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A patent is an exclusive right granted by a country to the owner of an invention to make, use, manufacture and market the invention, provided the invention satisfies certain conditions stipulated in the law. Exclusive right implies that no one else can make, use, manufacture or market the invention without the consent of the patent holder. This right is available for a limited period of time. In spite of the ownership of the rights, the use or exploitation of the rights by the owner of the patent may not be possible due to other laws of the country that has awarded the patent. These laws may relate to health, safety, food, security, etc. Further, existing patents in similar areas may also come in the way. A patent in the law is a property right adherence, which can be gifted, inherited, assigned, sold, or licensed. As the right is conferred by the state, it can be revoked by the state under very special circumstances even if the patent has been sold or licensed or manufactured or marketed in the meantime. The patent right is territorial in nature and inventors/their assignees will have to file separate patent applications in countries of their interest, along with necessary fees, for obtaining patents in those countries. A new chemical process or a drug molecule or an electronic circuit or a new surgical instrument or a vaccine is a patentable subject matter provided all the stipulations of the law are satisfied explained by Edge Legal.
The Indian Patent Act
The first Indian patent laws were promulgated in 1856. These were modified from time to time. New patent laws were made after the independence in the form of the Indian Patent Act 1970. The Act has now been radically amended to become fully compliant with the provisions of the TRIPS. The most recent amendment was made in 2005, which was preceded by the amendments in 2000 and 2003. While the process of bringing out amendments was ongoing, India became a member of the Paris Convention, Patent Cooperation Treaty and Budapest Treaty. The salient and important features of the amended Act are explained here.
An invention will be considered novel if it does not form a part of the global state of the art. Information appearing in magazines, technical journals, books, newspapers, etc. constitutes the state of the art. Oral description of the invention in a seminar/conference can also spoil novelty. Novelty is assessed in a global context. An invention will cease to be novel if it has been disclosed in the public through any type of publication anywhere in the world before filing a patent application in respect of the invention. Therefore, it is advisable to file a patent application before publishing a paper if there is a slight chance that the invention may be patentable. Prior use of the invention in the country of interest before the filing date can also destroy the novelty.
Inventiveness (non-obviousness)
A patent application involves an inventive step if the proposed invention is not obvious to a person skilled in the art, i.e. skilled in the subject matter of the patent application. The prior art should not point toward the invention implying that the practitioner of the subject matter could not have thought about the invention prior to filing the patent application.
Inventiveness cannot be decided on the material contained in unpublished patents. The complexity or the simplicity of an inventive step does not have any bearing on the grant of a patent.
An invention must possess utility for the grant of patent. No valid patent can be granted for an invention devoid of utility. The patent specification should spell out various uses and manners of practicing them, even if considered obvious. If you are claiming a process, you need not describe the use of the compound produced thereby. Nevertheless, it would be safer to do so. But, if you claim a compound without spelling out its utility, you may be denied a patent.[24]
Non-patentable inventions
An invention may satisfy the conditions of novelty, inventiveness, and usefulness but may not qualify for a patent under the following situations:
1. An invention that is frivolous or that claims anything obviously contrary to well-established natural laws, e.g. different types of perpetual motion machines.
2. An invention whose intended use or exploitation would be contrary to public order or morality or that causes serious prejudice to human, animal or plant life or health or to the environment, e.g. a process for making brown sugar will not be patented.
3. The mere discovery of a scientific principle or formulation of an abstract theory, e.g. Raman effect and Theory of Relativity cannot be patented.
4. The mere discovery of a new form of a known substance that does not result in enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance or the mere discovery of any new property or new use of a known substance or the mere use of a known process, machine, or apparatus unless such a known process results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant.
5. A substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting in the only aggregation of the properties of the components thereof or a process for producing such a substance.
6. The mere arrangement or rearrangement or duplication of features of known devices each functioning independently of one another in a known way. If you put torch bulbs around an umbrella and operate them with a battery so that people could see you walking in the rain when it is dark, then this arrangement is patentable as bulbs and the umbrella perform their functions independently.
7. A method of agriculture or horticulture. For example, the method of terrace farming cannot be patented.
8. Any process for medical, surgical, curative, prophylactic, diagnostic, therapeutic, or other treatment of human beings or any process for a similar treatment of animals to render them free of disease or to increase the economic value or that of their products. For example, a new surgical technique for hand surgery for removing contractions is not patentable.
9. Inventions relating to atomic energy.
10. Discovery of any living thing or non-living substance occurring in nature.
11. Mathematical or business methods or a computer program per se or algorithms.
12. Plants and animals in whole or any part thereof other than microorganisms, but including seeds, varieties and species, and essentially biological processes for production and propagation of plants and animals.
13. A presentation of information.
14. The topography of integrated circuits.
15. A mere scheme or rule or method of performing mental act or method of playing games.
16. An invention which, in effect, is traditional knowledge or which is aggregation or duplication of a known component or components.
Computer programs per se have not been defined in the Act but would generally tend to mean that a computer program without any utility would not be patentable. Protection of seeds and new plant varieties is covered under a different Act, which provides protection for a period of 10 years. Similarly, the topography of integrated circuits is protected through yet another different Act.
Term of the patent
The term of the patent will be 20 years from the date of filing for all types of inventions.
Mailbox provision
TRIPS requires that countries not providing product patents in respect of pharmaceuticals and chemical inventions have to put in a mechanism for accepting product patent applications with effect from 1 January 1995. Such applications will only be examined for grant of patents after suitable amendments in the national patent law have been made. This mechanism of accepting product patent applications is called the “mailbox” mechanism. This system has been in force in India and now such applications are being taken up for examination.
TRIPS requires that member countries of the WTO not having a provision in their laws for granting product patents in respect of drugs and agrochemicals must introduce EMR for such products if the following criteria are satisfied:
1. A patent application covering the new drug or agrochemical should have been filed in any of the WTO member countries after 1 January 1995.
2. A patent on the product should have been obtained in any of the member countries (which provides for product patents in drugs and agrochemical) after 1 January 1995.
3. Marketing approvals for the product should have been obtained in any of the member countries.
4. A patent application covering the product should have been filed after January 1995 in the country where the EMR is sought.
5. The applicant should apply seeking an EMR by making use of the prescribed form and paying the requisite fee.
EMR is only a right for exclusive marketing of the product and is quite different from a patent right. It is valid up to a maximum period 5 years or until the time the product patent laws come into effect. The necessary amendment to the Patents Act, 1970 came into force on 26 March 1999. The provision is applicable with retrospective effect from 1 January 1995. As per the 2005 amendments in the Patents Act, the provision of EMR is no longer required. However, these rights were awarded in India from time to time and there have been some litigations as well where the courts came up with quick decisions.
Timing for filing a patent application
The filing of an application for a patent should be completed at the earliest possible date and should not be delayed. An application filed with provisional specification, disclosing the essence of the nature of the invention, helps to register the priority by the applicant. A delay in filing an application may entail some risks, like
• other inventors might forestall the first inventor by applying for a patent for the said invention and
• there may be either an inadvertent publication of the invention by the inventor himself/herself or by others independent of him/her. The publication of an invention in any form by the inventor before filing a patent application would disqualify the invention from being patentable. Hence, inventors should not disclose their inventions before filing the patent application. The invention should be considered for publication after a patent application has been filed. Thus, it can be seen that there is no contradiction between publishing an inventive work and filing the patent application in respect of the invention.
Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ) about Patents
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The Life of Saint Francis by Julian of Speyer - 400
of Christ. Devotedly receiving it out of reverence for the holy man, they diligently fed it for a long time, until at last weaving a tunic from its wool, they sent it to the blessed man: a most acceptable gift from “Brother Lamb.”a
43Another time when he was traveling with Brother Paul through the same Marches, he came upon a man who was carrying two lambs on his shoulders to sell. When the pious father heard their bleating, he was moved to the core of his being 1 Kgs 3:26 and, approaching them in a kindly manner, he petted them as a mother would stroke her crying children. Moreover, he said to the man: “Why do you torture my brother lambs by tying them up and hanging them?”b The man answered that he was taking them to market to get money that he needed. When the saint asked what would become of the lambs, and was told they would be slaughtered, he said: “Perish the thought! Better that you should take the mantle that is covering me, and release my brother lambs to me!” The man readily agreed. The mantle was of much greater value than the lambs. The man of God had been forced to borrow it that same day from a faithful friend on account of the cold. Accepting the lambs, he became troubled about what to do with them, and, finally, talking it over with his brother companion, he gave them into the care of the same man from whom he had obtained them, and strictly ordered him never to sell or harm them.c
44He was drawn with the same compassion not only to these kinds of beasts and other worthier creatures, but also to vile and lowly creatures. Because we read of the Savior I am a worm, not a man, Ps 22:7 [Vulgate, Ps 21:7] he would frequently pick up even worms from along the road that they might not be crushed, and would serve strong wine or honey to bees in winter, so they would not die. He diligently noted the virtue of these and all other creatures, and whatever he was able to judge as admirable, delightful or of value in any of them, he referred totally to the glory of the Maker of all things. What do you think he drank in of true knowledge, sweetness and grace in the sun, the moon, the stars and the firmament, in the elements and in their effects or embellishments? What, I ask, did he drink in when he contemplated the power, wisdom and goodness of the Creator of all in all things? Surely, I do not think that it would be possible for any mortal to express this in words.
Iuliani de Spira Officium Sancti Francisci, Fontes Franciscani, p.
ubi eisdem Christi famulabus oviculam commendavit; 5quam illae ob sancti reverentiam devotissime suscipientes, diligenter eam longo tempore nutrierunt, donec tunicam de ipsius tandem lana texentes, illam beato viro munus acceptissimum de fratre ovicula transmiserunt.
43 1Alio quoque tempore per eamdem Marchiam, iam dicto fratre comite, transiens, invenit in itinere quemdam virum, qui duos in humeris portabat agniculos ad vendendum. 2Quos ut pius pater balantes audivit, commota sunt ex intimis viscera eius, et accedens benigne eos veluti mater plorantes filios attrectavit. 3Dixit autem ad virum: « Quare fratres meos agniculos sic ligatos et suspensos excrucias? ». 4Qui cum respondisset quod eos ad forum pretii necessitate deferret, quaerentique quid de illis postea fieret vir eos mactandos assereret, ait sanctus: 5 « Absit ut hoc fiat! Quin potius mantellum hunc, quo contegor, accipe, et fratres meos agniculos mihi relinque! ». 6Acquievit voluntarius homo ille; 7multo enim maioris pretii erat mantellus, quem vir Dei frigoris necessitate compulsus a quodam fideli mutuaverat ipsa die. 8Igitur acceptis agniculis, quid de ipsis ageret sollicitus exstitit; 9tandem cum socio fratre deliberans, gubernandos eidem viro commisit, et ne vel eos venderet ullo tempore laederetve districte praecepit.
44 1Non solum autem huiusmodi bestiis et dignioribus creaturis, sed et aliis vilibus et minimis simili affectu compassionis adhaesit. 2Nam quia de Salvatore legitur: Ego sum vermis et non homo, vermiculos etiam, ne contererentur multoties de via legebat; 3sed et apibus, ne deficerent, forte vinum vel mel in hieme ministrabat. 4Diligenter enim, non tam illarum, quam et aliarum creaturarum efficaciam attendebat, et quidquid admirationis, delectamenti seu cuiuscumque valoris in unaquaque perpendere poterat, id totum in omnium Factoris gloriam regerebat. 5Quid putas, in sole, luna firmamentoque et stellis; quid in elementis et eorum effectibus sive ornatibus; quid, inquam, in omnibus omnium Creatoris potentiam, sapientiam bonitatemque contemplans, verae cognitionis, dulcedinis hausit et gratiae? 6Utique quempiam mortalium non arbitror hoc posse verbis exprimere.
Francis of Assisi: Early Documents, vol. 1, p. 400
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Dyeing Fabric To Create Sensors
Fabrics with electrical functionality have been around for several years, but are very rarely used in mainstream clothing. The fabrics are very expensive and the supply can be unreliable. Frustrated by this, [Counter Chemists] developed PolySense, simple open-source technology to make any fibrous material into a conductive material that can be used to sense pressure, stretch, capacitive touch, humidity, or temperature.
PolySense uses a process called in-situ polymerization, effectively dying a fabric to become piezoelectric. This is done by first soaking the fabric in a mixture of water and the organic compound pyrrole, and then adding iron chloride to trigger a reaction. The polymerization process that takes place wraps the individual fibers of the fabric in conductive polymer chains.
Instead of just uniformly coating a fabric, various masking techniques can be used to dye patterns onto the fabric for various use cases. The video after the break shows a range of these applications, including using polymerized gloves and leggings for motion capture, a zipper that acts like a linear potentiometer, and touch-sensitive fabric. The project page lists sources for the required chemicals in both Europe and the US, and we look forward to seeing what other applications the community can come up with.
The project is very well documented, with a number of scientific papers covering all the details. [Counter Chemists] will also be presenting PolySense at the 2020 Virtual Maker Faire.
This technology can also be used to make a fabric piano with a lot less effort. On the more mechanical side of things, you can also 3D print on pre-stretched fabric to make it pop into 3D shapes.
21 thoughts on “Dyeing Fabric To Create Sensors
1. Certainly looks plausible and somewhat practical with this method. Got to wonder how enduring the coatings really are as there’s alot of mechanical and chemical threats clothes have to deal with. Not read the papers yet, but certainly is interesting and even if the effective duration isn’t that high or you need to do alot of on the fly calibration as it ages its got merit.
1. Very good point. We conducted a few tests* and all the problems can be avoided or stabilized:
– This polymerization works well on most natural fibers but not as well on synthetic (in both cases it needs to be well washed).
– UV light degrades the performances but just for a couple of hours (then it has no more impact)
In summary, once the functionalized material is well washed and UV treated, it should be stable.
*see Limitations section page 10: https://counterchemists.github.io/files/PolySense.pdf)
1. Sounds good, I assume the UV will still be degrading performance just vastly into diminishing returns with all the most exposed areas getting degraded fast. But nothing lasts forever if it doesn’t fail in the lifetime of the underlying fabric that is a soild win.
I don’t see any mention of how it deals with sweat particularly though humidity is mentioned (still not read all the documents properly). Has this be studied yet? I would think for garment use that would be the biggest problem.
1. Haha, we noticed the humidity effect during a presentation at CCC camp: it was vert hot and sweat introduced a drift in resistance measures.
…but we should characterize it, that’s a good point.
How could it be objective and easy to replicate though?
Should we fold a sample in a glass vertically, measure its resistance, and add water progressively? (a bit like a soil moisture sensor)
It seems that there should be a better way…
2. As sweat is not just water I think you would have to use actual sweat to verify the water experiment is at least a good indicator.
Could perhaps just squash at a known force some of the doped material between glass? sheets and dip an end in water – capillary action should distribute the water you add that way.
Atmoised water in a seal box from one of those funny ultrasound gizmos might do work well – never played with one but they seem to the job.
Or adding steam – a hot plate with x mm of water dropped on it and resulting steam fed into the known volume container (or if you have a big enough container a hot plate inside with a burette to feed known water quantity) should give a good repeatable moisture content i would think? Would need some good temperature controls to be able to get exactly the same result in any room (colder the room more the water will condense on the side walls) but done right it should be a good characterization I’d think.
1. The smallest quantities of the pyrrole and the iron chloride you can order in Europe will cost you ~ 24 €. With this you can polymerize 3+ square meter of cotton.
1. Thanks for covering this :-)
Quick note: as cool as it would be, the resulting fabric is not piezoelectric. It is piezoresistive though :-)
(Possible that auto-correct swapped those words, first line of second paragraph).
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The Home of HASTELLOY® and
HAYNES® Alloys
Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)
The plasma arc welding (PAW) process is a gas-shielded process that utilizes a constricted arc between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and the workpiece. The transferred arc possesses high energy density and plasma jet velocity. Two distinct operating modes are possible, referred to as melt-in-mode and keyhole mode. The melt-in-mode utilizes lower welding current and generates a weld pool similar to that formed in GTAW, whereby a portion of the workpiece material under the arc is melted. In the keyhole mode, higher welding current is utilized so that the arc fully penetrates the workpiece material to form a concentric hole through the joint thickness. The molten weld metal solidifies behind the keyhole as the torch traverses the workpiece. Shielding of the weld pool is provided by the ionized plasma gas that is issued from the torch orifice, which is supplemented by an auxiliary source of shielding gas. The PAW process can be utilized with or without a filler metal addition.
Since the constricted arc of PAW allows for greater depth of fusion compared to GTAW, PAW is potentially advantageous for autogenous welding (i.e. without the use of filler metal) of Ni-/Co-base material in the thickness range of approximately 0.125 to 0.3 in (3.2 to 7.6 mm). In comparison, filler metal is typically required for GTAW of material greater than about 0.125 in (3.2 mm) thickness. Square-groove weld joints can be utilized up to about 0.3 in (7.6 mm) thickness. While it is possible to weld a wide range of thicknesses with PAW, better results can usually be achieved with other welding processes for thicknesses outside of the 0.125 to 0.3 in (3.2 to 7.6 mm) range. For joint thicknesses greater than 0.3 in (7.6 mm), autogenous keyhole welding can be utilized for the first pass, followed by non-keyhole (melt-in) PAW with filler metal. Another welding process, such as GTAW, could also be utilized for the second and succeeding passes.
Electrical polarity for the PAW process should be direct current electrode negative (DCEN / “straight polarity”). A proper balance must be achieved between welding current, gas flow, and travel speed to provide consistent keyhole welding. An unstable keyhole can result in turbulence in the weld pool. Argon or argon-hydrogen mixtures are normally utilized for the orifice gas and shielding gas. The orifice gas has a strong effect on the penetration depth and profile. Small amounts of hydrogen (~5%) are typically sufficient to increase the arc energy for autogenous keyhole welding, and higher amounts can lead to porosity in the weld metal. For greater joint thicknesses, increased orifice gas flow and upslope of the welding current may be required to initiate the keyhole. To fill the keyhole cavity at the end of the weld, decreased orifice gas flow and downslope of the welding current may be required. Higher travel speeds require higher welding currents to obtain keyhole welding. Excessive travel speeds can produce undercut, which is a groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld toe or weld root and left unfilled by weld metal. The welding torch should be held essentially perpendicular to the work piece in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, and maintained on the centerline of the weld joint. Even a slight deviation from this condition can cause incomplete fusion defects in the weld metal.
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CloudFormation 101
What is CloudFormation?
CloudFormation is a tool which can spin up resources on AWS. If someone wants to be an AWS expert, CloudFormation is an essential service to master.
Before we jump into writing a CloudFormation template, let’s have a brief history about how to manage AWS infrastructure before CloudFormation.
Without CloudFormation, automating a process is time-consuming because of building tools to assist with automation, e.g., log in AWS console and manually provision servers.
Maybe it is a fast way to write some scripts to get job done and it will generally work fine at a small scale, however if we need to manage more systems in more environments, it will become tedious.
So that is why configuration management tools exist.
There are some popular tools like Chef, Puppet, Salt etc. They can be used to maintain consistency and track changes. However, their disadvantages are it is not necessatily needed for containerized application deployments.
So there is another way: Infrastructure as Code
Infrastructure as Code is all about having a single souce of truth that serves as a blueprint for what we want the infrastructure look like.
Templates are written using a DSL that describes resources and relationships, e.g., CloudFormation and Terraform.
Their pros:
• Consistency
• Auditing
• Complicance
• Rollbacks
What languages CloudFormation supports?
The answer is JSON /YAML
Let’s take a look at a JSON template (a template respresents a stack, the components with the stack are known as resources):
"Description":"Create a S3 bucket",
Inside Resources, uniquely named keys are mapped to specific AWS resources. In our example, this CloudFormation template is used to create a S3 bucket in AWS.
CloudFormation also supports some functions, and the most useful is Ref, it is used to pass value.
Next blog we will continue our journey with AWS.
If you are interested in or have any problems with CloudFormation, feel free to contact me .
Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn.
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Quick Answer: What Is ISO Do?
What does a low ISO do?
ISO refers to how sensitive your camera’s sensor is to light.
ISO 800 is half as sensitive to light as ISO 1600.
A low ISO value (e.g.
100 or 200) means low sensitivity to light.
This is exactly what’s needed in bright conditions in order to avoid overly-exposed photos..
When should you use high ISO?
Shooting at a higher ISO is useful for minimising camera shake or movement when you’re handholding your camera. By increasing your ISO, your camera sensor will be more sensitive to the available light, meaning that it will need a shorter amount of time to obtain the correct exposure.
Is ISO Shutter Speed?
The ISO speed determines how sensitive the camera is to incoming light. Similar to shutter speed, it also correlates 1:1 with how much the exposure increases or decreases. However, unlike aperture and shutter speed, a lower ISO speed is almost always desirable, since higher ISO speeds dramatically increase image noise.
Is 2.8 fast enough for low light?
If you have a fair bit of ambient light, a slow(ish) subject, IS and a camera with good high ISO image quality, then an f 2.8 lens will be adequate for almost all photos without flash. …
How does iso make an image brighter?
ISO tells your camera how much light to add to your photo. ISO is like pulling up the “brighter” slider inside your camera. Your camera is adding light to the photo even though the light isn’t there. Because of this, the higher the ISO, the higher the grain.
What is the best ISO setting for indoors?
So what is the best ISO setting for indoor photography? In general, ISO 100 or 200 can work well if you are using a tripod and you have enough brightness. If you are shooting from your hand, you have to raise your ISO to 800 or 1000. Sometimes even higher, as you will notice from my camera settings below.
What does ISO on camera mean?
How does ISO affect a photo?
ISO, which stands for International Standards Organization, is the light sensitivity rating of a digital image sensor. … As you increase the ISO, the sensor becomes more sensitive to light, which allows it to capture more light without slowing down the shutter speed or opening up your aperture.
Is High ISO bad?
A high ISO can definitely have its place. Yes, the higher ISO will give you more of a “grainy” texture rather than smooth color. But grain isn’t necessarily bad “all” the time. When we are learning photography, it’s easy to search for all the rules.
Is 3200 ISO good?
If you’re using a tripod and don’t have to be concerned with shutter speed (or aperture, for maximum light coming in) then there’s no reason to crank the ISO up to 3200! If you have ample light to shoot at low iso for the scenario you are looking to shoot, then again shoot at low iso values.
Does ISO matter when shooting RAW?
No – it doesn’t change the way the sensor behaves – unless your sensor has on-chip A/D conversion, in which case it changes the way the edge of your sensor behaves. Re: Does ISO really matter when shooting RAW? Low ISO is going to always produce a better quaility image than a higher ISO.
Does higher ISO mean more grain?
A higher ISO had larger, jagged grains of salt, thus producing “rougher” or grainier images. In digital photography, the same logic applies… the lower the ISO rating, the less sensitive the image sensor is and therefore the smoother the image, because there is less digital noise in the image.
What ISO should I use at night?
While the exact settings will change from picture to picture, the ideal settings for night photography is a high ISO (typically starting at 1600), an open aperture (such as f/2.8 or f/4) and the longest possible shutter speed as calculated with the 500 or 300 rule.
What ISO setting should I use?
As discussed above, you should always try to stick to the lowest ISO (base ISO) of your camera, which is typically ISO 100 or 200, whenever you can. If there is plenty of light, you are free to use a low ISO and minimize the appearance of noise as much as possible.
What does ISO 3200 mean?
ISO is the measurement of how sensitive a digital camera’s sensor is to light. The speed or light-sensitivity of a digital camera’s sensor is rated in ISO numbers — the lower the number, the slower the response to light. … Many digital cameras offer high ISO settings (e.g. 1600, 2000, 3200, even up to 6400!)
Is ISO 400 too high?
ISO 400 was considered standard high sensitivity film with anything above that being very high sensitivity film. … By many measures 400 ISO is the standard all-purpose speed which makes anything below it a Low ISO and anything above it (generally this would skip to 800 and above) would be High ISO.
What is the best ISO setting for low light?
Films with lower ISO numbers are known as slow, or less sensitive to light; films with higher ISO numbers are faster, or more light-sensitive. When using a film camera, it’s pretty typical to shoot with ISO 100 or 200 film in normal daylight, and use ISO 400 film for lower-light photography.
How do I know my ISO image?
Just right-click on the photo in question and select “Properties”. Click on the “Details” tab and scroll down—you’ll see all kinds of information about the camera used, and the settings the photo was taken with.
What is the best ISO setting for portraits?
What happens if the ISO is too high?
The faster shutter speed with a higher ISO value can minimize or remove motion blur, but if the ISO is too high there will be more noise in the image. It can also be overexposed if the ISO is too high when the location has abundant light. For landscape images, use a tripod and shoot at low ISO for most images.
Is higher ISO better?
High ISO. Choosing a higher ISO setting is best when the light is low or you are not able to make a long exposure. Higher ISO setting means your camera’s sensor is more responsive to light, so it needs less light to reach the sensor to create a well-exposed photograph.
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Should I stay or should I go: honeybee drifting behaviour as a function of parasitism
Nest drifting is often observed in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and can be detrimental to neighbouring colonies because it has the potential to increase disease transmission. However, the characteristics of drifting behaviour over a honeybee’s lifetime and the influence of parasitism on this phenomenon have been insufficiently investigated. Using optical bee counters, we tracked the drifting behaviour of workers that were either infected with the parasite Nosema ceranae or uninfected. Approximately 10 % of the tracked bees drifted into a foreign colony. The drifting prevalence was influenced by the colony’s location in space but not by N. ceranae parasitism. However, the number and duration of drifts changed over the lifetime of the bees and the season, and parasitism had an effect on drifters, with Nosema-infected bees performing more but shorter drifts. This phenomenon was more pronounced in old bees (+62 and −15 % for the number and duration of drifts, respectively) and could potentially be explained by the energetic stress induced by the parasite. In conclusion, combining a detailed analysis of drifting behaviour with the actual risk of newly established disease in colonies will benefit our knowledge of bee epidemiology.
In social insects, individuals usually live in relatively closed societies to ensure that altruistic behaviours are directed towards related nestmates (Wilson 1971). However, drifting behaviour, described as the movement of individuals from their own nest to another, sometimes occurs either as a reproductive strategy or as an accidental phenomenon. On one hand, nest drifting in some eusocial insect species has been shown to represent an alternative reproductive strategy to maximise the drifter’s fitness either by contributing to brood raising in several related nests or by directly laying eggs in foreign nests (Neumann et al. 2003; Lopez-Vaamonde et al. 2004; Nanork et al. 2005; Nanork et al. 2007; Sumner et al. 2007; Chapman et al. 2010; Takahashi et al. 2010; Blacher et al. 2013; O’Connor et al. 2013; Zanette et al. 2014). On the other hand, nest drifting can be an accidental phenomenon that is not deliberate but instead is the consequence of orientation errors during orientation or foraging flights, as frequently found in the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Free 1958; Pfeiffer and Crailsheim 1998; Neumann et al. 2000).
In the honeybee, nest drifting is believed to be involved in disease transmission between colonies (Neumann et al. 2000; Kralj and Fuchs 2006; Aubert et al. 2008; Kralj and Fuchs 2010). This phenomenon might increase disease transmission risk within apiaries, where the density is high compared to the density found in feral honeybee populations. The occurrence of drifting is often attributed to beekeeping practises (proximity and similarity of hives) as well as a lack of landmarks (Free 1958; Southwick and Buchmann 1995) and has been reported to vary depending on the season, hive characteristics and bee species (Duranville et al. 1991; Pfeiffer and Crailsheim 1998; Neumann et al. 2000; Paar et al. 2002; Neumann et al. 2003; Forfert et al. 2015). However, the role of parasites in drifting behaviour is not clear.
Because parasites can induce deficits in cognitive capacities and, as a consequence, affect homing ability (Gegear et al. 2006; Iqbal and Mueller 2007; Kralj et al. 2007), a higher occurrence of drifting is expected in infected bees. Nevertheless, Forfert et al. (2015) failed to show an association between the prevalence of drifting and parasitic infection by genotyping individuals from different colonies and determining their initial colony origin. However, deciphering the role of parasites in nest drifting, as well as the consecutive risk of disease transmission between neighbouring colonies, requires a detailed characterisation of this behaviour at the individual level. Notably, parasites can also lower the energetic state of individuals, leading to adverse effects on their flight activity (Kralj and Fuchs 2010; Alaux et al. 2014; Naug 2014; Wolf et al. 2014) and likely drifting behaviour.
The aim of the present study was therefore to provide a detailed analysis of drifting behaviour in honeybees over their lifetime and to test whether infection with a parasite could affect the rate, number and duration of nest drifts. We used a monitoring tool (optical bee counter) that was recently developed in our lab to continuously and automatically track the movements of individual bees from a colony to another colony over an extended period of time (Alaux et al. 2014). The influence of parasitism on drifting was determined by differentially infecting workers with the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. This parasite is transmitted by the oral route via trophallaxis or ingestion of contaminated comb material and food and develops in the epithelial cell layer of adult workers’ midgut. N. ceranae can decrease the lifespan of bees (Fries 2010; Higes et al. 2010) and affect their flight activity: infected bees exhibit reduced orientation and homing ability and perform longer foraging trips (Kralj and Fuchs 2010; Alaux et al. 2014; Naug 2014; Wolf et al. 2014). This parasite was first described in the Asian honeybee Apis cerana and has been found in samples of the European honeybee Apis mellifera since the 1990s (Chen et al. 2008). Although it is not known when this shift in host species occurred, N. ceranae is now highly prevalent in European honeybee colonies and exhibits a worldwide distribution (Fries 2010; Higes et al. 2010), suggesting great potential for transmission and epidemiological risk between colonies.
Materials and methods
Experimental setup
Experiments were conducted from April to June 2014 at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) in Avignon (France). We used colonies that were a mixture of the European subspecies typically used in the southeast of France for beekeeping, principally Apis mellifera mellifera.
We recorded the drifting behaviour of bees over their lifetime using three hives equipped with optical bee counters. The three hives were placed 1 m apart, and one empty hive was placed on either end as a landmark. The day before experimentation, frames with closed brood (at the last pupae stage) were removed from three other colonies, placed individually in boxes and kept in an incubator (34 °C and 70 % humidity) overnight. The following day, newly emerged bees were collected and mixed to reduce potential colony effects. Half of the bees were artificially infected with N. ceranae to test the influence of parasitism on drifting behaviour (see below). Each bee was marked with a 3-mm wide tag number printed on laminated paper and glued (Sader®) onto the thorax. The colour of the tags was specific to each colony (red, blue and green). For each colony and replicate, the drifting behaviour of 50 control bees not infected with Nosema and 50 Nosema-infected bees was recorded for 35 consecutive days. The study was performed simultaneously on the three hives and was repeated three times during the spring (in April, May and June) for a total of 450 control and 450 infected bees.
Nosema infection
Workers from Nosema-infected hives were collected to prepare a solution of fresh microsporidian spores. Spores were isolated as described by Higes et al. (2007). Briefly, pools of ten abdomens were crushed in distilled water, and the suspension was filtered and centrifuged to collect the spores. The spore concentration was determined using a haemocytometer chamber. Following the procedure described in Alaux et al. (2010), N. ceranae was identified by PCR analysis as the only species present in these bees.
Workers were individually infected on the day of their emergence by feeding with 2 μL of 50 % sucrose solution containing 100,000 Nosema spores, a dose currently found in naturally infected bees (Meana et al. 2010). To avoid the contamination of control bees, infected and control groups were placed separately in an incubator (34 °C, 70 % relative humidity) for 5 h, which is the time necessary to ingest the solution and to decrease the chance of having exchanges of crop content. The bees were subsequently introduced into the colonies.
To follow the Nosema proliferation, 50 additional emerging bees per treatment and colony were paint-marked on the thorax. They originated from the same colony sources than tracked bees, were introduced with tracked bees and were collected 9 days after the infection to determine Nosema spore levels. Generally, at this age, bees still perform in-hive tasks, and the infection is almost fully developed in the gut (Forsgren and Fries 2010).
Optical bee counter
To follow the individual flight activity of marked bees, we used the optical bee counters described in Alaux et al. (2014). Briefly, this monitoring technology is composed of a modified entrance with eight passages for bees, a camera at the entrance, a computer for image acquisition and software that processes the images and reports the in-and-out activity of bees at the hive entrance (patent number IDDN.FR.001.140013.000.R.P.2013.000.31235, INRA). For each detected bee, the software reports its ID (tag number and colour) and direction (whether it is going in or out of the hive), as well as the time of activity (day, hour, minute, and second). These data are converted into readable Excel files. Each detection is combined with a picture, which allows for verification of the data in case an identification failure is indicated in the Excel files.
Drift characterisation
In this study, a drift was recorded each time a bee entered a foreign hive, regardless of the time spent inside. Drifts from a foreign colony to another were also considered. Then, we determined the direction (origin and foreign colony), number and duration of drifts for each bee. The two colonies at the end of the row were defined as the edge colonies, and the central colony was defined as the inner colony. The influence of age on drifting behaviour was assayed by dividing the experimental period into three age groups: 1 to 10 days old (young bees), 11 to 20 days old (middle-age bees) and 21 to 35 days old (old bees). The impact of drifting on worker survival was also determined, and the rate of survival was calculated over 35 days using the day of the last record for a specific worker as the day of bee death.
Data analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software R version 3.0.2 (R Development Core Team 2013). The effects of colony position, trial (April, May or June) and treatment on drifting behaviour were analysed using χ 2 tests. Whether all drifting bees settled in the host colony was also assessed using χ 2 tests. Nosema spore levels at 9 days and the impact of treatment on the age of first drift were assessed using Wilcoxon test.
Pseudo-replication occurred in our datasets because (i) the three colonies were sampled three times and (ii) a given bee was followed during her lifetime and was able to perform several drifts. Pseudo-replication can lead to erroneous conclusions, such as claiming that an effect of a treatment is real when it is not (Hurlbert 1984). To account for pseudo-replications in our experimental design, the influence of Nosema parasitism on drifting behaviour was analysed using mixed models. Models were compared using the small sample size-corrected Akaike’s information criterion (AICc) (Burnham and Anderson 2004). As recommended by Burnham and Anderson (2002), we considered that two nested models differing by less than 2 AICc points received identical support from the data. In such a situation, the model with fewer parameters was preferred. The probability of drifting for a bee (one drift or more vs no drift during its lifetime) was analysed by creating a general linear mixed model (glmer function of the lme4 R package) with a binomial distribution (Bates et al. 2013). Nosema infection, trial, and colony position were set as fixed explanatory variables, and colony number was set as the random explanatory variable. The coefficients of this model are the log of the odds ratios. Variations in the number and duration of drifts per age class were analysed using linear mixed models with a Gaussian error distribution (lmer function of the lmerTest package) (Kuznetsova et al. 2013). Nosema infection, age class, colony position and trial were analysed as fixed factors, whereas bee identity and colony were analysed as random factors. The mean, standard error and confidence interval of each covariable were calculated with the ‘predict’ function (type = ‘response’) for the first two and with the ‘confint’ function for the last.
Differences in survival probability between groups (drifting bees vs non-drifting bees and control vs Nosema) were determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis (‘survfit’ function of the R survival package) (Therneau and Lumley 2014). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Pathological analysis performed on 9-day-old bees showed that Nosema-infected bees had significantly more spores than control bees (control 520,000 ± 799,249 spores per bee; Nosema-infected bees: 7,575,556 ± 4,631,973 spores per bee, Wilcoxon; W = 1, n = 18, P < 0.001).
Drifting activity at the colony level
Of the 900 tracked bees, we obtained information from 839 bees, and 61 bees were never recorded, likely due to early death or loss of tag. In total, flight activity for 422 control and 417 Nosema-infected bees was detected at least once. Of these bees, 49 control and 35 parasitized bees performed drifting behaviour (Table I). On average, 9.97 ± 2.31 % of bees drifted (11.56 ± 2.05 % of control bees and 8.37 ± 1.25 % of Nosema-infected bees). We recorded 1038 drifts, 545 (52.5%) performed by control bees and 493 (47.5%) by parasitized bees.
Table I Drifting characteristics at the colony level and according to parasitism and colony.
The position of a colony had a major influence on drifting behaviour. The percentage of drifting bees was higher in the inner colony than the edge colonies: 65.3 and 65.7 % from the inner colony for control and parasitized bees, respectively (control: χ 2 = 23.31, P < 0.001; parasitized: χ 2 = 15.56, P < 0.001). When considering the total number of drifts, the direction of drift was also highly biased, with 65.7 and 70.6 % of drifts performed from the inner colony by the control and Nosema-infected bees, respectively (control: χ 2 = 282.63, P < 0.001; parasitized: χ 2 = 329.90, P < 0.001).
There was no effect of trial time on the percentage of drifting bees (Table I). The rate remained constant over the different trials (control: χ 2 = 1.15, P = 0.56, and parasitized: χ 2 = 0.57, P = 0.75). However, the number of drifts changed over the course of the experiment (control: χ 2 = 114.94, P < 0.001; parasitized: χ 2 = 6.93, P = 0.03). This change was especially pronounced for control bees, which performed almost four times more drifts in April (trial 1) and May (trial 2) than in June (trial 3).
Drifting activity at the individual level
The percentage of drifting bees that settled in a foreign colony did not differ between the control (49 %) and Nosema-parasitized bees (57.1 %) (χ 2 = 0.27, P = 0.61). Amongst the bees that did not settle in a foreign colony, the percentage of bees that came back to their initial colony or disappeared was similar between treatments (32.7 and 18.3 %, respectively, in the control groups, and 25.7 and 17.2 % in Nosema groups; in both treatments: χ 2 = 0, P = 1).
Drifting probability
The probability of drifting was influenced by the colony position, but there was no effect of Nosema parasitism and trial (AICc model selection, Table SI). Bees from the inner colony tended to drift 3.7 times more often than bees from edge colonies (Table II).
Table II Estimated coefficients and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of the selected models (see Table SI) investigating the influence of parasitism, age and colony position on drifting behaviour.
Nosema parasitism did not influence the onset age for drifting (Wilcoxon; W = 774, n = 84, P = 0.45). Control and Nosema-parasitized bees drifted for the first time when 10.1 ± 5.5 and 10.8 ± 5.1 days old, respectively.
Drift number over bee lifetime
The model with the lowest AICc was a model that underlined the significant effect of the trial and the age by treatment and age by colony position interactions on the number of drifts (Tables SI and II). The number of drifts per bee was maximum in May at 10.6 [9.53; 11.7] (mean predicted values with 95 % confidence interval) and minimum in June at 6.1 [5.2; 7]. Overall, the number of drifts was slightly more important in Nosema-parasitized bees than in the control groups and increased with age: old bees exhibited more drifts than middle-age bees, which drifted more than young bees. This age-related increase was more important in parasitized bees, with old infected bees performing 62 % more drifts than old control bees (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Cumulative number of drifts per bee as a function of age and treatment. The number of drifts cumulated within each age group (1 to 10 days old: n = 34 and 20 for control and infected bees, respectively; 11 to 20 days old: n = 29 and 28; 21 to 35 days old: n = 9 and 8) is shown for all bees in control (non-parasitized) and Nosema-parasitized drifting bees. Box plots show the first and third interquartile range with a line denoting the median. Whiskers encompass 90 % of the individuals, beyond which outliers are represented by circles.
Drift duration over bee lifetime
The model with the lowest AICc was the model that underlined the significant effect of the trial and the age by treatment and age by colony position interactions on the duration of drifts (Tables SI and II). The total drift duration per bee was higher in the second trial (May 5686 min [5461; 5912]) than in the first and third trials (April 4718 min [4378; 5050]; June 2034.9 min [1780; 2289]). Overall, the time spent in a foreign colony was similar between parasitized and control bees (Fig. 2). However, Nosema infection caused a decrease in the drift duration in middle-age and old bees. For instance, in the latter age group, Nosema-parasitized bees spent 15 % less time in a foreign colony during their drift than control bees.
Figure 2.
Cumulative drift duration per bee as a function of age and treatment. The duration of drifts cumulated within each age group (1 to 10 days old: n = 21 and 13 for control and infected bees, respectively; 11 to 20 days old: n = 21 and 19; 21 to 35 days old: n = 7 and 7) is shown for all bees in control (non-parasitized) and Nosema-parasitized drifting bees. Box plots show the first and third interquartile range with a line denoting the median. Whiskers encompass 90 % of the individuals, beyond which outliers are represented by circles.
As expected, the survival of Nosema-parasitized bees was significantly lower than that of control bees (Kaplan-Meier test, P = 0.002). The survival rate of parasitized bees decreased faster than the control, especially after 15 days (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Effect of Nosema parasitism on bee survival. Data show the survival over 35 days for control and Nosema-parasitized bees (Kaplan-Meier test, P = 0.002).
We then tested whether drifting performance affected the survival probability of both control and parasitized bees. The survival probability of drifting and non-drifting bees was similar in both groups (Fig. 4a, b), and no effect of drifting on survival was detected (control: P = 0.62; parasitized bees: P = 0.67).
Figure 4.
Effect of drifting performance on bee survival. Data show the survival of a non-drifting and drifting control bees (Kaplan-Meier test, P = 0.62) and b non-drifting and drifting Nosema-parasitized bees (Kaplan-Meier test, P = 0.67).
For the first time, by recording the in-and-out activity of bees between colonies, we were able to characterize the drifting behaviour of workers, including percentage, number and duration of drifts throughout their adult lifespan. We were able to test whether drifting behaviour is affected by Nosema parasitism. We found, like Forfert et al. (2015), that Nosema parasitism did not modify the probability of drifting. However, Nosema-parasitized drifters performed more but shorter drifts compared to ‘healthy’ drifters.
Until now, the study of drifting behaviour in honeybees was limited to punctual observations at the colony level. The optical counter allowed us to follow the drifting dynamic between colonies throughout the life of bees and to record this phenomenon at both the colony and individual levels. At the colony level, our results showed that 9.97 ± 2.31 % of a specific cohort drifted to a foreign colony. This percentage is within the range of previously published data (1 to 18 %) generated via individual genotyping or behavioural observations in European, Asian and African honeybees (Neumann et al. 2000; Paar et al. 2002; Neumann et al. 2003; Forfert et al. 2015). Colony position had a strong influence on drifting; bees drifted more from the inner colony to the edge colonies. This phenomenon is likely due to homogenous and similar landmarks around the inner colonies (Jay 1965; Pfeiffer and Crailsheim 1998; Forfert et al. 2015).
Drifting occurrence is generally attributed to orientation errors in honeybees, but the fact that ‘only’ 10 % of bees drifted suggests that some bees are more prone to orientation errors than others and that this phenomenon does not occur randomly. For instance, it is well known that the tendency to perform some behavioural tasks in honeybees is influenced by their genetic and physiological backgrounds (Robinson and Huang 1998). This actually includes drifting since patrilines in honeybees can differ greatly in their tendency to drift (Duong and Schneider 2008). It is therefore possible that some patrilines exhibit poorer orientation abilities as compared to other ones. Determining the actual behaviour of drifting bees in their new host colony and their physiological background as done in bumblebees and wasps (Sumner et al. 2007; Blacher et al. 2013) would also help to better understand this drifting occurrence, e.g. do drifting bees still perform task activity or are inactive?
We found a seasonal effect on the drifting intensity at the colony level, with control bees performing more drifts during trials 1 and 2 (April–May) than in the trial 3 (June) (Table I). Drifting behaviour is a consequence of orientation errors and also depends on the acceptance level of the new host colony. Because the experimental design was the same between trials, changes in drifting intensity were likely the result of an increase in colony acceptance. In normal conditions, only 3.5 % of incoming bees are checked by guard bees, but this permissiveness changes according to season, density of bees and nectar and pollen resources (Butler and Free 1952). For example, the acceptance levels of colonies increase when nectar flow is abundant but decrease during dearth periods (Downs and Ratnieks 2000). In this scenario, changes in drifting intensity should be associated with changes in resource abundance observed in the southeast of France between spring (blooming period, trials 1 and 2) and summer (dry period, trial 3).
At the individual level, we observed an age-related increase in drift number and duration (time inside the foreign colony). The evolution of these parameters is in accordance with the age polyethism of bees (Seeley 1982), whereby young bees perform brood and nest care but switch to foraging activity (pollen, nectar and water collection) when they get older and thus are more likely to drift. We expected parasites to induce an increase in the propensity to drift, via either host manipulation (Adamo 2012; Biron & Loxdale 2013) or deleterious effects on the host (e.g. impairment of cognitive functions). Indeed, it would be adaptive for N. ceranae to increase the bee propensity to drift and thus its transmission between colonies. Furthermore, the development of N. ceranae in bee guts affects the nutritional and energetic balance of bees (Mayack and Naug 2009; Aliferis et al. 2012; Dussaubat et al. 2012), which is expected to impair cognitive ability (Jaumann et al. 2013). However, behavioural (our study) and genetic analysis (Forfert et al. 2015) has demonstrated that drifting is not more prevalent in parasitized bees, although they can affect homing ability (Gegear et al. 2006; Iqbal and Mueller 2007; Kralj et al. 2007; Kralj and Fuchs 2010). A possible explanation is that the deficit in homing ability is not strong enough to increase orientation errors at the colony entrance. A non-mutually exclusive hypothesis is that parasitism reduces the homing success, as indicated by the higher mortality of infected bees, and therefore limits drifting prevalence.
Parasitism had an effect on drifters, with Nosema-parasitized bees performing more but shorter drifts. On one hand, the reduction of drift duration might reflect an increase in time spent in the field (Alaux et al. 2014; Naug 2014). The energy shortage induced by Nosema infection is suspected to decrease the flight ability of bees (Mayack and Naug 2010) and to result in prolonged resting periods (Wolf et al. 2014). The higher number of drifts could be explained by higher flight activity in Nosema-infected bees (Dussaubat et al. 2013) and the occurrence of orientation errors. Finally, the microsporidian parasite reduced, as expected, bee survival (Higes et al. 2007; Alaux et al. 2014), but drifting did not modify bee survival, as found by Pfeiffer and Crailsheim (1998) in one of their two trials. This result was confirmed in both parasitized and control bees, which suggests that drifting does not decrease the bee lifespan and guards have high tolerance for foreign bees, especially parasitized bees.
In conclusion, an average drifting rate of 10 % within an apiary has the potential to influence the transmission of disease between colonies, especially if colonies do not discriminate infected individuals. However, the actual risk of disease transmission into foreign colonies by drifting bees remains to be investigated, as well as whether changes in drifting parameters caused by a parasite (e.g. more but shorter drifts) and seasonal variation can decrease or increase this transmission risk. These data will provide a better understanding of disease development and propagation between and within colonies.
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We thank M. Coulon and F. Mondet for helpful comments on the manuscript. C. Bordier was supported by a Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) project (ANR-13-ADAP-0002).
Author contributions
C.B., C.A. and Y.L.C conceived the study, C.B., C.A. and D.C. conducted the experiments; C.B. and M.P. analysed the data; C.B. and C.A. wrote the manuscript.
Author information
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Célia Bordier.
Additional information
Rester ou partir: comportement de dérive de l’abeille en réponse au parasitisme
Apis mellifera / dérive / risque épidémiologique / Nosema ceranae / parasite
Soll ich bleiben oder gehen: Verflug bei Honigbienen als Funktion von Parasitierung.
Apis mellifera / Verflug / epidemiologisches Risiko / Nosema ceranae / Parasiten
Manuscript editor: Stan Schneider
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Bordier, C., Pioz, M., Crauser, D. et al. Should I stay or should I go: honeybee drifting behaviour as a function of parasitism. Apidologie 48, 286–297 (2017).
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• Apis mellifera
• drifting
• epidemiologic risk
• Nosema ceranae
• parasite
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Topic: ArtArtists
Last updated: March 13, 2019
Music and art comparison; Prince’s Diamonds and PearlsIntroductionRecognizing artistic culture providing major themes for current music videos appealing to popular culture featured on MTV is a very unusual way of perceiving and analyzing current music. Comparing and contrasting well known respected art forms to popular culture music were even more unusual when MTV aired its first seasons then today, even though the beauty of Renaissance art shows through coming into our lives in every area of our everyday living through movies, shopping mall items, magazines, books.
Prejudging current popular music and lack of teaching art and music history in the education system are two reasons for lack of appreciating culture in music videos.Watching music videos on MTV has unlimited potential for improving children’s and teens GPA’s who are bored with school work. It is easy to overlook sexually explicit messages and themes, going further to see the art historic reinventions continuously reviving itself in popular music videos when the viewers know what to look for. Anyone who cannot see the primary theme is visual interpretations of Renaissance art in Prince’s Diamonds and Pearls song and video lack sophistication and knowledge about artistic designs and musical arrangements, and where it all came from.
Diamonds and Pearls music video were released in 1991. The settings of the creative, Robert Joffery Ballet school inspired entrancing and spell bounding musical video and music melody writing takes place during the early fifteenth to the sixteenth centuries, Renaissance era. Creative modern elements combined Renaissance elements appearing from the beginning to the end in the building designs, window designs, artist’s dress, constant alteration singing and playing phonic melodies are all characteristics of this time period.Music CharacteristicsRenaissance music brought forward recognizable progression and advanced arrangements in music voices and melody writing.
Music of this era reflected music combined from all parts of the world in various styles. It was a time of experimentation. Almost all music from this time forward used as much variety as possible in one music piece. The more musical and rhythmical instruments contributing and accenting the high and low points of the music, the more concentrated flow and musicality of the music.
A music piece playing one voice level throughout the song looses listeners. Music melodies must be efficiently arranged to temporarily transport audiences into another world, ending before the listener realizes it. It is crucial to musical success that audiences want to hear the short lived music piece over and over again. Renaissance composers experimented with many possibilities of using variety of voices.
Renaissance music was a transition period for creating rhythms and patterns formulated for dance music, with emphases on ballet dancing. It is not rare or only in Prince’s Diamonds and Pearls to find variety of musical voices with constantly changing the pitches and chord progressions. Overall design elements, music texture and scenery forms the Diamonds and Pearls musical arrangement into a complete Italian and French artistic piece.The Renaissance ages significantly inspired Prince’s initial music writing and arrangement, apparent in his fascinating break through movie showcasing his talents, Purple Rain. The real visuality of his in depth appreciation for the arts came through in the Diamonds and Pearls music piece mixing popular rock music with culture. Because the Renaissance combined Italian and France art and music, music had to be multileveled to be suitable for dancing, all elements combined in Prince’s video.
Ballet dancing has its roots in Italy and France, dating back to the fifteenth centuries that is recorded. An Italian composer made up ballet French terminology. Music pieces sung on different levels flow in harmony much smoother when the arrangement is finalized. The different levels are polyphony, monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic and heterophony. Diamonds and Pearls arrangements were written utilizing singing voices in all phonic sound levels.
Prince begins singing in smooth even baritone voice nearly sounding like a very masculine but flowing soprano, while playing triad chords on the classical piano centering the Renaissance themed room. Later the soprano joins in with an effortless pitch. The talented baritone and soprano sings independently of one another giving an audible pleasing smooth flow and transition in the fist few bars, but later joining together creating homophonic melody. Soprano and baritone alternates each taking the lead over the songs melodies. The multitalented unmatched soprano, using a combination of vocal techniques, somehow combining high notes with an alto sound while using low and high registers in the voice, known as belting.
Another strong influence; Joffery BalletRenaissance features in Prince’s music showed up long before Diamonds and Pearls. Ballet dancing was significant and mandatory to the development of the Renaissance era. King Louis XIV was a professional ballet dancer, a requirement for his position as a prince. Prince (the musician) was approached by Joffery Ballet’s artistic director, Gerald Arpino requesting permission to use four of his songs for the review, Billboard. Prince allowed him access to his entire collection of songs.
Prince was inspired to write ballet music. Diamonds and Pearls was made because of Joffery’s influence and inspiration on him. Although Diamonds and Pearls features ballet dancers, ballet dancing were used as a background setting in the video except for occasional clips. The video itself was possibly filmed in the Joffery Ballet School and theatre in New York City. Interior elegant, but basic, designs in the building and theatre are copied from historic memorable Renaissance patterns.
With wide variety musical and singing contributions applied to this song, there are also counterpoint imitations. “Imitation was much used in both vocal and instrumental compositions of the 15th and 16th century. The strictest form of imitation is the canon. While imitation is found to some extent in the music of nearly all periods, it is of special significance in Renaissance music.”(Imitation, Columbia Encyclopedia). Prince sings several phrases, his soprano echoes the exact same phrases.
There are several musical terms that may apply to this technique. Imitation is also heard in his three single note melody beginning the song, sometimes with an underlying pulse, sometimes without the underlying pulse. It sounds like he begins each bar with the same three note chords smoothly flowing well coordinated melody, but changing another singing voice, varied instruments, mixed with the high notes interchanging simultaneously with low notes. Notes providing the steady accompaniment for the duration of the musical selection are played around the middle C. Prominent use of the foot peddles sustaining the soothing, pleasant instrumental sounds varies the pitches, sounds and rhythms give an emotionallyenhancing entertaining musical combination resulting at audible levels. The full use of the piano’s foot peddles, combined with the sopranos impressive voice fills in an ongoing harmony that prevents the song from coming across choppy and broken up. When combining as many varied and opposing elements as Prince does, producing a smooth even harmony outcome is not easy to do.
