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The Small Glock 30 Handgun Is More Powerful Than It Looks
October 9, 2019 Topic: Technology Region: Americas Blog Brand: The Buzz Tags: GlockHandgunPistolGuns.45 Cal
The Small Glock 30 Handgun Is More Powerful Than It Looks
The experts weigh in.
Key point: A concealable weapon that is a mix of old and new hardware.
Glock’s most powerful—and compact—handgun is a mix of old and new technology. The Glock 30 subcompact handgun merges the .45 ACP round, a product of the Industrial Revolution, with modern handgun technology. The result is a highly concealable firearm that, once drawn, has few equals.
The .45 Automatic Colt Pistol (ACP) round was developed by prolific arms inventor John Moses Browning. The U.S. Army’s experience with the .38 Long Colt round during the Philippine Insurrection left it wanting a more powerful round able to neutralize with fewer shots. Combat against Filipino insurgents, at times hand to hand, divided combatants into two categories: the quick and the dead. A single .38 Long Colt gunshot wound was often not enough to drop an insurgent before he landed a fatal chop with an edged weapon.
In response, John Browning developed the larger, heavier .45 ACP round. The .38 Long Colt round typically transferred 180 foot-pounds of energy on target. The .45 ACP round, on the other hand, easily transferred twice as much energy. Paired with the M1911 series semi-automatic pistol, also a Browning design, .45 ACP was the dominant handgun caliber of the U.S. military for more than sixty years.
The Glock handgun, designed by Austrian knifemaker Gaston Glock, was a revolutionary, striker-fired handgun that featured a combination of high-capacity magazines, reliability, and simplicity of design. Invented to fulfill an Austrian Army contract for a new service handgun, the original full size, 9-millimeter Glock 17 was a worldwide hit.
After the successful rollout of the Glock 17, the company gradually expanded its lineup into other calibers and handgun types, particularly compact and subcompacts. The ecosystem grew to include everything from long slide 9-millimeter pistols to subcompact 10-millimeter handguns. As a result, it was inevitable that Glock would eventually release a subcompact .45 ACP, the Glock 30.
The Glock 30 is one of the smallest pistols chambered in .45 ACP round. It has an overall length of 6.97 inches, a width of 1.38 inches, and a slide width of 1.12 inches. Height is 4.8 inches. The Glock 30 has a barrel length of 3.78 inches, as opposed to the full-sized Glock’s 4.61 inches. The pistol 30 weighs 23.81 ounces unloaded and 33.69 ounces fully loaded. Like other Glock handguns, the Glock 30 features a polymer grip and frame coupled with a Melonite-treated metal slide.
The discrepancy between the two widths is entirely due to the G30’s use of the .45 ACP round. The G30’s magazine accommodates ten .45 rounds in a staggered, dual column layout. (An alternate magazine carries nine rounds and sits flush with the bottom of the mag well.) An even larger magazine will accommodate thirteen rounds but sacrifice concealability. Like all semi-automatic pistols, a Glock will accommodate one extra round in the chamber in addition to a full magazine.
Every Glock handgun features the company’s Safe Action operating system, with three built-in safety systems. The Drop Safety prevents a Glock from accidentally discharging after a fall. Meanwhile, the Firing Pin and Trigger safeties ensure that the pistol will only go off if the trigger is actively pulled—and will not go off if the user reduces pressure before reaching the required twenty-eight newtons of force. The Glock platform does not utilize a manual safety.
The combination of firepower and concealability makes the Glock 30 an excellent backup gun for law enforcement or a concealed carry gun for those who can legally do so. Although small, the G30 does not skimp on raw power. Glock’s .45 subcompact reportedly suffers from less muzzle flip than other large calibers, small frame handguns. The recoil of the .45 ACP round, generally considered a firm backward push is generally assessed as less than one might expect for a lightweight gun. Powerful, reliable, and controllable, the G30 might just be Glock’s ultimate subcompact handgun.
Kyle Mizokami is a writer based in San Francisco who has appeared in The Diplomat, Foreign Policy, War is Boring and The Daily Beast. In 2009 he co-founded the defense and security blog Japan Security Watch. You can follow him on Twitter: @KyleMizokami. This first appeared several months ago.
Image: Reuters.
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Master of Arts in Cultural Heritage Studies (MA)
Universität: Central European University Private University
Cultural heritage, as understood by Central European University’s Cultural Heritage Studies Program, is the legacy of physical artifacts (cultural property) and intangible attributes of a group or society inherited from the past. Cultural Heritage is a concept which offers a bridge between the past and the future with the application of particular approaches in the present. Due to its attached values for these groups or societies, cultural heritage is maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. At the same time, the concept of cultural heritage developed as a result of complex historical processes and is constantly evolving.
The Cultural Heritage Studies Program combines theoretical and practical education, offering a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches with a strong emphasis on practical knowledge and skills based on fieldwork, and internships with local, regional and global heritage organizations.
Historical approach, present social relevance (policy and management), and the integration of cultural and natural heritage issues are the three pillars of the program.
The program offers a global viewpoint within local Central European heritage contexts (capital of culture, World Heritage sites, urban environmental imperatives, local issues of conflicting interests)
One of the principles CEU is based on is respect for the diversity of cultures and peoples. As the University attracts students and faculty from 100 countries from around the world, it is an ideal host of a cultural heritage program dealing with disparate traditions, practices and social interactions.
General aspect of the program
Heritage is a contemporary activity with far-reaching effects. Most important, it is the range of contemporary activities, meanings, and behaviors that we draw from them. Activities related to cultural heritage are complex and they represent deliberate acts from the present for the future taking into account various aspects of the past. Traditionally these activities are described as Preservation or Conservation, but more recently they are integrated into the framework of management or the context of policies. Therefore, they can take the form of different and complex approaches or acts. Heritage can be an element in far-sighted urban and regional planning. It can be the platform for political recognition, a medium for intercultural dialogue, a means of ethical reflection, and a potential basis for local economic development. It is simultaneously local and particular as well as global and shared.
Changing social and economic trends require expert training, flexible enough to keep up with the challenges of heritage environments, which are in continuous flux. Cultural heritage activities should be always based on academic research of historical, social and environmental aspects of the conservation and reservation. Therefore academic fields related to various aspects of cultural heritage (archival studies, archeology, art history, anthropology, history, literary studies, etc.) form a crucial element of the master program. There is also a need for project managers, experts in regional and sustainable development extending across frontiers: individuals who are able to tackle challenges, even resolve financial issues in project development but, at the same time, remain sensitive to the need to preserve knowledge for future research.
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Spanish fresco of the 13th century representing the Christians’
saint, Saint Michael weighing the “good souls” (white) on a scale facing the
devil (a black devil with frizzy hair, horns and claws) also weighing some
“evil souls” being demonized and blackened.
Where does the anti-black racism that exists in the
world come from ? If you are African or of African
origin, this is a question you have had to ask yourself at least one day in
your life. The Black man is badly seen by a large part of humanity. When he is
in the Arab Muslim world, he is rejected. When he is in the Western world,
despite all his signs of openness, westernization or integration, racism and
hatred are never far away in order to call him a bambula, monkey, etc.
Everywhere where he goes, he is always the victim of
stereotypes which end up seriously harming him (rejections, racisms, hatreds,
etc.) as history has shown it on several occasions.
But where does this attitude that other peoples have
towards Black people come from? What is the historical origin of this rejection?
When did it begin in the history of humankind?
This may shock some, but anti-black racism originally
originated from religious sources, more precisely on the religious bases of the
so-called revealed religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam).
What is the founding text of this racism
Well it is the text that is better known as the curse of Ham. This
text is in the biblical book of Genesis, more precisely in the story of Noah
and his sons, sons representing the ancestors of the nations.
This is what the biblical book of Genesis says in
chapter 9, verses 18-19:
“The sons of Noah, who came out of the ark, were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Ham was the father of Canaan. These are the three sons of Noah, and it is their posterity that peopled the whole Earth. “
The biblical text explains that they are the ancestors
of the nations that populated the earth after the deluge. What are these nations ?
According to the biblical text there are 3 ancestors of
the 3 nations that populated the earth after the deluge. These are the nations:
Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
is the passage from the bible where the curse is mentioned. (Genesis 9: 20-27):
” Noah, started to cultivate
the soil, and proceeded to plant a vineyard. He drank some of its wine, he
became drunk and laid uncovered inside his tent. Ham, the father of Canaan, saw
covered their father’s naked body, while doing it, their faces were turned the
other way so that they would not see their father’s nakedness.
Noah awoke from his drunkenness and found out what his youngest son had done to
he said,
“Cursed be Canaan! May he be the slave of the slaves of his brothers.” He also
said, “Praised be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the
slave. May God extend Japheth’s territory; may Japheth live in the
At first glance, this text does not mention the skin
color of the people here. At first glance, one can not say who symbolizes (between Sem, Cham or Japhet) Blacks (Africans), whites
(Europeans), etc
At first sight this text does not say that Ham is cursed,
since in this text it is Canaan (son of Ham) who is cursed and struck with
slavery and therefore not Ham himself. These are the kinds of arguments often
used by the followers of the revealed religions to defend themselves when it
comes to this subject.
But how do we know that Ham designates
black people ?
Well, it is because in Hebrew (the language in which the
book of genesis was written) the term “Ham” refers to the idea of heat,
blackness, or burnt. In the Pharaonic language, the term “Kam” means black.
If then these Hebrew people have at some times of their
history stayed in Egypt as the Bible says, it means that there were contacts
between these Semitic people and African people (blacks). We can then
understand where this term Ham (term to designate the physical appearance of
Blacks) comes from, which is found in the Bible.
Ham is (by taking account of the contacts between the
Semitic people and the African people in antiquity) a distortion of the term Kam
or Kem (meaning black, blackened in Pharaonic language) by the
editors of the Bible as Cheikh Anta Diop explains it in his founding book Nations Nègres et Culture. It is
therefore normal for Ham to be designated in the Bible as the source of black
(African) people.
Moreover, the traditions of the so-called revealed
religions refer to Ham and his Biblical descendants as the symbolic names to
designate the people originating from Africa.
If Ham is the ancestor of the first African (black)
people, then his biblical sons Kush (Nubia/Sudan), Misraim (Egypt), Punt (Great lakes) and Canaan (Palestine-Syria) were originally
African people.
If then the curse concerns (according to the text), only
Canaan (son of Cham), how did we pass from the curse of Canaan to the curse of Ham ?
Well, it is in
the interpretation and teaching of the religious leaders of the so-called
revealed religions (priests, popes, rabbis, caliphs, Imams, etc.)
Thus, according to the rabbinical commentaries (such as
Midrash Rabba and Bereshit Rabba), this text is interpreted as the fact that through
Noah’s ark during the flood, Ham committed a serious sin of sexual impurity
against his Father (what it means to see the nudity of his father). And thus through Canaan, it was Ham who was cursed (turned into
black) and his biblical descendants (Kush, Misraim,
Punt and Canaan).
In the Midrash Rabba, page 293, Noah said to Ham: “You have made me incapable of doing things in the darkest moment of the
night, so your offspring (that is, your descendants) will be naughty and have a Black skin “.
Robert Graves and Raphael Patai give us another insight into this curse in another Hebrew text through their
book entitled ” Hebrew Myths, ed. Fayard, 1987,
“Moreover, since you have contorted yourself to see
my nakedness, the hair of your little children will become wrapped until they
become frizzy and they will have red eyes. Your lips have joked about my misfortune, yours are going to swell and since you have lacked consideration for my nakedness, they will go naked and their male organ
will lengthen ignominiously. “
According to these texts, African physical
characteristics (being black skinned, having frizzy hair, sometimes thick lips,
etc.) all these characteristics are in fact the mark of the curse. According to
these texts at the beginning of the creation the first men were not black. And
if there are some blacks, it means that they are the children of the devil and
the curse.
Thus, seeing a black such as one can see in nature
(frizzy hair, black complexion, etc…) is seeing
someone cursed, it is seeing a demon, the devil himself !!! Even the idea that Blacks would have the most developed and biggest male organ
in the world comes from these texts !!! Thus we see how caricatures and stereotypes about the
physiognomy of the Black began in history.
In the implicit or sometimes
explicit teaching of those responsible for the so-called revealed religions, it
is in fact the Black and all that relates to him (his civilization, his
culture, etc.) which is the incarnation of the evil and the devil.
Rabbi Maimonides in his book, considered by the Jews to
be the greatest in Jewish religious philosophy (The Guide to the lost, Book
III, Chapter 51) tells this about black people:
“Their nature is similar to
that of mute animals, and in my opinion they do not
reach the rank of human beings; among the existing things they are inferior to
man but superior to the ape, for they possess in a greater measure than the ape
the image and likeness of man.”
Christianity presenting itself as the heir of Judaism,
these ideas of the Black being cursed by God, then passed into Christianity and
were used by the church as the justification for the enslavement of Africans,
since through the text of the genesis it is written:
him be the slave of his brothers’ slaves!”
Guillaume Hervieux shows in his book entitled L’Ivresse de Noé (Noah’s Drunkenness) : The Story of a Curse.
These ideas of the Black being cursed by God then passed into
Islam. This is why in the Quran, we find in the Surah Al Imran (the family of
Imran) verses 106-107:
“106. On the day when certain faces will
be illuminated, and others will darken. To those whose faces will be darkened (it will be said): “Have you
disbelieved after having faith? “Well, taste the punishment, for having denied the faith.
107. And as for those whose faces shall be enlightened, they shall be in the mercy of Allah, where they
shall dwell forever ”
We see that the dark faces are the faces of infidels,
pagans, etc … and will face punishment. On the other
hand, the “light faces” will have the graces and mercy of God.
In the volume 1 of Tabari’s Chronicle (Imam, Persian historian and exegete of the Koran), Tabari provides an explanation of Ham’s curse by saying: “Yet, may you know that all creatures have gone forth after Noah (may peace be upon him), Shem, Ham, and Japheth. The Arabs, the Persians, the white-faced men, the good people, the jurisconsults, the scholars, and the wise, are of the race of Shem, and this is
‘’ One day Noah was asleep;
the wind lifted his clothes and uncovered his private parts without his notice.
Japhet passed near Noah, whose private parts he saw; He began to laugh out
loud, and to turn his father into ridicule, without covering him. Ham,
Japheth’s brother, arrived; He looked at Noah, burst out laughing and joking,
and passed by, leaving his father in the condition in which he found him.
Sem came after his brothers,
and seeing Noah in an indecent posture, he turned his eyes away and hid his
father’s nakedness. Then Noah woke up and asked Shem what had happened; Having
heard that Ham and Japheth had passed him by, and laughed, he cursed them, saying, ” may God
change the seed of your kidneys. After that, all the men and the fruits of the
land of Ham became black. The black grape is one of the latter. “
In another passage of this book we have: “… The three sons that Noah left were: the first, Shem, whose
race the Arabs came from, the prophets and the good people; the second, Ham, it is from him that the Negroes and Ethiopians who gave birth
infidel descendants originated. Now Ham’s children became black, because their father came to his wife in the ark, in spite of Noah’s prohibition, who cursed him; and the Most High God changed the seed
(semen) of his kidneys (into black)
Arabian-Persian Tabari
Thus these religions, while expanding in the world, have spread everywhere the idea
that the Black human is a pagan being, evil, cursed by God, villain, idolater,
sorcerer, etc. Thus, since Black people were declared as cursed in these
religions, all that Black people have done has been declared to be pejorative
and evil. His culture, his spirituality and all his customs were demonized as
the culture of the evil, the culture of the devil, etc.
The so-called revealed religions have been for so long
(because of the writings and teachings of so- called “men of God” ie priests, popes, imams, etc.) the first torch-bearers of
racist stereotypes and racism
towards black people.
It is the idea of the Black cursed by God that is at the
origin of all the negative ideas (idolatry, ten plagues of Egypt, etc …) about Egypt and the pharaohs that are found in all
the writings of the so-called revealed religions.
In the early days of the abolition of slavery, the idea of the black curse was
one of the reasons why the KKK, Ku
Klux, Klan members (some Christians) attacked Blacks (whom they were
considering as cursed by God and demons) in order to lynch them, kill them and
burn their houses and possessions, since the Church had used this idea of the
accursed Black at that time of slavery to justify slavery.
The Ku Klux Klan members in the United States at that time, who
were mostly Protestant Christians, also described themselves as “disciples” and
soldiers of Christ, a bit like during the period of the crusades and wars of
Religions in Europe. That is why sometimes they were bearing a cross on fire,
and they were going to fight against
the “demons” (blacks) by killing them, lynching them, burning them, in order to
have a “pure and holy country “(so filled with whites). After disguising
themselves in order to massacre the Blacks, they were going to church like good
Christians, to “thank the Lord” for having been able to hunt, defeat, lynch and
kill demons (Blacks).
The idea of Black people cursed by God led the Church to
draw pious images of beings she considers as good in white and images of the
evil and the devil in dark or black color.
Christian Fresco depicting the biblical episode of the
temptation of Jesus by the devil in the desert. Christ is seen as an envoy or a
messiah who is represented in white (as pure and holy) and the agent of the
evil, the devil, is black. When we look closely we see that this devil is even
dressed in the way the Blacks dress because of the warmth and temperature in
Africa ( bare chested, etc…)
Christ is clothed as a Roman or Greek citizen (therefore European). One can see
such frescoes (white god, black devil) in many churches in Africa and even
outside Africa. These images seem to go unnoticed, but they play a role on the
psychology and the mind. Thus, when entering a church, a white man easily
recognizes his features and color in the divine images of Jesus, Mary, etc. As
for the Black Christian when he looks at the official portraits of Jesus or
Mary in the churches, He knows in his heart that these divine images do not
resemble him, and is unwilingly obligated to
recognize his image (demonic image) in the features of the devil since the
devil sometimes has the same color as him. When the revealed religions speak of
the demon or the devil, he is actually pictured under the traits of the black
It is the idea of Black people cursed by God that the
philosophers of the age called enlightenment (who predominantly presented themselves as Christians) elaborated so many
racist theories about black people. Let us take, for example, the case of
Montesquieu, who said in his book L’Esprit des lois (the spirit of the laws) XV, 5, that:
” We cannot imagine the idea that God, who is a very wise being, has put a soul, especially a good soul , In an all-black body, (…) “
Therefore according to the famous French author Montesquieu a black body does not possess a good soul, but
necessarily bad. He goes on to recite later in the same work by saying that:
“It is impossible for us to
suppose that these people
(Africans) are men; because if we considered them as men, we would begin to
believe that we are not Christians ourselves.”
So for
Montesquieu, a good Christian is educated to think that Africans are sub-humans
or children of the devil.
Montesquieu, as a “good Christian”, thought like most people and ” the philosophers of the Enlightenment” by then, who
were often also Christians.
It is the idea of Black people cursed by God that gave
birth to a negative vocabulary about the Blacks. Thus we add the term black to all that is not good. Example: bad humor = black humor, black Thursday, black
grinding, black dot, black list, having a black heart, etc.
It is the idea of the Black cursed in the Islamic
philosophy that is responsible for this rejection of Blacks by the Arabs and
all the injustice and hatred that Blacks suffer in the Arab world.
This idea of the cursed Black man was conveyed in the
black world at the time of slavery and colonization by the missionaries.
Here is a song from a book of songs Njembo nda nkundo(Songs in lonkundo)
intended for Congo school children under the Belgian occupation in Bamanya in 1911. The
songs’ author is the Catholic Church nun, Arnoldine Falter of the Sisters of Precious Blood. The booklet contains 66 songs. The
songs being in their original version in lonkundo,
here is the translation in English:
ESISEZELO EA KAM (The punishment of Ham)
O Father Ham, what have you done?
suffer a lot
By God we are punished Hardly
The punishment he had inflicted on
you Inherited by us all
You mocked, you, bad son You had
taunted your father
And Noah, as a punishment to you
Humiliated you
And thus: “Ham works always for his
brothers “ And now your descendants Slaves here on
What a pity for thy people! Because
of your curse All Blacks here
Regret your fault
As you mocked your father Your descendants
laugh at you They refuse your name
If you want the blessing on earth
Honor your father and mother
Nuns in Congo. The missionaries
(priests, nuns, etc.) in their colonial schools went to preach or teach this to
Blacks. When those missionaries were teaching, they knew what they were doing.
They taught all this to the Black in order to alienate and sully his mind.
For centuries these ideas have been conveyed throughout
the world by the so-called revealed religions (Judaism Christianity, Islam) in
their impulse of conquest and conversion, evangelism or Islamization. Thus all
the followers of the revealed religions who live around the world have already
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Home WORLD Multiplate Clutch Working Principle 3D Animation
Multiplate Clutch Working Principle 3D Animation
Multi-plate clutches work with several friction discs, unlike dry friction clutches used in most cars with manual transmissions where only one friction disc with two friction surfaces is used to transmit power from the engine to the transmission.
source/image(PrtSc): Thomas Schwenke
When the pedal is pressed the pressure plate rotates with the flywheel and It press against the friction plate. This forces the clutch plate and clutch shaft as well. Thus clutch shaft also stops rotating./Thomas Schwenke
The multiplate clutch transmits the power from one shaft to another shaft. One of them is the engine shaft and another one is the transmission shaft.Friction takes place in the engine by the clutch plates. This friction makes high torque.Pressure plates are plates mounted on a splined shaft so that they can slide back and forth.
Multiple friction discs having high coefficient of friction are bolted to pressure plates as well as mounted on the output shaft.The clutch pedal is connected to multiple levers to move the pressure plates backwards while spring is connected in series to expand back the position of platesThey can be found in motorcycles, in automatic transmissions and in some diesel locomotives with mechanical transmissions. It is also used in some electronically controlled all-wheel drive systems as well as in some transfer cases./Thomas Schwenke
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Treatment Cocaine Addiction
Know the Facts
Cocaine affects your brain. The word "cocaine" refers to the drug in both a powder (cocaine) and crystal (crack) form. It is made from the coca plant and causes a short-lived high that is immediately followed by opposite, intense feelings of depression, edginess, and a craving for more of the drug. Cocaine may be snorted as a powder, converted to a liquid form for injection with a needle, or processed into a crystal form to be smoked.
Cocaine affects your body. People who use cocaine often don't eat or sleep regularly. They can experience increased heart rate, muscle spasms, and convulsions. If they snort cocaine, they can also permanently damage their nasal tissue.
Cocaine affects your emotions. Using cocaine can make you feel paranoid, angry, hostile, and anxious, even when you're not high.
Cocaine is addictive. Cocaine interferes with the way your brain processes chemicals that create feelings of pleasure, so you need more and more of the drug just to feel normal. People who become addicted to cocaine start to lose interest in other areas of their life, like school, friends, and sports.
Cocaine can kill you. Cocaine use can cause heart attacks, seizures, strokes, and respiratory failure. People who share needles can also contract hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, or other diseases.
Think Hard If You're Considering Risking It
Know the law. Cocaine--in any form--is illegal.
Stay informed. Even first-time cocaine users can have seizures or fatal heart attacks.
