem with this criticism is that the ontological argument can be restated without defining God. To see this, simply delete premise 1 and replace each instance of "God" with "A being than which none greater can be conceived." The conclusion, then, will be that a being than which none greater can be conceived exists - and it is, of course, quite natural to name this being God. Nevertheless, Aquinas had a second problem with the ontological argument. On Aquinas's view, even if we assume that everyone shares the same concept of God as a being than which none greater can be imagined, "it does not therefore follow that he understands what the word signifies exists actually, but only that it exists mentally." One natural interpretation of this somewhat ambiguous passage is that Aquinas is rejecting premise 2 of Anselm's argument on the ground that, while we can rehearse the words "a being than which none greater can be imagined" in our minds, we have no idea of what this sequence of words really means. On this view, God is unlike any other reality known to us; while we can easily understand concepts of finite things, the concept of an infinitely great being dwarfs finite human understanding. We can, of course, try to associate the phrase "a being than which none greater can be imagined" with more familiar finite concepts, but these finite concepts are so far from being an adequate description of God, that it is fair to say they don't help us to get a detailed idea of God. Nevertheless, the success of the argument doesn't depend on our having a complete understanding of the concept of a being than which none greater can be conceived. Consider, for example, that, while we don't have a complete understanding (whatever this means) of the concept of a natural number than which none larger can be imagined, we understand it well enough to see that there does not exist such a number. No more complete understanding of the concept of a maximally great being than this is required, on Anselm's view, to successfully make the argument. If the concept is coherent, then even a minimal understanding of the concept is sufficient to make the argument. d. Kant's Criticism: Is Existence a Perfection? Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) directs his famous objection at premise 3's claim that a being that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is greater than a being that exists only as an idea in the mind. According to premise 3, existence is what's known as a great-making property or, as the matter is sometimes put, a perfection. Premise 3 thus entails that (1) existence is a property; and (2) instantiating existence makes a thing better, other things being equal, than it would have been otherwise. Kant rejects premise 3 on the ground that, as a purely formal matter, existence does not function as a predicate. As Kant puts the point: Being is evidently not a real predicate, that is, a conception of something which is added to the conception of some other thing. It is merely the positing of a thing, or of certain determinations in it. Logically, it is merely the copula of a judgement. The proposition, God is omnipotent, contains two conceptions, which have a certain object or content; the word is, is no additional predicate-it merely indicates the relation of the predicate to the subject. Now if I take the subject (God) with all its predicates (omnipotence being one), and say, God is, or There is a God, I add no new predicate to the conception of God, I merely posit or affirm the existence of the subject with all its predicates - I posit the object in relation to my conception. Accordingly, what goes wrong with the first version of the ontological argument is that the notion of existence is being treated as the wrong logical type. Concepts, as a logical matter, are defined entirely in terms of logical predicates. Since existence isn't a logical predicate, it doesn't belong to the concept of God; it rather affirms that the existence of something that satisfies the predicates defining the concept of God. While Kant's criticism is phrased (somewhat obscurely) in terms of the logic of predicates and copulas, it also makes a plausible metaphysical point. Existence is not a property (in, say, the way that being red is a property of an apple). Rather it is a precondition for the instantiation of properties in the following sense: it is not possible for a non-existent thing to instantiate any properties because there is nothing to which, so to speak, a property can stick. Nothing has no qualities whatsoever. To say that x instantiates a property P is hence to presuppose that x exists. Thus, on this line of reasoning, existence isn't a great-making property because it is not a property at all; it is rather a metaphysically necessary condition for the instantiation of any properties. But even if we concede that existence is a property, it does not seem to be the sort of property that makes something better for having it. Norman Malcolm expresses the argument as follows: The doctrine that existence is a perfection is remarkably queer. It makes sense and is true to say that my future house will be a better one if it is insulated than if it is not insulated; but what could it mean to say that it will be a better house if it exists than if it does not? My future child will be a better man if he is honest than if he is not; but who would understand the saying that he will be a better man if he exists than if he does not? Or who understands the saying that if God exists He is more perfect than if he does not exist? One might say, with some intelligibility, that it would be better (for oneself or for mankind) if God exists than if He does not-but that is a different matter. The idea here is that existence is very different from, say, the property of lovingness. A being that is loving is, other things being equal, better or greater than a being that is not. But it seems very strange to think that a loving being that exists is, other things being equal, better or greater than a loving being that doesn't exist. But to the extent that existence doesn't add to the greatness of a thing, the classic version of the ontological argument fails. 3. Anselm's Second Version of the Ontological Argument As it turns out, there are two different versions of the ontological argument in the Prosologium. The second version does not rely on the highly problematic claim that existence is a property and hence avoids many of the objections to the classic version. Here is the second version of the ontological argument as Anselm states it: God is that, than which nothing greater can be conceived.… And [God] assuredly exists so truly, that it cannot be conceived not to exist. For, it is possible to conceive of a being which cannot be conceived not to exist; and this is greater than one which can be conceived not to exist. Hence, if that, than which nothing greater can be conceived, can be conceived not to exist, it is not that, than which nothing greater can be conceived. But this is an irreconcilable contradiction. There is, then, so truly a being than which nothing greater can be conceived to exist, that it cannot even be conceived not to exist; and this being thou art, O Lord, our God. This version of the argument relies on two important claims. As before, the argument includes a premise asserting that God is a being than which a greater cannot be conceived. But this version of the argument, unlike the first, does not rely on the claim that existence is a perfection; instead it relies on the claim that necessary existence is a perfection. This latter claim asserts that a being whose existence is necessary is greater than a being whose existence is not necessary. Otherwise put, then, the second key claim is that a being whose non-existence is logically impossible is greater than a being whose non-existence is logically possible. More formally, the argument is this: 1. By definition, God is a being than which none greater can be imagined. 2. A being that necessarily exists in reality is greater than a being that does not necessarily exist. 3. Thus, by definition, if God exists as an idea in the mind but does not necessarily exist in reality, then we can imagine something that is greater than God. 4. But we cannot imagine something that is greater than God. 5. Thus, if God exists in the mind as an idea, then God necessarily exists in reality. 6. God exists in the mind as an idea. 7. Therefore, God necessarily exists in reality. This second version appears to be less vulnerable to Kantian criticisms than the first. To begin with, necessary existence, unlike mere existence, seems clearly to be a property. Notice, for example, that the claim that x necessarily exists entails a number of claims that attribute particular properties to x. For example, if x necessarily exists, then its existence does not depend on the existence of any being (unlike contingent human beings whose existence depends, at the very least, on the existence of their parents). And this seems to entail that x has the reason for its existence in its own nature. But these latter claims clearly attribute particular properties to x. And only a claim that attributes a particular property can entail claims that attribute particular properties. While the claim that x exists clearly entails that x has at least one property, this does not help. We cannot soundly infer any claims that attribute particular properties to x from either the claim that x exists or the claim that x has at least one property; indeed, the claim that x has at least one property no more expresses a particular property than the claim that x exists. This distinguishes the claim that x exists from the claim that x necessarily exists and hence seems to imply that the latter, and only the latter, expresses a property. Moreover, one can plausibly argue that necessary existence is a great-making property. To say that a being necessarily exists is to say that it exists eternally in every logically possible world; such a being is not just, so to speak, indestructible in this world, but indestructible in every logically possible world - and this does seem, at first blush, to be a great-making property. As Malcolm puts the point: If a housewife has a set of extremely fragile dishes, then as dishes, they are inferior to those of another set like them in all respects except that they are not fragile. Those of the first set are dependent for their continued existence on gentle handling; those of the second set are not. There is a definite connection between the notions of dependency and inferiority, and independence and superiority. To say that something which was dependent on nothing whatever was superior to anything that was dependent on any way upon anything is quite in keeping with the everyday use of the terms superior and greater. Nevertheless, the matter is not so clear as Malcolm believes. It might be the case that, other things being equal, a set of dishes that is indestructible in this world is greater than a set of dishes that is not indestructible in this world. But it is very hard to see how transworld indestructibility adds anything to the greatness of a set of dishes that is indestructible in this world. From our perspective, there is simply nothing to be gained by adding transworld indestructibility to a set of dishes that is actually indestructible. There is simply nothing that a set of dishes that is indestructible in every possible world can do in this world that can't be done by a set of dishes that is indestructible in this world but not in every other world. And the same seems to be true of God. Suppose that an omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent, eternal (and hence, so to speak, indestructible), personal God exists in this world but not in some other worlds. It is very hard to make sense of the claim that such a God is deficient in some relevant respect. God's indestructibility in this world means that God exists eternally in all logically possible worlds that resemble this one in certain salient respects. It is simply unclear how existence in these other worlds that bear no resemblance to this one would make God greater and hence more worthy of worship. From our perspective, necessary existence adds nothing in value to eternal existence. If this is correct, then Anselm's second version of the argument also fails. 4. Modal Versions of the Argument Even if, however, we assume that Anselm's second version of the argument can be defended against such objections, there is a further problem: it isn't very convincing because it is so difficult to tell whether the argument is sound. Thus, the most important contemporary defender of the argument, Alvin Plantinga, complains "[a]t first sight, Anselm's argument is remarkably unconvincing if not downright irritating; it looks too much like a parlor puzzle or word magic." As a result, despite its enduring importance, the ontological argument has brought few people to theism. There have been several attempts to render the persuasive force of the ontological argument more transparent by recasting it using the logical structures of contemporary modal logic. One influential attempts to ground the ontological argument in the notion of God as an unlimited being. As Malcolm describes this idea: God is usually conceived of as an unlimited being. He is conceived of as a being who could not be limited, that is, as an absolutely unlimited being.… If God is conceived to be an absolutely unlimited being He must be conceived to be unlimited in regard to His existence as well as His operation. In this conception it will not make sense to say that He depends on anything for coming into or continuing in existence. Nor, as Spinoza observed, will it make sense to say that something could prevent Him from existing. Lack of moisture can prevent trees from existing in a certain region of the earth. But it would be contrary to the concept of God as an unlimited being to suppose that anything … could prevent Him from existing. The unlimited character of God, then, entails that his existence is different from ours in this respect: while our existence depends causally on the existence of other beings (e.g., our parents), God's existence does not depend causally on the existence of any other being. Further, on Malcolm's view, the existence of an unlimited being is either logically necessary or logically impossible. Here is his argument for this important claim. Either an unlimited being exists at world W or it doesn't exist at world W; there are no other possibilities. If an unlimited being does not exist in W, then its nonexistence cannot be explained by reference to any causally contingent feature of W; accordingly, there is no contingent feature of W that explains why that being doesn't exist. Now suppose, per reductio, an unlimited being exists in some other world W'. If so, then it must be some contingent feature f of W' that explains why that being exists in that world. But this entails that the nonexistence of an unlimited being in W can be explained by the absence of f in W; and this contradicts the claim that its nonexistence in W can't be explained by reference to any causally contingent feature. Thus, if God doesn't exist at W, then God doesn't exist in any logically possible world. A very similar argument can be given for the claim that an unlimited being exists in every logically possible world if it exists in some possible world W; the details are left for the interested reader. Since there are only two possibilities with respect to W and one entails the impossibility of an unlimited being and the other entails the necessity of an unlimited being, it follows that the existence of an unlimited being is either logically necessary or logically impossible. All that is left, then, to complete Malcolm's elegant version of the proof is the premise that the existence of an unlimited being is not logically impossible - and this seems plausible enough. The existence of an unlimited being is logically impossible only if the concept of an unlimited being is self-contradictory. Since we have no reason, on Malcolm's view to think the existence of an unlimited being is self-contradictory, it follows that an unlimited being, i.e., God, exists. Here's the argument reduced to its basic elements: 1. God is, as a conceptual matter (i.e., as a matter of definition) an unlimited being. 2. The existence of an unlimited being is either logically necessary or logically impossible. 3. The existence of an unlimited being is not logically impossible. 4. Therefore, the existence of God is logically necessary. Notice that Malcolm's version of the argument does not turn on the claim that necessary existence is a great-making property. Rather, as we saw above, Malcolm attempts to argue that there are only two possibilities with respect to the existence of an unlimited being: either it is necessary or it is impossible. And notice that his argument does not turn in any way on characterizing the property necessary existence as making something that instantiates that property better than it would be without it. Thus, Malcolm's version of the argument is not vulnerable to the criticisms of Anselm's claim that necessary existence is a perfection. But while Malcolm's version of the argument is, moreover, considerably easier to understand than Anselm's versions, it is also vulnerable to objection. In particular, Premise 2 is not obviously correct. The claim that an unlimited being B exists at some world W clearly entails that B always exists at W (i.e., that B's existence is eternal or everlasting in W), but this doesn't clearly entail that B necessarily exists (i.e., that B exists at every logically possible world). To defend this further claim, one needs to give an argument that the notion of a contingent eternal being is self-contradictory. Similarly, the claim that an unlimited being B does not exist at W clearly entails that B never exists at W (i.e., that it is always true in W that B doesn't exist), but it doesn't clearly entail that B necessarily doesn't exist (i.e., B exists at no logically possible world or B's existence is logically impossible. Indeed, there are plenty of beings that will probably never exist in this world that exist in other logically possible worlds, like unicorns. For this reason, Premise 2 of Malcolm's version is questionable. Perhaps the most influential of contemporary modal arguments is Plantinga's version. Plantinga begins by defining two properties, the property of maximal greatness and the property of maximal excellence, as follows: 1. A being is maximally excellent in a world W if and only if it is omnipotent, omniscient, and morally perfect in W; and 2. A being is maximally great in a world W if and only if it is maximally excellent in every possible world. Thus, maximal greatness entails existence in every possible world: since a being that is maximally great at W is omnipotent at every possible world and non-existent beings can't be omnipotent, it follows that a maximally great being exists in every logically possible world. Accordingly, the trick is to show that a maximally great being exists in some world W because it immediately follows from this claim that such a being exists in every world, including our own. But notice that the claim that a maximally great being exists in some world is logically equivalent to the claim that the concept of a maximally great being is not self-contradictory; for the only things that don't exist in any possible world are things that are conceptually defined in terms of contradictory properties. There is no logically possible world in which a square circle exists (given the relevant concepts) because the property of being square is inconsistent with the property of being circular. Since, on Plantinga's view, the concept of a maximally great being is consistent and hence possibly instantiated, it follows that such a being, i.e., God, exists in every possible world. Here is a schematic representation of the argument: 1. The concept of a maximally great being is self-consistent. 2. If 1, then there is at least one logically possible world in which a maximally great being exists. 3. Therefore, there is at least one logically possible world in which a maximally great being exists. 4. If a maximally great being exists in one logically possible world, it exists in every logically possible world. 