At this time, no one trying to make it on MTV would ever think of using a well trained opera or musical theatrical level soprano in a hot, pop music video targeting to a popular youthful culture. Furthermore, no other artists were willing to risk using this combination. Combining contrasting themes and techniques no one would ever think of matching up requires many hours of revising small details.
Prince’s combination of unusual talents is what got the attention of the Robert Joffery’s artistic director.Architecture; the art comparisonRenaissance buildings are recognizable by their arches, domes and columns outlining the buildings most prominent features. Of course, during the Renaissance, arches and columns served a purpose. Modern designed buildings are built for its decorative beauty. “The Renaissance artist was an image maker in every sense: he both expressed and created the consciousness of society in his work. The early Renaissance believed intensely in the magic power of images” (Cole 217-18) The elaborate visually appealing vaults, columns and domed shaped arches were useful, but Renaissance artists created a statement, an image forever branding this particular style exclusively to this time frame. Filming of Diamonds and Pearls uses camera angles to emphasize the architect of the building designed to reflect the sixteenth century. Colors selected for the first half of the video were simple, mainly black or dark brown and white, causing architect shaping of the building to stand out as the most visual element of the video.
Music video filming first visual scenery shows an arched shaped window letting natural sunlight shine through lighting up the building, providing the major source of lighting. As the video moves forward, three windowed gables with arched shaped endings are filmed frequently during the video. The camera angles emphasize the visibility of the Renaissance artistic building.The Renaissance used imagery in their art work. In Diamonds and Pearls, imagery is embedded everywhere throughout the buildings interior. Renaissance imagery in Diamonds and Pearls are seen in the arched shaped windows and the exquisite designed floor patterns on which the grand piano centers around. Another significant reflection of the Renaissance influenced architect is the lintels, or the beams, running across the three glassed ornamental decorated windows.
Well shaped, carved circular columns running from elegant designed floor to the arched vaulted ceiling making up a major portion of the architectural building are seen consistently throughout the video. The filming of the video took place in two separate locations of the same Italian French designed building, which the circular columns show up again being well presented in the theatre portion of the building. As mentioned previously, large windows were used often filling up an entire wall of these elegant buildings allowing sunlight shining through the rooms.
However, there were no electricity in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries, however there were oil lamps. Large windows equaling the size of an entire wall were a necessity, however the Italians applied intricate artistic details making everything visually appealing. An Italian designed mirror draped on the circular column centering the building reflects the classical piano.
Renaissance combines artistic developments of French and Italy. The mirror reflects Italian images because of its elegant carvings framing the glassed mirror itself. French styled mirrors are surrounded by plainly designed but dominantly colored frames.
Later, the French art style started adding carved designs to their work during the transition period.Another artistic comparison highlighting the main focus in this musical arrangement is jewelry. The song’s title, Diamonds and Peals, gives insight to what the songs main focus is. But songs, paintings, writings, the Bible, and movies are symbolically and are not to be taken from what shows up on the surface. The songs lyrics portray that if he gives her diamonds and pearls or expensive jewelry, would that make her happy enough to love him and stay with him. Prince had an unusual artistic, sophistication about him transparent in his music although he wanted to play music appealing to popular culture.
“The Renaissance brought a transformation in the art of the jeweler; noted artists and architects often designed or even rendered pieces of jewelry. Jewelry was splendid with enamel and precious stones; heavy gold link chains, jeweled collars, and the necklace with pendant were worn by both men and women. Jewelry, worn to excess, became overcrowded with stones, to the neglect of the design and setting.(“Jewelry, Columbia Encyclopedia). Pearls were excessively branded into the clothing worn by people living during the Renaissance ages. Glowing, shining jewelry, are emphasized through out this video as well as the building architect designs and decorations. Prince holds white shining pearls up into the camera lenses, on several filming occasions.
In the first few measures of the song, there are five actors. All of them are modeling huge earrings shaped and created into white crosses giving sophisticated character to their entire facial images. The jewelry is patterned to bring back the images of the original jewelry in the sixteenth centuries. “n jewelry one wishes delicacy — the lack of which is the great fault of much of the amateur jeweller’s work — but one also wishes a certain sturdiness and vigor of design. The majority of the platinum pieces show aimless criss-crossings of lines and curves and lack the ” third dimension”—the depth of the piece from front to back—a characteristic beauty of nearly all Renaissance jewelry.” American Institute of Architects. 407) The actors, musicians flaunting the elegantly designed earrings are formed with white beads, the characteristics of the Renaissance jewelry. Renaissance art work focused on enlarging and calling attention to the big beaded bubble reflecting light, providing additional unique looks to the overall outcome of the video.
Contrast or conflictsAll of the analysts, critics, and researchers concluded this song focused entirely on sexual emphases. None of the analysts ever thought this music piece was a reinvention with a significant purpose to bring back the Renaissance art styles using modern resources. If Diamonds and Pearls would have made its first presentations in musical theatre, seeing the artistic emphases would have been noted by the general public. Because it was initially aired in popular music videos on MTV, it the artistic influences were entirely missed.
The song was written for Joffery Ballet, or to honor the Jofferey Ballet, but MTV is where the majority of the people saw the video. It is evident in Prince’s video, as well all of his video’s, he placed importance on where art originated from. He wanted to sing about Renaissance art. He had to make his presentations emphasizing Renaissance art entertaining, something that the general public would want to see. He is highly respected for his accomplishments now.Another controversial topic of that time was Black music artists on MTV. Black music artists on MTV, were at that time viewed in a light similar to modern 20th century fantasy art.
African Americans worked hard to be accepted as respected Blues singers. They achieved that status. Black singers had another barrier to cross over; obtaining the respect as a singer appealing to popular crowds. Black people in the educated art world were unheard of. One can imagine the shocking surprise Prince came across when he wanted to incorporate ancient art ideas into his modern music.
During the any historic art eras, no one heard of Black artists, painters or architects. Prince combined opposing elements and made them work.ConclusionRenaissance art is elegant, visually appealing, has character and repeatedly come into our lives during the course of every day living. Sometimes it shows through unexpected, surprising means. These various ways are so unusual, we sometimes do not recognize when historic art forms are showing us a new development enriching and decorating our lives. For viewers to appreciate art influences in music videos appealing to popular culture, a knowledge of art history must be present before viewing the videos. Prince was famous for introducing new themes, and ideas.
“Prince has been called a modern Mozart by avant-garde director Peter Sellars, Prince–whose full name is Prince Rogers Nelson–produces music that any choreographer worth his or her mettle could easily tackle. “(Gruen 34) Not many people would agree that Prince’s artistic contributions were easily tackled, and producing the same appealing desirable results. Prince’s fashions, his obsession with jewelry, his French cut high fashion designs falsely gave him the image of being gay by the general public. He was repeating Renaissance art history, and his was happily married.In Diamonds and Pearls, the music and the architectural art designs have all been reinvented from art history from the Renaissance.
The song has all the characteristics of Renaissance music, the cannon phrases, imitation, different vocal ranges all sounding at the same time, portrayed through modern musical styles. Many songs contain elements from historic art forms, but are usually known for copying past music artist, not art eras. Artistic objects such as buildings, paintings, writings, even movies are implanted in viewer’s memory much longer than songs are.
There are so many different things going on in songs and music video’s at one time, all competing to capture an audience within two or three minutes. Even after the song and video is over, the visibility in the music video survive in memory retention longer. Unless the audience is a trained musician or singer, the artwork used for architectural design will linger longer with the general audience than the music melodies, phrases, texture and shaping of music. Even lyrics are memorized more than the details of the music. Diamonds and Pearls, had a long lasting success retention rate because it reestablished historical visual and audible affects. More pop artists who stay successful for their lifetime have used historic art forms from the past.
The filming, directing and setting was to emphasize the building’s exclusive Renaissance image and trademarks. Arched shaped doors and windows, lintels, ornaments carved or engraved into the texture of any building are using Italian printed patterns from the Renaissance ages. Further using visual imprints of images from the French and Italian artists, a ballet dancer executed chaine turns, tendue derrière with port de bras, along with partnering dance moves adding a French Renaissance theme to the finished product of the musical arrangement. The production of the video is the final determining factor setting this music piece in the Renaissance ages.
Anyone who cannot see the primary theme is visual interpretations of Renaissance art in Prince’s Diamonds and Pearls song and video lack sophistication and knowledge about artistic designs and musical arrangements, and where it all came from.;;Works Cited;Cole, Bruce. Italian Art, 1250-1550: The Relation of Renaissance Art to Life and Society. 1st ed. New York: Harper ; Row, 1987. Questia. 18 Apr.
2008 ;
qst?a=o;d=71669966;.”Imitation.” The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2007. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008 ;http://www.;d=112865322;.”Jewelry.” The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed.
2007. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008 ;http://www.questia.
com/PM.qst?a=o;d=112866603;.Gruen, John.
“Dance on Television: Poster Art.” Dance Magazine Apr. 1994: 34. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008 ;
qst?a=o;d=5000183598;.L., E. E.
“Preface.” Tonality and Atonality in Sixteenth-Century Music. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1961. xi-xiii. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008 ;http://www.;d=10915324;.American Institute of Architects. The Significance of the Fine Arts. Boston, MA: Marshall Jones Company, 1923. Questia.
18 Apr. 2008 ;;d=89023766;.Rosen, Jody. “His Majesty.” The Nation 2 Aug.
2004: 52. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008 ;http://www.;d=5006517459;.Ruhlmann, William. Breaking Records: 100 Years of Hits. New York: Routledge, 2004. Questia.
18 Apr. 2008 ;;d=109157241;.Shuker, Roy. Understanding Popular Music.
New York: Routledge, 1994. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008 ;;d=108399082;.;;
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Lorraine Gutiérrez and Mark Creekmore
The arts and cultural institutions can be powerful resources for promoting the development of individuals and communities. Social work agencies and cultural institutions share similar goals at the individual and community levels, such as personal improvement, the creation of social bonds, expression of communal meaning, and economic growth. Studies on the use of arts in social work practice suggest that they can be powerful tools for intervention. These collaborations were essential to practice in the social settlements and in economic policies of the New Deal. Social work practice into the future can build upon this historical engagement.
King Davis and Hyejin Jung
This entry defines the term disparity as measurable differences between groups on a number of indices. The term disparity originated in France in the 16th century and has been used as a barometer of progress in social justice and equality in the United States. When disparity is examined across the U.S. population over a longitudinal period, it is clear that disparities continue to exist and that they distinguish groups by race, income, class, and gender. African American and Native American populations have historically ranked higher in prevalence and incidence than other populations on most indices of disparity. However, the level of adverse health and social conditions has declined for all population groups in the United States. The disparity indices include mortality rates, poor health, disease, absence of health insurance, accidents, and poverty. Max Weber’s theory of community formation is used in this entry to explain the continued presence and distribution of disparities. Other theoretical frameworks are utilized to buttress the major hypothesis by Weber that social ills tend to result from structural faults rather than individual choice. Social workers are seen as being in a position to challenge the structural origins of disparities as part of their professional commitment to social justice.
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How to Take User Input and Store in Variable using Python Tkinter
In this section, we will learn how to take user input and store it in a variable using Python Tkinter. Also, we will cover these topics.
• What are Variables in Python Tkinter
• Entry Widget in Python Tkinter
Take user input using Entry Widget in Python Tkinter and Store in a Variable
In this section, we will learn about variables also we will understand the rules for creating variables Python. It is important to understand variables before we can learn to store the user input in a variable.
• Variables are the reserved memory locations created with the purpose of storing values.
• The computer remembers anything stored in a variable and that can be used anytime in the program. But it must be in scope.
• There are few rules for creating variables:
• Snake_case should be followed. That means the word should be divided using underscore(s). Example: player_name.
• Variable must starts with lowercase or underscore. Example: _player_name, player_name
• Only Letters, Numbers & Underscores are allowed in variables. No special characters except underscore are allowed.
• Variables are Case Sensitive. Example: player and Player are two different variables.
• Python has Reserved keywords like class, int, str, etc. One should not create variables with the name that is in the reserved keyword.
You may also like the following Python variable tutorials:
Entry Widget in Python Tkinter
Python Entry widget is the widely used widget as it serves the purpose of taking input from the user. So before we can store the input we need to learn how to take input from the user. You can check out the article on Entry Widget in Python Tkinter.
• Entry Widgets are used to take user input.
• While filling forms, the boxes where you enter details in an Entry Widget.
• Command to create Entry Widget Entry(master).pack()
• To store a value of the Entry Widget we use Variables. Simply provide any name before creating a widget and that name will store the value of the input.
• Make sure the chosen name is following the variable rules as mention in the above section on the variable.
• Later this stored value can be fetched using the get() method.
• In the below program we have used all the things we have learned so far. We have used variables, the Entry widget, and the get method.
In this code, we have created a simple application wherein users need to provide a name for player registration. They will provide input in an Entry widget. The value will be stored in a variable named ‘player_name’.
After clicking on the button a function will be called that will pull the value from the Entry widget and will display it in a Label widget. The pulling of information from the Entry Widget is done using the get() method.
from tkinter import *
ws = Tk()
ws['bg'] = '#ffbf00'
def printValue():
pname = player_name.get()
Label(ws, text=f'{pname}, Registered!', pady=20, bg='#ffbf00').pack()
player_name = Entry(ws)
text="Register Player",
In this output, name “nobita” is entered in the entry widget and same name is displayed with the message in the label widget when the button is clicked.
python tkinter store value in variable
Take User Input and Store in Variable using Python Tkinter
You may like the following Python tutorials:
In this section, we have learned about taking user input and storing a value in a variable also we have covered these topics.
• What are Variables in Python Tkinter
• Entry Widget in Python Tkinter
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“Bodach-rocais” is the Scottish Gaelic for a scarecrow (meaning "old man of the rooks") and is sometimes called a “tattie-bogle”. “Hodmedod” is the name given to a scarecrow in England where it is also referred to as a “Murmet”, a “Mommet”, a “Mawkin” and a “Gallybagger”. In Wales the scarecrow is referred to as a “Bwbach” while in Ireland it is a “Coigealach”.
A scarecrow is a decoy, often in the shape of a human, usually dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops. They are used across the world by farmers and gardeners, and are a notable symbol of farms and the countryside in popular culture.
The scarecrow has featured significantly in folklore and literature over many years. As early as the 8th century in “Kojiki”, the oldest surviving book in Japan, a scarecrow known as "Kuebiko" appears as a deity who cannot walk, yet knows everything about the world. Since then many other authors have used the scarecrow in both friendly and sinister, threatening forms.
The scarecrow has featured in comic book stories and the cinema (notably as a supervillain antagonist of “Batman” and famously in the “Wizard of Oz” respectively). It has also been a focus in music, in songs and albums, and has inspired festivals of different kinds worldwide – quite an impact for something in humanoid form stuffed with straw or rags, dressed in old clothes and draped over a wooden or metal frame.
More Info: en.wikipedia.org
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Technology medicine Education Daily lives computers business Siskus infinity Technology
In today’s world, technology is all around us. A simple definition of technology is basically the knowledge and usage of crafts, techniques, tools, methods and systems of organization with the aim of solving a problem or serving a particular purpose. Technology is always changing as more inventions are brought forward to improve our day to day lives. So how does technology really help us in our daily lives?
Technology has been gradually integrated into the global education system over the years. Better ways of passing knowledge and information to students have been realized because of this. Technological advancements in teaching and assessment have made it possible for learning institutions to become more effective and efficient. Students do not have to use old and outdated textbooks anymore as there are millions of digital and online learning materials available today. There is also e-learning that enables people to study from wherever they are without physically attending classes or lectures.
Technology has also immensely helped in day to day communication and sharing of information. Communication is not as it used to be a decade ago. Today, people can interact and communicate using various telecommunications channels. Since the invention of gadgets like the mobile phone and the computer, day to day communication has been made so much easier. The establishment and growth of the World Wide Web are also another evidence of how technology has made communication and interaction easier on a global scale. Social media sites like Facebook and Twitter have made interaction so much easier and fun at the same time.
Technology medicine Education Daily lives computers business Siskus infinity Technology
The health sector has also not been left behind as numerous technological advancements have made it easier to diagnose and treat a wide range of illnesses. Modern hospitals are equipped with the latest tech gadgets that help doctors and nurses to better take care and assist their patients. Technology has played a crucial role in keeping so many people alive through life support machines and other specialized health equipment. Technology also aids in the scientific research of new medicines and cures that are beneficial to the entire human race.
Business and E-Commerce
Business is not as usual since the internet came into this world. People no longer have to do business at market places and other physical locations. In today’s world, you can purchase almost anything you want on the web. Millions of online businesses have been established to feed the ever-growing demand for online products and services. Technology has therefore led to the invention of e-commerce that is responsible for millions of business transactions on a daily basis.
All in all, technology evidently plays a big role in our daily lives. Without these new inventions and new ways of doing things, our world would remain stagnant, and there would be no hope for the human race. Innovators and inventors from all over the world are encouraged to come up with new inventions and new ways of doing things in order to make the world a better place.
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Effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of adults
1. M N Upton
1. Correspondence to:
M N Upton
Woodlands Family Medical Centre, 106 Yarm Lane, Stockton-on-Tees, Cleveland TS18 1YE, UK;
Statistics from
Further evidence that parental smoking may have long term effects into adulthood on the respiratory health of offspring
A paper on passive smoking by Cook and Strachan1 published in a Thorax review series in 1999 reported odds ratios (OR) for childhood lower respiratory tract illnesses, respiratory symptoms, and middle ear disease of 1.2–1.6 for either parent smoking, the risks usually being higher in pre-school children than in children of school age. The review concluded that parental smoking was causally associated with impaired lung function in children, but found inconsistent evidence linking parental smoking to allergic sensitisation and suggested that evidence linking maternal smoking to bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) may have arisen from publication bias.1
There is little information from follow up studies about the effect on adult health of exposure to parental smoking,2,3 which is understandable given the logistical difficulties of following individuals for many decades from birth. In this issue of Thorax Svanes and colleagues take a short cut and report cross-sectional results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) linking recalled information about parental smoking to respiratory symptoms, asthma, forced expiratory volumes, and BHR in up to 18 688 adults aged 20–44 years from 37 centres in 17 countries.4
For men and women overall, maternal smoking was positively associated with wheeze (OR 1.12), with a composite variable of three or more asthma symptoms (OR 1.14), but not with current asthma. Because of the large sample, 95% confidence intervals were narrow and excluded unity despite excess risks of wheeze and asthma symptoms being low. The possibility that such weak effects may be due to confounding should be considered, although similar sized effects were found in never smokers. Maternal smoking was associated with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 24 ml lower and ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) 0.5% lower, but not with differences in FVC or BHR. The effects of maternal smoking were greater in subjects whose mothers smoked in pregnancy but, as the authors acknowledge, this is an unreliable conclusion when exposure information is obtained by offspring recall. Overall, there was no effect of paternal smoking on any outcome.4
Several lines of evidence suggest that maternal smoking in pregnancy is a cause of childhood wheezing illness, especially transient early wheeze.5,6 However, mothers who smoke in pregnancy almost invariably smoke afterwards, so it is difficult to separate a potential role for maternal smoking on a causal pathway leading to a wheeze related phenotype from its action as an environmental trigger. The finding by Svanes et al that maternal smoking may increase wheeze in never smokers, despite adjustment for current passive smoking, supports a causal link between maternal smoking and wheezing phenotype(s).
Does an estimated 10% excess risk of wheeze matter? The prevalence of maternal smoking varied widely in the ECRHS but was over 40% in Denmark, Iceland, and the English speaking centres.4 We can estimate the population attributable risk (PAR) of adult wheeze due to maternal smoking in these latter centres to be 4–5%, which is the amount of wheeze that could be prevented if maternal smoking was abolished. Public health interventions that halved the prevalence of maternal smoking in these centres would therefore prevent about 2% of wheeze in adults aged 20–44, which seems modest, even allowing for possible underestimation of main effects by this study. This figure ignores the influence of parental smoking on the smoking behaviour of offspring,7 although not all studies have found a link between smoking by parents and offspring.8
Before considering subgroup analyses, the strengths and weaknesses of the study should be considered. Strengths include precision of effect estimates from the large sample, standardisation across centres of exposures and outcomes, and the capacity to test for heterogeneity across multiple sociocultural settings. This last feature offers some safeguard that the associations in question are not confounded by unmeasured or poorly measured alternative risk factors, assuming that the confounding structure of known and unknown risk factors varies between populations. As with some other studies,9–11 reliance on offspring reports of parental “ever” smoking is a weakness because this may be subject to differential (recall bias) and non-differential (random) error, and provides no information about the intensity, duration, or timing of exposure during early life and childhood.
The authors could not test the accuracy of recalled information about parental smoking in their study. However, it seems reasonable to assume that most adults can remember whether their mother or father had smoked regularly during their childhood. This is supported by unpublished findings from the Midspan family study12 in which parents aged 45–64 reported their smoking habits in 1972–6 and adult offspring aged 30–59 answered a question about maternal smoking in 1996: “From memory, did your mother ever smoke cigarettes regularly?” The same enquiry was made about paternal smoking, both questions being similar to those in the ECRHS. In both studies nearly all participants responded positively or negatively about maternal (ECRHS 97%, Midspan 99%) and paternal (ECRHS 93%, Midspan 99%) smoking, despite being offered the opportunity of answering “don’t know” (ECRHS) or “not sure” (Midspan). In the Midspan study there was good agreement between pre-recorded and recalled maternal smoking (κ = 0.87, p<0.0001) and paternal smoking (κ = 0.70, p<0.0001).
The latter study also illustrates the consequences of concatenating pre-recorded information about different intensities of current and former maternal smoking into a single binary variable—maternal ever smoking. Compared with adult offspring whose mothers were never smokers, offspring whose mothers were former smokers or current smokers of 1–14, 15–24, and ⩾25 cigarettes per day had FEV1 differences of −44, −15, −108, −156 ml, respectively (p<0.0001 trend for never/current maternal smoking).12 The difference in FEV1 associated with maternal ever smoking was −67 ml (95% CI −106 to −28) using pre-recorded exposure and −61 ml (95% CI −99 to −23) using recalled exposure (M N Upton, unpublished finding). The main limitation when using recalled exposure therefore seems to be loss of dose-response. There is also a small degree of attenuation of effect, probably from non-differential error.
The estimate by Svanes et al for the effect of maternal smoking on adult FEV1 (−24 ml) lies within the 95% confidence interval for the Midspan estimate using recalled exposure. It seems unlikely that such a small decrement would be relevant to the risk of COPD unless the FEV1 deficit increases over time, perhaps by interacting with personal smoking. Svanes et al report that there were no significant interactions between maternal and personal smoking in their study, unlike findings in the Midspan family study where maternal and personal smoking synergised to increase airflow limitation.13 Possible reasons for differences between the studies include the older age of Midspan subjects and perhaps a stronger exposure “signal” in Midspan because of the availability of pre-recorded information about the intensity of maternal smoking.
The review by Cook and Strachan published in Thorax concluded that samples of at least 2000 were needed to detect effects of parental smoking in children, judged by the absence of publication bias in studies recruiting more than 2000 subjects.1 According to this view, the study by Svanes et al should have sufficient power to detect effects of parental smoking in subgroups as large as this. However, this assumes not only that the effects of maternal smoking detected in children do not wane over time, but also that the signal-to-noise ratio of the main exposures (maternal or paternal smoking) match those in the studies of children included in the reviews. Both assumptions may be questioned, the latter because of the previously mentioned limitations around the assessment of parental smoking using offspring recall.
This may be a reason why some main effects in the subgroups in the study by Svanes et al did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance, despite large samples and similar point estimates. For example, the effect of maternal smoking on FEV1 was similar in men (−22 ml) and women (−24 ml), whereas 95% confidence intervals included zero in men but not women. When the main effects are relatively weak, it is not surprising that 95% confidence intervals estimated using regression (or logistic regression) include zero (or unity) when the data are divided further. There was no evidence from heterogeneity tests that the effects of maternal smoking on symptoms or lung function differed between men and women. It is a pity that the ECRHS did not record forced expiratory flows because, in children, parental smoking has greater proportional effects on forced expiratory flows than on volumes1,6 and such measurements may have increased the study’s power, assuming that the decrements in question persist as offspring age.
In contrast to findings for maternal smoking, there was evidence that the effect of paternal smoking differed between men and women, but only on the risk of wheeze (OR 1.13 for men, OR 0.95 for women, heterogeneity p = 0.033). Despite claims made to the contrary, there was little evidence that paternal smoking adversely affected lung function in men in the study by Svanes et al (table 4).4 It is difficult to interpret the dose-response effect of number of parents smoking on lung function in the study, given the absence of effects of paternal smoking on lung function. Without information on the intensity of parental smoking, it is not possible to exclude the possibility that smoking intensity was higher in mothers whose partners smoked. It is also relevant that there was a similar size dose-response effect of number of parents smoking on FEV1/FVC impairment in men and women. The authors suggest that their results are consistent with age windows of particular vulnerability that differ by sex. This is an attractive hypothesis,6,14 but the only convincing sex differences in their data were effects of paternal smoking on wheeze in men only.
Another strength of the study is the objective evidence of atopy. Maternal smoking was associated more strongly with wheeze in non-atopic (OR = 1.23) than in atopic (OR = 1.04) subjects, a difference supported by heterogeneity tests. It is interesting that there appeared to be a greater effect of maternal smoking on wheeze in non-atopic subjects, without a correspondingly greater deficit in airflow limitation and without evidence of an effect of maternal smoking on BHR. It seems possible that there are a number of mechanisms underlying wheeze associated with maternal smoking. Although maternal smoking does not seem to have a large effect and impact on adult wheeze, it may perhaps be a tool to explore the pathogenesis of non-atopic asthma which is underdiagnosed15 and under-researched,16 yet has a large impact.
There is already substantial evidence that parental smoking, particularly maternal smoking, adversely affects the health of infants and children.1,6 There is little need for further data to justify public health efforts to reduce the exposure of offspring to passive smoking before or after birth. The study by Svanes et al4 adds to the evidence that parental smoking may have longstanding effects into adulthood on the respiratory health of offspring, and allows us to generalise evidence “that something is going on” from the limited studies that have so far been conducted in adults.2,3,9–11,13 However, current evidence is insufficient to assess the clinical significance of the different effects reported in adults or to understand how exposure to maternal and paternal smoking at different times before and after birth integrates to cause longstanding changes in lung structure and function.
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U.S. Naval Research Lab Discovers Electronic Diodes That Claim to Exceed 5G Speeds
May 15, 2020 by Luke James
U.S. Navy researchers have developed a new component with performance that they claim exceeds the anticipated speed of 5G.
The researchers, David Storm, a research physicist, and Tyler Growden, an electrical engineer and National Research Council (NRC) postdoctoral researcher— claim that they have developed a resonant tunneling diode (RTD), which exhibits unprecedented performance levels such as speed that exceeds that of 5G.
The duo published their research study in Applied Physics Letters. It describes the team’s direct measurement of record fast switching speeds in GaN/AlN RTDs.
Taking Advantage of Quantum Tunneling
The diodes are said to enable the extremely fast transportation of electrons to take advantage of quantum tunneling.
Quantum tunneling, which has previously been touted as a route to smaller, faster electronics, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a subatomic particle’s probability disappears from one side of a potential barrier and reappears on the other side without any probability current appearing inside the well.
Simple diagram of the gallium nitride-based resonant tunneling diode.
A simple diagram of the gallium nitride-based resonant tunneling diode developed by the NRL researchers. Image credited to Tyler Growden
New Findings Related to RTD Function
The quantum mechanical effect means that particles have a finite probability of crossing an energy barrier even though the particle’s energy is less than the energy barrier. In essence, quantum tunneling shows that particles that shouldn’t be able to go through a barrier—do indeed go through a barrier.
In this tunneling, electrons create a current by moving through physical barriers by taking advantage of their ability to behave as both particles and waves. “Our work showed that gallium nitride-based RTDs are not inherently slow, as others suggested,” Growden said. “They compare well in both frequency and output power to RTDs of different materials.”
‘Record’ Current Outputs and Switching Speeds
According to the researchers, their design for GaN-based diodes was able to display “record” current outputs and switching speeds. These switching speeds could enable the development of applications in interchanges, high power electronics, and next-generation communications, networking, and sending that will require electromagnetics in the millimeter-wave region and frequencies in terahertz.
Measurements carried out on hundreds of devices of varying sizes revealed a yield of around 90%. In contrast, typical yields range around 20%.
In a statement released by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Storm said, “accomplishing a high yield of operational tunneling devices can be difficult because they require sharp interfaces at the atomic level and are very sensitive to many sources of scattering and leakage.”
To achieve high yield and satisfactory results on a chip, sample preparation, uniform growth, and a controlled fabrication process were key. “Until now, gallium nitride was difficult to work with from a manufacturing perspective,” Storm added.
The duo plan to continue perfecting their RTD design to improve its current output while maintaining power potential.
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What is a modems purpose?
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Answered 2009-01-29 14:59:54
1. To MODULATE (convert) the digital signals from a computer into analogue signal to enable it to be carried through the telephone line.
2. To DEMODULATE (convert back) analogue signals from a telephone line into digital signal to be used in computer.
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Remembering Dalit icon Jagjivan Ram on his 111th birth anniversary
By: |
New Delhi | Updated: Apr 05, 2018 10:10 AM
Jagjivan Ram was born on April 5, 1908, in Bihar's Bhojpur. Throughout his life, Jagjivan Ram worked for attaining equality for untouchables.
Jagjivan Ram, Indian National CongressRemembering Jagjivan Ram on his 111th birth anniversary
Jagjivan Ram was a Union minister and a prominent Dalit leader who had worked tirelessly throughout his life to promote equality in the society. Fondly called ‘Babuji’, he was among the founding members of the All India Depressed Classes League which worked for attaining equality for untouchables.
In 1946, Jagjivan Ram became the youngest minister in the interim government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru. He served as the first Labour Minister of the country.
Born on April 5, 1908 in Chandwa village of Bhojpur district of Bihar, he holds a world record of being a parliamentarian uninterrupted for a record 50 years between 1936 and 1986.
A freedom fighter and a social crusader, Jagjivan Ram had held several Central portfolios. He was also the Deputy Prime Minister between 1977 and 1979 in the Morarji Desai government.
Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Madan Mohan Malviya was so impressed by Jagjivam Ram’s proficiency in Sanskrit that he invited him to join the university. But at the BHU, Jagjivan Ram was faced with the caste discrimination, forcing him to quit. He later joined the Calcutta University where his leadership quality was flowered.
There is a famous story about Jagjivan Ram’s visit to Puri-based Jagannath Temple. Since he was a prominent face, he was allowed to offer prayers at the temple, but his wife and others were not allowed to enter the temple because of their caste. Jagjivan Ram had at that time also decided not to visit the temple. His wife Indrani had in her diary written that she wished to offer prayers at Lord Jagannath temple but it dried in her heart.
His daughter Meira Kumar, who had served as the Lok Sabha Speaker between 2009 and 2014, had once narrated a story related to her father’s childhood. She said that when his father stood first in Class 10, he had no money to pursue education further. At that time, few nuns had offered his mother to send his son to a school in Lucknow and later to America But his mother turned down the offer saying you will educate my son and but change his religion.
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It was during his tenure as the Defence Minister, India won the Bangladesh war and it was recognised as a new nation. He was the Defence Minister between June 1970 and October 1974. Until Indira Gandhi declared an emergency, he remained in the Congress. After this, he joined the Janata Party and served as the 4th Deputy PM of India.
His immense contribution to the Green Revolution and modernising agriculture is still remembered. He was the Agriculture Minister for two tenures.
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Is Blockchain technology the new internet?
• Monday, October 8, 2018
• 12 Min Read
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Is Blockchain technology the new internet?
The blockchain is an ingenious invention – the brainchild of a person or group of people known by their pseudonym, Satoshi Nakamoto. But since then, it has grown into something greater, but the main question that everyone is asking: What is Blockchain?
By allowing the digital information to be distributed instead of getting it copied, blockchain technology has created the backbone of a new type of internet. Originally it was devised for the digital currency, Bitcoin, (Buy Bitcoin) the tech community is now searching for other potential uses for the technology.
Bitcoin is also called as “digital gold,” and for a good reason, Up till now, the total value of the currency is close to $112 billion USD.
What is Blockchain Technology?
“The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger for the economic transactions that can be programmed to record not only financial transactions but also virtually everything of value.”
Don & Alex Tapscott, authors Blockchain Revolution (2016)
A distributed database
Picture a spreadsheet that has been duplicated thousands of times across a network of computers. Then imagine this network is designed to regularly update this spreadsheet and you have a basic understanding of the blockchain.
Information held on a blockchain exists as a shared — and continually reconciled —set of the database. This is a way of using the network that which has its obvious benefits. The blockchain database isn’t stored in any one location, which means that the records it keeps are truly public and easily verifiable. There is no centralized version of the information present for a hacker to corrupt. It is Hosted by millions of computers and its data is accessible to everyone on the internet.
Blockchain as Google Docs
Blockchain technology
“The traditional way of sharing documents for a collaboration is to send a Microsoft Word document to another recipient and ask them to make revisions on it. The problem with this scenario is that you need to wait until receiving a return copy before you can see or make other changes as you are locked out for editing until the other person is done working on it. That’s the way how databases work today. Two owners can’t be work on the same record at once. That’s how banks maintain money balances and transfers; they briefly lock the access (or decrease the balance) while they make a transfer, update the same on another side, then re-open its access (or update again). With Google Docs (or Google Sheets), both parties can have access to the same document at the same time, and a single version of that document is always visible to both of them. Although it is like a shared ledger, it’s a shared document. The distributed part comes to existence when sharing involves a number of people.
Imagine if the number of legal documents that should be used this way. Instead of passing them to each other, losing track of its versions, and not being in sync with other versions, why can’t *all* business documents become shared instead of being transferred back and forth? We don’t need a blockchain to share documents, but shared documents analogy is a powerful one.
Blockchain Durability and robustness
Blockchain technology is like an internet that it has a built-in robustness , as it stores the blocks of information that are identical across the network.
The blockchain cannot:
• Be controlled by any single entity.
• Has no single point of failure.
Bitcoin was invented in 2008. Since then, the Bitcoin blockchain has operated without any significant disruption.
The internet itself has proven to be durable for almost 30 years now. It’s track record bodes well for blockchain technology as it will continue to evolve.
Transparent and incorruptible
The blockchain network lives in the state of consensus, one that automatically checks in with itself in every ten minutes. A kind of self-auditing ecosystem of a digital value, the network reconciles every transaction which occurs after every ten-minute intervals. Each group of these transactions is called as a “block”.
Data Transparency is embedded within the network as a whole.
It cannot be corrupted by altering any unit of information on the blockchain which would mean using a huge amount of computing power to override the entire network.
A network of nodes
The network of so-called computing “nodes” make up the blockchain.
Node is a computer connected to the blockchain network using a client that performs the crucial task of validating and relaying transactions and gets a copy of the blockchain, which automatically gets downloaded upon joining the blockchain network.
Together they create a second-level network, which has a different vision on how the internet can function.
Each node is an “administrator” of the blockchain and joins the network voluntarily (in this sense, the network is decentralized). However, each one has a huge incentive for participating in the network: the chance of winning Bitcoins.
Nodes are said to be “mining” Bitcoin but each of them is competing to win Bitcoins by solving computational puzzles. Bitcoin is now recognized as the first of many potential applications of the technology.
The idea of decentralization
blockchain is a decentralized technology
By its design, the blockchain is a decentralized technology.
Anything that happens on it is due to the function of the network as a whole. By creating a new way to verify transactions aspects, the traditional commerce might become unnecessary. Stock market trades become simultaneous on the blockchain, for instance — or it could make various types of record keeping, like a land registry, fully public as decentralization is already a reality.
The global network of computers uses blockchain technology to jointly manage the database of Bitcoin transactions. Thus, Bitcoin is managed by its network, and not any one central authority.The process of Decentralization means that the network operates on a user-to-user basis.
Who will use the blockchain?
Currently, the finance domain offers the strongest use cases for this technology. International remittances, for instance, World Bank estimates that over $430 billion money transfers were sent in 2015.
The blockchain potentially removes the middleman from these types of transactions. Personal computing became more accessible to the general public with the invention of the Graphical User Interface (GUI), which took the form of a “desktop”. Similarly, the most common GUI devised for the blockchain are these so-called “wallet” applications, which people mostly use to buy things with Bitcoin, and store it along with other variants of cryptocurrencies.
Transactions online are closely connected with the processes of identity verification. It is easy to imagine that wallet apps will transform in the coming years by including other types of identity management.
The Blockchain & Enhanced security
As all the data is stored across its network, the blockchain eliminates the risks that come when we store the data centrally.
Its network lacks centralized points of vulnerability which computer hackers can exploit. Today’s internet has various security problems that are familiar to everyone. We all depend upon the “username/password” system to protect our identity and assets online. Blockchain security methods are based on encryption technology.
The basis of encryption technology is the so-called public and private “keys”. The “public key” is a long, randomly-generated string of numbers which is a user’s address on the blockchain. Bitcoins sent across the network gets recorded as belonging to its address. The “private key” is like a password that gives its owner the access to their Bitcoin or any other digital assets. Store your data on the blockchain which is incorruptible. In order to protect your digital assets you have take care of your private key.
A second-level network
The Internet now has a new layer of functionality with blockchain technology.
Already users can transact directly with each other — Bitcoin transactions in 2017 averaged around $2 billion per day. With the added security brought by the blockchain, the internet business is on track to unbundle the traditional institutions of finance.
Goldman Sachs which is one of the world’s largest financial giant believes that the blockchain technology holds a great potential especially to optimize clearing and settlements and could be responsible for global savings of up to $6bn per year.
Is the Blockchain a New Web 3.0?
The blockchain gives the users of the internet the ability to create value and authenticate the digital information. Following are the business applications of Blockchain :
Smart contracts
Distributed ledgers enable the coding of simple contracts which will only execute when specified conditions are met. Ethereum is an open source blockchain project that was built specifically to implement this possibility. Still, it is in its early stages but it has the potential to leverage the usefulness of blockchains on a world-changing scale.
At the current level of development of technology, smart contracts can be programmed to perform simple functions. For instance, a derivative could be paid out whenever the financial instrument meets a certain benchmark, with the use of blockchain technology and Bitcoin the payout can be enabled automatically.
The sharing economy
blockchain sharing economy
As companies like Uber and Airbnb are flourishing, the sharing economy has already become a proven success. However, users who want to hail a ride-sharing service rely on an intermediary like Uber. By enabling peer-to-peer payments, the blockchain opens the door for a direct interaction between parties — a truly decentralized sharing economy results.
An early example, OpenBazaar uses the concept of blockchain to create a peer-to-peer eBay. You can download the app on your computing device, start transacting with OpenBazzar vendors without paying any transaction fees. The “no rules” ethos of the protocol means that your personal reputation will be more important to business interactions.
Crowdfunding portals like Kickstarter and Gofundme are doing the advance work for the emerging peer-to-peer economy. The popularity of these sites suggests that the people want to have a direct say in the product development. Blockchains take this interest to the next level, potentially by creating crowd-sourced venture capital funds.
In 2016, one such experiment was the Ethereum-based DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization), raised $200 million USD in just over two months. Participants purchased “DAO tokens” which allowed them to vote on smart contract venture capital investments (voting power was proportionate to the number of DAO they had). A subsequent hack of project funds proved that the project was launched without any proper due diligence, with had the disastrous consequences. Regardless, the DAO experiment suggests that the blockchain has a potential to usher in “a new paradigm of economic cooperation.”
By making the results fully publicly accessible and transparent, distributed database technology can bring full transparency to elections or any other kind of poll taking. Ethereum-based smart contracts will allow us to automate the process.
Boardroom app enables organizational decision-making to happen on the blockchain. In practice, this means company governance can now become fully transparent and verifiable whether they are managing digital assets, equity or information.
Supply chain auditing
Consumers want to know the truth about the ethical claims which companies make about their products, whether they are real or not? Distributed ledgers provide an easy way to certify that the backstories of the things that we buy are genuine. Transparency comes with the blockchain as there is timestamping of a date and location — on ethical diamonds, for instance — that can correspond to a product number.
The UK-based Provenance offers supply chain auditing for a huge range of consumer goods. Making the best use of the Ethereum blockchain, a Provenance pilot project ensures that fish sold in most of the Sushi restaurants in Japan has been sustainably harvested by its suppliers in Indonesia.
File storage
blockchain file storage
Decentralizing file storage on the internet brings comes with its benefits. As the data is Distributed throughout the network it protects files from getting hacked or lost.
Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) makes it simple to conceptualize how a distributed web might operate. It is very similar to the way a BitTorrent moves data over the internet, IPFS makes sure that we do not need any centralized client-server relationships. An internet is made up of completely decentralized websites which have the potential to accelerate the file transfer and streaming times. Such an improvement is not only convenient but also It’s a necessary upgrade for the current overloaded content-delivery systems.
Prediction markets
The crowdsourcing of predictions for an event probability is proven to have a high degree of accuracy. Averaging the opinions cancels out an unexamined bias that may distort judgment. Prediction markets make the payout according to event outcomes which are already active. Blockchains are the “wisdom of the crowd” technology that without any doubt will find other applications in the years to come.
The prediction market application Augur makes the share offerings on the basis of the outcome of real-world events. Participants have a chance to earn money by buying into the correct prediction. More shares purchased in the correct outcome, the higher will be the payout. Even with a small commitment of funds (less than a dollar), anyone can ask any question, which will create a market based on a predicted outcome, and can collect half of all transaction fees the market generates
Protection of intellectual property
As it is well known that digital information can be produced infinitely — and can be distributed widely thanks to the internet. This has given web users a goldmine of free content. The Copyright holders have not been so lucky, losing control over their intellectual property and suffering financially as a consequence. Smart contracts can protect the copyright and can automate the sale of creative works online by eliminating the risk of file copying and redistribution.
Mycelia uses the blockchain process to create a peer-to-peer music distribution system. It was founded by the UK singer-songwriter Imogen Heap, Mycelia enables the musicians to sell their songs directly to audiences, as well as license samples to producers and share the royalties amongst the songwriters and musicians — all of these functions were automated by smart contracts.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT)
What is the meaning of IoT?
It is the network-controlled management of certain types of electronic devices — for instance, monitoring of the air temperature in a storage facility.The remote systems management can be automated by the Smart contracts. A combination of software, sensors, and the network facilitates the exchange of data between objects and mechanisms. The result of this whole process is the increase in system efficiency which significantly improves the cost of monitoring.
All of the biggest players in manufacturing, tech, and telecommunications are vouching for IoT dominance. Samsung, IBM, and AT&T their natural extension of existing infrastructure are controlled by incumbents, IoT applications will run the gamut from the predictive maintenance of mechanical parts to data analytics, and hence they will mass-scale the automated systems management.
Neighbourhood Microgrids
Blockchain technology also enables the buying and selling of renewable energy generated by neighborhood microgrids. Whenever the solar panels make excess energy, Ethereum-based smart contracts start its automated redistribution.
Consensys is one of the foremost company located in Brooklyn, It is globally developing a range of applications for Ethereum. One project that they are partnering is Transactive Grid, in which they are working with the distributed energy outfit, LO3. A prototype project which is currently up and running which uses Ethereum smart contracts to automate the monitoring and redistribution of microgrid energy. This is called as “intelligent grid” and it is an early example of IoT functionality.
Identity management
There is a definite need for a better process of identity management on the web. The ability to verify your identity is the lynchpin of financial transactions which happens online. However, remedies for such security risks that come with web commerce are imperfect at best. Distributed ledgers offer an enhanced method for proving who you are, along with it comes the possibility to digitize your personal documents. Having a secure identity will also be crucial for online interactions — for instance, in the case of sharing economy. Having a good reputation is one of the most important conditions for doing transactions online.
Creating the digital identity standards is a highly complex process. Keeping the technical challenges aside, universal online identity solution requires a lot of cooperation between private and government entities. As there is need to navigate legal systems in different countries and hence the problem becomes exponentially difficult. E-Commerce on the internet currently relies only on the SSL certificate (the little green lock) for secure transactions over the web.
You will find this article useful: How to Create a Fitness App
Anti-money laundering (AML) and know your customer (KYC) are the practices which have a strong potential for being adapted into the blockchain. Currently, financial institutions are performing a labor-intensive multi-step process for every new customer. KYC costs could be reduced through cross-institution based client verification, and at the same time, it will also increase monitoring and effectiveness.
Polycoin is a startup which has an AML/KYC solution that involves analyzing transactions. Those transactions which are identified as being suspicious are then forwarded to the compliance officers. Another startup Tradle is also developing an application named Trust in Motion (TiM) and it is characterized as an “Instagram for KYC”, TiM allows customers to take a snapshot of their key documents (passport, utility bill, etc.). Once the documents will be verified by the bank, then the data will be cryptographically stored on the blockchain.
Data management
Today, people use social media platforms like Facebook and exchange their personal data. In the future, users will have the ability to manage and sell their data which is generated by their online activities, As it can be easily distributed into the small fractional amounts, Bitcoin will most likely be the currency which will be used for such type of transaction.
Land title registration
Blockchains can make all kinds of record-keeping more efficient including the Publicly-accessible ledgers. Property titles tend to be susceptible to fraud, which is not only costly but also needs intensive labor to administer.
Stock trading
There is huge potential for making the share settlement process more efficient in stock trading using the blockchains. The trade confirmations will become almost instantaneous (as opposed to taking three days for clearance) if it is executed peer-to-peer. Potentially, it will result in removal of the intermediaries like; clearing house, auditors and custodians from the process.
Numerous stock and commodities exchanges like ASX (Australian Securities Exchange), the Deutsche Börse (Frankfurt’s stock exchange) and the JPX (Japan Exchange Group) are in the process of prototyping the blockchain applications for their services. Nasdaq’s Linq is a platform for private market trading (typically between pre-IPO startups and investors). In 2015, Linq announced their first share trade completion. Recently, Nasdaq announced the development of their trial blockchain project for proxy voting on the Estonian Stock Market.
Is Blockchain technology the new internet?
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Is Blockchain technology the new internet?
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The high planetary cost of cheap fashion.
15 January 2021
Collectively, the global fashion industry produces nearly 4 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, or 8.1% of the world total, according to Quantis, a climate consultancy that analyzes the fashion industry's environmental impact. The estimates consider both apparel and footwear.
The numbers are staggering; to produce a single cotton t shirt emits 5 KG of CO2 which is approximately the same as a 12 mile drive, while it uses 1750 litres of water. Jeans are even worse, with a single pair emitting 20 KG CO2 , equivalent to a 49 mile journey by car.
In 2017, the fashion industry devoured around 79 billion cubic meters of water, enough to fill nearly 32 million Olympic-sized swimming pools. And it's only expected to get worse. The Global Fashion Agenda and Boston Consulting Group expect the fashion industry's water usage will increase another 50% by 2030.
There are some solutions, like Piñatex, a leather-like material from pineapple waste and recycled polyester. Developed by leather goods specialist Carmen Hijosa, Piñatex has become a sought-after material. Hijosa has teamed up with a number of luxury designers, including Hugo Boss, Trussardi and Edun, in addition to her H&M collaboration. She hopes to scale her company so Piñatex can eventually supply more apparel-makers with a leather alternative at a lower price point. For now, she acknowledges the $299 H&M jacket is probably out of reach for many consumers.
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Definitions for "Lamb"
The young of the sheep.
To bring forth a lamb or lambs, as sheep.
a young sheep (n). To give birth to a lamb (v). The meat from an animal less than one year old (n).
Any person who is as innocent or gentle as a lamb.
This is the most common animal symbol found on a child's grave. The lamb appears throughout the ages with great regularity in Christian art and because it is a symbol of Christ: "Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world!" (Bible, John 1:29). The use of the lamb in religious art pre-dates Christianity and appears to have been used first by the Egyptians. It signifies purity and innocence. Christ in his sacrificial role and personifies: innocence, meekness, gentleness and humility.......
A Johannine image for Christ, combining the idea of a sacrificial lamb with that of the Servant of the Lord who takes all sin on himself. The Lamb of Rev, slain and yet living and enthroned, is espressed in Gk by a different word.
The cubed portion of the 1st Prosphora that is prepared for consecration as the Body of Christ.
The Host, also known as Agnets. The portion of the bread adhering to the Seal cut from the first Prosphora and intended for Consecration.
Lamb were originally a Mancunian duo comprising producer Andy Barlow (AKA the "Hipoptimist") and singer-songwriter Lou Rhodes, however this pairing subsequently expanded to include bassist Jon Thorne, Icelandic guitarist Oddur Mar Runnarson, and Danish drummer Nikolaj Bjerre. London-based string trio Chi 2 Strings and trumpet player Kevin Davy are frequent guest musicians, and Chi 2 Strings co-wrote several songs on Lamb's fourth album. They released their first album, the self-titled Lamb in September 1996, and followed this up with another three albums and a cache of singles over the next eight years, culminating in the release of a greatest hits album, "Best Kept Secrets", in June 2004.
Lamb is a lunar crater that lies beyond the southeastern limb on the Moon's far side. It is located in an irregular lunar mare region named Mare Australe, just to the east of the Jenner crater.
a gem of neo-psychedelic orch-pop, with chiming guitars and close vocal harmonies
A simple, unsophisticated person; in the cant of the Stock Exchange, one who ignorantly speculates and is victimized.
an entertaining and poignant cosy that intertwines several social issues into the main story line
Keywords: smelly, hooves, cute, creature, hairy
a cute though hairy, smelly creature with hooves and no brain
Keywords: essayist, english
English essayist (1775-1834)
Keywords: mighty, majesty, mercy, morning, lord
Let * Life * Lift * Light * Like * Look * Long * Lord * Love * * * Majesty * Make * Me * Mercy * Mighty * More * Morning * Mother* Mountain * Move * Much * My
Keywords: disambiguation, see
See also lamb (disambiguation)
a retired nurse and Three Rivers District Councillor and Hertfordshire County Councillor
Keywords: ewe, birth
give birth to a lamb; "the ewe lambed"
Keywords: beast, clean
a clean beast
Traditional fare for the Australian Sunday lunch as...
a person easily deceived or cheated (especially in financial matters)
a benign animal, especially when compared with a lion
Keywords: genuine, listing, see
see "Genuine Lamb" listing.
Keywords: solaris, planet, live, people, surface
Term used by the people of Solaris when referring to people that live on the planet's surface.
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Living Things Vs. Non-living Things
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Living Things Vs. Non-living Things by Mind Map: Living Things Vs. Non-living Things
1. Bicycle, cell phone, cloud, water, soil, etc.
2. Food
2.1. Does it need food?
2.2. energy
2.3. nutrition
3. Shelter: Can it sense things?
3.1. habitat
3.2. adapts
4. Water: Does it need water?
5. Air: Does it breathe?
6. Reproduce: Does it reproduce?
6.1. cells
6.2. growth
6.3. excretion
6.4. bacteria
7. Growth: Does it grow?
7.1. life cycle
7.2. movement
8. Living Things: People, Animal, Plants
9. Non-Living things: Natural Man Made
10. they do not move
11. they do not reproduce
12. they do not breathe
13. they do not need food
14. they do not feel
15. What do Living things need?
16. Examples of Living Things: Parents, Teachers, dog, cats, plants, trees, etc.
17. Examples of Non Living Things:
18. What are the characteristics of Non-living Things
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Classical Music As Tax
Imagine that the government required people to wear a nice suit in public spaces like sidewalks, airports, and parks. Or required a precise haircut (e.g., within the last three days). Or imagine that signs had to be most easily read in latin. Or that Mormon sermons were loudly broadcast. Such policies would reduce the rate of crime and related complaints in public spaces, by imposing higher costs on the sorts of people who commit crimes (and on many others). Is that a good enough reason to implement such policies? Now consider that some public spaces play classical music to push away undesirables:
The Port Authority is one of many public spaces across the country that uses classical music to help control vagrancy: to drive the homeless away. … [In] the mid-1980s … a 7-Eleven began playing music in the parking lot as a deterrent to the crowds of teenagers congregating there. Plenty of stores continue to use the technique. … In 2001, police in West Palm Beach, Fla., blasted Mozart and Beethoven on a crime-ridden street corner and saw incidents dwindle dramatically. In 2010, the transit authority in Portland, Ore., began playing classical music at light-rail stops, and calls to police dropped. When the London Underground started piping classical music into its stations in 2005, physical and verbal abuse by young people declined by 33 percent. … Some sources report that Barry Manilow is as effective as Mozart in driving away unwanted groups of teens. (more)
The basic question: when is it ok for the government to impose costs on some subset of people in public, because that subset contains a higher fraction of those who commit crimes? Should there be any limits on the types of people a government can favor in public spaces?
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New COVID-19 vaccine platforms emerge, are effective in preclinical models
February 5, 2021 -- Additional vaccine approaches are necessary to fight COVID-19. Two new vaccine candidates have demonstrated their effectiveness in animal models, and their potential clinical applications are described in two new research studies.
The first study describes results with a modified version of the vaccinia Ankara vector and was published in Immunity on February 3. The second is an alphavirus-based DNA-launched self-replicating vaccine candidate, published in Scientific Reports on February 4.