Know the risks. Combining cocaine with other drugs or alcohol is extremely dangerous. The effects of one drug can magnify the effects of another, and mixing substances can be deadly.
Be aware. Cocaine is expensive. Regular users can spend hundreds and even thousands of dollars on cocaine each week and some will do anything to support their addiction.
Stay in control. Cocaine impairs your judgment which may lead to unwise decisions around sexual activity. This can increase your risk for HIV/AIDS and other diseases, as well as rape and unplanned pregnancy.
Know the Signs
How can you tell if a friend is using cocaine? Sometimes it's tough to tell. But there are signs you can look for. If your friend has one or more of the following warning signs, he or she may be using cocaine or other illicit drugs:
**Red, bloodshot eyes
**A runny nose or frequently sniffing
**A change in eating or sleeping patterns
**A change in groups of friends
**A change in school grades or behavior
**Acting withdrawn, depressed, tired, or careless about personal appearance
**Losing interest in work, school, family, or activities he or she used to enjoy
**Frequently needing money What can you do to help someone who is using cocaine? Be a real friend. Save a life. Encourage your friend to stop and to seek professional help.
Commonly Asked Questions--and the Answers
Q. Is cocaine really still a problem?
A. Yes. While the number of cocaine users has decreased from what was witnessed in the mid-1980's, there have been nearly 2 million cocaine users every year since 1992.
Q. Isn't crack less addictive than cocaine because it doesn't stay in your body very long?
A. No. Both cocaine and crack are powerfully addictive. The length of time it stays in your body doesn't change that.
Q. Don't some people use cocaine to feel good?
A. Any positive feelings are fleeting and are usually followed by some very bad feelings, like paranoia and intense cravings. Cocaine may give users a temporary illusion of power and energy, but it often leaves them unable to function emotionally, physically, and sexually.
Source: National Clearinghouse For Alcohol and Drug Information
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Covid: Oxford vaccine shows 'encouraging' immune response in older adults
BY: bbc.com
Elisa Granato was one of the volunteers given the Oxford vaccine
The Oxford coronavirus vaccine shows a strong immune response in adults in their 60s and 70s, raising hopes that it can protect age groups most at risk from the virus.
Researchers say the Lancet phase two findings, based on 560 healthy adult volunteers, are "encouraging".
They are also testing whether the vaccine stops people developing Covid-19 in larger, phase three trials.
Early results from this crucial stage are expected in the coming weeks.
Three vaccines - Pfizer-BioNTech, Sputnik and Moderna - have already reported good preliminary data from phase three trials, with one suggesting 94% of over-65s could be protected from Covid-19.
The Oxford data is from an earlier stage, which tests the safety of the vaccine and the body's response to it, but in the long run it's likely this vaccine could be easier to roll out because it doesn't need to be stored at very cold temperatures.
The UK government has ordered more of the Oxford vaccine, manufactured by AstraZeneca, than any other - 100 million doses - compared to 40 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and five million of the Moderna vaccine.
Prof Andrew Pollard, study lead from the University of Oxford, told the BBC he was "absolutely delighted with the results" showing a strong immune response "even in those over 70 years of age".
On whether the vaccine protects people against Covid-19, he said they were "not there yet" but the data would probably be released "before Christmas".
Prof Pollard said there was "no competition" with other vaccines, adding that multiple vaccines needed to be successful.
"We will need all of them to protect people around the globe," he said.
The challenge with developing a Covid vaccine is to trigger the body to fight back against the virus no matter how old someone is.
Older people's weaker immune systems mean vaccines do not tend to function as well as they do in younger people.
These trial results from the University of Oxford, peer-reviewed in the Lancet, suggest that may not be a problem.
They show that older adults aged 56-69 and over 70 had a similar immune response to younger adults aged 18-55.
'Protect most vulnerable'
Dr Maheshi Ramasamy, an investigator at the Oxford Vaccine Group, said: "The next step will be to see if this translates into protection from the disease itself."
Two weeks after the second dose, more than 99% of participants had neutralising antibody responses. These included people of all ages.
The T-cell response - another measure of how well the immune system responds - peaked two weeks after the first dose of the vaccine regardless of age.
"The robust antibody and T-cell responses seen in older people in our study are encouraging," Dr Ramasamy said.
"The populations at greatest risk of serious Covid-19 disease include people with existing health conditions and older adults.
"We hope that this means our vaccine will help to protect some of the most vulnerable people in society, but further research will be needed before we can be sure."
Older adults were also less likely to experience side-effects, which were usually mild.
And there were no serious safety issues relating to the vaccine, called ChAdOx1 nCov-2019.
Volunteers in the trial were put into groups and given one or two doses of the vaccine or a dummy jab.
The reaction of their immune systems was assessed on the day they got the jab, then one, two and four weeks after both doses.
Work began on the vaccine in January and it was developed in under three months, starting human trials - the first in Europe - in April in Oxford.
Phase three trials of the vaccine, which look at how effective it is at protecting people against the Covid-19, started at the end of August and are still continuing.
When data from this stage is sent to the regulators, scrutinised and approved, the vaccine can be given the green light to be used on people worldwide.
The Oxford vaccine is expected to be easier to manufacture on a global scale than Pfizer and Moderna's vaccine, and the university is committed to making hundreds of millions of doses available to the developing world.
The UK's large order of the vaccine means that if it is approved before Christmas and becomes available early next year, it would make a major difference to how quickly Covid vaccines could be given to people in priority groups.
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Definitions for "Ectoplasm"
Keywords: ektos, mist, emanate, trance, exudes
ektos = outside + plasma = a thing formed; outermost layer of cytoplasm.
Spirit energy appearing in the form of a wispy white vapor, fog or mist containing swirls, contrails, or streaks. This may manifest as cloud-like masses, contrails left behind from fast-moving orbs, vortices, and as apparitions. Appears to the naked eye or later on developed film.
a vaporous typically white substance thought to a manifestation of a ghost or spirit. It is usually dense, and may be accompanied by the scent of ozone.
The outer transparent layer of protoplasm in a developing ovum.
The outer hyaline layer of protoplasm in a vegetable cell.
Outer layer of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Keywords: ectosarc, protozoan
The ectosarc of protozoan.
Keywords: perceptable, dense, plane, still, above
dense energy just above but still perceptable on the physical plane.
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How we make land work for the community
Affordable forever
We make affordable land a priority, not just in the short-term but forever.
Always community-owned
We acquire land and create legal binding conditions that ‘lock’ it into permanent community use.
We were founded by local people wanting more of our land to meet the needs of the community.
Land for all
As well as housing, we also create space for work, food production and leisure.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do community land trusts work?
A CLT organisation is set up by a local group of people who get together to do something to ensure there are more affordable assets for that community. These could be for housing, workspace, food production or leisure.
There are various legal mechanisms which can underpin this. OCLT is a Community Benefit Society under the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014.
What is community-led housing?
Community-led housing are homes which are owned and managed by the community living in them. You can watch a film about successful community-led housing projects already happening in Oxfordshire here.
What is a community land trust?
A Community Land Trust (a CLT) is an organisation set up to own and manage land by and for a local community. Through this organisation, the land is owned by the community in perpetuity and used for the explicit benefit of that community. It might be used for any purpose which benefits the community to which it is linked: housing, workspace, leisure or horticulture.
There are various legal structures which can underpin a CLT but one key aspect of the idea is that the land cannot be sold off for private gain. Through this mechanism (called an asset lock), the CLT aims to ensure permanent and affordable access to the land for whichever purpose the community needs.
Why do we need community land trusts?
One of the biggest needs, especially in this time of post-recession, is to provide land for affordable housing. Increasing numbers of working people find it difficult or impossible to find a secure and affordable place to live. There is also a great shortage of social housing and many working families have no access to them.
CLTs offer a way to provide permanently affordable land (it is permanently owned by the community so doesn’t keep going up in value) for housing and other local needs.
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• Sonja
Salty Facts - Part 2
Updated: Apr 2, 2018
Many people around the world think sodium is a necessary and healthy ingredient in our daily diet. However, a lower salt intake results in better arterial function and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Too much salt kills 4 million people worldwide every year and is therefore one of the most prominent dietary risks we take.
A tremendous risk of high blood pressure is not the only problem that comes with high salt intake. There is also gastric cancer, recurrent kidney stones, osteoporosis and obesity, not to mention direct renal, vascular and cardiac damage which are related to sodium. The link between salt and these medical conditions is well established.
But if the scientific evidence is so strong why are we still being told that salt is good for us and that we need it?
Because the industry puts pressure on the government.
Instead of changing the salt habit and taking herbs, spices and real ingredients such as berries or other fruits, the food industry wants people to believe that they urgently need salt to make meals more delicious and healthy. They put pressure on the government and “convince” them not to change people’s food habits. They have even developed certain methods to stop the government from recommending salt reduction. But why is the food industry so determined to promote salt?
1. Salt changes the water content in meat
By adding 2% more salt to sausages, for example, the weight of a sausage goes up by about 20% as it draws in water. This leads to a 20% higher price without raising the production costs. Of course, the ingredients could have been changed from salt to more herbs but this would result in lowering the weight of the sausages and the public would expect the price to decrease.
2. Salt makes you thirsty
Salt makes you thirsty as the body wants to get rid of all the sodium and tries to flush it out. There is a good reason why pubs and bars have salty snacks such as peanuts and why drink manufacturers own companies that produce highly salted snacks.
3. Salt solubilises muscle proteins
Through solubilising muscle proteins with salt, gel can be formed and an optimum texture can be developed. As an alternative, they could use meat glue, however, this may leave a bitter aftertaste in the meat. That could be helped by adding a bitter blocking chemical to the meat which changes our taste receptors and prevents the information from reaching our brain. But why bother when salt is so cheap and any substitute will push up the production price?
4. Blood pressure is big business
If people stop consuming salt, not only the food industry but also the health industry would feel it in their bottom line. Eating clean food results in staying healthy and there is no longer any need of doctors, pharmaceuticals or hospitals.
Sure, not all illnesses are food related and some people would still suffer from health issues. But the big health market would fall apart as only a minority of the population would need medical assistance.
So, what can you do to reduce your daily salt intake?
Lowering your sodium consumption is much easier than it sounds. You can simply stop adding salt when cooking and using herbs and spices instead. Or you do not add salt to your food before you have tasted it. You can also avoid processed foods that have sodium added but if you really want processed food only go for meals, snacks and drinks that have less than 0.1 g of sodium per 100 g.
Unfortunately, to control your salt intake while eating out is nearly impossible. If you are dining out, you can either call the restaurant ahead and ask them to make you a delicious salad or eat at home beforehand so you don’t make bad choices when you are out.
All in all, the healthiest foods are not labelled. You can prepare or cook fresh fruit or vegetables easily yourself and add amazing flavours by using ingredients such as pepper, onion, garlic, mint, tomato, sweet pepper, basil, parsley, dill, thyme, celery, lime, cumin, cinnamon, chilli, fennel, nettle, rosemary, smoke flavouring (e.g. paprika), curry, coriander, and lemon.
To cook and bake without salt takes a bit of practice at the beginning but after a few attempts, the freshly prepared food will taste better than ever.
Take the first step and enjoy the journey of re-awakening your taste buds!
Sonja from SOS free
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Top 10 Programming Languages In 2020
Programming Languages have been shaping our Market since the beginning of the IT era. Now, This is the reason why there are dozens of Programming Languages these days in the industry. So we have put together a list of the top 10 programming languages that you have to learn to succeed in the year 2020-21.
Top 10 Programming Languages List:-
1. Python
Python is an open-sourced Object-Oriented Interpreted Language. Mostly used to develop graphical user interfaces. Now, these GUI(Graphical User Interface) are used for imaging software like InkScape and Paint Shop Pro. Multiple popular frameworks such as Django, Flask, and Pyramid and apps such as the Google app engine are also based on Python. Ubuntu’s Ubiquity installer as well as Fedora, Anaconda installer are written in Python. Now python is an easy-to-use general-purpose Programming Language, which is easily integrated with C as well as C ++.
It also provides cross-browser support. Now with over 1 million repositories on GitHub. And an average package of $120,000 per year. A Python is one of the most desired programming skills in the year 2020. With a python skill set, you can land companies such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, Spotify, and Paytm very easily.
2. Java
Java is the most popular Programming Language when it comes to the number of job openings, widespread community acceptance, and the developer’s community. Now Java is an open-source language and comparatively easy to learn. It prides itself on a number of powerful features such as strong memory management, top-notch security, backward compatibility, and high-performance. It is a cross-platform programming language that serves as the basis for several frameworks such as Spring, Strut, and Hibernate. As a Java developer, you bag $ 150,000 per year from top companies like HCL, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, and Capgemini. GitHub has a huge active community in Java with over 1.2 million repositories.
3. JavaScript
JavaScript is universally known as the language of web developers. JavaScript is a feature-rich object-based scripting language. Now, the key started as a common client-side scripting language. Now boasts large frameworks for both front-end and back-end development. Some of the popular frameworks based on JavaScript are Node.js, React, Angular, Vue.js, and Meteor. If you have JavaScript in your resume, it opens the door to opportunities for you. From tech startups to tech giants like Google, Facebook, Dell, and SAP provide a median of $ 112,000 per year. JavaScript boasts a huge Community following on GitHub of 600,000 plus repositories.
4. C and C++
C and C++ are often Programming Languages that serve as the cornerstone of emerging programmers. Despite the availability of a few more quality alternatives in the modern market, these two languages now retain their effectiveness and popularity. Now, the rule about 20% of the whole coding world. Thanks to the legacy system as well as a few inherent features. Both languages with a larger following on GitHub with C at 9 million repositories and C++ at 114,000. Some examples of success in both languages are Spotify, eBay for C and Adobe, and Oracle for C ++. Major companies like HP, Huawei, Wipro, IBM, and PhoneP hire developers with an average of $ 114,000 per year.
5. GoLang
GoLang is now made by tech giant Google itself. GoLang boasts features like Concurrency which are very difficult to come by other Programming Languages. Now Google’s versatility as an organization must be reflected in this language because it regulates domains like machine learning until web development. The highlight, however, is system development, which is only possible due to GoLang’s scope for high scalability. Despite being relatively new, GoLang has a number of tough frameworks under its belt called REVEL and BEEGO. Now, GitHub has an emerging community with over 110,000 repositories. And companies like Cisco, Capgemini, Springboard, and TEKSystems hire developers for $ 170,000 per year.
6. R
R is the most popular for Statistical Analysis and Data Science. It’s not just an open-source programming language, it comes with cross-platform compatibility. And GitHub’s more than 6 million repositories. With features like these, it is usually characterized in the financial domain when it comes to creating statistical models as well as analyzing fraudulent transactions. Some of the highlights on our part are the ability to build web applications as well as provide an enriching library of over 10,000 plus packages in a variety of ways. The most famous IDE now used for R is R Studio. And if you’re good at R programming, you can hire companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google for an average salary of $ 121,000 per year.
7. Kotlin
Kotlin is one of the trending Programming Languages of 2019 and is expected to grow further in 2020-2021. Now Kotlin is now a general-purpose programming language for Google’s approved cross-platform, which has recently become one of the favorites among the most developers in Android application development. Kotlin comes with interactivity with Java and Android Studio support as well as features that help you write less code with fewer bugs. With Kotlin you now use a few frameworks like our Ktor, Vertx, and Spring. Now, why is Kotlin fairly new to the market. It can boast more than 73,000 communities on GitHub. And a lot of companies hire Kotlin developers when it comes to some of the top Airtel, Lenskart, Pinterest, and Basecamp. Now the average salary for Kotlin developers is more than $ 120,000 per year.
8. C#
C-Sharp is an Object-Oriented Programming Language with a wide set of libraries. Now, it makes the application and compilation of programs lightning-fast. Now, C Sharp is primarily used with the .Net Framework to design web forms and Windows applications, including GitHub’s more than 19,000 repositories. It is one of the most popular languages for game development, especially for Xbox Virtual Reality Games and Unity K 3D games. The two main frameworks used with C-Sharp are .Net and Xamarin. And companies like IntellectSoft, Philips, and Capgemini are hiring highly skilled C-Sharp developers with an average salary of 78,000 per year.
9. Swift
Swift is an Object-Oriented Block-Structured Programming Language that enriches features such as better readability speed and dynamic library. Now, because of these features, it reduces the size of the lower arrow application as well as ensures better performance. Now, this programming language was created specifically for application development. In fact, companies switch from Objective-C to Swift, which justifies its impact on Mac OS, Watch OS, and other Apple applications. Swift now has two large frameworks called COCOA and CLOUDKIT. GitHub has more than 156,000 repositories. Companies like Amazon, Walmart, and Apple are instantly hiring people who are good at Swift Programming at an average salary of $ 125,000 per year.
10. PHP
It is one of the few prominent languages that has been around for some time now. It is mostly used to create dynamic and data-heavy applications and websites. Now 80% of the top 10 million social media websites are made from PHP, some of the best examples being Facebook and Wikipedia. Now, this language is simple, fast, and the platform is independent with a vast repository of GitHub’s 524,000 and a very large community to back it up. PHP has frameworks like CakePHP, Laravel, Symphony, and Falcon, and very large industry players such as Oracle, HCL, and Motorola hire PHP developers at an average of one million and two thousand dollars per year.
Know More: Top 10 Technologies To Learn In 2020
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The field of chemical engineering emphasizes chemistry, mathematics, and creativity to solve important societal problems, from developing new pharmaceuticals safely and efficiently to creating clean and inexpensive fuels for energy conservation and pollution prevention.
Chemical engineers can have exciting careers as designers, troubleshooters, and technical leaders in fields such as pharmaceuticals, advanced materials, fine and specialty chemicals, food protection, environmental protection, biotechnology, clean energy technology, semiconductor fabrication, paper manufacturing, computer systems, and plastics manufacturing.
Materials science and engineering is a broad discipline, ranging from the extracting of valuable minerals and metals from ores, to the production of steel, to the development and fabrication of pure metals, alloys, ceramics, electronic materials, and biomaterials. Most fields in science and engineering are involved in some way or another in the development of materials, but only a materials engineer is an expert in the connections between the structure, processing, properties, and performance of materials.
Chemical & materials engineering news
lab worker testing covid disinfectant
Titanium and ultraviolet light powerful combination against SARS-CoV-2 virus
University of Nevada, Reno team developing surface and air disinfectant technology
Timsy Uppal and Bhaskar Vadlamani
COVID-19 rapid test has successful lab results, research moves to next stages
University of Nevada, Reno engineers and virologists team up for novel approach
Alexander Goldman and Zachary Wolff
Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates earn prestigious scholarships
Zachary Wolff and Alexander Goldman have earned scholarships from the TMS Society, a national organization that awards only ten scholarships annually.
Our vision
The vision of the Chemical and Materials Engineering Department is to advance our programs to achieve national and international recognition. This will result in the department being in the top 100 Chemical and Materials Science Engineering programs in the nation in five to ten years and the top 70 departments in the nation in ten to fifteen years
Our mission
Our undergraduate degree programs offer students the opportunity to enhance their knowledge in the chemical engineering and materials sciences.
Our mission is to educate students at a nationally competitive level in the fundamentals of the field and to provide an opportunity to conduct small scale, independent research projects.
We aim to educate students so that they can successfully enter academia or take leadership positions in industry.
In either case, our goal is to provide them with a knowledge base and skill set above that of bachelor's level chemical and materials engineers.
At the graduate level, our mission is to provide a quality education that prepares students for the challenges and opportunities presented by our modern technical society. Rigorous classroom instruction and laboratory experiences using modern equipment and computers provide broad insight into natural phenomena, technology, chemical and biological process-engineering equipment, and systems engineering. Classroom and research projects provide students with hands-on experience in problem solving.
We seek to provide meaningful research opportunities for graduate students, and to address state and national priorities in competitive, funded research programs. Our goal is to provide our graduating doctoral students with the necessary experiences and education to qualify them to work in academia, in industry and in government laboratories.
The mission and goal of our graduate program relates to the land grant mission of the University. It does so by contributing in the areas of energy, the environment, biomedical and materials engineering, and other chemically related engineering fields.
Are you ready to make a world of difference?
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P. B. Shelley
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Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
Birth- P. B. Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place near Horsham, England.
Father and Mother- His father's name was Timothy Shelley and mother's name was Elizabeth Shelley. His father was the MP for the New Shoreham. His mother was a landowner at Sussex. He had four younger sisters and one younger brother. His cousin Thomas Medwin wrote P.B. Shelley's biography 'The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley'..
Early Life and Education- He attended Sion House Academy from 1802-1804 and in 1804 he joined Eton College. He fared poorly and was subjected to daily mob torment by older boys, who aptly called these incidents 'Shelley-baits' In 1810 he entered University College, Oxford. It was considered that he attended only one lecture at Oxford, but read sixteen hours a day. After a year he was expelled from the college along with his friend Thomas Jefferson Hogg due to suspect authorship of a pamphlet 'The Necessity of Atheism'. It was published anonymously. This led to a complete break between Shelley and his father.
Matrimonial (वैवाहिक) Life- He eloped with 16 years old Harriet Westbrook (British Author) to Scotland in 1811. He was of 19 at that time. She had been writing passionate letters to Shelley threatening to kill herself because of unhappiness at the school and at home. Shelley had a family problem also. He was failed in romance with his cousin Harriet Grove, impulsively decided to rescue Westbrook and eloped with her. They married on August 28, 1811 and had two children. After marriage they went Ireland. Shelley soon became interested in Elizabeth Hitchener. She was schoolteacher. She inspired his first major poem, Queen Mab. Shelley met his hero William Godwin, the author of Political Justice and fell in love with his daughter Mary. They eloped to Switzerland in July 1814.
In 1815, Shelley returned to England and settled near London. In December 1816, his first wife Harriet Shelley committed suicide in a river in 1816 when she was of 21 and her body was recovered from the Sarpentine River. Shelley and Mary Godwin officially were married and had a son in the same year (1816).
Children- Percy Florence Shelley (son), William Shelley (son), Clara Everina Shelley (daughter), and Ianthe Eliza Shelley.
First Publication- Gothic Novel, Zastrozzi (1810)
Life History- After the death of his first wife Shelley continued to be involved in politics and 1817 wrote the pamphlet A Proposal for Putting Reform to the Vote Throughout the United Kingdom. In the same year (1817) Shelley wrote his long narrative poem 'Laon and Cythna' but was withdrawn after few copies were published because of incest (व्यभिचार, अनाचार), It was considered as attack on religion. It was edited and reissued as 'The Revolt of Islam' in 1818.
His wife Mary Shelley wrote a novel 'Frankenstein' or 'The Modern Prometheus' published on January 1, 1818. He wrote 'Prefacet' to his wife's novel 'Frankenstein'. Around 1820, Shelley settled in Pisa, Italy. He met Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, Edward Trelawny, Edward Williams, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, Thomas Love Peacock, Mary Shelley (wife) and John Keats and included the visionary poets in his literary circle. Shelley wrote a pastoral elegy on the death of John Keats 'Adonais' in 1821. After one year later of John Keats' death, Shelley died on July 8, 1822. Shelley and Edward Williams were going on a voyage from Leghorn to Lerici, Italy and both of them drowned during this journey.