5. Therefore, a maximally great being (i.e., God) exists in every logically possible world. It is sometimes objected that Plantinga's Premise 4 is an instance of a controversial general modal principle. The S5 system of modal logic includes an axiom that looks suspiciously similar to Premise 4: AxS5: If A is possible, then it is necessarily true that A is possible. The intuition underlying AxS5 is, as James Sennett puts it, that "all propositions bear their modal status necessarily." But, according to this line of criticism, Plantinga's version is unconvincing insofar as it rests on a controversial principle of modal logic. To see that this criticism is unfounded, it suffices to make two observations. First, notice that the following propositions are not logically equivalent: PL4 If "A maximally great being exists" is possible, then "A maximally great being exists" is necessarily true. PL4* If "A maximally great being exists" is possible, then it is necessarily true that "A maximally great being exists" is possible. PL4 is, of course, Plantinga's Premise 4 slightly reworded, while PL4* is simply a straightforward instance of AxS5. While PL4 implies PL4* (since if A is true at every world, it is possible at every world), PL4* doesn't imply PL4; for PL4 clearly makes a much stronger claim than PL4*. Second, notice that the argument for Premise 4 does not make any reference to the claim that all propositions bear their modal status necessarily. Plantinga simply builds necessary existence into the very notion of maximal greatness. Since, by definition, a being that is maximally great at W is omnipotent at every possible world and a being that does not exist at some world W' cannot be omnipotent at W', it straightforwardly follows, without the help of anything like the controversial S5 axiom, that a maximally great being exists in every logically possible world. Indeed, it is for this very reason that Plantinga avoids the objection to Malcolm's argument that was considered above. Since the notion of maximal greatness, in contrast to the notion of an unlimited being as Malcolm defines it, is conceived in terms that straightforwardly entail existence in every logically possible world (and hence eternal existence in every logically possible world), there are no worries about whether maximal greatness, in contrast to unlimitedness, entails something stronger than eternal existence. IV. Is the Concept of a Maximally Great Being Coherent? As is readily evident, each version of the ontological argument rests on the assumption that the concept of God, as it is described in the argument, is self-consistent. Both versions of Anselm's argument rely on the claim that the idea of God (i.e., a being than which none greater can be conceived) "exists as an idea in the understanding." Similarly, Plantinga's version relies on the more transparent claim that the concept of maximal greatness is self-consistent. But many philosophers are skeptical about the underlying assumption, as Leibniz describes it, "that this idea of the all-great or all-perfect being is possible and implies no contradiction." Here is the problem as C.D. Broad expresses it: Let us suppose, e.g., that there were just three positive properties X, Y, and Z; that any two of them are compatible with each other; but that the presence of any two excludes the remaining one. Then there would be three possible beings, viz., one which combines X and Y, one which combines Y and Z, and one which combines Z and X, each of which would be such that nothing … superior to it is logically possible. For the only kind of being which would be … superior to any of these would be one which had all three properties, X, Y, and Z; and, by hypothesis, this combination is logically impossible.… It is now plain that, unless all positive properties be compatible with each other, this phrase [i.e., "a being than which none greater can be imagined"] is just meaningless verbiage like the phrase "the greatest possible integer." Thus, if there are two great-making characteristics essential to the classically theistic notion of an all-perfect God that are logically incompatible, it follows that this notion is incoherent. Here it is important to note that all versions of the ontological argument assume that God is simultaneously omnipotent, omniscient, and morally perfect. As we have seen, Plantinga expressly defines maximal excellence in such terms. Though Anselm doesn't expressly address the issue, it is clear (1) that he is attempting to show the existence of the God of classical theism; and (2) that the great-making properties include those of omnipotence, omniscience, and moral perfection. There are a number of plausible arguments for thinking that even this restricted set of properties is logically inconsistent. For example, moral perfection is thought to entail being both perfectly merciful and perfectly just. But these two properties seem to contradict each other. To be perfectly just is always to give every person exactly what she deserves. But to be perfectly merciful is to give at least some persons less punishment than they deserve. If so, then a being cannot be perfectly just and perfectly merciful. Thus, if moral perfection entails, as seems reasonable, being perfectly just and merciful, then the concept of moral perfection is inconsistent. The problem of divine foreknowledge can also be seen as denying that omniscience, omnipotence, and moral perfection constitute a coherent set. Roughly put, the problem of divine foreknowledge is as follows. If God is omniscient, then God knows what every person will do at every moment t. To say that a person p has free will is to say that there is at least one moment t at which p does A but could have done other than A. But if a person p who does A at t has the ability to do other than A at t, then it follows that p has the ability to bring it about that an omniscient God has a false belief - and this is clearly impossible. On this line of analysis, then, it follows that it is logically impossible for a being to simultaneously instantiate omniscience and omnipotence. Omnipotence entails the power to create free beings, but omniscience rules out the possibility that such beings exist. Thus, a being that is omniscient lacks the ability to create free beings and is hence not omnipotent. Conversely, a being that is omnipotent has the power to create free beings and hence does not know what such beings would do if they existed. Thus, the argument concludes that omniscience and omnipotence are logically incompatible. If this is correct, then all versions of the ontological argument fail. 5. Bibliography Anselm, St., Anselm's Basic Writings, translated by S.W. Deane, 2nd Ed. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing Co., 1962) Aquinas, Thomas, St., Summa Theologica (1a Q2), "Whether the Existence of God is Self-Evident (Thomas More Publishing, 1981) Barnes, Jonathan, The Ontological Argument (London: MacMillan Publishing Co., 1972) Broad, C.D., Religion, Philosophy and Psychical Research (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953) Findlay, J.N., "God's Existence is Necessarily Impossible," from Flew, Antony and MacIntyre, Alasdair, New Essays in Philosophical Theology (New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., 1955) Gale, Richard, On the Nature and Existence of God (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) Hartshore, Charles, The Logic of Perfection (LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1962) Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, translated by E.S. Haldane and F.H. Simson (London, Kegan Paul, 1896) Kant, Immanuel, Critique of Pure Reason, translated by J.M.D. Meiklejohn (New York: Colonial Press, 1900) Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, New Essays Concerning Human Understanding, translated by A.G. Langley (Chicago, IL: Open Court Publishing, 1896). Malcolm, Norman, "Anselm's Ontological Argument," Philosophical Review, vol. 69, no. 1 (1960), 41-62 Miller, Ed L., God and Reason, 2nd Ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1995) Pike, Nelson, "Divine Omniscience and Voluntary Action," Philosophical Review, vol. 74 (1965) Plantinga, Alvin, God, Freedom, and Evil (New York: Harper and Row, 1974) Plantinga, Alvin, The Ontological Argument from St. Anselm to Contemporary Philosophers (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965) Pojman, Louis, Philosophy of Religion (London: Mayfield Publishing Co., 2001) Rowe, William, "Modal Versions of the Ontological Argument," in Pojman, Louis (ed.), Philosophy of Religion, 3rd Ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998) Sennett, James F., "Universe Indexed Properties and the Fate of the Ontological Argument," Religious Studies, vol. 27 (1991), 65-79 Selasa, 24 Maret 2009 Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900) 1. Life 2. Interpretations of Solovyov's Philosophical Writings 3. The Crisis of Western Philosophy 4. Philosophical Principles of Integral Knowledge 5. Critique of Abstract Principles 6. The Justification of the Good 7. Theoretical Philosophy 8. Concluding Remarks 9. References and Further Reading # Sobranie sochinenij, St. Petersburg: Prosveshchenie, 1911-14. # Sobranie sochinenij, Brussels: Zhizn s Bogom, 1966-70. # Lectures on Divine Humanity, ed. by Boris Jakim, Lindisfarne Press, 1995. # "Foundations of Theoretical Philosophy," trans. by Vlada Tolley and James P. Scanlan, in Russian Philosophy, ed. James M. Edie, et al., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965, vol. III, pp. 99-134. SECONDARY SOURCES (mentioned above) # Aleksej Losev, Vladimir Solov'ev, Moscow: Mysl', 1983. # Ludolf Mueller, Solovjev und der Protestantismus, Freiburg: Verlag Herder, 1951. # Joseph L. Navickas, "Hegel and the Doctrine of Historicity of Vladimir Solovyov," in The Quest for the Absolute, ed. Frederick J. Adelmann, The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1966, pp. 135-154. Knowledge of sense-data has often been taken to be the foundation upon which all oth The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE. Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists. They were a professional class rather than a school, and as such they were scattered over Greece and exhibited professional rivalries. The educational demand was partly for genuine knowledge, but mostly reflected a desire for spurious learning that would lead to political success. They wandered about Greece from place to place, gave lectures, took pupils, and entered into disputations. For these services they exacted large fees, and were, in fact, the first in Greece to take fees for teaching wisdom. Though not disgraceful in itself, the wise men of Greece had never accepted payment for their teaching. The sophists were not, technically speaking, philosophers, but, instead taught any subject for which there was a popular demand. Topics included rhetoric, politics, grammar, etymology, history, physics, and mathematics. Early on they were seen as teachers of virtue in the sense that they taught people to perform their function in the state. Protagoras of Abdera, who appeared about 445 BCE. is named as the first Sophist; after him the most important is Gorgias of Leontini, Prodicus of Ceos and Hippias of Elis. Wherever they appeared, especially in Athens, they were received with enthusiasm and many flocked to hear them. Even such people as Pericles, Euripides, and Socrates sought their company. With the revival of Greek eloquence, from about the beginning of the second century CE., the name "sophist" attained a new distinction. At that time the name was given to the professional orators, who appeared in public with great pomp and delivered declamations either prepared beforehand or improvised on the spot. Like the earlier sophists, they went generally from place to place, and were overwhelmed with applause and with marks of distinction by their contemporaries, including the Roman Emperors. Dion Chrysostom, Herodes Atticus, Aristides, Lucian, and Philostratus the Elder belong to the flourishing period of this second school of sophists, a period which extends over the entire second century. They appear afresh about the middle of the fourth century, devoting their philosophic culture to the zealous but unavailing defense of paganism. Among them was the emperor Julian and his contemporaries Libanius, Himerius, and Themistius. Synesius may be considered the last sophist of importance. James Hutchison Stirling
Suggested Links Lammas And Lughnasadh Lammas and Lughnasadh is an ancient Pagan ball famous in a number of parts of the world. Conventionally revealing on the first day of Esteemed, this ball celebrates the fruits of the first create of the see with a spotlight upon respect and blessings for enough. The names Lammas and Lughnasadh are systematically used interchangeably which can create some disorder but the supporting phantom help to certain things up. Lughnasadh, which is skillful LOO-nah-sah, traces its family tree far back hip Irish history. In Celtic mythology the god Lugh is designed to include reasonable a entombment feast in famous person of his cultivate mother Tailtiu, who died at the rear of agreement the plains of Ireland for the treatment of fostering. The ball of Lughnasadh became a day based upon this Celtic myth and historically it was a day of contests, games, handfasting or marriage, and seeking residence for the ache winter months. It was then one of the four initial festivals of the Irish medieval calendar signaling the crowning of summer and the release of autumn. The word Lughnasadh assets "marriage of Lugh" which over ties in with Celtic mythology, for the god Lugh was seen as matrimonial to the land, or earth, and sacrificed to the earth. This is indication of crops guise planted and consequently "sacrificed" in create. Diverse modern-day Pagans point the ball of Lughnasadh in a typography of ways, depending upon the Pagan tradition that they follow and their common preferences. In Wicca, Lughnasadh is viewed as one of the eight sabbats that make up the Mount of the Rendezvous. In Dianic Wicca systematically spotlight essential upon the God aspect in the form of the God of acceptable, Kore and Ceres or Habondia. Celtic Reconstructionists divan the festivities of Lughnasadh more or less upon earlier period groundwork of the polytheist beliefs of the ancient Celts and as a rule point it on the day of the full moon that force closest to the ball. They systematically make happen the day by payment thanks and asking the deities to expound them a bountiful create. Diverse Celtic Reconstructionists phantom then famous person the goddess Tailtiu on this day. Lammas was the name used in medieval England for the Christian holiday that famous immediate create. An Anglo-Saxon word, Lammas is influence to be a combination of the words skulk mass, the idea guise that in medieval time it was delegate for loaves of currency uninteresting from the grains of the first create to be blessed all the way through a church avow at that time. 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Horoscop Chinezesc Luna Martie 2009 A doua luna a calendarului chinezesc, martie este consacrata drept luna Iepurelui.Luna solara a Iepurelui incepe in anul 2009, pe 5 martie si se incheie pe 3 aprilie.A doua luna selenara din calendarul chinezesc debuteaza pe 25 februarie, luna plina avand loc pe relevant de 11 martie.O zi importanta, numita "Chun Fen", este 20 martie, cand are loc echinoxul de primavara. In Pottery... Garden Magick 2 The stakeout diagrams are for a simple Witches Garden which command resource you along with a huge grace of herbs for oodles moving purposes. These vegetation are all hardy to territory 7, and all store the bay, rosemary, lemon verbena and light purple are hardy to territory 4. If you plant the four mellifluous vegetation in pots which you can succeed in for the distant you must confine no ills. One of the vegetation are annuals... The Moon Several to be to go to the Moon. 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Sunday, April 03, 2011 Hi All, Quiz 2 will be Monday April 11. It will cover the topics of homosexuality and abortion, and cover all assigned readings, the handouts (i.e., argument worksheets) and class discussion. An emphasis will be on the skills of stating arguments in logically valid form (and adding unstated premises to do that) and assessing them for soundness (often using counterexamples). Here are some additional questions that you should be able to answer: EMP, Ch. 4 Does Morality Depend on Religion? (see also RTD, “Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy”) 1. What is the Divine Command Theory of ethics (see both RTD and EMP)? Is an against it, i.e., arguments to think it is false? Are these objections strong objections to it, i.e., give reason to think it’s false, or not? Explain. 2. Socrates asked, "[A] Does God command doing certain actions because they are right actions, or [B] are actions right because God commands them?" Explain this question, responses [A] and [B] and what’s entailed by them, and which response is a better response and why. Be able to know which arguments are Marquis’s, which are Warren’s and which are Thompson's. Here are some details that you’ll know if you are familiar with all the discussed arguments; 2. Some people disagree about whether fetuses are “human” or “human beings”. To help resolve this dispute, be able to explain how the word “human” (as in the claim ‘Fetuses are human’) is ambiguous; be able to explain two distinct meanings, with examples. Although we discussed this in class, Warren also provided this explanation in this extra credit reading: 4. Be able to explain what it is to be a person, on the theory developed in class, and the view that was developed in class. Explain why, on thistheory, if God exists, God is a person. Explain why, on this theory, if “ET” existed, ET, Worf, Jabba The Hut and other fictional persons would exist as persons. 5. Since you should be able to explain all the arguments, be able to give a logically valid argument against abortion from fetuses’ potential to be persons. Be able to explain whether any premises in that argument are false. In particular, you need to explain whether , in general, potentialthings of a kind have all the characteristics (esp rights) of actual things of that kind. 7. Explain why a bumper that said “Aren’t you glad your mother didn’t have an abortion?” doesn’t appear to suggest a sound argument againstabortion because it suggests an analogous argument against birth control. 8. Some arguments against abortion suggest that birth control and even abstinence are wrong also. (However, since most people don’t believethat birth control and abstinence are wrong, they take this false implication to reveal a fault with the argument.) Explain how this is so and which exact premises have that implication. a. If fetuses were persons, then killing them would be wrong. b. But fetuses are not persons. c. Therefore, killing them is not wrong. 10. What’s Don Marquis’s argument for the immorality of abortion? What’s his overall strategy? Present an objection to each premise of the argument that is not the "objection" that not everyone has a valuable future. 11. What’s Judith Thompson's argument for the moral permissibility of abortion? What’s her overall strategy? What important points does she contribute to the discussion of the ethics of abortion? Here’s a PowerPoint on abortion that you might find interesting: No comments:
AQUILA "The Eagle" pronounced ACK-will-ah Chart showing the constellations. This constellation dates from ancient times, represents the bird that in Mythology was the companion of Jupiter, and often carried his thunderbolts. Ptolemy assigned nine stars to it, but the six southerly stars which he placed in the obsolete Antinous are now included in it. Aquila lies in the Milky Way and contains rich star fields, particularly towards the neighbouring constellation Scutum. Aquila straddles the celestial equator in the winter Milky Way and is easily recognised by the bright white star Altair with its two flanking yellow stars β Aql and γ Aql the former being the less bright. Aquila contains the unusual object SS 433. This is a unique binary star system lying in the centre of a supernova remnant. The stars cannot be resolved apart visually, but spectroscopes on large telescopes reveal emission lines that are both red and blue shifted, showing jets emerging from the star with a velocity about one quarter the sped of light both towards and away from us. These jets precess, and thus seem to sweep around the sky with a period of about 164 days. The object is an eclipsing binary star with a period of 6.4 days, containing a very hot star with an invisible companion, that is probably a neutron star because of the bizarre relativistic effects. To find Aquila look north in the late evening sky, and find the bright star Altair. From the more northerly regions of New Zealand Altair is the apex of the "Summer Triangle" (Northern hemisphere) with Vega in Lyra and Deneb in Cygnus being at the base. Chart showing Aquila as seen towards the north in mid evening during September. Aquila chart Constellatio Ophiuchus Constellatio Serpens Constellation Scutum Constellation Sagittarius Constellation Capricornus Constellation Aquarius Constellation Delphinus Constellation Equuleus Constellation Cygnus Constellation Sagitta Constellation Hercules Some stars and interesting objects in the Constellations α Aquilae (Altair, pronounced ell-TAH-eer, an Arabic name meaning flying eagle), is a 0.77 magnitude white star 16 light years away, among the Sun's closest neighbours. β Aql (Alshain) is a magnitude 3.7 yellow star 42 light years away. γ Aql (Tarazed), is a magnitude 2.7 yellow giant star 280 light years away. η Aql is 1400 light years away. It is one of the brightest Cepheid variable stars, ranging in brightness from magnitude 4.1 to magnitude 5.3 every 7.2 days. 15 Aql is a magnitude 5.4 yellow giant star 390 light years away, with a purplish magnitude 7.2 companion star easily visible in small telescopes. 57 Aql is an easy double star system for small telescopes, consisting of a bluish magnitude 5.7 star with a 6.5 magnitude companion. They lie about 590 light years away. NGC 6709 is a loosely scattered cluster of medium bright stars lying in a fine field. This fairly rich cluster is not effective with small apertures. NGC 6781 is a large moderately bright grey planetary nebula. An OIII filter improves the telescopic view and allows the annular character of the nebula to be seen. Aquila lies on the celestial equator and is visible to the north in the evening during September. The brightest star, Altair is due north about 9.30 pm (NZST) on September 1, 8.30 on September 15 and 7.30 on September 30. It has an altitude just below 40° from the South Island and a little over 40° from the north of the North Island of New Zealand. In August look for Aquila to the north-east mid evening. July sees the constellation low between north-east and east at the same time. By the end of October, Altair will be rather lower to the north-west once it gets dark. By the end of November it will be getting lost in the evening twilight low, a little north of west. AQUARIUS The "Water Carrier" pronounced ah-KWARE-ee-us. Aquarius is one of the most ancient constellations. The Babylonians saw the figure of a man pouring water from a jar in this area of the sky, and Ptolemy assigned forty two stars to this constellation. He included Fomalhaut which is now the brightest star in the nearby constellation Piscis Austrinus. Aquarius is in an area of "watery" constellations such as Pisces, Cetus, and Capricornus, possibly because the Sun passes through this region in the rainy season. Aquarius will somewhat in the future contain the vernal equinox, the point at which the Sun crosses into the northern hemisphere each year (about March 22). This astronomically important point, from which the coordinate of right ascension is measured, will move into Aquarius from neighbouring Pisces, because of the effect of precession, in about 600 years time. The so called "Age of Aquarius", which according to astrologers is dawning, is a long way off yet. Three main meteor showers radiate from Aquarius each year. The richest shower, the eta Aquarids reach a maximum of about 40 meteors per hour on May 5th. The delta Aquarids produce about 20 meteors per hour around July 28th, while a weaker stream the iota Aquarids produce a maximum of 8 meteors per hour on August 6th. To find Aquarius, look north in the late evening, over halfway up the sky to find Fomalhaut, and drop down to find either Sadalmelik or the "Y" shaped group of stars that make up the water jar. Constellation Sagittarius Constellation Capricornus Piscis Austrinus Constellation Sculptor Constellation Pisces Constellation Pegasus Delphinus & Equuleus Constellation Aquila Chart showing Aquarius. Some stars and interesting objects in the Constellation α Aquarii (Sadalmelik, from the Arabic, meaning 'lucky one of the king') is a magnitude 3.0 yellow supergiant star 950 light years away. β Aqr (Sadalbuud, meaning 'luckiest of the lucky') is a magnitude 2.9 yellow supergiant 980 light years away. γ Aqr (Sadaschbia) is a magnitude 3.8 white star 91 light years distant. δ Aqr (Skat) is a magnitude 3.3 giant white star 98 light years away. ε Aqr (Albali) is a magnitude 3.8 white star 110 light years away. M 2 (NGC 7089) is a globular cluster discovered by Maraldi in 1746. This fine object is a mass of innumerable stars concentrated towards the centre with irregular wispy rays of outliers. It can be seen in binoculars and small telescopes. M 72 (NGC 6981) is a globular cluster much smaller and less impressive than M 2. While it was discovered by Merchain in 1780, it is too faint to be seen in binoculars. It is much more open than M 2. NGC 7009 is a famous planetary nebula popularly known as the Saturn Nebula, because of its resemblance to the planet when seen in large telescopes or on photographs. An OIII filter helps make this object more easily seen. NGC 7293 is the nearest and largest planetary nebula visible in amateur telescopes. It is popularly known as the Helix nebula and appears as a rather large faint annulus with a dark centre, about half the size of the Moon. An OIII filter is a wonderful aid to seeing this object in a small telescope. M 73 (NGC 6994) is one of the puzzles of the Messier catalogue. It is not at all clear why Messier considered this insignificant group of probably unconnected stars could be mistaken for a comet like object. It probably is a indication of the lack of quality in his optics. Aquarius is to the north as it gets dark at the beginning of November. The constellation spreads over about 50° of sky, east to west and has an altitude from about 45° to about 65° as seen from New Zealand when at its highest. By December 1 the constellation will be getting rather lower and to the north-west as soon as it is dark. It will be starting to set before 12pm as seen from New Zealand. Earlier in the year, at the beginning of September, Aquarius will be to the north-east at about 9.30 pm. Earlier still, from about May on the constellation is best seen in the morning sky. APUS, the Bird of Paradise. (Pronounced AY-puss) This faint constellation near the south celestial pole was introduced in 1603 by the German Astronomer Johann Bayer, in his star atlas Uranometria. This was the first star atlas to cover the entire sky. Bayer seems to have adopted the name from the accounts of voyagers to the southern hemisphere in the previous century, including Amerigo Vespucci and the Dutchman Petrus Theodorus. To find this constellation look south in the evening sky, find Crux, the Southern Cross and the two bright pointers, and look below. Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle is reasonably apparent, but the faint stars of Apus will not be easily visible within city lighting. Constellation Scorpius Constellation Lupus Constellation Centaurus Constellation Antlia Constellation NormaLupus Constellation Ara Constellation Circinus Constellation Crux Constellation Musca Constellation Vela Constellation Carina Constellation Volans Constellation Pictor Constellation Mensa Constellation Chamaeleon Constellation Octans Triangulum Australe Constellation Apus Constellation Telescopium Constellation Pavo Chart showing Apus. Triangulum, Pegasus, and Andromeda Some stars in the Constellations α Apodis is a magnitude 3.8 orange giant star 411 light years away. β Aps is a magnitude 4.2 yellow star 158 light years away. γ Aps is a magnitude 3.9 yellow star 160 light years away. δ1, δ2 Aps are a pair of orange giant stars which can be seen as a pair in binoculars or opera glasses. Delta1 varies between 4.66 and 4.87 magnitude and lies 766 light years away, while delta2 is magnitude 5.26 and lies 663 light years away. Apus lies within 20° of the South celestial pole and so is circumpolar from New Zealand, that is it does not set. The constellation is highest in the sky in June and July at about 9.30 pm. ANTLIA, the "Air Pump" and PYXIS the "Compass" (Pronounced ANT-lee-ah and PICK-sis) Antlia and Pyxis are relatively recent constellations and the product of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Antlia was introduced in 1752 as Antlia Pneumatica to commemorate the air pump invented by the famous physicist Robert Boyle. Its name was shortened in 1930 when the constellations were codified. It is a group of inconspicuous stars between Hydra and Vela, and in no way it resembles an air pump. Pyxis is the smallest and least impressive of the four parts into which the ancient constellation of Argo Navis, the Ship, was divided in 1752 by Lacaille. The other sections are Carina, Puppis and Vela. To find these constellations look toward the highest point in the sky. Pick out the bright stars Canopus and Sirius, and use the chart to orient yourself. Antlia and Pyxis. Constellation Dorado Constellation Pictor Constellation Carina Constellation Vela Constellation Centaurus Constellation Crater Constellation Sextans Constellation Monoceros Constellation Orion Constellation Lepus Constellation Canis Major Constellation Puppis Constellation Columba Constellation Hydra Constellation Hydra Details of some of the objects shown in the chart. α Antliæ, the constellation's brightest star, is a magnitude 4.3 orange giant star 366 light years away. ζ1, ζ2 Ant is a wide pair of stars with magnitudes 5.8 and 5.9, visible in binoculars. ζ1 Ant is itself a pair of pale yellow stars, able to be effectively split with small apertures. NGC 3132 is a relatively bright planetary nebula on the border with Vela. This popular planetary nebula called the Eight-burst Nebula appears larger in a telescope than Jupiter. α Pyxidis, is a magnitude 3.7 blue-white star 845 light years away. β Pyx is a magnitude 4.0 yellow giant star 388 light years away. γ Pyx is a magnitude 4.0 orange giant star 209 light years away. Antlia and Pyxis are well south of the equator and visible from New Zealand during part of the night at all times of year. They are best viewed in the evening during the first half of the year. Parts of the constellations pass overhead for places in Northern New Zealand. At about 10 pm NZDT in February, the constellations are at mid altitude and to the east, they do not reach their highest altitude until about 1.30 am (NZDT). By mid March they are highest at 11:30 pm and a month later at 8.30 pm (NZST). ANDROMEDA pronounced an-DROM-eh-dah. The constellation Andromeda represents the daughter of Queen Cassiopeia and King Cepheus, who was chained to a rock as a sacrifice to the sea monster Cetus, until saved by the hero Perseus, whom she subsequently married. This large northern constellation was recognised by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in 150 AD. The unaided eye only sees an irregular line of the four brightest stars extending north-east (right and down) from the great square of Pegasus. Alpheratz (α Andromedae) forms one corner of the great square. This star, which is also known as Sirrah, marks the head of the chained Andromeda; another star in the line, Mirach, represents her waist, and a third, Almach, is her chained foot. The most celebrated object in the constellation is the Andromeda Galaxy M 31, a spiral galaxy like our Milky Way, but larger, recognised as the most distant object visible to the unaided eye. Two stars leading from Mirach act as a guide to finding it. It is low down in the northern sky in New Zealand, and virtually impossible to see from the lower part of the South Island. Chart showing Triangulum, Pegasus, and Andromeda in mid November. To find Andromeda look north in the late evening sky and find the Great Square of Pegasus. The lower right corner of the Great Square is Alpheratz. The diagram is the view from Wellington. Aucklanders will see more of Andromeda, but conversely, South Islanders will see less. Triangulum, Pegasus, and Andromeda Some stars and interesting objects in the Constellation. α Andromedae (Alpheratz or Sirrah) is a magnitude 2.1 blue-white star 97.1 light years away. β And (Mirach) is a magnitude 2.1 red giant star 199 light years away. γ And (Almak or Almach), is an outstanding triple star 355 light years away. Its two brightest components (mags. 2.2 and 5.0) form one of the finest pairs elegantly seen on small telescopes, with colours of orange-yellow and pale blue (by contrast). The fainter blue star has close 6th mag. blue companion. Unfortunately it is very close to the horizon for New Zealand observers. M 31 (NGC 224) the celebrated Andromeda Galaxy is visible to the unaided eye from a dark sky site in the northern hemisphere. It was recorded in the 10th century by the Persian astronomer Al Sufi. It is an immense spiral galaxy, similar to the Milky Way in size and general composition. Binoculars or low magnification in a telescope help show the brightest central portion of this famous galaxy from northern parts of New Zealand. If the entire Andromeda Galaxy were bright enough to be seen by the unaided eye, it would appear five or six times the diameter of the full Moon. M 31 is accompanied by two small satellite galaxies, M 32 (NGC 221) and NGC 205, the equivalent of our Magellanic Clouds. Being a northerly constellation, Andromeda is, at best, only visible for a few hours each night. From the South Island, the most northerly parts of the constellation do not rise above the horizon. Alpheratz, α And, is about 24° above the horizon at its highest as seen from Auckland. From the extreme south of New Zealand its maximum height is 14°. Most of the rest of the constellation is lower. In terms of time the galaxy is above the horizon for about 6 hours 40 minutes as seen from Auckland, 5 hours 30 minutes from Wellington and 4 hours 40 minutes from Christchurch. Thus there is only a fairly brief window of opportunity to see the galaxy during the night. For New Zealand, it is due north, and highest, at about 10:30 pm (NZDT) in mid November, an hour later at the beginning of the month and an hour earlier by the end of the month. By the latter date it will be running into evening twilight. For each month before November, the galaxy will be at its highest two hours later. This means it is visible from New Zealand during the hours of darkness from about the beginning of July to the end of November. The constellations are listed under the month in which they have their upper transit at about 9.00 pm local mean solar time. For New Zealand, this is equivalent to about 9.30 pm NZST (winter months) or 10.30 pm NZDT (summer months). The previous month the constellations will be at their highest two hours later, while the following month they will be highest two hours earlier. In summer months this will be during daylight for temperate latitudes. Each constellation will be well placed for viewing mid evening during the month shown. In the previous months the constellation is likely to be visible to the east mid-evening and be well placed later in the night. In the following months the constellation may be visible to the west soon after sunset, but is likely to set after a few hours or less. Southerly constellations are circum-polar and so visible all night. This is not the only month in which constellations are visible, see notes for individual constellations. It is the month in which they are highest and generally best placed for viewing at 9.00 pm Local Solar Time. For larger constellations, different parts may culminate an hour or more either side of this time. Eridanus Caelum Taurus Reticulum Camelopardus Dorado Auriga Mensa Lepus Orion Columbia Pictor Canis Major Canis Minor Monoceros Gemini Puppis Volans Lynx Cancer Pyxis Carina Hydra Vela Atila Leo Sextans Leo Minor Chamaeleon Ursa Major Crater Hydra Corvus Centaurus Coma Berenices Crux Musca Canes Venetici Virgo Bootes Circinus Hydra Corona Borealis Serpens Caput Triangulum Norma Apus Libra Lupus Hercules Scorpius Ara Draco Serpens Cauda Ophiucus Corona Australis Lyra Scutum Saggitarius Telescopium Saggita Aquila Microscopium Vulpecula Delphinius Cygnus Capricornus Indus Equuleus Octans Aquarius Cepheus Grus Lacerta Pisces Austrinus Pegasus Tucana Andromeda Cassiopeia Sculptor Pisces Phoenix Cetus Hydrus Triangulum Aries Fornax Horologium Perseus The following table lists the constellations in the night sky alphabetically. Click on a constellation name to find out some interesting history and information. Also some objects and viewing information is given. A finder chart is included for each constellation. To find out what is visible tonight visit both the constellation by month page and the Sky Tonight pages. Constellations by Month Andromeda Circinus Lacerta Pisces Austrinus Atila Columba Leo Puppis Apus Coma Berenices Leo Minor Pyxis Aquarius Corona Australis Lepus Reticulum Aquila Corona Borealis Libra Saggita Ara Corvus Lupus Saggitarius Aries Crater Lynx Scorpius Auriga Crux Lyra Sculptor Bootes Cygnus Mensa Scutum Caelum Delphinius Microscopium Serpens Camelopardus Dorado Monoceros Sextans Cancer Draco Musca Taurus Canes Venatici Equuleus Norma Telescopium Canis Major Eridanus Octans Triangulum Canis Minor Fornax Ophiucus Triangulum Australe Capricornus Gemini Orion Tucana Carina Grus Pavo Ursa Major Cassiopeia Hercules Pegasus Ursa Minor Centaurus Horologium Perseus Vela Cepheus Hydra Phoenix Virgo Cetus Hydrus Pictor Volans Chamaeleon Indus Pisces Vulpecula
Enoch Ascent A Tale Of A Jewish Angel Enoch Ascent A Tale Of A Jewish Angel Cover Enoch was the son of Jared, whose worship of angels and nature, according to the ancient rabbis, began the spiritual degradation of humankind. While there is no biblical reference for this, yared in Hebrew means “to descend,” and this may have been the rabbis’ way of explaining why he bore that name. In the minds of Jews, his son Enoch became not only a human who conversed with angels, but a human who became the most powerful angel of all, Metatron, the Lesser YHVH. Unlike his father, Enoch refused to worship angels. Instead, he “walked with God” (Genesis 5:24).While his father continued to live and sire children for another eight hundred years, Enoch seems to have had nothing to do with him.When Enoch himself reached the age of sixty-five he fathered Methuselah, and then continued to walk with God for another three hundred years. It was then that something unusual happened: “and he was not, for God took him” (Genesis 5:24). The Bible makes it very clear that the human life span in those days was centuries longer than that of Enoch. In effect the 365-year-old Enoch died in early middle age. Yet to say he died at all is to read more into the text than the Bible allows. The Bible does not say that Enoch died, only that God took him. To understand why and what took place we turn to the midrash. The answer to what happened to Enoch was linked to a book, Sefer Raziel, meaning “The Book of the Angel Raziel.” Raziel means “Secret of God,” and the book was said to contain all knowledge, both material and spiritual. According to Targum Ecclesiastes (10, 20), an early but undated collection of midrash woven from the book of Ecclesiastes, the angel Raziel stood on the peak of Mount Horeb every day and shouted out these secrets to all humankind. Clearly the Secret of God was something God wanted humanity to know, and Raziel was the means to accomplish that. To make sure this wisdom was not lost, the angel placed it in a book and gave the book to Adam. When the angels heard that the book had been given to Adam and that Adam’s wisdom had blossomed, they grew jealous. They wanted the book for themselves. First a band of angels came and prostrated themselves before Adam hoping in this way to cause him to sin and proclaim himself God. But Adam was not moved by their worship saying, “Do not pray to me, but with me to YHVH.” Having failed to cause Adam to sin, the angels managed to steal the book from him and tossed it into the sea; if they couldn’t have it, at least the human would be deprived of the book as well. Adam begged God for help in finding it, and God commanded Rahab, the Angel of the Sea, to find the book and restore it to Adam. To keep the book safe, Adam hid it in a cave, but the whereabouts of the cave was forgotten when Adam died. For centuries the book was lost, but God sent a dream to Enoch showing him the cave and commanding him to find and study Sefer Raziel. Enoch committed the book to memory, and hid it once again. The key here is the internalization of the book. Adam read it; Enoch memorized it, that is he became it. This is a huge step. The myth is saying that with Enoch knowledge was completely digested. Adam, as we saw, ate from the Tree of Knowledge but could not