While great strides have been made in vaccine development during the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many challenges associated with developing new vaccines. These include:
• Lack of long-term safety and immunogenicity data in humans
• Poor induction of CD8+ T-cell response
• Lack of cross-reactive protective immunity against other human coronaviruses
• Failure to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 replication in the nasopharynx
• Requirement of cold storage
"Although several vaccines against COVID-19 have been approved for emergency use, there are still concerns regarding the durability of immune responses after vaccination," said Inga Szurgot, PhD, author of the Scientific Reports article and professor in the microbiology, tumor, and cell biology department at the Karolinska Institutet, in a statement. "Moreover, the vaccines that are based on mRNA molecules need to be stored and transported at ultralow temperatures. Maintaining such conditions can cause logistical problems and might not even be possible in many areas of the world where the need for vaccines is great."
MVA/S COVID-19 vaccine
Researchers at Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University have developed a vaccine that is safe and effective in both mice and monkeys. The vaccine utilizes modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing membrane-anchored prefusion stabilized spike proteins (MVA/S).
MVA is a highly attenuated strain of the vaccinia virus. They are well-tolerated, generally induce strong, durable antibody and T-cell responses, and they can be delivered via multiple routes. Moreover, they can accommodate large inserts of genetic material that allow for the expression of multiple antigens and can produce high titer vaccines for ease of manufacturing.
In the study, Emory's MVA vector-based vaccine was shown to induce both neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T cells in the blood and lungs. The vaccine induces strong neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. And in macaques, vaccination with the two-dose MVA/S induced strong neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T-cell responses. The MVA/S vaccine also protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral replication in the lung as early as two days following intranasal or intratracheal challenge.
"Comparing the virus in vaccine and placebo groups provided clear results the MVA/S vaccine is safe and effective against SARS-CoV-2," said Rama Amara, PhD, researcher in Yerkes' division of microbiology and immunology and the Emory Vaccine Center. "These results are even more promising because the MVA/S-vaccinated animals did not show any signs of inflammation in the lungs such as what medical professionals are seeing in humans who have COVID-19."
Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of lung cells at day four post-infection revealed that MVA/S vaccination also protected macaques from infection-induced inflammation and B-cell abnormalities and lowered induction of interferon stimulated genes.
The group will continue its work on developing the MVA vaccine, with a focus on a single-dose product. They are also working on inserting multiple genes of the coronavirus into the vaccine to broaden its ability to induce T-cell responses.
DREP-S COVID-19 vaccine
In a different report, scientists at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden describe the effectiveness of a prototype vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using a DNA vaccine platform that is inexpensive, stable, easy to produce, and shows a good safety profile.
The vaccine is an alphavirus-based, DNA-launched self-amplifying replicon RNA vector (DREP) vaccine that encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (DREP-S). The platform uses the alphavirus genome derived from the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and encodes the genes for the viral RNA replicase but lacks the genes coding for the structural proteins of the virus.
Upon delivery, a DNA-launched RNA molecule replicates in the same fashion as it would during an alphavirus infection, with the important distinction that new viral particles are not formed. The self-amplifying replicon vectors have inherent adjuvant properties and induce apoptosis of transfected cells.
DREPs are well-suited for rapid vaccine development because they can accommodate encoding any antigen of interest and require lower doses compared to traditional DNA vaccines. Importantly, the vaccine candidate does not require a cold chain during transportation and storage. The platform is administered as naked DNA and is suitable for rapid adaptation such that potential new viruses or threats in an emerging outbreak can be rapidly targeted.
In the study, the DREP-S vaccine induced both binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as T-cell responses. DREP-S-elicited antibodies were able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus in four out of five mice. These high titers of SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were able to efficiently neutralize pseudotyped virus after a single immunization. The researcher found that prime dose responses were boosted by administration of a heterologous spike protein vaccine.
The authors noted that DREP-based vaccines drive mostly T helper type 1 (Th1) type cellular responses, which have favorable antiviral properties. Moreover, DREP vaccine candidates induced a robust cellular response against the S1 domain of the spike protein already after one immunization.
"Different vaccine approaches and platforms have their distinct merits and may work synergistically in regimens where a patient receives first immunization with one type of vaccine and second with a different type," said senior author Peter Liljestrom, PhD, professor in the microbiology, tumor, and cell biology department at the Karolinska Institutet. "This approach often gives a better response and should be investigated further."
Do you have a unique perspective on your research related to vaccines or infectious diseases? Contact the editor today to learn more.
uld be investigated further."
Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits distinct antibody, T-cell responses
An analysis of antibody and T-cell responses during the entire timeline of SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals the different ways the immune system responds...
Global evidence suggests COVID-19 could be seasonal
As the world enters year two of the COVID-19 pandemic, new research suggests that seasonality, including temperature and location, could be a factor in...
COVID-19 to have long-lasting effect on biotech industry
Allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines shouldn't stop vaccinations
COVID-19 vaccines currently approved for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are safe even among people with food or medication allergies,...
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Video appunto: Ascend and Rise
To ascend is to rise up, or to climb up something.
After the bride and groom meet at the front of the sanctuary, they will ascend the staircase to reach the platform where they will repeat their vows.
As the children in the school ascend the staircase to their classrooms each morning, a bell rings to let them know they are close to being late.
The word ascent means rising up or climbing up something. It should not be confused with the word assent, which means an approval. To give assent to something is to approve or give permission.
The ascent of the ants, carrying large pieces of food stolen from our picnic, to their large mound was a wonder to watch.
It is always interesting to watch the ascent of the human tower during the gymnastics show. We make it a point to see the show every year, if my father gives his assent.
To rise is to go from a lower position to a higher position or to attain a higher status. You can also express the same meaning with the phrase on the rise, which means to be increasing.
I know you are starting at a very low rate of pay, but if you are consistently punctual and hardworking, your pay will rise accordingly.
I have been working at the company for so long, I have seen many young people rise to the top of the organization or seek similar positions elsewhere.
To get a rise out of someone is to make them upset, or to get them to show a reaction.
Sometimes I think my brother doesn't even really have an opinion on the topics we argue about; he is just trying to get a rise out of me.
The heckler would stop at nothing, it seemed, but he was unable to get a rise out of the polished comedian, who had performed over 200 times that year alone.
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The performance of lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells
by：UFO 2020-05-16
Traditional lead-acid batteries. Lead-acid batteries, low specific energy in new energy vehicle weight needed to take up the overall quality and volume is larger, a charge may be driving course is shorter; Late, short service life and the cost is high. In addition, the lead-acid battery charging time long, lead is a heavy metal, there is pollution, and the concept of new energy vehicle.
lithium-ion batteries used in great quantities in the mobile phone, computer and other equipment. Fuel cell is born for electric/hybrid cars. Use of hydrogen and oxygen chemical reaction to produce electricity, its combustion products is very small amounts of carbon dioxide and water, almost has no effect on the environment. Then what for electric vehicles, the choice of lithium batteries or fuel cells? Who also not settled yet, but we can through the following set of contrast to the two types of batteries. Cost
cost is high, the hydrogen production process complex become the main obstacle of the development of fuel cell. Hydrogen gas or steam restructuring by electrolysis. But cost is high, the two methods for making the cost of the same quality of natural gas of 1/2 or 1/3 of hydrogen production.
lithium-ion battery production cost is relatively low, in addition its rechargeable use is very convenient, compared to other portable energy, it has more cost effective.
environmental impact of the environmental impact of fuel cell and lithium ion battery are small. The products of combustion for water, won't produce gasoline/diesel combustion after generation of greenhouse gases.
lithium ion battery discharge product may by lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, etc. , will not impact on the environment. In addition, the lithium ion battery can be reused.
based on the above points, the two types of cells became the most popular electric power supply at present.
using polymer membranes in fuel cells as electrode, support after the hydrogen and oxygen reaction to generate electricity. Polymer membranes must pass special processing to withstand high temperatures and mechanical stress.
lithium ion battery of lithium ion adsorption charge, so the cells have storage capacity. The quality of the lithium ion is very light, so is the power source of the ideal car. Potential
both fuel cell and lithium ion battery technology is still have a lot of room for improvement. If it can reduce the cost of fuel cells can really as gasoline/diesel fuel alternative energy sources.
for lithium battery, if can further improve its energy density, cycle life can be longer, the energy is also a very good driver. Challenge
for fuel cell, there are a number of technical problems waiting to be solved. Platinum catalyst, for example, the high cost, complex technology of sealing technology, huge hydrogen-storage tanks and start for a long time.
the facing problems in the development of lithium ion batteries are less common charging infrastructure. Therefore, as long as the set up good charging infrastructure and charging network, the problem will be solved. Recently, Toyota, Honda, mitsubishi, nissan four car companies signed an agreement to jointly built in Japan charging infrastructure and build charging network; All these laid the foundation for the lithium battery technology application.
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🌳 AI finds billions of trees in the Sahara
🌳 AI finds billions of trees in the Sahara
Automatic counting of trees in deserts gives us better data on how much carbon dioxide is stored in the world's trees and how well planting of trees in and near deserts works.
Kent Olofsson
Kent Olofsson
Deserts may not be the first place you go to find trees and this means that we have so far had a bad idea of how many trees there are. Now researchers have used satellite images and AI to make a tree count and it turns out that there are many trees in desert areas .
In a 1.3 million square kilometer area in the Sahara and Sahel , the AI identified 1.8 billion trees.
- We were very surprised that so many trees grow in the Sahara desert. Of course, there are large areas without trees, but there are also areas with high tree density and also some areas where some trees grow between the dunes, says Martin Brandt, researcher at the University of Copenhagen and lead author of the study.
Having accurate information about how many trees there are in the world's deserts is important for several reasons. For example, it gives us more accurate data on how much carbon dioxide is stored in the world's trees when we actually count all the trees.
It also provides better opportunities to monitor illegal logging. Then it helps us to see how effective tree planting is. We have previously written about a major project to build a "green wall" just across the sub-Saharan African continent . With this technology it is possible to see how the work goes and how many trees survive after a few years.
This method can also be used in areas other than deserts . It gives the opportunity to get a more accurate figure of how many trees there are in total in the world.
To be able to count so many trees, researchers have to use satellite images and this has been a problem in the past. The resolution has simply been too low to be able to identify individual trees. But new satellites now provide images with a resolution of half a meter and that is enough to be able to find individual trees.
AI saves millions of working hours
The next problem will then be to search through all the pictures for trees. Counting 1.3 billion trees would have taken millions of people several years, according to Martin Brandt's estimate.
This is where AI comes into the picture. Using in-depth learning, the researchers taught the AI to identify trees in the images. What would have taken hundreds of millions of man-hours now took only a few hours to complete.
Now, however, it was not just about unleashing the AI on the images and waiting for the result. The method the researchers use is based on the AI being allowed to practice on images where a human has already identified a tree. So Martin Brandt sat himself and marked 90,000 trees on satellite images. A job that took him a year, but he thinks it was a good time to do something that would be practically impossible with manual work.
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Data compression is the compacting of information by lowering the number of bits that are stored or transmitted. In this way, the compressed info takes substantially less disk space than the initial one, so more content can be stored on the same amount of space. You can find different compression algorithms which work in different ways and with a lot of them just the redundant bits are deleted, which means that once the data is uncompressed, there's no loss of quality. Others delete excessive bits, but uncompressing the data later will result in reduced quality in comparison with the original. Compressing and uncompressing content needs a huge amount of system resources, and in particular CPU processing time, so every Internet hosting platform which employs compression in real time should have sufficient power to support this attribute. An example how info can be compressed is to substitute a binary code such as 111111 with 6x1 i.e. "remembering" what number of sequential 1s or 0s there should be instead of saving the entire code.
Data Compression in Hosting
The ZFS file system which runs on our cloud Internet hosting platform employs a compression algorithm identified as LZ4. The aforementioned is significantly faster and better than any other algorithm on the market, particularly for compressing and uncompressing non-binary data i.e. web content. LZ4 even uncompresses data faster than it is read from a hard disk, which improves the performance of sites hosted on ZFS-based platforms. Because the algorithm compresses data very well and it does that very fast, we can generate several backups of all the content kept in the hosting accounts on our servers every day. Both your content and its backups will take reduced space and since both ZFS and LZ4 work extremely fast, the backup generation will not affect the performance of the hosting servers where your content will be stored.
Data Compression in Semi-dedicated Hosting
Your semi-dedicated hosting account will be created on a cloud platform which runs on the state-of-the-art ZFS file system. The latter uses a compression algorithm named LZ4, which is a lot better than all other algorithms when it comes to compression ratio and speed. The gain is significant particularly when data is being uncompressed and not only is LZ4 faster than other algorithms, but it is also quicker in uncompressing data than a system is in reading from a hard disk drive. That is why Internet sites running on a platform which uses LZ4 compression perform better because the algorithm is most efficient when it processes compressible data i.e. website content. A further advantage of using LZ4 is that the backup copies of the semi-dedicated accounts which we keep need less space and they are generated a lot quicker, which enables us to store a couple of daily backups of your files and databases.
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What PTE Writing tips work the best?
Essay writing can be one of the most difficult tasks to achieve success in. It requires an understanding of the question, structure, grammar, vocabulary, spelling and punctuation. Do not use a writing essay template, but rather memorise a structure and develop your grammar and vocabulary. The best tips for writing well are: repeated practice, and feedback.
What does the PTE Writing question look like?
This is a long-answer writing task type that tests all your writing skills. You have 20 minutes to write a 200-300 word persuasive or argumentative essay on a given topic. In the test you will do 1 or 2 Write Essay tasks.
This is how the question appears in the test:
How do I get 90 in PTE Writing?
To score 90 in PTE Writing, you will need to plan and write quickly and accurately under timed conditions. Our E2Language method can deliver a 90 score every time, once you nail it. Here’s how to go about it:
The prompt, or question will appear in the same format each time. It may look like this one:
Completing university education is thought by some to be the best way to get a good job. On the other hand, people also say that getting experience and developing soft skills is more important. Choose which position you most agree with and discuss why you chose that position. Support your point of view with details from your own experiences, observations or reading.
Plan, write and review
You should divide the time for your 20 minute essay into these parts:
2 minutes planning + 14 minutes writing + 2 minutes reviewing
2 minutes planning means understand the question and find the key words. You must make sure you respond to all the keywords in the prompt in your essay. Your task is to answer the question, which really means “respond to all the key words”!
Write planning notes for your essay on the erasable pad in short phrases. Make sure you can read your own handwriting.
Before you write your PTE a essay, you will need to know:
• which side of the argument you support most strongly (you will state this in the third sentence of your introduction, which we call the thesis statement).
• subjects for the topic sentences of both body paragraphs. These subjects will represent the main ideas from both sides of your arguments. It is wise to have a positive argument in body 1, and a negative argument in body 2.
• some support ideas for each paragraph
• examples to illustrate your main ideas
• what you are going to conclude
In our example, your notes might look like this:
Thesis: University better in the long term
Body 1:
Main idea: Qualification and professional career
Support: Teaching
Example: Learning and experience
Body 2:
Main idea: Work is practical learning
Support: Mastery on the job
Example: Jobs that do not need university
Conclusion: Professional career based on your interests
The essay will be four paragraphs long:
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: Body 1
Paragraph 3: Body 2
Paragraph 4: Conclusion
Each sentence you type will have a purpose. Your PTE a essay should be (E2Language style) structured like this:
1. General background about the topic.
2. Rewrite the question
3. Tell the reader what side of the argument you will present in this essay.
Body 1:
1. Main idea
2. Support idea
3. Example
4. Link (to main idea, question or next paragraph)
Body 2:
1. Main idea
2. Support idea
3. Example
1. Summarise your two main ideas
2. Tell the reader what you told them
To see the completed essay, and understand what a 90 score essay looks like, how it is structured and how it answers the question, click this link here:
How is Writing scored?
The computer algorithm will assess your essay. You will be marked on:
Written discourse: your skill at presenting a structured, logical argument
Coherence: the overall reasoning and sense
Vocabulary: word choice, appropriateness variety
Grammar: verb tenses, prepositions, agreements etc
Spelling and punctuation: accuracy
Do I need PTE Writing template?
No. You need to memorise this structure. It will work every time!
How do I write a perfect essay?
Practice and feedback are the keys! Memorise our PTE a essay structure and stick to it. Develop your grammar and vocabulary. Read good examples and understand why they are good. Practice, practice and practice some more under timed conditions. Join our E2Language Writing Live classes and Live mock tests. Book a tutorial. Get started!
Do More. Be More.
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Are All Probiotics Really Created Equal? This New Research May Surprise You!
A study recently published in the British Journal of Nutrition found that the environment that a probiotic grows in not only determines what traits it has but also how effective it is against pathogenic bacteria.
For the first time ever, the study looked at the properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG isolates from different probiotic supplements. Researchers observed the differences between the various sources of the same bacteria strain. This study found that while all probiotic varieties of L. rhamnosus GG adhered to intestinal mucosa, they all presented an assortment of characteristics unlike the original strain of L. rhamnosus GG.(1)
The study found that because the supplements in question all used their own manufacturing process and food matrix, these elements actually determine the efficacy of a probiotic.
This makes sense. There are nutritional differences, for example, between beef from an animal that is fed only grass and a factory-farmed animal that receives antibiotic therapy, hormone injections, and is fed primarily grain. When we feed our bodies with certain foods, we are providing our cells with raw materials; the state of our health depends on how useful or dysfunctional these raw materials are. We can apply this same principle when manufacturing probiotic supplements.
Probiotics are known to enhance immune response against infectious disease and cancer.
They increase antibody response and enhance phagocytic and natural killer cell function. They have also been shown regulate the Th1 and Th2 immune cell balance, an imbalance of which is involved in autoimmune and allergic conditions. In addition, these immunomodulation properties of probiotics are bacteria-specific.
This means that certain beneficial bacteria help the body and immune system in its own specific way. Much of this action, especially in regards to the T cells and Th3 cell specifically, takes place in the gut. (2)
Although this study proves that manufacturing standards are relevant, scientists are still piecing the puzzle together.
Researchers agree that while this study is interesting, there is more to learn. Because the study was done in vitro (meaning a controlled environment, such as in a Petri dish, rather than in the human body) we can still discover more about “the effect of manufacturing” by looking at what these various sources of the same probiotic strain do in a human gastrointestinal tract.
Not only do different bacteria strains affect the immune system in their own way, but even in a single probiotic, the manufacturing method and the food matrix used by each probiotic supplier has a role in strain properties and viability. The study concludes by saying that quality-control is necessary in the production of probiotics and that “small changes may significantly influence the outcome.” While probiotics clearly demonstrate a beneficial effect in the human body, scientists are still learning what this means and the variables involved in culturing different probiotic strains.
Culture Starter
Enjoy powerful probiotics as nature intended by culturing your own vegetables with our Culture Starter! This will ensure the highest quality in all the probiotics that you eat to keep your immune system healthy and strong.
Just as growing your own food is one of the best ways to know the quality of what you eat, culturing your own veggies is an excellent way to deliver active probiotics to your gut. Homemade fermented foods include cultured vegetables and coconut water kefirThese foods have the power of probiotics as natured intended. While scientists perfect the manufacturing processing and development of certain probiotic strains, you can choose to ferment your own foods with the best quality food matrix available!
In a recent study published in the British Journal of Nutrition, it showed that a probiotic’s growth environment determines its effectiveness against fighting pathogenic bacteria. This principle is also true in the food that we feed our own body since our health depends upon how useful and nutrient-rich our diet is. Potent probiotics can boost the immune system to fight cancer and disease, making it vital to choose the strongest probiotics to integrate into your diet. We encourage you to start culturing your own vegetables at home and drinking coconut water kefir to give you naturally potent probiotics as the staple of a healthy immune system!
1. Grzeskowiak, L., E. Isolauri, S .Salminen, M. Gueimonde. “Manufacturing Process Influences Properties of Probiotic Bacteria.” British Journal of Nutrition (2010). http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FS0007114510004496a.pdf&code=864770ae64833a2a535dff80e4f96db5
2. Watson, Ronald R., Sherma Zibadi, Victor R. Preedy. Dietary Components and Immune Function. Springer: Humana Press, 2010.
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Electoral college pros and cons essay
The states are allocated electors depending on their population, electoral college pros and cons essay which gives each state equal chance to participate in selection of the president what are the pros and cons of the electoral college system? Overview and history . the electoral college pros and cons i am one who thinks the electoral college should be ended/cut/destroyed. cover page for mla paper smaller states get a voice. (icumsa) is a world-wide manhattan project essay body which brings together the boxing gym business plan activities of the national committees for sugar analysis in more than twenty member countries business plan sample for new business pdf pros of electoral college pros and cons essay electoral college it equalizes the states electrical engineering assignment help in the nation. jan 14, 2017 · list who to write a thesis of cons electoral college pros and cons essay of electoral college 1. let’s take a half step into the past and learn how we got the electoral college in the first place. pro 2: to destroy it in a hail of. doesn’t hand writing paper matter how many popular votes you get what psychology research papers examples are the pros and cons of the electoral college system? According to the article “electoral college: in 1787, the delegates to the constitutional convention were extremely divided about how the president of the newly formed country should be elected, and this issue was sent research paper format to electoral college pros and cons essay the committee of eleven on postponed can you use we in a research paper matters. without the electoral college, states like california and texas would have more influence in the government than states like north dakota, vermont, or free essay checker online new hampshire.
20 thoughts on “Electoral college pros and cons essay
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Reading into the headlines: Weighing the risks
Blog Post created by NDC_Team on May 2, 2018
Often times popular media headlines cloud our ability to weigh actual risks. Just yesterday I had a group of patients who are interested in stopping smoking say “Well isn’t everything causing cancer? What about coffee?” This allowed for a great discussion on weighing the risk and knowing the source of the media.
Take Coffee vs. Cigarettes for example:
A preliminary ruling by a Superior Court judge in California has created quite a buzz in the headlines about coffee causing cancer. The decision may eventually require shops to put a warning label on coffee that contains acrylamide, a chemical formed when some coffee is roasted. Acrylamide has been classified as a Class 2A carcinogen, meaning that it has been shown to cause cancer in animal studies, but studies done in humans have not found a clear association with cancer in the quantity of exposure typical in diet. Acrylamide can also be found in breads, cookies, breakfast cereals, French-fried potatoes and some canned goods.
The health risks from coffee have been evaluated and debated for many years. People who drink coffee tend to live longer, and may lower their risk from many cancers. On the other hand, there may be health risks. A helpful discussion among experts at the American Cancer Society concludes that there may be health benefits to drinking coffee, but further research is needed. If you are concerned about acrylamide, it might be worthwhile to limit coffee intake, and eat fewer chips, cookies, and French fries.
If you truly want to reduce your risk for cancer, by far the most important thing you can do is stop smoking and stay stopped.
The risk from smoking outweighs the risk from any other product made for regular human consumption. Cigarettes are the only product that kills 60% of the people who use it as the manufacturer intends. Tobacco is responsible for almost 1 in 5 deaths in the United States; it is known to cause 14 different types of cancer, including 90% of all lung cancers, the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. In addition it more than doubles the risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and causes most cases of emphysema.
So, don’t let the headlines cloud your vision. Who knows what will come of the coffee labeling, or how much coffee you would need to drink to cause harm, but what we do know is tobacco products are are proven to harm, and the best single thing you can do for your health is to stop and stay stop. BecomeanEX!
Michael V. Burke, Ed.D
Program Director and NDC Counselor/ CTTS
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What does the executor or administrator do
The executor or administrator (also called the personal representative) takes responsibility for dealing with all of the estate. This involves:
finding all the financial documentation belonging to the person who died
opening a bank account on behalf of the estate
finding out details of money owed to the estate
finding out details of money owed by the person who has died
If it appears that there are not enough assets in the estate to cover outstanding tax, expenses, bills and other liabilities, you should seek the advice of a solicitor. Administering an insolvent estate can be complicated.
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India is a rural country with a hot, humid climate. The country has a higher population than any other country in Plague Inc., even higher than China.The reason is because it also includes Bangladesh. This country has a border with Pakistan, China, and S.E Asia.
Country Information
IG Factbook: "The Indus Valley civilization, is one of the world's oldest. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. Years of nonviolent resistance to the British led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru eventually resulted in Indian independence in 1947. Large-scale communal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since one of which resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power."
Airport Links
India will send and receive airplanes from China, Saudi Arabia, UK, USA, and Japan
Seaport Links
India will send and receive ships from South Africa, S.E Asia, New Guinea, Saudi Arabia, France, Egypt, and Australia
• It is highly recommended by many to start one's plague here, as it provides large numbers of infected people in a relatively short amount of time, and spreads quickly to other countries via its seaport and its airport. Your plague also becomes spotted later here and has a lower cure progress, which could give you a high score in main game.
• Due to it having a humid climate rather than an arid one, it is an especially good country to start in when playing as the Fungus, which is more effective in humid climates.
• Additionally, starting in India helps make a plague more resistant to hot climates. The only disadvantage is that its airports and seaports go to less countries than nearby Saudi Arabia.
• If playing as the Nipah Virus, the player's plague will automatically start in India, even if they click on another country.
• In the news bar, it is mentioned that "India Current Account surplus grows". This is because of the Current Account Deficit, which is a section within the balance of payments and includes trade in goods and services; and rents that take place between the residents of a country and the rest of the world in a given period of time. In India, there was an excess of the imports of the countries on the exports. This is likely why India has many sea and air routes.
Countries in Plague Inc. and Plague Inc: Evolved.
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Hanakura Conflict
Imagawa Clan
Imagawa Yoshimoto
Suruga Province
The Hanakura Conflict (Hanakura no ran) occurred from 5/25 to 6/10 of Tenbun 5 (1536) as a succession struggle within the Imagawa clan, the sengoku daimyō of Suruga Province, following the death of their lord, Imagawa Ujiteru. Hanakura was the place name from which Genkō Etan raised arms. He was the younger brother of Ujiteru born outside the line of succession. The conflict came to an end after Sengaku Shōhō, another younger brother of Ujiteru and lineal heir of Ujichika, prevailed and became the successor. Shōhō later became known as Imagawa Yoshimoto.
The Imagawa were relatives of the Ashikaga clan. In 1476, after Imagawa Yoshitada died in battle in Tōtōmi, a dispute erupted within the family between members of the family and influential hikan, or servants, in regard to the issue of succession. In 1487, through the mediation of Ise Moritoki (a liaison for the emperor later known as Hōjō Sōun, founder of the Gohōjō clan), Imagawa Ujichika became successor as head of the clan.
With the support of Moritoki who was a deputy military governor, Ujichika endeavored to strengthen his control over the clan. He enacted a set of provincial laws known as the Imagawa kana mokuroku, establishing his command over family affairs. To prevent internal discord in the wake of his own death, he designated Ryūōmaru (his lineal son later named Imagawa Ujiteru) as his successor, and, in 1523, invited Taigen Sessai from the Kennin Temple in Kyōto and assigned him to raise his fifth son, Hōgikumaru (the third son of Ujiteru’s formal wife, Jukeini, later known as Sengaku Shōhō and then Imagawa Yoshimoto). In 1525, Ujiteru had Hōgikumaru enter the priesthood whereby he entered the Zentoku Temple in Seko in the Fuji District of Suruga. Ujichika died in 1526 and was succeeded by Ujiteru as head of the Imagawa family.
During Ujiteru’s tenure, the Imagawa reconciled with their rival, the Takeda of Kai Province, and the clan established a consultative system among family members and hikan to manage provincial affairs. However, after the Matsudaira clan gained influence in Mikawa Province, Ujiteru was on the defensive so he abandoned the territory and made plans to invade Kai. He then called upon his younger brother, Shōhō, who, together with Sessai, was practicing Buddhism in Kyōto.
On 3/17 of 1536, Ujiteru, along with Hikogorō (his younger brother who was designated as first in the line of succession) suddenly died. Ujiteru’s widow, Jukeini, wielded considerable influence in the family. Together with Sessai and senior retainers, she had Shōhō return to secular life and, after receiving one of the characters from the name of Ashikaga Yoshiharu, the twelfth shōgun, Shōhō adopted the name of Imagawa Yoshimoto. Jukeini and her supporters then settled with the Takeda of Kai and attempted to have Yoshimoto serve as the successor. However, the Fukushima who served as influential servant in the family in charge of military and diplomatic affairs with respect to Tōtōmi and Kai provinces, opposed having Yoshimoto become the next head of the clan. Instead, the Fukushima backed a maternal relative named Genkō Etan. Etan was the son of one of Ujichika’s consorts who was a daughter of Fukushima Sukeharu.
On 5/24, Jukeini met with Fukushima Echizen-no-kami, an advocate for Etan, and attempted in vain to persuade him to change his mind. On 5/25, supporters of Etan raised arms from Mount Kunō, attacking the Imagawa residence in Sunpu. The defenders put-up stiff resistance and repelled the attack, whereupon those backing Etan continued their resistance from Kata-no-kami Castle and Hanakura Castle, garnering support from others in Tōtōmi Province.
Meanwhile, Yoshimoto received support from the Gohōjō clan of Sagami Province, with Okabe Chikatsuna attacking and capturing Kata-no-kami Castle on 6/10. Next, the forces launched an all-out assault against Hanakura Castle where Etan had sought refuge. Unable to withstand the attack, Etan fled and committed seppuku at the Fumon Temple in the Sedo Valley. After the battles in Tōtōmi came to an end, Yoshimoto announced his own succession and then endeavored to tighten his grip on the clan.
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Question: Why Did King George’S Brother Abdicate The Throne?
What happened to Wallis after Duke died?
Five years later, after Edward’s accession as King of the United Kingdom, Wallis divorced her second husband to marry Edward.
Can Harry still be king?
Even though Prince Harry has stepped back from his royal duties, it doesn’t mean he has been removed from the line of succession to the British throne. … Harry remains sixth in line to the throne held by his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, although the chances of him ever ascending to king are remote.
Why did King George’s brother give up the throne?
Edward VIII became king of the United Kingdom following the death of his father, George V, but ruled for less than a year. He abdicated the throne in order to marry his lover, Wallis Simpson, thereafter taking the title Duke of Windsor.
Will Camilla be queen if Charles dies?
Can Harry be king?
Did King Edward VIII have children?
What is Prince Charles full name?
Charles Philip Arthur GeorgeCharles, Prince of Wales/Full name
Will Charles be king?
Will the queen abdicate?
But despite her nearly 45 years on the throne, Elizabeth I did not welcome any heirs, and famously adopted the moniker “Virgin Queen”. As such, she had no direct descendants, but she still shares a common ancestry with Queen Elizabeth II. Elizabeth I and II’s family lines join at King Henry VII and his siblings.
Does the queen watch the crown?
Will Kate be Queen when William is King?
Once Prince William takes the throne and becomes the King of England, Kate will then become Queen Consort. Contrary to popular belief, Kate will not be The Queen of England, in the same way Queen Elizabeth is now. This is because she will be monarch by marriage and not family.
Why is Prince Philip not king?
Can Queen Elizabeth skip Charles?
Queen Elizabeth reportedly rejects the idea of skipping Prince Charles. … “The Queen doesn’t believe in breaking the rules, she does not want Charles to step aside when she passes. William doesn’t want that to happen,” Vigar stated.
How old was King Edward when he died?
77 years (1894–1972)Edward VIII/Age at death
The House of Windsor as we know it today began in 1917 when the family changed its name from the German “Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.” Queen Elizabeth’s grandfather, King George V, was the first Windsor monarch, and today’s working royals are the descendants of King George and his wife, Queen Mary.
What happened to King George’s brother?
When it became apparent he could not marry Wallis and remain on the throne, he abdicated. He was succeeded by his younger brother, George VI. … After his abdication, Edward was created Duke of Windsor. He married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final.
Who would be king if Edward VIII did not abdicate?
His younger brother Bertie became King George VI and was the father of the present Queen Elizabeth II. He died in 1952, and Edward who had no children died in 1972. So even if Edward had not abdicated Elizabeth would now be Queen.
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The particularity and storage of powder coatings
The powder coating is a new type of solvent-free 100% solid powder coating. It has two categories: the thermoplastic powder coating and thermosetting powder coating. Coating made of special resin, fillers, curing agents and other additives, to a certain proportion of mixed and then by hot extrusion and crushing process of sifting and other prepared from. At room temperature, storage stability, electrostatic spray or fluidized bed dipping, and then the baking heat of melting and solidification, so that the formation of smooth and bright, permanent coating, to achieve the purpose of decoration and corrosion.
1. The product is non-toxic, solvent free and non-volatile toxic substances, it is no intoxication, no fire, no “three wastes” emissions and other pollution problems, in full compliance with the requirements of the State Environmental Protection Act.
2. The high utilization of raw materials, overspray powder is recyclable, the use of more than 99%.Was painted after treatment, one-time construction, without primer, you can get a sufficient thickness of the coating, easy to automate, high production efficiency, reduce costs.
3. Dense coating, adhesion, impact strength and toughness, high corner coverage, with excellent resistance to chemical corrosion and electrical insulation properties.
4. Convenient storage, transport safety.
Storage and access of the powder coating
1. Keep away from fire sources, avoid direct sunlight, should be placed in well-ventilated, temperature at 35 ℃ the following locations.
2. Do not store in places susceptible to water, organic solvents, oils and other materials contaminated.
3. Powder coatings used do not arbitrarily exposed in the air, should be stamped at any time or turn it tightly to avoid debris mixed.
4. Avoid long-term exposure of the skin, attached to the powder application to the skin soapy water rinse, Do not use solvents.
The safety of construction sites in coating
1. Using the device to be well-grounded to eliminate static electricity.
2. Avoid coating machine unprovoked discharge phenomenon
3. Dusting indoor concentration of floating dust, try to control below the safe concentration, to avoid risk of explosion of dust on fire.
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Dozens of sheep graze a field of Sudan grass on Walla Walla Organics farm as part of a farming system that restores the soil.
These practices, known as regenerative agriculture approaches, became a more recent goal for farmer and owner Dan McClure.
In the past three years, he has adopted three methods in most fields on the 600-acre farm.
The farm grows conventional crops like alfalfa seed, wheat, barley, safflower, and organic produce such as Walla Walla Sweet Onions, spinach, kale, varieties of squash and more.
McClure always has a plant growing in the field, whether a cash crop he grows to sell or cover crops he grows to put back into the soil.
He puts the organic matter taken out of the ground from cash crops back into the soil with cover crops, so no organic matter is lost. Other practices include sampling for nutrients of his cash crops and having sheep graze the cover crops.
A cover crop is a plant used primarily to slow erosion, improve soil health, enhance water availability, smother weeds, help control pests and diseases, increase biodiversity and have bring other benefits, according to Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education.
This year has been the worst for weeds, McClure said. They’re handpicked, so no chemicals are used. Cover crops reduce weeds because the ground always wants something to grow on it.
“I know we’ll hit nirvana when we grow a crop and don’t have any weeds grow up,” he said.
Through regenerative agriculture, McClure said he builds back the organic matter and soil that feed the plants.
The more organic matter in the soil, the better the plants grow and the less fertilizer and water will be required, he said.
Cover crops are not harvested but instead returned to the soil. They stimulate different types of organisms, like fungi and bacteria.
Roots of cash crops like spinach and onions don’t stretch down very far into the soil, but the roots of cover crop do, and they bring the nutrients back to the height where roots of the cash crops can reach, he said.
He sends in leaves of his produce to a company that samples the leaves’ sap for an accurate reading of how much nutrition is in the plant. The results show McClure what to put on the crop if one or more of the nutrients are low.
More nutrient-dense plants fight off insects and diseases, something needed for organic farming, considering they do not use insecticides, herbicides, or other synthesized chemicals, he said.
Sheep grazing cover crops can be beneficial for building organic matter and soil health.
After sheep graze the plants, the plants put down more root exudates, McClure said. The roots will stimulate the microbes in the soil, like bacteria, fungi — all the things that provide minerals for the plants — making the soil more active and the plant regrow faster.
There is also a more available form of nitrogen for the plants. Urine and feces break down and provide food for the plants.
“It’s like we’re fertilizing for the next crop with the animals,” McClure said.
He said on the farm they seed into the ground after the grazing without having to till the ground as much.
McClure implemented grazing last year, using sheep from Upper Dry Creek Ranch.
Building organic matter in the soil through regenerative agriculture is a long and more expensive process.
“I think that’s why you don’t see a lot of people doing it. A lot of farming is a low-cost endeavor,” he said. “Consumers demand cheap food, so farmers grow cheap food.”
He said the main reason he started adding these practices was for the challenge.
Though he has been farming for 14 years, he didn’t grow up farming, so he had to figure it out, which gives him a different perspective than those who have been taught how to farm through generations of family farming.
All crops grow every year, but on different fields, about 50 acres per crop, and they go through a rotation of fields for four years. Sarah McClure, McClure’s wife and co-owner of the farm, said the crop rotation makes planning a jigsaw puzzle every year, further complicated by the demand for water on the various crops.
Sarah McClure said Dan McClure tries to do things better every year and never does the same thing.
They are growing this way to get more yield and production off the ground so the farm can be more profitable and reach its full potential, he said. But most importantly, they aim to grow the healthiest food possible.
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Transatlantic Trends 2013, a survey of public opinion conducted in 11 European countries, United States and Turkey has found that almost all respondents of the study overestimated the size of the immigrant population.
In the UK, people estimated that on average 31% of the population are immigrants (the actual figure being 12%). Policy Director at the Migrants’ Rights Network, Ruth Grove-White has stated that it is unsurprising that British respondents have greatly overestimated the population of migrants living in the country “given the volume of hostile public debate about immigration and its impacts”. The Migration Observatory has published a study which reviewed the way British newspapers have portrayed migrants, asylum seekers and refugees between 2010 and 2012 and concluded that the world “illegal” was the most commonly used to describe immigrants.
Europeans were split when asked whether immigration is more of a problem (44% of European respondents) or an opportunity for their country (41% of European respondents). Sweden and Germany are the countries where people are most likely to see immigration as an opportunity and both countries are amongst the OECD countries with the most open immigration policies, the report states.
A majority in Europe (62%) did not agree with the statement that immigrants take jobs away from native born citizens of their country, with 80% of Germans and 77% of Swedes strongly disagreeing with this statement. Most European respondents (60%) agreed immigrants enrich our culture.
The survey is conducted every year and interviews 1,000 people in each country.
For further information:
This article originally appeared in ECRE Weekly Bulletin 27 September 2013.
You can subscribe to the Weekly Bulletin here.
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1. Introduction
Davit is the device used to lift and move heavy things around. It can be stationary or portable, manual or powered by motors, and usually have the configuration shown in the Figure 1 (left). As you can see, it’s a quite simple device.
Figure 1 - Two types of davit: one used to lift equipment (left) and other used to lift pressure vessel cover (right)
Figure 1 – Two types of davit: one used to lift equipment (left) and other used to lift pressure vessel cover (right)
The design of davit for pressure vessels are described in the Procedure 9-1 from Pressure Vessel Design Manual((Moss, D. and Basic, M. (2013). Pressure Vessel Design Manual. 4th ed. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 558)), which according to references section in the book was based in paper published by Magnusson from Fluor Engineers entitled “Design of Davits” (I couldn’t find such paper in the internet, so I think it may be a private document from that company) and in the well-known “Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain”((Young, W. C., Budynas, R. G., Sadegh A. M. (2011). Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Education)) book.
2. Types of Davit
The book specifies 3 types of rigging as shown in the Figure 2:
Davit Design for Pressure Vessel - Kezar Engineering
Figure 2 – Rigging Types
The engineer must choose the best type that suits his needs. If there’s enough space to install a chain or ratchet hoist, then choose type 2 (this type will also be used when designing a whell handle with a threaded rod to lift the head of the pressure vessel), if the the cranck or motor is installed somewhere else, choose type 1…
3. Calculation
Variables:C_v = vertical impactor factor C_h = horizontal impact factor f_a = axial stress, MPa f_b = bending stess, MPa f_h = horizontal force, N f_v = vertical force, N F_a = allowable axial stress, MPa F_b = allowable bending stress, MPa F_r = radial load, N F_re = equivalent radial load, N F_y = minimum specified yield stress, MPa M_1 = bending moment in mast at top guide or support, Nm M_2 = maximum bending moment in curved davit, Nm M_3 = bending moment in boom, Nm M_x = longitudinal moment, Nm M_\phi = circumferential moment, Nm W_1 = weight of boom and brace, N W_D = total weight of davit, N \alpha, \beta, K = stress coefficients P = axial load, N I = moment of inertia, mm^4 A = cross-sectional area, mm^2 Z = section modulus, mm^3 r = least radius of gyration, mm t_p = wall thickness of pipe davit, mm a = outside radius of pipe, mm
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Working for People with Sight Loss
Instagram & Facebook Inclusion with Alt-Text Editors
HTML is the acronym for Hypertext Mark-up Language and is utilised by web designers to build websites. Alt-Text is an HTML attribute used to describe the appearance and function of an image on a webpage. Adding alternative text to photos is first and foremost a principle of web accessibility. Vision-impaired users using screen readers will be read an alt attribute to understand an on-page image better. Websites designed with accessibility and inclusion in mind will have an Alt-Text description for every image. Sadly, this is often not the case for many websites.
Facebook Image AI
In the last few years, Facebook introduced an AI algorithm, which scans uploaded pictures and attempts to describe the contents of the image. While this AI algorithm works quite well, it can often give rudimentary descriptions or descriptions too vague to be useful.
Manual Alt-Text Editors for Facebook and Instagram.
Very recently, both Facebook and Instagram have added the option to add your own Alt-Text to images as you upload them. These new features allow social media users to be more conscious by giving them the ability to add “meaningful” descriptions of images they upload to these platforms thus creating an accessible image to share with family and friends with visual impairments.
Currently, Facebook only offers the Alt-text editor in the full website version. After selecting an image to upload and before publishing the photo to Facebook;
1. Navigate to an edit option for the photo.
2. Navigate to the Alt-Text option
3. Navigate to the “Override generated Alt-Text button”. From there we can fill out a text field describing the image and select the save button.
4. You will be brought back to the normal upload screen from where you can select the share button.
Instructions that are more detailed can’t be given at this time, as the feature could be different from one person’s set-up to another.
We hope to see this feature added to the mobile versions of the Facebook app in the future.
Instagram currently offer their text editor in their mobile app.
After the images are selected and you choose a filter before publishing there is an advanced setting feature that can be accessed. In these advanced settings, there is a “Write Alt-Text” section, which allows us to describe the image before posting to an Instagram account
We would hope going forward people are more mindful when sharing images to these social media platforms and consider adding a description that allows people with vision impairments access to images that you share.
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Study: Teenagers who stay up late are more likely to suffer from asthma, allergies
Teenagers who prefer to stay up late and wake later in the morning are more likely to suffer from asthma and allergies compared to those who sleep and wake earlier, according to a study published in ERJ Open Research.
Asthma symptoms are known to be strongly linked to the body's internal clock, but this is the first study to look at how individual sleep preferences influence asthma risk in teenagers.
Researchers say the study reinforces the importance of sleep timing for teenagers and opens up a new channel of research into how sleep affects teenagers' respiratory health.
Asthma and allergic diseases are common in children and adolescents across the world and the prevalence is increasing. We know some of the reasons for this increase, such as exposure to pollution and tobacco smoke, but we still need to find out more.
Dr. Subhabrata Moitra, Study Lead Author, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta
Researchers compared the teenagers' symptoms with their sleep preferences, taking into account other factors that are known to effects asthma and allergies, such as where the participants live and whether their family members smoke.
"We also know that children and young people are increasingly exposed to the light from mobile phones, tablets, and other devices, and staying up later at night."
He said: "We need to know much more about why asthma and allergies are rising in children and teenagers and, hopefully, find ways to reduce these conditions.
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People with asthma in deprived areas have worse outcomes, study reveals
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I beg your pardon, Mr President?
Matt Burgess
19 January, 2021
After a tumultuous four years, Joe Biden will this week raise his right hand and swear an oath to uphold the Constitution as the 46th President of the United States. Before then, President Trump will almost certainly use his power as President to issue pardons. He may pardon his staff, his family, rioters, and even himself. Why do presidents have this power?
The executive pardon is very old, going back to ancient Greece and Rome. Pardons appear in at least two places in the Bible (2 Samuel 19:23, Luke 23:16-17).
America inherited the pardon from England, where it was, and is, called the royal prerogative of mercy.
Since about 700AD, Kings and Queens of England have used pardons as a safety valve for justice.
Medieval law lacked flexibility. For example, it did not distinguish between deliberate and accidental deaths. In 1249, a four-year-old named Katherine Passcavant opened a door and accidentally pushed a child into a tub of hot water. The child died and Katherine was jailed in St Albans. The courts had no way to acquit her, only the King’s mercy could help.
The nobility found other uses for pardons. In the 12th century, Henry I began to offer pardons for a fee. Edward Longshanks later used pardons to conscript troops. After declaring war, Edward offered to pardon any felon including murderers willing to serve for one year at his own cost. The offers were readily accepted.
In the 18th century, Britain pardoned criminals conditional on transport to the colonies, particularly Australia.
Today, most countries have some version of the pardon. Commonwealth countries including New Zealand have the Royal prerogative of mercy, a power vested in the executive of state or national governments.
In New Zealand, the Royal prerogative of mercy is exercised by the Governor General on the advice of the Minister of Justice. Perhaps the most famous use of mercy was for Arthur Allan Thomas in 1980. (During Thomas’ second trial, police allegedly danced with members of the jury days before the verdict. But that is another story).
Pardon an uncontroversial addition to US Constitution
During the drafting of the US Constitution in the summer of 1787, the framers struggled with what a president should do. They were torn between giving the president enough powers but not too much. America’s independence was hard won. The framers did not want to remove one monarch only to create another.
Despite its awesome power, the pardon was an uncontroversial addition to early drafts of the Constitution. Most of the framers believed pardons should be there. The main questions were whether pardons should include treason, and whether the power should sit with the legislature or the executive, or both.
The framers settled on the following text in Article 2 section 2 of the Constitution:
The framers understood that one day a person of lesser character than George Washington might one day be President. They saw impeachment as a catch-all solution for abuses of pardons. That is why pardons do not cover impeachment.
The framers believed pardons protect stability in difficult times by preventing injustices in criminal proceedings.
The first pardons, by George Washington in 1794, were given for exactly that reason.
After personally leading an army to put down the Whiskey rebellion (a backlash against a tax on spirits), Washington pardoned two men who were convicted for their role in the rebellion. They might have hanged, but Washington wanted the matter put to rest.
Seventy years later, President Andrew Johnson pardoned the confederate generals to aid reconciliation after the civil war.
Not all pardons have quelled tensions, however.
President Trump’s pardon of General Flynn outraged many people because it appeared to be motivated by self-preservation. The pardon may have bought Trump protection from incriminating revelations.
Other presidents have also used pardons in a self-serving way.
President George HW Bush pardoned his former Defence Secretary Caspar Weinberger on the eve of Weinberger’s trial for his role in the Iran-Contra affair. Bush may have been concerned about revelations of his own role in the scandal at trial. On his last day in office, Bill Clinton pardoned his brother’s 1985 drug conviction.
Presidential pardons are not unlimited. Presidential pardons only cover federal crimes, not state or local crimes, and not civil suits. Trump will not be able to pardon his way out of his ongoing prosecution in New York.
Pardons can precede indictment (President Ford pardoned Nixon before Nixon was charged) but cannot cover future crimes.
Can President Trump pardon himself?
It is not clear he has that power. The text of the Constitution does not rule out self-pardons, at least not clearly, and the Supreme Court has never considered the question.
In the last days of Richard Nixon’s presidency in 1974, the Justice Department advised self-pardons are not authorised in the Constitution. Officials based their view on the fundamental legal principle that no person may be a judge in their own case.
If Trump does pardon himself before he leaves office, he takes the risk that the Supreme Court will strike out the pardon.
The Constitution provides a way out of the conundrum.
Under the 25th amendment, Trump can declare himself temporarily unfit for office. Mike Pence becomes Acting President. In that role, Pence can pardon Trump. Trump then declares himself fit to resume the Presidency, or resign.
Regardless of legalities, such self-serving high jinks by a sitting President and Vice President would damage the Constitution and amplify tensions across the country.
Such niceties might not bother Trump. As the former national security adviser John Bolton recently observed, Trump never felt “the weight of the presidential office and the gravity of the responsibilities he faced… He didn’t fully appreciate what it meant to be president or what was necessary to be successful.”
If anyone is willing to do Biblical-level harms to the country to protect himself, it is probably Donald Trump. Thursday cannot come soon enough.
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Showing posts with label TEXT-CBSE-EVS-CLASS III. Show all posts
Friday, January 15, 2016
children have read about trees, water, houses, animals, vehicles and many other things. You must have thought about them as well.
Can you tell, why did we try to know and think about all these things?
How are we linked to the things shown in the picture?
Come, let us find out Let's see, with what other things can we join the house to. Think – What is a house made of ?
Wood – Which comes from trees.
Bricks – Which are made from water and clay.
Clay – We get from the soil, and
Water – we get it from rivers, ponds, wells or rain.
It must be clear to you with which pictures or words you need to join the house.In the same way, join all the things with other things related to them. While doing so, you might need to write the names of a few more things.
The world in which we called as environment. We can see trees, rivers, mountains, sun, land, animals, human beings, soil in the nature.These things include both living and non-living.
plants animals and human beings are living things. The living things are called the Biotic components of environment. Non –living things include air, water, light, soil etc. they are called the A biotic components of the environment.
The biotic and ABIOTIC components of the environment interact with each other. They depend on one another. This relationship is called ecosystem.
Human beings depend on plants and animals for their food and other needs and so are animals on plants. We depend on non-living things also. Air, water and soil are the non-living . living things depend on non-living things for their existence.
Animals directly are indirectly depend in plants for their food. animals depends on plants for food, oxygen and shelther.
Plants use carbondioxide released by animals during respiration while making their food.The plants in trun are dependent on the soil for food. Plants require nutrients for sustaining life. Decompose the dead animals in soil and release nutrients.
Animals help in dispersal of seeds and fruits so that they get favorable environment, to germinate and grow.
Thus, we see that living and non-living components of environment are interdependent. They support each other and maintain a balance in nature. Man should not disturb this balance through his activities.
Sajida's sister gave her a very beautiful dupatta. The dupatta had beautiful embroidery and small mirrors stuck on it. After finishing dinner, Sajida tried to wear the dupatta in different ways.
Soon she got tired playing with the dupatta and fell asleep wearing it. She was thinking about the dupatta even in her dream. How would such a beautiful dupatta have been made? Let us know different of clothes at that made from different materials.
Clothing is and has been made from many materials. Clothing is generally made of cloth. There are many different types of cloth, with different names and uses. Different types of cloth are used for different types of clothing.
Cloths are made from the. They are made up of two types of fibers. Natural fibers these comes from plants and animals which are available in nature. synthetic fibers these are from chemicals. these are also called man-made fibers.
Natural fibers these comes from nature. Example cotton, silk, wool etc.
Cotton comes from plant. We use cotton in summer season. They observe sweat and keep our body cool.
Silk comes from silk worm called cocoon. We wear silk clothes in rainy season. It gives a special appearances. They do not observe water. So clothes can dry without sunlight.
Woolen clothes are made from wool. Wool comes from sheep hair by shearing. We wear woolen in winter season to keep our body warm.
Synthetic fibers
As fibers manufactured from using the industrial process, synthetic fibers aren’t found in nature. Recent years have seen increased demand for synthetic fabrics such as nylon, polyester and spandex. Readily available and affordable, synthetic fabrics are integral to a wealth of clothing designs.
Some clothing is made from synthetic fibers, which are man made and generally not biodegradable. These are made primarily from petrochemicals.
Common man-made materials include:
Nylon is first produced in 1935. Nylon is thermoplastic silky material. It became famous from1940.It was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II.
Spandex (elastane) is known for its exceptional elasticity. It is stronger and more durable than rubber, its major non-synthetic competitor. It was invented in 1959 by Charles Lewis French Jr. and Taylor.
We wear clothes studied to the climate. Clothes should be clean and comfortable. Clothes protect us against heat, cold, rain, dust and insects.
Let us sing a song.
Put your right hand in,
Put your right hand out,
Put your right hand in,
and just turn around.
Put your left hand in
Put your left hand out,
Put your left hand in,
and just turn around
Come, let us play a game together. You must be familiar with this game. All the children stand in a circle.
Let one child stand in the centre and play a tune. Everyone must run in a circle as long as the music plays. The child who is playing the music, will suddenly stop it and call out a small number like ‘five’, ‘four’ or ‘two’ loudly. Children have to form groups according to the number called out.
The children who cannot join any group will have to leavethe game. Continue to play this game till only two children are left in the circle.
All of us prefer to live with people than to live alone. We always live in groups. Let’s see one such group – Gurleen, Nagarajan and their children Tanya and Samar.
The people in the picture you saw belong to one family. We often see pictures or photographs of such families. Where do we see such a family? Are all families similar to this one ? Let us read about a few families.
Sitamma lives in her ancestral house in a small city Guntoor. Her dada, dadi, younger chacha and bua live on the ground floor. In one portion of the first floor, Sitamma lives with her father, mother and younger sister Gitamma. In the other portion live her tauji and his three children.
Her taiji died just a few months ago. Her elder chacha and the new chachi live in one of the rooms on the terrace. They are newly married.
Before dinner, Sitamma’s mother teaches all the children. Food for the whole family is cooked in the same kitchen on the ground floor. They all make special effort to be together at dinner time.