Best Known For- Shelley was best known for his classic poems-
* Ozymandias
* Ode to the West Wind
* To a Skylark
* Music, When Soft Voices Die
* The Cloud
* The Masque of Anarchy
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Principles Of Hospital Architecture - Locating and selecting the hospital site
Principles Of Hospital Architecture - Locating and selecting the hospital site
Neighborhood and the principle of neighborliness
The principle of proximity is defined and explained based on two types of proper use and inappropriate use of urban lands, and in fact, neighborhoods can have negative or positive effects on each other. These effects in a negative direction include such things as dysfunction, deprivation of comfort, reduced efficiency, etc., as well as the proximity of two appropriate types of use, can increase efficiency, improve service levels and .... Therefore, paying attention to this issue is very important in locating medical centers. Here are some tips in this regard:
1. The location of the medical center should be considered near places with a high probability of casualties, such as commercial, religious, educational centers, crowded and dilapidated centers, roads, etc. Of course, this distance should not be so close that it is considered as the proximity of two unsuitable uses.
2. Preferably, the hospital land should be adjacent to or close to parks and green spaces and have a suitable view of nature and beautiful landscapes.
3. In choosing the location of the project, the fair distribution of hospital levels in the city should be considered. It is also necessary to respect the privacy of other hospitals and medical centers such as clinics, limited surgery centers, independent diagnosis centers, etc. In this regard, the location of the medical center should be appropriate to the health services network and the connection of the center with other medical centers far and near should be predetermined. Paying attention to this issue will affect the type of wards and care services required by the medical center, and the expectation of services and evaluation will be based on the capabilities and capabilities of the center.
4. Considering that a lot of care and attention has been paid to the detailed plans of cities and there are extensive support studies to decide on different uses, so it is important to pay attention to the suggestions of the detailed plan regarding the selection of a suitable place for establishing these centers. It has special.
5. The main and entrance side of the hospital should not be adjacent to the residential area.
6. Although a hospital in itself cannot be considered a potential target for an enemy attack, its proximity to sensitive buildings such as government, government, and military uses is of great importance from a passive defense perspective. The importance of this case is doubled when it is necessary to determine the distance of the hospital from sensitive buildings with careful and calculated studies in such a way that on the one hand direct attacks on that building do not harm the hospital and on the other hand services can be maintained with appropriate distance. Provided them with relief in critical situations.
7. According to the previous paragraph, although there are global protocols regarding the immunity of hospitals from attack during wartime, the very close proximity of medical centers to sensitive buildings will lead to the abuse of the enemy to attack medical centers.
8. It is possible to avoid the construction of these centers in the vicinity of spaces without an urban defense because it increases the possibility of anomalies in these places. Unprotected and indefensible spaces are places and spaces that do not belong to a natural or legal person and are not maintained. Such spaces are protected from view and therefore are cozy and safe spaces for unauthorized and abnormal activities. These spaces are in fact the result of contexts and factors at three levels: macro (socio-economic structure),
Are middle (institutional structure) and micro (physical structure).
9. Existence of some inappropriate uses in the vicinity of these centers reduces the efficiency of these centers because it reduces the motivation of people to visit it. These include landfills, municipal sewage centers, livestock, notorious neighborhoods, etc.
10. Location should be such that the principle of public comfort and well-being is not compromised. In other words, the operation of these centers should not disturb the well-being of citizens and the neighborhood.
Development plan or principle of abundance
The choice of land for the construction of the hospital should be such as to enable the development and expansion of these centers in the future. In other words, it is possible to predict the storage space for the future expansion of these centers. Experience has shown that every hospital needs to be expanded and developed every 10 or 15 years. Therefore, the location and design of the hospital should allow for any future expansion. Here are some tips:
1. There are two ways to predict future expansion. First, the land of the hospital should be large enough that part of the land should be used for construction to build a medical center. In the second case, part of the neighborhood around the hospital site is purchased to expand the building of the medical center and is used for this purpose. In this regard, the first case is the priority of choice.
2. Initial planning paid attention to the use of new neighborhoods after development so as not to be incompatible with therapeutic use.
3. In choosing the location of the hospital, the lands that allow the east-west expansion for the building have a higher priority.
4. In assessing the location of the medical center, the proximity of the center to a large space can allow the physical or functional development of the complex in crises. So that enough space is provided to install temporary canopies and rooms to serve patients.
5. In locating the hospital, attention should be paid to the future use of the neighborhoods, which is foreseen in the upstream plans, such as the comprehensive plan or the detailed plan, to examine the possibility of the hospital development plan by occupying adjacent license plates.
6. In the development plan, the demographic criteria should be considered. This index is one of the most important indicators regarding the construction or expansion of centers. This criterion includes the number and rate of growth of the urban population, the rate of growth of admission and morbidity of the medical center, the manner of distribution and dispersion of the population in the city, and so on.
Infrastructure and infrastructure
Due to the sensitivity of the hospital in terms of the type of use, urban infrastructure can have a significant impact on its operational continuity, especially in critical situations, which should be comprehensive urban studies. The location of the hospital should be about the urban infrastructure in such a way that in case of destruction of some of them, it is possible to quickly restore the infrastructure or, if necessary, create the necessary branches from this infrastructure to continue the hospital services. These basic infrastructures include water and sewage, gas, electricity, and telephone. Also in this group is the possibility of creating telecommunication networks, eliminating blind spots of mobile phones and radio waves, the possibility of establishing wireless communication and satellite systems, access to water for industrial purposes, the possibility of disposing of industrial waste and sewage, etc. In locating the hospital, attention should be paid to the infrastructure changes that are foreseen in the upstream plans, such as the master plan or the detailed plan, and its impact on the interaction with the hospital should be examined.
Economic indicators and cost estimation principle
The location of these centers should be such as to create a minimum cost for the relevant organizations and institutions, such as the cost of acquiring or purchasing land and building, the cost of facilities and equipment of the center, the cost of manpower, maintenance, and repair costs and ... should be done optimally and with comprehensive planning. On the other hand, the economic conditions of the community covered by the hospital are also effective in locating and planning the hospital.
Cultural indicators and social psychology
Due to its practical nature, psychological knowledge can help in choosing the best urban space for the construction and establishment of centers in investigating the causes and motivations of citizens' social and individual behaviors. This can be done through field studies and based on its study methods such as preparing and completing questionnaires, conducting interviews, holding conferences and meetings, calling for research, and so on.
Geographical location and climatic characteristics (microclimate)
The geographical location and climatic characteristics of the site should meet all the needs of a hospital in normal and critical conditions. On the other hand, its negative effects should be studied and considered in the planning of the medical center. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the main components of radiation, wind, and precipitation in this regard.
Physical characteristics of lands
Paying attention to the natural and physical characteristics of the lands is very important for choosing the hospital site. Because some of these factors are known as design potentials and others will cause design constraints; These factors include factors such as soil type, land topography, location in the path of seasonal faults and floods, location in the path of mountain fall or avalanche, location in the river, the presence of natural features (hills, trees, streams, Valley), the existence of artificial features (aqueducts), groundwater level, etc., pointed out that each of them must be carefully studied and examined. In addition to the natural characteristics, there are man-made factors that will limit the location of the hospital. These include interfering with or adjacent to underground facilities such as main gas or oil pipelines, water and sewage canals, interfering with underground transportation lines such as the subway, interfering with or adjacent to high voltage power lines, and so on. Barriers to site selection were noted. In this regard, if the above items are located near the site, the privacy announced by the relevant authorities must be observed.
Land area and dimensions
The land is suitable for hospital construction that is suitable in terms of dimensions, with its needs so that in addition to providing enough space to build a hospital, according to the per capita, it has enough space for other services and welfare uses for different groups. Here are some tips in this regard:
1. In determining the appropriate land area for a medical center, the following 6 factors should be considered:
A- Occupancy level of the main building
B- Occupancy level of buildings and ancillary facilities
C- Occupancy level of roads and passages
D-Occupancy level of parking lots
E- Occupancy level of green space
And - Free level forecast for the development
2 The ground must be large enough for the building to rotate and be positioned in the best geographical direction.
3. The minimum proposed area (land area) required for medical and hospital spaces is suggested in the table below. It should be noted that these dimensions are more considered in medical centers and hospitals.
Space Minimum proposed area (area)
Limited surgery centers 650 square meters
32-bed hospital 5000 square meters
64-bed hospital 8000 square meters
96-bed hospital 15,000 square meters
Hospital 124 beds 20,000 square meters
160-bed hospital 25,000 square meters
Hospital with 200 beds 30,000 square meters
More than 200 beds per 150 square meters
A- If the hospital is educational, 10% will be added to the above.
B- In the case of psychiatric hospitals, due to the limited classes, the minimum proposed area is increased by 50%.
C- In special circumstances and if the urban planning criteria are observed, the number of floors and land area can be different from the proposed values.
Earth Geometry
Proper geometry of the land will be most effective in facilitating the location of entry and exit routes, location and placement relative to the surrounding streets and passages, and placement of full and empty spaces relative to each other. Thus, the response of the land to the space needs, the relationship between the departments, the economics of the project, etc. are important issues that, for example, a stretched, narrow and disproportionate land will be difficult to meet the needs. Here are some tips in this regard:
2. The geometric shape of the earth will affect the location of the medical center according to the following indicators.
A- Earth dimension ratio (length and width)
B- Number of sides of the ground
C- Earth angles
D. Land slope
3. Sloping lands are not suitable for hospital construction. Due to the nature of the hospital, a large part of the audience of these centers are children, the disabled, and patients with physical disabilities, and low-slope sites provide easy access for everyone. Of course, the presence of a gentle slope at the site facilitates the collection of surface water in the space.
4. In the main access side of hospitals, it is possible to separate the main entrance and the emergency entrance.
5. The length and width of the land should be proportional to each other and the minimum size and area suggested should be observed in it.
6. It is possible to extract (enclose) square or rectangular land to the proposed dimensions in the land.
7. It is recommended that the shape of the earth be as close as possible to regular geometric shapes and its sides are preferably less than
5 sides.
8. The angles of the ground are preferably right-angled and there are no defects or shortcomings in the required useful surface.
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Tips for Commenting
The cs348b class web site is meant to provide a place for thinking, talking, and writing about the material in this course. To encourage you to think more deeply about the concepts described in the lectures, each of you is required to post at least two comments per lecture (within 48 hours of the lecture being given). You are of course more than welcome to post more.
Before you can submit comments to the lecture slides, you must create an account and login to the website.
We hope that as you read through the slides on your own, you can use making comments as a way to study the material and that the understanding you build up can also help others. For example, as you are studying, challenge yourself to write up your understanding in a comment.
Each comment need not be particularly long, a few carefully thought out sentences or a short paragraph is plenty of space for you to make a nice point. However, you should aim to make the comment as useful as possible to a fellow student that is reading through the slides to learn the material. Comments posted on the web site should be focused on course content and ideas. Piazza is the place to have discussions about specifics of debugging assignments, course logistics, etc.
Comments are written in Markdown. If you're unfamiliar with Markdown, take a look at our 90-Second Guide to Markdown, which also explains the extra support we've added for Latex math and internal site links.
You can reference this slide deck to see examples of good comments on slides from the first lecture.
More generally, consider the following options and advice when writing your comments:
• Explain the slide. Imagine your friend fell asleep in lecture for a few minutes and completely missed Pat's explanation of the slide. If you had one minute to teach your friend the most important idea about what he missed, what would you tell them about this slide?
• Challenge your classmates with a question. Come up with a question you would ask your friend if you were going to test their knowledge of the material. Other students in the class could try to answer your question in a subsequent comment.
• Explain what is confusing you. It's perfectly reasonable to look at a slide and think, "Wow, I clearly don't understand this part of the lecture."
In your comment explain why you don't understand, or what is particularly confusing you. Hopefully someone will answer.
• Clarity, clarity, clarity! Be clear.
It can be easy to write something that is sort of true. It is very hard to write something that is true and clear. Here's a trick: Before submitting your comment, read each of it's sentences one-by-one. For each sentence, ask yourself, "is this a true technical statement?"
You might be surprised how many times, once you see it on paper, that answer turns out to be no. (It happens to me all the time.)
• Provide a link to an alternate explanation. You might have found a better explanation of a topic on the internet. Provide a pointer to the alternative explanation you found, and say a few words about why you liked that explanation, or what additional things you learned.
• Mention a relevant real-world example. There are many real-world examples of the concepts we talk about in class. New movies with novel special effects are released, great examples of CG imagery may appear on web sites or in blogs, there are new rendering systems being built.
• Respond to another student's explanation or question. You could answer a question asked in a previous comment, or expand upon an explanation someone else attempted. You are welcome to point out a misunderstanding in what someone else posted, but please, please keep all comments positive and constructive. Remember, the goal is to help each other learn. If you do think it is useful to correct someone's work, be polite. Example: "Although xxxx mentions that algebraic surfaces would be the best possible rendering primitive, I disagree. People use triangles these days for many reasons. Furthermore, the intersection of a ray with a triangle yields at most a single point of intersection, and can be computed efficiently.
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Saturday, April 01, 2006
Treasure Hunt
One of the most excellent ways to create a storytelling culture in the home is to act out stories together. Though I have explored this idea somewhat in my book on Tolkien and Lewis (Talking of Dragons), I’m no more an expert on this than anyone else, so it’s just a matter of trial and error with our family. We have several ways we have tried this with our own small children (ages 5 and 2). One of our household favourites is called ‘Treasure Hunt.’ This is a wonderful way to teach very young children about such virtues as courage, watchfulness, and loyalty.
It’s actually very simple, and can be played indoors or out. You can elaborate over time, especially as the children get a little older. The simpler, indoor version (great for rainy or snowy days) goes like this:
1. Draw a simple treasure map, based on the topography of your living room/hallway/bedroom/playroom, or similar. Name the various bits of furniture: our large recliner is The Green Mountain. We have a small, flower-shaped rug that has been dubbed The Western Gardens. Couches can be called The Red Mountains, or the Rocky Hills. Names can be as simple or as elaborate as you like: Tolkien, for all his Elvish unpronounceables, gave most of the place names in The Hobbit simple, descriptive names: The Misty Mountains, The Long Lake, The River Running, The Lonely Mountain. Name each locale on your map, and, Indiana Jones notwithstanding, X always marks the spot.
2. Get the ‘treasure’. If you can find a small toy treasure chest, great, but any box will do. Fill it with some kind of treat or goodies: we have used candy, raisins, nuts, etc. Bury it: under some pillows, under a couch, in a closet, under some blankets, or wherever your imagination carries you.
3. Plan for various adventures along the way. Hide five or six stuffed ‘mountain lions’ (or wolves, or dragons, or anything appropriate) that you can quickly grab along some mountain pass for a surprise attack. If you have a small, decorative suit of armour, this makes an excellent ‘evil knight’ for your young son to cross swords with. A white blanket can be used to simulate a snowstorm. Come up with ideas as a family.
4. Next, you’ll need one or two small children (or four, or six, as the case may be): outfit them with a variety of ‘travelling gear’: toy swords are a must for the boys; or toy riding horses (the ones with a horse head on a stick are perfect) for either girls or boys. Take along a few cups and plates for campfire meals. Roll up the gear in a blanket (except for swords, which should be placed in belts, ready for action).
5. Set out, but always begin and end each adventure with prayer. Have the children ride through the halls on their toy horses, or even march in place, for a minute or two. Point out the ‘sights’ of the countryside: hills and rivers, lakes and waterfalls, mountains and oceans. Help the children to begin to use their imaginations to see the wonders of the world, right in their own living room.
6. At the appropriate time, have the lions, or dragons, or evil knight, attack the little party. The boys should be taught to protect their sisters, and the sisters must not engage directly in the battle (they may be taught to pour arrows into the ranks of the enemies from a safe distance). Make sure anyone who fights with swords cleans their blade afterwards, as Aslan taught us. Another idea is to have a ‘Gate Guardian’: an old man, or a mysterious knight (the suit of armour, or another toy figure), who will not let the company pass until they have solved a riddle. Make up a simple riddle beforehand: the answer could be ‘grass’ or ‘stars’ or ‘trees’. Example: ‘I am the little light that shines at night; though I am far away, I bring light to the whole world’. Something simple that even young children will be able to figure out. Increase the complexity of the riddles as they get more adept at solving them. In general, try to have something important for each child to do on each Treasure Hunt: if little brother’s calling is to slay the dragon, big sister can solve the riddle.
7. Let the adventure last several ‘days’. After marching for a while, set up camp: have a pretend meal (don’t forget to feed the horses), and then go to bed. Everyone should sleep for a short time (thirty seconds to a minute, depending on the ages and attention spans of the children). Sometimes, you may want to have a surprise night attack: otherwise, sound the ‘Morning Horn’ (if you have a toy horn, use that, or just make a shofar-like sound). That is the signal for the day to begin. Have a march of several days, and plan a few adventures along the way.
8. When you reach the X, have everyone dig (toy shovels are great for this purpose). Let the digging last for a while (patience is one of the virtues). When the treasure is found, there should be appropriate rejoicing and thanksgiving: prayer, dancing, laughing, singing. Then, distribute the goods (the candy, raisins, or whatever).
9. You can also work a storyline into your Treasure Hunt: part of the mission could be rescuing a noble knight or princess from the dungeon of a wicked sorcerer. Use whatever toys you have around to set the scene.
10. Use every opportunity to teach Christian virtue and honour. Teach the children to look out for one another, to help out when someone is in trouble (a large floor rug has become our Red Marshes, and whenever someone falls in, the others have to help him out). Teach them to love the beauty of the ‘sights’ all around on the journey. Let the imagination see and hear birds, and splash in cold streams. This game can also be played, on a larger scale, in the yard, but even if you are starting small indoors, show your children what it is like to delight in God’s creation, and to sacrifice for one another in life’s great Treasure Hunt.
Dire Warnings
The next installment in this series of my older writings is a short story written about three years ago. Comments are welcome...
Dire Warnings
“The problem with this energetic exercise in imagination,” said Professor Durus, with a kindly smile, “is simply a lack of evidence.”
He was walking to the parking lot with his colleague, Professor Roth. They regularly engaged in various informal disputations, usually at the behest of Roth, a perpetual axe-grinder. Durus enjoyed their informal debates, wearisome though they often were—especially as Roth never managed five sentences without lapsing into insult and invective. But Durus was considerate and patient. Roth was ardently religious, a passionate believer in the supernatural, and Durus held a private opinion that this faith too often made a Zealot of him. Not surprising, Durus had sometimes thought. Hot ideology makes hot heads.
Durus himself was quite the opposite, renowned for a tolerant spirit, for facing life’s challenges with a cool-headed serenity that invoked the admiration of all who met him. Casual acquaintances thought him honest, pleasant, and charitable, and friends knew him to be so. His goodwill even extended to the few that, like Roth, actually disliked him.
“Come off it,” said Roth with an acrid tone. “Don’t make me drag out the theistic proofs. You don’t believe in the supernatural because you don’t want to believe.”
Durus considered that. One can never completely know one’s own mind, after all, but he sincerely did not think Roth’s assertion true. “I want only evidence,” he said. “I know the traditional arguments for God’s existence, and I find them unconvincing. Perhaps it’s true that I use my agnosticism as a shield against error, as a handrail to keep me from falling off either side of the bridge. Still, it seems to me that Reality, as we know it, can be accounted for apart from the existence of a superior being that made it all. A beautiful thought if true, but…
“However,” he added, “my objections are both philosophical and practical.”
Roth snorted in disgust. “What does that mean?”
“The supernatural is wonderful for mythology, but decidedly bad for real life. I object to your brand of religion—miracles, angels, and all the rest—because of the type of person it produces: either Crusaders, valiantly fighting to force belief on others—“ here he resisted the temptation to provide a convenient illustration—“ or Slaves, who sink from belief into delusion.”
“Delusion?” said Roth. “Don’t be a fool. Delusion is the legacy of atheism. Give me one example of real faith producing delusion. Not cultic sectarianism, mind you, but a major religion.”
They had reached Durus’ car. He turned to Roth and smiled again. “I’ll give you one, and then I really must go. You’re an historian, Roth: surely you are familiar with The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle?
Roth rolled his eyes. “Of course. What’s your point?”
“Well, the Chronicle is a fairly straight-forward historical account of early Medieval English history. Yet what do you find in the record for the year 793?
Roth didn’t remember, but also didn’t let on. “What about it?”
Durus quoted the passage. “’Dire warnings were come over the land of the Northumbrians and sadly terrified the people. There were tremendous lightnings and fiery dragons were seen flying in the air.’”
He looked at his colleague as if trying to determine his thoughts. “Dragons, Roth. In an otherwise sane, historical report. Matter-of-fact, as if recording the outcome of a battle. Why? It was a culture that believed in angels and devils, so why not dragons? Why not giants or fairies? And that’s my point: a strong belief in the mythological side of religion obscures reason, causing delusion in otherwise rational, sentient people.”
Roth snorted again, but said nothing. Durus clapped him on the shoulder, good-naturedly. “Don’t get me wrong, Roth. Religion has high value. It teaches us to be honest, to help the needy, to endure suffering with patience. That’s enough religion for me.”
“Oh, yeah?” retorted Roth. “Well, I wouldn’t recommend trying out your secular religion when you’re standing next to your kid’s coffin.”
That was a bit much, even for Durus. But he refused to let it draw him out. He sighed, sadly, and said goodbye to his intolerant acquaintance. As he drove home, Durus reflected on the conversation. Like Roth, he’d grown up in what he now called “fairy tale religion”—angels, devils, witches, giants—and had grown up a selfish cad. Only when he abandoned the mythical elements of faith, accepting religion’s moral teachings, had he gradually transformed into a man of compassion and tolerance.
But he recalled his closing words to Roth: “religion teaches us to endure suffering with patience.” That’s the hard part, he thought. Durus, in fact, had suffered little in life. Born to wealth, with a near genius I.Q., he had married the most beautiful girl at Oxford, and now enjoyed money, status, and two great kids. What would he do if suffering came, as it surely would? Endurance is the key. I can’t help what happens, but I can control my own response to tragedy, and not let it overwhelm me.
He turned his car into his own neighborhood, onto his own street. Instantly, he was offered a chance to prove the ethical and psychological superiority of his religion, for his house—his own home—was on fire. A wall of flame illumined the late afternoon sky with blazing light. He skidded to a stop in the driveway, breathing words of thankfulness, to no one in particular, that his family was away for the day.
He jumped from the car, fumbling for his cell phone, for no one had yet arrived on the scene. Panic and fear swelled and threatened to crush him, and he dropped his phone. But he took a deep breath, and began to calm himself, even briefly thinking how good it was that he would now have an opportunity to exercise his religion in real life. He would endure, and hold down the storm of emotions that were rising in him. Durus’ head was spinning, despite his valiant efforts to remain calm, and his senses were cloudy. But help would come. In fact…
A shadow passed overhead. A rain cloud, he thought. A downpour would certainly help. A roar of wind, and a frightfully loud noise, like thunder, boomed above him. Yes, it’s going to rain. He felt the ground move behind him, and heard a high-pitched, piercing noise, like a siren. The firefighters are here. They’ll save my house. He turned, and squinted in the glow of two bright, yellow lights. Vehicle headlights. The fire engine.