internalize it. He became achad, alienated. Then he ate the son of Samael and became even more cut off and fearful. The knowledge he gleaned from Sefer Raziel allowed him to live long, wisely, and well, but it did not transform him in any way.Why? Because he did not “eat” the book, but only read it. The knowledge did not penetrate him and transform him. Enoch on the other hand internalized the wisdom of Raziel, and it transformed him completely, removing him from the earthly plane and taking him bodily into heaven. This again contrasts Adam’s experience. Adam was exiled from the Garden; Enoch leaves earth. Adam is cut off from his divine nature; Enoch (as we will see in a moment) loses his humanity. While Enoch is certainly the greater example of human spiritual unfolding, neither he nor Adam complete the circle. Adam does not return to the Garden and Enoch does not return to earth. Completing the circle will have to wait for other humans. By internalizing Sefer Raziel Enoch ascends to heaven and becomes the Witness, the angel Metatron. In 3 Enoch, a third- century CE text about Rabbi Ishmael ben Elisha’s ascension to the Chariot or Throne of God and his encounter with Metatron, it is explained how he was transformed from human into angel under the direction of the archangels Michael and Gabriel: Enoch was taken to heaven to serve as witness and to attest to God’s justice, despite the destruction decreed against the living. God established a throne for Enoch and let it be known throughout the heavens that from this moment on Enoch would be known as Metatron. God said, “Henceforth my servant Metatron will reign over all my princes in heaven, only those angels bearing my name are exempt from his rule. Any angel desiring to speak to me will speak to him instead. Metatron will convey my will.Whatever he commands is to be done, but do not worry, for the two angels called Wisdom and Understanding are his advisors. They will make known to him the customs of earth and heaven, and fill him with the knowledge of the present and the future.” The transformation of Enoch into Metatron was fierce: his flesh turned to flame, his bones to glowing coals, his eyes shone with starlight, and his eyeballs became fiery sparks. His entire being was a consuming fire. To his right flames danced, to his left torches gleamed, and all around him swirled gale and tornado, hurricane and thunder. This is what the angels feared: that a human would rule over them. Not a human in its lowly and alienated state of achad, but the fully realized human who has left behind the narrow ego-centered mind and is transformed by God into one who knows the ways of heaven and earth. Metatron, whose name may come from the Greek meta, “beyond,” and thronom, “the throne [of God],” is, as his name suggests, beyond the throne realm of even the angels and resides just below God in the theological hierarchy of the rabbinic imagination. Metatron is served by the angels of wisdom and understanding, so he himself surpasses these. His is greater than the godlike status promised to Adam and Eve by the serpent if they would eat of the Tree of Knowledge. Enoch/Metatron is immortal not in the sense of living forever in the endless stream of time, which is what eating from the Tree of Life would provide, but in the sense of having transcended time altogether. Metatron is not an angel only, nor is he only human. He does not die or lose his body. He is not the spirit of Enoch or the soul unbound by the body. Enoch is taken to heaven both body and mind, and turned into fire, pure energy, while yet still maintaining both body and mind. This myth of Enoch/Metatron is telling us that in some way the human embraces the cosmos. While describing this as a physical encompassing of the cosmos, the myth more likely is pointing to a level of psycho-spiritual awareness—God-centered consciousness— that sees all things as aspects of the divine. This is the I-I awareness that knows the universe as the body of God. In his new form Enoch grew 72 wings, one for each of the 72 Hebrew Names of God, opened 365,000 eyes that he might see all that happens daily, and was transubstantiated from flesh to pure fire. He was then given a crown similar to that worn by God, and established in a heavenly Temple paralleling the Temple in Jerusalem. This heavenly Temple was called the tabernacle of the Naar, literally the Youth, referring to the Lesser YHVH that was Metatron, and it was from there that Metatron offered the souls of the righteous as penance for the Jewish people during their exile (Numbers Rabbah, 12:12). According to the Zohar, the central text of medieval Jewish mysticism compiled by the Spanish mystic Rabbi Moses de Leon (ca. 1250–1305), Metatron is composed of the heavenly union of God’s masculine and feminine aspects (Zohar 1:143a, 162a–b). And in later kabbalistic thought Metatron appears as the angel of devekut, mystical union with YHVH (Sefer ha-Hezyanot 1:23; Otzer Chayyim folio 111a). The Zohar says that when Adam sinned and became achad, a seemingly alienated self obsessed with its delusion of uniqueness and separation, his capacity to achieve full divine consciousness was removed from him.When Enoch was born that capacity was placed in Enoch instead where it could once again be cultivated: Enoch was born just outside the Garden of Eden. From birth a holy light glowed within him, and covered him, and made him the most beautiful of men. Enoch sought out the Tree of Life at the center of the Garden. When he found it he breathed deeply of its aroma, and his heart filled with the spirit of the Tree. Suddenly angels from heaven descended and instructed Enoch in the deepest wisdom of God. They pulled from the Tree a book that had been hidden there, and handed it to Enoch to study. Enoch read the book carefully and found within it the most sublime paths of God. As he practiced each path the light within him became even more pure. Soon the light was at its most pristine, and it desired to return to heaven from whence it came, to manifest this purity in the very being of Enoch. Enoch is the promise that we can overcome our human limitations and reclaim our original divine potential. Importantly the light of God began to shine “within Enoch,” and the Light of God became “perfect within him.” Enoch’s transformation is an inner one first. Only when he embodies the Light of God on earth can he become the fire body of Metatron in heaven. Enoch is symbolic of that which each of us can become, and for which all humanity was destined from the very beginning. Metatron is called “keeper of the keys” to wisdom, and one of these keys is called “the light of discernment.” This light allows humans to explore and ultimately to grasp the most sublime mysteries of creation. “Metatron, then, is the aspect of [God’s] glory that is depicted as the measurable anthropos (human) who sits upon the throne and appears in prophetic visions.” He is the “link between the human and the divine.” Isaiah Tishby, the great scholar of Kabbalah, in his three-volume Wisdom of the Zohar, put it this way: The soul, which is alone the essence of man according to the Zohar, is extracted from the pure radiance of the divine emanation. It is a divine spark that has been inserted into the physical body. The soul descends and assumes a physical form only in order to acquire a special perfection in the terrestrial world … At root, therefore, in his eternal, spiritual essence, man is very near indeed to the divine realm, and his fall and contamination by sin are no more than manifestations of corruption and degeneration occasioned by his temporal, physical existence. The unique man, Enoch, who was able to achieve the ideal, supernal perfection that was indeed destined for the whole of mankind, but taken from them because of Adam’s sin, purified himself of the material defects inherent in corporeal existence, and ascended to the highest levels of the angelic hierarchy. Enoch-Metatron symbolizes the culmination of the ascent for which man is destined to strive, and in this refined image perfect man is superior to the angels. Metatron is a metaphor for what we can become. Hence the Kabbalistic assertion that “Enoch is Metatron,” in other words, that the human is the divine and can reach the divine through the working of the angelic consciousness. Enoch doesn’t become something he is not, but realizes that which he truly is—the “Lesser YHVH,” as the Talmud puts it (Yevamot 16b; Sanhedrin 38b). The myth of Metatron wants us to see that we are born with the capacity to transcend our limited, ego-centered mind toward God-centered spirit. And yet it is our contention that there is an even “higher” level of realization than that of Metatron. Enoch, the Lesser YHVH, becomes fully divine, but not fully human. That is to say he transcends the ego-centered mind and the world-centered soul, but does not embrace them, and hence cannot return to and operate within them in service to those humans who have not yet realized their divine nature. These enlightened humans, those who ascend to heaven but return to earth, can be found in all cultures. In Judaism we have, for example, Elijah (2 Kings 2:1–12) who, according to the myth, was taken bodily to heaven and who returns to earth to help the needy and the lost. In Christianity there is Mary, the mother of Jesus, the revered mediator between God and humans. In the Qur’an and Hadith we learn that Muhammad ascended to heaven and returned to earth with wisdom for humankind. And in the Pure Land tradition of Buddhism, Amida Buddha, the Buddha of Infinite Light, in some ways parallels these ascensions, albeit in the mythic language and landscape appropriate to China and Japan. The ascended ones have completed the journey all humans can take. They began as ego-centered minds. They met angels (meaning they unfolded their angelic potential), transcended the ego-centered realm, and entered the realm of world-centered soul. They then internalized this realm and rose even higher (or dived even deeper) into the God-centered realm of the spirit. Here they became fully God-realized human beings who completely integrated the human and the divine in themselves, and who could then return to earth to help others attempt the same. Suggested e-books: Alan Macfarlane - Witchcraft In History Of The English Speaking Peoples Wim Van Den Dungen - Enoch And The Day Of The End Order Of The Golden Dawn - Enochian Tablet Of Union Keywords: skill godly invocation lord universe drug delusion magick 15 love songs spirit liber 216 ching 666 master biographical testament magdalen blair witchcraft superstitious wiccan altar weschcke magick masses sefer sifra detzniyutha complete guide wicca burs nordic shamanism Blogger Theme by BloggerThemes & ChethstudiosDesign by Metalab Copyright © Thelema and Faith
Friday, March 11, 2011 Magnitude 8.9 quake, Tsunami Leaves Japan Devastated An untold number of bodies were also believed to be lying in the rubble and debris. Rescue workers had yet to reach the hardest-hit areas. "The flood came in from behind the store and swept around both sides. Cars were flowing right by," said Wakio Fushima, who owns a convenience store in this northern coastal city of 1.02 million people, 80 miles (125 kilometers) from the quake's epicenter. Smashed cars and small airplanes were jumbled up against buildings near the local airport, several miles (kilometers) from the shore. Felled trees and wooden debris lay everywhere as rescue workers coasted on boats through murky waters around flooded structures, nosing their way through a sea of detritus. Japan also declared its first-ever states of emergency for five nuclear reactors at two power plants after the units lost cooling ability in the aftermath of the earthquake, and workers struggled to prevent meltdowns. Two of the reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Futaba town were in danger and could face a meltdown if all possible safety procedures fail. Authorities said the breakdown happened after the quake knocked out power, turning off the water supply needed to cool the system. Although a backup cooling system was being used, Japan's nuclear safety agency said pressure inside the reactor had risen to 1 1/2 times the level considered normal. In Sendai, as in many areas of the northeast, cell phone service was down, making it difficult for people to communicate with loved ones. The tsunami swept inland about 6 miles (10 kilometers), and beyond that most buildings appeared undamaged from the outside. TV footage showed several people standing on the roof of a three-story building in Miyagi prefecture (state), surrounded by mud. A man waved a big white flag, and a woman was lifting two pink umbrellas, signaling for help. Elsewhere, aerial footage showed military helicopters lifting people on rescue tethers from rooftops and partially submerged buildings surrounded by water and debris. At one school, a large white "SOS" had been spelled out in English. "The energy radiated by this quake is nearly equal to one month's worth of energy consumption" in the United States, USGS scientist Brian Atwater told The Associated Press. The entire Pacific had been put on alert - including coastal areas of South America, Canada and Alaska - but waves were not as bad as expected. President Barack Obama pledged U.S. assistance following what he called a potentially "catastrophic" disaster. He said one U.S. aircraft carrier is already in Japan and a second was on its way. A U.S. ship was also heading to the Marianas Islands to assist as needed, he said. Most trains in Tokyo started running again Saturday after the city had been brought to a near standstill the day before. Tens of thousands of people had been stranded with the rail network down, jamming the streets with cars, buses and trucks trying to get out of the city. The city set up 33 shelters in city hall, on university campuses and in government offices, but many spent Friday night at 24-hour cafes, hotels and offices. No comments: Post a Comment The Star Online: Nation Apple Hot News BBC News - UK
National Parks Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world and hosts some of the most diverse national parks imaginable. It offers vibrant wildlife, packed wetlands, sprawling pampas, turquoise lakes, mammoth mountains, dramatic glaciers and other magnificent attractions in its parks that attract millions. Here are ten of the most impressive national parks and some of the best places to visit in Argentina. -Los Glaciares National Park The name says it all; this park is home to more glaciers than any other region in Argentina. Spanning a massive 726,927 hectares, it is the second largest national park in the country. The spectacular beauty of the glaciers and the diversity of the flora and fauna made UNESCO to declare it as a world heritage site in 1981. -Tierra Del Fuego National Park Created in 1960 with a surface area of 63,000 hectares, the park hosts species such as the red fox and the Canadian beaver. It also contains two major forest types: those of Lenga and Guindo trees and a variety of glacial originated lakes that embellish the scenery. -Perito Moreno National Park With 115 hectares of land, the park is the oldest in the country and was established in 1937 in honor of Francesco Moreno, an explorer. In spite of harsh weather and minimal infrastructure, the park is a true natural territory almost untouched by man. Only the east side is accessible. The rest is closed. -Los Alerces National Park Comprising over 263,000 hectares, the park was established to protect the larch tree of the Andean-Patagonian flora. The park contains charming landscapes surrounded by cypress carpeted hills as well as lakes and rivers that form a beautiful lacustrine system. -Lago Puelo National Park Stretching over 27,600 hectares, this park is like a genetic lab filled with unique animal and plant specimens. It also holds a variety of mountain lakes which are formed as a result of rocks breaking by the large tongues of ice that previously existed. -Nahuel Huapi National Park Spanning over 705,000 hectares, it is the largest park in the south of Patagonia, Argentina. Established in 1934, it contains many magnificent lakes, rare flora and fauna and an ecological nucleus that is incredible valuable. -Los Arrayanes National Park (The Centennial Arrayanes) Established in 1971, the park was set aside from the Huapi national park to preserve the Arrayanes wood that is unique in the world hence its name. It spans over 1,753 hectares. -Lanin National Park Covering 379 hectares in area, the park was created in 1937 to protect the rare exotic trees in the region. The third largest park in the country, it is full of glacial lakes, rivers and mountains that offer wonderful landscapes. -Talampaya National Park Home to the some of the world’s oldest known dinosaur fossils; the park is a mysterious and beautiful red desert that spans over 215,000 hectares. It hosts the grey fox and the Talampaya cannon among other exciting attractions. -Iguazu National Park The park is home to Argentina’s star natural attraction comprising of 275 individual waterfalls and cascades. It has well maintained sets of catwalks allowing visitors to get close to the vast sprays of water. This makes it one of the best places to visit in Argentina.
The Iranian Space Monkey Cometh Contact Editor Gabe Kahn., \| updated: 02:14 Iranian Space Monkeys Iranian Space Monkeys Wikimedia Commons / INN Staff Iran plans to send a live monkey into space in the summer, the country's top space official said after the successful launch of the Rassad-1 satellite, state television reported on its website on Thursday. "The Kavoshgar-5 rocket will be launched during the month of Mordad (July 23 to August 23) with a 285-kilogramme capsule carrying a monkey to an altitude of 120 kilometers (74 miles)," said Hamid Fazeli, head of Iran's Space Organization. At the time, Fazeli touted the launch of a large animal into space as the first step towards sending a man into space, which Tehran says is scheduled for 2020. Iran sent a rat, turtles and worms into space aboard its Kavoshgar-3 rocket in 2010. The Islamic Republic's first space-monkey would follow in the footsteps of space pioneers like Ham, the chimpanzee launched into space by the United Sates on January 31, 1961 some fifty years ago. Fajr reconnaissance satellite Fazeli also announced Iran's plans for the launch in October of the Fajr reconnaissance satellite with "a life span of a year and a half, and to be placed at an altitude of 400 kilometres," the website reported. On Wednesday, the Islamic republic successfully put its Rassad-1 (Observation-1) satellite into orbit 260 kilometres above the Earth. Rassad-1, which orbits the Earth 15 times every 24 hours and has a two-month life cycle, will be used to photograph the planet and transmit images, media reports said. Iran, which first put a satellite into orbit in 2009, has outlined an ambitious space program amid Western concerns. Western fears Israel, the United States, and other western allies fear Iran's space program may be intended as a basis for developing ballistic missile capability enabling the delivery of nuclear warheads. The Safir-2 rocket Iran uses to put satellites into orbit has been described by Western observers as "very similar" to ballistic missiles. Tehran has repeatedly denied that its contentious nuclear and scientific programs mask military ambitions.
Free Initial Consultation 1.818.248.1465 Protecting Intellectual Property Rights Title 35 of the United States Code (U.S.C.) constitutes the patent laws, which governs all cases in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and specifies the general field of subject matter that can be patented and the conditions under which a patent may be obtained. Title 37 of the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) constitutes the patent rules, which are codified general and permanent rules that aid in implement the patent laws. Patent rules may be thought of as “mechanisms” by which patent law is executed. A patent for an invention in the United States is the grant of a property right to inventors, and secures for a limited times the exclusive right to their inventions. The rights of a patent exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, and selling the invention throughout the United States and importing the invention into the United States and its territories and possessions. This allows inventors a monopoly for a limited time to produce and market their inventions to make a profit. Design patents may be granted to whoever that invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture (common, exemplary candidates for design patents are designs for articles of jewelry.)