Nowadays, tauji ’s younger daughter sleeps with Sitamma’s mother at night. In the morning Sitamma helps her get ready for school.
Tara lives with her amma and nana in Chennai. Her amma Meenakshi is not married. She has adopted Tara. Meenakshi goes to the office in the morning and returns in the evening.
When Tara returns from school, her nana takes care of her. He is the one who feeds her, helps her to do homework and also plays with her.
During vacations, the three of them go to far off places and enjoy themselves. At times, Tara’s mausi, mausa and their children also come to their house. At such times they play together for long hours and also chit chat.
Sara and Habib live in a city. Both are employed. Habib is a clerk in a government office and Sara teaches in a school. Habib’s abbu is retired and lives with them.
In the evening, the three of them sit together and watch television or play cards. Abbu enjoys watching television with the others. He enjoys the discussion as well. On holidays, the neighbour’s children come to their house and create a lot of fun. Everybody enjoys together. They play games, go out and at times go for plays and movies.
Totaram lives with his father, uncle and cousin brothers in a colony in Mumbai. Totaram and his brothers have come to Mumbai to study. His father and uncle work here.
Everybody does the household work together. Food cooked by Totaram’s chacha is liked by everyone.Totaram’s father does the shopping.
A part of the money earned is sent to Totaram’s dada in the village. Totaram’s mother, dada, dadi, chachi and younger brothers and sisters live in their parental house in the village. Once a year, Totaram goes to his village. He misses his mother very much. He writes long letters to her.
Krishna and kavari
Krishna and Kaveri live with their father. In the morning, all the three leave home together. krishna lives kavari at school and goes to college. Their father go to the shop for the day.
Kaveri returns from school in the afternoon. She unlocks the house
and waits for Krishna. On returning from college,Krishna and kavari eat food together.Kaveri goes out to play after doing her school work.
On returning she either plays carom with her brother or watches television. When father returns home, they cook food and then eat together.
During vacations, Kaveri goes to stay with her mother. Krishna
also stays there for a few days, but he likes to stay in his own
house – all his things and his father are here.
There may be other differences: some couples may marry at a young age and some people find a partner when they are older; some families with children are led by one parent because of death, separation, or divorce; some couples have no children, yet they consider themselves to be a family; some people have one child, while others have many children born to them.
Many families adopt a child or several children. When we talk about our family, we usually refer to the people who live with us.
All of our relatives, such as cousins, aunts, uncles, and grandparents, are part of our family. Whether they live in a separate place down the block or across town, or even far away from us in another part of Canada or in a foreign land, they are still part of our family.
Not everyone knows all their grandparents because they are no longer alive. These family members are remembered in stories told about the good times when you were a baby or before you were born.
Nowadays, it is wonderful for families that even those who live far away can both hear and see each other through the use of computer web-cams and other modern communication systems.And all through it shines by God’s love.
Madho lives in Bajju- a small village in Rajasthan. It is hardly
a village ! All you see is sand all around. One can see some houses when the sand does not blow.
Everyone in Madho’s family is upset. Every summer there is water scarcity in his place. This year, it is worse. It did not rain at all. His mother and sister have to walk a longer distance to fetch water as the nearby pond has also dried. Each day they spend hours just to get four pots of water. While walking on the hot sand their feet burn and blisters just cannot be avoided.
When the train carrying water comes they are very happy. Madho’s father goes to fetch water in his camel-cart. But this does not happen often.
People keep waiting days and days for water. Some people collect rain water. This is done by a special method by making tanks (tanka). Do you know, what a tanka is and how it is built?
1To build a tanka, a pit is dug in the courtyard and it is made pucca. The tanka is kept covered with a lid. The roof of the house is made sloping so that the rainwater collected here flows through a pipe into the tanka.
A sieve is attached to the mouth of the pipe so that no dirt goes into the tanka. This water is used for drinking after it is cleaned.
Just like Madho, Sonal also faces water scarcity in her house. She lives in Bhavnagar. Water is supplied only for half an hour in a day. All the people of the area depend on only a single tap ! Can you imagine what happens ?
Sonal is determined to take water from the tap. Whenever she gets a chance she fills her bucket even if it is just drop by drop. Let us find out how many drops will fill a bowl or a mug.
Water scarcity can be defined as a lack of sufficient water, or not having access to safe water supplies.Water is a pressing need in many areas of the world.
That scarcity is spreading as water is needed to grow and process food, create energy, and power industry for a continually growing population. climate change is a key contributing factor.
Clean, potable water is an essential ingredient of a healthy human life, but 1.2 billion people lack access to water according to recent estimates from the International Water Management Institute cited in the worlds water.
Storing and Moving Water
Understanding where your water comes from will help you understand what you can do to mitigate the effects of drought. Your water supply might be from surface or from groundwater. Conserving water is the best way for us to make sure that we all have water even when we are in drought.
To make sure that they have enough water throughout the year, people build dam to store water when they need it.then a dam is built on a river, a large lake, called a reservoir, is made. The reservoir “stores” the water for people’s use. Reservoirs can provide fish and wildlife habitat and also are often great places for us to boat and fish. They also can be used to produce power.
Groundwater and Wells
Another source of water is groundwater (water found below the surface of the earth). aquifers are like underground lakes. Just like lakes above the ground, aquifers can be different sizes. Some are very small and some are very large, like the Ogallala Aquifer.
Canals and Pipelines
Cleaning of water
To clean water we should have sewage treatment plants. when it, can be used again at home, agriculture in industry etc. so again the process is started.
Different methods of saving water
Daily we use 20% water in kitchen, 20% in garden, 20% in laundry% and 40% of water in our bath rooms.
Turn off the tap when brushing your teeth. A running tap can use six litres of water per minute. Use the minimum amount of water needed for a bath by closing the drain first and filling the bath only 1/3 full. Stopper bath before turning water. The initial burst of cold water can be warmed by adding hot water later.
Make your garden water efficient. Less watering doesn't have to mean less gardening! Start opting for plants that don't mind going without a drink for a while. Your garden centre will be able to recommend plants that need less water.
Don't leave the tap running to clean dishes or vegetables. Use a bowl of water instead. A running tap uses 6 litres of water per minute.
Take shorter showers - we recommend four minutes. On average a shower uses 10 litres of water a minute. Fully load your washing machine. A full load uses less water than two half-loads.
Only flush the toilet if you need to. On average, each flush uses 7 litres of water. Keep a jug of water in the fridge. Planning ahead means there is no need to run the water until it gets cold.
Verify that your home is leak-free, because many homes have hidden water leaks. Fix leaking taps. A dripping tap can waste more than 60 litres of water per week.
Order a water butt. Collect rainwater to use on your plants and lawn. Never put water down the drain when there may be another use for it such as watering a plant or garden, or cleaning.Store drinking water in the refrigerator rather than letting the tap run every time you want a cool glass of water.
You have given some suggestions to re-use water. People use these methods only under conditions when there is a scarcity of water. Do you know, one of the reasons for the scarcity of water is because people waste it. Just think, how good it would be if everyone got water !
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Respiratory Basics – Answers
1) What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
The primary function of the lungs is to take in oxygen and give it to the blood, and to take carbon dioxide from the blood and get rid of it. In other words, the primary function of the lungs is gas exchange.
2) How many lobes do the lungs have? Why do you think that one side has fewer lobes than the other?
3) Besides providing a path for air, what are the 3 main functions of the nose? Or another way of phrasing the question: what are the benefits of breathing through your nose rather than breathing through your mouth?
The nose warms the air you breathe, humidifies the air, and filters out particles such as dust and bacteria. These three things all help to protect the lower airway from irritation and contamination. How do you think this could be applied when patients are on supplemental Oxygen?
4) Describe the pathway of air. Where does it enter the body? What structures does it pass through? Describe it in words or draw a picture and label it. Hint: It starts with your nose!
The Upper Respiratory Tract starts with air entering the nose, passing through the nasal turbinates, and into the pharynx. Then it goes past the epiglottis, larynx, and trachea. The trachea splits (another way of saying it is “bifurcates”) in two at the carina, and is now referred to as bronchi. The carina is where the Lower Respiratory Tract begins, and it is very ticklish! So if it gets touched, such as during suctioning, the patient will cough a lot!
The right and left bronchi are different sizes. The right bronchi is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left bronchi. So if the pt swallows something that “goes down the wrong pipe,” there is a good chance that it was aspirated into the right bronchi. So where do you think you are likely to auscultate (hear) adventitious (not normal) breath sounds in a pediatric patient who swallowed a coin?
The 2 main bronchi continue to divide into smaller and smaller bronchi. When they get small enough, we start calling them bronchioles. The bronchioles have the alveoli attached to them. The alveoli look like tiny bunches of balloons that can inflate and deflate as you breathe.
5) What is surfactant? Where do you find it? What is its function?
Surfactant is a substance that is found on the alveoli. It is a lipoprotein, which means that it will not mix with water because it is a lipid (fat). The function of the surfactant is to reduce surface tension of the alveoli, which makes them easier to inflate and deflate.
6) What would happen to the alveoli if there was not enough surfactant? In what kind of patient would you expect to see a lack of surfactant (hint: the answer to the second question is probably in your Maternity textbook)?
If there was not enough surfactant, then the alveoli would not be able to fill up with air. The air would get as far as the bronchi, then could go no further. You know those balloons that are used to make balloon animals? Have you ever tried to blow one up? It’s pretty hard to get it started! I can blow with all my might and only have a 50/50 shot at filling it with air. That’s what alveoli would be like without surfactant: you might be able to blow it up with air, but it’s a LOT harder.
Pre-mature babies (any baby born at < 37 weeks) often have not started producing enough surfactant at birth, which is why they frequently have respiratory problems. How is this condition treated in Preemies (hint: You might have to go back to your Maternity book for this one!)?
7) The first question in this study guide asked you what the primary function of the respiratory system is. In what part of the respiratory system does this primary function happen?
The alveoli are where the actual “gas exchange” takes place. If air can’t get into the alveoli, then the blood does not get any Oxygen. Where have you heard the phrase “Impaired Gas Exchange” in the past?
8) What is the difference between “Impaired Gas Exchange” and “Ineffective Airway Clearance?” Name a few reasons why air might not be able to get to the alveoli for Gas Exchange.
Impaired Gas Exchange occurs when the alveoli and capillaries can’t exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide normally. There are several reasons this could happen, but one of the most common is probably because of mucus or fluid in the lungs. The fluid sits in and around the alveoli, and so the air you breath in can’t get close enough to the capillaries to exchange oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. This nursing diagnosis could also be applied to patients who have Pulmonary embolism or decreased Cardiac Output. Both of those conditions would reduce the amount of blood flowing by the alveoli, which means less opportunity to exchange gases!
Ineffective Airway Clearance occurs when there is a partial or complete blockage somewhere in the respiratory tract. Again, the possible reasons are many! It could be that the patient swallowed a coin, which is blocking one of the bronchi (which side would it be more likely to block??). Or there could be mucus build up in the airway that the patient is having difficulty coughing up, or bronchial constriction related to Asthma.
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Linq tagged posts
Introduction to LINQ
Category: LINQ Comments: No comments
Language Integrated Query (LINQ) provides .NET developers some new and exciting features to query and manipulate data in a consistent and uniform way. It enables them to work with different type of data sources such as Arrays, collection of objects, XML documents, a relational databases, Active Directory or even Microsoft Excel sheets by writing or embedding queries in C# or Visual Basic language. Microsoft has introduced many new keywords and features in both C# and Visual Basic languages to integrate LINQ technology. Microsoft has also added new namespaces in .NET Framework Library that contains new interfaces and hundreds of extension methods also called LINQ query operators. These methods perform different operations on different type of data sources in LINQ. LINQ stands for Language-Integrated Query. Basically LINQ address the current database development model in the context of Object Oriented Programming Model. If some one wants to develop database application on .Net platform the very simple approach he uses ADO.Net. ADO.Net is serving as middle ware in application and provides complete object oriented wrapper around the database SQL.So developer must have good knowledge of object oriented concept as well as SQL to develop an application. But incase of Linq SQL statements are become part of the C# and VB.Net code so there are less chance of mistake.Read More
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Home > news > Content
Analysis of technology for zero discharge of industrial wastewater
- 2019-07-18-
The food industry provides a large amount of high-quality and delicious food for our lives. It is precisely because of this that a large amount of sewage will be discharged during the production process, resulting in an increase in the amount of food wastewater. If it is discharged directly into the environment, it will cause irreparable damage to the ecological environment, so it must be scientifically treated to achieve zero discharge of industrial wastewater .
If you want to solve the problem of food waste water, the oil content reaches about 10%. The reason why it is difficult to handle is that it contains a large amount of active agents, fine metal particles and suspended matter. There are several new processes that can be adopted for the treatment of this food waste water. :
(1) Combined membrane concentration-filtration process
The solution is first concentrated with a membrane concentrator, and the solution is discharged. The concentrated liquid containing floc is then filtered. The remaining filter residue after filtration can be used as an organic dye because of the large amount of organic matter, and the filtrate is waiting for further processing.
(2) Activated carbon adsorption process
This treatment process exists for treating filtrate. Activated carbon is used to concentrate the membrane and filter the filtrate from the water for adsorption, and then purify. After purification, the solution can be reconfigured during the production process. In this way, zero discharge of the wastewater treatment process can be completed, killing two birds with one stone, and then achieving greater benefits.
(3) Microfiltration-reverse osmosis treatment process
In addition to using activated carbon to treat the solution, microfiltration and reverse osmosis skills can be used to deeply purify the filtrate. The solutions after deep purification must be fully qualified. In this way, these solutions can be returned to production for reconfiguration, or they can be directly discharged without harming the ecological environment.
(4) Electrolytic breaking process
This treatment process uses a direct-current electric field and relies on the charge and potential difference to destroy the polar fields on which various substances in the wastewater depend, destabilizing the wastewater, forcing the toxic substances to be released from the wastewater state, and occurs through specific soluble electrodes. Multi-nuclear coordination ions with agglutination effect make the toxic substances rise after they gather.
The combined membrane concentration-filtration process, activated carbon adsorption process, and microfiltration-reverse osmosis treatment process can not only destroy the waste water, but also enable the purified liquid after the waste water to reach the first-level discharge regulations set by China and discharge it into the environment. Will damage the ecological environment. The outstanding results achieved by the above processes for wastewater treatment.
Food waste water contains a large amount of volatile organic compounds. Under the effects of various factors, a part of the differentiation products can volatilize into the atmosphere and damage the surrounding atmospheric environment, and oils in the water body will condense into oil masses to form oil slugs and damage. Water environment.
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Carbon Nanotubes: State-of-the-art Technology and Safety for Success
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Carbon nanotubes, consisting of rolled graphene layer built from sp2 units, have attracted the imagination of scientists as ideal macromolecules and their unusual physical and chemical properties make them useful in the fabrication of nanocomposites, nano-electronic devices and sensors etc. In this account, the current status and prospect of carbon nanotubes is described with a special emphasis on the safety issue of carbon nanotubes. Even though many challenges to be solved remain, extensive and intensive efforts in both academy and industry will clear out those problems soon and finally enable carbon nanotubes to play a key innovative material of 21st century in numerous industrial processes.
Carbon nanotubes , Toxicity , Applications
• 1. Introduction
Carbon nanotubes have attracted lots of attention from various fields of scientists because they exhibited extraordinary physical and chemical properties due to their intrinsic nanosized one-dimensional nature[1]. Thus, their intrinsic characteristics will make revolutionize everything from computer, bio- and medical-device, batteries, nanocomposite-based vehicles to electronic nano-device etc in the near future[2]. Up to now, much effort has been paid on the establishment of the cost-effective synthetic techniques for producing carbon nanotubes in a large scale. Noticeably, a floating reactant method based on the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method enabled us to produce multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a large quantity at a relatively low cost[3,4]. Therefore, a synergistic effect of an industrially produced carbon nanotubes and the newly created end-uses will cut down their price by at least 10 percent of the current value in the near future. At present, the biggest obstacle for blocking widespread applications of carbon nanotubes is considered to be the safety issue[5]. Thus, it is now urgently needed to clarify their potential toxic nature on human health and environment with detailed and systematic studies of toxicological evidences of carbon nanotubes, because what we worry the most is the misunderstanding among the general public, which might lead to the reluctance to use these tiny materials.
In this account, we, first, describe the bulk synthesis of high-purity carbon nanotubes based on the floating reactant method, and then their current usages in the range from multifunctional filler in various matrices as well as in electrochemical systems will be discussed with a detailed study of the effect of nanotubes texture and morphology. Finally, I will clarify the potential toxic of carbon nanotubes through the systemic study of various carbon nanotubes because the controlled safety of carbon nanotubes is critical for successful business.
2. How Carbon Nanotubes Produced in Industrial Scale
Up to now, various synthetic methods for producing carbon nanotubes have been reported (e.g., arc discharge, laser vaporization and CVD). The dominant recent trend is to synthesize carbon nanotubes using a CVD method because this technique is very powerful tool for the largescale production of both single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs and MWNTs, respectively) especially using a floating reactant technique[3]. By simultaneously feeding hydrocarbons and nanoscale catalytic particles (or precursor) such as iron in the gas phase into reaction chamber (micro-sprayer or vapor), carbon nanotubes have been synthesized in a large-scale. Growth of SWNTs and MWNTs in reactor has been proposed to involve the catalytic deposition of hydrocarbons over the surface of nano-sized metal particles and a continuous output by the particle of well-organized tubule of hexagonal sp2-carbon, with extraordinary growing speed. The strong evidence of this assumption is the presence of catalytic particles at the ends (top or root) of the tubes (see Fig. 1 (a-c))[1].
Regarding the bulk production of MWNTs for industrial applications, Showa-Denko Co. Ltd and Hyperion Catalysis
International, Inc. commenced to produce several tons of catalytically grown carbon nanotubes annually. In particular, high-purity MWNTs (ca. 100 ton/year) have been used as multifunctional filler in the anode of the lithium ion secondary batteries[4]. Very recently, Showa Denko has announced to increase the production capacity up to 400 tons/year in 2009[6]. The most interesting point is that all companies selected a catalytic CVD method based on iron catalysis, and furthermore all companies adopted the floating reactant technique for the large-scale production of MWNTs. Even though a great deal of progress has been achieved related to the bulk synthesis of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotubes are still expensive. However, a synergistic effect of large-scale production, and also newly developed end-use (e.g., nanocomposite) will cut down price by at least 10 percent of the current value.
3. Multi-functional Filler in Nanocomposites
It has been shown that carbon nanotubes could behave as the ultimate one-dimensional material with remarkable mech-anical properties. Moreover, carbon nanotubes exhibit enhanced electrical and thermal conducting properties; better than those of copper. Therefore, carbon nanotubes have been studied intensively as fillers in various matrices, especially polymers[2]. The best utilization of the intrinsic properties of these fibrous nanocarbons in polymers could be achieved by optimizing the interface interaction of the nanotube surface and the polymer. Therefore, surface treatments via oxidation in conjunction with the polymer or epoxy could be used in order to improve adhesion properties between the filler and the matrix. This results in a good stress transfer from the polymer to the nanotube. Very recently, we have developed a super rubber sealant that is able to withstand temperatures up to 260℃ and pressures as high as 239 MPa by incorporating surface-modified MWNTs into fluorine rubber[7]. Thus our rubber sealant will contribute to a revolutionary enhancement in the oil recovery efficiency from the current 35%to more than 70% by excavating previously inaccessible deposits.
4. Carbon Nanotube Biocompatibility
Much attention was paid on the toxicity of carbon nanotubes due to their nanoscale dimension and also similar morphological features to that of asbestos. Up to now, there have been limited reports related to the potential toxic nature of carbon nanotubes. Thus, the toxicological evidences of carbon nanotubes are strongly requested for preventing a risk of occupational disorders in workers and promoting their applications in various consumer uses. Recently, we have suggested simple and effective method to evaluate the toxicity and biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes through a measurement of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood[8,9]. Their histopathological study on carbon nanotubeimplanted tissues because CD4+ (a co-receptor for MHCII) and CD8+ (a co-receptor for MHCI) give us important antigen information of T cells. Interestingly, in our protocol demonstrated here, a mortality of animals was as small as almost inert and no chronological changes of body weight were observed among nanotubes-implanted mice versus control over 3 months post-implantation. Time-dependent changes in peripheral T-cells, which involved into carbon nanotubes in situ, were well correlated with a processing phase of granuloma formation. In contrast, our previous study on the biological response of asbestos revealed a distinctively low value of CD4+/CD8+ and severe inflammatory aspects with giant cells after subcutaneously asbestosimplantation for one month in mice. Our preliminary studies on the biological response of carbon nanotubes revealed that their potential toxic nature is significantly low (inert). However,more detailed and systematic (long-term) studies with regard to the toxic natures of various types of carbon nanotubes including direct aspiration of the tubes in lung have to be carried out to strongly appeal the safety nature of carbon nanotubes.
5. Outlook
These tiny, black and tubular-type nanomaterials, having from single to multi shell structure, will revolutionize everything from computer, bio- and medical-device, nanocomposite-based vehicles to electronic nano-device, whereby their related products will ultimately change the way we live, work and communicate. It should be noted that lots of carbon nanotubederived products are already in use and their viability strongly depend on their commercialization.
To achieve the success story of carbon nanotubes, at least four obstacles have to be solved. First is how to obtain high purity carbon nanotubes because the remained metallic impurities were known to give rise to toxic properties
Second is how to manipulate these tiny materials what we want (e.g., electronics). Thirdly, the most tremendous job is how to control the chirality of carbon nanotube. Finally, the most important but critical “safety” issue has to be clarified based on long-term and systematic biological studies.
We have proceeded beyond the first mountain of science, the second mountain of technology and the third mountain of economy by successful large-scale production of carbon nanotubes at a reasonable cost (Fig. 2). Now we are striving to climb the mountain of society. By sharing the all information on risks and benefits of the materials with all stakeholders, we will finally reach the top of a nanotube mountain and prove the carbon nanotubes to be the innovative materials in the 21st century.
• 1. Oberlin A, Endo M, Koyama T 1976 [J. Crys. Grow.] Vol.32 P.335
• 2. Endo M, Strano M. S, Ajayan P. M 2008 “Carbon Nanotubes” P.13 google
• 3. Endo M 1988 [Chem. Tech.] Vol.18 P.568
• 4. Endo M, Kim Y. A, Hayashi T, Nishimura K, Matushita T, Miyashita K, Dresselhaus M. S 2001 [Carbon] Vol.39 P.1287
• 5. Poland C. A, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace W. A, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, Macnee W, Donaldson K 2008 [Nat. Nanotechnol.] Vol.3 P.423
• 6.
• 7. Endo M, Noguchi T, Ito M, Takeuchi K, Hayashi T, Kim Y. A, Wanibuchi T, Jinnai H, Terrones M, Dresselhaus M. S 2008 [Adv. Funct. Mater.] Vol.18 P.3403
• 8. Koyama S, Endo M, Kim Y. A, Hayashi T, Yanagisawa T, Osaka K, Koyama H, Kuroiwa N 2006 [Carbon] Vol.44 P.1079
• 9. Koyama S, Kim Y. A, Hayashi T, Takeuchi K, Fujii C, Kuroiwa N, Koyama H, Tukahara T, Endo M 2009 [Carbon]
• [Fig. 1.] Transmission electron microscope image of a double walled carbon nanotube with the metal catalyst at one end indicating that tube growth occurs at the root (b) early stage of thin tube growth in which the catalytic particle is still active for promoting axial growth (c) The large-sized tube are obtained through a thickening process such as the pyrolytic deposition of carbon layers on the primary thin tubes.
• [Fig. 2.] A schematic image describing four mountains to be solved for successful nanotube business.
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Parashah Chukkat (Regulations) Numbers 19-22
This parashah starts with the regulations about the Red Heifer ashes being used to cleanse people defiled by contact with a dead body. We then find ourselves in the 40th year of the desert travels, with Miriam dying, leaving Israel with no water (we will come back to this soon.) Aaron and Moses are told by God to strike the rock to give water, but in his anger Moses strikes it twice, and claims that he and Aaron are the ones giving them water (Numbers 20:10):
This statement made God angry because they did not give the proper credit to God and make Him holy in the sight of the people, and their punishment was severe- Moses and Aaron were prohibited from entering the land of Canaan.
The rest of this parashah tells us of the death of Aaron, describes the sin of rebellion that caused God to send snakes against the people, and the successful military battles of the people against Arad (this battle is out of place, chronologically, as it had preceded the battle referred to in Numbers 14:40-45), ending with their conquering Og, the King of Bashan and Sichon, the king of Heshbon and taking all their lands (which later were the lands in which Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh settled.)
As I have complained about so many times…where do I start? There is just so much in this one parashah to talk about. But I did promise to come back to the point about there being no more water after Miriam died, so let’s start there.
Miriam is considered to be one of the three good leaders of Israel and Jewish legend says that due to her merit, the rock which brought forth water accompanied Israel as long as she lived. Reference to this rock is made by Shaul in 1 Corinthians, 10:3-4:
This is confusing: Jewish legend has it that Miriam was the Rock that produced the water, and here a well-trained, knowledgeable Pharisee is saying that it wasn’t Miriam, but Yeshua who was the Rock travelling with Israel through the desert. The bible isn’t supposed to contradict itself, so what do we make of this seeming contradiction? I looked this up in the Jewish New Testament Commentary, by Dr, Daniel Stern: he related many of the different ways the term “Rock” has been used to describe God and Messiah, both in scripture and in songs, but in the end he confessed he didn’t know why Shaul (Paul) used it this way in his letter. Maybe we will never know what was in Shaul’s mind at the time, just like I don’t think we will ever know what he meant when he wrote about the “Israel of God” at the end of Galatians, either.
But we can say that this is not a biblical contradiction because Miriam being the Rock is not specifically stated in Torah- it is just a legend. And Shaul referring to the Rock as Messiah is nothing more than a descriptive analogy which doesn’t contradict any specific event in Torah.
This issue does present us with a midrash from today’s parashah: do we always need to understand what we read in the bible? The commentary in the Chumash states that the ordinance regarding the Red Heifer is so mysterious that even King Solomon was unable to fathom it’s meaning. In Jewish history, Johanan ben Zakkai told his students, “…but the law concerning the Red Heifer is a decree of the All-holy, Whose reasons for issuing that decree it behoves not mortals to question.” In other words, God said it is to be that way and that’s all we mere mortals need to know.
And that is, in my opinion, the main reason people reject God and create their own religions: we want to know why. We HAVE to know why! It is a compulsion, and I believe that it is based on the desire for power. As they say, knowledge is power, and people want to be more powerful than the next guy, so if I understand God better than you I am above you, more powerful than you, and deserve to lead you. Selfish, self-centered, egotistical behavior…all innately human. The good news is that this need to know why drives us to scientific investigation and, thereby, is the root cause of the discovery of useful and wonderful inventions, as well as all the medical and technological advancements we have made over the centuries.
On the other hand, that alone may be reason to question if needing to know the “why” of everything is actually a good thing. Technology has taken us over, medical advancements have cured diseases but the cost of discovery is so high no one can afford the cure! We know how to read the human genome, and how to use stem cell technology, but the more we learn about our genetic make-up, the closer we come to thinking we are like God because we are able to heal, and even create life. That is NOT a good attitude to have.
Maybe we should try to be more humble, less inquisitive and more accepting of God’s omniscience so we can be more obedient? Isn’t it time to redirect our footsteps from the path of discovery to the ways of worship?
I think we should, but I don’t see it ever happening. Human nature is inquisitive, curious, and we all want to be self-determining. We want to be in charge, we want to know what it is all about, and we want to have control over our lives. It is the reason we were thrown out of Eden; it is the reason we sinned with the Golden Calf; it is what killed Dathan, Abiram and Korach; it has been the bane of humanity and the foundation of sin since humanity was created. And I don’t think it is going to end until humanity ends in the Acharit HaYamim (End Days.) Once we are no longer shackled with this mantle of sinful flesh and are resurrected into our eternal, spiritual bodies will we be able to enjoy and find peace in being humble and obedient to God, constantly worshiping Him. Humility and obedience is just not part of our DNA, and no amount of Recombinant DNA, cloning, stem cell technology or biological research will ever put it there.
We need to work at being humble and accepting what God said to do as simply something we should do. To paraphrase from the great poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson:
Ours not to reason why; ours but to do and live!
So do what God says (that’s the stuff in the Torah, in case you weren’t sure) and do so without asking why, without kvetching about it, and without trying to figure out what it all means. Really- understanding what God means won’t get you any more “saved” than the next person, and a Gnostic search for meaning just might end up pulling you further from your salvation than bringing you closer to it.
Science is the antithesis of faith
What is faith?
When I want to know the meaning of something that matters to me, on both an eternal and spiritual level, rather than what Mr. Webster or Wikipedia may think, I like to go to the Manual (my ‘manual’ is the bible because I think it is the best User’s Manual ever created.)
So, to find the meaning of “faith”, the place I go to is Hebrews 11, verse 1:
In other words, faith is believing absolutely in what has not been proven.
In science, things work a little differently; we start with an observation of an event, form a theory about why it happens, test our theory in a laboratory, and when we can manually recreate the event by doing what we theorized would cause that event, then the theory is considered scientific fact.
In other words, in science it is not considered to be true until such time as you can, in a controlled environment, create the event at will.
Therefore, since faith is believing in what we haven’t seen, and science doesn’t believe in anything it can’t see, you can “see” why I say they are the antithesis of each other.
If anyone wants to dispute the above by saying no one has seen quarks, or sub-atomic particles, or a Worm Hole, yet science accepts their existence, that’s because their existence is accepted based upon the visible effect they have on their immediate environment; whereas they are not visible, they can still be “seen” through their effect on what is visible.
What is interesting is that although science cannot accept the existence of God as fact, a form of science (archaeology) is providing, on a constant basis, evidence that the bible is historically accurate and verifiable. Archaeological findings have constantly demonstrated the biblical stories we hear of are true, therefore it is reasonable to accept that if the historical accounts are true, then the reasons given for their occurrence might be accurate, as well.
In other words, if the eye-witnessed description of an event happened as described, then the reason given why or how it happened should be just as believable.
The problem is this: God will never provide absolute, irrefutable evidence of His existence until it is all over. Why? Because salvation comes from faith, not from a test tube. Scientific “proof” of God’s existence works against faith, because faith is believing in what can’t been seen and science only believes in what can be seen. If we can “see” God, if we can “prove” His existence absolutely, then faith is not needed.
For me, faith is stronger than fact. After all, how many “facts” over the millennia have proven to be wrong? The earth isn’t flat, the moon isn’t made of cheese, cigarettes are not good for you, and because it is on the Internet it doesn’t have to be true.
I love science, I love knowing how things work and being able to make things happen. Even just adding alkaline powder to my hot tub to watch the water color change from an acidic yellowish to clear blue is really cool, but science is not my religion. Unfortunately, it has become a religion to many people. They use scientific theory as fact (evolution is the best example) and work under the system where if something isn’t palpable and repeatable then it isn’t real. God is real, all right, and can be palpable (if He chooses to be so), but we can’t make that happen. That’s totally up to Him, so to those who believe only what they can make happen, God is an unknown.
I wish I could find this book: I was once told Og Mandino compiled a book of essays by famous scientists, of all areas in science, that found the more they understood how things worked, the more they realized there had to be an intelligence that made it all happen. That is how science can become faithful, by understanding enough to realize that this all isn’t just an accident. There may be some level of happenstance, such as how quarks move at the sub-atomic level, but life didn’t happen by some quirk: God created everything. He designed it, He changed it, He let some die out and He let some survive. The DNA molecule is the very backbone of creation, yet it is made up of only 5 chemicals, and how they are combined in different chains of different sequences is what makes a snail a snail and a human being a human being (even though some human beings I have known are as slow as a snail.) Therefore, it only makes sense that when you have that strong a foundation to build from, you would find similarity in everything that exists based on that foundation. What I am saying is that just because the chimpanzee genome is nearly 99% the same as a human genome, it doesn’t mean we came from apes. The only conclusion science can accurately state is that humans and apes are closely related biological entities, but there is nothing to prove that chimps evolved into humans.
If you are confused about God and want some “sign” of His existence, keep asking for it in prayer, but also remember what Yeshua (Jesus) said about those that asked for a sign:
Matthew 12:39– “He answered, “A wicked and adulterous generation asks for a sign!””
Even so, Yeshua told them a sign would be given, which (even to this day) millions upon millions have rejected. So, ask and if God wills it to be done, you will receive a sign. The onus is on you to look for it and to accept it when you see it.
There are signs of God’s existence everywhere; we only need to accept them for what they are to substantiate our faith.
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Hereditary Biodiversity in Aquaculture
Keeping up oceanic biodiversity in get fisheries is major to ensuring the benefit of the world\'s fish stocks, their versatility and their adaptability to trademark change, including characteristic change. The world's catch fisheries collected an ordinary 1938 land and water capable species or species packages in 2011. The overarching bit of this changing grouping was front line edges (1402 species), trailed by shellfish (194 species), molluscs (150 species) and species. In that point of confinement, get fisheries utilize a more indispensable game plan of trademark decent grouping than some other sustenance age section. Inherited biodiversity in aquaculture gives the foul fixings that enable reproducers to improve the creation, ability and drawing in nature of sorts of land and water capable plants and creatures. More than 360 sorts of fish, fainthearted creatures and plants are created far and wide. This tends to an abundance of inborn organized collection both inside and among species that helps make aquaculture one of the quickest making sustenance creation parts. People started to get ready earthly plants and creatures around 12000 years back, in any case more than 90 percent of all refined land and water capable species have as of late been limited since the start of the twentieth century.
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Why You Should Limit Screen Time Before Bed
A woman watching tv before bed.
The Effects of Screen Time Before Bed
According to the National Sleep Foundation, the vast majority of people in the United States use a technological device within an hour of going to bed. More specifically, about 90 percent of people in the U.S. use at least one electronic device before they turn in. Is screen time before bed affecting your sleep?
Many kids and adults find using a tablet, mobile phone or television before bed relaxing. If you’re one of them, you may want to rethink your nighttime routine. Using devices that emit blue light before retiring for the day can stimulate you in ways that have a negative influence on your ability to sleep and the quality of your sleep.
Throws Off Your Internal Clock
Using electronic devices in the hours before bed can throw off your internal clock. When your circadian rhythm is off kilter, it can delay the onset of REM sleep. It can also reduce the amount of time you spend in REM sleep every night.
Suppresses Melatonin Production
The blue light emitted by electronic devices suppresses your body’s production of the natural, sleep-inducing hormone melatonin. Without an adequate level of melatonin, it can be difficult to fall asleep. A shortage of melatonin can also make it harder for you to stay asleep throughout the night.
Keeps You Alert
Limiting screen time before bed is a good idea because electronic devices keep you alert during times when you should start to feel drowsy. Even if you feel tired, seeing something like a cliffhanger before a commercial or an upsetting email can snap you back into a hyper-alert state which will trick your brain into thinking it needs to stay awake.
Leads to a Sleep Deficit
If you don’t limit screen time before bed, you’ll lose sleep. Over time, the effects of using electronic devices in the hours before bedtime can cause a chronic sleep deficiency that can have a negative impact on your personal relationships, work, and health.
How to Limit Screen Time Before Bed
If you want to avoid the negative effects that a lasting sleep deficiency can yield, it’s vital for you to take steps to reduce the amount of time you spend using electronic devices before bed, and that includes your television. To do that, you should consider setting a daily curfew at which time you and your family members will stop using devices that emit blue light. Ideally, your curfew will be several hours before bed. If that’s not feasible, make sure your curfew is at least 30 minutes before bedtime.
Another thing you can do is declare the bedrooms in your home device-free areas. Of course, this tactic will only be effective if you spend time in your bedroom before you go to sleep. Skip the blue light from your devices and settle in with everything you need for a good night’s sleep from Ben’s.
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The excitement at DigitalGlobe is palpable. We’re now less than two weeks from launching our newest satellite, WorldView-4, which will more than double our capacity to collect the world’s highest resolution commercial satellite images. We’ve shaked it, baked it, and assaulted it with electromagnetic radiation in Lockheed Martin’s environmental test chambers. It’s been shipped 250 miles via a mobile clean room on the back of an 18-wheeler to Vandenberg Air Force Base. It’s been encapsulated in its payload fairing and awaits mounting on top of its Atlas V launch vehicle. While we anxiously await launch day, let’s take a few minutes to answer some of the most frequently asked questions about WorldView-4, and our constellation in general.
How big is WorldView-4?
Big. About the size of the Chevy Suburban, excluding the solar arrays. But why is it so big? The satellite’s telescope accounts for more than two thirds of its total size. While modern electronics have decreased the size and cost of satellite components like onboard processors, radios, and digital storage, there is no way to reduce the size of the telescope without degrading the resolution of its images, simply due to the laws of physics. Our customers need high-resolution images, so our satellites need large telescopes. WorldView-4 is the size of a Chevy Suburban, excluding the solar arrays.
Does WorldView-4 have a pilot, like a plane?
You can imagine that with a satellite constellation that will, with WorldView-4, collect north of 4 million square kilometers of the earth imagery every day—and with a global network of a dozen ground stations to manage communicating with this constellation, things could get rather hectic. Fortunately, we have a highly automated planning system that takes into account a multitude of factors (including satellite positions, weather, customer orders, and targets of opportunity) to build a continuously updated “mission plan” to fly the satellites. This all happens in the background, which lets us manage this entire process with a small handful of highly-trained satellite operators whose job it is to make sure this automated system keeps working the way it should, and to manage the very infrequent situations where things do not. This combination of person and machine is what lets us operate 365/24/7 and maintain a satellite collection uptime of 99.7-99.9%.
How does WorldView-4 know exactly where it is, and what it’s looking at?
WorldView-4 carries a GPS receiver that tells it where it is, just like the GPS receiver in your car tells you where you are. In addition, WorldView-4 carries a pair of “star trackers” – cameras that look up at the sky – which tell it where its telescope is pointed. The combination of satellite position (from GPS) and satellite “attitude” (orientation, from the star trackers) lets us know exactly where the telescope is looking on the ground to a staggering degree of accuracy – off by less than the distance from a basketball rim to the free throw line, from hundreds of miles away.
Can WorldView-4’s telescope focus on different things?
Absolutely! While WorldView-4 is pointed at the ground, it isn’t always pointed straight down at what is directly below. Rather, it can pivot around to capture the images that are of interest to our customers. This means that it may look forward, or back, or left, or right, and maneuver in between. To do this, it uses a technology called “control moment gyros,” which work in much the same way to move WorldView-4 as the spinning bicycle wheel does to move the man on the stool in this YouTube video. In fact, because of its large telescope and ability to pivot, WorldView-4 is able to take images at a wide range of angles and distances and still collect super-sharp images. Here’s what the Las Vegas Strip looks like when one of our satellites images it from almost directly overhead, and below that, what it looks like when a satellite is 1,770 kilometers west of the city and tilted 63.7 degrees off-nadir. Your browser does not support iframe, click here for full map [caption id="attachment_4846" align="alignnone" width="800"] Click here to see the entire Las Vegas strip.[/caption]
How do WorldView-4 images get back to earth?
WorldView-4 sends images back the ground using radio, much as your mobile device communicates with a Wi-Fi router. The only difference is that while you might be 200 feet away from your Wi-Fi router, WorldView-4 does this from several hundred miles straight up and several thousand miles off to the side, yet it is blasting this data to the ground at a speed that is roughly as fast as the fastest Wi-Fi! Since WorldView-4 can be over nearly any part of the planet as it orbits around the earth, we have put in place a network of a dozen “remote ground terminals” with big dishes and radio gear to capture the data from WorldView-4 and then relay it back to DigitalGlobe.
Can DigitalGlobe satellites take an image of every place on earth each day?
On the one hand, the DigitalGlobe constellation can revisit (meaning be in a position from which it could take a picture if desired) any place on the planet three or four times or more every day. So if there were a particularly interesting location that warranted being visited this often—such as the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster like this spring’s Fort McMurray wildfires, the DigitalGlobe constellation can address it. However, there is a difference between being able to image anywhere on earth at least daily and being able to image everywhere on the earth at least daily. The earth’s surface area is roughly 510 million square kilometers. The DigitalGlobe constellation can collect 4 million square kilometers every day, which means that it could theoretically image the earth’s entire surface in about four months. But how much of that area is of interest to customers? First, let’s rule out the largely empty oceans and seas, which cover 71% of the surface of the earth, and also Antarctica (interesting for penguins but not so much for people), leaving about 150 million square kilometers of land. Next, let’s exclude the 60% or so of earth’s landmass that is covered by clouds on any given day. Now we’re down to about 60 million square kilometers of cloud-free, observable land area. If we consider that 95% of the world’s population lives on just 10% of the earth’s landmass, then we can infer that a great proportion of the most interesting activities on earth are actually taking place on a tiny sliver of its surface. In essence, this is the reason we build large, steerable satellites: to collect as much information as possible, as frequently as possible, about the most interesting and dynamic places on earth. The visualization below shows how frequently we’ve imaged each part of the planet over the past 16 years; you can see the vast difference in the collections of highly populated coastal areas and cities compared to the world’s oceans, deserts, and arctic regions. And because the DigitalGlobe constellation is the highest resolution in the industry, this 4 million square kilometers per day translates into a staggering 70 terabytes of imagery every day, significantly more data than the rest of the industry combined! This visualization shows how frequently we've imaged each part of the planet over the past 16 years. We collect over 70 terabytes of imagery every day!
Does WorldView-4 need fuel to stay in motion, or to stay pointed toward earth? What happens if it runs out of fuel?
WorldView-4 has enough fuel in its tank to last at least 10 years, because it only needs to use this fuel to make tiny adjustments to its orbit, occasionally boosting itself higher to counter the effects of atmospheric drag, or dodging a piece of space debris. Most of the time, the satellite’s orbital motion comes from the incredible forward velocity provided by its launch vehicle, and the downward velocity created by earth’s gravity. In other words, it’s not flying, it’s falling. The satellite’s solar arrays provide all of the power for its day-to-day operations, i.e., imaging, changing its pointing direction from one target to the next, and downlinking data. When WorldView-4 approaches its end of life, and before it runs out of fuel, DigitalGlobe satellite operators will decommission the satellite. The last of its fuel will be used to lower the satellite’s altitude to the point where it will reenter and burn up in the atmosphere.
Are there laws in space? Who decides what WorldView-4 can and cannot do?
Space is a strange place, because every country has its own laws and regulations that apply there. As a preeminent space-faring nation, the United States has an important role to play in establishing the norms for behavior and the “rules of the road” in space. Unfortunately, the U.S. regulations that apply to satellite imaging haven’t been updated in many years. For more information on why and how these regulations should be modernized, read my column in SpaceNews and my blog post. Want to ask another question about WorldView-4? Tweet @DigitalGlobe, or post on our Facebook page by September 9, and we’ll answer some of the best questions during the launch broadcast on September 16 that will be streamed live on the United Launch Alliance website. Dr. Walter Scott is DigitalGlobe’s Founder and Chief Technical Officer.
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ID, Ego, and Superego
Can someone specifically explain these? I am still confused on them, as well as the developmental stages…
Welcome! Good question! The id, ego, and superego are parts of our personality that help us deal with internal conflicts (such as wanting things). We are born dominated by the id, which wants what it wants immediately and in large quantities (“I want all the candy right now!”). The superego is the rules of society and self-restraint that tries to counteract the id (“I shouldn’t have any candy because it will give me cavities.”). The ego’s task is to moderate between the id and superego (“I will have a small portion of candy and brush my teeth right after.”).
The stage of development involve an area of our bodies where most of our attention is focused when we are growing up. For example, the oral stage involves us eating or not eating as babies being the focus of our attention. However, if our needs (in this case, for food) are not met we can grow up stuck, of “fixated” at a stage because of our unmet needs or unresolved problems (our parents did not feed us consistently and left us hungry, so since then we may be very talkative, quiet, or argumentative). The stages the follow (oral, anal, phallic, latency period, genital) work in largely the same way.
The parts of personality have been asked about in the past, but not these stages of development. They are fair game, but and not really a part of modern psychological science.
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How to Automatically Setup Your MacBook for Development
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As a Cloud Engineer, automation has become a part of my daily life. Automatically deploying Infrastructure using Code has become a safe and fast way to provision servers in the Cloud. Initially, it takes more time to configure the infrastructure as code, but it's reusable and minimizes configuration errors by human mistakes.
What if we could apply the same principle to our local development environment? This guide will show you how to automatically set up your Macbook or Linux machine using Ansible and dotfiles.
Table of Contents
Ensure Apple's command-line tools are installed:
xcode-select --install
The first step is to download Homebrew for your Mac:
Homebrew allows you to easily install packages and applications on your machine without having to go to the download page of the vendor to install it from there. An added benefit is that you can easily update the packages using a simple command like:
brew update && brew upgrade
Ansible is a tool that automates provisioning, does configuration management, and is being used widely in the Cloud.
So the next step is to install Ansible using Homebrew:
brew install python ansible
An important note when installing Python with Homebrew is that we need to change the PATH on our system for Python, otherwise MacOS will use the system default Python.
We want to avoid using the system default for many reasons, but the most important one is that it still comes with Python2.7 (which is deprecated).
Ansible is the orchestration tool and uses Playbooks to record and execute Ansible’s configuration and deployment on the system.
Playbooks can be seen as an instruction manual at which the system is guided to execute the instructions that you have written. The benefit of using this is that you can apply the same set of instructions to different machines and expect the same outcome every time.
These Playbooks can be shared. So before we proceed with the installation, you need to clone or fork the mac-dev-playbook repository.
Setup your preferred packages
Every development environment is unique, so you can create a config.yml that contains a list of packages and configuration settings that you want to apply to your environment. As an example you can have a look at the default.config.yml in the root of the folder which contains a list of packages and configurations, as shown below:
downloads: ~/.ansible-downloads/
configure_dotfiles: true
configure_terminal: true
configure_osx: true
configure_sudoers: false
sudoers_custom_config: ''
# Example:
# sudoers_custom_config: |
# # Allow users in admin group to use sudo with no password.
# %admin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
dotfiles_repo_accept_hostkey: true
dotfiles_repo_local_destination: ~/Development/GitHub/dotfiles
- .zshrc
- .gitignore
- .inputrc
- .osx
- .vimrc
# - ansible # Installed via Pip.
- autoconf
- bash-completion
- doxygen
- gettext
- gifsicle
- git
- github/gh/gh
- go
- gpg
- httpie
- iperf
- libevent
- sqlite
- mcrypt
- nmap
- node
- nvm
- php
- ssh-copy-id
- cowsay
- readline
- openssl
- pv
- wget
- wrk
- homebrew/core
- homebrew/cask
homebrew_cask_appdir: /Applications
- chromedriver
- docker
- dropbox
- firefox
- google-chrome
- handbrake
- licecap
- sequel-pro
- slack
- sublime-text
- transmit
- vagrant
# See `geerlingguy.mas` role documentation for usage instructions.
mas_installed_apps: []
mas_email: ""
mas_password: ""
osx_script: "~/.osx --no-restart"
# Install packages from other package managers.
# Note: You are responsible for making sure the required package managers are
# installed, eg. through homebrew.
composer_packages: []
# - name: drush
# state: present # present/absent, default: present
# version: "^8.1" # default: N/A
gem_packages: []
# - name: bundler
# state: present # present/absent/latest, default: present
# version: "~> 1.15.1" # default: N/A
npm_packages: []
# - name: webpack
# version: "^2.6" # default: N/A
pip_packages: []
# - name: mkdocs
# version: "0.16.3" # default: N/A
# Glob pattern to ansible task files to run after all other tasks are finished.
post_provision_tasks: []
This playbook is pretty versatile and allows you to install Homebrew, Mac Application Store (mas) packages, composer, gem, npm, and pip packages.
Configure dotfiles
Once you've created your own config file with your preferred packages, it's time to add your own Dotfiles repository to set up custom configurations for your software.
So what are dotfiles? Dotfiles are text-based configuration files that store settings of almost every application, or tool that runs in your environment. In communities like Github, people share their application preferences so others can use them to set up their systems faster by restoring these "dotfile" configuration files. The biggest advantage is that you can backup your application preferences and make sure you're always using the same preferences, irrespective of the machine that you're using.
If you're new to dotfiles you can read more about it in this helpful guide on dotfiles. I'll also share a few links below which contain pre-configured dotfiles for your favorite tools:
Note: dotfiles contain personal preferences, so it's good to review these files and apply changes where necessary before you copy them to your own repository
Once you have your own repository filled with dotfiles, you can update the dotfiles_repo variable in the config.yml with your own dotfiles repository. Below I've shown an example of what it looks like when I set up my own dotfiles:
configure_dotfiles: true
dotfiles_repo_accept_hostkey: false
dotfiles_repo_local_destination: ~/Github/dotfiles
dotfiles_repo_version: master
- .aliases.zsh
- .aws
- .eslintignore
- .eslintrc
- .fzf.zsh
- .gitconfig
- .gitconfig.user
- .gitignore
- .iterm2
- .macos
- .starship
- .zprofile
- .zsh_plugins.txt
- .zshenv
- .zshrc
The parameter dotfiles_repo_local_destination is the location where ansible downloads your dotfiles repository. Remember that location, because that's where you'll manage changes in your dotfiles. Ansible automatically creates symlinks of the dotfiles that you enabled in the parameter dotfiles_files and link them to your home folder on your Mac or Ubuntu machine. The advantage of this construction is that when you make adjustments in your dotfiles over time, it will automatically update the repository. You only have to commit and push the changes to update it remotely.
Once the requirements have been fulfilled, we can proceed with the actual installation and let Ansible perform its magic!
In the root of the folder mac-dev-playbook repository that you forked or cloned run the command ansible-galaxy install -r requirements.yml to install the required ansible roles.
Now you can run the playbook and install your packages and dotfiles with the command ansible-playbook main.yml -u [username] --ask-become-pass (substitute [username] for your username). Enter your account password when prompted.
Installation complete!
Your Macbook should be fully customized and ready for development! Having automated provisioning of your development machine is very useful if you use lots of different development tools, each with its own unique settings.
If you need to manage these tools then it's a must to keep track of any changes in preferences. By using this playbook solution we save our configurations in Github. That way we have a backup and we're able to reuse these settings irrespective of any machine we use.
Once you've set up your playbook, it takes approximately 30 minutes to install all the development packages and preferred configuration settings.
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Word of the Week: Gait
January 15, 2021 by Haya Aldoori
Welcome to Word of the Week! Stay tuned for a new word each Friday to amp up your nature vocabulary!
Gait [GEYT] (noun): a manner of walking, stepping, or running.
If you’re tracking animals by observing their footprints, taking a closer look at the gait, or movement patterns, can give you lots of insight about who and how they’ve been active in your surroundings.The preferred / normal movement patterns of a given animal will tend to fit into one of 4 patterns or gaits:
Waddlers / Pacers (slow moving, wide-bodied animals such as the beaver, muskrat, skunk, porcupine, bear and raccoon)
Diagonal walkers / Perfect Steppers (Animals whose bodies are further from the ground: deer, moose, caribou, elk, fox, wolf, coyote, bobcat, mountain lion and dog)
Bounders (Animals with long slender bodies and short legs: the least weasel, ermine or short-tail weasel, long-tail weasel, fisher, mink and marten
Gallopers (small animals who move speedily across the land: mice,
voles, and shrews, chipmunks, squirrels, and larger animals like rabbits and hares)
The winter is an excellent time of year to track animals because you can look for visible footprints in the snow. On your next winter visit to High Park, keep and eye out for animal tracks!
Canadian Wildlife Federation
Princeton: Outdoor Action Guide to Animal Tracking
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This is a featured article.
This article is about Sauron. For the commonly-used symbol, see Eye of Sauron.
The main part of this article relates to the last versions of Middle-earth's history, and as such may contain controversial parts of The Silmarillion. See Middle-earth canon for a discussion. This subject's portrayal in earlier or alternative versions is discussed in the earlier versions of the legendarium section.
Sauron (Q.: IPA [ˈsaʊron] or [ˈθaʊron]); "The Abhorred"), or the eponymous Lord of the Rings, was a fallen Maia, creator of the One Ring, a gifted student of Vala Aulë the Smith and lieutenant of Melkor (Morgoth). After his master's defeat by the Valar, Sauron became the second Dark Lord and sought to conquer Middle-earth by creating the Rings of Power.
At the end of the Second Age, he was defeated in the War of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men united under kings Gil-galad and Elendil. In the final battle, Isildur managed to cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger, dismantling the Dark Lord's corporeal form and power. After centuries lying dormant, rebuilding his strength, Sauron returned to power late in the Third Age, but was permanently crippled in the War of the Ring after destruction of the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom by a hobbit Frodo Baggins.
Sauron was also called Gorthaur the Cruel by the Elves of Beleriand in the First Age.
Long before the First Age, Sauron's name was originally Mairon, meaning "the admirable". Then he was the mightiest Maia of the Vala Aulë the Smith, and learned much from Aulë in the ways of smithing and handiwork, becoming a great craftsman, and "mighty in the lore of" Aulë's people.[2] He was among the most powerful Maiar.