A blinding flurry of ghastly images assaulted his eyes—a gaping mouth; a face marked by malice, intelligence, and twisted pleasure; a burning, malevolent smile; huge, scaly wings; razor-sharp fangs. His final thought, as the fiery breath hurled him into the surprisingly real world of Supernature, was of Roth, his fanatical colleague.
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Where The Roman God Of The Underworld Reside The Afterlife?
What gods live in the underworld?
Who killed Hades?
Like his siblings, he was swallowed whole by Kronos, who was afraid that his children would one day surpass him. Hades and the others were eventually freed by their youngest brother Zeus.
How does Zeus die?
What is the name of the Greek mythological place where souls go after death Bitlife?
The UnderworldHidden deep within the bowels of the earth and ruled by the god Hades and his wife Persephone, the Underworld was the kingdom of the dead in Greek mythology, the sunless place where the souls of those who died went after death.
Where do souls go in the underworld?
Beyond Cerberus is where the Judges of the underworld decide where to send the souls of the dead — to the Isles of the Blessed (Elysium), or otherwise to Tartarus.
What happens if you die in Hades?
When you die in Hades, you’ll return to the House of Hades where you can upgrade the skills and weaponry of Zagreus. … In addition to taking you back to the House of Hades where you can upgrade the skills and weapons Zagreus uses, dying triggers the autosave feature in Hades.
Can you die in the underworld?
If you die in Underworld, the Avatar can’t be used again, unless you re-activate it to a living state.
What are the weaknesses of Hades?
What did Hades fear?
Who is the god of evil?
Where does Hades live in the underworld?
Hades was the only Greek god not to reside on Mount Olympus, dwelling instead in a dark palace beneath the earth. In mythology, Hades fell in love with Persephone, daughter of Zeus and Demeter, and abducted her to live with him.
What are 3 important powers of Hades?
Did Hades have a son?
Did Hades have any affairs?
Hades did not make any of his extramarital affairs a secret. … While it was not Persephone’s choice to be abducted by Hades and tricked into marrying him, she took her new role as queen of the underworld seriously.
What are the 5 Rivers of Hades?
The kingdom of Hades features meadows, asphodel flowers, fruit trees, and other geographical features. Among the most famous are the five rivers of the Underworld. The five rivers are Styx, Lethe, Archeron, Phlegethon, and Cocytus.
What happens to Greek gods when they die?
Related question: How rare is a dead god? The Greek Gods can’t “Die”, but they can be crippled forever, chopped into tiny pieces, or just fade. For example, when Kronos sliced Ouranus (Uranus) to death, Ouranus was never able to have a physical form again.
Who is the god of death?
What are the three areas of the underworld?
The Underworld was composed of three parts/areas: the Asphodel Fields [or Meadows], the Elysian Fields and Tartarus. The Asphodel Fields [Meadows] was the place most dead people would go to.
Who runs the ferry to the underworld?
Who is the most powerful Greek god?
Who is the most evil goddess?
Kali1) Kali. Kali often appears as a dark or angry goddess with blue skin, a garland of skulls and a knife, her tongue red with the blood of those she devours. In each of her origin stories, she emerges through anger to destroy evil forces.
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Tax calculation
The annual tax calculation seems to be an impossible task. Due to the various types of taxes and a lot of cantonal differences it can be challenging to determine the amount of taxes owed. Our simple tips and tricks will help you calculate your taxes easier and faster.
Calculate tax
In order to understand how the tax liability is calculated, one must understand the relationship between the the tax law and tax authorities on one side and the individual tax payer on the other side. Only those who know how the tax law works may understand how the taxes owed are calculated.
Basic principles
The tax liability of a Swiss citizen towards the government results from the tax law relationship. Said relationship consists of the five components of the tax obligation: the tax sovereignty, the tax subject, the tax object, the tax calculation basis and the tax rate.
The tax law relationship explained
Tax sovereignty is the power of a public entity, or more precisely the tax authority, to levy taxes within a certain territory. This power exists vis-à-vis the tax subject. The latter is an individual or a company that is liable to pay taxes in Switzerland. The tax is levied on the tax object, the object of the tax collection. The tax is calculated on the basis of the so-called tax calculation basis. Said basis records the value of the tax object. The actual amount of the tax depends on the tax rate. The tax rate determines the percentage tax amount which must be paid in relation to the tax calculation basis.
Example income tax:
- Tax sovereignty: The tax sovereignty for levying the income tax lies with the federal government, the cantons and in general the municipalities.
-Tax subject: Tax subjects are the individual people: the tax payers. They are the debtors of the income tax.
-Tax object: The tax object is the income of the taxpayer.
-Tax calculation basis: The amount of tax owed is calculated on the basis of the taxable income. That is, the remaining income of the taxpayer after deductions are made.
-Tax rate: The tax rate for the income tax is derived from a table that determines a percentage of the taxable income as the tax owed. This percentage is usually progressive and increases with the amount of taxable income.
Tax calculation made easy
Steuermass? Steuersatz? Steuertarif? Steuerfuss? - What is the difference? The terms used in connection with the calculation of the tax can cause a lot of confusion. Especially for people who are not native german speakers.
The "Steuermass" (tax measure) is measures the tax burden, it gives the actual amount of tax due. This measure can be designed as a uniform measure or as a value-dependent measure.
In the case of a uniform measure, the tax is levied once on each tax object, irrespective of the economic significance of the tax object. This is the case, for example, with the dog tax; the tax is to be paid on each dog kept.
In contrast, the value-based measure distinguishes between the economic significance of the tax object. The measure can either be proportional, as is the case with property transfer tax, or progressive, as is the case with the income tax.
Calculating income and wealth tax
In the case of the income and wealth tax as well as the profit and capital tax, the tax measure is made up of two rates: "Steuersatz" and "Steuerfuss"
The "Steuersatz" is a percentage set by law depending on the basis of calculation. The "Steuersatz" can be proportional or progressive and, when multiplied by the calculation basis, results in the so-called simple tax. A plurality of "Steuersätze" is called a "Steuertarif" (tax tariff).
The "Steuerfuss" is a periodically determined factor, i.e. a number used to convert the simple tax into the actual tax. The simple tax multiplied by the "Steuerfuss" thus results in the actual tax amount to be paid.
Calculation basis x Steuersatz = simple tax
Simple tax x Steuerfuss = actual tax
Example income tax canton St. Gallen
The tax tariff of the Canton of St. Gallen is as follows:
The simple tax on income is:
0 percent for the first 11,000
4 percent for the next 4,000
6 percent for the further 17,000
8 percent for the further 25,000
9.2 percent for the further 36,000
9.4 percent for the further 157,000
For taxable income above 250,000, the simple tax for the entire income is 8.5 percent.
All about income tax
Learn more about how income tax is calculated.
More about income tax
All about income tax
Timing of taxes
A special feature of the Swiss tax system is that the tax period for the income and wealth tax or profit and capital tax does not coincide with the assessment period. The tax period is the period for which taxes are owed; in the case of the income tax for individuals, it is the calendar year, i.e. 2019, for example. However, these taxes are always levied, in the following year, in our example 2020.
Said fact does not prevent the state (at whatever level) from levying its claim at the beginning of the tax period. For this purpose, the tax amount for the coming tax period is estimated and collected on the basis of past periods. After the assessment, the difference between the result and the taxes already paid is calculated and either claimed or repaid, as the case may be.
At the beginning of 2019, the state has already collected the taxes for the year 2019. Said year is the tax and calculation period. The income earned in 2019 will be taxed.
However, a tax return for it will not be filled out until 2020, the assessment period. Depending on whether the estimate at the beginning of 2019 was correct, additional taxes will have to be paid or you will receive money back from the government.
20n20n +1
Tax periodAssessment period
Calculation period
How does the tax calculation work?
The above example explains the basic idea behind tax calculation. However, the exact calculation methods vary depending on the type of tax. Moreover, there are major cantonal differences when it comes to establishing the amount of tax owed.
We will explain to you how to calculate the most common taxes.
Calculation of income and wealth tax
Taxation of income
All recurring and non-recurring income is subject to the income tax. Taxable income consists of earned income from self-employment or employment, investment income from movable or immovable assets, as well as income from pensions and a range of other sources of income.
- Self-employment: Income from self-employment is defined as all income earned by a person who participates in economic life at his own risk and with the intention of making a profit. It does not matter whether the activity in question is carried out on a full-time or part-time basis. A distinction must be made between a simple hobby and a self-employed sideline activity.
- Employment: All recurring and non-recurring income from a private or public employment relationship is recorded as part of employment income. It does not matter whether the payments are made in cash or in another form.
- Income from movable assets: In principle, all income from movable assets is taxable. This applies to interest as well as dividends, leasing fees or fees for licenses. The main exception to this rule are tax-free capital gains.
- Income from immovable property: Income from immovable property is understood to be effective income from the transfer for use of immovable property. This means rental income as well as owner-occupied rental value.
Profit costs may be deducted from taxable income. These are specific costs that were necessary to generate the income. They are to be distinguished from general costs or living expenses. The latter may only be deducted to an extent that is conclusively regulated in the StHG.
Deductible are, for example, interest on debts, contributions to pensions and insurance, the dual-earner deduction, maintenance contributions in the event of separation and divorce as well as illness, accident and disability costs. In addition, social deductions may be made.
Keep track of the permissible deductions with the "Tax return deductions" checklist from taxea!
Private capital gains are tax-free. Said term refers to private investments that result in a profit when sold. The most relevant example is probably the sale of shares.
However, caution is advised here: if share trading is carried out too professionally, it can be classified as self-employment and the profit is subject to the income tax.
We will show you exactly how income tax is calculated using a simple example.
Taxation of wealth
The wealth tax is another peculiarity of the Swiss tax system and probably especially surprising for expats, as hardly any other country levies this type of tax anymore. It is a tax on net wealth which consists of movable assets (e.g. bank accounts, cars, shares) and immovable assets (e.g. real estate). All assets are taxed at their value on December 31, this procedure is called the reference date principle.
The Confederation itself does not levy this tax, but the cantons and municipalities do. Unsurprisingly, the wealth tax can therefore turn out to be quite different depending on where you live. This is not only because each canton has its own tax measure, but also because of the different deductions, which the cantons set autonomously.
All about income tax
Learn more about how income tax is calculated.
More about income tax
All about income tax
Calculation of withholding tax
The calculation of the withholding tax follows the described scheme in principle as well. However, the withholding tax is based on the amount of gross income (cash and non-cash benefits) of the person liable to the withholding tax per month. The reductions permitted for income and wealth tax are deducted as a lump sum
Calculation of profit and capital tax
Taxation of profit
The profit tax is raised on the net profit which is determined by the balance of the profit and loss account, taking into account the balance carried forward from the previous year. Expenditures for expenses not justified by the business must also be added to this balance. The tax calculation basis is thus increased by:
- Costs for the acquisition, production or increase in value of fixed assets;
- Depreciation and provisions not justified by business reasons;
- Contributions to reserves;
- Payments into equity capital from funds of the legal entity, insofar as they are not made from reserves taxed as profit;
- Open and hidden profit distributions and donations to third parties that are not justified in business terms.
Income not credited to the income statement, including capital gains, revaluation gains and liquidation gains, is also included in the calculation basis.
Art. 58 DBG or Art. 24 para. 1 StHG contains a list of expenses justified on business grounds. These include in particular federal, cantonal and communal taxes, but not tax penalties, as well as contributions to pension funds for the benefit of staff.
Voluntary contributions of up to 20 percent of net profits to charitable organizations in Switzerland, as well as rebates, discounts and costs for the professional training and continuing education of the company's own staff, also qualify as business-related expenses
Particular caution is required with regard to the tax correction of hidden reserves, the tax correction of depreciation, provisions and hidden equity.
Certain transactions do not affect the income statement, i.e. no taxable profit is generated. This is the case in particular with capital contributions by members of corporations and cooperatives as well as the transfer of the registered office, the administration, a business operation or a permanent establishment within Switzerland, provided that no disposals or accounting expenses are made.
Capital gains from inheritance, bequests or gifts are neutral in terms of the profit tax as well, although they may be subject to inheritance or gift tax depending on the canton.
Summary: While the income tax is based on the entire income minus deductions, the profit tax is based on what remains at the end. For this purpose, certain items are added back to the net profit.
Taxation of capital
The capital tax for legal entities is the equivalent of the wealth tax for individuals. It is levied only by the cantons and varies greatly in its form. The general principles of capital taxation, to which each canton must adhere, are laid down in the StHG. Equity capital is taxed according to the reporting date principle.
However, the equity capital of companies is much more difficult to determine than the net assets of individuals. This is because equity is made up of share capital, reserves and hidden equity. The determination of each of these factors can be difficult depending on the size and structure of a company.
Calculation of value added tax VAT
Who actually has to pay value added tax? The answer to this question is to be found in the Federal Law on Value Added Tax (MWSTG). The value added tax VAT is a net all-phase tax. It is levied on all stages of the movement of goods (all phases) after deduction of the input tax burden (net).
The VAT is divided into three sub-taxes. The domestic tax, which is levied on domestic services, the import tax on the import of services from abroad and the purchase tax on the purchase of certain services. The tax is levied by the Federal Tax Administration or the Federal Customs Administration (import tax).
The standard rate of VAT is 7.7 percent. A reduced tax rate of 2.5 percent applies to certain services. This covers basic items for everyday use, including piped water, foodstuffs, fodder, fertilisers and magazines. Accommodation services are subject to a special rate of 3.7 percent.
The input tax may be deducted when calculating VAT.
VAT obligation
Who has to pay the value added tax?
Learn more
VAT obligation
Calculation of anticipatory tax
The legal regulations on the anticipatory tax (Verrechnungssteuer) can be found in the Federal Anticipatory Tax Act (VStG) and the associated ordinances. The anticipatory tax is levied on income from movable assets, winnings from money games, lotteries and games of skill for sales promotion purposes, as well as on insurance benefits.
The anticipatory tax generally amounts to 35 percent of the taxable amount. It is paid to the Federal Tax Administration. Said tax functions as a security measure to ensure that these income components are declared in the tax return. People resident or domiciled in Switzerland can therefore reclaim the anticipatory tax if the corresponding income is declared in the tax return. The situation is different for individuals and companies domiciled abroad. For them, the anticipatory tax is usually a definitive payment.
Stamp taxes
Stamp duties, more precisely the issue tax, the turnover tax and the tax on insurance premiums, are regulated in the Federal Law on Stamp Taxes (StG)
- Issue tax: The issue duty is payable on the issue of domestic certificates. As a rule, it amounts to 1 per cent of the nominal value of the certificates. In the case of profit participation certificates, a levy of 3 francs per certificate is payable.
- Turnover tax: A turnover tax is payable on the turnover, i.e. the transfer of ownership against payment, of domestic and foreign deeds. The amounts to 1.5 per thousand of the consideration, for deeds issued by residents, and 3 per thousand for deeds issued by foreigners.
- Tax on insurance premiums: The tax on insurance premiums amounts to 5 per cent of the cash premium of the insurance. For life insurance, the levy is 2.5 per cent of the cash premium.
Real estate gains tax
The real estate gains tax is levied on the sale of immovable property, namely real estate, condominiums or building rights. The Confederation does not levy a real estate gains tax.
The exact structure of the tax therefore depends on the respective cantonal regulations. In addition, the amount of the tax depends to a large extent on how long someone has owned the property before selling it. These two factors can strongly influence the calculation of the real estate tax.
Calculate property gains tax
We show you how real estate gains tax is determined
Learn more
Calculate property gains tax
How can I calculate my taxes?
Due to the large number of different cantonal regulations, it is a good idea to use a tax calculator to determine the amount of tax to be paid. Most cantons offer such a tax calculator on their respective websites
Cantonal tax calculator
Use the cantonal tax calculator to determine your taxes.
- Aargau
- Appenzell Inner Rhodes
- Appenzell Outer Rhodes
- Berne
- Basel Countryside
- Basel City
- Fribourg
- Geneva
- Glarus
- Jura
- Lucerne
- Neuchâtel
- Nidwald
- Obwalden
- St.Gallen
- Schaffhausen
- Solothurn
- Schwyz (legal entities / natural persons)
- Thurgau
- Ticino
- Uri
- Vaud
- Valais
- Zug
- Zurich
Tax comparison
With the help of the tariff list, the income tax owed can be calculated at the federal level. The tariffs are based on the national consumer price index.
Furthermore, the Confederation produces annual statistics on the representative tax burden in the various cantonal capitals and municipalities, which can be used to compare the different tax burdens throughout Switzerland.
The federal government's calculations are structured according to the personal situation of the taxpayer
Tax Paradise in Switzerland
Discover the 3 cantons where you pay the least taxes.
To the overview
Tax Paradise in Switzerland
Calculating the amount of taxes owed is a complex task due to the large number of tax types and major cantonal differences. It is advisable to use a tax calculator to determine the amount of taxes owed. Many cantons offer such calculation aids on their respective websites.
However, these are only reliable if the actual relevant tax object is known.
Are you sure what counts as income? Have you made all permissible deductions? We are here for you!
The specialists at taxea are at your side with uncomplicated and competent advice and action. We are happy to help you complete your tax return quickly and minimise your tax burden.
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Mind-Body Health
Embrace Social Distancing in 6 Easy Ways
facetiming with friends
You are socialized by your caretakers from the day you are born, but what you start to learn is that your external world holds the cues on how you need to be. You take on patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and actions from others to navigate the world. You form a connection through contact, share emotional experiences with others, and bond through gatherings. In turn, you develop a social brain that helps you interpret the world you live in; yet, your inner world often remains a work in progress.
You may have been taught to look to the outside world for the latest fashion and trends, but too often it only leads to a disconnection from yourself. During these trying times, it’s easy to look at what others may do, but you should listen to your own innate wisdom. Checking out the newest restaurant in town or enjoying a night out with friends could have been both exciting and fun, but it also would not allow you to mindfully slow down. This level of stress increases your risk of illness.
It is completely natural and normal to feel out of sorts with the idea of “social distancing”—the idea of keeping your distance. If it makes you anxious, you are not alone. Here are six ways to make social distancing more friendly.
1. Start a Meditation Practice
You might be wondering how meditation is related to social distancing. Social distancing gives you the opportunity to reconnect to yourself. By doing so, you learn how to feel emotionally safe and tolerate (reduce) the number of unwanted thoughts.
Dr. Deepak Chopra writes that “The deep state of rest produced by meditation triggers the brain to release neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphins. Each of these naturally occurring brain chemicals has been linked to different aspects of happiness …” (1) Meditation allows you to feel good, which is a welcomed feeling during this time.
2. Spend Time with Family or Yourself
family dance
Most of us are used to spending time with friends or family at a popular restaurant. You may gather in groups and mingle over a football game. No matter which neighborhood you live in, there is probably a go-to bar, restaurant, or coffee spot that is your favorite to meet and greet, share a meal with a friend, or enjoy a date night. But with social distancing in effect, you’ll need to find new ways to connect.
You might be thinking, “I am healthy, do I need to be cooped up?” Try to see this as an opportunity to save money and create new ways to connect. Although it is natural to resist, notice what your resistance says to you. Have there been times you have said, “I need to stop spending so much money eating out …”? Well, it seems, the opportunity is unfolding itself now.
3. Take a Walk
Unless you are facing a community quarantine or you need to consult with your physician before starting an exercise, taking the time for a walk, hike, or bike ride can allow you to let go of physical tension that is held in the body and create a healthy habit.
Getting some fresh air and being in nature can give you a new perspective and allows you to tune into yourself. If you are taking the kids along, make it an adventure trip by helping them spot birds, hear sounds in nature, or identify different flowers. You might catch yourself smiling and laughing a lot more.
4. Enroll in an Online Course
taking notes
Do you want to learn how to meditate? Or understand what to eat to stay healthy? The current health crisis brings the need for self-care and health to the forefront, it gives you the opportunity to become your own health advocate. Learn ways to use meditation, Ayurveda, and breathwork to support your immune system and expand your ability to stay healthy by finding a class online.
Now more than ever, you can reconsider how you want to reconnect to your body and well-being. Simply ask yourself, “Can taking an online meditation class help me reduce my anxiety?” Will knowing more about unprocessed foods be a source for self-healing?
5. Set Up a Dinner Date with a Friend
That’s right. Set up a dinner date through video chat. You might find yourself being creative in all sorts of ways—perhaps, you have already used a platform to get a group together over dinner. What you may find is that your friends will share something about themselves that you have never known before. Why? Typical in-person conversations are often competing with external distractions, such as a noisy restaurant or street traffic. When you and your friends are not distracted, the brain naturally begins to tune in to what is present. You may discover that your friend loves matcha latte after your virtual yoga class. Both of you might decide to create a knock out recipe that you share with all your friends.
6. Start a Conversation
It is not unusual to feel isolated, depressed, or anxious during this time of crisis. Questions like, “When will this all come to an end?” or “What will happen if this continues?” persist. These are normal and reasonable concerns. If you find yourself overwhelmed with these thoughts, notice that you are having trouble sleeping, eating, or functioning, then call a trusted friend, family member, or a therapist. Simply voicing how you feel can sometimes decrease your worry. Reaching out is a sign of courage; it means you are self-aware and recognize everyone gets stressed at times. It is important to seek support when the need arises.
Remind yourself that you’ve gone through other challenges in your lifetime, and this too will pass. You have come through other hardships because you are resourceful and hopeful. You are about to expand your potential even more because you are reprogramming your social nature within—shifting old patterns and creating new habits.
Now’s the best time to write down—even the smallest moments—that were inspiring, joyful, and creative! You will be surprised, when you review your notes two weeks from now, of how much growth has genuinely occurred.
Our 21 Day Meditation Experience program, Renew Yourself: Mind, Body & Spirit with Deepak Chopra and international music icon, J Balvin is taking place now through August 30. Listen for free! You can also download our app onto your phone and meditate from anywhere.
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Machine learning and PID controller allow us to control an autonomous car to drive around an object.
How does it work?
Current technologies for additive manufacturing (3D printing) are mostly developed for on-earth environment which relies on the gravitational force, and any vibration/disturbance must be minimized. However, in many situations, e.g., on space missions where gravity is close to zero,
The Mosquito Eradicating Robot aims at eradication of deadly diseases like Malaria, Dengue and viruses like Zika virus by capturing and eradicating the agents of these diseases. The agents of these diseases and viruses are Mosquitoes.
Chemical manufacturing is responsible for close to 30% of the global energy demand, and innovative solutions are needed to reduce the impact of CO2 emissions released from energy-intensive chemical processes.
A machine designed to interact with its environment, make an appropriate decision based on surroundings, and then carry out the jobs related to its goal. All automatically. Our focus will be on robots, which are designed for more specific purposes in the physical world.
The laboratory is designed for modelling and subsequent electrical equipment printing of power stations and substations . No company in the field of power industry can do without design engineers as the process of designing is of paramount importance.