A Philosopher's Blog Androids, Autonomy & Agency Posted in Ethics, Metaphysics, Philosophy, Technology by Michael LaBossiere on March 18, 2015 Blade Runner Blade Runner (Photo credit: Wikipedia) Philosophers have long speculated about the subjects of autonomy and agency, but the rise of autonomous systems have made these speculations ever more important. Keeping things fairly simple, an autonomous system is one that is capable of operating independent of direct control. Autonomy comes in degrees in terms of the extent of the independence and the complexity of the operations. It is, obviously, the capacity for independent operation that distinguishes autonomous systems from those controlled externally. Simple toys provide basic examples of the distinction. A wind-up mouse toy has a degree of autonomy: once wound and released, it can operate on its own until it runs down. A puppet, in contrast, has no autonomy—a puppeteer must control it. Robots provide examples of rather more complex autonomous systems. Google’s driverless car is an example of a relatively advanced autonomous machine—once programmed and deployed, it will be able to drive itself to its destination. A normal car is an example of a non-autonomous system—the driver controls it directly. Some machines allow for both autonomous and non-autonomous operation. For example, there are drones that follow a program guiding them to a target and then an operator can take direct control. Autonomy, at least in this context, is quite distinct from agency. Autonomy is the capacity to operate (in some degree) independently of direct control. Agency, at least in this context, is the capacity to be morally responsible for one’s actions. There is clearly a connection between autonomy and moral agency: moral agency requires autonomy. After all, an entity whose actions are completely controlled externally would not be responsible for what it was made to do. A puppet is, obviously, not accountable for what the puppeteer makes it do. While autonomy seems necessary for agency, it is clearly not sufficient—while all agents have some autonomy, not all autonomous entities are moral agents. A wind-up toy has a degree of autonomy, but has no agency. A robot drone following a pre-programed flight-plan has a degree of autonomy, but would lack agency—if it collided with a plane it would not be morally responsible. The usual reason why such a machine would not be an agent is that it lacks the capacity to decide. Or, put another way, it lacks freedom. Since it cannot do otherwise, it is no more morally accountable than an earthquake or a super nova. One obvious problem with basing agency on freedom (especially metaphysical freedom of the will) is that there is considerable debate about whether or not such freedom exists. There is also the epistemic problem of how one would know if an entity has such freedom. As a practical matter, it is usually assumed that people have the freedom needed to make them into agents. Kant, rather famously, took this approach. What he regarded as the best science of his day indicated a deterministic universe devoid of metaphysical freedom. However, he contended that such freedom was needed for morality—so it should be accepted for this reason. While humans are willing (generally) to attribute freedom and agency to other humans, there seem to be good reasons to not attribute freedom and agency to autonomous machines—even those that might be as complex as (or even more complex than) a human. The usual line of reasoning is that since such machines would be built and programmed by humans they would do what they do because they are what they are. This would be in clear contrast to the agency of humans: humans, it is alleged, do what they do because they choose to do what they do. This distinction between humans and suitably complex machines would seem to be a mere prejudice favoring organic machines over mechanical machines. If a human was in a convincing robot costume and credibly presented as a robot while acting like a normal human, people would be inclined to deny that “it” had freedom and agency. If a robot was made to look and act just like a human, people would be inclined to grant it agency—at least until they learned it was “just” a machine. Then there would probably be an inclination to regard it as a very clever but unfree machine. But, of course, it would not really be known whether the human or the machine had the freedom alleged needed for agency. Fortunately, it is possible to have agency even without free will (but with a form of freedom). The German philosopher Leibiniz held the view that what each person will do is pre-established by her inner nature. On the face of it, this would seem to entail that there is no freedom: each person does what she does because of what she is—and she cannot do otherwise. Interestingly, Leibniz takes the view that people are free. However, he does not accept the common view that freedom requires actions that are unpredictable and spontaneous. Leibniz rejects this view in favor of the position that freedom is unimpeded self-development. For Leibniz, being metaphysically without freedom would involve being controlled from the outside—like a puppet controlled by a puppeteer or a vehicle being operated by remote control. In contrast, freedom is acting from one’s values and character (what Leibniz and Taoists call “inner nature”). If a person is acting from this inner nature and not external coercion—that is, the actions are the result of character, then that is all that can be meant by freedom. This view, which attempts to blend determinism and freedom, is known as compatibilism. On this sort of view, humans do have agency because they have the needed degree of freedom and autonomy. If this model works for humans, it could also be applied to autonomous machines. To the degree that a machine is operating in accord to its “inner nature” and is not operating under the control of outside factors, it would have agency. An obvious objection is that an autonomous machine, however complex, would have been built and programmed (in the broad sense of the term) by humans. As such, it would be controlled and not free. The easy and obvious reply is that humans are “built” by other humans (by mating) and are “programmed” by humans via education and socialization. As such, if humans can be moral agents, then it would seem that a machine could also be a moral agent. From a moral standpoint, I would suggest a Moral Descartes’ Test (or, for those who prefer, a Moral Turing Test). Descartes argued that the sure proof of a being having a mind is its capacity to use true language. Turning later proposed a similar sort of test involving the ability of a computer to pass as human via text communication. In the moral test, the test would be a judgment of moral agency—can the machine be as convincing as a human in regards to its possession of agency? Naturally, a suitable means of concealing the fact that the being is a machine would be needed in order to prevent mere prejudice from infecting the judgment. The movie Blade Runner featured something similar, the Voight-Kampff test aimed at determining if the subject was a replicant or human. This test was based on the differences between humans and replicants in regards to emotions. In the case of moral agency, the test would have to be crafted to determine agency rather than to distinguish a human from machine, since the issue is not whether a machine is human but whether it has agency. A moral agent might have rather different emotions, etc. than a human. The challenge is, obviously enough, developing a proper test for moral agency. It would, of course, be rather interesting if humans could not pass it. My Amazon Author Page My Paizo Page My DriveThru RPG Page Follow Me on Twitter Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Internal resistance circuit problem 1. Apr 1, 2007 #1 In a circuit, two identical batteries with EMF of 22 V and internal resistance of 7 Ohm are placed in parallel to provide power to a load resistance of RL = 35 Ohms. What is the power transfered from the current to RL to heat the resistor? 2. Relevant equations Is R(L) (Resistance load) mean the same thing as R(total)? I know EMF = Isys * Rsys as well. 3. The attempt at a solution Only drew the diagram, labeled areas and put the RL = [1/R(1) + 1/R(2)] ^ -1I also know that Itot = I1 + I2. I'm assuming here that EMF of 22V is for each battery??? 2. jcsd 3. Apr 1, 2007 #2 The load resistance is the resistance of the resistor that is added to the circuit. In this case, the total resistance is not the same as the load resistance. 4. Apr 1, 2007 #3 So RL = ((1/R1) + (1/R2))^-1 is an incorrect statement? 5. Apr 2, 2007 #4 User Avatar Your equation RL = ((1/R1) + (1/R2))^-1 only equates the total (internal) resistance of the batteries. The load resistance is a separate load (resistor) in the circuit which is in series with the two batteries. R(total)=(total internal resistance)+(load resistance RL). 6. Apr 9, 2007 #5 If i've got the right circuit in mind, you could use Thevenin's Theorem to find the thevenin equivalent circuit then determine I and P. Peace out. 7. Apr 9, 2007 #6 Me again, Forget my last comment. I was thinking of the wrong circuit. Use Superposition. 8. Apr 10, 2007 #7 Don't recognize either of those, Fez07 9. Apr 10, 2007 #8 Firstly, is this the circuit you have? Attached Files: Similar Discussions: Internal resistance circuit problem
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Question regarding System of Units 1. Oct 16, 2006 #1 Im following a British curriculum for high schools ( known as A levels ) . Im reading stuff from this forum and i come across differences in notation used by the British and the Americans ..... plus differences in units ..... why is this so ???? why couldnt u guys settle on one universal system of units , notations etc .... wouldnt it have been much better if u could follow one system ???? some follow the American way and some the English ...... plus I dont know if americans follow SI or not , but the british certainly dont follow it all the time . 2. jcsd 3. Oct 16, 2006 #2 User Avatar Homework Helper Gold Member I really really really dislike anything other than SI. It's very frustating when remembering all those conversion factors. That said, you've got to learn to use both, so live with it. 4. Oct 16, 2006 #3 are there any specific reasons why they would prefer using thier own units and notations than use a universal one ????? 5. Oct 16, 2006 #4 Meir Achuz User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Gold Member Gaussian units are much easier to use in calculations. That is why most physicists use them for their own work, but teach SI units for a living. 6. Oct 16, 2006 #5 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member The Yanks call their antequated units system "English" to try and persuade themselves that it's somehow not their fault that they don't use SI. At university, the main difference between mechanical and aerospace engineering in the first year was that the wingies used imperial units (due to the aerospace industry being predominately US based) and the clankies used SI, because it's sensible. I find it pretty easy to be conversant in both, although I'll only ever use imperial units in conversational contexts. Similar Discussions: Question regarding System of Units 1. System of base units (Replies: 9) 2. Cgs unit systems (Replies: 8)
Keeping Kids Healthy By Drs. Sally Robinson and Keith Bly Heat stress occurs when sweat cannot evaporate quickly enough to keep the body cool. Symptoms of heat stress include muscle cramps, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Heat stress can lead to dehydration because of fluid loss because of excess sweating. To go into shock means that the body’s blood pressure gets too low to pump oxygenated blood to all of the tissues in the body and cells in major organs, such as the brain, heart, liver and kidneys, can die and the organs can be permanently damaged. Please remember: Never leave a child alone in a car — even with the windows down. Take your child inside with you rather than leaving them in a running vehicle. Parents can be charged with negligence and child endangerment in Texas for leaving a child alone in a car, even if it is running. Teach your children not to play in or around cars. Lock car doors when you exit them and keep your keys out of your child’s reach. Double-check to make sure that everyone has exited the car when you arrive at your destination. It’s worth looking twice to make sure that you have removed your child from the car, especially if you have other items to carry inside. Though this may seem silly, please remember that children have died because they had fallen asleep in their car seats and their parents did not realize that they were still in the car. Carry plenty of water when traveling with children. If your car has been parked outside on a hot day, consider placing a towel on the car seats so that it does not burn your child. Consider purchasing window shades for both the front and rear windows of the car. Also, make sure that restraints, such as buckles on a car seat, are not too hot. Keep your car’s trunk locked at all times so that a child does not crawl inside and get trapped. Keep rear seats that fold down upright to ensure that your child does not crawl from the passenger area into the trunk. Teach older children how to unlock the door of a car if they become trapped inside. If you see a child — or animal — alone in a car, find the child’s parents or call 911.
News & Media The Secret Science of Ballet… Fouetté Face-off With a host of celebrities struggling with two left feet on Strictly Come Dancing, Your Life has decided to find out how it’s really done and how physics can help. Stars of Dance Mums, Tayluer Amos and Sam Dennis, go head-to-head in our ballet challenge. We’ll see how science helps achieve amazing physical feats… 1. Fouetté A fouetté is one of the most difficult moves in ballet, where you spin continuously on the spot. 2. Swan Lake In the final act of Swan Lake, the Black Swan completes an incredible 32 fouettés! 3. Torque For a dancer to complete a fouetté they need to generate torque, a twisting force causing rotation. They do this by pushing off with their foot. 4. Resistance Air resistance and friction will slow the dancer down. By lifting their foot up and down every few turns they generate more torque. 5. Kicks Leg kicks keep their momentum going. The dancer can store momentum by extending the leg, which is then released when it is brought back in to the body. Check out the video to see them compete and find out who wins!
Special microbes make anti-obesity molecule in the gut 2 years ago by in Cell Biology, Cell Biology The team will describe their approach at the 249thNational Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS). For a therapeutic molecule, Davies and colleagues at Vanderbilt University selectedN-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs), which are produced in the small intestine after a meal and are quickly converted into N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs), potent appetite-suppressing lipids. The researchers altered the genes of a strain of probiotic bacteria so it would make NAPEs. Then they added the bacteria to the drinking water of a strain of mice that, fed a high-fat diet, develop obesity, signs of diabetes and fatty livers. Compared to mice who received plain water or water containing control, non-programmed bacteria, the mice drinking the NAPE-making bacteria gained 15 percent less weight over the eight weeks of treatment. In addition, their livers and glucose metabolism were better than in the control mice. The mice that received the therapeutic bacteria remained lighter and leaner than control mice for up to 12 weeks after treatment ended. The main obstacle to starting human trials is the potential risk that a treated person could transmit these special bacteria to another by fecal exposure. “We don’t want individuals to be unintentionally treated without their knowledge,” says Davies. “Especially because you could imagine that there might be some individuals, say the very young or old or those with specific diseases, who could be harmed by being exposed to an appetite-suppressing bacteria. So, we are working on genetically modifying the bacteria to significantly reduce its ability to be transmitted.” Re love ution
Prof. Samit Shivadekar, Santoshkumar Nimbale, Yasir Ahmed, Sunny Erinjeri, Akash Venu Counterfeit money is imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of the state or government. Producing or using this fake money is a form of fraud or forgery. Counterfeiting is as old as money itself, and is sufficiently prevalent throughout history that it has been called "the world's second oldest profession.. This has led to the increaseof corruption in our country hindering country’s growth. Common man became a scapegoat for the fake currency circulation, let us suppose that a common man went to a bank to deposit money in bank but only to see that some of the notes are fake, in this case he has to take the blame. Counterfeiting, of whatever kind, may be that has been occurring ever since humans grasped the concept of valuable items, and there has been an ongoing race between certifier like (banks, for example) and counterfeiter ever since. Some of the effects that counterfeit money has on society include a reduction in the value of real money; and inflation due to more money getting circulated in the society or economy which in turn dampen our economy and growth - an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply; a decrease in the acceptability of paper money; and losses. And this Some of the methods to detect fake currency are water marking, optically variable ink, security thread, latent image, techniques like counterfeit detection pen and using MATLAB. Full Text: Fake Currency DetectionUsing Image Processing and Other Standard Methods D.Alekhya ,G.DeviSuryaPrabha , G.VenkataDurgaRao • There are currently no refbacks. Creative Commons License
Nazca Mummies Human Mummy Biographical Information Name(s) Nazca Mummies Age The cemetery dates from around 1,000 AD (Wikipedia, 2016) Sex Unknown Status Unknown Height Unknown Culture Nazca Date(s) 200-1,000 AD (Wikipedia, 2016) Site Chuachilla Cemetery Current Location Location Peru Catalog # This specific mummy is positioned cross-legged and was placed this way after death to face the rising sun (Scribol, 2017). This cemetery contains “prehispanic mummified human remains” and is located 30 kilometres south of the city of Nazca, Peru (Wikipedia, 2016). What remains of the cemetery is an incomplete image, as the graves have been ravaged by grave robbers who have left bones and pottery scattered. This is not an isolated incident, as similar local cemeteries have also been damaged. (Wikipedia, 2016). The preservation of multiple bodies is due to environment in which the bodies were buried. The acrid desert environment coupled with the culture's burial rites preserved the bodies and created mummies (Scribol, 2017). An example of one burial ritual was the coating of skin with a resin, “which is believed to have kept insects away and slowed down the effects of bacteria” (Scribol, 2017). Additional InfoEdit Scribol (2017) 13 Creepiest mummies on earth. Wikipedia (2016, December 9). Chauchilla Cemetery. Retrieved from\ Ad blocker interference detected!
If you happen to visit classrooms in public and private elementary schools in this country, you would (I hope) be pleased to see that in addition to academic subjects, our impressionable young children are being taught to be “Mensch’n,” a Yiddish word referring to people who are respectful, caring, kind, generous and trustworthy. Our children are receiving lessons in civility, or humanistic social values. They’re learning about being respectful and tolerant, kind and cooperative with one another. There are posters, songs, readings and discussions encouraging children to live, work and play together harmoniously. Likewise, students are discouraged from negative behaviors, like selfishness, bullying or fighting. Young children’s books are replete with heartwarming stories, of lessons learned, where misbehavior is punished and kindness and empathy carry the day. These same social values are promoted in middle schools and high schools, and in colleges, there are clearly enunciated expectations for respect, tolerance and empathy, and rules outlining punishments for antagonistic interactions. So it seems that we are interested in inculcating our children and youth with the basic message that decency and civility are core parts of our social and ethical values. For the most part, we’ve been successful in this endeavor: The vast majority of our young citizens adhere to an implicit “social contract” based on mutual courtesy, tolerance, and respect. We have declared explicitly that we want a civil society (freedom from want or fear, pursuit of happiness, etc.) However, too often our children and youth are in their daily lives exposed to examples of the very opposite of civility. Public incivility and rudeness are ubiquitous and seemingly increasing. They see and hear nastiness evinced by television and radio commentators who launch angry diatribes against their targets. They witness uncivil behavior in the everyday life: Disrespectful, angry outbursts and interactions pervade our society, and rudeness and disrespect are frequently seen in our neighborhoods, in retail shops, in the streets and in businesses. They also see some of the vicious bullying and trolling currently prevalent on the internet, where anonymity gives angry people the license to be crude, malicious and hateful. And there is of course our political arena, where loud conflict and enmity have been front and center for years, and especially so recently, when the primaries and the election were filled with incredible incivility, vitriol and vilification. After being barraged by myriad examples of anger, threats, bloviating, lying, selfishness and narcissism – all the antitheses of civility – what are our children and youth to conclude? What was it again that we wish to teach our children and youth? Let’s see: Was it respect, politeness and empathy? Kindness, generosity and cooperation? Was it tolerance, benevolence and mutual appreciation? What are WE to conclude?! Write a Reply or Comment Your email address will not be published.
Karen B. London Good Dog: Behavior & Training When Your Dog’s Activity is Restricted, Keep Her Brain Engaged Make downtime productive Dog's Life: Lifestyle Dogs Like Any Other Living with blind and deaf dogs Dogs who are blind, deaf or both are more likely to be fearful because to them, the world is less predictable. Specifically, dogs without one or more senses are more likely to be surprised when approached or touched than dogs who can see and hear. Though they learn to depend on their existing senses more than other dogs, they are still surprised sometimes. These surprises can be scary, and dogs often react badly out of fear. Reacting badly can mean mild behavior such as yelping and hiding, or more troublesome reactions such as defecating or biting. To avoid surprises and fearful reactions, use a cue meaning “I am about to touch you.” Cues can be vocal or visual depending on which sense the dog has, or two taps on the floor near the dog for those lacking both hearing and sight. If dogs are alerted that a touch is coming, they are protected from being startled. I also recommend counterconditioning dogs to being touched. Basically, teach your dog that a treat follows being touched unexpectedly. With enough repetitions of this lesson, the dog’s response to a surprise touch will be more of “Oh boy, that means I get a treat! Fun!” and less of, “Aaack! What was that? Scary!” Lots of tactile contact can be beneficial for your relationship and for your dog’s well-being. When missing the use of one or more senses, communication can be compromised despite your best efforts to work around the issue, and that can cause stress. Physical contact such as TTouch or other forms of canine massage can help your dog feel less stressed, repair any damage to the relationship and make you feel closer to each other. (Even for dogs without these challenges, massage and touching tends to be a good thing as long as they enjoy it—there is, however, the rare dog who doesn’t.) I urge everyone who has a dog with challenges to remember that the most important aspect of living with, loving and training these dogs is remembering that they are dogs just like any other dogs. It’s easy to remember that they are blind, deaf or both, but it’s essential, whatever abilities they may or may not possess, that we never forget their true essence. Five senses or fewer, they are dogs. Culture: Reviews Canine Behavior: A Photo Illustrated Handbook Dog's Life: Humane Heart to Heart with Frank Ascione, PhD Academia and humane interests converge at University of Denver B: What are your primary goals in your new position? Good Dog: Behavior & Training Four Scientific Studies on Dogs and Play Having fun is serious business As members of the dog-loving community, we should all be proud of our emphasis on play as an important aspect of our dogs’ lives. We have long understood that for most of our pups, playing with other dogs and playing with humans enhances their quality of life and improves their overall comportment. During the past few years, scientific research into play has emerged from a long period during which play was not considered a proper topic for serious inquiry. Luckily, the flurry of research on this subject has included canine studies, many of which have practical applications for those of us who both love playing with our dogs and place a high value on play. 1. Response to Signals. Rooney, Bradshaw and Robinson (2001) investigated dogs’ responses to human play signals. They found that humans do communicate playful intent to their dogs, and that their various behaviors when doing so can be considered interspecific play signals. Additionally, they found that the success of signals used by humans to instigate play was unrelated to the frequency of use. For example, patting the floor as well as whispering were both often used by people attempting to initiate play with their dogs, but dogs showed a low rate of playful response to these signals. In contrast, when people ran toward the dog, ran away from the dog or tapped their own chests, the signals were highly effective at communicating an intent to play and thus, at initiating play with dogs; none of these was used frequently by human study participants, however. Human play signals were more successful at eliciting play when accompanied by play vocalizations. This study indicates that we should pay attention to whether or not the ways we try to entice our dogs to play with us are actually effective at getting them to do so. It also suggests that we should consider adding vocalizations to our play-signal repertoire to make them more effective. [See: Do dogs respond to play signals given by humans? Animal Behaviour, 61:715– 722.] 2. Effects on Relationships. Rooney and Bradshaw (2002) found that dogs scored higher in “obedient attentiveness” after play sessions with people than before the sessions; this suggests that there is good evidence for the common belief that training after a play session can be highly effective. In the same study, the researchers found that the relative status of a human-dog pair was unaffected by whether or not dogs were allowed to “win” at games by, for example, retaining possession of the toy after playing tug. There is a caveat, though; the most playful dogs in the study exhibited significantly higher amounts of playful attention- seeking when they were allowed to win. These findings indicate that while there is no problem from a status point of view in allowing a dog to “win” at games, it may be better not to allow it with those dogs who become relentlessly pushy about seeking more play time. [See: An experimental study of the effects of play upon the dog-human relationship. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75:161–176.] 3. Influence on Attachment. Rooney and Bradshaw (2003) found a correlation between games with a lot of physical contact and decreased amounts of low level separation-related behavior, such as staying by the door through which the owner had just left or vocalizing in the absence of the owner. It is worth considering that certain types of play may influence our dogs’ attachment to us, and also exploring the many ways that increased physical contact, including that which takes place during play, may shape our relationship. [See: Links between play and dominance and attachment dimensions of dog-human relationships. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6:67–94.] 4. Appropriate Play. Bauer and Smuts (2007) conducted a comprehensive study of play between pairs of dogs and found that contrary to popular belief, dogs can maintain a playful atmosphere even if they are not equalizing their behavior according to the 50:50 rule so commonly considered to be essential for appropriate play. They observed significant departures from symmetrical behavior between dogs who differed greatly in either status or age. They found that role reversals were common during chasing and tackling, but that they never occurred during mounts, muzzle bites or muzzle licks. Their results suggest that when assessing play between pairs of dogs, both the specific dogs and the specific behaviors being observed need to be taken into account when determining whether any play asymmetries are potential problems. [See: Cooperation and competition during dyadic play in domestic dogs, Canis familiaris. Animal Behaviour, 73:489–499.] The most profound insight into play that scientists can offer dog lovers isn’t necessarily new at all. There has long been ample evidence that playful behavior is associated with good relationships (see, for example, Fagen’s Animal Play Behavior, 1981). This is especially true of parents and their relationships with their children, among other close relationships. Across a variety of species, parents who are the most playful with their offspring enjoy the best relationships with them. Given the loving and fulfilling emotional connections many of us have with those of our family members who happen to be dogs, it’s no wonder that play is so vital a part of the miraculous phenomenon of dogs and people joyfully sharing their lives. For more studies on animal play, see Marc Bekoff and John A. Byers, eds. Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Good Dog: Studies & Research The Dog Project: Researching Canine Behavioral Genetics An investigation into the genetics of canine anxiety, phobias and fears A Hot Topic The Canine Behavioral Genetics Project does not breed dogs with behavioral issues. Rather, these researchers are analyzing the genes of existing dogs, and are recruiting dogs to participate (psych.ucsf.edu/K9BehavioralGenetics). Specifically, the researchers are looking for dogs who suffer from panic, fear, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors or aggression; unaffected close relatives of dogs with these issues; and dogs who do not have any of these behavioral issues or any known relatives who have them, either. Canine Genes Rich in Information Solo’s Lucky Day Community-Based Study Not a Quick Fix A Happy Ending Culture: Reviews The Behavioural Biology of Dogs CAB International, 266 pp., 2007; $70 Rejoice! In this new book, a long-awaited triumph of collaboration has been achieved. The Behavioural Biology of Dogs thoroughly covers canine behavior at all levels: genetic, social, physiological, ecological, evolutionary and physical. This is also a truly international effort—experts from Sweden, Austria, Germany, Italy, Australia, Hungary, the UK, Norway and the U.S. are represented—with each chapter written by a specialist versed in the latest studies and trends in his or her area of expertise. The result is a riveting volume full of up-to-the-minute research, new ideas, theories and observations. Read the book cover to cover, or focus on chapters that match particular interests and use the rest of the book as a reference—either way, it’s hard to imagine that anyone could be disappointed. The first section (“The Dog in Its Zoological Context”) covers basic evolutionary trends, including explanations of common terms. The authors detail what is known and not known about canine domestication. A variety of evidence is examined and compared, including DNA, morphology and the archaeological record. This section includes a discussion of the ways different sources (e.g., information from mitochondrial DNA versus autosomal DNA) can lead to different conclusions about domestication and breed development, and a thorough explanation of potential problems with conclusions drawn from previous studies. In the second section (“Biology and Behaviour of Dogs”), the authors explain physiology; brain/body systems; regulatory mechanisms; how behavior is organized within an individual; the role hormones play in a dog’s behavior; and some basic ethological principles, such as reflexes and modal action patterns. Genetic issues discussed include the ways modification of a single gene can produce profound changes in behavior, the almost identical nature of dog and wolf genomes, and the fact that dogs provide a unique opportunity for behaviorally related genetic analyses because they have been bred over several centuries for specific behaviors as well as for physical attributes. Social behavior is more directly covered in a chapter that illuminates the scientific evidence underlying social rank, dominance, submission and conflict resolution. The treatment of canine learning is a tour de force—clear, thorough, loaded with examples, and relevant for anyone who has ever tried, succeeded or even thought about how to train a dog. The third section (“The Dog in Its Niche: Among Humans”) compares the natural history and behavior of wild canids, feral dogs and village dogs. The evolutionary aspect of breeding working dogs is placed in context, linking behavior to large-scale ethological theories and tying in biotechnology, the structure of DNA, quantitative genetics and natural selection. There is a discussion of how personality is defined and how behavior, along with other methods, can be used to assess it, as well as descriptions of the primary canine personality traits. Communication between dogs and humans is also covered, with an emphasis on the three possible sources of successful human–dog interaction: our common mammalian heritage, learning, and behavioral evolution that has resulted in both specific signals for use between humans and dogs (barking, for example), as well as dogs’ ability to cue in on human gazes and vocalizations. In the fourth section (“Behavioural Problems of Dogs”), the need to professionalize the field of canine behavior therapy—which includes people from veterinary, bio-behavioral, and dog training backgrounds—is raised. The authors discuss changes in human lifestyles that have resulted in canine behavioral problems. The final chapter provides an overview of the many ways that physical problems and disease can have an impact on behavior, with particular emphasis on epilepsy, anxiety and pain. This book is so valuable, so full of information, and so important that I hope every copy goes to a good home—its presence will mark a place where ideas live and grow, and dogs are treasured.