During this time, Mairon was as Eru had created him: good and uncorrupted. His greatest virtue was his love of order and perfection—dislike of anything wasteful. However, this would also prove to be the cause of his downfall, because Mairon saw in the Dark Lord Morgoth the will and power that would help him achieve his own goals and desires faster than if he pursued them alone. However, while Morgoth wanted to either control or destroy Middle-earth itself, Mairon's desire was to dominate the minds and wills of its creatures. Though he allied himself with Morgoth, in truth, Sauron did not seek to serve, only to command (which would prove useful in understanding the mind of Saruman). In testimony to his cunning, Sauron benefited from his former services: presenting himself as a minister of the Valar to the Elves, and later as Morgoth's prophet to the Numenoreans (when other means would not do).
After allying himself with Morgoth, Mairon maintained his appearance of being faithful to the Valar, but secretly fed Morgoth information about their dealings. It was only when Morgoth established his strongholds in Middle-earth that Mairon left Valinor and openly declared his allegiance, thence remaining a recognized foe of the Valar and the Free Peoples of Middle-earth.
The Sindar Elves in Beleriand called him Gorthaur, meaning "dread abomination"[3],while others of the Eldar named him Sauron, meaning "the abhorred" or "the abominable" (a mockery of his original name).
First Age
Morgoth and Sauron, by Eric Faure-Brac
In the First Age, the Ñoldor Elves left the Blessed Realm of Valinor in the Utter West (against the counsel of the Valar) in order to wage war on Morgoth, who had stolen the Silmarils of Fëanor, enchanted gems that glowed with light from the now-destroyed Trees of Valinor. In that war, Sauron was counted as the "greatest of [Morgoth's] servants that have names". His only equal in rank was Gothmog, the High Captain of Angband, and was soon feared as a lord of terrible phantoms and dreadful beasts--a shape-shifter, sorcerer, and cunning servant of his master.
Before Melkor's captivity, Sauron commanded the fortress of Angband and served as Melkor's lieutenant. At the beginning of the War of Powers, the Valar forces leveled Angband with little difficulty, though it is not know for certain if Sauron was present when the fortress was attacked. When Utumno was sacked and Melkor captured, Sauron was nowhere to be found, and in their haste to both capture Melkor and remove him from Middle-earth, the Valar paid little heed to Melkor's most terrible servants.[4]
When Melkor left Angband much later to corrupt the newly awakened Atani (Men), Sauron directed the war against the Elves.[5] He conquered the Elvish isle of Tol Sirion, so that it became known as Tol-in-Gaurhoth, the Isle of Werewolves.[6] He was the Lord of the Werewolves there, and Draugluin was the sire of the Werewolves. Sauron's herald was the vampire Thuringwethil.
Sauron and Finrod, King of Nargothrond, duel in songs of power
After Dagor Bragollach, Sauron's hunters brought Gorlim and interrogated him about Barahir's (father of Beren) location. Gorlim refused to tell them anything, even under torture, until Sauron himself came forth and bartered with the man. Gorlim asked for his wife Eilinel, whom he thought captured. Thus, Sauron agreed and Gorlim yielded the information. However, Sauron revealed that Eilinel was dead, and he put Gorlim to death afterward. During the Quest for the Silmaril, Beren and Finrod King of Nargothrond were captured by Sauron, who defeated Finrod in a duel with songs of power. He stripped them of their Orc disguises and cast them into the dark pits where werewolves devoured their companions. When a werewolf came to attack Beren, Finrod wrestled with and killed it, but died soon after of his injuries.
Soon afterward, Lúthien and Huan the wolfhound arrived at the bridge of Tol-in-Gaurhoth. Sauron sent wolves to capture Lúthien, but all were slain by Huan. One of them was Draugluin, but he fled and told his master that Huan was there. Therefore, Sauron took the form of a werewolf and leaped to attack Lúthien, only to be intercepted and subdued by Huan. He yielded the tower to Lúthien and escaped in the form of a "vampire".[7]
Huan subdues Sauron (by Ted Nasmith)
After his defeat by Lúthien, Sauron played little part in the events of the First Age (possibly hiding from Morgoth's scorn or wrath). After his former master was defeated and taken to Valinor in chains, Sauron seemed to repent and plead Eönwë and the victorious Host of the West for mercy, although he may have only been daunted by their triumph. At the same time, Sauron was unwilling to return to the Utter West for judgment out of pride, and instead fled and hid somewhere in Middle-earth.[8]
Second Age
Forging of the One Ring
Gandalf, The Lord of the Rings, "The Shadow of the Past" pg.48(Bottom)
After remaining hidden and dormant for five hundred years, Sauron began revealing himself once more, and by SA 1000 he gathered his power and established himself in the land of Mordor in eastern Middle-earth and began building the dreaded Barad-dûr near Mount Doom. Sauron soon began raising massive armies of Orcs, Trolls, and other creatures from the days of Morgoth, as well as corrupting the hearts of Men, chiefly the Easterlings and Southrons (the Haradrim) with delusions of power and wealth. It may be noted that at first he was not wholly evil, rather intending to rebuild Middle-Earth from the destruction caused at the battle at the end of the First Age, but slowly he was corrupted by lure of power and the 'bonds' Melkor placed upon him, causing him to revert to his old devices so that by the late Second Age and Third Age.
Although Sauron knew that men were easier to sway, he sought to bring the Elves into his service, as they were far more powerful. By about SA 1500, Sauron put on a fair visage and called himself Annatar, the "Lord of Gifts". He befriended the Elf smiths of Eregion, including Celebrimbor (greatest of craftsmen, as he was descended from Fëanor), and counseled them in arts and magic. Not all the Elves trusted him, particularly Lady Galadriel, Elrond, and Gil-galad, High King of the Ñoldor.
To the Elves who listened, Sauron gave knowledge and encouragement in forging the Rings of Power, while he forged the One Ring in secret, to rule the Elvish rings. Upon that ring Sauron wrote in Tengwar the Black Speech inscription, Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul. This translates as: One Ring to Rule Them All, One Ring to Find Them, One Ring to Bring Them All, and in the Darkness Bind Them.
The One Ring worn by Sauron
However, as soon as Sauron put on the Ring the Elves sensed his treachery, and removed their rings and hid them. Enraged, Sauron came against them in open war and demanded that all Rings of Power be given to him. The Elves managed to hide the three greatest of the Rings from him, but the other sixteen Rings of Power were either captured by Sauron, destroyed, or lost. To the Dwarves he had given Seven, but to Men he had given Nine, knowing that they would be the easiest to corrupt. The Dwarf Lords who received the Rings proved to be very resistant to their power, and neither "faded" nor became enslaved to Sauron's will. The Rings, however, created in them an insatiable lust for gold, which ultimately caused a great deal of grief for the Dwarves.
Sauron's appearance in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy
As Sauron predicted, the nine Men were all corrupted by their Rings and became the Nazgûl, Sauron's deadliest and cruelest servants. Had the Elves not recognized Sauron's treachery and forsaken the power of their rings, the results would have been catastrophic for the Free Peoples of Middle-earth. It seems that most if not all of the native Men of Middle-earth succumbed to the power of the Ring once the Nazgûl were created, and if the Elves been captured in this fashion, they would have become the slaves of Sauron. Thus Celebrimbor's resistance was of immense importance in the history of Middle-earth.
In this era, during which he marshaled and commanded great armies, Sauron became known as the Dark Lord of Mordor, and his fortress of Barad-dûr was completed. He was very powerful even without controlling the Elves, and conquered nearly all of Middle-earth during the War of the Elves and Sauron. However, the armies of the king of Númenór, Tar-Minastir, were finally able to defeat him during the last battle near Gwathló or the Greyflood in SA 1700. Defeated but not wholly vanquished, Sauron retreated back to Mordor and began re-building his strength over the many centuries.
Sauron overlooking his Orc army at Gorgoroth
Life in Númenor
Sauron as a priest of Melkor in Númenor
These Men lived on the island of Númenor in the sea between Middle-earth and Valinor. The Númenóreans, who were then proud, came to Middle-earth with astounding force of arms. King Ar-Pharazôn, who desired no less than the kingship of Middle-earth, marched his troops all the way to Mordor without a single battle, and demanded that Sauron abase himself before the King. Sauron could see clearly that even the most powerful of his servants could not stand against the Númenóreans, and so came from Barad-dûr without any offer of battle. He assumed a fair form and flattered Ar-Pharazôn, but the King demanded that Sauron come back to Númenor as a hostage. Sauron feigned unhappiness at this development but was secretly delighted, for this presented him with an opportunity to destroy the Númenóreans from within. After only a few short years in Númenor he grew from captive to the King's most trusted adviser, and nearly all the King's court fawned upon him. Drawing on their fear of death, he converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Morgoth, saying that Morgoth had the power to save them from mortality. As his power and influence reached its peak, he raised a great Temple in which he performed human sacrifices to Morgoth. Finally, he convinced Ar-Pharazôn to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself and claim it for himself.
Loss of the Ring
Sauron's destruction in battle by Isildur
After learning that Elendil, whom he had especially hated, had survived and was ordering a realm on his borders, Sauron, after a while, made war with them. He struck too soon, however, and had not restored most of his strength, whereas the Elven-king, Gil-galad had increased his power on Middle-earth in his absence. Therefore, when Gil-Galad allied with Elendil to create the Last Alliance and together fought Sauron, they finally defeated his armies at the Battle of Dagorlad, and laid siege to Barad-dûr for seven years. Finally, Sauron himself came forth and dueled both Elendil and Gil-galad, slaying them both single-handedly. Then Isildur, son of Elendil, took up his father's broken sword, Narsil and cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger. Sauron's physical body was destroyed. With nearly all of his power stored in the ring, he was vanquished when it was cut from his finger, and without their leader's dark will driving them on, Sauron's armies were routed and fled. Thus his campaign to defeat the free peoples seemingly ended, with his greatest weapon being taken from him.
But while Isildur had taken the Ring, he could not bring himself to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom where it was forged, but kept it for himself. He was eventually betrayed by it a few years later, and slain by Orcs at Gladden Fields. The Ring fell into the river Anduin, and was lost for centuries before being found by the two Stoorish friends and relatives, Sméagol and Déagol. Shortly afterwards Sméagol murdered Déagol for possession of the Ring.
Third Age
Despite his defeat, Sauron was not vanquished permanently. Though greatly weakened, and in non-corporeal form, he still existed, due to pouring most of his native power, strength, and will into the One Ring. Thus, as long as it existed, he could never be truly defeated, and during the first thousand years of the Third Age, he lay in hiding, slowly recovering his strength until he was once again able to create a body for himself.
The Necromancer of Dol Guldur
Sauron's appearance as the "Necromancer", as shown in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
In the year TA 1000, Sauron at last began to rise again, taking the stronghold of Dol Guldur, the Hill of Sorcery, in southern Mirkwood in TA 1050. There, he was disguised as a dark sorcerer known as "the Necromancer", and the Elves did not realize at first that he was actually Sauron returned.
Around this time, the Valar sent the five Wizards, or Istari, including Gandalf the Grey, who later became Gandalf the White, to oppose Sauron and rally the free peoples of Middle-earth against him.
While Sauron continued to gather his strength, the Ringwraiths reappeared in the year TA 1300, and began steadily assaulting the Numenorean kingdoms in exile until, one by one, they fell. Whether the Witch-king was acting by his own volition or by Sauron's will is not known.
Suspecting that Sauron had returned and was guiding the Nazgûl, the wizard Gandalf infiltrated the fortress in TA 2063 to confirm his theory, but Sauron fled into the east to conceal his identity. This marked the beginning of the Watchful Peace, which ended with Sauron's return to Dol Guldur in TA 2460. During the same year, the One Ring was finally discovered by the stoor Sméagol and his friend Déagol.
Gandalf the Grey made a second intrusion into Dol Guldur in TA 2850, and finally discovered that the Necromancer was indeed Sauron. Eventually, the White Council put forth their might and drove Sauron from Dol Guldur permanently in TA 2941. Without the Ring in his possession, Sauron could draw on only the smallest fraction of its strength, so that his enemies were able to drive him from Dol Guldur with relative ease. However, the Dark Lord, having had ample time to prepare, abandoned Dol Guldur willingly, and returned to Mordor, where he openly declared himself in TA 2951, and began preparations for his final war against the free peoples of Middle-earth.
The Ringwraiths in The Fellowship of the Ring
War of the Ring
Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with and enslaved Men from the east and south. He gathered his most terrifying servants, the Nazgûl (Ulairi in Quenya), or Ringwraiths, each wearing one of the nine rings designed for mortal men. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and as he exerted his will over Middle-earth, the Eye of Sauron became a symbol of power and fear.
After the creature Gollum, originally the stoor-hobbit Sméagol who had originally found the ring, was captured, Sauron had him tortured and learned that he once had a magic ring, and, from him, he heard the words Shire and Baggins. He deduced that Gollum's ring was the One Ring, and sent his servants, the dreaded Nazgûl, to find Shire and search for Baggins, so that the One Ring might be found and returned to him.
Meanwhile, Sauron lured Saruman the White, one of the Istari, into his service, and used him to destroy Rohan, one of the major obstacles to Sauron's conquest of Gondor and the remaining Elves. Saruman failed however, and Sauron lost one of his most powerful vassals as well as Saruman's massive Uruk-hai army.
Aragorn reveals himself to Sauron through the Palantír
Shortly after Saruman's defeat, Peregrin Took looked into the Palantír that the wizard had possessed and accidentally communicated with Sauron, who believed that his treacherous servant had captured either the Halflings bearing the Ring, or some who might know of it. But shortly thereafter Aragorn took the Palantir and revealed himself to Sauron, and seeing Aragorn, the Dark Lord concluded that Saruman had fallen and that the heir of Isildur possessed the One Ring. Fearing that his enemies would use the Ring against him, Sauron sped up his plans and attacked the city of Minas Tirith in Gondor sooner than he had planned, seeking to raze the city and crush the last human resistance to his rule before his enemies could fortify it, and to prevent Men uniting under one king.
Fortunately, due to the combined efforts of Gondor, Rohan, and the Dúnedain of Arnor, Sauron's army was defeated. Despite still possessing more than enough armies to destroy Minas Tirith and enough military strength to easily conquer Middle-earth once Gondor fell, doubt began to grow on Sauron. As such, he watched and waited, hoping for a period of strife between Aragorn and other potential Ringlords in which he could move out and take the Ring for himself.
Despite their successful repulsion of Sauron's armies at Minas Tirith, Gandalf and Aragorn knew that the bulk of Sauron's forces remained in Mordor, readying themselves for another, deadlier strike against the city. Filled as Mordor was with Sauron's troops, Frodo stood almost no chance of reaching Mount Doom undetected. In light of the situation, Aragorn called for a council consisting of the major commanders of all the forces present in Minas Tirith, and appointed Gandalf to be their overlord until the crisis had passed. Gandalf made it clear to all those present that, despite their great victory, they ultimately could not hope to defeat Sauron's armies by force. Therefore, they had two options available. They could station their remaining force, considerably greater than it had been before the battle due to the reinforcements from Rohan and southern Gondor, at Minas Tirith and hope to endure Sauron's next attack. Or, they could take a force to the Black Gate and attempt to challenge Sauron directly. This force, as Gandalf suggested, would only need to be great enough to challenge battle, and the rest of their forces could remain behind to garrison Minas Tirith. This option, though suicidal for those involved, would serve to distract Sauron from gazing into his own land, through which the Ring Bearer would be traveling. Furthermore, Gandalf theorized that, once Sauron learned that a force too small to pose any real threat to him was on its way to the Black Gate to directly assault Mordor, he would likely believe that the leader of the attacking force would have the One Ring in their possession. Sauron would assume that the Ring itself would influence its wielder, who, in his pride and over-confidence in his newfound power, might be foolish enough to challenge Sauron's might with a force too small to assault Mordor in earnest.[9]
Their plot worked, as Sauron marshaled most of his remaining forces and marched them towards Udun to crush the Men of the West and regain his prize. This action left the Plains of Gorgoroth largely unguarded, allowing Frodo and Sam to reach Mount Doom with far less difficulty than otherwise. However, once Frodo reached the Crack of Doom, he finally succumbed to the power of the Ring, and put it on. Immediately, Sauron became aware of the halfling, and turning his gaze towards the mountain. He frantically sent the Ringwraiths to retrieve the Ring, but was too late, as Gollum, after taking the Ring from Frodo, slipped and fell to his death into the Cracks of Doom. The Ring was unmade. The earth shook as a great shock wave rippled across Mordor, and the foundations of Barad-dûr were finally destroyed, causing the great fortress to fall into ruin once and for all. Mount Doom was completely destroyed in a cataclysmic eruption that consumed the eight remaining Nazgul.[10]
Barad-dûr's downfall
With his source of power gone, Sauron was utterly defeated and his armies were destroyed or scattered, bereft of the driving will behind their conquest. With the Ring's destruction, Sauron was permanently robbed of his physical form, reducing him to a malevolent spirit that hovered above Mordor as a "huge shape of shadow, impenetrable, lightning-crowned, ...terrible but impotent," only to be blown away by a great wind.[11]
With the destruction of the Ring, the vast majority of Sauron's being and his power was forever lost. With that, Sauron's power was forever crippled, and the threat of his dominion was forever removed.
"If it [the Ring] is destroyed, then he will fall, and his fall will be so low that none can foresee his arising ever again. For he will lose the best part of the strength that was native to him in his beginning, and all that was made or begun with that power will crumble, and he will be maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape. And so a great evil of this world will be removed."
The Return of the King, "The Last Debate"
Sauron is the Quenya term for "the Abhorred".[3] In Sindarin, it is translated as Gorthaur from gor ("horror, dread") and thaur ("abominable, abhorrent").[12]
Other names
His original name was said to be Mairon ("the Admirable", from maira meaning "admirable, excellent"), a name he used while in Númenor, adding the title "Tar" for "Tar-Mairon" ("King Excellent").[13] The Númenóreans themselves gave him a name Zigúr meaning "Sorcerer" on the Adûnaic. When disguising himself in the Second Age, he called himself Annatar ("Lord of Gifts"; anna = gift and tar = king, lord), Artano ("High-smith"), and Aulendil ("Friend of Aulë").[14]
His name is sometimes seen written as Thauron (Þauron), an earlier pronunciation of Sauron.
• The Lord of the Rings
• The Enemy
• The Nameless Enemy
• The Deceiver
• The Dark Lord (Post-First Age)
• The Lord of Barad-dûr
• The Lord of Mordor
• The Necromancer (First Age/Third Age)
Earlier names
Thû was Tolkien's earliest name for Sauron, in the original Lay of Leithian. Thu is reintroduced as an alternate name for Sauron in Beren and Luthien (2017).
Tevildo, before that, was the name of the forerunner character to Sauron, a "Prince of Cats" who is a villain told of in the stories of The Book of Lost Tales. In Beren and Lúthien (2017), Tevildo is presented as a separate character from Thu/Sauron, and one of Morgoth's other minions.
Despite being the title character of The Lord of the Rings, Sauron is notable for never directly appearing during the events of the trilogy. Nowhere is any detailed description given of what he looks like, other than in vague terms.
In The Silmarillion, however, Sauron is described as being a shape changer, and took many forms, including that of a serpent, a vampire, and a great wolf. After Morgoth's fall, Sauron appeared in fair form as "Annatar", the Lord of Gifts, and maintained this appearance until the Fall of Númenor, in which he was unable to ever take a fair form ever again. The History of Middle-earth includes a passage vaguely describing how the Númenoreans saw him: "Upon that ship which was cast highest and stood dry upon a hill there was a man, but greater than any even of the race of Numenor in stature...And it seemed to men that Sauron was great; though they feared the light of his eyes. To many he appeared fair, to others terrible; but to some evil."[15]
A few clues are given as to Sauron's appearance as the Dark Lord, after he lost his ability to take a fair form: Tolkien described Sauron in one of his letters as having the form of a man of more than human stature, but not gigantic, and as an image of malice and hatred made visible. He apparently gave off great heat, so much so that Gil-galad was burned to death by his mere touch, and Isildur described Sauron's hand as black, yet burning like fire, suggesting that his entire body was blackened from fire and heat.
Gollum, having apparently once seen Sauron directly, described him as having only four fingers on his black hand, suggesting that Sauron was unable to regenerate the finger from which Isildur took the One Ring, similar to how the wounds Morgoth took from Fingolfin never healed.
Regarding Sauron's personality, Tolkien had this to say from his letters:
In my story Sauron represents as near an approach to the wholly evil will as is possible. He had gone the way of all tyrants: beginning well, at least on the level that while desiring to order all things according to his own wisdom he still at first considered the (economic) well-being of other inhabitants of the Earth. But he went further than human tyrants in pride and the lust for domination, being in origin an immortal (angelic) spirit. Sauron desired to be a God-King, and was held to be this by his servants, by a triple treachery: 1. Because of his admiration of Strength he had become a follower of Morgoth and fell with him down into the depths of evil, becoming his chief agent in Middle-earth. 2. when Morgoth was defeated by the Valar finally he forsook his allegiance; but out of fear only; he did not present himself to the Valar or sue for pardon, and remained in Middle-earth. 3. When he found how greatly his knowledge was admired by all other rational creatures and how easy it was to influence them, his pride became boundless.
—J.R.R. Tolkien[16]
Philosopher Peter J. Kreeft proposes that Sauron is in fact the main character of The Lord of the Rings, inasmuch as he has the largest significance to the work of good and evil in the story, given his shared essence with the Ring; and given the title's referral to him.
Weapons and powers
Sauron was among the mightiest of the Maiar. Originally of Aulë's people, he acquired great "scientific" knowledge of the world's substances and how to use them. He would retain this knowledge throughout his reign as the Dark Lord in Middle-earth, using it to forge the One Ring and construct his fortress of Barad-dûr. Sauron also seemed primarily linked to the use of fire, and as Morgoth's chief lieutenant, his ability to tap into the fires in the Earth was of great value.
Sauron's fair disguise as "Annatar"
Among Sauron's chief powers were deception and disguise: In the First Age Sauron took on many forms. During his battle against Luthien and Huan in The Silmarillion, he took on no less than four separate shapes: his "normal" shape, (some kind of terrible dark sorcerer), a great wolf, a serpent, and finally a vampire "dripping blood from his throat upon the trees" ("Of Beren and Lúthien," The Silmarillion). At the end of the First Age, Sauron took on a fair form to appeal to the Captain of the Hosts of the Valar and ask for pardon. In the Second Age, Sauron took up that fair form again and used it under the alias "Annatar" to deceive the Elves into creating the Rings of Power. The level of deception required to fool the Elves of Eregion must have gone beyond simply taking on a fair form, since Sauron was literally instructing the Elves to make artifacts that, while capable of great good, were ultimately purposed for his own domination and were imbued with power to arrest the natural order of the world, yet the Elves were unaware of who they were dealing with until the eleventh hour, and only narrowly escaped his trap. Centuries later, Sauron was able to deceive the Númenóreans and steer them directly to their own destruction under promises of eternal life. Such destruction is a testament to Sauron's manipulative nature and ability to twist the perceptions of his enemies.
Depiction of Mordor's coat-of-arms, with the Eye of Sauron
An interesting dichotomy is set up between his deceptive nature and his symbol. While rarely appearing personally and deceiving all but the most wary, he represented himself as an all-seeing eye that could pierce all disguises.
The extent, nature, and specifics of Sauron's power are largely left to the imagination. Like Morgoth, he was capable of altering the physical substance of the world around him by mere effort of will.
The symbol of Sauron was the Eye of Sauron, particularly after he arose in Mirkwood at Dol Guldur. In The Lord of the Rings it is called also the Great Eye, the Eye of Barad-dûr, the Red Eye, the Lidless Eye, and the Evil Eye.
Earlier versions of the legendarium
Since the earliest versions of the Silmarillion legendarium (as detailed in The History of Middle-earth), Sauron underwent many changes. The prototype of his character was Tevildo, "Prince of Cats", who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of Beren and Lúthien told in The Book of Lost Tales Part Two. Tevildo was soon transformed into Thû, the Necromancer, whose name would be emended to Gorthû, Sûr, and finally to Sauron. Gorthû in the form Gorthaur remained in The Silmarillion. In Númenor, he was once known (according to The Notion Club Papers and associated writings) as Zigûr.
Prior to the publication of The Silmarillion, Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to J.R.R. Tolkien's notes, so that early editions of the Guide to Middle-earth described Sauron as "probably of the Eldar elves".
In the books
In films
In video games
Portrayal in adaptations
The Lord of the Rings film trilogy
You know of what I speak, Gandalf. A great eye, lidless, wreathed in flame.
—Saruman to Gandalf in The Fellowship of the Ring.
Sauron's primary appearance in Peter Jackson's trilogy is as the Eye of Sauron, a titanic, flaming eye atop Barad-dûr; many characters refer to it as "the Eye" or "the Great Eye." His prior physical form was as a nine-foot-tall being clad in black armor, seen only in flashbacks to the War of the Last Alliance throughout the trilogy, and very briefly in the center of the Eye in an extended scene with Aragorn and the palantír in The Return of the King. When Sauron speaks, it is telepathically through the One Ring or the Palantír; when he is voiced by Alan Howard. Sala Baker portrays his physical form.
"You cannot hide. I see you. There is no life in the void, only death."
- Sauron in The Fellowship of the Ring
As in the books, Sauron is the primary antagonist throughout the films. He is depicted as an almost god-like entity whose mere presence, even when mediated by a medium like the Palantír, causes immense pain and injury. Most of his bidding is achieved through his various servants such as the Nazgûl and Saruman, who calls him "the Lord of the Earth." Sauron is most extensively depicted in the prologue to The Fellowship of the Ring, shown forging the One Ring and leading his armies at the Battle of Dagorlad in the War of the Last Alliance. According to Tolkien's description, he is shown to be towering over men and yet not gigantic. He also wears black armor and a helmet similar to Morgoth's in The Silmarillion, and wields a giant mace (perhaps based on Grond) capable of killing scores of men in one hit.
Sauron was originally intended to appear in physical form at the climax of The Return of the King, appearing at the Battle of the Morannon to fight Aragorn. However, this was ultimately scrapped from the film due to the fact it was not in the book and the developers believed it would take the main focus away from Sam and Frodo. Furthermore, Jackson believed it would take away from Aragorn's act of sacrifice.
The Eye of Sauron's feline appearance is a reference to the character of "Tevildo" in the first drafts, who took the form of a cat.
The Hobbit film trilogy
It has begun. The East will fall. So shall the Kingdom of Angmar rise. The time of the Elves is over. The Age of the Orc has come.
—Spoken in the Black Speech, as Sauron reveals himself to Galadriel
Sauron as he appears in The Desolation of Smaug.
Sauron's role from The Hobbit is greatly expanded in Jackson's Hobbit film trilogy. He is voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch.
Sauron appears in An Unexpected Journey in the form of a black, humanoid ghost, alluding to Tolkien's description of the Necromancer as a man with blackened skin. He is briefly witnessed in this form by Radagast.
In the The Desolation of Smaug, Sauron reveals a greater extent of his powers. He is first seen speaking with Azog, ordering him to break off pursuit of Thorin II Oakenshield, whose head he had promised the Orc, in order to lead his armies. When Gandalf arrives in Dol Guldur to investigate tales of an evil there, Sauron first confronts him as a mass of black smoke. After killing Thráin II and initiating a brief duel with the Grey Wizard, Sauron is able to overpower the wizard and reveals himself as an armored figure within the shape of an enormous, flaming eye.
In The Battle of the Five Armies, Galadriel, Elrond, and Saruman (the White Council) travel to Dol Goldur to free Gandalf. There, Sauron releases the Nazgûl upon them, but the Ringwraiths are defeated by the Council. It is then that Sauron appears as a spectral armored form within a flaming eye, accompanied within the fire by the Ringwraiths' ghostly forms. Sauron threatens the Council with the fall of the West and the rise of Angmar, but is engaged by Galadriel (in her spectral form) in a magical duel of minds. Though powerful, much of Sauron's former strength had yet to return and he was unable to defeat Galadriel. While the act severely weakens her, Sauron is forced to flee as a ball of fire into the East. Afterwards, Saruman promises the Council that he will handle Sauron personally, only for the Istari to forge a secret alliance with him.
The extended edition confirms Sauron has forged an alliance with Smaug, as well as showing him murdering Thrain during his battle with Gandalf.
Video games
• In The Lord of the Rings Online, Annatar was depicted in a mural in the ruins of Tham Mírdain. He was called Antheron (Gift Lord), because Turbine doesn't have the rights to the name Annatar. In the session play quest 'Daughter of Strife' from Volume I: Book XV, where the player takes on the character of Narmaleth, Sauron is also encountered in his disguise of Annatar (Antheron), at the time he taught the elves of Eregion the secrets of the Rings. Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in Dol Guldur leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hanf of Isildur. During an extended flashback sequence to the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron himself is met within Barad-dur by the player, who controls a historic character.
• In the strategy game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, Sauron is one of the Ring Heroes, the other being Galadriel, which can be summoned when a player successfully finds Gollum and take the One Ring by killing him. He can only be summoned by the evil factions Mordor, Isengard and Goblins. Sauron is one of the strongest, if not, the strongest unit in the game, as he is very hard to kill and able to instantly kill most infantry and cavalry units with his mace. More powerful units, such as Trolls and Ents are still no match for him in small amounts, being easily killed by a few blows of his mace. Sauron is also able to summon fiery rocks from the skies and demoralize enemy units, causing them to run around in panic. When Sauron is killed, he explodes violently, heavily damaging any enemy units in the vicinity. Upon his death, he drops the One Ring, which may be picked up to summon another Ring Hero.
Sauron, disguised as Annatar, with the newly-forged One Ring
• In the 2014 Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor video game, Sauron appears before Celebrimbor as Annatar, the Lord of Gifts, and deceives him into creating the Rings of Power. After the secret forging of the One Ring, Annatar takes Celebrimbor to Mordor to pefect the One Ring. Celebrimbor later escapes Mordor with the Ring and uses its power to challenge Sauron into battle. At the last moment, the Ring slips from Celebrimbor's finger. As vengeance, Sauron transforms back into Annatar and proceeds to kill Celebrimbor.
• In the 2017 sequel to the above, Middle-earth: Shadow of War, he ends up fighting Celebrimbor despite still being weakened by the loss of the One Ring. Despite putting up a good fight, he is overwhelmed by Celebrimbor and his new host Eltariel planning on dominating him with the power of their own New Ring. Before succumbing, he cuts off Eltariel's ring finger like Isildur had done to him years earlier, and consumed Celebrimbor's wraith. While he survives, this forces him into a new form; a burning eye at the top of Barad-dûr, locked in a battle of wills with the elf until the One Ring is destroyed decades later.
• Sauron appears in both LEGO The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game and LEGO The Hobbit: The Video Game; in the first he is a boss and playable character while he is featured as a playable character in the latter. His boss form appears as a massive CCBS figure-similar to something from LEGO's Knights Kingdom line, while as a playable character he appears as a minifigure. In The Hobbit game he appears in both Necromancer and fiery armored forms. The first game also features an Annatar minifigure as a downloadable character.
• Sauron's minifigure form, voiced by Steven Blum, also appears in LEGO Dimensions, where he invades DC Comics' Metropolis and later engages the player in a battle atop a Doctor Who Dalek flying saucer; upon defeat he is banished back to the domain of primary game antagonist Lord Vortech and does not appear again.
Other media
Sauron also appears or is referenced in a number of works that are not direct adaptations of The Lord of the Rings or it's associated mythos:
• He is one of only three characters to appear in all six films of both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings trilogies, the other two being Gandalf and Galadriel.
Sauron the Dark Lord concept art.
437px-Sauron hi res-1-.jpg
Sauron in his Dark Lord appearance.
Sauron the Necromancer.
Sauron copy.jpg
Sauron, the Dark Lord of Mordor.
Sauron Guardians of Middle-Earth wallpaper.
Sauron in Guardians of Middle-Earth.
4466233230 833fdfcbed.jpg
A statue of Sauron in The Lord of the Rings Online.
040710 Antheron.jpg
Sauron as Annatar in Eregion during the Second Age.
The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg
The Eye of Sauron as it appears in The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.
Sauron in DOS.gif
The Necromancer revealed to be the Dark Lord Sauron.
Lord-of-the-rings -conquest--ss-99.jpg
Sauron in The Lord of the Rings: Conquest.
Sauron as he appears in The Hobbit- The Battle of the Five Armies.jpg
Sauron as he appears in The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.
Foreign Language Translated name
Arabic سورون
Armenian Սաւրոն
Belarusian Cyrillic Саўран
Bengali সৌরণ
Bulgarian Cyrillic Саурон
Catalan Sàuron
Chinese (Hong Kong) 索倫
Esperanto Saŭrono
Georgian საურონი
Greek Σάουρον
Gujarati સેરોન
Hebrew סאורון
Hindi सौरोन
Hungarian Szauron
Japanese サウロン
Kannada ಸೌರಾನ್
Kazakh Саурон (Cyrillic) Sawron (Latin)
Korean 사우론
Kyrgyz Cyrillic Саурон
Laotian ສະຸrໂນ
Lithuanian Sauronas
Macedonian Cyrillic Саурон
Marathi सायरोन
Mongolian Cyrillic Саурон
Nepalese षौरोन्
Pashto صاورون
Persian سائورون
Punjabi ਸਾਨੌਨ
Russian Саурон
Sanskrit षौरोन्
Serbian Саурон (Cyrillic) Sauron (Latin)
Sinhalese සොරෝන්
Tajik Cyrillic Саурон
Tamil ஷௌரொந்
Telugu సారన్
Thai เซารอน
Ukrainian Cyrillic Саурон
Urdu ہاتھوں
Uzbek Саурон (Cyrillic) Sauron (Latin)
Yiddish סאַוראָן
2. The Silmarillion, Valaquenta, "Of the Enemies"
3. 3.0 3.1 The Silmarillion, Index of Names
4. The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter III: "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor"
5. The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter XVII: "Of the Coming of Men into the West"
6. The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter XVIII: "Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin"
7. 7.0 7.1 The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Chapter XIX: "Of Beren and Lúthien"
10. The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, Book Six, Chapter III: "Mount Doom"
11. The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, Book Six, Chapter IV: "The Field of Cormallen"
12. The Silmarillion, Appendix: Elements in Quenya and Sindarin names
14. Unfinished Tales, Part Two: The Second Age, chapter IV: "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn, and of Amroth King of Lórien", Note 7
15. The History of Middle-earth, Vol. 5: The Lost Road and Other Writings, Part One: "The Fall of Númenor and the Lost Road"
16. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, 183 Notes on W. H. Auden's review of The Return of the King
17. X-Men #60 (September, 1969)
18. GuyWithNoNickName (2012-12-04). Meghan McCarthy Talks About King Sombra On "Stay Brony My Friends". YouTube. Retrieved on 2012-12-06.
External link
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Definitions for "Sales Promotion"
A tactic intended to generate increased sales in a specified amount of time. The goal is usually a strong and rapid response from consumers.
Sales promotion refers to any activity designed to boost the sales of a product or service. It may include an advertising campaign, increased PR activity, a free-sample campaign, offering free gifts or trading stamps, arranging demonstrations or exhibitions, setting up competitions with attractive prizes, temporary price reductions, door-to-door calling, telephone-selling, personal letters on other methods.
Usually includes a wide variety of supplemental sales-generating activities. Usually a two-level marketing effort directed at both “dealer†and “consumer†groups. Includes a wide variety of supplementary sales activities including personal selling, advertising, collateral printed materials, public relations, etc.
Selling-chain Management SKIMS (Secretariat Knowledge Information Management System)
Methods used to generate sales, attract customers to the store, build loyalty, and promote goodwill.
A time-limited period when a product or group of products are given extra publicity and intense marketing
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The Beatles
The Beatles (Picture: Associated Newspapers)
The Beatles never actually existed.
So says a group of conspiracy theorists who have come up with several reasons why.
First of all they suggest that the height of the Beatles fluctuates over the years.
Then there’s the eyebrows – they change shape, size and style over the years, according to The Beatles (as they were presented to us) Never Existed.
Those two subjects are covered in great detail on the conspiracy theorists’ website but there is more evidence coming soon.
The theorists state: ‘We are here to explore whether the original individuals themselves ever existed (and if so, what may have happened to them and by whom), but have not been able thus far to calculate how many of each persona were fraudulently presented to the world.’
The website also claims that the ears of the Beatles changes shape, size, even position on the head.
Finally, they all have teeth. That’s not unusual, but it is claimed the size and shape of the teeth change back and forth.
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Bulging Eyes, Cataracts, and More: A Lowdown of Common Eye Conditions
Do you know what’s scarier than plunging towards earth with only a bit of rope around your ankle?
Losing your eye-sight.
OK, tad dramatic, but for about 47% of Americans, fear of losing sight is the worst of health concerns.
But still many of us miss the red flags or take too long to respond to them we can potentially damage our eyesight forever. So we’ve compiled a list of common eye conditions, like bulging eyes, for you to… keep your eye on (sorry had to!).
1. Age-Related Macular Degeneration
AMD affects the center of the retina, known as the macula. This is the part of our eye responsible for most of our vision and it helps us read, drive, and do other activities that require razor-sharp vision.
There are two types of AMD:
Dry Macular Degeneration
Out of the two, this is the most common, and it occurs when tissues in the macula age and thin. This eye disease is also associated when small yellow deposits, called drusen, form underneath the retina.
Wet Macular Degeneration
This is when abnormal blood vessels form beneath the retina and bleeds, causing it to scar. Many people with wet AMD suffer from vision loss far quicker than those with dry AMD. Although this type of AMD affects 10% of people with the disease, it’s responsible for 90% of severe vision loss associated with AMD.
2. Bulging Eyes
Otherwise known as Proptosis and Exophythalmos in the medical world, bulging eyes can signify a serious medical condition. This is where the white of your eye shows between the iris and your upper eyelid protrudes.
The most common cause is an overactive thyroid gland. We rely on this gland to produce hormones to moderate our metabolism but when it produces too many, we suffer from hyperthyroidism.
Or we could link it to Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder, which results in hyperthyroidism and bulging eyes. You’ll note the tissues around your eye inflames and bulges.
3. Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
People of all ages can suffer from a pink eye. It’s when the tissue lining the back of your eyelids and covering your sclera becomes inflamed.
Because of this, your eyes will turn red, itchy, teary, and give you that niggling feeling there’s something in your eye. Be careful because it is highly contagious but luckily, it’s unlikely to damage your vision especially when treated early.
4. Glaucoma
This is one of the common eye conditions that get worse. Glaucoma is where the eye’s optic nerve is damaged and results in a pressure buildup within the fluid in your eye. Eventually, this could potentially damage the optic nerve responsible for sending messages to your brain.
The increased pressure, known as intraocular pressure, can result in permanent vision loss if untreated so always attend routine eye exams. There are two types of Glaucoma:
Open-Angle Glaucoma
One of the more common eye problems, open-angle or wide-angle glaucoma is where the trabecular meshwork (the drain structure of the eye) looks normal but the flow of liquid inside isn’t.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma
This variation affects the drainage of your eyes as the angle between your cornea and iris gets too slim, therefore resulting in an excessive pressure build-up in your eye.
5. Cataracts
Out of all the eye diseases, cataracts are the most well known. They are the cloudy splodges that develop in the eye lens that stop light from entering.
As a result, you can’t see as clear and may notice a halo around lights at night. You won’t notice a quick development or sharp pain, instead, cataracts stay small and don’t affect your sight.
Luckily, if cataracts progress and affect your vision, surgery can restore order.
6. Dry Eyes
This is one of the eye problems that prevent you from producing proper tears. We rely on tears to keep our eyes lubricated and when they fail; we suffer from dry eye syndrome.
You may feel like something in your eye is burning and in rare cases, can lead to loss of vision. We can get dry eye syndrome in an air-conditioned room, from looking at a computer screen all day or traveling on an airplane.
7. Night Blindness
Find it impossible to see at night especially when you’re behind the wheel? Difficult to find your seat in the darkened movie theater?
You may suffer from night blindness. This is one of the eye diseases that is linked to many problems like cataracts, keratoconus, and vitamin A deficiency.
Or it is because of genetics. But, unlike other eye conditions, night blindness can’t be treated so you must be careful in areas of low light.
8. Lazy Eye
Otherwise known as amblyopia, lazy eye occurs when it doesn’t develop properly. The weaker eye moves around while the other eye has a stronger vision and stays fixed.
Many children and adults get the lazy eye but it’s rare to find it in both eyes. You can avoid lifelong vision problems if you treat the lazy eye during early childhood.
The patient is given corrective glasses, a patch, or contact lenses to make the child use and strengthen the lazy eye.
…And Those Are the Common Eye Diseases!
Bulging eyes, cataracts, and glaucoma are all eye ailments that must be treated. Although not every eye condition on this list leads to vision loss, it’s important to book routine eye exams to ensure your eyes are healthy and your vision is protected.
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What Is UV Light Glue & How Does It Work?
, [modified_date]
Anything we own does not last indefinitely (or almost) and when they break we mostly use the glue. In the case of belts, and electronic devices we have to fix them with tape or glue. In the most awful case, we have to leave them and buy new ones by spending more. Have you ever had to break something and throw it away because you couldn't fix it?
For this reason, I found a single alternative solution to this problem in just 4 seconds with saving money and allowing me to fix anything without a problem. The solution is the UV light glue. Here, I will explain What Is UV Light Glue and how does it work.
Table of Content:
Here is the table of content for your quick overview:
What Is UV Light Glue?
UV Light Glue is a welder with liquid plastic, and can fix any object from plastic to wood. It has revolutionized the market because it has an innovative operation.
What Is UV Light Glue
It looks like a pen that is easy to handle with a small UV light built into the pen's tip, powered by a battery. It is equipped with a small tank that contains the liquid plastic that will serve as a glue for repairs. The nice thing I noticed is that the liquid used to glue the parts you want doesn't harden until you use the UV light.
How Does It Work?
The pen-shaped UV plastic welder is so simple to use in the repair of any plastic object, regardless of whether it is made of any other material. The uv light glue has ultraviolet light that works with hot air, whose energy source fortifies the liquid plastic of the repair kit.
How Does It Work
UV light glue is a soldering iron with a small pump that emanates the soldering liquid that will be in charge of joining the fragments that have broken with its components. The best part of all this is that this liquid does not harden until the UV light is used, definitely removing the old glue instead of replacing it.
The UV light glue offers:
• Extreme resistance: This liquid plastic soldering iron fixes objects with great durability.
• Worthy: UV light glue immediately repairs cracks and fragmentation with a single application in the problem area.
• Easy to use: This liquid plastic welder does not require any training.
The UV light glue uses the gel to fix broken things. When the gel comes near to the UV light, it hardens and joins the broken part permanently.
The function of the UV light glue depends on the following:
• The intensity or amount of ultraviolet light applied.
• UV application time.
• Adhesive thickness or depth.
The function of the UV light glue depends on the following
We have to consider the type of material that we want to join since these adhesives need to absorb ultraviolet light. The variation of these materials (especially in plastics) entail different curing times and other mechanical and chemical behaviors. For example, there are transparent crystals that absorb ultraviolet radiation, preventing its passage towards the adhesive so that it does not cure.
There are ultraviolet adhesives with combined drying. It allows continuous curing once the ultraviolet light has been applied by using heat, absence of oxygen or humidity, solidifying the adhesive in those hidden areas light has not reached or reducing join time when adhesive thicknesses are relatively large.
UV Light Glue is very sensitive to light, so we have to store them, reducing their exposure to sunlight and artificial light.
Where to Buy UV Light Glue?
In the market, you will find several types of UV Light Glue. I suggest you get it from here to repair all items within a few seconds.
Where to Buy UV Light Glue
You can purchase the real UV Light Glue with the fantastic discount offer. The company also offered me the opportunity to return or replace within 30 days if the product is defective.
Bottom Line
What Is UV Light Glue? UV Light Glue is a soldering device with a small pump that is used to solder and join the broken pieces. This glue’s remarkable thing is that the liquid will not harden until we have passed the ultraviolet light. It offers a durable and heat resistant bond.
I put a drop of it on the cracks' inner and outer surfaces that cover both sides of the damage and heal it with light. And it seems to hold up well. A month has passed and the repair is still solid. UV Light Glue is much easier to use and will bond different materials where the actual solder will not be. I recommend it for welding plastic.
What Is UV Light Glue & How Does It Work? 1
Henry J Taylor
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Algorithmic Puzzles$
Anany Levitin and Maria Levitin
Print publication date: 2011
Print ISBN-13: 9780199740444
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2020
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199740444.001.0001
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Algorithmic Puzzles
Anany Levitin
Maria Levitin
Oxford University Press
1. A Wolf, a Goat, and a Cabbage With one insignificant exception, the puzzle can be solved by making a sequence of the only moves available in each situation. 2. Glove Selection Imagine a malevolent adversary who wants you to draw as many gloves as possible before getting what you need. Note that gloves are not socks: they can be right-handed and left-handed. 3. Rectangle Dissection Triangles in question need not be of the same size. 4. Ferrying Soldiers Solve the problem of ferrying one soldier first. 5. Row and Column Exchanges The answer is “no”; determine why. 6. Predicting a Finger Count Reenact the girl’s count long enough to see a pattern that makes the answer obvious. 7. Bridge Crossing at Night The answer is “yes,” and the solution does not involve any tricks. 8. Jigsaw Puzzle Assembly A similar problem is discussed in the book’s tutorial on algorithm analysis techniques. 9. Mental Arithmetic There are at least two different ways to compute this sum. Both use the methods discussed in the tutorial on algorithm analysis techniques. 10. A Fake Among Eight Coins “Three” is not the correct answer to the puzzle. 11. A Stack of Fake Coins The answer is “one.” Take advantage of the fact that the scale gives the exact weight. 12. Questionable Tiling The answer is “no.” 13. Blocked Paths Use dynamic programming as explained in the tutorial on algorithm design strategies. 14. Chessboard Reassembly What parts of the board do you have to cut to solve the puzzle? 15. Tromino Tilings Only one of the three questions has a “yes” answer. 16. Making Pancakes What is the fastest way to make three pancakes? Also note that n = 1 is, in fact, a special case here. 17. A King’s Reach The puzzle statement does not forbid the king to visit the same square more than once. Also, make sure that your answer is correct for every value of n ≥ 1. 18. A Corner-to-Corner Journey Observe the colors of the squares the knight jumps through.
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The name used to execute the current copy of Perl, from C's argv[0] or (where supported) /proc/self/exe.
Depending on the host operating system, the value of $^X may be a relative or absolute pathname of the perl program file, or may be the string used to invoke perl but not the pathname of the perl program file. Also, most operating systems permit invoking programs that are not in the PATH environment variable, so there is no guarantee that the value of $^X is in PATH. For VMS, the value may or may not include a version number.
You usually can use the value of $^X to re-invoke an independent copy of the same perl that is currently running, e.g.,
@first_run = `$^X -le "print int rand 100 for 1..100"`;
But recall that not all operating systems support forking or capturing of the output of commands, so this complex statement may not be portable.
It is not safe to use the value of $^X as a path name of a file, as some operating systems that have a mandatory suffix on executable files do not require use of the suffix when invoking a command. To convert the value of $^X to a path name, use the following statements:
# Build up a set of file names (not command names).
use Config;
my $this_perl = $^X;
if ($^O ne 'VMS') {
$this_perl .= $Config{_exe}
unless $this_perl =~ m/$Config{_exe}$/i;
Because many operating systems permit anyone with read access to the Perl program file to make a copy of it, patch the copy, and then execute the copy, the security-conscious Perl programmer should take care to invoke the installed copy of perl, not the copy referenced by $^X. The following statements accomplish this goal, and produce a pathname that can be invoked as a command or referenced as a file.
use Config;
my $secure_perl_path = $Config{perlpath};
if ($^O ne 'VMS') {
$secure_perl_path .= $Config{_exe}
unless $secure_perl_path =~ m/$Config{_exe}$/i;
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Lets' say, user userX is a member of group winners and group losers There is a file with following permissions:
-rw-r----- userY winners 1000 May 31 somefile.txt
Can userX access somefile.txt?
• Homwork? :-) Can you show your research effort (as necessary for this site): Do you think he can, and why? If you don't know, did you try it out? – dirkt Jun 1 '17 at 10:38
• yes, I tried it on my private computer and I found out that he cannot. – sunny Jun 1 '17 at 14:32
• The experiment still does not answer to the question, since I don't know why is it so – sunny Jun 1 '17 at 14:33
Linux uses groups as a way to organize users. Groups organize collections of accounts, primarily as a security measure. Control of group membership is administered through the /etc/group file, which shows a list of groups and its members.
Every user has a default or primary group. When a user logs in, the group membership is set for their primary group. This means that when a user launches a program or creates a file, both the file and the running program will be associated with the user’s current group membership.
A user may access other files in other groups, as long as they are also a member of that group and the access permissions are set.
Now if the user wants to creates new files, the permissions will be assigned to the default group, unless specified otherwise. To run programs or create a file in a different group, the user must run the newgrp <newgroup> command to switch their current group.
If the user entering the above-referenced command is a member of the <newgroup> group in the /etc/group file, then the current group membership will change. It is important to note that any files created will now be associated with the <newgroup> group rather than the user’s primary group. Users may also change their group by using the chgrp <group> command.
Source: Linux Users and Groups
Your Answer
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Covid-19, Jobs, Data and Machine Learning
American citizens concern device studying and synthetic intelligence are a danger to their livelihoods. However the world pandemic demonstrates that those information applied sciences are crucial to bettering lives.
A up to date survey captured the job-loss anxiousness. Thirty-seven p.c of staff elderly 18 to 24 say new era will do away with their activity through 2025. This worry climbs to 45 p.c for employees of every age in promoting and advertising. It’s 42 p.c in industry make stronger and logistics.
Research of activity loss from automation have come to extra dramatic conclusions. An Oxford find out about predicted that “about 47 p.c of overall US employment is in peril.” The McKinsey International Institute discovered 51 p.c of labor within the U.S. can also be automatic, accounting for $2.7 trillion in wages.
AI and knowledge issues
Those fears are legitimate. AI will threaten jobs and change occupation paths. It’s just like the multitude of alternative virtual inventions that experience emerged within the 40 years because the arrival of private computer systems. Professions like felony paintings and accounting have in large part been sheltered from disruption prior to now. However now an AI-driven “digital attorney” software runs on Amazon’s Alexa and is observed as “an actual danger” to junior lawyers.
The breakdown of societal methods additionally destroys jobs. 3 million-plus U.S. jobs had been destroyed through Covid-19 in March. Tens of thousands and thousands of jobs disappeared all the way through the 2008-2009 world monetary disaster. Each crises are rooted in a failure to know the hazards inherent in complicated methods. Figuring out complicated methods is what AI is starting to do higher than people.
Within the monetary disaster, there was once a failure amongst subprime loan agents, credit-default-swap underwriters, and unqualified loan candidates. Within the pandemic, issues confirmed on cruise ships, in nursing properties, and a crowded marketplace with reside animals.
Getting there
AI isn’t but in a position to working out the wild variables that might have predicted the pandemic or world monetary disaster. However the era is bettering. It’s riding a rising number of more and more complicated and complicated packages.
Banks at the moment are the use of AI to spot new cash laundering patterns in the past unknown to human compliance officials. They’re searching for different ways to win the multi-trillion buck world struggle in opposition to monetary crime. The era too can disclose prison networks. It could actually in finding malicious task that people on my own can’t discover.
Optimizing information
AI won’t but have the ability to predicting or fighting activity loss spinning out of the worldwide crash. However it might probably assist with the worst of the Covid-19 disaster. Hospitals are going through an onslaught of sufferers. They may be able to use AI to research digital scientific file information. This is helping in finding the most productive remedies for sufferers, and ship extra environment friendly and efficient care.
Amid volatility within the credits markets, monetary establishments are the use of AI to regulate their liquidity. They’re balancing alternatives to increase credits in opposition to operational and regulatory dangers.
Gadget studying
Gadget studying, a subset of AI, permits customers to procedure and draw which means from complicated information. Numerous information is very immune to different strategies of research. Gadget studying can pressure fashions that don’t rely on ancient information and reduce in the course of the mess. Those fashions may give insights into essentially the most pressing occasions. That comes with the Covid-19 disaster and the commercial fallout that has adopted.
Gadget studying and AI even guarantees to make stronger the lives of people that reside and paintings some distance from the world of top era. It could actually permit rural nurses to make higher diagnoses. Farmers can make a decision which plants to plant. It could actually translate textbooks and even supply an early caution that scholars could be in jeopardy of dropping by the wayside.
A long term?
AI is very important. As the worldwide inhabitants grows and new demanding situations get up, humanity will want each to be had innovation to verify a vibrant long term. Persons are some distance from fixing the entire international’s issues. So jobs will stay abundant — assuming that we proceed to embody development and now not view it as a danger.
Kevin Walkup
President and COO
Kevin Walkup is President and COO of Harmonate, an information products and services company serving non-public price range.
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Question: Are Dentist The Most Depressed?
Why are dentists suicidal?
[2] The risk factors for occupational suicide include, but are not limited to, job-related isolation and demands, stressful work environments, work-home imbalance, and financial pressures, all of which dentists can relate to..
Why do dentists only work 4 days a week?