Once at Government, the L.A. politicians seem to treat their national economies as if they were a large version of their own households. For decades L.A. economies have run on peaks and troughs or at pilgrim´s pace.
Welding technologies are fundamental to fabrication and ubiquitous within manufacturing. Laser welding has found wide application for the joining of precision metal components and high-speed production due to the intense laser heat source. Low penetration or “conduction mode” welding is well controlled,
Neurodegenerative dementia is a disease that progressively deteriorates brain functionality. One of the most common symptoms of dementia is memory loss. In addition, patients usually lose the ability to solve problems or control their emotions and present changes in personality and normal behavior.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Contrabass (from Italian: contrabbasso) refers to several musical instruments of very low pitch—generally one octave below bass register instruments. While the term most commonly refers to the double bass[citation needed] (which is the bass instrument in the orchestral string family, tuned lower than the cello), many other instruments in the contrabass register exist.
The term "contrabass" is relative, usually denoting a very low-pitched instrument of its type, rather than one in a particular range. For example, the contrabass flute's lowest note is approximately an octave higher than that of the contrabass clarinet. Instruments tuned below contrabass instruments, such as the double contrabass flute or subcontrabass saxophone, may be referred to as "double contrabass," "triple contrabass," "subcontrabass," or "octocontrabass" instruments. On the other hand, the "contrabass" classification often includes such instruments.
• Contrabass harmonica
• Contrabass singer, basso profondo or oktavist, a rare sub-bass, classical singer who performs notes in the contrabass octave
1. ^ "Contrabass Serpent". Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
2. ^ "Bass and Contrabass Trumpet". Contrabass Mania. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
3. ^ "Sub-Contrabass Whistle Profundo". Chiff and Fipple Forums. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
4. ^ "The Contrabassophone". Contrabass Mania. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
5. ^ "Slide Reed Subcontrabass". Contrabass Mania. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
External links[edit]
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Shelter Area near Maryknoll in Stanley [c.1941-c.1941] | Gwulo: Old Hong Kong
Current condition:
Demolished / No longer exists
Date Place completed:
c.1941-01-01 (Year, Month, Day are approximate)
Date Place demolished:
c.1941-12-24 (Year, Month, Day are approximate)
Position of marker and dates are approximate.
Father Murphy mentions it in an interview he gave after he was repatriated in 1943 (thanks to brian for the link):
On the second day of war, Fr. Murphy was placed in charge of a refugee camp for Chinese bombed out of Hong Kong city, to be established on the grounds of the Maryknoll mission, near Point Stanley. The camp was maintained by the Hong Kong government, under the medical department. Maryknoll, Passionist and Vincentian Fathers voluntarily assisted in the task of erecting lean-to's and other preparations for the 2,000 Chinese who arrived December 10.
The camp was constructed on the brow of a hill overlooking the bay; flunked behind by the tall red Maryknoll building and other hills. The presence of nearby British forces and other military objectives early directed fire to the vicinity of the camp, and many of the refugees were wounded by bomb fragments and anti aircraft shrapnel.
What originally was intended as a point of refuge soon became a "hot spot." The Kowloon area of the mainland, to the northeast, fell on December 12. Japanese troops crossed the channel a few miles from Stanley six days later and captured Tytam reservoir, located
in hills near the camp. Thereafter the entire island was without water. From December 20 the Stanley area was under constant fire. Fighting also ranged in the vicinity of Repulse Bay, to the southwest.
Through these ever-approaching battle lines. Fr. Murphy worked ceaselessly to maintain communications for the Chinese refugees. In an open touring car he made as many as four round trips a day over the hazardous 11-mile road between Stanley and Hong Kong. The road crawled through Wong Nei Chong gap, one of the big battle zones. Throughout these journeys, the young priest was exposed to almost constant rifle fire and often bombing forays. He had to work around landslides and skirt bomb craters. Skirmish lines were all around him.
"But others were doing far more,” he said. "However, I was fortunate in not being hit.”
The Chinese were fed two meals daily, of beans, fish, rice and meat. "Whenever there was a bombing raid ” Fr. Murphy said, "the camp would be deserted at once, the Chinese running into nearby vales. But they always came back for their meals.”
The Chinese were largely villagers, he said. They were cooperative and friendly, but frightened and bewildered. Although they recognized Fr. Murphy, and the work he was doing for them, he was forced to carry a cane with him to prevent injury in some hysteria-inspired rush for the food lines. Camp officials were obliged to encircle the kitchen with barbed wire. But once the crowd pushed so heavily against the wire fence in a frenzy to obtain food and escape to the vales, that they overturned a heavy concrete pillar, anchoring one end.
On December 24 the Chinese refugees mysteriously faded away, warned, perhaps, of impending events. Fr. Murphy had made his last trip to Hong Kong the previous day. He was warned to stay away, because the route was too dangerous. Hong Kong fell Christmas Day.
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The Origins and Consequences of Cuba’s Emigration Crisis
By Alberto N Jones
Illustration by Yasser Castellanos
HAVANA TIMES — The emigration tragedy, which hasn’t stopped inflicting itself upon the Cuban people, is proof of just how tricky and hard it has been to shake off a criminal policy, which has caused a lot of harm in the form of tears, pain, blood and deaths.
This tragedy began on January 1, 1959, when the United States unilaterally changed the two countries’ existing immigration laws, allowing the Batista government’s hitmen to enter the US, without papers, who were being sought after by the law in Cuba.
US government attempts to sabotage and overthrow the Cuban government focused on the third world’s desperate need to immigrate to developed countries, which was handled by the Department of State and CIA with surgical precision, first encouraging the departure of Batista government officials and his compromised military personnel, followed by Cuba’s bourgeoisie, professionals in all fields, religious leaders, the middle class, and finally, those who would have never reached these lands, like my own mother, who invested her very few savings and never received a visa, but did receive the right to “seek refuge” in 1961.
Embassies in Mexico, Spain, South America and some Caribbean countries were persuaded to facilitate the visa process. The United States issued thousands of Visa Waivers to speed up the process and programs were created such as Operation Peter Pan, the Camarioca Boatlift and Freedom Flights, as well as the Cuban Family Reunification Parole Program, the Mariel Boatlift, the Cuban Rafter Crisis and today’s migration disaster.
At the Guantanamo Naval Base or GITMO, which has been illegally occupied since 1903, no Cuban had dared to enter without the “Pass” which is given by the National Security Department. Suddenly, in mid-1959, this enclave became a 117 beachhead, where anybody who jumped the perimeter fence or swam across the bay was welcome, given shelter, food, clothes, the prized I-94 document and a free plane ticket to Norfolk, Virginia.
In 1960, GITMO employed around 2,200 Cuban civilian workers, who the military encouraged to “take asylum” with a cushy job which gave them access to once prohibited commercial, leisure and health facilities as well as free air and sea tickets to the United States and the Caribbean. The greatest Cuban money laundering center was created, giving employees on the island 5, 10 and even 15 pesos (with no value abroad) for the dollar, taking away large sums of hard currency from the Cuban Treasury.
Sabotage, acts of terrorism, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the murders of Cuban employees and border guard soldiers as well as self-aggression attempts on GITMO, created a landscape of insecurity and war in the country’s southeast.
Aiming to restrict the massive illegal exodus of Cubans, the Cuban government introduced an unexpected contradictory law: the so-called Illegal exit law, which caused a lot of pain and tears. They also tried to make the journey harder by planting millions of cacti which were finally replaced by the second largest mine field in the world. That’s why the government was internationally denounced and labeled “the Sugar Cane Curtain”.
We’ll never know the exact number of innocent Cuban victims who have perished at sea, in the air and on land because of this conflict which has been artificially created due to the two countries political and ideological differences.
In 2013, the Cuban government lifted travel restrictions for citizens traveling abroad. The number of international voluntary workers had reached an all-time high, when the former CIA agent Emilio Gonzalez came up with his infamous Cuban Medical Professional Parole Program, which stimulated thousands of doctors and other health workers on missions in the world’s most remote places to leave their poor patients behind and to settle in the United States under the false promise of making money.
For many, this became a great scam, as they were never warned about the tricky and expensive revalidation process or about the fact that financial grants for living expenses while they were taking the required courses didn’t exist, and so the only way the luckiest could survive was to become nurses, musicians or phlebotomists and the less fortunate became low-lifes, cafe employees, illegal doctors or Medicare embezzlers that the Police would go after.
The political detente between the United States and Cuba and the siren song being sent out from Miami motivated thousands to try and reach the US before existing laws were changed.
When President Barack Obama’s government put an abrupt end to the Wet-foot, Dry-foot Policy, thousands of people accused Obama and the government in Havana of causing the largest human tragedy that thousands of people are now suffering, stuck on their way to the US. These voices included those who up until yesterday were demanding that the policy be revoked because of the massive fraud that so-called economic migrants commit who only have to wait a year and a day in order to normalize their immigrant status and then return to Cuba for visits.
Nobody in their right mind could let the Cuban government off for the different levels of responsibility they have in this tragic human tragedy which continues even today, but trying to ignore the causes, origins, undeniable events which appear in Cuba’s vast historiography compilation on migration, would be a lie.
The struggle to end this tragedy once and for all has reached intolerable and unacceptable levels for us to think that it’s a distant problem. Cuba can’t take action with the unmoved and insensitive world’s indifference which tolerates this, without getting upset about the bloodbath in the Middle East and much less, the hate, xenophobia and racism that is spreading through Europe.
Cuba has a moral obligation to eliminate the causes of this tragedy which doesn’t have anything to do with politics, but to do with the lack of a sound economic future, the Cuban people’s inabilty to satisfy their basic individual needs such as food, housing, leisure, transport and others, which Cubans have often been deprived of for over a half century.
There is no other country in Latin America that has the same potential and opportunities that Cuba does to become a happier, more stable and developed country, with less of a need to emigrate, where so many Popes, prime ministers, presidents and kings of the world are anxious to take part in the creation of a more equal society in this hemisphere.
For some strange reason, trade agreements, investments and partnerships have, for the most part, been whittled down to news articles, in spite of the fact that these are the only way to heal the latest migration tragedy and its painful consequences and deaths.
China sent out a call asking for its children to come home in order to build a better future for everybody. No complex, abdication or regret should stand in the way of our country building this stronger, more united and supportive society with its children both on and off the island, like it did at the beginning of the last century.
12 thoughts on “The Origins and Consequences of Cuba’s Emigration Crisis
• Sorry to disappoint, but I don’t do negativity.
I’m an optimist and always hope for the best.
Your trump is a backward step according to the majority of US citizens who cared to participate in the 2016 Election.
And according to most people on Planet Earth, and almost everyone in Cuba, your trump is a joke, Putin Puppet an a sad indication of how your ‘democracy’ seems to be slipping………
I hope the USA recovers from this episode………
Time will tell.
President Obama engaged Cuba.
He will always be very popular there.
Despite his flaws, a MAN worthy of his office.
• No, more like right wing reality check, NOT propaganda. Millions of decent people did stand up and voted Trump in. Read it and weep.
“His agenda” was what got him into office in the first place. Now that he is in office, he should be given the opportunity to improve the country.
Of course all the sore loser are out making some noise, but seriously doubt all that noise will stop Trump from going forward with his plan of action. Only time will tell if he will be successful. Trump was obviously successful enough to have amassed all that wealth, so maybe, just maybe he will have the same success in improving the U.S. economy which hands down will make him even more popular.
And in that process hopefully he just might engage Cuba, and maybe things will change just a tad bit for the better on the beautiful Island of Cuba.
Yeah, sure none of that could happen with negative attitudes like yours. But having hope is never an obstacle to progress.
• I have to point out to you that you are incorrect from your first angry point onward…..
And I don’t even like mojitos….
Do you favour what occurred at camp X Ray?
Do you think that the torture there was acceptable??
• Obviously drank every drop of right wing propaganda you were weened on?
I think there are millions of decent people in the USA who will stand up and be counted if trump goes through with the agenda he boasts of having.
When it comes to advice…..
Maybe we just need to find another Tommy Paine and send him over there to shake things up again??
Leave a Reply
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Alumina Ceramic Circuit Board manufacturer
/Tag: Alumina Ceramic Circuit Board manufacturer
Alumina ceramic pcb, ceramic circuit board substrate
RF PCB Layout: Interconnect Losses
Your trace geometry and layer stack will have a major effect on signal integrity as you route high frequency analog signals throughout your board. Newer designers will likely default to a microstrip geometry, possibly with guard vias to provide isolation between different circuit blocks and to suppress radiated emissions. The question of which trace geometry to use is about more than isolation; it is also about avoiding losses due to dielectric absorption, roughness losses, and scattering from your PCB substrate. The alternative to using microstrip transmission lines is to use stripline transmission lines. Routing striplines on a dedicated interior layer [...]
Ceramic PCB
Ceramic PCB Hitech Circuits Co., Limited offers ceramic PCB for your printed circuit boards needs. Many users of printed circuit boards find ceramic PCBs have an advantage over traditional boards made of other materials. This is because they provide suitable substrates for electronic circuits that have a high thermal conductivity and a low expansion coefficient (CTE). The multilayer ceramic PCB is extremely versatile and can replace a complete traditional printed circuit board with a less complex design and increased performance. You can use them for high-power circuits, chip-on-board modules, proximity sensors and more. Supply High Thermal Conductivity, Low Expansion Ceramic PCB Besides its enviable thermal [...]
What is Ceramic PCB? Differences between PCB & Ceramic PCB
PCB or printed circuit boards are made by printing conductive pathways into a board that connects transistors, resistors, and integrated circuits. In the case of Ceramic printed circuit boards (Ceramic PCB), the conductive pathways are printed in ceramic baseboards. This essentially improves the performance quality of such circuit boards. The ceramic used in this case is not the typical ones that are utilized in floors; instead, it is a special kind of material called ‘fine ceramic.’ It is engineered with different chemical substances for specific uses. A ceramic printed circuit board is made of metal cores. Aluminum nitride boards [...]
WHAT IS CERAMIC PCB ? Dear All, What is ceramic PCB? HitechPCB works with ceramic PCB and varieties of PCB products. So, we have decided to share the definition and its uses with our readers. Ceramic PCB is a circuit board made with a ceramic base material. PCB is a short form of the printed circuit board. It is made of electronic ceramics that can be changed into many different shapes and sizes. For having high-temperature resistance and high electrical insulation performance, it is used in vastly in various fields that need better circuit boards. Some extra feature of it [...]
Alumina (Al2O3) Ceramic PCB
Hitech Circuits Co., Ltd. is a leading Ceramic PCB Manufacturer and Ceramic Substrate Manufacturer in China, we specialized in Ceramic PCB Manufacturer Ceramic Substrate Manufacturer, Electronic Ceramic Supplier, AL2O3 Ceramic Supplier, ZRO2 Ceramic Supplier, High Temperature Ceramic Coating, Industrial Ceramics Manufacturer, Anti ESD Coating, Anti Glue Coating, and Silicon Carbide Coating Services. The products are widely used in high power LED ceramic substrate, microwave wireless communications, HCPV solar animal cells, ceramic sensor substrates, semiconductor and military electronics.
Aluminum Nitride Ceramic PCB
Aluminium Nitride (ALN) PCB PN: SUB3100 R1.5 Aluminium Nitride (ALN) material 0.5mm Ceramic thickness 1 Oz Coppper thickness ENEPIG suitable for gold wirebonding Solder mask: White, Legend: Black Laser Scribed Application: Semi-Conductor
Aluminum Nitride Ceramic AlN PCB fabrication and Electronics assembly
Technical description Aluminum Nitride Ceramic AlN PCB fabrication and assembly Product type: ALN Ceramic Substrate Material: Aluminum Nitride Ceramic 180W/m.K Layer/Thickness: 1L/1.5mm Outer Copper: 1 OZ Surface treatment: Hard gold Solder Mask: White X 1 side Technical featuer: special materials
Ceramic PCB Capability
General Information About Ceramic Printed Circuit board (Ceramic PCB) Ceramic Printed circuit board (Ceramic PCB) includes Alumina (Al2O3) PCB, Aluminum Nitride (AIN) PCB with high pressure, high insulation, high frequency, high temperature, and high reliable and minor volume electronic products, so Ceramic PCB will be your best choice. Why Ceramic PCB has such excellent performance? You can have a brief view on its basic structure and then you will understand. 96% or 98% Alumina (Al2O3), Aluminum Nitride (AIN), or Beryllium Oxide (BeO) Conductors material: For thin, thick film technology, it'll be silver palladium (AgPd), gold pllladium (AuPd); For DCB (Direct [...]
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Question: What Are Examples Of Wellness?
What are signs of good emotional health?
Use them to guide your own journey towards improved emotional health.You are comfortable with who you are.
You are adaptable and resilient.
You have positive relationships with the people in your life.
You have a sense of purpose.
You take care of your physical health.
You are comfortable saying ‘no.More items….
What is a health and wellness?
What are the 7 areas of wellness?
The Seven Dimensions of WellnessPhysical.Emotional.Intellectual.Social.Spiritual.Environmental.Occupational.
What are signs of wellness?
Here are the four cardinal signs of wellness one who is ‘well’ will possess.Your life is in balance. Everyone has four life realms to which they must attend — mental, emotional, physical and spiritual. … You are engaged in your work. … You are living self-aware. … You are free.
What are the 5 components of health and wellness?
What are the domains of wellness?
What is emotional wellness examples?
The Route to Emotional WellnessRemind yourself to stay positive, always.Smile.Seek or accept help and support from others when needed.Employ gratitude to your life in order to strengthen relationships with family and friends.Practice being mindful and increase your awareness.More items…
What is wellness all about?
What is the difference between wellness and wellbeing?
What is a wellness?
What are the six dimensions of health and wellness?
What is an example of physical wellness?
What is the most important dimension of wellness?
What are some examples of occupational wellness?
Occupational WellnessEngaging in motivating and interesting work.Understanding how to balance your work with leisure time.Working in a way that fits into your personal learning style.Communicating and collaborating with others.Working independently and with others.Feeling inspired and challenged at work.More items…
What are the 12 dimensions of wellness?
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Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as one-celled animals, because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall. Protozoa. Beskrivelse Protozoene består av en eneste celle som utfører alle de oppgaver som hos de flercellede dyrene er fordelt på organsystemene. Selv om mange er enkelt bygd, finnes det også mange som er meget komplisert bygd, idet celledeler er spesialisert som celleorganer (organeller) Protozoa - Rike med eukaryote encellete vanligvis bevegelige organismer. Primitive protozoer som mangler mitokondrier er parasitter. De tar opp makromolekyler ved pinocytose og mange av dem kan ta opp fødepartikler ved fagocytose.Mange protozooer kan ha bakterier som endosymbionter. Mange protozooer lever som parasitter i lever, lunger, blodårer eller tarmkanal hos dyr og mennesker Protozoa Definition. Organisms known as protozoa include a wide range of organisms, most of which are free-living single-celled eukaryotes. Therefore, protozoa fit into the Domain Eukarya. Although the different phyla of the kingdom Protista are not closely related, they are nonetheless classified together because of their large differences from the other kingdoms of plants, animals and fungi
Protozoa - Wikipedi
2. Protozoan, organism, usually single-celled and heterotrophic (using organic carbon as a source of energy), belonging to any of the major lineages of protists and, like most protists, typically microscopic. All protozoans are eukaryotes and therefore possess a true, or membrane-bound, nucleus
3. ds of ULLIAM (Cyberspace, Blacklight) and Protozoa Studio comes the NIGHTWALKER COLLECTION. Fusing analogue glow in the dark plastics with industry standard Durock technology, NIGHTWALKER is peak Cyberpunk
4. Microbiology - Microbiology - Protozoa: Protozoa, or protozoans, are single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms. Some protozoa are oval or spherical, others elongated. Still others have different shapes at different stages of the life cycle. Cells can be as small as 1 μm in diameter and as large as 2,000 μm, or 2 mm (visible without magnification)
5. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. They are often.
6. Protozoar (frå gresk, «første dyr») er eincella mikroorganismar med visse dyreliknande trekk. Dei har eukaryot celle og eit heterotroft levesett, men til skilnad frå dyr og sopp har dei lita eller inga differansiering mellom ulike celletypar. Ein finn dei helst i havet og i ferskvatn, kor dei utgjer ein viktig del av dyreplanktonet, men òg i vanleg jord og som parasittar på andre.
Produces 3D character animation using its proprietary software and motion-capture methodology. Content thus produced is ready for television, film and the internet Protozoa are a diverse group of organisms that are non-phototrophic, unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms with no cell walls. In general, protozoa have different stages in their lifecycles Protozoa [pro″to-zo´ah] a subkingdom (formerly a phylum) comprising the unicellular eukaryotic organisms; most are free-living, but some lead commensalistic, mutualistic, or parasitic existences. According to newer classifications, the Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicoplexa, Microspora, Acetospora. Sarcodina, a type of protozoa, is a unicellular organism without definite shape. Its cell membrane is so flexible that it changes its shape constantly. It moves about by extending fingerlike projections called pseudopodia, at the side of the cell towards the direction where it is going. Pseudopodia mean false feet
Phylum protozoa is a large and varied group and possess a complication in its classification.. The conventional scheme followed by Hyman (1940), Hickman (1961) and Storer (1965), etc. recognizes two subphyla on the basis of organs of locomotion and 5 classes as follows The word protozoa comes from the word protos, which was Greek for first, and zoia which meant animal. It was first coined in the 1800s. Before then, the microscopic protozoa, defined by their organelles, were unable to be fully appreciated Protozoa are abundant. One gram of soil typically contains 103-107 naked amebae, 105 planktonic foraminiferans can often exist beneath 1 m 2 of oceanic water, and almost every milliliter of fresh water or sea-water on the planet supports at least 100 heterotrophic flagellates. When expressed in global terms, these numbers are very large, and an inevitable consequence of the persistence of. Protozoa Classification and Examples. Protozoa is a phylum having unicellular heterotrophs. It comes under Kingdom Protista. Protozoa are divided into four major groups based on the structure and the part involved in the locomotion: 1. Mastigophora or Flagellates: They are parasites or free-living. They have flagella for locomotio
Alternative classifications [] [Note: in most classifications, Protozoa is currently considered a polyphyletic taxon. Some authors (e.g. Cavalier-Smith) still use it as a paraphyletic taxon, although most taxonomists prefer to use only monophyletic taxa. See Eukaryota for more modern classifications of the groups previously placed here.]. Goldfuss (1820) [ Protozoa are small (but not simple) organisms. They are single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes, which eat bacteria and other food sources.. It is an old term, and the wider term protist is generally preferred today. However, 'protozoa' is often used for convenience, especially in junior education. It is a rather convenient hold-all term, but actually 'protozoa' are classified in a number of. Protozoa. Protozoa are a very diverse group of single-celled organisms, with more than 50,000 different types represented. The vast majority are microscopic, many measuring less than 1/200 mm, but some, such as the freshwater Spirostomun, may reach 0.17 in (3 mm) in length, large enough to enable it to be seen with the naked eye Protozoa synonyms, Protozoa pronunciation, Protozoa translation, English dictionary definition of Protozoa. also pro·to·zo·on n. pl. pro·to·zo·ans or pro·to·zo·a also pro·to·zo·ons Any of numerous chiefly single-celled eukaryotic organisms, most of which move.