The stolen childhoods of Kashmir in pencil and crayon Kashmir art The colours are vivid. Red dominates, in blood and fire. Black is an ascendant colour, clouding the skies and scorching the earth. It's not dark yet, but it's getting there. The artwork is by schoolchildren in Indian-administered Kashmir, home to one of the world's most protracted conflicts. These days, they mostly depict childhoods ruined by the violence of adults. The meadows, streams, orchards and mountains that make their home "heaven on earth", as a Mughal emperor once exulted, is missing in much of their work. Stone-throwing protesters, gun-toting troops, burning schools, rubble-littered streets, gunfights and killings are some of the anxious, recurring themes on the canvas. Security forces fired metal pellets from shotguns into protesting crowds, leaving many blinded. More than 1,200 children below the age of 15 were among some 9,000 people injured in the protests. Most of them, according to reports, were "young, [and] were either blinded completely or lost their vision in one eye". Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption"I would hide in a corner of my house' (Video production: Shalu Yadav and Neha Sharma) Kashmir art Kashmir art Kashmir art They came looking "pale, like zombies", the principal of a leading school told me. "There was anger, a lot of anger," the principal said. "That's all they did on the first day. They drew what they wanted. They didn't utter a word. It was all very cathartic." 'I cannot see the world again' "I cannot see the world again and cannot see my friends again. I am blind," says the subject of one such haunting image. "These are the mountains of Kashmir. And here's a school for kids. On the left are army men and opposite them are stone-throwing protesters who are demanding freedom," said a schoolboy in Anantnag, explaining his drawing. Kashmir art Kashmir art Kashmir art The other recurring theme - and nightmare - is the burning down of schools. There's a powerful picture of children trapped in a school on fire, screaming, "help us, help us. Save our school, save us, save our future". Others are angrier and more political. Rival neighbours Five years ago, Australian art therapist Dena Lawrence conducted some art lessons with young people in the valley. She found black was the predominant colour in their paintings, and most of them reflected "anger, rage and depression". "They have gone from the serene to the violent," he tells me. "They draw red skies, red mountains, lakes, flowers and houses on fire. They draw guns and tanks, fire-fights and people dying on the street." Kashmir art Kashmir art "We think children are too young to understand. That's not true. They absorb and assimilate everything around them. They express it in their own way," he says. Kashmir art Let our future be bright, make us educated, don't make this crisis a reason for darkness, pleads a girl in a drawing. It's never too late. Illustrations gathered from children in Indian-administered Kashmir Related Topics
Higher Education When people think of religious and higher education, they probably think of the Jesuits or the Dominicans. However, Franciscans in general and Capuchins in particular contribute a great deal to higher education. American Capuchins teach a variety of disciplines, including theology, philosophy, liturgy, preaching, history, pastoral theology, Franciscanism and comparative literature. These outstanding scholars have taught at the Franciscan School of Theology (formerly in Berkeley CA), Catholic Theological Union in Chicago, the University of Wisconsin and Cardinal Stritch University in Milwaukee. American Capuchins have taught at the Gregorianum and Antonianum in Rome. They also provide lectures and workshops, and are visiting professors all over the world. Since American Capuchins don’t have any colleges or universities of their own, our talented teachers, scholars and authors are free to study areas of their interest and in institutions that allow them to use their knowledge for the good of the Church and the world. Capable new Capuchins are always welcomed to be educated to their ability and in a wide variety of disciplines. Catholic Theological Union
What Is Nitrogen Fertilizer? Nitrogen is an essential nutrient needed by all plants to thrive. Although nitrogen exists in abundance in the earth's atmosphere, relatively few plants are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form they are able to use. Typically, commercial fertilizers contain nitrogen as a supplement for depleted soil. Fertilizers are divided into two main categories: "organic" fertilizers, which are naturally occurring substances such as manure, and "inorganic" fertilizers, which are manufactured through a chemical process. Nitrogen Fertilizer: What is it? Production Process Typical Uses Related Searches Promoted By Zergnet You May Also Like • What Is Urea Fertilizer? When gardens need lots of nitrogen fast, urea fertilizer provides it. At 46 percent nitrogen, urea packs more punch per pound than... • Disadvantages of Fertilizers Most plants, especially those that are grown outside of their native ranges, need soil supplements in the form of fertilizer. This might... • What Is a Unit of Nitrogen Fertilizer? You can discuss the cost of fertilizer in terms of the cost per unit, where a unit refers to weight. You would... • Homemade Nitrogen Fertilizer Most plants need fertilizer rich in nitrogen to grow. Fertilizers are often expensive, and sometimes they contain chemicals that can harm the... Related Searches Check It Out How to Make a Vertical Clay Pot Garden Submit Your Work!
How can a baby's brain be injured during birth? When parents are expecting, both mothers and fathers will sometimes delve into the literature regarding pregnancy, birth and child development. It's natural to want to understand the processes that lead to a healthy son or daughter, especially if it is a first child and the parents are understandably a bit nervous. One topic that may be a little tough to digest, however, is the subject of birth injury and its prevention. There are many different ways in which a delivery might have harmful complications; one of the most traumatic is when such complications result in brain injuries to newborns. A baby's brain being injured can lead to lifelong disability, as well as untold emotional and financial difficulty for the parents. Thus, as difficult of a subject as it is, it's important for parents to be at least somewhat familiar with brain trauma that can happen in the delivery room. The three main categories of brain injury causes during delivery are insufficient oxygen, trauma to the head and diminished glucose. If oxygen to a baby is reduced during delivery, neurons die off and their contents enter the baby's brain; this causes the small brain to swell. The swelling in turn leads to reduced flow of blood to the brain, and this decreases oxygen levels even more. There are a number of physician errors which can start the cycle of insufficient oxygen, from improperly compressing the umbilical cord to not monitoring a mother's blood pressure after an epidural. Another possibility is the misdiagnosis of a serious infection before birth, leading to serious complications and brain injury. Another physician error that can seriously compromise a baby's brain is incorrect use of forceps or extractors during delivery. These can cause trauma directly to the baby's head, thus causing brain injury. Not using these devices carefully can even cause a baby to experience a stroke. Finally, too little glucose in the baby's blood can also be a cause of newborn brain injuries. Reduced glucose can come about after a particularly prolonged and difficult labor; if an OB/GYN does not take the proper steps a drawn-out labor can culminate in dangerously low glucose levels in a newborn. Brain injury in newborns is a complicated medical malpractice topic if parents suspect doctor error. The three main causes of baby brain injury can occur during the same birth, and thus it can be difficult to figure out what, exactly, went wrong and why. Categories: Brain Injuries
Introduction: Homemade DAC A/D Converter Step 1: Building the Circuit Step 2: Further Building While building you should choose NPN or PNP transistors (I think PNP work better even though I used NPN) The first picture is a single stage, the top NPN bottom PNP. The second shows a 6 bit cascade for 8 times the resolution of a 3 bit ! In the third picture it shows how to use a single value of resistor to make the cascade and any value will work as long as you use 1 2 4 8 16 ect. resistors. This is even more accurate then using predetermined decade values. (see curve later). Step 3: How It Works This circuit has a digital to analog converter, and can be used as one, it is really the heart of it.(red in second pic) With a Micro controller or a binary counter you switch the inputs A1-A3 (or what ever you max bit is). The highest resistance is your most significant bit, and as your circuit counts the resistance changes. This changing of resistance makes it a variable voltage divider. Then this voltage goes into a comparator or an op amp and gives you Y1 and Y1 is high only when the DAC is higher than the voltage you’re measuring. So Y1 will tel you it is lower than the DAC voltage but higher than the last binary input. It is not to hard for a program or a computer parallel port to read. Step 4: Performance / Accuracy Of course it isn't as accurate as a commercial unit, especially at only 3 bits of resolution, but remember it is expandable. A slight drawback is it produces a variable voltage with only a low current so it can not directly drive anything but, a power transistor would fix that. It will change over temperature but not too bad. It has a slight curve in voltage because I used 150 330 680 when 150 300 600 would be the appropriate values. The worst thing is that the voltage will never go as low as it can high but the last picture shows a solution. DAC's on the positive and negative rails. I hope my new DAC A/D converter solves some data logging problems. If you need clarification please post a comment I hade trouble trying to explain all this. DanielB281 (author)2016-03-29 gvan kaam (author)2015-11-11 Currently I am using Anamometer, which uses an reed switch. Where do I connect the Digital input. mdshazwan2 (author)2015-09-09 ahmedebrahim (author)2015-02-06 audio ic was damaged and it can't produce any audio through the I was thinking if i built a digital to analog converter can't do it because there are only 2 output pins the white and green please help or tell me your suggestions as soon as you can. my email address is thank you. Teslaling (author)2011-07-14 jazzzzzz (author)2010-11-04 jazzzzzz (author)2010-11-03 A VCO is a nice A/D converter too; made from a varactor diode it is relatively simple. (I don't have any varactor diodes) The program can be glitchy and you’re limited by clock speed. mathieulj (author)2010-11-02 mathieulj (author)mathieulj2010-11-03 jazzzzzz (author)2010-11-02 It was not made for extreme precision because the cost of the discrete components would be more than an IC. It was meant to be cheap and easy to get, and used for relatively low precision, say temperature ±5° or voltage ±.25 volts mathieulj (author)2010-10-29 In a Field Effect Transistor (FET), the gate is isolated from the switching line and so no current would flow from you control gate to/from the resistance ladder although you have to be careful since FETs retain a (for some not so) small resistance in their on state. jazzzzzz (author)mathieulj2010-11-01 mathieulj (author)jazzzzzz2010-11-01 woody123 (author)2010-11-01 nice 'ible :-)
Evaluating Materials for Cooking Serious Eats has run numerous articles about the effectiveness of materials for various cooking purposes; in particular, woks and baking pizzas. I find their analysis usually very close to correct, but not quite. Thus, I am going to write a somewhat technical piece on my understanding. Now there are three types of typical heating: convection, conduction and radiation. The former is mostly irrelevant for cooking. Convection is the transfer of energy by fluid flow, but in most cooking applications there is very little exchange of fluids. The exception might be deep frying as hot oil penetrates and cold water leaves, but I don’t yet know enough about deep frying. Convection ovens are technically speeding up conduction because they make sure there is hot air continually close to the food. That leaves conduction and radiation as the major sources for cooking your food. Lets tackle the first. Obviously the conductivity of your cooking material is important for conduction, as the name would imply. However, how it factors in appears a bit vague to most people. It’s effect is better encapsulated by the thermal diffusivity and the thermal effusivity. The thermal diffusivity measures how quickly a volume of material will reach thermal equilibrium or in other words how fast the entire thing will reach the same cooking temperature. The thermal diffusivity is proportional to conductivity, because we expect energy to be transmitted throughout the material quickly with higher conductivity, and inversely proportional to the volumetric heat capacity (the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a unit volume of the material) because higher heat capacity means it takes more energy to heat up. However, this term is relatively trivial for most cooking if you are preheating your pan. It just affects how long you have to wait. The exception here is probably baked goods where the vessel containing your goods starts at room temperature with your food. Conveniently, we usually bake in aluminum which has a relatively high diffusivity. Conductivity also enters into the thermal effusivity. This is a measure of how easily a material exchanges energy with another material with which it is in contact, i.e. our food and the cooking surface. It is proportional to conductivity and volumetric heat capacity. The typical example is touching metal surfaces and how they “feel” cold. Your body sense energy fluxes or transfers, not temperatures, and so the high effusivity of metal, it’s ability to leech energy from your skin, makes it feel cold. Metals have high effusivity because they conduct well, obviously, but also because they have high heat capacity which means they can suck or spew out a lot of energy without changing temperature much and the difference in temperature of two objects is also a major factor in energy transfer. When it comes to food what we need to do is compare the effusivity of the food to that of our cooking surface. This can then be used to compute the temperature at the surface of contact. At that point the problem is governed by the heat equation, an equation that basically tells you how the bulk of a material heats up if one side is at a given temperature and is based on the conductivity of the food, not your cooking surface. The thing is, the effusivity of your typical cooking surface vastly exceeds that of your food. Water probably contributes most to the effusivity of your food and even it has an effusivity 20 times lower than your typical cooking metal such as aluminum. Thus to a first approximation the contact surface is the temperature of your cooking surface, regardless of your material. So did I write all that out to say that your cooking material does not matter? Well I am ignoring one thing which is the actual heat capacity of your cooking surface. The above is only true if adding food to your surface does not appreciably alter the temperature of said surface. This is why people use hefty cast iron because it has a high thermal mass so once you preheat it the addition of food barely lowers its temperature. So cast iron is best, yes? Actually, if you look at the volumetric heat capacity, the product of the specific heat capacity and the density, all of your typical cooking materials are about the same. It’s just that for some reason they make cast iron pots and pans much thicker than pots and pans of other materials. The outcast here is actually aluminum. It has twice the specific heat, but a third of the density. This means you need a pan that is 1.5 times as thick as other materials to get the same heat capacity. The flip side is that said pan will actually weigh half as much as the pans made of other materials. Thus, in the ideal world we would all be using thick, but light, aluminum cookware. Finally, a quick word on radiative heating. This is actually a very important source of heating that seems highly neglected. Your broiler mostly cooks via radiation and we know how quickly they can work. Anyone that has done a lot of baking can tell you that dark pans bake goods significantly faster than light pans. This is because dark pans absorb radiation easily, thus heating up faster, and emit more radiation at a given temperature than a light surface. Usually this is given by the emissivity or absorptivity which quantifies how much the material is like a true black body that absorbs all incoming radiation, with a factor of 1 meaning it is a true black body. Radiative heating can warm the interior of food faster than conductive heating, which must start from the contact surface, because it can actually penetrate the surface before being absorbed. Unfortunately, information is not readily available for me actually quantify the approximate ratio of conductive to radiative heating when cooking food. In terms of cooking technique, tasty reactions like the Maillard reaction that occurs when browning food is due to conduction whereas radiation cooks like a microwave. Still, if you want to cook more quickly, then go with dark cookware. If you want more even heating, such as with baking, a light pan will make sure the exterior does not burn before the interior is finished. A few other considerations are needed as well. One, thick aluminum is not readily available despite being a relatively cheap material. Secondly, aluminum is highly reactive and should thus be clad in some other material of lower reactivity. Lastly, sometimes you have specialized needs that aren’t covered by the criteria above. For instance, maybe you would rather have a wok that reacts much more quickly to changes in heat (like taking the wok off the burner for a moment), then you would not want a high heat capacity wok. This entry was posted in Food. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Buddhist chant boxes are hardware loop players that are sold in temples throughout Asia. They are small battery-powered devices resembling a cheap AM radio that play looped recordings of Buddhist chants. They are intended for use when it’s not possible to get to a temple, or if one wanted to chant and meditate on the go. Each box usually contains either two or more chants. In Buddhism, chanting is the traditional means of preparing the mind for meditation, especially as part of formal practice. Recitation of the name Amituofo is a way to purify the mind, thoughts and environment. When the mind is serene and compassionate, the living environment will become tranquil. The benefits from this kind of thought can neutralize turbulance from greed, anger, ignorance and arrogance. Everyone can benefit from this recitation regardless of religion. Almost every Buddhist school has a tradition of chanting associated with it. While the basis for most Theravada chants is the Pali Canon, Mahayana and Vajrayana chants draw from a wider range of sources. In the Vajrayana tradition, chanting is also used as an invocative ritual in order to set one’s mind on a deity, Tantric ceremony, mandala, or particular concept one wishes to further in themselves. While not strictly a variation of Buddhist chanting in itself, Japanese Shigin is a form of chanted poetry that reflects several principles of Zen Buddhism. It is sung in the seiza position, and participants are encouraged to sing from the gut, the Zen locus of power. Shigin and related practices are often sung at Buddhist ceremonies and quasi-religious gatherings in Japan. Seicho-no-Ie, is a syncretic, nondenominational, monotheistic religion, one of the new religious movements in Japan that have spread since the end of World War II. It emphasizes gratitude for nature, the family and the ancestors and, above all, faith in one universal God. It inherits its basic characteristics from Buddhism, Christianity and Shinto. Seicho-no-Ie is the world’s largest New Thought group. In 1930, Dr. Masaharu Taniguchi, working as an English translator, published the first issue of what he called his non-denominational truth movement magazine, which he named Seicho-no Ie to help teach others of his revelations. This was followed by forty volumes of his Truth of Life philosophy by 1932. Over the next forty years he published an additional four hundred-odd books and toured many countries in Europe, South America, and North America with his wife Teruko, to lecture on his revelations personally. Founder of Religious Science, Ernest Holmes, and his brother Fenwicke L. Holmes, were of great assistance to Dr.Taniguchi. Fenwicke L. Holmes traveled to Japan and co-authored several books, one cornerstone book being the Science of Faith. Seicho-No-Ie is a way of life worshiping all creations such as plants, animals and minerals, as manifestations of Buddha based on the idea of being grateful to everything in the universe. Today, in the face of global environmental issues, it is believed that practicing Seicho-No-Ie teachings has significant meaning for our times. Based on this conviction, Seicho-No-Ie actively promotes measures for global environmental conservation through widely disseminating the teachings of “All is One.” Prosperity is a state of flourishing, thriving, success, or good fortune. Prosperity often encompasses wealth, but also includes others factors which are independent of wealth to varying degrees, such as happiness and health. Many distinct notions of prosperity, such as economic prosperity, health, and happiness, are correlated or even have causal effects on each other. Economic prosperity and health are well established to have a positive correlation, and there is evidence that happiness is a cause of good health, both directly through influencing behavior and the immune system, and indirectly through social relationships, work, and other factors. In Buddhism, prosperity is viewed with an emphasis on collectivism and spirituality. This perspective can be at odds with capitalistic notions of prosperity, due to their association with greed. Data from social surveys show that an increase in income does not result in a lasting increase in happiness. One proposed explanation to this is due to hedonic adaptation and social comparison, resulting in people not allocating enough energy to non-financial goals such as family life and health. Contentment is the experience of satisfaction and being at ease in one’s situation. The source of all mentally created dissatisfaction appears to stem from the ability to compare and contrast experience and find reality as one is living it to be less than ideal. The solution is to seek out ways to either make experienced reality conform to the ideal or to lower expectations to the level of the experience. When one can live in the moment with expectations in harmony with experience, one has achieved the greatest mental contentment possible. In a Buddhist sense, contentment is the freedom from anxiety, want or need. Buddha’s task was to find the solution to this never ending descent into dissatisfaction or Dukkha. The Buddhist faith is based on the belief that he succeeded. In yoga practice, movement or positions, breathing practices, and concentration can contribute to a physical state of contentment. Contentment is the goal behind all goals, because once achieved there is nothing to seek until it is lost. A living system cannot maintain contentment for very long as complete balance and harmony of forces means death. Living systems are a complex dance of forces which find a stability far from balance. Any attainment of balance is quickly met by rising pain which ends the momentary experience of satisfaction or contentment achieved. The American philosopher, Robert Bruce Raup wrote a book Complacency: The Foundation of Human Behavior in which he claimed that the human need for inner tranquility was the hidden spring of human behavior. Dr. Raup made this the basis of his pedagogical theory, which he later used in his severe criticisms of the American Education system of the 1930s. The endless knot is an ancient symbol representing the interweaving of the spiritual path, the flowing of time, and movement within that which is eternal. All existence, it says, is bound by time and change, yet ultimately rests serenely within the divine and the eternal. It is a symbolic knot and an important cultural marker in places significantly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism such as Tibet, Mongolia, Tuva, Kalmykia, and Buryatia. It is also sometimes found in Chinese art and used in Chinese knots. The endless knot is known as one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols. Various interpretations of the symbol include the endless cycle of suffering or birth, death and rebirth within Tibetan Buddhism, the inter-twining of wisdom and compassion, and the interplay and interaction of the opposing forces in the dualistic world of manifestation, leading to their union, and ultimately to harmony in the universe. It represents the union of wisdom and method, the inseparability of emptiness and the underlying reality of existence, and is also symbolic of the linking of ancestors and omnipresence in the magical ritual and meta-process of binding. Since the knot has no beginning or end it also symbolizes the infinite wisdom of the Buddha. Endless knots appearing as mystic and mythological symbols have developed independently in various cultures. A well-known example is the various Celtic knots. Dāna is a Sanskrit term meaning generosity or giving. In Buddhism, it also refers to the practice of cultivating generosity. As a formal religious act it is directed specifically to a monastic or spiritually-developed person. In Buddhist thought, it has the effect of purifying and transforming the mind of the giver. Buddhists believe that giving, without seeking something in return, leads to greater spiritual wealth and reduces acquisitive impulses that ultimately lead to further suffering. Generosity developed through giving leads to being reborn in happy states and material wealth. Alternatively, lack of giving leads to unhappy states and poverty. The quality of giving is believed to be one of the virtues perfected over numerous lifetimes by Shakyamuni Buddha in his bodhisattva phase, before the final culmination into Nirvana, after he had purified obscurations and released attachment. This is symbolized by the sacrifice of his own body when he has nothing else to offer an unexpected guest in the Jataka folktale entitled Shasha Jataka, where Shakyamuni Buddha is born as a rabbit, and unable to present any other food to a Brahmin come home, roasted himself in a fire. A similar message is given by the story of King Shibi in the Jataka Mala, who having given away all his wealth, was still moved enough by small insects hovering around him, and inflicted several wounds on his body to feed the mosquitoes. In another narrative from the same text, the bodhisattva throws himself in front of a hungry tigress, who otherwise was on the verge of consuming her own cubs. This is however not the only instance of the Buddha-To-Be sacrificing his physical body partly or fully and numerous tales abound in Buddhist Canonical literature illustrating this theme. In the ancient Samadhiraja-Sutra, Shakyamuni Buddha’s principal disciple Ananda asks how a bodhisattva can cheerfully suffer the loss of his limbs and not feel any pain when he mutilates himself for the good of others. Shakyamuni Buddha explained that intense compassion for humankind and the love of Bodhi (spiritual awakening), sustain and inspire a bodhisattva towards heroism, just as worldly people are inclined to enjoy sensual pleasures even when their bodies are burning with fever. Ultimately, the practice culminates in one of the Perfections, the Perfection of Giving. This can be characterized by unattached and unconditional generosity, giving and letting go. Kensho is a Japanese term for enlightenment experiences, most commonly used within the confines of Zen Buddhism. It generally refers to the realization of nonduality of subject and object. Frequently used in juxtaposition with satori, there is sometimes a distinction made between the two in that some consider satori to be qualitatively deeper. Kensho itself has been said to be a blissful realization where a person’s inner nature, the original pure mind, is directly known as an illuminating emptiness which is dynamic and immanent in the world. Kenshō experiences are tiered, in that they escalate from initial glimpses into the nature of mind to an experience of emptiness. Working towards this realisation is usually a lengthy process of meditation and introspection under guidance of a Zen or other Buddhist teacher, usually in intensive retreats. The methods used differ depending upon the tradition and practice. Soto tends towards a gradual approach preferring to let the experiences happen on their own while Rinzai tends toward the use of Koans or a set Koan question as a technique to bring the experience sooner. Which methods are more appropriate for any given student are made by which lineage of Zen the student practices as well as what seems most appropriate by the student’s teacher. It should be noted that the Kensho experience is not limited to Japanese Zen Buddhism traditions and occurs in many traditions as well as outside of Buddhist practice. Kensho may also be spontaneous, upon hearing or reading some significant phrase, or as result of a profound dream. For example, Zen lore describes the Sixth Patriarch Hui Neng’s spontaneous experience of kensho upon hearing a phrase of the Diamond sutra. Koans are a technique that can be used as meditation aids, particularly in the Rinzai tradition. For example, one koan is known as ‘Who am I’, since it is this question that guides the enquiry into one’s true nature. The realization that there is no ‘I’ that is doing the thinking, but rather that the thinking process brings forth the illusion of an ‘I’, is a step on the way to Kensho. It is not unusual for various hallucinations and psychological disturbances to arise prior to true kensho. These are referred to as makyo. Distinguishing these delusions from actual kensho is the primary function of the teacher, as the student may be erroneously convinced they have realized kensho. The Four Noble Truths are one of the most fundamental Buddhist teachings. In broad terms, these truths relate to suffering’s nature, origin, cessation and the path leading to the cessation. They are among the truths Gautama Buddha is said to have realized during his experience of enlightenment. The Four Noble Truths appear many times throughout the most ancient Buddhist texts, the Pali Canon. The early teaching and the traditional understanding in the Theravada is that the four noble truths are an advanced teaching for those who are ready for them. Mahayana Buddhism regards them as a preliminary teaching for people not ready for its own teachings. They are little known in the Far East. Some may see truths as a mistranslation. One author cites realities as a possibly better choice, since they are things, not statements, in the original grammar. However, the original Tibetan Lotsawas who studied Sanskrit grammar thoroughly, did translate the term from Sanskrit into Tibetan as “bden pa” which has the full meaning of truth. 1. The Nature of Suffering (Dukkha): 2. Suffering’s Origin (Samudaya): 3. Suffering’s Cessation (Nirodha): 4. The Way (Marga) Leading to the Cessation of Suffering: Why the Buddha is said to have taught in this way is illuminated by the social context of the time in which he lived. The Buddha was a Sramaṇa, a wandering ascetic whose aim was to discover the truth and attain happiness. He is said to have achieved this aim while under a bodhi tree near the River Neranjana. The Four Noble Truths are a formulation of his understanding of the nature of suffering, the fundamental cause of all suffering, the escape from suffering, and what effort a person can go to so that they themselves can attain happiness. Zendo is a Japanese term translating roughly as meditation hall. In Zen Buddhism, the zendo is a spiritual dojo where zazen, or sitting meditation, is practiced. A full sized Buddhist temple will typically be divided into at least one zendo as well as a hondo, literally base hall, sometimes translated as Buddha hall, which is used for ceremonial purposes, and a variety of other buildings with different functions. However, any place where people go to practice zen can be referred to as a zendo. The first meal of the day in the Zendo will often be taken in the early morning, before dawn. It normally consists of rice gruel and pickled vegetables. The monks are summoned to meals by a gong that is struck. The five meditations are recited, after which monks will be served with the gruel and vegetables. Often monks will offer some of their meal to the pretas or hungry ghosts. Two meals are taken later, in the late morning and late afternoon. These meals usually consist of rice, vegetable soup and pickled vegetables. The monks remain silent during mealtimes and communicate via hand and arm gestures. The following are recommendations on zendo etiquette, along with explanations of some Japanese terms. Etiquette varies in different temples, so the following rules may or may not apply in part or in full at any given zendo: • Gassho (place the hands palms together) and bow to the altar. • Walk forward across the room past the altar and go to a seat turning corners squarely. Cross in front of the altar only during kinhin (walking meditation). • The people on both sides respond to greeting. • Turn clockwise and face front. • They respond with a gassho-bow in greeting. • Sit down on the zafu (round cushion). • Turn clockwise toward the wall. (If in a Soto-style zendo, Rinzai style is to sit facing in from the wall.) In some Buddhist sects there are as many as 348 precepts, or Patimoksha Rules, some of which serve as guidelines for the many details of monastic living, such as taking off your shoes before entering the zendo, and being sure your feet and clothes are clean. Fully ordained women are given about fifty more precepts than men. The precepts were created individually as situations arose that put monks and nuns in danger, or that were counterproductive to practice.
Libri Picturati The Libri Picturati is a collection of 16th-century natural history watercolors, now housed in the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków, Poland. There are 15 volumes, 13 of them picturing plants, the remainder animals. A few years ago, a massive book, Drawn After Nature (KNNV Publishing, 2008), was published with reproductions of all the plant images in the collection. Some of the illustrations are full-page; most are presented several to a page. The overall effect is awesome. There are also essays on an array of aspects of the collection including who served as patron, who did the painting, and who wrote the extensive annotations. None of these questions have totally unambiguous answers, which just makes the collection more fascinating. The authors here come to the conclusion that the patron was Charles de Saint Omer, that there were several artists involved with the major contribution made by Jacques vanden Corenhuyse, and that the annotations were by Carolus Clusius who received patronage from Omer and had been a guest at his estate. In any case, the collection is a wonderful example of the important connection between realistic renditions of plants and the documentation of botanical knowledge in the 16th century. Drawn After Nature makes the art accessible to a much wider audience, including scholars who are studying the development of botanical art and its connection to the science of botany.
21 June 2011 BAD GRAPH #7: Curved to get to the origin Yuk. But this one takes the cake... 1. You are wrong here---there is a strong theoretical justification for 0 mass at 0 volume that does not include experimental error. It is much easier to justify fitting a line through the origin than it is to justify an arbitrary line. You need some phenonmenon to invoke to justify an offset other than 0 (like bias in your measuring equipment). I would have given more points to a student who recognized that the model they were fitting had one free parameter (density) rather than 2. If you are trying to justify model that density is a constant, then even the straight line is almost assuming your conclusion, so I see no advantage to the 2-parameter model. 2. Gas Station,please do see the original AP exam question, 2010 #2. The y-intercept has nothing to do with experimental error, but represents the volume of fluid displaced by the empty cup. 3. I apologize---I had not seen the question itself, and so did not realize that the volume and mass measurements both had offsets in the experimental setup. Indeed for the experiment described there it is necessary to include the second parameter, and forcing the line through zero is (as you said) a serious mistake. Sigh, I should learn to follow all the links before I open my big mouth. 4. Not a problem! I really wish I could post the problem itself here to prevent confusion. Silly copyright. :-) 5. I need to get into that Greg Jacob's science class!! My future depends on it. 6. Anonymous Physics StudentSeptember 23, 2015 at 11:56 AM Sorry for reviving a dead post here, but would it be acceptable to force a best fit line through the origin if measuring distance over time of a runner running a race? If the problem clearly indicates that the distance was 0 when time was 0, which is the only sensible case because the distance traveled was measured from the distance when time was 0, then should the trendline be forced through (0,0)? If it didn't go through the origin, it would follow that when time was 0, the runner wasn't at the starting line. 1. Or, perhaps, that the runner's speed wasn't so constant as it seemed. Treat (0,0) like any other data point. If you measured that the runner was 15 m away from the start after 3 s, then that's a measured data point, too; you wouldn't fit your best-fit line through there, would you? I often advocate drawing a steepest and a shallowest reasonable best-fit line. Then the slope must fall in the range defined by these two lines. Similarly, the lines can define a range of experimentally supported vertical intercepts. If (0,0) isn't in that range, then you've discovered some unexpected physics.