Hospitals never close, but dentists’ offices are often open only four days a week or less. That’s mainly because staffing is a dentist’s biggest operational cost; the fewer days the office stays open, the less a dentist has to shell out to office personnel. … Dentists know that few of their patients enjoy seeing them.
Why are dentists unhappy?
Dentists are often unhappy because they graduate with huge student loans (often around $200,000), and their jobs largely come with all the pressures—but not as much prestige—of running your own medical practice.
How much do the highest paid dentists make?
How Much Does a Dentist Make? Dentists made a median salary of $151,850 in 2018. The best-paid 25 percent made $208,000 that year, while the lowest-paid 25 percent made $107,440.
What’s the most tiring job?
According to CareerCast’s annual Jobs Rated report, these are the 20 most stressful jobs in the world.Military Personnel. The most stressful job is that of military personnel.Firefighter. … Airline Pilot. … Police Officer. … Event Coordinator. … Reporter. … Broadcaster. … Public Relations Executive. … More items…•
Are dentists depressed?
Conclusions: Dentists are prone to professional burnout, anxiety disorders and clinical depression, owing to the nature of clinical practice and the personality traits common among those who decide to pursue careers in dentistry.
Is it worth being a dentist?
Yes, dentistry can still be a lucrative and wise financial decision. And the average dentist salary isn’t bad at all. … For many graduating with over $400,000 in negative net worth, the only way to make dentistry worth it is through practice ownership.
What are the happiest careers?
What job has highest divorce rate?
The 10 occupations with the highest divorce rates:Gaming managers: 52.9% … Bartenders: 52.7% … Flight attendants: 50.5% … Gaming services workers: 50.3% … Rolling machine setters, operators and tenders, metal and plastic: 50.1% … Switchboard operators: 49.7%More items…•
Why are dentists Most suicidal?
Although dentists’ suicide is trending down, diversity in methodology means no current consensus is possible. Factors found to be influencing dentists’ suicide ranged from known occupational stressors, to toxins and substance abuse, and untreated mental health problems.
Is being a dentist stressful?
There is existing evidence that dentistry is a stressful profession mostly due to the nature and working conditions in the dental surgery and although there has been work done on occupational stress in dentistry, there has been far less investigation of the psychological distress of the job and what impact that has on …
What profession has the highest rate of depression?
The five industries most affected by depression cover a large spectrum. From those who were surveyed, public and private transit showed the highest at 16.2% of workers suffering depression, followed by real estate (15.7%), social services (14.6%), manufacturing (14.3%), and personal services (14.3%).
Are dentists suicidal?
Male dentists hold the highest suicide rate at 8.02 percent. Female dentists hold the fourth highest suicide rate at 5.28 percent. Physicians (7.87 percent), pharmacists (7.19 percent) and nurses (6.56 percent) also hold suicide rates much higher than the national average.
Why is dental school so expensive?
Private schools that already charged a huge amount for tuition raised it even more. The real reason why dental school tuition soars is because you are still applying. It’s that simple. The Grad Plus program covers all costs above $162,000.
Does removing teeth affect brain?
A:Extraction of upper teeth do not affect brain or vision. These are only myths. With right technique, any tooth can be simply extracted and does not matter whether tooth is firm or mobile. Rest assured, believe in your dentist and leave it to him.
Are dentists more depressed?
This in turn can lead to an early heart attack for the dentist. Researchers are finding that many personality traits that characterize a good dentist are also traits that predispose to depression in mid-life, drug and alcohol abuse and the attendant risk of suicide.
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Tuesday, September 2, 2008
The Omega Ratio
The theory advanced by Dr. Lands and Hibbeln is that the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in the diet is the crucial factor for mental and physical health, rather than the absolute amount of each. Omega-6 and -3 fats are essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The number refers to the position of the double bond near the methyl end of the carbon chain.
The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 (hereafter, n-6 and n-3) in the diet determines the ratio in tissues. Since these molecules have many cellular roles, it doesn't stretch the imagination that they could have an effect on health. Hunter-gatherer and healthy non-industrial cultures typically have a favorable ratio of n-6 to n-3, 2:1 or less. In the US, the ratio is currently about 17:1 due to modern vegetable oils.
DHA, a long-chain n-3 fatty acid, is concentrated in neuronal synapses (the connections between neurons) and is required for the normal functioning of neurons. n-6 fats compete with n-3 fats for space in cellular membranes (which have a fixed amount of total polyunsaturated fat), so a high intake of n-6 fats, particularly linoleic acid, displaces n-3 fatty acids. Lower tissue levels of DHA and total n-3 correlate with measures of hostility in cocaine addicts. Feeding mice a diet high in linoleic acid increases aggressive behavior, and increses the likelihood of rats to kill mice.
If the ratio of n-6 to n-3 in the diet predicts psychiatric problems, we'd expect to see an association with n-3 intake as well. Let's take a look:
This is homicide mortality vs. n-3 intake for 24 countries, published here. The association is significant (p> 0.001) even without correcting for n-6 intake. Of course, one could see this as a cloud of points with a few well-placed outliers. Here are some closer associations from the same paper:
It's clear that both a high n-6 intake and a low n-3 intake correlate with negative psychiatric outcomes. Together, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ratio of n-6 to n-3 impacts brain function. Dr. Hibbeln and Dr. Lands do not claim that this ratio is the sole determinant of psychiatric problems, only that it is a factor.
Now to address the big criticism that was brought up by very astute readers of the last post, namely, that the data were purely correlative. Believe me, I wouldn't even have posted on this topic if I didn't have intervention data to back it up. In addition to the animal data I mentioned above, here are more studies that support a causal role of fatty acid balance in psychiatric problems:
Most of those were placebo-controlled trials. If we can see a significant effect of n-3 supplementation in short-term trials, imagine how well it would work as a long-term preventive measure.
Chris said...
Fish oil capsules for me then!
Anna said...
Wonder how often prisons serve salmon? Probably not often enough!
Randy said...
Hi Stephen, Great info, thanks!
I know and am a big fan of both Dr. Lands and Hibbeln, having followed their work for many years. In case you're not aware of it, here's another chart from one of Dr. H's presentations that helps explain the chronic imbalance of omega-3s and 6s in the western diet: http://www.vitalchoice.com/uploads/Soy Oil Production-Hibbeln.jpg
I also want to call your attention to a free newsletter that you may find of interest here: www.vitalchoices.com. Just search for "omega-6" and you'll find many high quality related articles.
PS: found your blog via a google alert for "omega-3s"
Methuselah said...
Also of note:
Prisoner violence reduced (pilot only so far)
Improvement in children's behaviour
Pay Now Live Later
Jeff said...
Excellent post, as usual. This is especially good for me as I have depression running in my family. I have passed this on to family members for them to read. Great job getting the word out on this. This is one of the only avenues where we get this info as advertisers would rather take Pharma $ for prozac, etc.
Keep up the excellent work.
Scott Pierce said...
I'd be curious what your thoughtful eye made of chia seeds? I take a table spoonful every morning.
Linda said...
Very interesting, glad I can chuck out my omega supplements and rather focus on getting the ratio right :)
I've just started reading your blog, and have found all the posts very insightful.
Thanks especially for the wheat and leptin resistance info. The evidence is so clear, why isn't the scientific community (or rather the part that seems to control the "recommended diet") looking into this? I keep telling my family to avoid wheat like the plague, but it doesn't help when wheat is marketed to be so good for you! :(
Stephan Guyenet said...
You have to wonder whether poor nutrition in prison contributes to the problem.
Great chart! I may use that in a future post.
Thanks for the studies. I tried to choose the most compelling ones for my post, but there are others out there.
Thanks. My feeling is that genes determine susceptibility to an unnatural lifestyle, and nearly anyone can be healthy and happy if their lifestyle is good.
Stephan Guyenet said...
I'm OK with chia seeds. Apparently they have a long history of use in the Americas. They have a lot of n-3 and not much n-6, another point in their favor.
However, animal sources of n-3 are the best, particularly fish oil. That's because the big players seem to be DHA and EPA, long-chain fatty acids that your body makes from alpha-linolenic acid (plant n-3). You don't make very much of it though, so eating fish or taking fish oil is a good idea, unless your n-6 intake is very low. Fish oil is naturally rich in DHA and EPA. I'll be going over this in subsequent posts.
Stephan Guyenet said...
I believe the reason many people are blinded to the big causes of the diseases of civilization is confusing epidemiology. The diet/health field has been misled by a number of false epidemiological associations that haven't held up in intervention trials. But people were so convinced by the associations that they refused to accept the intervention results, even though the latter are the only way to determine causality.
I think the tide is turning though. There are papers coming out on interventions with the "paleolithic diet" that I will review soon (the results were excellent), and there are more paleo diet trials in progress. It may take the old guard a while to relax their grip on the field, but hopefully people will understand when the data are staring them in the face.
Anonymous said...
Any idea on what the n-6 to n-3 is for meat, primarily beef that's grain fed verses grass fed?
So far, I haven't paid much attention to trying to get grass fed beef, I just get beef. I do take three fish oil caps and two cod-liver oil caps per day (5g total) (along with two butter oil caps from Green Pastures).
Stephan Guyenet said...
Hi Richard,
Beef has very little PUFA to begin with. Grass-fed is about 3:1 n-6 to n-3 I believe, while grain-fed is considerably higher. But since beef fat is only about 4% PUFA, eating a little fish or taking fish oil easily balances your intake. There are other good reasons to eat grass-fed beef though, like CLA for example. It sounds like you're not eating much PUFA in general, so you probably get more n-3 than n-6 because of the fish oil.
Meat that naturally has more PUFA like chicken will have more n-6 if it's grain-fed. Chicken is pretty much always grain-fed. Same goes for eggs. Pork is between beef and chicken in its PUFA content. Leaf lard is the lowest in PUFA of any cut of pork. Naturally raised chicken and pork will have more n-3 but not necessarily a good ratio.
My philosophy is to keep total PUFA intake low and keep the ratio good by eating fish or taking a bit of fish oil.
Unknown said...
Interesting data. I hope more people in the psychiatric field become aware of this. Increasing Omega 3s in diet would be way cheaper than SRIs like Prozac and without the harmful side-effects. With the growing problem of overmedication of children, alternatives such as this should definitely be looked into (as well as why more people today need to be medicated in the first place).
Stephan Guyenet said...
Definitely. Check out this post on nutritional alternatives to antidepressants:
I think the biggest value of nutrition is as a preventive measure. It's a lot easier to prevent problems than to fix them.
Gyan said...
n-3 LCFA means EFA+DHA right?.
Many populations dont not consume fish but get their omega-3 from linolenic acid.
Has this factor been incorporated in the plots shown?
I have read that high intake of PUFA depresses conversion of mother omega-3 to
EPA+DHA. So how much PUFA we should be consuming if we dont eat fish?
Stephan Guyenet said...
Humans can manufacture DHA and EPA from alpha-linolenic acid but we don't make much of it. It may be sufficient if your n-6 intake is low. As you said, a high n-6 intake inhibits the conversion.
However, I think it's probably best to get at least some DHA and EPA from food. Fish aren't the only source though, land animals contain some as well. DHA and EPA seem to be part of a group of substances we benefit from that are only found in animal products.
Gyan said...
Does butter contain appreciable amounts of EPA+DHA?.
I suppose brains would contain some DHA. Sheep brains are popular where I live.
Stephan Guyenet said...
I believe grass-fed butter does. Brain should be a rich source of both. It's almost impossible to get your hands on brain here because of the mad cow/scrapie scare. They just throw it away, even if the animals are grass-fed.
Robert Andrew Brown said...
Butter Omega 3:6 content
Omega 6 Linoleic 2.2
Omega 3 Linolenic .3
Grass fed has a better profile. Cattle that graze more freely seem to do even better.
What is the biggest source of Omega 6. Common vegetable oils.
For most cutting down Omega 6 is at least as important as ensuring adequate Omega 3.
Chicken are a significant source of Omega six
100grams chicken + skin has about 3grams Omega 6 and 200mg Omega 3
Conversion of 18 carbon plant based Omega 3 and 6 to longer 20 carbon EPA and 22 carbon DHA is blocked by a long list of factors in the Western diet including High Omega 6 in the diet.
Conversion is also blocked by stress and age.
Robert Brown
Author Omega Six The Devils Fat
Debs said...
Your "displaces DHA" link is just sending me to the PubMed home page. Do you still have the original link? Thanks!
Food Is Love
Stephan Guyenet said...
Oops, that happens sometimes. I'll fix it when I get home.
Robert Andrew Brown said...
This is the link for the Omega content in chicken.
Jonathan said...
While I buy the notion that n-3 is mostly good and n-6 mostly bad, I think the "optimal n-6/n-3 ratio" is a red herring. The optimal ratio is probably approximately zero. (I know we need a touch of arachidonic acid, but anyone who eats food can't avoid getting enough.)
Robert Andrew Brown said...
I guess you mean we only need low levels of the Omega 6 18 carbon fat derived from plants, maybe 1% of calories or under on the grounds it would have been scarce in the natural diet.
The long chain fat came from the marine environment originally and were a presumed necessary dietary constant, and Professor Crawford in The Driving Force suggests that it was high availability of long chain fats in the shore environment that precipitated human brain expansion.
Robert Andrew Brown
Author Omega Six The Devils Fat
Stephan Guyenet said...
When you say the ratio should be zero, do you mean we shouldn't eat any n-6 fat? Keep in mind that both n-6 and n-3 are essential fatty acids. Besides, you can't avoid n-6 even if you try. There has to be some ratio, the question is which one?
Yuneek said...
Is there a dark side to n-3's, peroxidation?
"Consistent with these results, rats fed DHA-containing oils had more thiobarbituric reactive substances in these organs than the controls. Thus, high incorporation of (n-3) fatty acids (mainly DHA) into plasma and tissue lipids due to DHA-containing oil ingestion may undesirably affect tissues by enhancing susceptibility of membranes to lipid peroxidation and by disrupting the antioxidant system."
"These results indicate that polyunsaturation of n-3 fatty acids is the most important target for lipid peroxidation. This suggests that the ingestion of large amounts of DHA oil enhances lipid peroxidation in the target membranes where greater amounts of n-3 fatty acids are incorporated, thereby increasing the peroxidizability and possibly accelerating the atherosclerotic process."
"The results obtained in Expts 1 and 2 indicate that DHA enhances the susceptibility of the liver and kidney to lipid peroxidation concomitant with higher levels of DHA in these tissues, as shown by the fatty acid composition. In addition, VE is unable to protect membranes of the liver and kidney rich in DHA from lipid peroxidation, even after ingestion of the highest level of VE."
Any thoughts on what level of n-3 consumption maximizes the benefits while minimizing the peroxidation downside?
Stephan Guyenet said...
Hi Yuneek,
The human body is designed to handle a certain amount of oxidation and its peroxide products without ill effect.
I think the best way to answer your question is to look at what healthy non-industrial cultures were eating.
The Inuit had a very high intake of n-3 fats, and probably a moderate n-6 intake. They also ate virtually no carbohydrate, and some have speculated that may be the reason why they could tolerate so much polyunsaturated fat. There were tribes in the Pacific Northwestern US that had a high n-3 intake and also ate more carbohydrate, but I don't have any health data beyond anecdotes (they were said to be very healthy).
The Kitavans eat about 4 grams of fish fat per day. Given their high-carb diet, I would think that 4 g is probably well tolerated by just about anyone. That's just under a teaspoon of fish oil.
Based on the epidemiology in this post, Drs. Hibbeln and Lands state that 3.7 g/day of fish oil would be enough to restore an acceptable 6/3 ratio to the average American (similar to Japanese), despite the high n-6 intake.
Robert Andrew Brown said...
Thanks for the links. An interesting and difficult question.
Firstly 9% of energy is a whack of DHA, and far more than would be taken except in trials. 1% of cals is about 2grams a day of DHA about 4tps of fish oil which I imagine would be about the outer limit for most people.
A trial in women suggested uptake of DHA drops off at about 2 grams a day.
My most simple view on this was similar to Stephan's. Populations eating high levels of fish and likely with low omega 6 intake are arguably much healthier than the rest of us. Dolphins do very well on very high fish intake.
In some circumstances long chain Omega 3s have been recorded as anti oxidants. Also DHA processes connect into melatonin production. Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant that protects mitochondria. So does DHA have its own related oxidisation protection mechanisms?
It must depend how the oxidation is being generated as well eg mitochondrial type energy processes, or chemical reaction like eicosanoid production, and where if at all do the two meet. (One I am struggling with if anybody can help)
We need oxidation to provide energy and create weapons systems for cell control immune response etc. So you could flip the question on its head and say how much high quality DHA oxidation do we need to properly control defective cells etc?
My rather hazy conclusion based on a number of factors is that we were designed to oxidise Omega 3 and store omega 6. Omega 6s are second rate fuel.
Excess Omega 6s oxidation appears to cause arterial damage and my unanswered question; is that damaging oxidation the result of eicosanoid omega 6 chemical oxidation cascades rather than mitochondrial oxidation?
Robert Andrew Brown
Omega Six The Devils Fat
Anonymous said...
"Dolphins do very well on very high fish intake."
First time I've laughed out loud on Stephan's blog.
Jonathan said...
Let me rephrase my thought. While a tiny amount of the omega-6 arachidonic acid seems to be essential, I've heard of no evidence that the required amount depends on your omega-3 intake. And I've heard of no attempt to quantify how much omega-3 is "too much", never mind whether that amount is proportional to omega-6 intake. Yet people always seem to talk about an "optimal omega-3/omega 6 ratio." What evidence is there that the two are linked?
I can understand, for instance, that there is an ideal zinc-copper ratio because the two minerals compete for the same absorption sites. But why would the ideal intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 be related to each other?
Robert Andrew Brown said...
"But why would the ideal intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 be related to each other?"
Because they are linked in may ways including;
1. Sharing the same pathways and conversion enzymes by which the 18 carbon plant fat is elongated to the 20 and 22 carbon fats of the same family.
2. Competing for common enzymes like COX2 fro onward conversion of the 20 carbon fats to the downstream chemicals.
3. The 20 carbon chemicals competing for membrane space.
Why equal amounts - because the 18 carbon plant based fats occur in more of less equal quantities in plant matter with the exception of plant reproductive material (seeds and nuts etc) which are scarce and seasonal.
Robert Brown
Author Omega Six The Devils Fat.
Jonathan said...
Thank you for your reply. One more question: if a person is consuming sufficient omega-6 and twenty times more omega-3, do you think something bad would happen?
Stephan Guyenet said...
Hi Jonathan,
You may have difficulty clotting if you eat a large excess of n-3. That's one problem that traditional Inuit had. They'd get a nosebleed that wouldn't stop for 3 days.
Anonymous said...
Chris Masterjohn and I argue that it's more complex than just ratio. The amount of each also matters. A low intake of PUFA makes the ratio matter less and a high PUFA intake makes it matter more. You can show all the interventions you want. If they don't control for total PUFA intake, they don't prove that the ratio is the key factor. Then just show that the ratio matters if you eat a diet filled with PUFAs, like most Western people do.
Coconut oil has no omega-3, but it is low in PUFAs. Safflower oil has a high omega-6 ratio, and has very high PUFAs (80%). To say that only the ratio matters, you are saying that coconut oil is no better than safflower oil. Try eating 4 tbs of each oil a day and tell me there's no difference in the inflammation.
Also, you have to control for carb intake, which may make the problem worse. Esp the refined sugars and rancid flours most people eat. You can't verify that the ratio is the key issue, unless you control PUFA intake, carb intake, the intake of refined carbs, and other relevant factors. I don't eat fatty fish or fish oils and have no inflammatory problems that you claim are cured by omega-3 and caused by omega-6.
Stephan Guyenet said...
I agree with you for the most part. I was stating Dr. Lands' hypothesis, not my own. I think you'll have less of a problem with my next post.
Anonymous said...
The last phrase bothers me. Why go to the expense of omega-3 oils, if one can get the same benefits from eliminating PUFA vegetable oils as well as limiting other foods which are high in PUFAs? It seems like a cop-out. The first step IMO should be to eliminate all high-PUFA oils and foods, forever. (That includes nuts and seeds, most of which have sky-high PUFA levels.)
To take omega-3s merely to counter omega-6 is an allopathic solution. It provides a drug-like effect, by blocking omega-6 metabolites. That only provides short-term benefits. In the long-term, omega-3 oils are more toxic than omega-6, esp if we are exposed to pollution.
The most anybody needs is 0.1-0.5% PUFAs by calories, according to an excellent report, written by Chris Masterjohn. That's for pregnant or nursing women and children. Adults need little or no PUFAs.
Stephan Guyenet said...
I think you, Dr. Lands, Dr. Hibbeln and I are in agreement. Lands and Hibbeln are all about reducing n-6. They aren't saying that adding fish oil to the standard american diet is the best solution, only that it could help somewhat.
Robert Andrew Brown said...
Great post Stephan.
I will respond tomorrow, The computer took time out during the first attempt. (-:
Juhana Harju said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Juhana Harju said...
Bruce K wrote:
That would not be wise. Regular nut consumption is associated with hugely reduced heart disease risk.
Unknown said...
I am just starting to learn about the omega ratio. I have a question for you:
If I grind up nuts and seeds--using quantities that respect a 2:1 ratio or less--am I on the right track? I know fish oils are great...but, I like to add nuts and seeds to my oatmeal. Just curious...
Stephan Guyenet said...
Hi Customer,
I think you are on the right track. I would avoid eating too much PUFA in general however.
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Alzheimer’s Part 7 – Sleep and Stress
Prevention of Alzheimer’s Part 7 – Sleep and Stress
With Part 7 we have reached the end of this series on prevention of Alzheimer’s. Perhaps you don’t quite remember everything involved in the first six parts. If so, a summary will undoubtedly be helpful.
• Part 1 describes dementia and what happens in the brain as it develops. Click here to reach that part in its entirety.
• Click here for Part 2 where we examined the failed history of Alzheimer’s treatment and began discussion of what causes the deterioration of neurons.
• Click here for Part 3 and here for Part 4 to review the various life style factors that contribute to the deterioration of brain cells and Alzheimer’s. The first of those factors is nutrient deficiency which typically occurs due to diet.
• Here in Part 5 we discussed clues of nutrient deficiency, inevitably high blood sugar and insulin, both of which will occur in major chronic conditions like diabetes, heart disease, retinopathy (eyes), kidney disease, neuropathy, PCOS – it’s a long list.
• Here in Part 6, we talked about how commercially processed grain/seed oils negatively affect the structure of your cells. In this case, brain cells.
So while there are other factors such as toxins that can also contribute to brain deterioration, the last two factors I want to discuss here are sleep and stress.
Your brain expects you to get 7 to 8 hours of largely continuous sleep per night. During wakeful hours you brain works really hard getting/passing along information and consolidating important memories collected during the day. A lot of debris accumulates during that time. That debris includes β-amyloid proteins that were once thought to be the cause of dementia.
As you sleep the connections between neurons in your brain shrink about 20%. During this slow down period fluid flows through the space, washing out potentially toxic waste products collected during the day. Left uncleared, β-amyloid accumulation develops into plaque that destroys synapses connecting neurons in your brain. The importance of sleep cannot be overstated.
Sleep can be a complex issue, particularly when it comes to the causes. This article from the National Institutes of Health, How Sleep Clears the Brain, describes not the causes but implications for Alzheimer’s. Okay, so we know not sleeping is a bad idea. The question is, what do I do about it?
This article from UMPC Health Beat, 10 Reasons You’re Getting Poor Sleep, lists the most common causes of poor sleep. These include late night snacks, anxiety, temperature, to much stimulation and artificial light before bed. alcohol and caffeine, and exercise before bed. The one cause that is guaranteed to do enormous damage to your sleep and your whole body is sleep apnea.
Also common is simply not scheduling and allowing time for sleep. Some seem to take pride in how little sleep they can require. Two examples are Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, both of whom eventually went down with Alzheimer’s.
Are you getting enough good sleep? If not, consider which of the causes above pertain to you and start looking for answers. Note: chronically taking a wide variety of prescriptive and over the counter drugs is not the answer. Drugs always have unintended consequences. There are reasons why you aren’t sleeping. Uncover and fix the problem(s).
Another Point on Clearing Amyloid
Amyloid is a natural element created by the brain, viewed by many experts as protective. But it needs to be cleared and there is more to clearing than just washing it out during sleep. Breaking amyloid down is accomplished by an enzyme called IDE. That very same enzyme also degrades insulin. In fact IDE’s first priority is degrading insulin because high insulin is so dangerous. The more your diet calls for high levels of insulin, the less IDE available to degrade amyloid. And what causes insulin levels to be high? Excess sugar in your blood stream. This sugar thing was highlighted in Part 5.
So you can see the connection between diabetes, PCOS, etc. (as discussed in Part 5) and Alzheimer’s. Beyond diet, chronic inflammation attached to illness automatically causes blood sugar and insulin to rise. Examples would include (but are not limited to) chronic digestive issues, infections, allergies, arthritis, and a bundle of autoimmune conditions.
And what about stress? We are each different. What causes me stress may be ho-hum for you.
Stress causers are such as job issues, money, grief, illness, moving or retiring, relationships, marriage, and divorce, and a mountain of things that can happen when you have kids (regardless of their age). Your body expects you to encounter stress and has a natural reaction to save you. But when that stress becomes chronic, goes on and on and on, it messes with your hormones big time and the mechanism doesn’t save you at all.
Research has shown that chronic anxiety, depression, PTSD, can contribute to dementia risk. Nothing suggests that stress alone will cause dementia. But when other factors in this series are at play, stress makes things worse. Give this some serious thought.
And In Conclusion
The various life style factors contributing to Alzheimer’s are a package, not just one or two things that matter. And the best way I know to understand the connections between those factors is to read Chapter 4 in Dr. Dale Bredesen’s book, The End of Alzheimer’s. The name of the chapter is How to Give Yourself Alzheimer’s: A Primer. The book is available in hardback and Kindle on Amazon. If the potential for Alzheimer’s worries you, I encourage you to consider the many factors that contribute. Prevention is your best hope.
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Coronavirus (COVID 19) (Covid-19) is spread mainly through exhaled droplets which contain saliva, mucous and other substances from the airways, including viruses,. These droplets travel in a straight line forward from your mouth when you breathe, talk, shout and cough. They also travel downwards when you sneeze or breathe through your nose.
Droplets generally travel for 2 meters or more falling slightly as they travel. They can fall on hard surfaces such as tabletops and railings where they’re collected and spread on people’s hands (hence the advice to wash your hands frequently).
Up to 1 meter the stream of exhaled droplets is fairly concentrated and extremely dangerous if the infected person has coronavirus (COVID 19). (And around 81% of infected and infectious people don’t even know they have coronanvirus).
Beyond 1 meter the stream disperses and become progressively less dangerous although still highly infectious (the more of the coronovirus you are exposed to the more severe your symptoms are likely to be).
You can see the most dangerous setting is face to face at less than 2 meters. In this setting if an infected person without a face covering talks to you or coughs you are likely to become infected as well. People to either side of you or behind you are still at risk though much less so.
Once you are infected you may become ill and you will pass it on so the cycle continues.
Clearshield is designed to protect customers and staff in hospitality and retail businesses where close face to face contact is essential and unavoidable.
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Find us on Google+ Gastroparesis: June is Dysphagia Awareness Month and Esophageal Dilation
Sunday, June 9, 2019
June is Dysphagia Awareness Month and Esophageal Dilation
Dysphagia is, according to American College of Gastroenterology,
"Dysphagia is the medical term used to describe difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia includes difficulty starting a swallow (called oropharyngeal dysphagia) and the sensation of food being stuck in the neck or chest (called esophageal dysphagia). Oropharyngeal dysphagia can result from abnormal functioning of the nerves and muscles of the mouth, pharynx (back of the throat) and upper esophageal sphincter (muscle at the top end of the swallowing tube). Diseases that involve the swallowing tube (esophagus) can cause esophageal dysphagia. When a patient is being evaluated for dysphagia, it is important for the doctor to determine which type of dysphagia is more likely, oropharyngeal or esophageal, as different tests are ordered for each type.
Dysphagia needs to be distinguished from odynophagia, which is defined as pain during swallowing. This can arise from infection or inflammation in the esophagus. Dysphagia also needs to be distinguished from globus sensation. This is a constant sensation of something being stuck at the back of the throat, which does not typically make swallowing difficult. In contrast, dysphagia is a symptom that only occurs when attempting to swallow. Globus can sometimes be seen in acid reflux disease, but more often, it is due to increased sensitivity in the throat or esophagus.
Causes of Dysphagia
Just as there are two types of dysphagia – oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia – there are similarly two broad groups of causes for dysphagia. Within each broad group, there are two subgroups of causes: neuromuscular (involving the nerve or muscle), and structural, where the esophagus is narrowed or compromised.
Oropharyngeal dysphagia: Neuromuscular causes are more frequent than structural causes for this type of dysphagia. This is because the nerves controlling the muscles of the mouth, back of throat (pharynx) and top end of the esophagus (upper esophageal sphincter) have direct connections with the brain through cranial nerves, and can therefore be damaged in diseases involving the brain or cranial nerves.
Less common than neuromuscular causes are structural causes, including strictures (narrowed areas), or rarely tumors growing in the back of the throat.
Esophageal dysphagia: In this type of dysphagia, structural causes are far more frequent than disorders involving nerves or muscles. Therefore, narrowing in the esophagus from scarring due to acid reflux disease, inflammation of the lining of the esophagus (usually from acid reflux disease but occasionally from infections), tumors within the esophagus, and compression of the esophagus from growths in the chest or sometimes even an enlarged heart can all cause dysphagia. In addition, a unique type of inflammation caused by a type of blood cell called eosinophils can cause dysphagia; this condition is called eosinophilic esophagitis.
Less common are disorders involving the nerves and muscle of the esophagus. The esophageal muscle can be weak and sometimes unable to generate adequate pressure during contraction. In extreme situations, the muscle generates no force and is unable to squeeze – this is sometimes called scleroderma esophagus (even though scleroderma is not frequently the cause), and can be associated with dysphagia. Another disorder of the nerves and muscles is achalasia; a condition in which the muscle at the bottom end of the esophagus cannot relax during swallowing because of abnormal nerve control. The muscle in the body of the esophagus also does not squeeze normally in achalasia, and becomes weak and stretched. When the nerves are abnormal to a lesser degree, spasm of the esophagus may result, which can also cause dysphagia.
Symptoms of Dysphagia
By definition, dysphagia is the sensation that food or liquids do not pass normally from the mouth to the stomach. Symptoms can vary depending on the location of the abnormality causing dysphagia.
When the patient has oropharyngeal dysphagia from a neuromuscular cause, muscles involved in chewing and in pushing food to the back of the throat may also be involved. In general, dysphagia occurring within one second of trying to swallow is due to oropharyngeal dysphagia. The muscles that protect the nose and the voice box (larynx) during swallowing may be defective in their function, causing the patient to have food and drink come out through the nose or enter the airway through the larynx (voice box) while trying to swallow (called ‘aspiration’).
Food entering the larynx can cause choking, coughing, or even lead to a type of pneumonia called aspiration pneumonia. There may be a change in the patient’s voice (husky voice or hoarse voice) because of involvement of nerves that control the vocal cords. The trouble swallowing is typically felt in the region of the back of the throat.
With esophageal dysphagia, food may be swallowed normally, but may get stuck in the neck or chest. Sometimes, swallowed food comes back up (regurgitation), when it may taste like the food just eaten. Difficulty swallowing is usually worse with solids than with liquids. Symptoms of acid reflux disease such as heartburn may also be present, since reflux is the most common cause of narrowing in the esophagus causing dysphagia. Even though the abnormality may be at the bottom end of the esophagus, the sensation of food being stuck may be felt higher up in the chest or even in the neck region.
Rarely, food may actually block the esophagus (food impaction) – this will result in a total inability to swallow, including liquids, and usually requires urgent endoscopy to remove the food bolus. Achalasia, a condition where the esophagus fails to relax and allow food to pass, may be difficult to diagnose because symptoms progress slowly. In achalasia, difficulty may occur with both solids and liquids, and symptoms may be severe enough to cause weight loss. Patients with esophageal spasm can have chest pain as well.
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Diagnosis of Dysphagia
The first step is to distinguish between oropharyngeal dysphagia and esophageal dysphagia from the patient’s symptoms. The evaluation begins with a careful history from the patient, which can provide direction towards the cause of dysphagia in the majority of patients. Tests performed on patients with dysphagia depend on whether the doctor thinks that the patient has oropharyngeal or esophageal dysphagia.
Investigation of oropharyngeal dysphagia starts with a careful neurologic examination to identify which nerves and muscles might be abnormal. Swallowing function testing of the mouth and throat can be performed with videofluoroscopy or modified barium swallow. This test involves giving the patient food items of different consistency (e.g. cookie, marshmallow) containing barium and observing the swallow on an x-ray screen (fluoroscopy). This test can show if the barium enters the larynx (opening to the breathing tube) while attempting to swallow, or if it passes normally through the upper esophageal sphincter, and can help determine how the patient can position his or her head or neck to make each swallow effective.
A tiny endoscope can be introduced through the nose to the back of the throat to see the act of swallowing – this test is called nasal endoscopy. This test can also be used to stimulate the back of the throat with a jet of air to see if the muscle responds or if it is paralyzed. When tumors of the back of the throat or back of the brain are suspected, a CT scan or a MRI scan of the head and neck may be useful. Measurement of pressures within the back of the throat during swallowing (manometry) is less useful, but the newer high resolution manometry techniques can be considered if other tests fail to find an abnormality. Finally, blood tests can be useful to diagnose myasthenia gravis, polymyositis and other muscle disorders.
Endoscopy (examination of the esophagus using a tube with a light and a video camera at the end) is one of the tests used in the evaluation of esophageal dysphagia. This test not only allows the doctor to inspect the lumen and lining of the esophagus, but samples of abnormal tissue can be taken for examination and if appropriate, treatment can be performed by stretching out narrowed areas. Another test that can be used is to take x-rays while the patient swallows barium (barium swallow or esophagram). This is most useful when the esophagus is expected to have very tight narrowing. If a narrowing is not seen on either endoscopy or barium swallow, measurement of pressures within the esophagus while swallowing sips of water (manometry) can help find out if the muscle of the esophagus squeezes or relaxes abnormally while swallowing, and can diagnose conditions like achalasia or esophageal spasm.
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Treatment of Dysphagia
For the most part, the treatment of dysphagia depends on the cause. Treatment often involves making a change in the foods eaten or the consistency of food. The modified barium swallow may identify foods of certain consistencies that can be swallowed better than others. The test can also identify head and neck positions that facilitate swallowing.
Patients with narrowing of the esophagus benefit from stretching (dilating) the esophagus. Several techniques are available for dilation. Balloons can be passed through the endoscope and distended to stretch the narrowing, or dilators (long rubber or plastic cylinders of various sizes) can be passed through the mouth, sometimes over a guide wire. Since narrowing is usually related to acid reflux disease, treatment with an acid lowering agent is usually recommended.
Patients with eosinophilic esophagitis are treated with acid lowering agents or steroid preparations sprayed to the back of the throat and swallowed. Dilation is also affective but should be performed with caution to avoid tears; dilation is usually done if steroid preparations do not improve dysphagia in eosinophilic esophagitis. When the narrowing is from inoperable cancer, wire or metal stents (thin expandable tubes) can be placed during endoscopy to keep the lumen of the esophagus open allowing food and liquid to pass through. Patients with achalasia improve when the muscle at the bottom end of the esophagus is disrupted, either with a large balloon (pneumatic dilation) or during surgery where the muscle is cut (myotomy). Sometimes, botulinum toxin (BOTOX®) can be injected into the muscle at the bottom end of the esophagus to make it relax, but this treatment only results in short term improvement in achalasia.
Author(s) and Publication Date(s)
C. Prakash Gyawali, MD, MRCP, FACG, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO – Published November 2010."
Here is a video below that explains Dysphagia:
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My friend Nancy was brave enough to share her story:
"My journey into the area of Dysphagia came literally out of nowhere! I came home from my visit at Mayo Clinic in Florida with new symptoms, one of them being was this scared feeling I couldn’t swallow.
I contacted the doctor who had diagnosed me with pelvic floor dysfunction and dyspepsia. He sent me home and then I was lost. After a brief conversation with him he told me, oh sure, you could have Dyspepsia and Dysphagia. It’s like fibromyalgia in the gut. I was speechless and confused to say the least. He also suggested I find a GI (gastroenterologist) closer to my area of Florida who could attend to me.
So for the next few years I just lived with the fear and anxiety about eating. I still had the suspicion I had gastroparesis which I had been diagnosed with about four years prior to this visit. But the doctor at Mayo said no, and took me off domperidone.
Luckily about nine years ago I saw a post that a fabulous GI doctor had relocated to the University of Miami. She had performed some of my procedures at University of Florida Shane’s Hospital. I contacted the department and saw her immediately.
This is when my life turned around. Dr. Moshiree became my life line as she discovered that I had motility disorders from literally my mouth to my rectum. We came up with some sort of management plan but over the years it has been tweaked.
Unfortunately Dr. Moshiree has moved to another location so I cannot see her. However, she did leave me in food hands with her best friend who is a GI doctor in my town.
The flare ups and swallow and spasms are very difficult for me. I have figured out a soft diet of sorts and try to be a nutritious as possible. But after twelve years of this, it has been tough and I will admit I have a very healthy fear of eating."
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According to the National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders,
Our society revolves around food and meals. For people with dysphagia, life as you know it ceases to exist. Dysphagia can cause depression, low self esteem, lost wages, poor social performance, and increasing health risks such as aspiration pneumonia. Working through the mental aspects of this disorder is, in many ways, as challenging as addressing the physical limitations.
• coughing during or right after eating or drinking
• wet or gurgly sounding voice during or after eating or drinking
• extra effort or time needed to chew or swallow
• recurring pneumonia or chest congestion after eating
• weight loss or dehydration from not being able to eat enough
Diagnostic tests for dysphagia: These tests are generally performed by speech-language pathologist. The most commonly used tests are:
• Modified barium swallow study – the patient eats or drinks food or liquid with barium in it and the swallowing process is viewed on an x-ray (search Google for “modified barium swallow study” for dozens of articles and videos showing this exam)
• Endoscope assessment – using a lighted scope inserted through the nose, the swallow can be viewed on a screen (search Google for “endoscope assessment” for dozens of articles and YouTube for dozens of videos showing this exam)
• specific swallowing treatment (e.g., exercises to improve muscle movement)
• positions or strategies to help the individual swallow more effectively
• specific food and liquid textures that are easier and safer to swallow"
According to the Mayo Clinic,
Signs and symptoms associated with dysphagia may include:
• Having pain while swallowing (odynophagia)
• Being unable to swallow
• Drooling
• Being hoarse
• Bringing food back up (regurgitation)
• Having frequent heartburn
• Having food or stomach acid back up into your throat
• Unexpectedly losing weight
• Coughing or gagging when swallowing
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When to see a doctor
Esophageal dysphagia
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Oropharyngeal dysphagia
Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia include:
• Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum (Zenker's diverticulum). A small pouch that forms and collects food particles in your throat, often just above your esophagus, leads to difficulty swallowing, gurgling sounds, bad breath, and repeated throat clearing or coughing.
Risk factors
The following are risk factors for dysphagia:
• Aging. Due to natural aging and normal wear and tear on the esophagus and a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease, older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. But, dysphagia isn't considered a normal sign of aging.
Difficulty swallowing can lead to:
• Aspiration pneumonia. Food or liquid entering your airway when you try to swallow can cause aspiration pneumonia, because the food can introduce bacteria to the lungs.
• Choking. When food becomes impacted, choking can occur. If food completely blocks the airway, and no one intervenes with a successful Heimlich maneuver, death can occur.
Dysphagia care at Mayo Clinic
Feb. 03, 2018
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I had Dysphagia before I was officially diagnosed with Gastroparesis. I had to have my esophagus stretched because I had such a hard time and difficulty swallowing. It always felt like food got stuck in my throat, which led to a choking feeling. I am pretty sure I had Gastroparesis at this time, but since no one knew what it really was, the doctors I saw did the best that they could for me. I have to say, the esophageal stretching is painful. I'll put some information about it below:
"Understanding Esophageal Dilation
What is Esophageal Dilation?
Why is Esophageal Dilation Done?
How Should I Prepare for the Procedure?
What Can I Expect during Esophageal Dilation?
What Can I Expect after Esophageal Dilation?
What are the Potential Complications of Esophageal Dilation?
Although complications can occur even when the procedure is performed correctly, they are rare when performed by doctors who are specially trained. A perforation, or hole, of the esophagus lining occurs in a small percentage of cases and may require surgery. A tear of the esophagus lining may occur and bleeding may result. There are also possible risks of side effects from sedatives.
Will Repeat Dilations be Necessary?
For more information, please visit these Facebook pages:
I want to thank all three of these pages for their kindness to me in my research on this topic. They have given me permission to share a lot of their information. I just wanted to say a personal thank you to everyone I have contacted to help me write this article, and I hope it will help spread awareness and understanding.
If anyone would like to share their stories of their issues with Dysphagia, please email me at: I would love to include as many personal stories as I can because you never know whose life you may touch, and you may have symptoms that helps someone else realize they might need to talk to their doctor about this issue.
Thank you for everyone who has given me their time and help in order for me to write this article. I want to show my support for Dysphagia Awareness Month.
You can also fill out a survey that I've made below:
1 comment:
Dominick said...
When you'll find any kind of problem on your teeth at that time it will be so hard to get the best treatment if you don't visit the right place. Now you can say that you don't know where you should actually visit or which one is the best dental clinic but for your kind information I would like to say that try your best to visit dentist lake success ny because in new york they are very famous also all dentists are existing there they are also very experienced for dental care treatment.
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Reasoning and Proofs: Why Are Facts Useful? - Expii
Facts form a solid, reliable foundation that we can constantly reuse and build upon in the future. Geometric facts—the focus of the Geometry map—are crucial, for example, in architecture, design, engineering, physics, and many other areas. You certainly don't want to live under a flimsy roof (literally or figuratively)!.
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Is egg a living or non-living thing?
The answer to this question is contradictory. If the egg is fertilized, it forms a zygote cell and is alive but remains in inactive state till hatched. The egg we get from a grocery shop is not alive as it is unfertilised egg. After hatching, the egg cell divides, grows and produces chick. These are the properties of living organism, so fertilised egg can be considered as living.
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If it is fertilised it is living, the one we get from market it not fertilised.
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The answer to this one is tough. however, i think that the egg shell itself is not alive because it is just calcium carbonate. Whats inside however, if the egg was fertilized, is alive. The kind of egg you get at the grocery store, are not alive, as there is not a living bired inside. Look at it this way... a baby in a mothers uterus is alive soon as blood starts pumping thrugh its body. Proibably the same thing goes for eggs.
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What are you looking for?
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Parashah Chaazinu (Hear), Deuteronomy 32
This chapter of the Torah is known as “The Song of Moses”, which is really the second song of Moses, since he also sang of God’s great triumph after the people crossed the Sea of Suf (Red Sea.)
Moses also gave us Psalm 90.
The Torah is called the Mosaic Law, but it really was given to Moses by God; Moses just wrote it down and taught it to the people. This song, I believe we can safely say, was also given by God to Moses to write down because we read in the previous parashah where God tells Moses to “write ye this song for you, and teach thou it the children of Israel” (Deut. 31:19.) It seems pretty clear that God gave the song to Moses since He said to write this song: if God had wanted Moses to write a song He would have said, ” write a song”, or “make a song” for them to remember, or something to that effect. However, God said to write this song, implying that the song was already known to God and that Moses was to take dictation.
In any event, the song is supposed to be a conviction of the people- they are to remember it so that when they stray from God and He brings upon them the destruction and Tsouris that they have (really) brought upon themselves, this song will be a testimony for God- a reminder that the people were warned years, even centuries before about the cost of rebellion against their God, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, their Rock, their Redeemer, their Salvation. That was the purpose of the song.
How sad that we have forgotten this song, how sad that today we are no different than the people at that time- we do wrong, and we blame everyone else for it. When troubles come upon us we don’t accept the fault but instead find someone else to blame. “Yes, I did wrong but it’s not my fault- it was because (whatever)”; we are all victims, and if we can throw the stench of our own sin on others, it makes them smell as bad as we do, so by comparison we are less guilty. I killed, I committed adultery, I gossiped, BUT they asked me, he made me mad, s/he seduced me. There’s always an excuse.
The difference between people who are godly, trustworthy and respected is that they take accountability for their mistakes. The rest of the world (maybe I should say the majority of the world) is more interested in spreading the blame than accepting it.
This song is to be a conviction against the children of God. Not just the Jewish children, but all His children- the Catholic ones, the Baptist ones, the Buddhist ones, the Islamic ones, ….ALL God’s children, for we are all His children. And like sheep, we have been led astray (by religion) because it is easy to do so. We seek only our own hedonistic desires, and only when we are devoid of help, of hope, of guidance and all the other things we think we can find on our own or from others, only then do we (finally) turn to God.
Or we curse God.
That’s how we roll, as a people- we either turn to God recognizing that our punishment is just and deserved, and ask forgiveness, or we continue, even at the very gates of Sheol, to reject God and His justice and insist that we are innocent.
If you are a God-fearing person, if you readily accept your own sinfulness and have asked God for forgiveness through Messiah Yeshua, and if you demonstrate daily your true T’shuvah, then this song isn’t for you. This song is for the ones who reject God, who ignore or despise His laws, and who say they are OK. This song is for those who think God should do and accept what they want Him to do and accept, that certain sins are not sins (because that’s how they want to live) and that all foods are OK, and it’s not a sin to have sex out of wedlock, and divorce is normal.
Funny- Mosaic law is almost universally ignored, and many Christian religions say Torah was done away with by Yeshua (a total lie!) Yet when it comes to divorce, they ignore Yeshua’s admonition that divorce is hateful to God (Matthew 19 and Mark 10, for example) and eagerly accept the Mosaic law that a man can give his wife a Get (divorce decree) pretty much for no other reason than she displeases him (Deuteronomy 24:1.) Isn’t that what happens today? The divorce rate is nearly 40% within the first 15 years. God said that they become one flesh, and Yeshua said the only justification for divorce is adultery. Shaul (Paul) said in an unevenly yoked marriage if the unsaved partner wants to divorce, that is an acceptable reason. But other than adultery or unevenly yoked marriage (only where the unsaved wants a divorce), marriage lasts as long as you both are alive. And, for the record, biblically acceptable marriage is for men to women, and women to men.
This song is for those who need it most, and probably will care the least about it.
That’s the sad truth of salvation: it is readily available for anyone who asks for it, and those that need it most are the least likely to want it.