Protozoon definition is - protozoan. History and Etymology for protozoon. New Latin, from singular of Protozoa Protozoan definition is - any of a phylum or subkingdom (Protozoa) of chiefly motile and heterotrophic unicellular protists (such as amoebas, trypanosomes, sporozoans, and paramecia) that are represented in almost every kind of habitat and include some pathogenic parasites of humans and domestic animals Directed by Darren Aronofsky. With Michael Bonitatis, Lucy Liu, Damon Whitaker. Students identify characteristics of the Kingdom Protista. Subjects Covered Include: Benefits of Flowering Plants, The Parts of the Flower, Definition of an Angiosperm, Reproduction and Pollination Protozoa are single-celled organisms without cell walls. They are believed to be a part of the microbial world as they are unicellular and microscopic. There is a great deal to know about their classification, characteristics and more Protistriket (Protozoa) Publisert 06.04.2016 12:11 Sist endret 10.01.2017 11:59 Protistriket omfatter 553 påviste arter i Norge, og urdyrrekken utgjør den største gruppen med 295 arter
protozoer - Store norske leksiko
Protozoa is a single cell animal that we can find in every possible habitat on earth. Furthermore, the scientist has described more than 50 thousand species of Protozoa. Moreover, they are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Learn more about it Diseases Caused By Protozoa: Literally meaning first animals, protozoans are considered to be one of the very first organisms to thrive in the planet. Basically, they are multicellular organisms and have membrane-bound organelles that work independently from the whole cell.. Most of the time, protozoans are microscopic, and only a few of them grow big enough to be seen by the naked eye Protozoan infections are parasitic diseases caused by organisms formerly classified in the Kingdom Protozoa.They are usually contracted by either an insect vector or by contact with an infected substance or surface and include organisms that are now classified in the supergroups Excavata, Amoebozoa, SAR, and Archaeplastida.. Protozoan infections are responsible for diseases that affect many. Human parasitic protozoa in drinking water sources in rural Zimbabwe and their link to HIV infection The FLB uptake rate was calculated by regression of the linear portion of the curve of the average number of FLB per protozoan cell versus time
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Protozoa - Institutt for biovitenska
protozoa på bokmål. Vi har én oversettelse av protozoa i svensk-bokmål ordbok med synonymer, definisjoner, eksempler på bruk og uttale.protozoa i svensk-bokmål ordbok med synonymer, definisjoner, eksempler på bruk og uttale protozoa. plural of protozoan; plural of protozoon; Italian Etymology . From translingual Protozoa. Noun . Italian Wikipedia has an article on: protozoa. Wikipedia it
Essentially, protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes. This means that they are single celled organisms that have a nuclei as well as a number of other important organelles within the cytoplasm and enclosed by a membrane.. They exist as free-living organisms or as parasites. This makes this phylum a diverse group of unicellular organisms, varying in shape and size What Are Protozoa Protozoa are abundant in the world. Wherever there are bodies of water, soil, bogs or desert you can more or less guarantee that it will be teeming with single celled life such as the amoeba and ciliates Protozoa, the name coined by Goldfuss (1820), containing about 80,000 species, certainly belong to Protista that exhibits animal like mode of nutrition (Phagocytic hetero-trophy). They have been assigned the sub- kingdom category Protozoa are unicellular organisms that feed on organic matter. There are over 30 000 protozoan species but not all are parasites. Protozoa usually have flagella and thus can actively move. Protozoa are 10-100 µm long and can be seen microscopically. They usually consume food by surrounding it with their cell membrane Protozoa are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that can be several mm in length, although most are much smaller. Most protozoa are heterotrophic and survive by consuming bacteria, yeast, fungi, and algae. There is evidence that they may also be involved, to some extent, in the decomposition of soil organic matter
Protozoa - Definition, Types and Examples Biology Dictionar
Microbes exist everywhere around us. Do we know the different kinds of microbes though? Get introduced to one of its kinds(Protozoa) in this video. To access.. Protozoa are one-celled organisms that can cause diseases ranging in severity from mild to deadly. These organisms can be classified as parasitic or free-living. Parasitic protozoa are found in organisms such as ticks, flies and mosquitoes. Free-living protozoa are found in water that is contaminated with fecal matter and other wastes
Protozoa What is microbiology? Microbiology Societ
1. Protozoa can be found in almost every place you can imagine here on Earth. From the deepest part of the ocean, to the top of the highest mountain, protozoa are there. They can be found in ponds, streams, rivers, swamps and in most soil. Even the most polluted water contains some species of protozoa
2. Both protozoa and bacteria are microscopic, yet they exhibit very important differences between them, mainly in taxonomic diversity, body size, and other biological aspects. Protozoa. Protozoa is one of the main groups of the Kingdom: Protista, which consists of unicellular eukaryotic organisms of a diverse array
3. Key Difference - Fungi vs Protozoa. In the context of the modern classification system, fungi and protozoa belong to the Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Protista respectively under the domain Eukaryotes.Kingdom Protista was developed in order to classify organisms that do not belong to any of the other classification groups. Kingdom Protista composes of unicellular plants and unicellular animals
5. Protozoa. Aurora messaged. What do you think he'd call me? A-snore-a. No. A-whore-a. Ha. Cruel. Noa, her mother called gently, poking her head into the room. Noa shoved her phone under the mattress. Her mother crept in and lowered herself onto the bed, swung a bare, dimpled leg over Noa's body. Noa groaned
6. Ecology of Protozoa. Protozoa generally feed by engulfing and digesting other organisms. As consumers, they have various roles in food chains and webs. Some are predators. They prey upon other single-celled organisms, such as bacteria. In fact, protozoa predators keep many bacterial populations under control. Other protozoa are herbivores
7. v.parthasarathy,associate professor in zoology, vivekananda college
Protozoan microorganism Britannic
1. Protozoa as en ufdialang faan a eukarioten efter nei wedenskapelk weden: . Superkingdom Eukaryota. Kingdom Protozoa. Subkingdom Eozoa. Infrakingdom Euglenozoa; Infrakingdom Excavata; Subkingdom Sarcomastigota. Phylum Amoebozoa; Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes Supergroup Opisthokonta]; Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes.
2. Protozoa are highly motile. The method by which they move can be used to group them into three types: kinetoplastids, ciliates, and sarcodina. Kinetoblastids The kinetoplastids move by means of one or more eukaryotic flagella. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes both have structures called flagella, but they are structurally and evolutionarily distinct
3. of or relating to the Protozoa. Whether you're a student, an educator, or a lifelong learner, Vocabulary.com can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement
4. Protozoa Name Homonyms Protozoa Common names Protozoriget in Danish protistriket in Norwegian Bokmål protozoer in Swedish Protozoen in German encelliga djur in Swedish protozoans in English urdjur in Swedish Bibliographic References. Cavalier-Smith, T. (2009). Kingdoms Protozoa and.
5. Protozoa, formerly, the name of an animal phylum comprising a large, diverse assortment of microscopic or near-microscopic one-celled heterotrophic organisms (protozoans protozoan, informal term for the unicellular heterotrophs of the kingdom Protista
7. Protozoa: The word protozoa is come from Greek protozoon word meaning First Animal. Protozoa are unicellular (may be Multicellular) Eukaryotic microorganism. Protozoa constitute a large group of about 65,000 species
Video: Protozoa Studio - custom mechanical keyboards and peripheral
Find protozoa stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day Protozoa (n.) 1828, from Modern Latin Protozoa, coined 1818 by German zoologist Georg August Goldfuss (1782-1848) from Greek prōtos first (see proto-) + zoia, plural of zoion animal (from PIE root *gwei-to live). Originally including sponges and corals; current sense is from 1845. Related: Protozoon (singular); Protozoan Welcome to NCBI. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information
Protozoa — Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoa) in a bone marrow cell Protozoa are a diverse group of single cell eukaryotic organisms,[1] many of which are motile. Throughout history, protozoa have been defined as single cell protists Wikipedi Protozoa: A parasitic single-celled organism that can divide only within a host organism. For example, malaria is caused by the protozoa Plasmodium Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats. Most species are free living, but all higher animals are infected with one or more species of protozoa. Infections range from asymptomatic to life threatening, depending on the species and strain of the parasite and the resistance of the host
What are protozoa? Arrow pointing down Introduction What and where are micro-organisms What are fungi The structure of a mushroom The life cycle of mushrooms How are spores distributed Match the mushroom What are bacteria protozoan (plural protozoa or protozoans) ( cytology ) Any of the diverse group of eukaryotes , of the phylum Protozoa , that are primarily unicellular , existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually nonphotosynthetic , and are often classified further into phyla according to their capacity for and means of motility , as by pseudopods , flagella , or cilia protozoa are much larger than bacteria or viruses, although still not visible to the naked eye. 2. IFN may also be induced by some bacteria, protozoa. 3. Bovine coccidiosis is one of important protozoa diseases. 4. These micr: 4.:: Actually, only a few protozoa lack mitochondria. It's difficult to see protozoa in a sentence Protozoa reproduce asexually by the following means: fission : One cell splits into two. schizogony : A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of certain protozoa, including sporozoa, in which daughter cells are produced by multiple fission of the nucleus of the parasite followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm to form separate masses around each smaller nucleus Protozoahost, Web Hosting in Nepal, Cheapest Web Hosting in Nepal, Domain Registartion Nepal, Reseller Hosting in Nepal, Linux Hosting in Nepal
Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of humans are transmitted to other humans by an arthropod vector (for example, through the bite of a mosquito or sand fly). The protozoa that are infectious to humans can be classified into four groups based on their mode of movement: Sarcodina - the ameba, e.g., Entamoeb Protozoa reproduce asexually by the following means: . 1. fission: One cell splits into two.. 2. schizogony: A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of certain protozoa, including sporozoa, in which daughter cells are produced by multiple fission of the nucleus of the parasite followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm to form separate masses around each smaller nucleus
The Protist , Protozoa, Algae and Fungus-like protists
Microbiology - Protozoa Britannic
The first protozoa to be described was discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek between 1674 and 1716 when he observed the parasite Giardia lamblia in his own stool. At some point during the life cycle of a human being, it is almost certain that one or more of the many species of parasitic protozoa make their home in the human body The third edition of The Ciliated Protozoa continues the innovative approach of the previous two editions, thoroughly documenting the progress in our understanding of the evolutionary diversification of these widely distributed eukaryotic microorganisms.. The Glossary is considerably revised and expanded, serving as an illustrated 'subject index' of more than 700 terms Protozoa Organisms that are single celled, swim in water and consume food are generally called protozoa. They belong to the Kingdom Protista and are classified into different phyla based on how they move. If you take a drop of pond water and observe it under the microscope, you can often see tiny little organisms swimming around Se alle synonymer til PROTOZOA. protozoa består av 4 vokaler og 4 konsonanter. Finn løsningsordet til PROTOZOA
The subkingdom Protozoa now inclues over 65,000 named species, of which over half are fossil and approximately 10,000 are parasitic. Among living species, this includes approximately 250 parasitic. Protozoa have many features linking them to the other kingdoms of life. Scientists widely believe that animals evolved from protozoan ancestors, probably colonial choanoflagellates. New tools and methods from molecular biology are leading to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships to multicellular organisms and among protozoa The protozoa in the humans reside in the red blood cells. It eats up hemoglobin and converts it into a poisonous substance Haemozoin. When the RBC breaks down, the hemozoin is released causing chills, headaches, and fever. They have a cycle of 24 hours so, they break down the infected RBC and attack news one every 24 hours Definition of protozoa in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of protozoa. What does protozoa mean? Information and translations of protozoa in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web
Protozoa - ScienceDail
The protozoa are then placed into various groups primarily on the basis of how they move. The groups are called phyla (singular, phylum) by some microbiologists, and classes by others. Members of the four major groups are illustrated in Figure 1 protozoa ) 1834, from Modern Latin, coined 1818 by German zoologist Georg August Goldfuss (1782-1848) from Gk. protos first (see PROTO- ( Cf. proto- )) Difference between bacteria and protozoans are 1. bacteria is prokaryotic whereas protozoans are eukaryotic 2. protozoans are primitive relatives of animals whereas bacteria are the first organisms to come on the earth 3. all protozoans are hetero.. We found one answer for Protozoa . This page shows answers to the clue Protozoa, followed by ten definitions like In some biological taxonomy schemes, (Gk: protos original/first and (Humans as organisms) minute, usually single-celled
Protozoa love moisture. So intestinal infections and other diseases they cause, like amebiasis and giardiasis, often spread through contaminated water. Some protozoa are parasites. This means they need to live on or in another organism (like an animal or plant) to survive Protozoa The ATCC Protistology Collection is the only general service collection of taxonomically diverse living stock protists in the United States, and the only large service repository of parasitic protozoa in the world. Cultures are authenticated using morphological and molecular techniques Protozoa are also an important food source for other soil organisms and help to suppress disease by competing with or feeding on pathogens. WHERE ARE PROTOZOA? Protozoa need bacteria to eat and water in which to move, so moisture plays a big role in determining which types of protozoa will be present and active Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers
Protozoa Picture
What are Protozoa? - Definition, Characteristics
Protozoa definition of Protozoa by Medical dictionar
Quia - Protozoa
Protozoa - Wikispecie
1. Protozoa - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedi
2. Protozoa Encyclopedia
3. Protozoa - definition of Protozoa by The Free Dictionar
4. Protozoon Definition of Protozoon by Merriam-Webste
5. Protozoan Definition of Protozoan by Merriam-Webste
Protozoa (1993) - IMD
1. The Major Classification and Characteristics of Protozoa
2. Protistriket (Protozoa) - biodiversity
3. Protozoa: Definition, Characteristics, Structure, and Example
Top 12 Diseases Caused By Protozoa Malaria
protozoa - Wiktionar
Intestinal ProtozoaMicroorganisms under microscope water from fish tank - YouTubeCommon gastrointestinal parasites in reptiles | In Practicemicrosporidia protozoa (Kneallhazia solenopsae ) on fireVorticella | Science Toys
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A Serious But Rare Disease is Mesothelioma
Asbestos, a fire-proof material that used to be commonly used, is a cause of mesothelioma. This rare type of lung cancer is difficult to diagnose as the symptoms coincide with symptoms for many other conditions. Mesothelioma usually lies dormant in a body’s system for about 20 to 40 years after exposure to asbestos.
Benign mesothelioma is a non-cancerous tumor of the pleura (lining of the lung and chest cavity). Men are more likely then women to be affected by the localized malignant tumor caused by mesothelioma. The tumor may grow to a large size and compress the lung, which then causes the following symptoms: chronic cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, weight loss and cachexia, abdominal swelling and pain due to ascites (a buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity).
Other symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma may include anemia, blood clotting abnormalities, fever, and bowel obstruction. Symptoms such as trouble swallowing, pain, or swelling of the neck and face can be indications that the cancer has spread beyond the mesotheliom to other parts of the body. Some people experience these symptoms and they may be caused by a less severe condtion, but they are also indications of mesothelioma.
Approximately half of mesothelioma patients are asymptomatic (show no symptoms of disease). An indication of exposure to asbestos and the presence of mesothelioma that can be found by a health care provider is the physically clubbed appearance of the fingers of the patient.The health care professional may run tests that identify mesothelioma. These tests include CT scan of the chest, chest x-ray, and/or an open lung biopsy.
There is no universally accepted protocol for screening people who have been exposed to asbestos. However some research indicates that serum osteopontin levels might be useful in screening asbestos-exposed people for mesothelioma. The level of soluble mesothelin-related protein is elevated in the serum of about 75% of patients at diagnosis, and it has been suggested that assessing soluble mesothelin-related protein levels may be useful for screening.
Surgery is usually generally necessary for a solitary tumor (if found); however, according to current statistics, the outcome of the surgery is expected to be good with prompt treatment. One of the most common complications though is pleural effusion (fluid escaping into the membranes around the lungs), which can be very serious.
People involved in jobs involving construction or other professions that may involve exposure to asbestos are who usually develop mesothelioma. Also, it is possible for people who are exposed to asbestos dust and fiber in more indirect ways, such as washing the clothes of someone who worked with asbestos are at risk of contacting the disease.
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Christmas’s Great Conjunction
by John Fotopoulos | български | ქართული | Ελληνικά | РусскийСрпски
Magi visiting the Christ child
There has been a lot of excitement this December regarding an astronomical phenomenon known as a great conjunction. This great conjunction, also known as a planetary conjunction, is an alignment of Jupiter and Saturn with Earth that is visible in our night sky. A great conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn last came this close in the night sky nearly eight hundred years ago. However, this year for a few days beginning on December 21st (which also just so happens to be the winter solstice), these two planets aligned so closely that they could appear as a single point of bright light in the night sky. Because this year’s great conjunction occurs so near the date of Christmas, some have referred to this great conjunction as a “Christmas Star.”
Anyone familiar with the narratives about Christ’s birth is aware that a star led certain magi to the newborn Jesus—details that are found only in Matthew’s Gospel (Matt 2:1-12 versus Luke 2:1-21). Was this star that appeared at Jesus’s birth a great conjunction, or was it some other kind of astronomical occurrence such as a supernova or comet? A close look at Matthew’s birth narrative indicates that the star seen by the magi cannot be reconciled easily with any natural, astronomical occurrence. First of all, it is by observing this star’s rising in the sky that the magi gain the knowledge that they must find “the newborn King of the Jews” (2:2) in Jerusalem where they travel from their distant “Eastern lands” (2:1). Moreover, this same star later leads them accurately from Jerusalem to Bethlehem, at which point the star finally stops above the house of Mary and Joseph where the newborn Jesus is to be found (2:9-11).
Because of the strangeness of this star, John Chrysostom and commentators followed by him have surmised that this was really an angel appearing as a star (Hom. Matt. 6). Nevertheless, pagans and Jews of the AD first century did believe that astronomical events and other heavenly signs defying natural conventions could signify the birth of a great king, or function as a sign of some notable person’s death, as well as signifying other events of cosmic importance. As a sign of Jerusalem’s impending destruction by the Romans in AD 70, the Jewish historian Josephus notes that there had been “a star resembling a sword that appeared over the city, and a comet that continued for an entire year” (J.W. 6.289-290). Josephus states that God “in many ways pre-signifies to our human race the acts of salvation,” while adding that many Jews at that time were misled by an “ambiguous oracle found in the sacred Scriptures” that “one from their land will rule the inhabited earth” (J.W. 6.310-313). Josephus is referring to the Balaam oracle of Numbers 24:17 which many Jews believed predicted the coming of the Jewish Messiah. Balaam was a pagan seer who was called by the pagan King Balak of Moab to inflict a harmful curse on the Israelites as they camped near Jericho before entering the Promised Land. However, Balaam was unable to do this because God inspired him to bless and utter prophecies about the people of Israel. Balaam says these important words in his oracle: “A star will rise out of Jacob, and a person will rise out of Israel” (LXX, ἀνατελεῖ ἄστρον ἐξ Ιακωβ, καὶ ἀναστήσεται ἄνθρωπος ἐξ Ισραηλ, Num 24:17). Balaam’s words were understood to be a prophecy about Israel’s Messiah by Jews of Josephus’s day and earlier (such as by the Qumran Essenes in the Dead Sea Scrolls). It should not be surprising, then, that the Balaam oracle and its reference to a messianic star functions as a backdrop to Matthew’s presentation of the magi, as well as contributing to the astronomical, indeed cosmic, significance of Jesus’s birth as God’s Messiah.
In Matthew’s Gospel, the magi are referred to in Greek as μάγοι (magoi). In antiquity, magi is a general term that can refer to astrologers, seers, soothsayers, dream interpreters, and magicians that used various methods of divination to predict the future. Balaam himself is referred to positively as a μάγος (magos) by Philo of Alexandria (Mos. 1, 276), while Eusebius of Caesarea refers to the magi in Matthew’s Gospel as “Balaam’s successors” (Dem. ev. 9.1). The specialized knowledge of such seers and astrologers has contributed to the magi of Matthew’s Gospel being referred to as “wise men,” a translation which in my view miscasts the presentation of the magi in Jesus’s birth narrative. Moreover, references in popular Christmas carols to “three kings” further obscures the magi’s role in Matthew’s Gospel since they are not presented as kings, and the reader is never told that they are three in number, but only that the magi offered three gifts: gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Rather, early Christian art has portrayed two, three, four, and eight magi, while the Syriac tradition has suggested that there were twelve magi present at Jesus’ birth. Although the term μάγος (magos) can be used pejoratively at other places in the Greek New Testament to mean “magician” (e.g. Acts 13:6-11), in Matthew’s birth narrative the magi are portrayed in an exclusively positive light. The magi in Matthew’s birth narrative are pagan astrologers (i.e. Gentiles) who use their specialized religious knowledge to approach Jesus the Messiah. However, their religious knowledge is limited: it does not allow them to make it all the way to Jesus. For this to occur, these Gentiles need the help of the Hebrew Scriptures. It is God’s revelation in the Hebrew Scriptures that informs the magi more precisely that the one to be born in Bethlehem is not only the King of the Jews, but the world’s Messiah (the Christ, ὁ χριστὸς, Matt 2:4). There is irony in Matthew’s narrative as King Herod the Great and certain Jewish religious authorities, having the benefit of the Hebrew Scriptures, do not travel to Bethlehem to find the newborn Messiah. Rather, Herod conspires to kill the newborn Christ, but he will not find him (2:13-23), whereas the Gentile magi are led by a star to find Christ and worship him. Moreover, Matthew has skillfully used this plot to kill Jesus as a proleptic passion narrative, foreshadowing the plot by certain Jewish religious authorities at the end of Jesus’s life who conspire to have Jesus crucified. So, too, the magi who see the cosmic sign of the star at Jesus’s birth foreshadow certain Gentiles coming to worship Jesus after his death, fulfilled by a group of Gentile Roman soldiers who see the cosmic sign of an earthquake at the crucifixion and confess that Jesus truly was the Son of God (27:54). These threads reach their dramatic conclusion at the end of Matthew’s Gospel when Jesus appears to the eleven disciples after his resurrection, commanding them to “make disciples of all nations” (i.e. Jews and Gentiles) while also promising to be with his followers until the end of the age (28:16-20).