Cackling Goose aka Lesser or Small Canada or Canadian Goose Cackling Geese - Branta hutchinsii minima Cackling GooseOverview (below) Alternate (Global) Names Distribution, Migration and Habitat Subspecies, Ranges and Identification Description ... Behavior Breeding / Nesting ... Diet / Feeding Calls / Vocalizations ... Lifespan, Mortality and Predation ... Diseases / Health Problems Cackling Geese (Branta hutchinsii)Overview The Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii) occurs in North America, where it is regionally common. This species has adapted well to living in urban and suburban areas and are commonly found on lakes, ponds and rivers. In the past, the Cackling Goose was considered to be a smaller subspecies of the Canada Goose. However, in July 2004, the American Ornithologists' Union's Committee split them up into two separate species based on genetic studies and differences in: • voice • size (most races of Cackling Goose being smaller than the Canada Goose) • breeding habitat (Cackling Goose breeds farther northward and westward than the Canada Goose) There are 5 subspecies of Cackling Goose, of varying sizes and plumage details. The smallest form of the Cackling Goose - the Lesser Canada Goose or Small Cackling Goose - is only about a quarter the size of the "Giant Canada Goose." This goose is easily recognized by its black head and neck, distinctive white patches on the face, light tan to cream chest and its otherwise brownish-grey plumage. They are strong swimmers, divers and flyers. Cackling Geese are long-distance migrants and are well known for their V-shaped flight formation, during which the front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy. This species is protected in North America under the Migratory Bird Act of 1918, making it illegal to harm, take, or possess migratory birds, any parts of the bird, their nests or their eggs, except during the hunting season, or by special permit (MacGowan, Loven and Whitford). Ironically, notwithstanding the "legal protection" of this species, lethal culling / mass slaughter of these birds are being employed - via extended hunting seasons, fatal gassing and poisoning - to control the exploding populations of Cackling Geese in urban or densely populated areas. Animal-loving people treat them as pets feeding them regularly, which resulted in many more young being born and successfully raised than their natural conditions would have otherwise allowed. Many people consider the exploding populations of Cackling Geese as nuisances because of their messy droppings. Flocks feeding in fields also cause considerable damage to agricultural crops. Geese can also get aggressive towards humans, particularly when they feel their young are threatened. The male is referred to as "gander," the female as "goose," and the chicks are called goslings. A flock of geese on the ground is known as gaggle. Geese flying in the typical v-formation are referred to as "wedge" or skein." Cackling Goose - Branta hutchinsii Richardson’s Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii ssp.hutchinsii) Alternate (Global) Names Chinese: 加拿大雁 ... Danish: Lys Dværgcanadagås ... Dutch: Hutchins' Canadese Gans, Kleine Canadese Gans, Richardson canada gans ... Estonian: eskimo lagle ... French: Bernache de Hutchins ... German: Dunkle Kanadagans, Hutschins Zwergkanadagans ... Italian: Oca della tundra ... Japanese: Kanadagan, shijuugaragan ... Korean: 캐나다기러기 ... Lithuanian: Šiaurine kanadine bernikle ... Norwegian: Polargås ... Polish: Bernikla mała, bernikla pólnocna, bernikla północna ... Russian: Малая канадская казарка ... Slovak: bernikla tundrová ... Swedish: Dvärgkanadagås Branta hutchinsii minima Danish: Dværgcanadagås ... Dutch: Alaskagans, Cackling gans ... French: Bernache du Canada, Bernache naine ... German: Dunkle Zwergkanadagans Branta hutchinsii asiatica Dutch: Bering canada gans ... German: Bering-Zwergkanadagans ... Spanish: Barnacla canadiense ... French: Bernache du Canada ... Italian: Oca del Canada Subspecies / Ranges, Identification and Breeding Data • Cackling Goose / Baffin Island Canada Goose or Richardson's Goose - Previously considered a subspecies of the Canada Geese (Branta canadensis hutchinsii- Richardson, 1832). In 2004, elevated to a distinct and separate species: Branta hutchinsii hutchinsii) • ID: Small goose with medium grey breast, black neck and front of head, white cheek patches. Males and females look alike. • Range: Central North America. • Winter: Spend the winters in northern USA south to California east to Louisiana and through to Mexico. Regular (non-breeding) visitor to Washington State.Breeding: Melville Peninsula, South Hampton, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands, Canada and western Greenland (Coastal western Alaska) • Nesting: Most breeding occurs between April to June. The nest is placed in grass near water on a slightly elevation location. It is guarded by both the male and the female prior to nesting and by male alone once nesting has begun. The average clutch consists of 4 - 6 eggs. The young fledge (are independent) when they are about 24 - 26 days old. • Lesser Canada Goose or Small Cackling Goose (Previously: Branta canadensis minima - Ridgway, 1885) - also separated from the Canada Geese as a subspecies of the Cackling Goose as Branta hutchinsii minima- although some still consider it to be part of the Canada Geese. • ID: Small goose with dark grey chest, black neck and front of head, and white cheek patches. Males and females look alike.Range: Western North America • Winter: Most winter in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California (USA) south to Mexico.Breeding: Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge coastal zone in southwestern Alaska. Nesting: Most breeding occurs between April to June. The nest is placed in grass near water on a slightly elevation location. It is guarded by both the male and the female prior to nesting and by male alone once nesting has begun. The average clutch consists of 4 - 5 eggs. The young fledge (are independent) when they are about 23 - 24 days old. • Aleutian Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii leucopareia) - previously Aleutian Canada Goose (Branta canadensis leucopareia - Brandt, 1836) • Some authorities consider it a subspecies of the Small Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii minima) or the extinct Bering Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii asiatica).ID: Small goose (only slightly larger than a mallard duck) with grey breast, black neck and front of head, white cheek patches that don't meet under the throat, and white ring around the base of the neck. Males and females look alike.Range: • Winter in California, near Modesto where they winter primarily on two privately owned ranches and on the adjacent San Joaquin River National Wildlife RefugeBreeding: Formerly occurred throughout the Aleutian Islands situated in the Northern Pacific Ocean, westward from the Alaska Peninsula. However, nowadays mostly limited to wildlife refuges. Nesting: Most breeding occurs between April to June. They typically nest on south-facing turf slopes above rocky shorelines. It is guarded by both the male and the female prior to nesting and by male alone once nesting has begun. The average clutch consists of 4 - 6 eggs. The young fledge (are independent) when they are about 24 - 28 days old. • Cackling or Canada Goose (Branta hutchinsii taverneri previously Branta canadensis taverneri - Delacour, 1951) • Disputed subspecies: considered by some to be a mixture of races minima, occidentalis and parvipes.Range: Alaska Peninsula to Mackenzie Delta in the Northwest Territories, Canada. • Bering Cackling Goose formerly known as Bering Canada Goose (Branta hutchinsii asiatica) - doubtfully distinct from B. h. leucopareia; extinct (c.1929) - Formerly found on the Commander Islands (aka Komandorski Islands) and Kuril Islands in the North Pacific Ocean in East Asia. Richardson’s Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii ssp.hutchinsii) Cackling Geese (Branta hutchinsii)Description The Cackling Goose is a small to medium-sized goose, with an approximate length of 21.7 -29.5 inches (55 - 75 cm), a wingspan of about 43 inches (110 cm), and a weight ranging between 33.5 - 105.8 oz (0.95 - 3 kg). The plumage is mostly greyish-brown, with the exception of the black head and the long black neck, the whitish chest and characteristic white patches on the cheeks that run under its chin like a strap (commonly referred to as "chin straps"). The chest is light tan to brown. The large webbed feet and wide, flat bill are black. The bill has lamellae (miniature ridges inside the bills of water-feeding birds or "teeth") around the outside edges of the bill that are used as a cutting tool. In flight, their large, dark wings can be seen, and possibly a U-shaped white rump and white under-tail feathers. Differences between Cackling and Canada Geese The black head and black, long neck with white "chinstrap" distinguish the Cackling Goose from all other geese, except the generally larger Canada Goose and the similarly sized Barnacle Goose. The Cackling Goose looks like a smaller version of the more common Canada Goose; but can usually be identified by its smaller size - although an overlap in size between the larger subspecies of Cackling Geese (B. h. hutchinsii - weighing between 3 - 4 lbs - a little larger than the well-known mallard) and the smaller subspecies of Canada Geese (weighing between 5 - 15 lbs) can make identification by size difficult. Cackling Geese have more rounded heads and proportionally smaller, stubbier bills. Their voices are higher-pitched than those of the Canadian Geese. Due to their smaller size, Cackling Geese (particularly the smallest race "minima") display faster wingbeats than Canada Geese. Male / Female Identification Males and females look alike, although females are usually a little smaller than the males and have a different voice. Immature birds have a duller head and neck coloration. Yearly Molt: During the breeding season (typically late-June to mid-July), Cackling Geese, undergo a complete simultaneous replacement of all their flight feathers, leaving them unable to fly for about a month - until the new flight feathers have grown in. During this time, they are particularly vulnerable to predation and prior to this molt, they typically move to safe area near water with readily available food and an unobstructed view for predators or danger. The new flight feathers grow back in time for their migration back to their wintering territories. The first ones to undergo this molt are typically non-breeding juveniles, non-nesting adults and adults whose nests have been destroyed. Richardson’s Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii ssp.hutchinsii)Distribution, Migration and Habitat Cackling Geese have a large range, breeding across western Alaska, eastward through central Yukon across northern Canada to Baffin Island. They breed farther north and west than the related Canada Geese. For the winter, they migrate to southern North America, from British Columbia southward to California and eastward to northern Mexico and western Louisiana. Cackling Geese are vagrants to Western Europe, as well as Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia, eastern China and throughout Japan. They inhabit coastal marshes, tundra, streams, ponds and steep turf slopes above rocky coasts. Cackling Geese are highly social creatures and - outside the breeding season - are usually seen in groups. During the breeding season in particular, male Cackling Geese can be very aggressive towards intruders or predators, including readily attacking humans that get too close to their nests or young. They also defend their territories against other (unfamiliar) geese, grabbing each other's chest with their beaks and landing blows with their wings. These attacks are typically preceded by them lowering their heads to the ground with the beak open, pumping the head up and down, and making hissing sounds. When charge against humans,, they usually stand erect, spreading their wings and producing a hissing sound followed by the attack, which usually involves biting and wing flapping. Breeding / Nesting Cackling Geese reach reproductive maturity when they are about 2 years old; and their first nesting usually occurs during the spring-summer of their third year. They usually find their mates during the second year of their lives. Cackling Geese tend to choose mates that are similar in size (“assortative mating”) and typically mate for life. However, if one perishes, the other will select a new mate. Most nesting activities are observed between April and June. Cackling Geese breed in coastal marshes, along tundra ponds and streams. The females alone choose the nest-site, typically beneath shrubs or small trees, placing the nest on a slightly elevated patch of wetland vegetation, an elevated artificial nest platform; except for the Aleutian Cackling Goose which typically nest on south-facing turf slopes above rocky shorelines. The nests are typically located in an area with good visibility and within 150 feet (45 meters) of water, such as streams, lakes, ponds and sometimes on beaver lodges. Even though pairs may nest within 10 feet (3 meters) of each other, they tend to prefer areas with low nest concentration, except for those nesting on cliffs, where colonies of several hundred pairs can be found. They typically return to the same general nesting site year after year. The female builds the nest, a shallow bowl with a slight depression in the center. The nest is made of sticks, grasses, reeds and weeds, and lined with down feathers plucked from the female's chest and soft plant material. Both the male and female defend the nest before egg laying and after the eggs have been laid, the male alone defends the nest while the female incubates the eggs. They usually only produce one brood a year, but if a clutch is destroyed, may start on a second. A clutch can consist of 2 - 8 creamy-white eggs (mostly 4 - 6). Eggs are laid one every one and a half days apart. Only after a clutch is complete will the female commence incubation, which lasts about 25 - 30 days to hatching. While brooding the eggs, the female turns the eggs over often as is necessary for optimum development of the embryo. (Eycleshymer, 1907: New, 1957; Robertson, 1961a; Deeming, 1989). The hatching chicks break out of the shell by using an "egg tooth" - a hard growth on top of their beaks, which diminishes not long after hatching. It may take 8 - 36 hours for them to completely break out of the shell (French and Parkhurst, 2001). The hatchlings are covered in down and their eyes are open. They are able to walk, swim, dive and feed themselves within 1 - 2 days after hatching. At this point, the goslings are led to feeding areas by their parents. The parents are seen leading their young in a line - usually with one parent at the front and the other at the back. The parents will protect their young, first warning intruders / predators with a hissing sound and then chasing them away. When the young are 7 - 10 weeks old (depending on the subspecies), the goslings are self-supporting and capable of sustained flight. However, the young usually remain with their parents until after the spring migration - when they return to their birthplace. Goslings from several family broods may form "gang broods" - and these groups may contain up to 100 goslings. During the incubation period, the adults lose their flight feathers and can't until after the chicks hatched. Aleutian Cackling Goose or Tundra Goose (Branta hutchinsii leucopareia) Calls / Vocalizations Cackling Geese are usually very vocal and are known for their deep "honking" calls - often heard in flight. They make hissing sounds when threatened. Lifespan and Predation Cackling Geese in the wild can live 10 - 25 years. Captive birds that are well taken care of could possibly live to 35 or even 40 years. . Cackling Geese, in particularly their chicks and eggs, are at great risk of predation by other birds (crows, ravens, magpies, seagulls), arctic foxes, skunks, raccoons, coyotes, red foxes, minks, bears, dogs and snapping turtles. Adults are most often injured or killed by human hunters. Diseases / Health Problems Common diseases of the Cackling Geese include avian cholera, avian botulism, avian salmonellosis, chlamydiosis, duck plague (or duck virus enteritis, DVE), aspergillosis and gizzard worms. The spread of disease is facilitated in resident (non-migratory) goose populations or large congregations of birds where these geese come in close contact with each other Many succumb from heavy metal poisoning - picked up from contaminated mining sites, but also caused by the ingestion of lead shots during the hunting season and lead fishing weights). Species Research by Sibylle Johnson For updates please follow BeautyOfBirds on Google+ ( Diet / Feeding: Cackling Geese are mostly herbivores - feeding on green vegetation (including a variety of grasses, pondweed, clover, cattails, bulrushes and algae), grains and berries (if available) found in shallows, marshes and fields. Sometimes they will also eat small insects, fish, small crustaceans and mollusks that are attached to aquatic vegetation - particularly when breeding or feeding young, as they need more protein in their diet for their development. On land, they graze while walking, grasping a plant with its bill and tearing it with a jerk of the head. They will take grains, such as wheat, beans, rice and corn. They will typically eat those plants just as they first emerge after planting, and again when the seed head matures. In water, they feed on submerged aquatic vegetation (such as seaweeds) by reaching under the water with their long necks or by upending (feeding upside down in water). In urban cities, they will accept food they are offered by humans or pick food out of garbage bins. They typically feed in early morning and late afternoon. When migrating, they may also feed at night. Food moves fast through its digestive system - sometimes in an hour or even quicker. Therefore, these geese have to take in a lot of food to get the needed nutrition and produce large amounts of feces (Elvecrog). Feeding Ducks and Geese ...
Education and the Future of Religious Freedom in Ecuador In the past few weeks, Cornerstone contributors have assessed the state of religious freedom in various parts of the world, including China, Israel-Palestine, and India. This week on Cornerstone, research assistants at the Religious Freedom Project share their experience during their time abroad and offer distinct perspectives that highlight issues concerning religious freedom in various regions of the world. By: Spencer Crawford While in Ecuador, my group traveled to the Galapagos Islands, including Isabela, where the historic finches that inspired Darwin’s theory of evolution are so populous that they actually irritate the locals—much like the infiltrating sea lions that cover the island’s beautiful beaches. Witnessing fantastic views both in the Amazon jungle and throughout the Galapagos Islands, I contemplated just how incredible a proposition evolution was: All of the diversity of flora and fauna had derived from just one common ancestor. As the son of a doctor and a teacher who value the sciences and education, I was certain that on this island that was the birthplace of Darwin’s theory of natural selection, education on evolution must be complete, engaging, and widespread. According to one of our guides’ research done on education in Ecuador, however, the largest portion of the Ecuadorian population that does not believe in the theory of evolution lives in the Galapagos. Historically, the Galapagos has suffered from poor recruitment of quality instructors for its students, although another factor—one relating to religious diversity, or rather a lack thereof—could also be playing a role in this educational gap. Contrasted to the biological diversity of the Ecuadorian jungles and the Galapagos, there appears to be a lack of diversity in faith backgrounds in the classroom. The country’s population consists of an overwhelming Christian majority, with an 80 percent Roman Catholic population and an additional 11 percent evangelical Christian. It seems likely that this lack of diversity of beliefs, along with the ailing education system on the islands, fosters an environment in which people are content not to expose children to the theory of evolution or other theories and subject matter that may clash with the majority’s religious views. Moreover, this lack of diversity has led to some societal discrimination against minority religions, particularly Muslims and Jews, even though Ecuador has religious freedom laws embedded in its constitution. Given the demographic construction of religion in Ecuador, what is perceived to be “normal” is any Christian religion, predominantly Catholicism. Thus, religions like Judaism and Islam—religious outliers in the Catholic country—are seen as different or outside of the norm, and there is a level of intolerance in this perception. For example, rabbis and imams have reported inappropriate name-calling in the streets and certain neighborhoods, occupational discrimination, and intolerance for children at schools. In response, Muslims have created educational pamphlets to explain Islam, which is an early sign at an attempt to promote religious diversity education to the younger Ecuadorian population. Additionally, although religious freedom may be promoted in the constitution, it is not guaranteed that this particular constitution will last forever. Broadly speaking, the Ecuadorian Constitution promotes religious freedom. However, unlike the amendment process in the United States, the process to change the constitution in Ecuador is to literally change the entire constitution: a process that has occurred over 20 times in the course of the country’s 180 year-long, robust history. Currently, president Rafael Correa is bidding to change the constitution in an attempt to be elected indefinitely, removing the term limit on the presidency. With even fewer checks on his power, political scientists worry about how the president, who received his Ph.D. in the United States, could further restrict freedoms among the Ecuadorian populace, an effect already seen in the restriction and elimination of certain powers of the press. Religious freedom, though an admittedly less likely target than the freedom of the press, could be under threat under these new restrictions. In conclusion, I see two themes regarding the religious environment in Ecuador that could benefit from further research. First, it would be prudent to determine if and how the lack of religious diversity present in the classroom impacts social attitudes toward religious minorities and affects education, particularly in the sciences. And second, it is critical to see whether the future state of religious freedom will follow the same trajectory it is following now, especially in terms of Ecuador’s constitutional protections. Ecuador, which housed a type of environmental freedom that allowed for evolution to occur in some of the most beautiful, complex ways, should also now position itself for a future environment that promotes freedom and religious diversity in all of its natural, societal intricacies. Spencer Crawford graduated from Georgetown's School of Foreign Service in 2016 with a major in science, technology, and international affairs and a certificate in religion, ethics, and world affairs. To read more about Georgetown students' encounters with various religions and cultures while abroad, visit the Berkley Center's Junior Year Abroad Network (JYAN) blogs This piece was originally authored on October 29, 2014 for the Religious Freedom Project at Georgetown's Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Permanent Link:

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