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facts about the mediterranean fruit fly
The two main economic species being the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tyyoni) and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). Anyone can earn Select a subject to preview related courses: Medflies can also be detected in and among the crop itself. [6] C. capitata in the adult and larval stage feed in different ways. [1], C. capitata eggs are characterized by their curved shape, shiny white color, and smooth features. • The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) has the widest host range of any pest fruit fly and is considered the most important agricultural pest in the world. In lab conditions, under controlled diets of sugar and protein, the life expectancy of females is usually longer than that of males by 1.5 days. It does not occur in the USSR, but it is an object of quarantine, since its larvae are easily transported with various fruits. Eradication was declared when neither wild flies nor larvae were found during the period of October 1984 to January 1985. The above map provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, C. capitata, throughout the world. Young fruits become distorted and usually drop. After breaking from its shell, the adult fly emerges! Sarah has two Master's, one in Zoology and one in GIS, a Bachelor's in Biology, and has taught college level Physical Science and Biology. Diptera: Definition, Characteristics & Anatomy, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Fruit Fly Life Cycle: Eggs, Larva & Metamorphosis, Fruit Flies: Reproduction, Gestation & Breeding Cycle, Arbovirus: Definition, Classification & Diseases, Biological and Biomedical … [citation needed], On November 14, 2008, four adult flies were found in El Cajon, California. Furthermore, females exhibited higher SR than males, and the greatest influence on SR in C. capitata was due to age and adult diet followed by gender and larval diet. <6 mg) had significantly less mating success. Many people complained that, while the malathion may not have been very toxic to humans, the aerosol spray containing it was corrosive to car paint. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? Travellers within Australia. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. In a recent study, this protein was shown to bind male pheromone components, specifically farnesene, a highly strong hydrophobic terpene. Medfly, as it is commonly known, has been recorded to infest more than 200 hosts worldwide. [3][6], Because nutrition is a crucial determinant of adult size and development, larva prefer to eat fleshy host fruit. [citation needed] Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Females exhibit this preference until mating occurs, following which they prefer the host fruit odor. [1] By the end of the third and final instar of the medfly, the larvae measure between 7 and 9 mm and about 8 fusiform areas.[1]. Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. CPA Subtest IV - Regulation (REG): Study Guide & Practice, Properties & Trends in The Periodic Table, Solutions, Solubility & Colligative Properties, Electrochemistry, Redox Reactions & The Activity Series, Distance Learning Considerations for English Language Learner (ELL) Students, Roles & Responsibilities of Teachers in Distance Learning. Mediterranean Fruit Fly Facts For more information visit www.suterra.com Easy and quick to apply and effective against the pest. The Medfly has spread throughout the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central America and Hawaii. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) The Mediterranean fruit fly ‘Medfly’ is considered one of the world’s most destructive pests. Specifically, virgin females prefer the pheromones of sexually developed males over the host fruit odor. Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate co… The larvae feed on the pulp of fruits, tunneling through it, and reducing the fruit to an inedible juicy mass. Preventing the spread of the Mediterranean fruit fly Hosts for the medfly Skills Practiced. The Mediterranean fruit fly is the most stubborn of several fruit flies that have threatened California crops in recent decades. Researchers found that flies weighing approximately 8–9 mg had optimum mating success while smaller flies (i.e. in 2001, researchers were able to sequence the entire mitochondrial genome of the fly. When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures so that the pest did not become established. [citation needed], Ultimately, the infestation was eradicated, but both the governor's delay and the scale of the action has remained controversial ever since. [26], During the week of September 9, 2007, adult flies and their larvae were found in Dixon, California. And with almost 300 different possible fruit, flower, vegetable, and nut hosts, the small medfly is one of the world's most destructive fruit pests. [1], Larvae of C. capitata have been described as having a common fruit fly larval shape that is cylindrical with a narrow anterior end and flattened caudal tail. The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) lays as many as 500 eggs in citrus fruits (except lemons and sour limes).The larvae tunnel into the flesh of the fruit and make it unfit for human consumption. [27], Eradication efforts in Mexico and Guatemala, Learn how and when to remove this template message, California Department of Food and Agriculture, "Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)", "Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction", "Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective", "CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile", "Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, Ceratitis capitata", "Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies", 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2, "MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests", "The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species", "Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens", "County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido", "Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala", "Eradication of Ceratitis Capitata (wiedemann) (diptera: Tephritidae) in Carnarvon, Western Australia", "After Nearly a Decade, Officials Are Still Defending Malathion", Species Profile - Mediterranean Fruit Fly (, United States National Agricultural Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceratitis_capitata&oldid=997353035, Taxa named by Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann, Articles needing additional references from September 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 03:09. Conversely, diets with a low protein to carbohydrate ratio led to pupating larvae having relatively reduced loads of lipids. Mediterranean Fruit Fly FACT SHEET. In cooler temperatures, the life cycle of the medfly can take up to 100 days to complete. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Not sure what college you want to attend yet? The Mediterranean fruit fly and its economic impact on Central American countries and Panama. imaginable degree, area of In Australian Mediterranean fruit fly is an introduced species and is only found in Western Australia. This is a very real concern with the Mediterranean fruit fly, or 'medfly,' which is not your average fruit fly. Starvation resistance is a plastic trait that varies due to the relation between environmental and genetic factors. E.S. [2], Medflies can complete their life cycles in 21 days in optimum conditions. Originally from Sub-Saharan Africa, this fruit fly now calls many places around the world 'home.' This is a very real concern with the Mediterranean fruit fly, or 'medfly,' which is not your average fruit fly. Larvae leave fruit through large exit hole. Mediterranean fruit fly. Magnet™ MED reduces more than 60% of the application time compared to conventional Mass Trapping systems, reducing application … The California Department of Food and Agriculture and cooperating county and federal agricultural officials started eradication and quarantine efforts in the area. Adults feed on plant nectar, decaying fruit, and other sweet liquids. Homologous Chromosomes: Definition, Pairing & Separation, Quiz & Worksheet - Aquaculture & the Consequences of Fish Farming, Quiz & Worksheet - Types of Fishing Techniques & Impact on Ecosystems, Quiz & Worksheet - Global Mineral Reserves, Quiz & Worksheet - International Fishing Regulations, Praxis Biology & General Science: Bonding & Organic Molecules, Praxis Biology & General Science: Chemistry Review: Phases, Praxis Biology & General Science: Chemistry Review: Stoichiometry, Praxis Biology & General Science: Chemistry Review: Chemical Reactions, Praxis Biology & General Science: Chemistry Review: Equilibrium, California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Supervisors, California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Employees. This species is native to both the Ethiopian and Palearctic regions, and introduced populations have since been discovered in all of the biogeographic regions. Once the female is within 3–5 mm of the male, the male will begin a series of head movements. Most of the damage to fruit is done by just 2 species - the exotic Mediterranean Fruit Fly on the western side of the continent and the native Queensland Fruit Fly in the east. United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative Plant Pest Report 1: 117-118. In a study done by Siomava et al., researchers utilized geometric morphometrics to analyze wing shape in three different fly species including C. capitata. [17] In a study done by Spanos et al. [citation needed] Through further testing, they were able to show that these potent factors were generated within 3 hours of inoculation and lasted for approximately 8 days. While they may not get frequent flier miles, medflies are big fans of traveling by airplane because they can be transported across the world in a matter of hours or days. Get access risk-free for 30 days, Drosophila spp. Fruit flies often infest homes with ripe, rotting, or decayed fruit and produce. C. capitata has no near relatives in the Western Hemisphere and is considered to be one of the most destructive fruit pests in the world. They also enjoy fermented items such as beer, liquor, and wine. It has been recorded infesting over 300 fruit, nuts and vegetables, making them unfit for human consumption. Once close enough, the male then leaps onto the females back and begins copulation. Diets with high protein to carbohydrate ratios produced larvae with high protein and lipid contents. The highest survival rate was shown to be on bitter oranges; however, the shortest developmental time and heaviest pupae were obtained from orange cultivars. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) The Mediterranean fruit fly ‘Medfly’ is considered one of the world’s most destructive pests. The medfly is such a widespread problem because even though it is a tropical fruit fly, it can handle cooler climates. These features include; He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. This finding showed that the medfly has the potential to be a vector of human pathogens to fruits. [20], Studies have shown that wild C. capitata flies were found to partake in more head-butting behavior, direct opponent contact, and less likely to cede an occupied leaf to an invader. In this lesson, we'll look at the fly itself, where it lives, and why this small animal is such a big deal. In 1981, California Governor Jerry Brown, who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Males can also partake in passive defensive actions which consists of a “face-off” with the intruder male rather than a physical “head-butt”. This interaction lasts until either party loses position or eventually leaves the position. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. Find out how in this video. Within 1–2 seconds of head movement initiation, the male begins rhythmically wing its fannings and moves closer to the female. Originating in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is only slightly smaller than the average house fly and has black, brown, and yellowing markings. Economic impacts for fruit and vegetable producers include reduced yield and quality, increased control costs and lost markets as many countries and regions regulate against Medfly. This insect can be found all over the world, except on the Antarctica. The Mediterranean fruit fly is common in many countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia, and Oceania. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. After inoculating the medfly with Enerobacter cloacae, the researcher extracted the haemolymph from the males and found that it contained potent antibacterial factors compared to the haemolymph of controls. The four stages of the C. capitata life cycle are the egg, larvae, pupae and adult stages. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann), is one of the world's most destructive fruit pests. The mating ritual in this species of fly can be separated into two basic phases: (1) lek behavior and (2) courtship. And even then, it can take days or weeks to clear them out. [24], Utilizing the Sterile Insect Technique, the medfly was eradicated in December 1984 from Carnarvon, Western Australia. [8] Parental conditon may affect larval responses to the immediate dietary environment through a process known as maternal effects. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Ceratitis capitata, commonly known as the Mediterranean fruit fly or medfly, is a yellow and brown fruit pest that originates from sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge application - use your knowledge to answer a question about the origin of the medfly During phases 3 and 4, the number of released sterile flies increased to 12 million a week and was combined with chemical controls. The San Diego County Agricultural Commission implemented a treatment plan, including distributing millions of sterile male flies, local produce quarantines, and ground spraying with organic pesticides. Higher concentrations of glucose and sucrose boost development and the percentage of emerging larva in comparison to high starch and maltose diets. Their diet preferences have been proven by studies in which medflies placed at the top of oranges and papayas consistently moved lower to the nutrient dense parts whereas flies placed near the bottom remained in their starting location. 1976. [23], Medflies were first detected in the region in Costa Rica in 1955. Much research has been dedicated to means of controlling the medfly. Once males are stationed at these locations, they begin the mating process by forming leks and releasing sex pheromones to attract virgin females. This is one reason agricultural inspection of imported goods is so important. You have to put up sticky fly paper rolls and clean your countertops constantly. This species is native to both the Ethiopian and Palearctic regions, and introduced populations have since been discovered in all of the biogeographic regions. According to this map, C. capitata is present throughout Africa, South and Central America, the Middle East, and Southern Europe. In particular, use of the sterile insect technique has allowed the species to be eradicated from several areas. [3][6], With respect to reproductive success of male C. capitata, males that are fed a diet consisting of no protein copulated at a significantly lower rate than males who were fed protein. The larvae tunnel into the flesh of the fruit and make it … Fruit fly can survive in various habitats, but it does not tolerate areas associated with extreme climate conditions such as deserts and high mountains. Study.com has thousands of articles about every Hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA produces free acetic acid, which is used as an alarm pheromone by the ant Crematogaster scutellaris.111Ethyl acetate is a component of the male aggregation pheromone of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.112Acetates of long-chain alcohols very often represent sex pheromones of Lepidoptera, as has been discussed earlier. This period corresponded to 3 fly generations; a threshold of eradication utilized by Hendrichs et al. If a medfly is found, additional traps will be set up to remove as many as possible from the area. The Mediterranean fruit flyThe Mediterranean fruit fly is a short, squat fly about 1/4 inch in length. [18], In a 1987 study completed by Postlethwait et al., researchers assessed the immune response of the medfly using bacterial inoculation. In lek behavior, males begin by acquiring territory and jockeying with each other for optimal position. The Mediterranean fruit fly or 'medfly' is a big problem in a small package. C. capitata has no near relatives in the Western Hemisphere and is considered to be one of the most destructive fruit pests in the world. The first of numerous U.S. mainland infestations occurred in Florida in 1929. While larva prefer the middle of the fruit, adults prefer the fruit portion that contains more nutritional value in comparison to the flesh. As the female approaches, the male tucks his abdomen under his body with his abdominal pouches still inflated and wings still vibrating. [3][6][7], By manipulating larval diets with relation to brewer's yeast and sucrose, researchers were able to show that varying the levels of yeast and sucrose in the diet changes the proportion of proteins to carbohydrates which affects the ability of pupating larvae to accumulate lipid reserves. The Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens) is a serious pest to various fruits, particularly citrus and mango. Females are slightly larger than males. Males position themselves here in an attempt to copulate with already-mated females through seduction or force. The oldest populations of mediterranean fruit flies (a.k.a. It attacks a range of cultivated fruits and some fruiting vegetables. Though olives are not native to the Americas, there are approximately 865 million olive trees in the … Louisiana Alternative Teacher Certification, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Leks are always located in positions that optimize the amount of sunlight penetrating the leaves. C. capitata flies are known to disperse up to distances of 12 miles in search of host fruit. [10], Adults tend to gain their carbohydrate intake from ripe fruit and protein from decomposing fruit or leftover bird feces. Larvae may be removed from infected fruit and identified in the lab. One of the world's most destructive fruit pests, the small Mediterranean fruit fly, is a big problem. The species originated in sub-Saharan Africa and is not known to be established in the continental United States. utilized green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged E. coli placed in fruit fly feeding solution to show that flies inoculated with GFP-tagged E. Coli was able to harbor the bacteria for up to 7 days following contamination. Each female lays several hundred white, elliptical eggs in batches of one to six under the rind of fruit. In Phase 2 of the study, the Department of Agriculture released 7.5 million sterile flies per week; however, this was insufficient in limiting the wild fly population. A 2005 study conducted by Sela et al. The medfly's wings contain a band across the middle of the wing with dark streaks and spots in the middle of the wing cells. In Australia, there are no species of Ceratitis that look similar to C. capitata.Consequently, the following characters can be used to distinguish C. capitata from all other species of Tephritidae occurring in Australia. SUMMARY/BACKGROUND. At the next stage, the larva pupates by forming a hard shell around itself. In the instances where host fruit is plentiful in their current locations, they will not disperse beyond 300–700 feet. [1] The practices used to eradicate the medfly after its introduction into a new environment can be extremely difficult and expensive, but infestation of C. capitata will induce lower crop yields and costly sorting processes for fresh fruits and vegetables. Larvae burrow into the pulp of developing fruit. Abide by interstate quarantine rules to prevent the spread of Queensland fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly. Knowledge application - use your knowledge to answer a question about the origin of the medfly In short, pulp chemical properties such as acidity and soluble solid contents had little effect on larval and pupal survival but larger effects on pupal weight. The two main economic species being the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tyyoni) and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). Fruit flies also may breed and develop in drains, garbage disposals, trash cans, and mop buckets. Females can lay up to 800 eggs in their year-long lifespan, with the life cycle being completed in a month or less. FRUIT FLY Identification, Facts, & Control Latin Name. Services. 1977. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of North America, the Indian subcontinent, some parts of South America, and most of Australia. There are numerous visually defining characteristics of the C. capitata’s bodily features. Preventing the spread of the Mediterranean fruit fly Hosts for the medfly Skills Practiced. If you've ever had an infestation of fruit flies in your house, you know how cumbersome it can be to get rid of them. In short, male diets are a significant factor in the mating success of male C. capitata as dictated by the receptivity of females to further copulations.[8]. Host fruits and vegetables are a vital part of the Medfly lifecycle and affected fruit is unsaleable. Infestation rate of argan fruit (Argania spinosa) by the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in relation to phenology and maturation of the fruit. The economic importance of this fruit fly is increasing due to its invasion of new geographical areas. It is not found in the greater Sunraysia region and it is important to ensure it is not introduced into the area. It is a rapid colonizer and unlike most species of fruit flies, it can tolerate cooler climates. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Phase 1 of this study utilized 70 traps to establish the seasonal abundance of wild fly prior to releases. From an economic standpoint the most important species is probably the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. [13], During the courtship phase, a series of signals are exchanged between the male and the female. The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is a key pest of fruit crops in many tropical, subtropical and mild temperate areas worldwide. It’s wide host range and tolerance of cooler climates makes it highly invasive. study 2003) Impact: Meyer CA. [5], Among fruit fly species, C. capitata has the largest variety of host-fruits, including over 200 different types of fruits and vegetables. Another important location for copulation is on the fruit itself during the late morning or early afternoon. This anatomical difference is important because this allows males to displace more air and create a more audible “buzzing” effect during mate attraction.[1][2]. Fruit fly has red eyes and beige body … The oldest populations of mediterranean fruit flies (a.k.a. In the larva state, this fruit fly looks very similar to a maggot. Top 10 facts about the Mediterranean ONE hundred years ago today, on September 23, 1913, Roland Garros became the first person to fly a plane across the Mediterranean. Medflies are slightly smaller than the average housefly and have black, brown, and yellow markings. Mediterranean fruit fly impact in Central America. FRUIT FLY Identification, Facts, & Control Latin Name. The destructive insect known as the Mediterranean fruit fly (or medfly) attacks fruit, nuts, and vegetables. It does not occur in the USSR, but it is an object of quarantine, since its larvae are easily transported with various fruits. If successful, mating will occur during this time period. Mediterranean fruit fly is a prohibited plant pest under the Biosecurity Act 2014. Discovered in Florida in 1929, the Mediterranean fruit fly was… Appearance Small yellow to orange with red eyes Fruit flies (also known as vinegar flies, pomac flies or drosophila and not to be confused with the Mediterranean fruit fly) are very small flies (about one—fourth inch long) found around decaying vegetation and fruit. [1], The lifespan of the C. capitata is quite short as half of most populations die in under 60 days. It also may take less than a month for the medfly to complete its life cycle and begin contributing to the problem. An infestation of this size and scope is not only costly to eradicate, but can also cause serious damage to farms and livelihoods. Medfly has successfully spread and established in many parts of the world. Fruit fly, scientifically known as Drosophila melanogaster, is a member of order Diptera. However, accurate identification at this early life stage can be difficult so the larvae may be allowed to grow into adults first. Last Updated: 10/23/08. The adult Mediterranean fruit fly is about 6 mm (0.25 in) long. (1982) in the eradication of the medfly in Mexico.[25]. Mediterranean fruit fly, also called Med Fly, particularly destructive and costly insect pest, a species of fruit fly (q.v. Through their findings, the researchers showed that the medfly exhibits extensive sexual shape dimorphism (SShD) between the proximal and distal part of the wing. Mitchell WC, Andrew CO, Hagen KS, Hamilton RA, Harris EJ, Maehler KL, Rhode RH. [15], Sex determination in C. capitata is by the typical XY system. In the 1980s, the Western Australia Department of Agriculture conducted a feasibility study into using the Sterile Insect Technique to eradicate the medfly population. It has a blackish thorax marked with silver; a tan abdomen with darker stripes extending across the abdomen; and clear wings with two light brown bands across the wing, another along the distal front edge, and gray flecks scattered near the base. Oviposition in females ceases to occur in temperatures below 60 °F (15.5 °C). It certainly didn't use its tiny fruit fly wings to cross oceans. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) is a serious horticultural pest in Western Australia. [1] As seen in other fruit flies, the egg possess a micropylar region with a clear tubular shape. [14] This finding has been evidenced by a specific protein, CcapObp22, that shows approximately 37% identity with the pheromone binding protein of Drosophila melanogaster. Though a female medfly may only live to a year, she can lay up to 800 eggs during that time. medflies) can be traced back to the African tropics in the Ethiopian biogeographic region. Ross The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) lays as many as 500 eggs in citrus fruits (except lemons and sour limes).
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March 4, 2021
AmosWEB means Economics with a Touch of Whimsy!
APPRECIATION: A more or less permanent increase in value or price. "More or less permanent" doesn't include temporary, short-term jumps in price that are common in many markets. Appreciation is only those price increases that reflect greater consumer satisfaction and thus value. While all sorts of stuff can appreciate in value, some of the more common ones are real estate, works of art, corporate stock, and money. In particular, the appreciation of a nation's money is seen by an increase in the exchange rate caused by a growing, expanding, and healthy economy.
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FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY: An intermediary matches up buyers and sellers in a market, is a go-between producers and consumers. A financial intermediary is one that matches up buyers and sellers in financial markets that trade legal claims such as stocks and bonds. Banks are among the most important financial intermediaries in the economy. Others include insurance companies, stock brokers, and mutual fund companies.
See also | financial asset | financial markets | market | legal claims | corporate stock | bond |
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One of several specific aggregate expenditures determinants assumed constant when the aggregate expenditures line is constructed, and that shifts the aggregate expenditures line when it changes. An increase in consumer confidence causes an increase (upward shift) of the aggregate expenditures line. A decrease in consumer confidence causes a decrease (downward shift) of the aggregate expenditures line. Other notable aggregate expenditures determinants include interest rates, federal deficit, inflationary expectations, and exchange rates.
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time surfing the Internet seeking to buy either a birthday greeting card for your grandmother or a coffee cup commemorating yesterday. Be on the lookout for deranged pelicans.
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Rich Tasks
As a school we spent our non-pupil day thinking about mastery in maths, which means acquiring a deep, long term and secure understanding of the subject. When children are confident to use their existing knowledge and skills to solve problems in other areas of learning they are demonstrating ‘mastery’. This means children need to be fluent in the fundamental number bonds and recall of facts through frequent and varied practice, able to reason, argue and justify why methods have been chosen, and solve problems of increasing complexity by breaking them into series of smaller steps.
During daily maths lessons the children are given rich maths tasks to challenge all of these skills, throughout the school. Here are a few recent examples.
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Outsourcing: business impact
According to Investopedia, outsourcing is a practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally.
It is usually an effective cost-saving strategy when used properly. Because sometimes it’s more affordable to purchase a good from companies with than it is to produce the good internally.
Business process outsourcing (BPO)
It is an effective method of subcontracting various business-related operations to a third party.
When business process outsourcing began, it applied chiefly to manufacturing entities, such as soft drink manufacturers; however, it is now applicable to the outsourcing of many products and services.
knowledge process outsourcing (KPO)
It is a form of outsourcing in which knowledge and information related work is carried out by workers in a different company or by a subsidiary of the same organization.
This subsidiary may be in the same country or (most commonly) in an offshore location to save costs or other resources.
Companies resort to knowledge process outsourcing when they have a shortage of skilled professionals. Have the opportunity to hire skilled workers earning lower wages in another location for a lower overall cost.
As anything in the world of business, the most important thing is always the same: the people.
How does the outsourcing take its part of the people subject?
Many businesses outsource functions of human resources, such as payroll and health insurance. Saves enormous amounts of time, effort, and energy in the process.
HR is often one of the noncore functions of a firm, and other companies may have experts to help with this aspect of human capital.
But there is much more: the Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO)
It is a form of business process outsourcing. Where an employer transfers all or part of its recruitment processes to an external service provider.
An RPO provider can supply its own or may assume the company’s staff, technology, methodologies, and reporting.
In addition to cost savings, a company can employ an outsourcing strategy to focus on core aspects of a business. Also, the noncore practices can improve streamlining, efficiency and productivity because another entity performs these smaller tasks better than the firm itself.
This strategy may also lead to faster turnaround times, increased competitiveness within an industry and the cutting of overall operational costs.
Businesses can reduce labor costs significantly by outsourcing certain tasks, while companies may have access to technology without investing large amounts obtaining the technologic property.
Until now, outsourcing looks marvelous but is it a bed of roses?
It may depend on the degree of outsourced services and the terms of the contracts.
Signing contracts with other companies may take time and extra effort from a firm’s legal team. Besides, security threats occur if another party has access to a company’s confidential information.
Then the party suffers a data breach, this is a specially sensitive spot when the outsource is with an independent accounting firm. As it may be cheaper than retaining an in-house accountant. But maybe more expensive than have the work well done in-house.
Lack of communication
Also, a lack of communication between the company and the outsourced provider may occur, which could delay the completion of projects.
This brings the other side: insourcing means assigning a project to a person or department within the company instead of hiring an outside person or company to do the work.
Nevertheless, as Larry Elder says. Outsourcing and globalization of manufacturing allow companies to reduce costs, benefits consumers with lower cost goods and services. Causes economic expansion that reduces unemployment. Increases productivity and job creation, that is why it is often seen in a very positive way.
Outsourcing (BPO)
Often part of a company’s strategy
The process of procurement is often part of a company’s strategy. Because the ability to purchase certain materials will determine if operations will continue.
According to ICG Commerce, genuine outsourcing differs from other procurement services based on the level and degree of on-going accountability placed upon the services provider.
Procurement outsourcing typically involves long-term (36 – 60 months) day-to-day management of a group of procurement sub-processes (e.g., requisitioning, supplier management). For multiple category groups (such as Administrative Supplies and Equipment, Industrial Supplies and Equipment, Telecom, IT Hardware, Travel, etc).
Procurement outsourcing offers companies the ability to focus on their core competencies and gain access to leading external capabilities in non-core activities.
Ultimately improving the overall level of procurement performance and results across all categories and activities without making large infrastructure investments.
Most of the time, companies look to outsource what they either cannot manage well with their given resources and technology (thus reallocating to more core activities) or cannot manage at all.
Technology has made outsourcing a more accessible tool for small businesses. For some small firms, it has made a powerful impact on their growth, productivity and bottom lines.
It is often said that for every company, the right time to outsource is different. Some businesses have in-house staff to handle daily activities. But may need outside help to undertake new projects that don’t warrant another full-time employee.
When the founder and the current employees are unable to manage the day-to-day business of the company and build the business satisfactorily. It may be time to consider outsourcing.
It is very important delimiting which tasks can be performed in-house before resorting to an outsourcing service. Taking a hard look at the business and employees determining all the strengths and values.
Also before handing over the reins, it is very important being sure of work with the right firm. Finding capable, reliable outsource providers.
By a thought and complete selection process, as Stephen Covey said.
“Outsourcing is inevitable, and I don’t think it’s necessarily treating people like things.”
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Declining eyesight improved by looking at deep red light
RoeyRoey Posts: 160 XPRIZE
What do you think about this one?
Staring at a deep red light for three minutes a day can significantly improve declining eyesight, finds a new UCL-led study, the first of its kind in humans.
Link: here
Scientists believe the discovery, published in the Journals of Gerontology, could signal the dawn of new affordable home-based eye therapies, helping the millions of people globally with naturally declining vision.
In the UK there are currently around 12 million people aged over 65: in 50 years this will increase to around 20 million and all will have some degree of visual decline because of retinal ageing.
Lead author, Professor Glen Jeffery (UCL Institute of Ophthalmology) said: “As you age your visual system declines significantly, particularly once over 40.
“Your retinal sensitivity and your colour vision are both gradually undermined, and with an ageing population, this is an increasingly important issue.
“To try to stem or reverse this decline, we sought to reboot the retina’s ageing cells with short bursts of longwave light.”
“Mitochondria have specific light absorbance characteristics influencing their performance: longer wavelengths spanning 650 to 1000nm are absorbed and improve mitochondrial performance to increase energy production,” said Professor Jeffery.
The retina’s photoreceptor population is formed of cones, which mediate colour vision and rods, which provide peripheral vision and adapt vision in low/dim light.
For the study, 24 people (12 male, 12 female), aged between 28 and 72, who had no ocular disease, were recruited. All participants’ eyes were tested for the sensitivity of their rods and cones at the start of the study. Rod sensitivity was measured in dark adapted eyes (with pupils dilated) by asking participants to detect dim light signals in the dark, and cone function was tested by subjects identifying coloured letters that had very low contrast and appeared increasingly blurred, a process called colour contrast.
All participants were then given a small LED torch to take home and were asked to look into* its deep red 670nm light beam for three minutes a day for two weeks. They were then re-tested for their rod and cone sensitivity
Researchers found the 670nm light had no impact in younger individuals, but in those around 40 years and over, significant improvements were obtained.
Cone colour contrast sensitivity (the ability to detect colours) improved by up to 20% in some people aged around 40 and over. Improvements were more significant in the blue part of the colour spectrum that is more vulnerable in ageing.
Rod sensitivity (the ability to see in low light) also improved significantly in those aged around 40 and over, though less than colour contrast.
“The technology is simple and very safe, using a deep red light of a specific wavelength, that is absorbed by mitochondria in the retina that supply energy for cellular function.
“Our devices cost about £12 to make, so the technology is highly accessible to members of the public.”
*Participants placed their eye over the end of the torch. Eyes could be closed as the red light is not filtered by the eye lid.
Source for press release: here
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Learn, Do Not Copy!
Explain the term ‘Safeguarding’ and your own role and responsibilities in safeguarding individuals
This page is designed to answer the following questions:
NOTE: This page has been quality assured for 2021 as per our Quality Assurance policy.
What does the term ‘safeguarding’ mean?
Safeguarding refers to the protection of individuals from abuse and neglect and includes both proactive and reactive measures.
Your responsibilities relating to safeguarding
As an adult care worker, you need a thorough understanding of your responsibilities for safeguarding vulnerable adults, but it is also important to have an awareness of how to respond to suspected child abuse and neglect.
Promote rights and education
Reactive measures are used when abuse or neglect has occurred or is alleged and are concerned with the process of handling this sensitively and swiftly. Proactive measures focus on prevention and reducing the likelihood of abuse occurring. This can include promoting the rights of the individuals that you support and educating them about abuse and neglect so they are better able to protect themselves.
Protect individuals from harm
It is your responsibility to protect the individuals that you work with from harm – this could be harm that is caused by both doing something and doing nothing. For example, if an individual unexpectedly faints and you attempt to perform CPR without proper training, you could cause them harm. Similarly, if you do nothing, that could also cause them harm. Shouting for assistance, looking for life signs and contacting emergency services would all be better options.
Report concerns
As well as ensuring that your actions (or omissions) do not cause harm, you also have a duty to report any suspicions of abuse that you have, even if that means passing on information that may be considered confidential. For example, if an individual alleges that they have been abused but ask you to keep it a secret, you should inform them that it is your duty to pass this information on.
If you feel that the procedure may be too lengthy and action is required immediately or that you don’t believe your concerns are being treated seriously, you should pass the information onto the police or social services.
Training/Know the signs and symptoms of abuse
Your employer should provide safeguarding training and you should ensure that you attend. This will help you to understand how to handle any safeguarding concerns you have as well as teaching you about the signs and symptoms of abuse that you should look out for in your day-to-day practice.
Follow agreed ways of working
You should be familiar with your organisation’s agreed ways of working, policies and procedures and follow them to ensure that you work in a way that is safe and legal.
Your organisation’s safeguarding policy will specify the process for reporting suspicions of abuse. This will usually mean reporting to your manager or a nominated individual(s) responsible for safeguarding and making a written account of your concerns.
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The signal station
The signal station on the Vegesack riverbank of the Weser is a relic from last century’s shipping: Before communication took place by radio transmission or radar signage, captains on their way received valuable information about water levels, obstructions on the river and storm warnings by the signal station.
Spheres and cones
The signal station had been built in 1888 at the harbour head, where today administrative buildings of the Lürssen shipyard are placed. Its three masts displayed water levels for the passing ships. The first mast served as a signpost where spheres and cones were hoisted. Each sphere denoted a water level of one metre over sea level, each cone tipping upwards 20 centimetres and each cone tipping downwards 10 centimetres. During nighttime, the information could be read from different lights on the second mast. The third one imparted obstructions, impediments and bad weather warnings.
Radio and radar signage
The signal station had been relocated to the Weserpromenade (embankment) in the 1950s, due to the enlargement of the harbour. Soon after this, a modern and storm surge-safe building was erected. From 1978 on, communication with the ships was changing in a fundamental way. The captains were conveyes all level data by radio communication, so that balls and cones became obsolete. When a modern radar signage system took over the task of directing the ships, the official activity of the signal station ended.
MTV Nautilus
The signal station -a Federal property -should be taken down in the early 1990s. The MTV Nautilus society fought for its preservation. In 1995, the station was handed over to the MTV. The society consists of a working group of members who maintain the signal station. Since then, it is a focus for maritime festivities and also staffed at weekends to provide information to visitors and to promote Vegesack as a maritime location.
Förderverein Stadtgarten Vegesack e.V.
The association was founded in 1930 als „Stadtgartenverein Vegesack“. The Bremen Bürgerpark and its citizen’s association served as a blueprint for the Stadtgarten (city garden) in Vegesack. ‚The things done by the Bürgerparkverein on a larger scale should be achieved in Vegesack, on a smaller scale, by a Stadtgarten association. We therefore advocate the founding of a Stadtgarten association…‘ told an appeal by town major Wittgenstein from in the Norddeutsche Volkszeitung from 1929. The embankment of the Weser had been private property at this date: it was not accessible to the public. Dr. Wittgenstein pushed through a public road at the embankment. It was a strategical measure to open it up for the public.
The Stadtgarten’s present-day dimension and design is due to the long and constant activity of this association. The water level station is also maintained by the Stadtgarten association, in a joint project with MTV Nautilus.
Vegesack water level
The water level of the river Weser is continuously gauged. One of the seven measuring stations between the Bremen Weserwehr and Brake is the Vegesack water level. It is operated by the Wasser-and Schifffahrtsamt (Water and Shipping Authority) of Bremen.
Gauge staff
As early as 1855, the Vegesack water level had been equipped with a gauge staff. On this meter, the water level could be gained manually. Since this day, a gauge staff (or staff gauge) is an element of every water level station. They are either affixed horizontally at a wall or pillar or corresponding to the incline of the embankment (embankment gauge). As a rule, the yellow staffs with numbered black marks are set up within a distance of 10 centimetres. The crossbeams of the marks and their distance equal two centimetres each.
Mechanic register gauge
In 1876, at Vegesack, a mechanic register gauge was put to work. The water level could now be recorded continuously. To this end, a so-called gauge shaft was connected by an incoming pipe with the river. Thus the water level of the river Weser correlates with the water level in the gauge shaft. A floater was situated in the shaft, protected from wave motion and debris. A recording device in the water level station documented upwards and downwards movement of the floater. At first, the water levels were recorded in pen and ink, later on they used document-proof waxed paper.
Digital register gauge
Since 1994, all data from the Vegesack water level station is digitally recorded and stored. The water level gets recorded once a minute, and an average calculated every 15 minutes. 96 figures per day will be retrieved and are available for up-to-date predictions as well as the collection of precipitation data.
Level data
The water level is generally stated in centimetres and refers to a zero point of gauge. Thus, the water level is computed by the height of gauge zero plus the water level above this mark. The point zero does not refer to the depth of a body of water. In Germany’s coastal areas, a generic gauge zero of Normalhöhennull (standard elevation point zero) minus 5 metres is used. It denotes the altitude from sea level and was introduced as a successor of Normalnull (mean sea level) which elevations did not include the Earth’s gravitational field. The mittleres Hochwasser (mean high water) denotes the average of the highest water levels within a certain time. Often, high waters are put into relation to this figure.
Water level (digital displays)
Water levels along the river Weser are often indicated at the signal station as relative to Normalnull (mean sea level). The relevant water gauge would be five metres higher. Negative figures would mean that the water level of the River Weser would lie, due to the tides, just below sea level. The four measuring stations at Große Weserbrücke, Vegesack, Brake and Bremerhaven (Old Lighthouse). correspond to the various water levels in and around Bremen.
Current level Signalstation Vegesack
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How Much Does Farming Contribute To Global Warming?
Who are the biggest polluters?
Who are the world’s biggest polluters.
Germany emits about 798 million metric tons per year.
Iran emits about 648 million metric tons per year.
Saudi Arabia emits about 601 million metric tons per year.
South Korea emits about 592 million metric tons per year.
Canada emits about 557 million metric tons per year.More items…•.
What is the biggest cause of co2 emissions?
Which country emits the most carbon dioxide?
ChinaThe 20 countries that emitted the most carbon dioxide in 2018RankCountryCO2 emissions (total)1China10.06GT2United States5.41GT3India2.65GT4Russian Federation1.71GT17 more rows•Aug 12, 2020
How does farming contribute to global warming?
Agriculture contributes to climate change At every stage, food provisioning releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Farming in particular releases significant amounts of methane and nitrous oxide, two powerful greenhouse gases.
What percentage of global warming is caused by agriculture?
25%Right now, agriculture generates an estimated 25% of annual greenhouse gas emissions, according to the WRI; that’s when you combine food production and the land-use changes associated with farming, such as clearing vegetation and plowing.
What is biggest cause of global warming?
Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet’s temperatures. It is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation and farming.
Are cows or cars worse for the environment?
Which is actually worse—cows or cars? Livestock emissions make up anywhere between 14.5 and 18 percent of total global greenhouse gas emissions. … Yes, driving cars is no good, but meat production is unexpectedly worse for the environment.
What is the biggest contributor to co2 emissions?
Energy consumption is by far the biggest source of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, responsible for a whopping 73% worldwide. The energy sector includes transportation, electricity and heat, buildings, manufacturing and construction, fugitive emissions and other fuel combustion.
Why farming is bad?
Factory farms pollute the environment and our drinking water, ravage rural communities, and harm the welfare of animals—while increasing corporate control over our food. Factory farming is an unsustainable method of raising food animals that concentrates large numbers of animals into confined spaces.
What companies pollute the most?
Coca-Cola, Pepsi highlight the 20 corporations producing the most ocean pollutionMental medicare:San Francisco proposes nation’s first universal mental health care system.Saudi Aramco.Gazprom.National Iranian Oil.Coal India.Shenhua Group.More items…•
What industry contributes most to global warming?
Top 5 Sectors Contributing to Global WarmingElectricity Generation and Heat Production. The first sector on our list is electricity generation and heat production, which accounts for approximately 28% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. … Transportation. … Industry. … Commercial and Residential Emissions. … Agriculture.
How much does livestock contribute to global warming?
Livestock are responsible for 14.5 percent of global greenhouse gases. India, for example, has the world’s largest cattle population, but the lowest beef consumption of any country. As a result, cows live longer and emit more methane over their lifetime.
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Posted in: History
Talking Indonesia: transnational human rights activism
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In Talking Indonesia this week, Dr Dirk Tomsa chats to Dr Vannessa Hearman about the letter-writing friendships that political prisoners under Soeharto developed with supporters and human rights activists overseas.
The Australian left is known for backing Papuan independence – but it wasn’t always this way
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Dominique Tasevski examines the history of the Australian Communist Party’s problematic and inconsistent position on Indonesian control over West Papua.
Learning (or failing to learn) from the lessons of the 1918 Spanish Flu
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Ravando Lie looks at what lessons the colonial government's experience with the 1918 Spanish Flu could provide for Indonesia as it struggles to get on top of Covid-19.
Talking Indonesia: China, Indonesia and the Cold War
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What was Chinas role, if any, in the events of 1965? How did transnational ethnic ties and the daily practices of the ethnic Chinese influence state-to-state diplomacy at the time? Dr Charlotte Setijadi discusses these issues and more with Dr Taomo Zhou in Talking Indonesia.
Forced atonement? Dutch apologies and compensation for colonial era rights violations
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Olivia Tasevski examines the Dutch government's limited efforts to acknowledge and provide compensation for abuses committed by its forces during the colonial period.
Could violence against the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia happen again?
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This month marks 20 years since the riots and violence that erupted in cities including Jakarta, Medan and Solo, and mainly targeted Indonesia's ethnic Chinese population. In light of the recent surge in anti-Chinese sentiment in Indonesia, Dr Jemma Purdey questions whether violence like that of May 1998 could happen again.
Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide
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On 17 October, dozens of declassified files confirmed that the United States had detailed knowledge of and actively supported Indonesian military efforts to destroy the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and its alleged sympathisers. Dr Jess Melvin, who was involved in the declassification project, looks at the most significant revelations.
Locating the historical Kartini
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Over the past century, Kartini has been mythologised, misused and misread. Dr Joost Coté, a researcher and adviser on the recent film bearing her name, writes that despite her status as a national feminist icon, there is actually little factual historical information about Kartini.
The University of Melbourne ABN:84 002 705 224
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Pride And Selfishness in Sophocles’ Antigone
February 11, 2021 by Essay Writer
In society, pride and selfishness are one of man’s most compelling yet detrimental qualities. It can nurture leadership and most importantly success; however, pride can also exhibit a negative universal connotation which is clearly manifested in the characters’ actions and intentions throughout the novel. In Sophocles’ Antigone, the prominent recurrence of a type of egoistic nature is evidently a key source which resulted in Creon’s as well as Antigone’s ultimate downfall. One who argues that Antigone only advocated for trueness, justice, and righteousness, is ultimately blind and neglectful of the claims at hand.
The audience most oftentimes views Antigone’s sacrifice for her brother as heroistic and simply due to her good nature, but this is not necessarily the pure case. A vast amount of times throughout, Antigone affirms the fact that she did not solely act out of virtue and goodness when considering to rebel against Creon. Although Antigone truly displays a fierce and brave mentality to seek what she believes, she reveals a selfish intent to only die with her own glory and recognition and not with anyone else including Ismene as she says “no, you may not die along with me. Don’t say you did it!”.
The significance of this claim is that all Antigone truly desires is the fame from the public as well as from the gods themselves that only she had the courage to confront the King’s authority. Antigone assumes that if she acted alone, the spotlight would be on her and the gods would eventually reward her for such brave actions. Therefore, this evidently illustrates Antigone’s true nature as well as gives the audience the idea that her intentions are more self-seeking than out of humility. However, this “boastful” behavior ultimately led to Antigone’s own demise specifically when she was being confronted by Creon. When criticizing Creon’s actions, Antigone displayed great confidence as well as pride when speaking and this caused Creon to feel as if Antigone was a “deadly, crazed revolutionary!”.
This type of unregretful pose aggravated Creon and encouraged him to punish Antigone. Although it was irrational of Creon to act out of rage and anger alone, Sophocles ultimately unveiled Antigone’s actions as evidently being largely responsible for her own unprecedented outcome. Sophocles’ representation of the different forms of pride not only correspond to Antigone, but also to other characters such as Creon. Much like Antigone, Creon’s demise is procured through his very own overbearing nature as King of Thebes. But the author also exhibits differences compared to Antigone such as expressing Creon’s actions in a more clearer representation in order to express to the audience the constant effects of change in pride on society. And this haughtiness is clearly depicted when Creon states the question, “so I should rule this country for someone other than myself?”. What this means is that Creon feels as if his authority overrules anyone else’s desires or even opinions; he never wants to acknowledge that his actions could ever be wrong. Therefore, the audience comes to an understanding that Creon is almost living in his own reality. This question expressed by Creon demonstrates his intent to only rule Thebes for himself which distinctly manifests his selfish behavior which he does not realize would lead him towards a destructive end.
In contrast to Antigone’s “moment” which led to her demise, Creon’s downfall was gradual and expected. It all began ever since he decided to sentence Antigone to death. What this caused was controversy not only from the city, but from his own family. Haemon, his son, even gives his father fair advice, yet all Creon does is lash out and says that he “is fighting for the woman’s cause” (740). We can specifically see in this instance, the excessive ego that Creon has conjured up from having authority. He is evidently blinded from the reality and unable to understand that he will eventually come to regret his actions. This instance is one of many that builds upon the evidence that Creon is in the end accountable for his own ruin.
Another example of Creon’s fatal actions were when he was conversing with the blind prophet Tiresias. With the intention to only help Creon, Tiresias warns him that he will place bad luck upon Thebes due to refusing to bury Polyneices. But of course, Creon’s inability to overcome his prideful mentality undoubtedly serves as a barrier to the advice Tiresias has to say. Without any hesitation, Creon expresses his opinion by proclaiming to Tiresias that he needs to “remember, you are speaking about your commander-in-chief”. This is a clear representation of how Creon has gradually become “Intoxicated by the loftiness of his position” and “fails to recognize his human fallibility and the limits of his authority”. By demanding Tiresias to not forget that he is the ruler, Creon places emphasis that he is wiser and basically condemning Tiresias for even confronting him. What soon comes after is the death of his loved ones which is all due to the result of his excessive amount of stubbornness as well as his pride.
In conclusion, Sophocles’ Antigone demonstrates the dangers of pridefulness and selfishness by using conflict between two significant characters. Although noble in their own specific ways, the author truly depicts how destructive pride can realistically be and showcases how it could lead down a road of sadness and regret. Much like in this play, society is faced with this compelling problem and for Sophocles to demonstrate its harm, the audience can ultimately begin to acknowledge its overall damage as well.
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Clifford-based randomized benchmarking (RB) of two qubits.
A total of num_circuits random circuits are generated, each of which contains a fixed number of two-qubit Clifford gates plus one additional Clifford that inverts the whole sequence and a measurement in the z-basis. Each circuit is repeated a number of times and the average |00> state population is determined from the measurement outcomes of all of the circuits.
The above process is done for different circuit lengths specified by the integers in num_clifford_range. For example, an integer 10 means the random circuits will contain 10 Clifford gates each plus one inverting Clifford. The user may use the result to extract an average gate fidelity, by analyzing the change in the average |00> state population at different circuit lengths. For actual experiments, one should choose num_clifford_range such that a clear exponential decay is observed in the results.
The two-qubit Cliffords here are decomposed into CZ gates plus single-qubit x and y rotations. See Barends et al., Nature 508, 500 for details.
sampler The quantum engine or simulator to run the circuits.
first_qubit The first qubit under test.
second_qubit The second qubit under test.
num_clifford_range The different numbers of Cliffords in the RB study.
num_circuits The number of random circuits generated for each number of Cliffords.
repetitions The number of repetitions of each circuit.
A RandomizedBenchMarkResult object that stores and plots the result.
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Artveoli combines algae and microfluidics to generate fresh air indoors
Live in any major city, be it London, Paris, Los Angeles or Shanghai, and you’ll be all too aware that air pollution is a huge and growing problem. At the same time, indoor air quality can suffer because of attempts to reduce buildings’ energy consumption to make them less pollutive to the outdoor environment — by, for example, applying high-grade insulation and recirculating indoor air to reduce heat loss/lower air conditioning systems’ energy needs. Very well sealed buildings can lead to elevated CO2 levels as more people gather indoors. So how to square this circle?
Step forward Artveoli, a biotech startup that’s building an air purifying device that aims to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen in indoor environments, such as offices and homes, by harnessing the photosynthetic properties of algae. “It’s like having trees inside buildings,” is Artveoli’s elevator pitch. The startup is officially launching onstage at TechCrunch Disrupt New York, opening registrations for people to sign up for updates.
The aim is to start manufacturing its first air purifying product this year, says co-founder Alina Adams — with a view to shipping the device sometime in 2017. Adams has a background in microfluidics, the core technology which it’s applying to increase the efficiency of the algae to enable a single unit to have an impact on the room where it is placed — having worked at the Stanford Microfluidics Foundry, along with her co-founder.
Microfluidics refers to a field of research that looks at how fluids behave differently at the microscale and how those differences can be exploited for particular use-cases. “It’s a new type of technology that makes biochemical processes much easier, faster, it’s easier to control and work with the different, complex biological systems,” explains Adams.
“I was thinking, we have plants that make fresh air so how can we put lots and lots of plants inside buildings?” she adds, discussing how the idea for the business was born. “This was an ah-ha moment — ok nobody is actually using microfluidics devices to grow photosynthetic type of cells to make fresh air.”
An existing technology — photobioreactors — uses a light source to cultivate phototropic microorganisms, such as algae, generating biomass from light and carbon dioxide. But these units tend to need to be very large in order to generate a large amount of biomass. Artveoli’s founders’ mental leap was to wonder whether they could grow the same type of phototropic cells on the micro-scale — so very, very densely packed, and thus able to pump out more oxygen.
“We’re working with small channels and small volumes, so we’re working with chips that are easier to manipulate small volume type of liquids. High density means we’re using cell concentrations inside our system that are much, much more significant than those that you’d find even in traditional bioreactors.
“So we have these nature-type of systems inside that metabolically produces oxygen and removes carbon dioxide… Light powers the system. And because we have this large surface area and high density that’s how we’re able to achieve significantly higher outputs for carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen production than traditional trees.”
[gallery ids="1319582,1319583,1319584,1319591,1319592,1319593,1319594"]
Adams says NASA has already looked at using the same type of algae it is putting inside its microfluidic high-density photobioreactors to power closed, self-sustaining systems to produce oxygen for astronauts on long space missions. However, the problem they ran into was making those systems efficient enough.
“They’re not able to get this efficiency because they’re using larger volumes. That’s where microfluidic technology eliminates that problem. With microfluidic technology we have more control and we have the higher efficiency, so they can work with higher densities,” she adds.
“We’re actually talking to DARPA — they are interested in potential future applications for this technology — because we are able to produce oxygen and remove carbon dioxide in closed spaces. Which is essential if you’re limited on the air supply from outside.”
Artveoli’s device is also a closed system (which lowers the risk of contamination), with the algae contained inside transparent, microfluidic plastic chips and the necessary nutrients (plus light, via an LED backlit panel) fed to them via a built-in control system. This allows for control of cell density (and therefore unit efficiency), including by controlling the rate of introduction of new algae, based on the growth rates of the existing population.
The particular microalgae being used by Artveoli has been selected because it has a high photosynthetic efficiency, says Adams. “We introduce the right proportions of media — that’s part of the control that we have, so we can have a very stable system.”
The algae won’t live forever, of course, even given ideal conditions provided for them in a closed system, so there is a need to remove waste (i.e. dead) algae from the units by replacing filters in the units and also replenishing with fresh microalgae over time. But the aim is to make this process very simple — similar to putting a new ink cartridge in a printer, says Adams.
“We remove the excess biomass, or bioproduct waste, which is basically dead algae,” she says. “And introducing — similar to printer cartridge models — you put in new media.
“There’s no periods whenever there’s no algae in the system so it’s continuously recirculating and introducing new media and removing the excess and dead cells/debris out with the cartridges.”
These (biodegradable) cartridges will need to be replaced three to four times per year, providing for a recurring revenue stream for the business. The cost of the cartridges will be similar to the price of new filters for existing air purifying machines, according to Adams.
The units themselves will be custom-built and installed for commercial customers, so will vary in size and price — although Adams says, again, pricing will be in the ballpark of existing air purifier devices, so “from a few hundred dollars to a few thousand.”
Selling to the commercial market is the startup’s first push, with the clearest use-case being offices where lots of people gather for long periods of time, reckons Adams. But the team also intends to build a product for the consumer market down the line, although decisions about form factor and how to design these units are yet to be made.
The number of units that a buyer might need will depend on building occupancy, but Adams says the goal is to build systems that can create enough oxygen for one person, so in a house with four occupants you’d need four systems. (Albeit, the more custom configurations it’s envisaging creating for commercial buyers might change those ratios, depending on the size of individual units.)
On the design front, Artveoli is partnering with designers to be able to offer buyers a printed cover for the units, in addition to potentially offering other cover options — even such as a touchscreen or a whiteboard, which would obviously be useful in an office environment. The units will also contain embedded Wi-Fi sensors so gas exchange levels can be monitored.
The units themselves resemble flat-screen TV panels in terms of form factor at this point, according to Adams, but she says the team is also researching alternative multi-layered configurations to be able to build devices with other form factors in the future — such as the box-shaped units typical of existing air purifier products, so it could potentially be portable.
Why the name Artveoli? Alveoli is the name of the tiny air sacs clustered in bunches inside the lungs where the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. The density of alveoli in the lungs provides a very large surface area, allowing for the body to get enough oxygen into the blood to sustain life.
It’s a similar density principle behind Artveoli’s microfluidics technology, which maximizes the surface to volume ratio. Artveoli is also, of course, a play on words — with the ‘Art’ in the title referring to the idea of incorporating designers’ works onto the front of the panel so the unit can be a feature in and of itself, if buyers so wish.
Artveoli incorporated last September, after starting out doing tests and building prototypes in a garage. They have been bootstrapping the first stage of development — including building their first system — but are now looking to raise funding to pay for manufacturing units to take to market. Adams says the amount they’re aiming to raise will depend on how much interest they see via sign-ups, but their initial aim is to raise between $3 million and $5 million at this stage of the business.
The long-term vision is not carbon dioxide consuming devices that are hung on walls or even moved around different rooms, but rather walls that are themselves breathing out oxygen — with the technology embedded directly into buildings.
However, that’s going to require a lot more work to bring to market, looping in architects and mechanical engineers, and needing to comply with standards/buildings regulations. Hence, Artveoli is taking a device-based (and modular/custom) approach with their first line of hardware.
“On the functionality level it will be more efficient to have it embedded, because that way we can have it more controlled and for the replacement of cartridges and filters there’s more opportunities to make it a bit more efficient, as part of the building. But to be honest, it’s at least five years til we get to something because it’ll have a bunch of product iterations. It also depends on working with architects and designers.”
Another future hope is to integrate the technology with Nest smart home devices so they could be used to control the units. “Our system is smart in itself but it would be good to integrate it with an existing network of appliances and devices so they could control that as well,” adds Adams.
If you’re wondering if microalgae-based oxygen production air purifiers have an off switch, the answer is yes — kind of. Switching the LED lights off will “power” the unit down, however, you can’t keep the lights off indefinitely or the algae will die. Adams says the microorganisms would probably manage for a few weeks without light — so just enough time for a family vacation.
Judges Q&A
Q: This machine behind you, you put art on top of it but behind it there’s an air filter?
A: It’s not actually a filter — it’s a biological entity.
Q: So how many square feet does one of those do? And what are you selling that for and who are you selling it to?
A: The typical example of a conference room, 12 x 12, we need about one system. If occupancy is higher — let’s say 4-6 people — you need two units.
Q: What does it sell for?
A: Initially a couple of thousands but with large-scale manufacturing we’ll bring the cost down.
Q: Initially you are selling to who?
A: To commercial segments. We’re selling it directly as well as partnering with HVACs because they already have sales channels.
Q: This takes in CO2 and emits oxygen but it doesn’t do particle removing of contaminants?
A: At this point it doesn’t, but we can probably do that later. But nothing in the market does this.
Q: Can you tell us a bit about what the demand is for this?
A: There’s a huge new trend of making buildings healthier, not just green. Green means saving energy, healthy means providing a healthy environment… The new trend is not only making buildings efficient but making them healthy. By reducing the air that you bring in from outside you are keeping air in — and all this ties in with the demand-control ventilation. Because installing our systems locally you don’t have to bring the air so much over all the building, you can take care of where the CO2 levels get elevated.
Q: But these buildings are already being built… they are doing it without these machines, it has to do with the way the building is built. They’re bringing in fresh air. It’s completely internal. They’re doing it just in terms of the actual building of the building…
A: In addition to providing fresh air we’re actually saving energy because our system doesn’t use so much energy to bring air from outside.
Judge: Neither do these buildings.
Q: Is it just all about the balance of oxygen to CO2?… I’ve heard in different environments of people pushing oxygen into different environments and I don’t know if that produces a comparable effect?
A: There are two things. CO2 concentrations high is worse than lack of oxygen because we don’t need as much oxygen as is in the room. So oxygenators — that’s the machines that inject the oxygen… they might inject some oxygen to keep people awake and alert but the core problem is actually CO2. That’s what makes us sick, that’s what makes us feel tired.
Q: As you think about trying to create demand, educating the public and these commercial folks… how are you going to overcome that challenge? Because it sounds like an awesome technology, I’m sure it’s highly defensible… but you’ve got to convince people that the CO2 is the problem. How do you execute that campaign?
A: It’s a great point. Awareness is number one thing. Not everyone’s aware, oh I feel sick and the air’s feeling stuffy — but that means CO2 is elevated. So dealing with buildings the great point is that we have a support from a lot of research that other companies do so we don’t have to educate so much to say ok CO2 is bad for you. We can refer to the studies. For example, a Harvard study that recently just published this paper on CO2 and cognitive performance — so relying on the knowledge and the foundation that industry has, working with them, partnering, we can show the benefits and the value of providing our product to the customer.
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Quick Answer: What Are Virtues And Values?
What are the 12 virtues?
Aristotle’s 12 virtues: Courage – bravery.
Temperance – moderation.
Liberality – spending.
Magnificence – charisma, style.
Magnanimity – generosity.
Ambition – pride.
Patience – temper, calm.
Friendliness – social IQ.More items…•.
What are the 3 most important virtues?
Adam Smith, in his important book The Theory of Moral Sentiments, wrote that excellent people have three primary virtues: prudence, justice, and benevolence, in that order. Each of them is essential to the others and to the living of a full life in society.
What are your virtues?
Virtue, by definition, is the moral excellence of a person. Morally excellent people have a character made-up of virtues valued as good. They are honest, respectful, courageous, forgiving, and kind, for example.
What is the most important virtue?
CourageCourage is the most important of the virtues, because without it, no other virtue can be practiced consistently, said Maya Angelou to members of this year’s graduating class. “You can be kind and true and fair and generous and just, and even merciful, occasionally,” Angelou said.
What is the highest virtue?
Prudence, also known as practical wisdom, is the most important virtue for Aristotle. In war, soldiers must fight with prudence by making judgments through practical wisdom. This virtue is a must to obtain because courage requires judgments to be made. Temperance, or self-control, simply means moderation.
Which virtue is most important for leaders?
CourageOne leadership characteristic—or more accurately, virtue—informs and strengthens all others: Courage. Aristotle called courage the first virtue, because it makes all of the other virtues possible. In addition to being the most important human virtue, it is the most important business virtue, as well.
What are the 7 virtues in the Bible?
What are the main human virtues?
According to the philosophers and psychologists, people’s fundamental human virtues are benevolence, justice, patience, sincerity, responsibility, optimism, wisdom, respect, self-confidence, contentment, courage, detachment, unconcern, determination, discipline, empathy, stability, generosity, honesty, flexibility, …
What are good virtues?
A whole cluster of important human virtues—empathy, compassion, kindness, generosity, service, loyalty, patriotism (love of what is noble in one’s country), and forgiveness—make up the virtue of love.
What are 10 virtues?
They are deep honesty, moral courage, moral vision, compassion and care, fairness, intellectual excellence, creative thinking, aesthetic sensitivity, good timing, and deep selflessness. They describe a leader’s way of reasoning, his or her most basic beliefs, and the emotions associated with those beliefs.
Is success a virtue?
“Success is a virtue, failure is not an option” The phrase that spins around your head every single day, driving your determination to its fullest until one day you’ve become drained and broken down.
Why is virtue important in life?
Virtues are important because they are the basic qualities necessary for our well being and happiness. By recognizing the importance of virtues, in our lives, it will lead to better communication, understanding and acceptance between us and our fellow man.
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Diagram of Chloroplast
This time we have collected a handful of diagram of chloroplast for you to save in high quality! Chloroplasts are organelles present in plant cells and some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts are the most important plastids found in plant cells. It is the structure in a green plant cell in which photosynthesis occurs. It is found in higher plants are generally biconvex or planoconvex shaped. In different plants chloroplasts have different shapes, they vary from spheroid, filamentous saucer-shaped, discoid or ovoid shaped. The first diagram can be seen in the following picture.
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diagram of chloroplast cells
image via ftexploring.com
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes. The outer membrane is permeable to small organic molecules, whereas the inner membrane is less permeable and studded with transport proteins. The innermost matrix of chloroplasts, called the stroma, contains metabolic enzymes and multiple copies of the chloroplast genome.
diagram of chloroplast detailed
image via windowssearch-exp.com
diagram of chloroplast examples
image via biology-forums.com
diagram of chloroplast labeled
image via imgarcade.com
Chloroplasts also have a third internal membrane called the thylakoid membrane, which is extensively folded and appears as stacks of flattened disks in electron micrographs. The thylakoids contain the light-harvesting complex, including pigments such as chlorophyll, as well as the electron transport chains used in photosynthesis. You can see the details on the following diagram of chloroplast.
diagram of chloroplast membrane
image via studyblue.com
diagram of chloroplast plant
image via shmoop.com
diagram of chloroplast structure
image via wikimedia.org
We also provide you with the unlabeled version of the diagram as the media for evaluation. All diagrams are in high definition and free to be saved and printed!