Although this year there is a great planetary conjunction, the Great Conjunction to be truly celebrated is the coming together of divine and human, when heaven and earth perfectly aligned in the birth of Jesus Christ. Indeed, Jesus is extolled in Matthew’s birth narrative as Emmanuel, “God with us” (1:23). It is by the incarnation that God became human in order to take on fullness of our human condition, both our joys and our sorrows—even death itself—in order for Christ Jesus to save us and transfigure us. Or, as St. Athanasius famously wrote, “The Word of God became human, so that we might become God” (De incarn. 54.3). Matthew’s Gospel emphasizes that the entire cosmos participates in the Great Conjunction of Christ’s birth. In fact, Matthew’s Gospel begins with a genealogy in Matthew 1:1-25, the first words of which are, “The record of the birth of Jesus Christ.” In Greek, however, “record of the birth” is βίβλος γενέσεως (biblos geneseōs), words that are also used for the title of the book of Genesis in the Greek Old Testament. For the story of Jesus’s birth to be told, it is as if Matthew can only begin by comparing Jesus’s birth with the story of creation itself. Jesus’s birth is, in essence, a new genesis for the entire cosmos. Moreover, Matthew structures Jesus’s genealogy in a 14x14x14 pattern, thus conveying that Jesus’s birth has been carefully planned and carried out by God over the course of history, despite the twists and turns of human sins, tragedies, and disappointments.
Although 2020 has been a difficult year marked by sickness, loneliness, hunger, poverty, suffering, and death, we are yet called to remember that “the people who sit in darkness have seen great light, and on those who sit in the land and shadow of death, light has risen” (Matt 4:16). The celebration of Christmas is a time to contemplate the cosmic significance of Christ’s birth. Indeed, stars, planets, angels, and all creation have been brought into perfect alignment for God and humankind’s Great Conjunction at Christ’s birth. This gives us reason to hope.
John Fotopoulos is an Associate Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity in the Department of Religious Studies at Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana.
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What Are Some Words That Describe Happy?
How do you describe happiness in words?
Positive words to describe happiness “happy words” …
Blissful full of or characterized by felicity and joy; completely happy; glorified; blessed.
Blithe merry; sprightly; joyous; glad; cheerful.
Buoyant having life or vigor or spirit; light-hearted; vivacious; cheerful..
How do you express joy?
How do you describe thoughts?
Here are some adjectives for thoughts: terse, tense, thy habitual, tiresomely sluggish, lawless and uncertain, strange uncharted, positive, happy, thy freer, preliminary vague, uneasy, rousing, dark, nighttime, further grim, uncomfortable and yet delightful, morbid and sickening, wistful futile, impure and lustful, …
What is the true meaning of happiness?
Happiness is that feeling that comes over you when you know life is good and you can’t help but smile. … Happiness is a sense of well-being, joy, or contentment. When people are successful, or safe, or lucky, they feel happiness.
What is a bliss?
noun. supreme happiness; utter joy or contentment: wedded bliss. … a cause of great joy or happiness.
How would you describe extreme happiness?
What is a fancy word for happiness?
(The) joy of living; high spirits, exuberance, etc. 1. 1. Find another word for happiness. In this page you can discover 108 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for happiness, like: joy, bliss, gladness, good-spirits, merriment, good will, joyousness, delight, cheer, playfulness and exuberance.
How do you express joy in words?
More Words for “Happy”Pleased — This word means between “happy” and “satisfied.” Very often, you’re pleased with a particular thing. … Cheerful — This is when someone is visibly happy. … Exuberant — This is like cheerful — but even stronger.Euphoric — When you’re intensely happy. … Merry — This is a little like cheerful.More items…•
What are synonyms for joy?
noundelight, great pleasure, joyfulness, jubilation, triumph, exultation, rejoicing, happiness, gladness, glee, exhilaration, ebullience, exuberance, elation, euphoria, bliss, ecstasy, transports of delight, rapture, radiance.enjoyment, gratification, felicity.cloud nine, seventh heaven.joie de vivre.More items…
What are 5 synonyms for happy?
Synonyms for happycheerful.contented.delighted.ecstatic.elated.glad.joyful.joyous.More items…
What is pure joy?
Doing a big show or festival is pure joy for me because I love it. She has given us so many moments of pure joy. …
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Question: What State Has The Largest Black Bears?
Which state has the biggest black bears?
Where are the biggest black bears located?
The North American Bear Center, located in Ely, Minnesota, is home to the world’s largest captive male and female American black bears.
What is the largest black bear?
What state has the best bear hunting?
The Top States to go Bear Hunting
• Arizona. For years, hunters have come to recognize Arizona as one of the nation’s greatest spots for black bear hunting.
• Pennsylvania.
• Alaska.
• Wisconsin.
• California.
• Colorado.
• Idaho.
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Are black bears aggressive?
Some species are more aggressive than others; sloth bears, Asiatic black bears, and brown bears are more likely to injure people than other species, and the American black bear is comparatively timid.
Are black bears dangerous?
Because of this, black bears are generally considered more dangerous than sympatric brown bears, which live in more open spaces and are thus less likely to be surprised by approaching humans. They are also likely to attack when protecting food.
Which state has most bears?
What is the largest Kodiak bear on record?
The largest recorded wild male weighed 751 kg (1,656 lb), and had a hind foot measurement of 46 cm (18 in). A large male Kodiak bear stands up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall at the shoulder, when it is standing on all four legs. When standing fully upright on its hind legs, a large male could reach a height of 3 m (9.8 ft).
What is the largest polar bear on record?
How much can a black bear weigh?
Male: 59 – 300 kg
Female: 41 – 79 kg
What does the word pocho mean?
What does the word Shabazz mean?
What states can you bait bear?
Bear baiting is banned in 18 of the 28 states that allow bear hunting. It persists in Alaska, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. For instance, in Wisconsin in 2002, hunters killed 2,415 bears; those using bait accounted for 1,720 of the kills.
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Would a bear eat a human?
Which bear killed Grizzly Man?
Grizzly Man is a 2005 American documentary film by German director Werner Herzog. It chronicles the life and death of grizzly bear enthusiast Timothy Treadwell.
Are pandas dangerous?
How fast can a bear run?
Polar bear: 40 km/h
Are bear attacks common?
Bear attacks are rare in North America. Attacks are for predatory, territorial, or protective reasons. Most wilderness attacks have occurred when there were only one or two people in the vicinity.
How many people are killed by sharks each year?
Of these attacks, the majority occurred in the United States (53 in 2000, 40 in 2005, and 39 in 2006). The New York Times reported in July 2008 that there had been only one fatal attack in the previous year. On average, there are 16 shark attacks per year in the United States, with one fatality every two years.
How tall does a polar bear stand?
Female: 1.8 – 2.4 m
Adult, On hind legs
Male: 1.3 m
Adult, At Shoulder
How tall can a bear get?
Giant panda: 60 – 90 cm
Polar bear: 1.8 – 2.4 m
Brown bear: 70 – 150 cm
When did the short faced bear live?
Short-faced bear. The short-faced bears (Arctodus spp.) is an extinct bear genus that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene epoch from about 1.8 Mya until 11,000 years ago. It was the most common early North American bear and was most abundant in California.
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What type of bear is Baloo?
sloth bear
How old can a bear get?
Giant panda: 20 years
How many brown bears are left in the world?
200,000 brown bears
Is the brown bear endangered?
Least Concern (Population stable)
Are there bears in Italy?
The Marsican brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus) (Italian: orso bruno marsicano), also known as the Apennine brown bear, is a critically endangered subspecies of the brown bear, with a range restricted to the Abruzzo National Park, and the surrounding region in Italy.
Are there grizzly bears in California?
The California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus) is an extinct subspecies of the grizzly bear, the very large North American brown bear. “Grizzly” could have meant “grizzled” (that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair) or “fear-inspiring” (this is actually spelled “grisly”).
What is the lost tribe of Shabazz?
What does El Hajj mean?
What does shabash mean in Urdu?
Photo in the article by “Wikimedia Commons”
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Question: What Is The Largest Number Of Kittens In A Litter?
Tarawood Antigone, a four year old brown Burmese owned by Valerie Gane of Oxfordshire, UK, holds the record for having the largest number of kittens in a litter.
19 kittens were born in one litter on August 7th, 1970.
Four were stillborn.
The surviving fifteen kittens consisted of 1 female & 14 males.
What is the average size of a litter of kittens?
The average litter size is 3 to 5 kittens, but a young mother, or a first time mother can expect to have around 2 to 3 kittens. At 3 to 4 years old a cat will be more likely to have around 4 to 5 kittens per litter, although this also depends on how often she is bred.
How many kittens are usually in a first litter?
Most cats, or queens (unspayed female cats), have a litter of three to five kittens, but feline litters can vary in size from one to more than 10. That’s a big range.
How long after a cat has kittens can she get pregnant again?
You may have heard that female cats cannot get pregnant as long as they are still nursing kittens. Unfortunately, this not true. Most cats will have an estrus cycle (heat cycle) within six to eight weeks after giving birth. On rare occasions, a cat will have an estrus cycle within a week after her kittens were born.
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Can a litter of kittens be born days apart?
It usually takes a few hours to pop out a litter. Although kittens in the same litter can technically be born on separate days, that isn’t typical. Cats, like humans, go into labor before delivering.
Can a cat only have 2 kittens?
Dear friend, It is a bit unusual, but normal for a cat to have even only one baby. Cats only ovulate when they mate so if they only have one breeding session they have less kittens then if they mate several times.However, cats have two uterine horns so a later mating can produce kittens days apart.
How do I know when my cat will have her kittens?
Licking, pacing, howling, and chirping. You might notice your cat licking her genitalia frequently – There is a discharge from the cat’s vulva a few hours before birth starts. Your cat’s water will break as well. Now is the time for pacing, restlessness, and howling, meowing, or chirping from your cat.
How long does it take between kittens being born?
Can a 4 month old male kitten get another cat pregnant?
Siouxsie: Ashlee, the good news is that there’s no way your 12-week-old male kitten could have gotten her pregnant. The bad news is, you’ve got to get your female cat spayed as soon as possible. Dahlia: Male cats don’t reach sexual maturity and begin to produce sperm until they’re at least six months old.
Is it dangerous for a kitten to get pregnant?
A female cat can get pregnant when she’s as young as 4 months old, unless she’s been spayed to prevent that. Queens can keep going into heat every 2 to 3 weeks from the spring through the early fall, making them ready to reproduce more often than not. So, a cat can have kittens when she’s only 6 months old.
Can a neutered cat still get a female cat pregnant?
It is possible for a neutered male to cause pregnancy but only within a couple of months of neutering. After that it is not possible. It is possible for an unspayed cat to have a pseudo-pregnancy. This is when her hormones will trick her body into producing milk, she may start nesting and other sings of pregnancy.
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How soon after a cat has kittens can she be fixed?
Technically, she could be spayed now if she is healthy. However, it’s usually best to wait until the kittens are weaned at 6-8 weeks post birth. Some females can become pregnant very quickly after birth, so don’t wait too long. Check with your veterinarian and make an appointment for the spay.
What to do when your cat is having kittens?
Nesting: A day or two before labor, your cat will seek out a quiet and safe place to have her kittens. You may try to prepare a birthing area for her from a cardboard box or laundry basket lined with towels or blankets. However, your cat may choose something else entirely.
Can you touch newborn kittens?
Depending on the mother’s character and other circumstances, you can sometimes handle a newborn kitten soon after birth. Pet Place suggests briefly holding the kittens once a day to check they are gaining weight; however, take care not to touch the kittens too much as this may distress the mother.
Can a cat have two litters at once?
“One litter can potentially have multiple fathers as long as they all mate with the female in the optimum time of conception.” Potentially, a litter of kittens could have two or even more fathers. (A single kitten cannot have multiple fathers; each individual kitten in a litter has only one father.)
How long after a cat starts showing will she give birth?
About three weeks after conception, a pregnant cat’s nipples will turn pink. This is usually the earliest sign that any cat will show, and the kittens will be born approximately six weeks after this occurs. The queen’s belly will not start to show visible enlargement until the fifth week.
Does a placenta come out after each kitten?
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Can a cat just have one kitten?
Over the course of the years, I have had two queens giving birth to only one kitten. Although relatively rare, this is by no means abnormal. Cats can have anywhere between 1-12 kittens with an average of 4 in a litter.
How long does it take for a cat to have all her kittens?
She may eat a few of the afterbirths. There is no problem with that. It usually takes two to six hours for the entire litter to be delivered. If labor persists beyond seven hours it is wise to take the mother and the kittens to a veterinarian.
How many months is a cat pregnant?
How do you know when your cat is about to die?
Your cat may be in severe pain even if she doesn’t cry or flinch when you touch her. Cats exhibit pain more quietly, but with careful observation you should be able to tell when she is having a hard time. Look for the following signs of suffering: The cat is acting more reclusive than usual.
How long do cats have contractions before giving birth?
Either way; according to Canine and Feline Reproduction, by Margaret Kustritz; once contractions are seen, a kitten should be born within four hours. If your cat’s pushing hard, a kitten should be passed within 30 minutes. Third stage labor involves the expulsion of the placenta.
Photo in the article by “Public Domain Files”
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What to Know About HPV Vaccine?
HPV vaccine
Image by Katja Fuhlert from Pixabay
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease that can affect anyone who goes for unprotected sex. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regards nearly 80% of American citizens at risk of contracting this disease at any point in their life. That’s why it recommends getting an HPV vaccine as soon as someone attains sexual maturity.
There is a huge controversy regarding vaccination at an early age especially when it is related to a sexually transmitted disease. Many people show concern regarding the long-term side effects caused by these vaccines suggesting that young people should not get vaccinated. However, there is scientific evidence that shows the HPV vaccine doesn’t change, delay or affect a person’s sexual strength, or promote sexual relations at an early age.
Also read- Eating Fried Food Increases the Risk of Heart Diseases and Stroke
There are so many reasons to get the HPV vaccine and contrary to popular assumptions, it is relatively easy to get. This vaccine was first introduced back in 2006 and within a limited time, it reduced the prevalence of HPV in young women by 64%. It is more than just saving your children from the virus, it actually saves one entire community.
Not only it saves the person getting this vaccine to contract HPV but also saves all his or her sexual partners from getting it. In a way, when you vaccinate one person, it’s not just him alone who gets the benefits, everyone is eventually protected.
Those who take HPV infection lightly should know that it has no cure and it is not irreversible. Although most of the HPV patients recover on their own, without experiencing any long-term effects. But many other times, it doesn’t clear up and leads to other complications for example cancer, or genital warts.
There are more than 40 sub-types of HPV but only nine of them are preventable with a vaccine. These include those strains which may cause vaginal cancer, valvular cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, cervical cancer, and warts. Vaccination at an early age is extremely critical if there is a family history of cervical cancer.
It may appear that the HPV vaccine is only recommended for girls and boys who don’t need it, but it is not true. There are so many studies that show that getting a vaccine prevents genital warts and cancer in boys and also saves their sexual partners from contracting it. Interestingly, there are more cases of HPV-linked oropharyngeal cancers in the US than HPV-linked cervical cancers, still, it is often regarded as a vaccine that only women should get.
Besides, early vaccination helps to build immunity which is true for both boys and girls.
When a person gets the HPV vaccine, his body starts to make antibodies against this virus. Whenever the body is exposed to the virus later, these pre-made antibodies will save it from an HPV infection.
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This vaccine is unable to trigger the infection on its own and has no such side effects. Some people experience pain or swelling at the site of infection which goes away on its own.
But having a vaccine doesn’t mean that you can go for unprotected sex after it. The use of condoms and vaccines should ideally go side by side because there is no 100% way of being protected from the virus. All people who are in their teenage and are sexually active should consider getting this vaccine as soon as possible.
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Tag Archives: PSHS Central Visayas
PSHS CVisC Q2 English 4 The Medieval Period
As we read texts and complete assessment tasks, let us be reminded of these learning outcomes:
• Recall terms associated with the Medieval Period.
• Analyze a literary excerpt in the context of the Medieval Period.
• Retell the specified scene using a different perspective or write an essay about a different perspective on the specified scene.
• Recall details from given background information.
• Describe literary characters.
• Narrate events and experiences of the main character.
• Define allegory as exemplified in the texts.
Reading Task 1: The Middle Ages (a general overview)
A quick overview of Literature during the Middle Ages
A quick overview of what life was during the Medieval Period
Reading Task 2: The Quarter 2 Texts
Reading Task 3: The Song of Roland
Quick background of the text and where it is in history
A short visual summary of the text
Reading Task 4: Saint Augustine’s Confessions
The life of St. Augustine
Highlights of Confessions
Reading Task 5: Dante’s Inferno
This is one playlist summarizing the whole text. It also provides helpful summary and analysis.
Find other Quarter 2 files here.
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Two gene families are responsible for glucose transport in humans. SLC2 (encoding GLUTs) and SLC5 (encoding SGLTs) families mediate glucose absorption in the small intestine, glucose reabsorption in the kidney, glucose uptake by the brain across the blood-brain barrier and glucose release by all cells in the body.Glucose is the main energy source used by cells to make energy. Im mammals, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled and glucose is taken up from interstitial fluid by a passive, facilitative transport driven by the diffusion gradient of glucose (and other sugars) across the plasma membrane. This process is mediated by a family of Na+-independent, facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) encoded by the SLC2A gene family (Zhao FQ and Keating AF, 2007; Wood IS and Trayhurn P, 2003). There are 14 members belonging to this family (GLUT1-12, 14 and HMIT (H+/myo-inositol symporter)). The GLUT family can be subdivided into three subclasses (I-III) based on sequence similarity and characteristic sequence motifs (Joost HG and Thorens B, 2001)
external resources
SLC2A1 , SLC2A2 , SLC2A3 , SLC2A4 , SLC2A5 , SLC2A6 , FGF21 , SLC2A8 , SLC2A9 , SLC2A11 , SLC2A10 , SLC2A14 , SLC2A12 , SLC2A7 ,
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electrolytes for horses
Why Does Your Horse Need Electrolytes?
Electrolytes for horses are necessary minerals that the body uses to regulate thirst, enable muscle movement, ensure proper nerve function and regulate ph levels in the blood.
Whether you are jumping fences, running barrels, showing or just trail riding, if your horse is sweating, they need additional electrolytes.
The charges carried by electrolytes allow them to conduct electricity–therefore, they assist in electrochemical processes within the body such as regulating the heart beat and muscle contraction. Electrolytes also aid in moving fluids in and out of cells as well as helping the body to absorb nutrients. Without electrolytes, the water a horse drinks cannot be properly retained and utilized by the body. The Naturally Healthy Horse
Sweating is natures “air conditioner” due to the evaporation process which has a cooling effect. When we sweat we lose electrolytes and so does your horse. We can also lose electrolytes as a result of sickness involving fever, diarrhea, and vomiting.
There has to be enough water and minerals in your horse’s body to keep the temperature regulated and allow for sweating to occur. Electrolytes for horses replace those lost during exercise and performing and encourage thirst response due to dehydration from sweating. Dehydration affects muscle performance possibly leading to exhaustive heat stroke, and colic which can be fatal.
Bottom line… your horse can DIE without electrolytes.
Signs of Electrolyte Imbalance in Horses
electrolyte imbalance in horses
Common symptoms of electrolyte deficiency include:
• Lethargy
• Fatigue
• Muscle Weakness
• Reduced feed and water intake
• Reduced sweating
• Weight loss and dehydration
• Colic
• Tying-up
What is the Best Source of Electrolytes for Horses?
The best source of electrolytes for horses is of course, Nature. While horses can get some electrolytes from feed and hay, because of mineral depletion in the soils used to grow hay and feed, there is not enough to sustain adequate levels in your horse.
best electrolytes for horses
Unrefined Sea Salt is truly “Natures Electrolyte”. Sea salt contains the electrolytes lost in sweat such as chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium. Sodium and chloride, also known as salt, are the two electrolytes lost in the largest amounts due to sweating. So giving a salt-based electrolyte makes sense to meet the horse’s needs.
Read: Why Use Sea Salt for Horses
Sea Salt Naturally is unrefined loose Himalayan salt that contains over 80 trace minerals including those needed to replace lost electrolytes. Allow your horse free access to loose salt instead of using salt blocks or mineral blocks. Horses can’t “lick” enough, quick enough to replenish their body from a block. Offer Sea Salt Naturally free choice year round to ensure that your horse gets what they need, as much as they need, when they need it.
How Do You Make Electrolytes for Horses?
The easiest and quickest way to administer extra electrolytes when your horse is showing signs of depletion is to add 2 ounces of Sea Salt Naturally to 12 ounces of water and mix. Put it in a syringe and dose orally. Make sure to have some fresh drinking water on hand without electrolytes in it as the reason to be giving electrolytes is to get them to drink more water.
how to make electrolytes for horses
Don’t forget that horses need salt in the winter, not just in the summer months when it’s hot. Horses can become dehydrated in the winter when they are eating dry hay and feed. They tend to not drink as much water when it gets really cold which can led to impaction colic. Offering free choice salt year round insures that your horse is getting the necessary salt and minerals to encourage adequate water consumption.
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Feb 152021
On this date in 399 BCE, the profoundly influential philosopher Socrates was condemned to death by an Athenian jury. Not their proudest moment by any stretch of the imagination, but certainly one that confirms my low opinion of democracy (with which Socrates agreed, btw). The jury at his trial is conjectured to have been around 500 δικάστοί (male-citizen judges/jurors chosen by lot), and their verdict was based on a simple majority vote. They used shells or potsherds to record their votes, which in Greek are known as οστράκα (ostraca), giving us the word “ostracize” because the same method of voting was used to exile citizens. The trial was held to determine whether Socrates was guilty of two charges: ασέβεια (impiety) against the pantheon of Athens, and corruption of the youth of the city-state. The accusers cited two impious acts by Socrates: “failing to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges” and “introducing new deities,” and also held that it was an illegal act to train his students to ask political questions. As you may suspect already, the accusers had ulterior motives. Politicians have never been happy with an electorate that knows how to think critically. Primary-source accounts of the trial and execution of Socrates are the Apology of Socrates by Plato and the Apology of Socrates to the Jury by Xenophon of Athens. The accuracy of these accounts has been the subject of debate for over two thousand years, as has been the ways in which they can be interpreted. Nonetheless, some broad strokes are generally agreed upon.
According to the portraits left by some of Socrates’ followers, Socrates seems to have openly espoused certain anti-democratic views, the most prominent perhaps being the view that it is not majority opinion that yields correct policy but rather genuine knowledge and professional competence, which is possessed by only a few. Plato also portrays him as being severely critical of some of the more prominent and well-respected leaders of the Athenian democracy, and even has him claim that the officials selected by the Athenian system of governance cannot credibly be regarded as benefactors. Also, Socrates was known as often praising the laws of the undemocratic regimes of Sparta and Crete. Plato, Socrates’ student, reinforced anti-democratic ideas in The Republic, advocating rule by elite, enlightened philosopher-kings.
At the time of the trial of Socrates, the city-state of Athens had recently endured the trials and tribulations of Spartan hegemony and the thirteen-month régime of the Thirty Tyrants, which had been imposed consequent to the Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). At the request of Lysander, a Spartan admiral, the Thirty Tyrants, led by Critias and Theramenes, were to administer Athens and revise the city’s democratic laws, which were inscribed on a wall of the Stoa Basileios. Their actions were to facilitate the transition of the Athenian government from a democracy to an oligarchy in service to Sparta. Moreover, the Thirty Tyrants appointed a council of 500 men to perform the judicial functions that once had belonged to every Athenian citizen. In their brief régime, the Spartan oligarchs killed about 5% of the Athenian population, confiscated a great deal of property, and exiled democrats from the city. The fact that Critias had been a pupil of Socrates was held against him at trial.