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The Cask of Amontillado
709 Words3 Pages
Stephen Howell Dr. Dennis Comp II 5 March, 2009 Short Story Analysis: Draft #1 Just how far would you go to seek justice towards a person who has wronged you? How long would you wait? Could you loathe someone to such an extent, demanding revenge, all the while making them trust you as a friend and companion? Sure, it has been done. In the short story by Edgar Allen Poe, “The Cask of Amontillado”, and Such revenge is plotted in ways only imagined by someone like Poe. “At length, I would be avenged” (Paragraph 1). Revenge, deceit, betrayal, and devotion: these are the tones you can expect from this cryptic tale. You will be left with the question of justice (as Montresor did): is “eye for an eye” truly justice? Or is it an excuse to further commit crimes in the name of justice? “The Cask of Amontillado’ is actually a metaphor for the devious revenge plotted and carried out by one friend to another. Coming from a carnival, two “friends” take a journey that only one will return from. Fortunato, the unlucky character in this short story, follows his dear friend Montressor down a dreary cavern to view a buy for Montressor. Through this journey, Fortunato has no idea what awaits him, as he has walked right into a trap. He is drunk and vulnerable, but feels at ease in the presence of his “trusted friend”. What he does not realize is his untold injustice toward Montressor has proven to be his ultimate ending. “A wrong is undressed when retribution overtakes it’s redresser” (Paragraph 1) Poe uses irony several times in this story, as with many others of his. As this pair takes path through this cavern deep below the surface, nitre (saltpeter) fills the air. Fortunato coughs and wheezes from this tainted air, unable to comfortably breathe. Several times his friend tries to stop him, telling him “your health is precious, let us return” (irony). The irony here is
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Public Policy Parameterization -- Default Probabilities
At its core, the lending business is all about extending credit with the minimum risk of loss. Bankers have devised multiple ways to constrain credit risk over the centuries.
Accepting collateral, varying the time horizon for exposures, and varying the permitted amount of interest rate fluctuation (fixed versus floating) have endured even as the process for identifying the probability of default at the portfolio level has become a numbers game. Historical loss rates for specific instruments and portfolios are now paired with a growing amount of alternative data culled from various digital sources.
It is a complicated process to get right under the best of circumstances. The pandemic requires risk managers to up their game urgently regarding default probability assessments. As discussed below, the pandemic particularly requires risk managers to incorporate more public policy considerations and alternative data points concerning public policy.
The Promise of Using Artificial Intelligence
Machine learning and artificial intelligence enhance considerably the ability to assess correlations and covariances across a broader range of data sets to identify more precisely the probability of default for any given set of exposures. Because machine learning does not require rule-based programming to draw conclusions concerning relationships across data sets, the process provides the potential for better insights into embedded risk relationships which enables bankers to make smarter decisions about potential default rates.
But offloading default probability calculations to AI systems is not a shortcut. Because the automated analysis operates thousands if not millions of iterations in a cycle and because many of the analytical processes occur in a hidden layer, successfully deploying AI into default probability assessments requires great care.
Enthusiasts eager to evangelize often gloss over the most important step in any machine learning project: carefully choosing the data sets used to train the AI systems. The issue is not merely about choosing the data.
The harder questions, which even today usually only humans can answer, are whether the data has been labelled properly and whether it has been accurately transitioned into the format to be used for training AI systems. For example: if a data set does not systematically and correctly identify which borrowers in the past defaulted, the automated analysis conducted within AI system will start on a faulty foundation. Incorrect estimates are inevitable.
Mistakes in data sets come in many flavors. Old fashioned human error associated with manual input processes is decreasing as the digital age advances. More current sources of input errors include incorrect definitions of when a loan is (or is not) performing based on current accounting regulations and regulatory requirements. When the rules change, loan performance patterns change. If the underlying technology processes do not reflect the new rules, then all future data collection processes create incorrect designations. Using this data within the machine learning process amplifies exponentially the mistake by misleading the computer processes regarding credit asset performance patterns.
Great care is also required when choosing which data sets to incorporate into AI training data. Vast data processing capabilities create the temptation to feed an AI system any and every kind of alternative data alongside historical default data and then hope that the automated system identifies previously unknown correlations and risk characteristics.
The problem is that even if the system identifies correlated risk characteristics occurring naturally within the data sets, the correlation may not signal a causation link which is crucial to understanding the shape of default probability.
For example, one would not choose to use aircraft leasing data sets to estimate default probabilities on retail credit card portfolios. Nor would one choose to use automobile route data to estimate interest rate swap counterparty default rates. Default rates and behavior might both change during a financial crisis, for example, but similarity in risk profiles across these data sets would shed no light on the probability that a portfolio would experience abnomally high default rates in the absence of a crisis.
Which brings us to 2020 and the Pandemic Problem. The pandemic amplifies further the potential for misleading analysis regarding default probabilities. Both humans and automated systems are at risk for mis-estimating default probabilities not just now but also in the future.
The Pandemic Problem
Consider our crazy 2020 COVID-19 spring. Central banks, financial regulators and finance ministries spent 8-10 weeks in a frantic scramble to keep the economy and financial system functioning amid the first (and hopefully only) simultaneously shuttering of all G7 economies. It looked like this at the monthly level:
But the big picture shows a different story. The aggregate year-to-date time series shows a rapid, steep effort to address the situation....and a sustained high level of activity for every month since the spring. In fact, the data show a slight increase in activity during July. The uptick is consistent with policymakers pivoting to start addressing proactively the nascent indicators of a potential second wave of infections as mobility restrictions were lifted:
Policymakers literally through the kitchen sink at the pandemic. They created massive government guarantee programs that substituted G7 sovereign credit risk for private credit risk. They committed central bank programs to purchase a broad range of assets in the open market ( government bonds, corporate bonds, corporate equities. Moratoria were issued, creating debt service holidays for certain types of assets in some countries. Financial regulators publicly encouraged banks to be lenient and flexible when determining if a loan was performing. Fiscal authorities delivered salary subsidies and additional cash payments to individuals.
By stepping in to prevent systemic collapse, policymakers have also effectively invalidated historical data regarding default probabilities for private sector assets. Assessing exposure to the probability of default requires far more explicit assessments of exposure to public policy risks.
Efforts to estimate default probabilities using AI-powered scenario analysis as well as more traditional extrapolation methods cannot generate meaningful risk measurements without addressing this break in the time series.
In addition, the pandemic creates twin data deficits that complicate any effort to generate robust training data for AI systems. Relaxed or suspended regulatory reporting requirements deliver less data to governments for aggregation, which in turn deliver less complete data sets to markets. This is a short-run situation, but if machine learning methods are being used without adjustment to shifts in data quality for routine components, model error risks increase silently.
Default probability parameterization must now also expressly incorporate both sovereign risk and regulatory rule changes implemented in the spring. The policy shifts implemented in the spring of 2020 were designed to be temporary. The policies that expired in June have already been renewed to year-end. Policies expiring in September will also likely be renewed for the most part to year-end.
The question then becomes whether -- or how -- pandemic era policies will be extended through 2021 and beyond as the economy adapts not only to the pandemic but also (hopefully) its end. For the next 18 months, public policy will play an abnormally large role in insulating whether, how, and which borrowers default....and which do not.
We can help with that.
Stay ahead of the curve regarding COVID-19 policy. Subscribe to the PolicyScope Platform today.
Seeking daily data-driven macrotrend analysis? Subscribe for the PolicyScope Risk Monitor.
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Mindfulness & Meditation Techniques
Mindfulness & Meditation for kids.
Children's Mindfulness & Meditation Services
Assisting Ages of Toddler to Teen
One-On-One Session for Emotional Balancing &
Self-Regulation Skills
Supporting children suffering and coping with Covid-19 trauma, homeschooling frustration, bullying, social integration, test & homework anxiety, schedule exhaustion, emotional trauma, ADD, ADHD, SPD, The Autistic Spectrum, and more.
Teresa holds various certifications specializing in Mindfulness & Meditation training. Including, the International Studies of Connected Kids & Renowned Mindful Teachers Program.
For All Ages.
Customized one-on-one sessions utilizing the breath, tactile, and cognitive techniques that teach children how to recognize their own stress triggers and understand how to self-regulate their body and emotional state.
10 Awesome Benefits of Mindfulness & Meditation Techniques for Children & Teens:
1. Learn Core Emotional Regulation Skills
Kids/Teens who learn to meditate are able to learn 'core skills' necessary for emotional regulation such as proper breathing, slowing the heart-rate, identifying symptoms of anxiety or sympathetic nervous system arousal, and 'centering' themselves in the here and now.
Some research suggests that meditation has both neurological and physiological benefits that can help kids on the Autism spectrum and those diagnosed with ADHD.
2. Reduce Stress & Anxiety
The practice of meditation can help to reduce stress and anxiety in children.
Teaching children to focus on their breath and other calming techniques can give them the tools to come back to a calm, present state anytime, day or night.
3. Opportunity to Unplug
Kids are people too, which means that they get stressed and overwhelmed just as much as adults do. They may even be more stressed than adults, as kids don’t have the proper language or coping mechanisms to deal with their struggles.
Which is exactly where meditation for kids comes into play. Meditation is an opportunity for a child to unplug and just feel. It gives them coping mechanisms for dealing with stressful situations, and it helps their minds and bodies unite in one calming exercise. Teaching meditation to children can help improve their performance in school, their sleep patterns, and their overall emotional regulation.
4. Changes the Brain
Research has shown that when children practice meditation on a regular basis, it can change the brain. There is neuroplasticity. What this means is that our brains are not as fixed as once thought. Through meditation, brain centers for emotions and executive functioning can be changed and help children in a variety of ways.
It can also help children regulate their emotions, thereby having fewer meltdowns, reduce their impulsivity, and improve concentration and focus. Very helpful with children diagnosed with ADHD or ADD.
5. Learn How to Breathe Properly
From a health perspective, deep breathing which is characteristic of many meditation routines is also incredibly helpful. Even for adults, breathing properly is something not many of us know how to do! So kids that learn how to breathe properly will likely carry this sub-conscious habit into their teens and adulthood, which can only be beneficial.
6. Build Emotional & Psychological Resilience
Over the life span, meditation has a significant and positive impact, we are seeing that when kids are introduced to meditation, just like learning a foreign language at a young age, the skill remains with them for life. It can easily be deduced that by learning meditation as a child, the child is set in the right direction to understand their thoughts, feelings, and their physical relationship within the body, they come to understand and experience the interconnectedness of all of them. Harnessing this kind of awareness as a child is a preventative tool that will allow the child greater emotional and psychological resilience as they grow into a happy and well-adjusted adulthood.
7. Increases Focus
Meditation calms our body's alarm system, which allows an increase in focus on the present moment. Because some meditation may require kids to focus on their breathing or focus on a word or on a sound for a duration of time, this helps to increase attention span to focus on completing things in the moment.
8. Improves Sleep
Kids/Teens who practice meditation can strengthen their immune system, lower stress, and even improve their sleeping.
In fact, the best times to meditate are right when you wake up and right before you go to sleep. Meditating before bed allows for deeper sleep, keeping your child well-rested and prepared for school or other activities.
9. Boost Physical & Emotional Health
Meditation can be a powerful tool for any parent who is looking to help boost their child’s physical and emotional health.
Firstly, meditation has powerful positive implications on our physical health. People who meditate regularly have more effective immune systems, less frequent headaches, lower blood pressure, fewer aches and pains, and several other physical benefits.
Secondly, meditation has been proven to help with emotional health. Regular meditative practice can lower the rates of anxiety and depression, lengthen attention span, help children to become more self-aware, and can also help boost their self-esteem.
10. Improves Academic Performance
Practiced meditation creates long-term neurological (brain) changes. This means kids, and adults, need regular practice (preferably 5 days a week for at least 15 minutes), rather than just once a week which is unlikely to be effective. Meditation is like any other skill; repetition is needed to build it.
These changes include:
Kids feel calmer and can control their emotions better
Kids have an increased emotional capacity to deal with stressful events such as exams or personal problems
Behavior is improved
Lower levels of depression and anxiety
School attendance improves
Improved memory
For the above reasons, (which are visible on brain scans of regular meditators) meditation has enormous potential for improving academic performance in schools.
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Dog disease: Acral lick dermatitis in dogs
Dog disease: Acral lick dermatitis in dogs
Acral lick dermatitis in dogs – Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Acral lick dermatitis in dogs is a condition brought by the pet himself when he excessively licks a portion of the skin. It is the result of chronic or compulsive licking. Also known as lick granuloma, it usually causes skin inflammation which will eventually lead to skin thickening. At least half of the cases of acral lick dermatitis (ALD) are associated with anxiety-based behaviors such as separation anxiety or noise phobia.
What causes acral lick dermatitis in dogs?
The disease is more common in middle-aged or very large dogs. This does not mean, however, that it cannot be acquired by any other dog, small or young. There are several reasons why a dog acquires ALD.
Some believe that the licking stimulates the production of endorphins, which provides the sensation of well-being. The dog will soon associate this sensation of pleasure with excessive licking. There can be, of course, another cause for licking such as ticks, mites, arthritis, trauma, or some neurological disease.
Experts attribute acral lick dermatitis in dogs to some psychological factors too. These include boredom, separation anxiety, and stress.
What are the symptoms of acral lick dermatitis?
Before making a diagnosis, it is important to determine what is the cause of excessive licking in your dog. You must first note that your dog is licking excessively on a given portion of his skin. This part of the skin becomes thick, red, and irritated. It is also important to keep track of the times that your dog started licking and how often. The veterinarian will probably ask this question before starting treatment.
What is the treatment if my dog has acral lick dermatitis?
Unfortunately, acral lick dermatitis in dogs is pretty difficult to treat. It will usually take from 6 to 12 weeks for it to completely heal if a bacterial or fungal infection is causing it. This is why it is important to take your pet to the vet as soon as you see any abnormal licking behavior.
The most challenging part of the treatment probably has to do with dealing with the underlying psychological cause of the behavior. Usually, the veterinarian will use a mechanical method to avoid the constant licking. These methods might include a muzzle, a special collar, or bandage.
The veterinarian will usually start with antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, and a mechanical or topical barrier. This deterrent barrier is not with the purpose of healing the condition but to allow the medication to make an effect on the patient.
In Dogalize we love pets as much as you do. This is why we have updated information on how to better care for your dog and avoid him getting infected with conditions such as acral lick dermatitis in dogs.
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• Celine Louis
Racism in the Arab world: the plight of migrant workers
Updated: Jul 25, 2020
After the death of George Floyd sparked Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, the movement spread across the world. In the Middle East the movement targeted the kafala system. The kafala system is a legal arrangement in which migrant workers get sponsored by their employer for legal residence in the country. The system is infamous, because the sponsor effectively has the power to withhold wages and refuse them family visits. Last year Amnesty International reported that migrant workers who worked on the construction of the Al Bayt Stadium in Qatar for the 2022 FIFA World Championship went without wages for up to seven months.[1] The kafala system is used in Lebanon, Jordan and the GCC States.[2]
Colonial history
The kafala system is the main labour migration management system in the Middle East, affecting millions of migrants. The system emerged from the Bedouin principles of hospitality, which set obligations on the treatment and protection of foreign guests. But the current system has little to no relationship with the traditional Islamic concept.
Historian Al-Shehabi documented how the British colonial rulers introduced a system of sponsorship in the GCC States from the 1920s. They combined Islamic custom and colonial rule and the kafala system was born. Originally the principle meant institutionalising a patronage of a prominent local over the weak and vulnerable. The principle was not applied to labour in Ottoman codified Shari’a law.
The current use of the system diverged so dramatically that some, such as anthropologist Elizabeth Franz, have argued that the use of the word kafala only works as a ‘veneer of legitimacy’ or an invented tradition. An essential element of the classical version of the system is that the sponsor does not charge for their services. The current ‘use’ of the principle is no longer based on trust and protection, and therefore might actually violate key principles of the law.[3]
The legal system
In the system, all migrant workers enter into a contract with an institution or employer in which they receive an entry visa and a residence permit in exchange for their obligation to work for their designated sponsor. Kafala means sponsorship, responsibility or answerableness. The sponsored persons are restricted to their sponsor, while they are in the state and cannot change jobs, work or leave the country without the permission of their sponsor.
As a result, the sponsor has a certain power over their employee, which can result in abusive practices. The system requires the sponsor to assume full economic and legal responsibility for their employee during the contract period.
Officially the residence sponsor has the responsibility to grant permission to the sponsored person to leave the State. The system has been likened to modern slavery because the worker’s salary, living accommodations, meals and their ability to return home are being controlled by their employer.[4]
The sponsored person cannot open a bank account, renew a driving license or buy a car without the sponsors consent. The sponsored person needs permission of their sponsor to live together with their spouse or even to bring them to visit. The sponsored person does not have the right to participate in free education or own real estate.
In 2009 the Qatari Law prohibited the confiscation of passports, except for visa and immigration processing. The maximum amount of working hours is 44 hours per week, except during Ramadan, then it’s 36. However, because it is difficult to enforce this rule, the confiscation of passports still takes place.
Vulnerable migrant workers
The system mostly employs migrants in the construction, domestic work and service industries. Among the countries using the system are Kuwait, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates.
Some public institutions use the system in a discriminatory way, classifying contracts for contractors of America, Canada and Europe separately from contractors for the third world countries. The employees from third world countries appear to be willing to work for far less than the average wage in the country.
Moreover, the migrant workers are usually not able to seek legal support if they are abused or assaulted by their employer, because the labour legislation does not extend to domestic work.
When the employment relation is broken a sponsored person will have no legal basis to stay. The sponsor can effectively threaten their employee with expulsion and exploit them under that threat.
Abdullah al-Madani wrote in his book Asian Migrant Labour in the Gulf (2004) that because of discrimination in some departments influential individuals know that they will not be penalised. He also highlighted that not every sponsor is aware of the rights of migrant workers. He mostly blamed recruitment agencies for not protecting and informing their clients.
Black Lives Matter in Lebanon
About 250,000 migrant workers reside in Lebanon, most from sub-Saharan African countries and southeast Asian countries. However, thousands more could be living in the country undocumented. Early June Lebanon was forced to provide shelter for abandoned migrants, who spent many days outside of the Ethiopian consulate sleeping outside. Dumped on the streets by their employers, who could no longer provide for them, because of the economic crisis in the country. States like Ethiopia and the Philippines have organised repatriations of migrant workers from Lebanon.
The economic crisis in Lebanon is rapidly devaluating the currency, with some afraid that the currency might hyper inflate. Effectively this means that the already underpaid migrant workers are being paid even less and unable to send their families back home money. But the problem is bigger than that, with the currency devaluating food prices rose rapidly. Food inflation rose 190% in May from a year earlier.[5]
The migrant workers are often referred to as el sirlajiye li 3ande’ which means ‘the Sri Lankan I have’ regardless of the nationality of the employee. The word ‘adeed’, which means ‘slave’, is still regularly used to describe black people as well.[6] In April 2020 a Facebook post of a man trying to sell a migrant worker sparked international outrage. The man was arrested under the Lebanon’s human trafficking laws. IMF is currently negotiating a 10 billion USD bailout. [7]
In the same month, in Beirut the body of domestic worker Faustina Tay was found in a car park under her employer’s home. She had sent a desperate message to an activist group a month before about the abuse she was suffering at the hands of her Lebanese employers. The woman from Ghana was 23 when she died. Her death was ruled a suicide, which some, like the newspaper Beirut Today doubt to be true.[8]These examples illustrate the racism engrained in the language used and the real effect that has on the lives of the migrant workers.
Médecins Sans Frontières has voiced concern for the migrant workers in a report in early July. Access to healthcare is restricted, especially their mental health, because so many of the migrant workers are women who have suffered physical and sexual abuse. In April MSF launched an emergency medical helpline for migrants affected by the COVID-19 crisis.[9]
The Anti-Racism Movement is an activist group in Lebanon fighting for the rights of migrant workers. The group was founded in 2010, following a racist incident at a well-known private beach resort. They have criticised the involvement of the Ministry of Labour in the issue. The ministry is planning on releasing an amended version of the Standard Unified Contract, which in theory regulates the working relationship between migrant domestic workers and their sponsors. The group believes that the new contract will not change much, because it will not be accompanied other measures to end kafala, such as an accessible and transparent complaints mechanism for workers.
So why does the system still exist?
GCC citizens considered the kafala system as an ordinary procedural system that is important for the internal security of the State. They consider the abuses to be the exceptions to the rule.
The system is an effective way to control migrant workers in countries where they often outnumber the natives. Allowing transfer of sponsorship would open the way for economic loses on the part of the sponsor, like an immigrant worker leaving before the job they were hired to do was finished. GCC citizens do not see migrant workers as migrants, but as ‘temporary workers’ or ‘expatriate manpower’.
GCC citizens disagree with the term ‘slavery’. They believe that Human Rights Charters, might be a way to colonize them in a modern dress.
Moreover, slavery was not abolished in Arab Gulf countries until the 1960s. The local customs still reflect this recent history and the countries are lacking in anti-discrimination laws. Public debate about this practice was absent for a long time, but started around 2010 and gained more attention this year. Before the global Black Lives Matter protests the existence of racism against black people was largely denied, which made discussing the reform or abolishment of this system all the more difficult.
Cover image: https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/society/2018/6/26/protesters-march-for-domestic-workers-rights-in-lebanon
[1] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/firm-banned-qatar-world-cup-projects-unpaid-salaries-200611135511704.html [2] https://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice/docs/132/PB2.pdf [3] Franz Elizabeth Exporting Subservience: Sri Lankan Women's Migration for Domestic Work in Jordan , (Department of Anthropology, London School of Economics2011) [4] https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/06/14/middle-east-end-sponsored-gateway-human-trafficking [5] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-10/lebanon-fences-off-more-of-its-economy-against-currency-crisis [6] https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200609-black-lives-should-matter-in-the-middle-east-too-so-where-is-the-rage/ [7] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/lebanon-arrests-suspect-putting-nigerian-worker-sale-200423135002619.html [8] https://beirut-today.com/2020/06/12/racism-lebanon-blm/ [9] https://www.msf.org/covid-19-and-economic-downfall-reveal-mental-health-crisis-lebanon
At the time of writing, Celine Louis is an MA History and Intensive Arabic Student at SOAS London.. Her interests are 19th and 20th century history, and Middle Eastern affairs.
The student project covering international relations and foreign affairs
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The first natives of the Ancient Phokaia settlement in the place of today's Old Foça are known as the immigrants who came from the Phokis environs in Greece. Phokaia which had two ports had grown in a short time and became one of the most important port cities of the ancient times. The city lost strength during the Persian rule in West Anatolia and could only join the lonian Revolt in 500-494 B.C. with three ships. Afterwards the city maintained it's free status, however the damage that the Persians caused was so great that Phokaia never regained its original magnificence.
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Vamana Temple Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh
Built during the Chandela dynasty around circa 1050-75
The Vamana Temple
Vamana Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India
Built during the Chandela dynasty around circa 1050-75, the Vamana Temple is another example of brilliant temple architecture, falling under the Eastern group of the Khajuraho temples. Dedicated to Vamana, the fifth incarnation of Vishnu and also the first incarnation where Vishnu came in a full human form (in the the form of a dwarf brahmin).
Legend says that Vamana came to earth to give back the authority of the celestial world back to Lord Indra, after the benevolent Asura King, Bali, took over the control of all the three worlds, viz. heaven, earth and the underworld.
The exterior of the Vamana Temple has double walls with intricate carvings of apsaras in various sensual poses or other carvings depicting everyday life, like musicians, dancers, women preening in front of a mirror, etc.
The main doorway is carved with four armed Vamans. The temple is a sandstone structure with mortise and tenon joints to hold the adjacent stones together. Quite similar to the five section plan of the other temples in the area, the vamana temple has a central chamber-the sanctum, an atrium, a mahamandapa, a central towering spire – shikhara and a porch leading to the main temple entrance. There are even framed niches studded with diamonds instead of sculptures
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Module 02 Written Assignment Literary Analysis Of Modernist Literature 19862019
Write a 2-page literary analysis of one of the short stories from the assigned readings for Module 02, explaining how the author used characteristics of modernist literature or dystopian elements to create the dominant theme of the short story. You should include two of the terms used in your Module 02 literary terms exercise, and highlight the unique elements utilized in either modernist or dystopian fiction from your reading this week. Consider the following: What was the main theme of your chosen story? (This is the main idea or message of the story). Examples of theme might be man vs. technology, man vs. nature, love, death, coming of age, freedom, the hero or heroines quest, etc. If you chose a dystopian story, what vision of the future did the reading reflect? Which of the literary terms or characteristics of modernist fiction did you find in your chosen story? (See your lesson content and exercise in Module 02 for more on these).
The Story of an Hour KATE CHOPIN
Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death.
It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences; veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husbands friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallards name leading the list of killed. He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message.
She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sisters arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.
Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her willas powerless as her two white slender hands would have been.
When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath: free, free, free! The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.
There would be no one to live for her during those coming years: she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination.
Free! Body and soul free! she kept whispering.
Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole, imploring for admission. Louise, open the door! I beg; open the dooryou will make yourself ill. What are you doing, Louise? For heavens sake open the door.
Go away. I am not making myself ill. No; she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window.
She arose at length and opened the door to her sisters importunities. There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sisters waist, and together they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the bottom.
Some one was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who entered, a little travel-stained, composedly carrying his gripsack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of accident, and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed at Josephines piercing cry; at Richards quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife.
But Richards was too late.
When the doctors came they said she had died of heart diseaseof joy that kills.
The post Module 02 Written Assignment Literary Analysis Of Modernist Literature 19862019 appeared first on My Perfect Tutors.
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A brief view about the Continent of Antarctica
Geography and some basic things about Antarctica Continent
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent. Geographically it contains the South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,200,000 square kilometres (5,500,000 square miles), Antarctica Continent nearly twice the size of Australia and it is the fifth-largest continent. At 0.00008 people per square kilometre, it is by far the least densely populated continent.
The Continent of the Antarctica has now, although there are seven nations in the world that claim different parts of the Continent of the Antarctica: France, New Zealand, Norway, Australia, the Argentina, United Kingdom and Chile. The Continent of Antarctica also includes island territories within the Antarctic Convergence.
Area of Continent:
14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi)
Population of Continent:
Population density:
0.00008/km2 (0.0002/sq mi)
The Continent of the Antarctica is about 98% covered by the ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.
On the basis of the average the Continent of Antarctica, is the driest, coldest and windiest continent in the world, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Most of Antarctica is a polar desert, with annual precipitation of 200 mm (7.9 in) along the coast and far less inland; there has been no rain there for almost 2 million years that is the too long time, yet the world’s 80% freshwater reserves are stored there. -89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) temperature has reached in the Continent of the Antarctica (or even from the space as measured −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −64 °C (−82 °F). Anywhere throughout the year from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside at research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of fungi, bacteria, Protista, algae and plants, and certain type of animals, such as seals, nematodes, mites ,penguins and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.
The Continent of the Antarctica is a de facto condominium that is governed by the parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status.
In 1959 there were twelve countries by those Antarctic treaty was signed, and since then thirty-eight have signed it. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear waste disposal, nuclear explosions, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's eco-zone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from.
In recorded history Antarctica is to be noted as the last region on Earth to be discovered, Until 1820 it was when the Russian expedition of Fabian Mikhail Lazarev and Gottlieb von Bellingshausen on Mirny and Vostok sighted the Shelf of the Fimbul ice. However, for the rest of the 19th century the continent of the Antarctica was largely neglected because of its isolation, hostile environment and lack of easily accessible resources. In 1895, the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians.
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Molding the Peasantry on the Road to Modernity: State and Peasant Relations in Russia and the Soviet Union
By Sophia Hernandez Tragesser
2020, Vol. 12 No. 11 | pg. 1/1
This paper examines the peasantry's response to modernization measures taken by Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the pursuit of modernity, the Tsarist Russian and early Soviet regimes altered the nature of the peasantry through domestic policy and reactions to international crises. The shifting social spheres among peasants prompted two reactions: resistance to governmental forces or adaptation to the new order to maximize personal gain. In both cases, peasants exerted great agency over their situations and although subject to governmental structures which upended tradition, found new ways to navigate their world and achieve socio-economic gains.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, post-Enlightenment Europe espoused the notion of modernity as a central tenant of contemporary absolutist regimes. In Russia, Peter the Great and Catherine II sought to modernize Russia, which required distancing from the international reputation of Russian backwardness. The concept of modernity sought by Imperialist Russia was a reflection of Western Europe’s new understanding of political nature, social contracts, and economic sophistication which demanded rapid industrialization and liberal social reforms. Likewise, achieving modernity was a central aim of the Soviet Union; however, for Lenin and Stalin modernity was not an image of the West, but a rather a socialist, industrial utopia capable of leading the world– including the West– into Communism. In the pursuit of modernity, both the Tsarist and socialist regimes altered the nature of the peasantry through political and economic maneuvers. The rapidly changing essence of the peasantry, dictated by the pragmatic demands of domestic and international crises, created instability in the countryside among other intolerable conditions. The peasantry, in response to the pangs felt from modernization, reacted in one of two ways: by resisting the governmental forces or by harnessing the new order for personal gains. In both cases, peasants exerted agency over their situation by limiting the power of the government in controlling the nature of the peasantry and by utilizing their present circumstances for socio-economic mobility.
The Russian drive toward modernity prompted Alexander II to relinquished Russia’s feudal economy by emancipating the serfs. The 1861 Emancipation Manifesto endowed the lowest class with new claims to citizenship and land, in accordance with the liberal ideals and changing economies of Europe. In the late 19th century, Minister Sergei Witte introduced a new wave of industrial and transportation reforms in addition to a drastic change in the economic structure of the peasantry. Witte abolished the communal Mir and implemented the privatized English system of land for the peasantry. The English model enabled successful peasants to buy out land from their less profitable neighbors then hire landless peasants as agricultural wage-earners. The distinction between landowner and wage worker soon stratified the peasantry and created modern class divisions the Russian economy. Urbanization, along with the development of a working and middle class, brought Russia into a new age of social modernity, making up for the slow transition from feudalism to capitalism. Witte’s reforms elevated Imperial Russia to a position which resembled the modern West.
In 1904-1905, the Russo-Japanese War occupied the Russians in a disadvantageous battle, resulting in 80,000 casualties and the destruction of their navy.1 The Romanov embarrassment brought to light the empire’s many weaknesses and created an opportunity for political maneuvering by periphery groups. Unable to maintain a duality of economic modernity and archaic politics sought by Witte and Stolypin, the regime was challenged by the political efficacy and expectations among the peasantry and urbanites alike. The peasants, along with industrial workers and the new radical intellectual elite rallied against Nicholas II after Bloody Sunday. The resulting October Manifesto conceded elements of political modernity to the masses through a recognition of basic civil rights, establishing the Duma, and creating a multiparty system in Russia.
The October Manifesto is evidence that the masses– at the time composed 86 percent by peasantry – successfully resisted state mandates on the nature of the peasantry. The peasantry asserted modern political rights and powers, which elevated the role of peasant beyond that of passive workfolk crafted by the state, and closer to the nature of independent political actor, albeit subdued.
Despite concerns from political allies of Nicholas II such as Peter Durnovo, the decrepit monarchy embraced the war as a last opportunity to assert Russian modernity for the world to see. The regime’s decision to enter the Great War endowed a new role to the nature of peasantry: soldier. Although the engagement first brought on a period of nationalism and revived morale, strategic follies and mass casualties quickly exhausted the peasantry. The already demoralizing campaign reached a low after the incredibly costly Brusilov Offensive. The thin Russian line, comprised mainly of peasants, suffered two million casualties. The large loss of life among peasant men caused famines and labor shortages in the countryside, which compounded in the cities. With cries for bread, urban women workers sparked mass riots in Petrograd, which spread the Revolution across Russia.
When Lenin returned to the country after the February Revolution, he took immediate actions to gain the peasantry’s allegiance, knowing that their support offered either a critical asset or a potentially detrimental liability. Lenin’s initial vision of modern revolution was prefaced on equality for workers and peasants alike, with power held in the hands of the masses.2 However, Lenin’s ideal was challenged by the dissent of peasantry and the sobering reality of an economy under siege. The Green Army, composed of peasant militias, militarily opposed the Bolsheviks during the Civil War. Participants in the Green Army offered Lenin’s plans for creating a proletariat by rearranging the peasantry and instead used force to promote another end.
In 1919, the tide of the war turned in favor of the Bolsheviks. However, winning the war would demand total domination over resources by the Bolsheviks. Lenin implement War Communism, which treated the peasantry as mere producers, and maximized resources through mass grain requisition and terror. The policy devastated the countryside, which in turn could not produce for the urban communities. On the cusp of another rebellion, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921 as a concession to the peasantry. The NEP returned small retail and private ownership rights to individuals and expanded the privileges of the peasantry to include farming for profit.3 This expansion of the nature of peasantry to include basic elements of economic autonomy beyond sole production for the proletariat was a necessary step taken by Lenin to push towards modernity without risking a peasant rebellion which could topple the regime. Peasants quickly took on the role of profiteer and succeed, which prompted the restoration of a wealthier tier within the peasantry. The emergence of new kulaks and Nepmen indicate the peasantry’s capability to identify and pursue advantageous roles and position oneself well within new economic orders.
Despite the NEP’s many successes, the War Scare of 1927 and the subsequent year of poor agricultural output gave Stalin an opportunity to change policy. Stalin’s brand of communism was hyper focused on modernity. However, Stalin’s vision of modernity militantly emphasized the importance of unique a Soviet path, which demanded a total divorce from capitalistic elements of the NEP. Exemplified in Stalin’s “On Soviet Industrialization” speech, the failure to modernize would destroy the Soviet Union, and with it socialism, from the face of the earth.4 Therefore, if modernity demanded no capitalism, then the very existence of the Soviet Union required a violent irradiation of capitalism.
In Stalin’s repeal of the NEP and implementation of the First Five Year Plan, he forcefully revoked Lenin’s understanding of the peasantry in the name of achieving Soviet modernity. Under Stalin, the essence of peasantry no longer tolerated a gradient of wealth. For Stalin, modernity could only be reached through a pure socialist surge in industry, not aided by transitional capitalism. The Five Year Plan implemented rapid and coerced collectivization and ruthless industrialization. In the first months of 1930, collectivization enraged tens of thousands of peasants, prompting over 13,000 instances of mass protest or resistance.5 The peasants resistance to grain seizure and the cultural loss accompanied with modernization forced Stalin to buckle. Although his policies remained, Stalin’s “Dizzy with Success” acknowledgment granted a short-term victory to the peasants, and a quiet recognition of a flaw within his policy.6
While dekulakization and grain requisition traumatically uprooted structures from the old countryside, previously marginalized peasants utilized the new policies of ‘proletarian promotion’.7 Though policies within the government, Komsomol, and universities strongly preferred individuals from previously lowly backgrounds setting the precedent for a new order, the kolkhoz peasants chose to accept kulaks as class enemies and incarnate class consciousness as a means for personal advancement. Peasants who attended university established a new white-collar class capable of further industrialization. They were the actors who established a modern Soviet hierarchy with peasant and worker hegemony, a measure far beyond the capacity of general state policy. Their exercise of social mobility and self-interest within an authoritarian structure both defied the ideological collective vision of the proletariat while maintaining life within the structure, so to optimize the capability for personal gains.
The peasantry’s ability to simultaneously maneuver within a system which for the sake of modernity manipulates the peasantry is an indication that despite strong policies, no regime successfully molded the peasantry to its liking. However liberal their reforms may have appeared, Imperial Russia could not force the peasantry to desire the English land model, moreover the consequential wealth stratification within their class. Despite the reliance on peasant soldiers and producers to achieve modernity, neither the autocracy nor Bolsheviks could maintain control over the peasantry during war. And when the Stalinist regime demanded a fifty-year jump in modernity made in only ten, the peasantry ultimately created class enemies and assert new social hierarchies in the pursuit of personal gains while operating within the national drive toward modernity.
Ball, A. (2006). Building a new state and society: NEP, 1921–1928. In R. Suny (Ed.),The Cambridge History of Russia(The Cambridge History of Russia, pp. 168-191). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521811446.008
Fitzpatrick, Sheila “The Bolshevik Invention of Class,” in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed. The Structure of Soviet History: Essays and Documents, 172-187
Perrie, Lieven, Suny, Perrie, Maureen, Lieven, D. C. B, and Suny, Ronald Grigor.Cambridge History of Russia: The Twentieth Century Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Nagy, Zsolt. Lecture 1 Overview of Imperial Russia and Its Legacies. February 6, 2020.
Stalin, Joseph. “Dizzy with Success: Concerning Questions of the Collective Farm Movement” in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed. The Structure of Soviet History: Essays and Documents, 230
Suny, Ronald Grigor ed. The Structure of Soviet History: Essays and Documents
2.) Suny, Ronald Grigor ed. The Structure of Soviet History: Essays and Documents. Page 64-69.
4.) Stalin, Joseph. “On Soviet Industrialization.”
5.) Suny, Ronald Grigor ed. The Structure of Soviet History: Essays and Documents. Page 231.
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The problem of migration is one of the most urgent ones in the modern world. As a rule, people migrate voluntarily. In the USSR, however, migration against people's free will was quite a widespread phenomenon. Thus, many Russians found themselves in the Baltic Soviet Socialist Republics. The USSR broke up, but the consequences of... MORE»
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Germans buried in Loigny
Commemoration in the name of fraternity
Keeping the memory alive
The duty of remembering the past is respected each year with the ceremonies held on 2 December in Loigny-la-Bataille.
The commemorations assemble civil, military and religious authorities. Always bringing a message of peace, it constitutes an opportunity to pay tribute to the memory of the fallen.
The memory trail
The memory trail, composed of 10 information points, was opened on 2 December 2007. The trail reveals the iconic sites of the battle of Loigny. An orientation table has been installed to allow people to understand the importance of the fighting on 2 December 1870.
This memory trail was created by the association called Les amis de Sonis-Loigny and the Town hall of Loigny-la-Bataille. It was jointly financed by the community of towns of Beauce d’Orgères, Pays Dunois, Pays de Beauce and the European programme “Leader”.
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Is mathematics invented or discovered
There has been a dearth of philosophical threads recently in GD, so I am going to try to correct that :slight_smile:
Summary of the debate inside spoiler tag for those not familiar with it:
Basically the debate is largely based on refuting the other side’s position.
If mathematics is invented then the main retort is why does it work so well? Why is it we can use our man-made mathematics to build bridges and launch spaceships? In fact, we have often predicted phenomena from abstract mathematics.
OTOH if mathematics is discovered, how is it discovered? What did we actually see to make us think of quaternions, or complex numbers, say?
Quite a lot of books have been written about this topic but most just compile many examples, and the arguments are not much more sophisticated than I’ve presented here.
Many mathematicians and physicists quite like the idea of mathematics being “out there” and so go for option 2. In terms of the counter-argument, in as far as any engage with it, they suggest we have some sort of “mathematical intuition” that happened to fall out of evolution because our brains were made in a mathematical universe.[/spoiler]
Here’s my view: it’s invented. It’s better to think of mathematics as a verb than a noun: it’s a toolkit for manipulation information and deriving non-obvious facts from obvious facts. Essentially formalizing and building on our reasoning power, which is obviously very useful.
But it would be trivial to define a branch of mathematics that doesn’t “work” – that gives incorrect predictions about the external universe. The reason our mathematics does not do this is that new mathematics must follow certain rules of basic logic e.g. self-consistency.
So indeed it is a fact about the external universe that it follows fundamental logic (e.g. it’s self-consistent) but that’s a much smaller claim than saying every branch of mathematics actually exists “out there”.
I am aware of the standard retort to this position: that I’m alluding to Logicism and that was soundly defeated in the early-mid 20th century. I have a response, but I’ll put it in a separate post so that the OP is not too long.
I guess I’d say the axioms are invented and the theorems are then discovered.
Mathmatical formulae are merely expressions of natural truths (the state of nature) and are therefore not inventions and cannot be patented.
As with most subjects like this the truth is in the middle and not on either edge.
But where in nature are these “natural truths”? Where is a physical example of a geometrically precise circle, for example? Not just “very very very very close to circular”, but absolutely perfect in its circularity.
Sure, we initially derive these ideal mathematical constructs from the characteristics of actual physical objects, but I think it’s skipping a pretty important step to ignore the difference between their real existence and our perfected abstractions.
(Oh look, here we are back in this cave again. Oh well, at least there’s a nice fire.)
Mathematics is about relationships and proportions. They exist. We discover these relationships, like pi. When we add or subtract, multiply, divide or find a square root, we are again merely discovering truths that exist in nature.
Here: Pi
This argument is prefectly circular. :stuck_out_tongue:
Both those abstractions are a long way from existing physically “in nature”, though. Your “state of nature” is defined so broadly that it’s hard to see how you’re differentiating between “inventing” and “discovering”.
Pi, for example, is an abstract concept of ratio between a (perfect) circle’s circumference and diameter. Nobody was ever, say, walking through the woods and found a pi.
Yes, it’s an abstract universal constant of our universe. And if intelligent lifeforms exist outside of Earth they would have discovered Pi too, but they would not have an understanding of say, President Trump, who physically exists in nature.
In what way does that make it “discovered” rather than “invented”? Language is universal to human beings, for example: does that mean that we “discovered” language rather than “invented” it? You still don’t seem to be defining this “abstract universal constant” in a way that makes any meaningful distinction between discovery and invention.
(And of course, the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter depends on what kind of space you’re in: it can be different in positively or negatively curved space than in Euclidean space, for example. Is non-zero space curvature “discovered” or “invented”?)
Not sure what that has to do with your point, actually. Are you saying that the intelligent aliens couldn’t discover Trump, or couldn’t invent him?
Donald Trump is a physical thing composed of water and flesh, which are composed of molecules which are composed of atoms which are composed of electrons/protons/neutrons which are composed of gluons etc. which are composed of things which can be best described using mathematical relationships. So I don’t see a clear line of division between the abstract and the physical. Maybe there is, though. I would like to be persuaded.
Intelligent Aliens could discover trump because he exists. On the one hand they can’t invent him because he already exists. But maybe they could independently invent him.??
Well, a falling apple is the classical example…
The inside angles of a square are 90 degrees. Does this number “exist” out there as some universal constant?
One difference is this answer is basically self-evidently obvious to humans from how we define squares and radial coordinates, but why should the universe care about what’s obvious to us? And if 90 is a constant then so is an infinity of numbers (I’m not sure which “aleph”)
Let’s say aliens were to come to earth tomorrow and say that in their geometry-based language, the ratio of diameter and circumference is very intuitive, and they don’t see the point of trying to represent it in digits…are they wrong?
A few places.
1. The trace of a rotation of any polygon in 2D space
2. The sum of all velocity vectorsfor an object in an elliptic orbit.
3. Euler’s Formula
Now if you claim that a circle, to be perfect, would require a plane with infinite number of points to represent you are arguing convention geometrically precise circle and not the natural effects of the math.
While I don’t know if this is your point, if it is you are begging the question as it does not change the fact that any polygon’s traced path when rotated in a 2D plane produces a circle.
Rotational invariance in a plane; or the unit circle in the complex plane being related and e^πi + 1 = 0 will arise from “natural math”
I missed the edit window
*arguing convention geometrically precise
should be
arguing for a definition that is purely convention
To repeat what I posted on the previous closed thread:
– Einstein
The classic paper on the subject is The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences by Eugene Wigner.
A quote and a link…what’s the actual argument?
If it’s just that maths is incredibly useful in the real world…I think everyone knows that, and I mentioned it in the OP.
But why is mathematics incredibly useful in the real world? This is the whole essence of the question in the OP.
Wigner laid out many of the basic arguments and possibilities, and his paper is worth reading.
Either -
Mathematics exists as an external attribute of the universe, independent of the human mind - in which case it is discovered, not invented.
Or -
The human mind is so fundamentally a part of rest of the universe that our pure creative thought can predict how the universe behaves. As Einstein clearly put it,
In this case mathematics is invented, but because the mind is not a separate entity from the universe, the creations of the mind can be incredibly useful in understanding external phenomena.
This question has been debated in detail and at length for decades by top scientists and mathematicians, without any consensus emerging.
I’d say neither, rather that it is defined, refined and formalised.
A bit like how colours aren’t really invented. They are simply the result of different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation and so every possible colour has the potential to exist. Scientific discovery allows us to clearly define, predict and produce them.
I think mathematical truths do exist, but they do not exist “in nature.”
I think some people are reluctant to saying that mathematics is discovered because of their philosophical commitment to materialism: the belief that only the material world can be said to exist or be discoverable.
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State Bird Of California
State Bird Of California
California Quail Also known as the Valley Quail Became the official State Bird Of California in 1931. A widely distributed and prized game bird, California Quail is known for its hardiness and adaptability. Plump, gray-colored and smaller than a pigeon, the California State Bird “California quail” sports a downward curving black plume on top of its head and black bib with white stripe under the beak.
Flocks number from a few to 60 or more in the fall and winter season months, but in the spring season, it breaks into pairs. State Bird Of California “California Quail” nest in hollows scratched in the ground and concealed by foliage, and their eggs, 6 to 28 in number. “California Quail” birds have a cluster of overlapping feathers on top of their small heads that curl into a U shape. They have short necks; wide wings; and a long, square tail. State Bird Of California mainly eat seeds, berries, and flowers.
The animals also chow down snails and small insects like caterpillars, beetles, and millipedes. California State Bird California quail spend most of their time on the ground, though they’ll burst into the flight to avoid predators. State Bird Of California travel in small groups called coveys until spring when they pair off for the breeding season. Females lay white eggs with brown markings. Some nests have as many as 28 eggs, because females “egg dump,” which means they lay eggs in other bird’s nests.
California Quail Characteristics & Breed Information:
Official California State Bird: California Quai
Other Names: Topknot Quail, Valley Quail, Crested Quail, California Partridge
Scientific Name: Callipepla californica
Length: 10″ (25 cm)
Diet: Seeds, foliage, acorns, fruit; insects, spiders, snails, etc., account for <5% of the diet.
Habitat: Common in open woodlands, brushy foothills, stream valleys, suburbs, usually near permanent water source; broken chaparral, woodland edges, coastal scrub, parks, estates, farms.
Displays: Courtship: male bows, fluffs feathers, droops wings and, with tail spread, may rush toward the female. Males often fight.
Number of broods: 1, 2 in exceptionally favorable years.
Eggs: Averages 12-16 white to creamy eggs, marked with dull browns. 1.2″ (31 mm).
Incubation period: 18-23 days
Fledge: 10 days after hatching
Longevity Record: 6 Years and 11 months (according to USGS Bird Banding Lab but they no longer present data for game birds, because they are no longer banded with USGS bands)
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Question: What Are The Different Types Of Negotiation?
What is the first stage of negotiation?
What are negotiation skills?
What are negotiation skills? Negotiation skills are qualities that allow two or more parties to reach a compromise. These are often soft skills and include abilities such as communication, persuasion, planning, strategizing and cooperating. Understanding these skills is the first step to becoming a stronger negotiator.
What is the first key to getting a huge bargain?
Who identified 5 types of negotiations?
Kenneth W. ThomasConflict styles. Kenneth W. Thomas identified five styles or responses to negotiation. These five strategies have been frequently described in the literature and are based on the dual-concern model.
What is the best type of negotiation?
What is the golden rule when negotiating offers?
These golden rules: Never Sell; Build Trust; Come from a Position of Strength; and Know When to Walk Away should allow you as a seller to avoid negotiating as much as possible and win.
What makes a successful negotiation?
What is an important driver to a successful negotiation?
What are the seven types of negotiation?
7 Types of Negotiation And 1 Big MythWin-Lose Negotiations. In game theory they call a win-lose negotiation a zero-sum game. … Win-Win Negotiations. Win-win negotiations involve expanding the pie. … Lose-Lose. … Adversarial Negotiations. … Collaborative Negotiations. … Multi-Party Negotiations. … Bad Faith Negotiation.
What are the 7 basic rules of negotiating?
What are the 4 most important elements of negotiation?
What are the 5 stages of negotiation?
What is the first step in negotiation?
Preparation and planning is the first step in the negotiation process. Here, both parties will organize and accumulate the information necessary to have an effective negotiation. Ninja Corporation and Wet Paint Biz both need to prepare fully for the negotiation.
What are the three negotiation strategies?
There are 3 key approaches to negotiations: hard, soft and principled negotiation. Many experts consider the third option — principled negotiation — to be best practice: The hard approach involves contending by using extremely competitive bargaining.
How do you start a negotiation conversation?
How to start a negotiation: Begin as you mean to continueGet a sounding board, work through the issues, and practice what you will say.Don’t be afraid. Use the facts you have—or gather those you do not—and push through. … Take stock of the other side’s perspective and needs. Think of them as your “partner” in getting the deal accomplished. … Prepare your negotiation partner.
What are the elements of a successful negotiation?
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A Closer Look at Extraversion and Introversion
Sarah Chen, Entertainment Editor
Many FLHS students are familiar with the terms “introvert” and “extravert,” as the majority of students took the Myers Briggs Test on Naviance during the beginning of the college and career process. Out of the four categories, Introversion/Extraversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, Judging/Perceiving, student’s scores resulted in one out of the 16 possible personality combinations. However, students are not as aware of the scientific aspects behind the terms: introversion and extraversion. To gain a better understanding of these two personality types, take a look at the definition and science behind these two terms.
There are many theories of introversion and extraversion, including the Big Five School of Personality, in which personality is classified into five primary traits: extraversion (also spelled extroversion, according to Scientific American), agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. However, many consider Carl Jung to be the theorist who most accurately defined personality.
In 1921, Swiss psychologist, psychiatrist, and founder of analytical psychology, Carl Jung, published a book called Psychological Types, popularizing the terms introvert and extravert as the essential building blocks of personality. According to Jung’s theory, an introvert is a person whose interest is generally directed inward toward his or her own feelings and thoughts, in contrast to an extravert, whose attention is directed toward other people and the outside world.
Despite the varying theories and definitions, scientists agree on key differences in stimulation and other aspects of the human brain.
The brains of introverts and extraverts respond differently to dopamine, a neurotransmitter released by the brain that acts as a chemical messenger between neurons. Introverts and extraverts have the same amount of dopamine available, but diverge in the dopamine reward network.
Dopamine is more active in the brains of extraverts than introverts, so the level of dopamine varies for these two personality traits. Extraverts have low sensitivity to dopamine and need more to feel that enthusiastic rush of excitement and energy. Introverts are highly sensitive. What may seem like little amounts of dopamine for extraverts makes them feel overstimulated to the point of stress and anxiety.
Similar to the response to stimulation, the processing of stimuli is also different. Information passes through “quick response” areas of the brain where taste, touch, sight, and sound are processed. However, “for introverts, the pathway may be longer, traveling through many areas of the brain, including the Right Front Insular area associated with empathy, self-reflection, and emotional meaning, Broca’s area, which plans speech and activates self-talk, the right and left front lobes, which select, plan, and choose ideas or actions and develops expectation, and the left hippocampus, which stamps things as ‘personal’ and stores long-term memories.”
On December 12, 2012, a study published in the Journal of Neuroscience titled, “Individual Differences in Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Anatomy Link Negative Affect, Impaired Social Functioning, and Polygenic Depression Riskfound that introverts have larger, thicker gray matter in their prefrontal cortex—the area of the brain associated with abstract thought and decision making—while extraverts have thinner gray matter in that same area.
This science suggests that introverts and extraverts diverge on a biological level as well as a social level.
Whether an extravert, introvert, or somewhere in between on the personality spectrum, a personality type does not define one’s identity. Personality types can be used to form relationships filled with self expression and compassion for one another because ultimately, humans seek for connection.
To learn more about introversion and extraversion, listen to a podcast on personality typesby our very own Prospect Staff Writer and Entertainment Editor, Sarah Chen
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Plastic carry bags may be a convenience, but they're also a major headache for developing nations like Egypt that not only must deal with them in terms of disposal, but also as a source of water contamination in the very crowded North African country. One alternative would be bioplastics made from plants, but that isn't feasible in Egypt, where most cultivation is for the production of food and cotton.
To help remedy this, the research team is looking at chitosan, which is a man-made polymer made from shrimp shells that are already a waste problem for the country. The aim of the research is to produce a biopolymer nanocomposite material suitable for Egyptian conditions that can do the job of polythene in shopping bags, yet is inexpensive and biodegradable.
Chitosan is made from shrimp shells that have been treated with acid to remove the calcium carbonate, then an alkali solution is used to induce the mixture to form a polymer in the form of flakes. These flakes can them be processed into a plastic film using conventional manufacturing methods.
Chitosan is particularly attractive because it's already finding applications in the food packaging and medical industries because it's not only biocompatible, but has antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. In addition, it absorbs oxygen, so it prolongs the shelf life of many foodstuffs.
Everett hopes that the such chitosan packaging will be attractive to British manufacturers, but the team's research first needs to concentrate on identifying the best production route for manufacturing the material into suitable shopping bags and food packaging.
According to newatlas
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