Socrates was duly convicted and condemned to death. Both Xenophon and Plato agree that Socrates had an opportunity to escape, following his conviction because his followers were able to bribe the prison guards. There have been several suggestions offered as reasons why he chose to stay:
5. At 70 years old he was willing to die rather than decline into the sicknesses associated with old age.
His mode of execution was drinking a potion laced with hemlock. I don’t think it would be suitable to give a recipe for a hemlock drink unless I was interested in decimating my readership, but hemlock is a member of a family that includes carrots, parsnips, fennel, and dill, so we have some alternatives. Here are a couple of suggestions:
Dilled Carrots or Parsnips
Roasting carrots or parsnips is always a great option. Cut the tops off and either scrub them thoroughly or peel them. Place them on a baking tray, drizzle them with olive oil to coat well, and bake in a very hot oven (500°F/260°C) for 15 minutes. Carefully use tongs to rotate the vegetables, sprinkle with chopped fresh dill, and return to bake for another 15 minutes. Remove to a serving dish and sprinkle a little fresh dill over the vegetables.
Alternatively, poach the carrots or parsnips (or mix), which can be either whole or sliced, until they are barely al dente. Heat butter in a skillet, drain the vegetables well, and sauté them in the butter with some chopped fresh dill.
Jun 052015
Dilled Rice and Shrimp salad
2 cups cooked long-grain white rice
¼ cup white wine vinegar
¼ cup extra virgin olive oil
¼ cup freshly chopped dill, plus extra for garnish
salt and pepper
¼ cup chopped green onions, plus extra for garnish
¼ cup sliced radishes
½ lb. cooked and shelled medium shrimp
1 lemon
Sep 082013
Today is the birthday (1841) of Antonín Leopold Dvořák, Czech musician and composer. In some senses it might be more historically accurate to call him a Bohemian composer since he was born and lived in Bohemia, which later became part of Czechoslovakia, and is now the core of the Czech republic. But maybe, too, this is a quibble. His first language was Czech, and I doubt that he made a distinction between being Czech and being Bohemian. The first is an ethnic designation, the second, political. I’ll get into this nationalist stuff in a bit. It’s important. Rather than give a sketch of his whole life and work, I am going to focus on two themes: his boyhood and youth, and his status as a nationalist composer. The rest you can discover for yourself.
Dvo?ák was born in Nelahozeves, near Prague, which was then in Bohemia, a state in the greater Hapsburg Empire of Austria-Hungary. His father František was an innkeeper and butcher, who also played zither professionally. His mother, Anna, was the daughter of Josef Zdenek, the bailiff of Prince Lobkowitz. From infancy Dvořák heard traditional music played by his father and by bands his father hired to play on Saturday nights for dances at the inn. It’s likely that his father’s repertoire was ethnically quite diverse because he learnt to play zither as a young man while traveling through Hungary.
His first music teacher was the church music director, who was also the one and only teacher of the elementary school there. This man, Josef Spic (or Spitz) was a typical example of the Czech “kantor,” a public school teacher and musician. Spic was also a competent composer in the style of Mozart and some of his works survive, although they were never performed. He taught Dvořák to play the violin and to sing, and from age 8 he sang in the local church choir.
It is well known that Dvořák had a great passion for trains and train timetables, and would sometimes go to stations just to see the trains arrive and depart. It’s possible that this fascination developed when he was a young boy when the rail line and station at Nelahozeves were being built, a huge event for the whole town. There is a tunnel through the cliff just to the south of the town, and the workers who built it were from Italy. They were experienced in building tunnels through the Alps and so were contracted to build this one. There is a report that after work they liked to gather around the Dvořák butcher shop and sing their traditional Italian songs, which the young boy would have heard.
Dvořák’s father was pleased with his son’s interest in music and so at the age of 13 he sent him to Zlonice to live with his uncle Antonín Zdenek in order to get better training and to learn German, which was important for advancement in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Dvořák took organ, piano, and violin lessons from his German language teacher Anton Liehmann. Liehmann also taught him music theory and introduced him to the composers of the time. Apparently Dvořák had great respect for his teacher even though he had a violent temper.
Dvořák took further organ and music theory lessons with Franz Hanke in the town of Ceská Kamenice, but they were cut short because money was tight at home and he had to return to help his father. Claims that he apprenticed as a butcher at this time are untrue, but he did help with the business. At the age of 16, the family business was earning enough that Dvořák’s father’s consented to him becoming a professional musician provided he could build a career as an organist. So he went to Prague to study at the city’s Organ School. During most of his studies he worked as a musician to support himself.
In 1858, he joined Karel Komzák’s orchestra, with whom he performed in Prague’s restaurants and at balls. The high professional level of the ensemble attracted the attention of Jan Nepomuk Maýr, who engaged the whole orchestra in the Bohemian Provisional Theater Orchestra. Dvořák played viola. In July 1863, Dvořák played in a program devoted to the German composer Richard Wagner, who conducted the orchestra. In 1864, Dvořák agreed to share the rent of an apartment located in Prague’s Žižkov district with five other people, including violinist Mořic Anger and Karel Cech, who later became a singer. The constant need to supplement his income pushed him to give piano lessons. It was through these piano lessons that he met his wife. He originally fell in love with his pupil and colleague from the Provisional Theater, Josefína Cermáková, a rising actress. However, she never returned his love and ended up marrying into the nobility. In 1873 Dvořák married Josefina’s younger sister, Anna Cermáková. They had nine children together, three of whom died in infancy. By all accounts it was a happy marriage despite its seemingly odd beginnings.
Dvořák was also composing while performing and giving piano lessons. He produced his String Quintet in A Minor in 1861 and the 1st String Quartet in1862. In the early 1860s, he also made his first symphonic attempts, some of which he self-critically burned. For ten years he composed incessantly with almost no notice or public performances. His first publicly performed composition was the song Vzpomínání (October 1871, musical evenings of L. Procházka). Then in 1873 his cantata, Hymnus, brought him to public attention. The point I want you to take from this is that Dvořák struggled in obscurity and poverty for more than 13 years to achieve recognition, and during that period he was intensely self critical. The fame he garnered subsequently was founded on the proverbial “blood, sweat, and tears” – something I greatly admire.
In the following decades Dvořák went from success to success with an increasingly international following. He was seen, in large measure, as a nationalist composer because of his frequent use of Bohemian and Moravian traditional dance and song melodies in his compositions. As such he was part of a large and growing group of European composers thought of as embodying the ethos of their respective ethnic origins. The reason for this movement lies within the nationalist politics of 19th century Europe. After the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna (1815) carved Europe into a series of states whose purpose was to create a balance of power that would prevent further wars by making it impossible for one nation to gain outright military supremacy. I suppose the aim was laudable, but the methods were questionable, and ultimately it was a dismal failure. To create large power blocs, hundreds of ethnic groups were folded into larger entities such as Austria-Hungary. Almost immediately these groups sought autonomy, and the history of 19th century Europe is, by and large, the history of the struggle for these groups to break away from outside governance. In 1848, when Dvořák was 7, almost all of Europe erupted in ethnic revolution, and these tensions continued all of his life. His music was received as a contribution to the establishment of Czech/Bohemian national identity.
There is no question that the notion of creating a national “voice” was dear to Dvořák’s heart, but it was not confined to Bohemia: his interests were global. From 1892 to 1895, Dvořák was the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York City, at a then staggering $15,000 annual salary. The Conservatory had been founded by a wealthy and philanthropic socialite, Jeannette Thurber; it was located at 126–128 East 17th Street (the building has since been demolished if you had plans to go looking).
One of Dvořák’s goals in the United States was to discover “American Music” and engage in it, much as he had used Czech idioms within his music. Shortly after his arrival in the U.S. in 1892, he wrote a series of newspaper articles reflecting on the state of “American” music. He supported the concept that African-American and Native American music should be used as a foundation for the growth of “American” music. It was in New York that Dvořák met Harry Burleigh, his pupil at the time and one of the earliest African-American composers. Burleigh introduced Dvořák to traditional spirituals. He wrote, “Dvorak used to get tired during the day and I would sing to him after supper … I gave him what I knew of Negro songs—no one called them spirituals then—and he wrote some of my tunes (my people’s music) into the New World Symphony.”
In the winter and spring of 1893 Dvořák was commissioned by the New York Philharmonic to write Symphony No.9, “From the New World,” which was premiered under the baton of Anton Seidl and was wildly successful from the beginning. It is undoubtedly his most popularly known work. Its Largo has been used in a variety of contexts from songs to movie scores. I don’t really want to generate a debate as to whether the New World is genuinely “American” music. Music historians, with nothing better to do, argue even now over whether it is more “American” or more “Bohemian.” Such debates bore me. What does engage my interest is the fact that for the second half of the 19th century serious music was taken as a legitimate vehicle for social and political unification. A great many national anthems were born in this crucible and have the power to stir people’s souls profoundly. In the interests of fair disclosure I will say that I have little time for nationalism or patriotism. They seem to breed war and not much else. The question I ask (without any simple answer) as an anthropologist, is “why music?” What is it about music in particular, and highly sophisticated music at that, which makes a Czech’s soul swell with pride? It is immensely powerful.
Dvořák died from a stroke on May 1, 1904, following five weeks of illness, at the age of 62, leaving many unfinished works. His funeral service was held on May 5, attended by tens of thousands. His death notices covered the entire front pages of Czech newspapers. His ashes were interred in the Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague, beneath a bust by Czech sculptor Ladislav Šaloun.
To celebrate Dvořák’s life I have chosen a recipe for kulajda, a traditional Bohemian soup of cream, mushrooms, egg, dill and potatoes. The combination of dill and mushrooms is superb. Dill for me is the savor of the Slavs.
8 cups vegetable or other light stock
1 lb (500 g) potatoes, peeled and diced
5 cups of mushrooms, cleaned and sliced
1 cup heavy cream
1 cup milk
¾ cup all-purpose flour
3 eggs, hard boiled, sliced
1 cup fresh dill, finely chopped
3 tbsps white vinegar
1 tbsp caraway seed
knob of butter
Bring the stock to a boil and add the potatoes. Reduce to a simmer and cook for ten minutes, then add the mushrooms, caraway seeds, and salt to taste.
Whisk together the milk and cream with the flour. Be especially careful to ensure there are no lumps. Pour this mixture into the soup in a steady stream while stirring vigorously. When it has all been incorporated, simmer for an additional 5 minutes.
Add the chopped dill, stir and remove from the heat. Add the vinegar by the tablespoon while stirring.
Place the soup in a tureen a place a small cube of butter on top and slices of hard-boiled egg,
Serve with dark rye bread.
Yield: 6 – 8 portions
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What do Meat Eaters think of Vegans and Veganism
It is quite presumable that we all know a vegan, with whom you can never go to dinner, as they will not approve of your food choices and school you for having your favorite hamburger or lamb shank! Many people have accepted veganism with open arms, as they believe that sustainability is the future. Many celebrities also advocate this lifestyle and thereby helped to promote the same. Veganism is a way of living in which people tend to abstain from all kinds of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing, or any other. Vegans chose not to consume dairy, eggs, or any other products of animal origin, other than refraining from meat, like the vegetarians.
The vegan diet was defined early on in The Vegan Society’s beginnings in 1944. It was as late as 9149 before Leslie J Cross pointed out that the society lacked a definition, and hence veganism became a way to foster an end to the use of animals by man for food, commodities, work, hunting, or any other uses involving exploitation of animal by man. The word ” vegan” has actually been derived from the word “vegetarian” by taking the first three and last two letters of the word (veg-an). A vegan diet involves eating only foods, comprising plants. For some vegans, it is a dietary choice; for others, it is a lifestyle. Some adopt the lifestyle for its environmental benefits, others for healthy well-being. Vegan diets tend to be rich in nutrients and low in saturated fats. It has been seen in many research that such diets can improve heart conditions, protect against cancer, and lower the risk of diabetes or hypertension. However, people following vegan diets should take care to get key nutrients that people usually consume in animal products. These nutrients include iron, protein, calcium, vitamin B-12, and vitamin D.
Benefits of a Vegan Diet
Vegan diets are mostly known to help people lose weight. However, there is an array of additional health benefits. Here are some of its benefits :
High Nutrient Content
Vegan diets are rich in high nutrient content. If you switch to a vegan diet from a non-vegetarian one, you will inevitably have to rely on other food replacements in the form of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, peas, nuts, and seeds. These food are high in many beneficial nutrients, and they make a substantial portion of a vegan diet. Studies have shown that vegan diets tend to provide more fiber, antioxidants, and beneficial plant compounds, which are rich in potassium, magnesium, folate, and vitamin A, C, and E.
Helps Weight Loss
The popularity of veganism has pervaded several parts of the world, essentially due to the fact that it helps in weight loss. They are turning to a plant-based diet in the hope of shedding those extra kilos, so as to fit in their size-zero dress. Many observational studies have shown that vegans tend to be thinner and have a lower Body-Mass-Index (BMI) than non-vegans. This is essential because vegans’ diets have a natural tendency to reduce your calorie intake. This makes them effective at promoting weight loss without the need to consciously focus on cutting calories.
Lowers Chances of Diabetes
People who maintain a vegan diet tend to have lower blood sugar levels, higher insulin sensitivity, and up to a 50- 70 % lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Also, some study reports show that diabetics who substitute meat for plant protein may reduce their risk for poor kidney functioning and thereby improve the overall well being of the body.
Protection from Cancer
According to WHO, about one-third of all cancers can be prevented by factors within your control, including diet. Research suggests that eating at least seven portions of fresh fruits and vegetables per day may lower your risk of dying by cancer up to 15%. Vegans generally eat considerably more fruits and vegetables, as compared to non-vegans, and there has a lower risk of developing or dying from cancer. Vegan diets also include soya, which gives protection against breast cancer.
Lower Heart Diseases
Vegan diets include huge portions of fresh fruits, vegetables, and other fibre linked food options, which in turn help in lowering the risk of heart attacks and other cardiological diseases. Several randomized controlled study reports have shown that vegan diets are much more effective in reducing LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Vegans are also likely to consume more nuts, whole grains, etc., both of which are very? Good for the heart.
What do meat eaters think of veganism?
Around 80% of the world population is non-vegetarian. People are more inclined towards non-vegetarian diets, essentially because of their tastes and food habits, they have developed since childhood. But the food industry has been carrying out many unethical practices, which have questionable ramifications on health and society. From slaughterhouses to adulterated packaging techniques, are in turn, discouraging many consumers from relying on meat-based products. Many people are of the option that veganism is an ethical principle that can be adopted as a dietary option and is good for the environment as well. However, practical concerns preventing people from adopting veganism are taste, price, and convenience. It is fair to say that veganism is not a pervasive food culture, and also there is a lack of awareness about the same. People are not in disagreement with the entire idea of veganism but are devoid of options. Hence they stick to their regular meat diets.
It may seem strange, but more than half of the non-vegetarians support the idea of veganism and consider it as a socially acceptable food culture. This could have major implications for the future food industry as meat alternatives become tastier, cheaper, and more widely available. They are of the opinion that the vegan diet is healthy and environment friendly. But vegan options are marginal and are perceived to be boring and not enjoyable. Also, there are many social stigmas concerned with such clean diets, making people prone to judgments—the driving factors of food choices of a population group, primarily price, taste, and convenience. For most people, ethics and environmental impact simply do not enter into it. In addition to that, the default widespread food behaviour of meat-eating can be a barrier to clear reasoning about our food system. Fortunately, there is a shift in the opinion of people. With the advent of a varied range of options, quality, and affordability of vegan products, a major spike in adopting veganism as a lifestyle has been witnessed lately. Many are motivated to replace animal products with vegan meals at least once a day to start off. Also, many food chains and restaurants foster vegan menus and offer a myriad of meat-free dishes, which are healthy and tasty. When Subway offers a version of its meatball marinara that is compatible with your views on ethics and environment, why would a person choose the one made from an animal, especially if the taste is identical? All these have serious implications on the meat market as there has been a major shift of consumers, and this is where the magic of market works. With vegan alternatives getting cheaper, better, and more widespread, meat-eaters will have to ask themselves just how good the alternatives need to be before they decide to consume in the line of values. Hence, more people will be motivated to switch to clean diets, which have sustainable repercussions on the health and environment.
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Treating Water for Sulfur in Midcoast Maine
Sulfur (also known as hydrogen sulfide gas) can occur naturally in ground water or be produced by plant or other organic substances decomposed. It is characterized by a signature rotten egg smell. Not only does it impart an offensive taste and odor, but it can even turn certain beverages like scotch and whiskey a black color. Any beverage prepared with the water will be negatively affected.
In the case where water contains iron and hydrogen sulfide gas, they will combine to form iron sulfide, which is black in color. This is not only objectionable but may stain clothing and other items.
If you have ongoing sulfur in the water, a carbon filter may need to be installed.
Although the dangers of radon gas in the home have been well publicized over the last few years, people don’t think of it coming in through their water supply. The state of Maine started requiring landlords to test for radon on March 1, 2014. (This is in addition to other water testing requirements that were already in place.)
Radon gas is created when the radioactive mineral radium degrades. Radium leaches from phosphates and other radium bearing rock formations (including granite) into the water. Radon will quickly escape from water as soon as it hits the air, but may linger in the room for minutes to hours. As water is run in the kitchen faucet or as one is taking a shower, the gas separates from the water and is inhaled.
The State of Maine recommended limit for radon is less than 4000 pCi/L for drinking water. Up to 1/3 of all wells in Maine have radon gas over 4000 pCi/L.
A major health concern is the prolonged exposure to radiation. Elevated radioactive intake has been found to cause genetic disorders, birth defects, and many types of cancer. Radon gas may cause lung cancer and the longer you are exposed, the higher your risk. It has been linked to stomach, liver and brain cancer, also. In Maine, 25% of lung cancer deaths have been linked to homes with radon gas in the well water.
If your water is found to contain above the recommended levels of radon, we may recommend installing either a Carbon Filter or Bubble Up System to treat your water.
If you have ongoing sulfur issues, other unpleasant tastes or odors, chlorine, MTBEs or radon (levels less than 10,000 pCi/L only), a Carbon Filter may be needed.
This filter consists of a mineral tank filled with media inside (often referred to as a bed) and a control head. As your water passes through the bed of the filter, the impurities in your water are attracted to the media particles inside the tank. The particles attach to the media inside the tank, removing them from the water before it exits the filter.
Eventually the media inside the tank becomes saturated, so the timer on the head of the system is set to automatically backwash the filter every few days to clean out the media inside the tank.
Carbon Filters require very little maintenance but the media bed inside the tank does eventually wear out. The media will need to be replaced every 3-6 years, depending on the level of impurities and amount of water used daily.
If there is a power outage, or after daylight savings, you will need to reset the timer. This is important to reset because you don’t want to unknowingly use water during a backwash cycle. Please see the Resetting Backwash Cycle page for instructions on resetting the time.
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Mary Tyler Moore's Death a Reminder of the Toll of Diabetes
Desmond Schatz, University of Florida
Mary Tyler Moore debuted on television in the 1950s, appearing in commercials that aired during a popular show. Her star continued to rise until Moore landed the eponymous sitcom that became a staple of 1970s pop culture.
But it was another event that cast her in a new, unfamiliar and lifelong role: a diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes at age 33. Moore, who died Jan. 25 at age 80, did more than just fight her disease. She leveraged her star power to become an advocate for diabetes research.
Moore’s official cause of death, cardiopulmonary arrest, was released Jan. 30. Diabetes was listed as a contributing factor.
As a physician who directs a diabetes institute at an academic medical center, I see this moment as a teaching opportunity about her disease. I also hope to show how Moore used her celebrity for good in the fight against diabetes, which kills 69,000 people a year, more than the toll of HIV/AIDS and breast cancer combined.
An old problem, with new and growing numbers
The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, in all forms, in the U.S. increased by 382 percent from 1988 to 2014.
There are two types, but both involve the build-up of sugar in the blood, which can damage blood vessels and organs and lead to death and disability.
Type 1 diabetes arises when the pancreas fails to produce insulin that allows the body to extract energy from food. Sugar builds up in the blood rather than going to cells, where it is used for energy. About 1.25 million people have this type of diabetes, and it is what Mary Tyler Moore suffered from.
Type 2 diabetes is much more common, with about 30 million people suffering from this condition and another estimated 86 million people in the U.S. considered prediabetic. In Type 2 diabetes, the body does not use insulin properly, causing blood sugar levels to fluctuate and metabolism of sugar to be inconsistent. Lifestyle changes can help treat Type 2, also, but medication is frequently needed.
Moore, who was otherwise healthy when diagnosed with diabetes, said in 2006 that she was “incredulous” to learn that her blood sugar was nearly seven times the normal level. Not satisfied to just manage her condition, Moore immersed herself in the fight against the disease.
Moore’s persistence paid off: Her lobbying of Congress helped boost the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation’s funding by more than US$1 billion over the years, according to the National Institutes of Health’s Medline Plus magazine.
Such is the positive power of being a celebrity. For Moore, the diagnosis was never about mere acceptance of the disease or simply going public about its effect on her life. Later in life, Moore spoke candidly about the diabetic complications she was suffering. Through it all, her trademark smile and determination were a beacon of hope to other patients.
In 2001, Moore rallied a group of experts and some 200 diabetes patients as part of an effort to gain more federal research funding. Moore could have emphasized her diabetes when she testified to Congress then, but instead spoke about how it affects others.
“A child with Type 1 diabetes is a living time bomb. Each child faces a future with the risk of early blindness, kidney failure, amputation, heart attack, and stroke,” Moore told USA Today. “Even if they do all they can to be as normal as possible, they’re not. And long before these children become old, they’re forced to face the possibility of their own mortality.”
An epidemic bound to worsen
Diabetes in all its forms is now at epidemic proportions: Each day, 3,800 people in the United States are diagnosed. Of the estimated 86 million people with prediabetes, nearly 90 percent of them are unaware of their condition. Education and awareness are especially important for this group. Prediabetes can be treated, and diabetes can be averted. This is important, because diabetes itself cannot be cured. With care, it can be managed. But it does not go away.
Diabetes is not merely a public health threat. It is also creating a fiscal calamity. Caring for a diabetes patient costs 2.3 times more than treating someone who doesn’t have the disease. Lost productivity and medical expenses related to diabetes cost our country $322 billion a year.
Despite being 30 times more prevalent than HIV/AIDS, per-patient spending on diabetes research by the National Institutes of Health pales when compared to research spending on the immunodeficiency virus. In 2012, for example, NIH spent $5.6 billion on cancer research, compared to $1 billion for diabetes.
In Mary Tyler Moore, the millions of current and future diabetes patients had a tireless supporter. Moore often spoke about overcoming the denial, anger and fear that came with her diabetes diagnosis. In her memoir, “Growing Up Again: Life, Loves, and Oh Yeah, Diabetes,” Moore recalled being gripped with fear of self-injecting insulin, along with journaling, charts, urine testing and other aspects of disease management. Ultimately, she overcame all of that and gave hope to millions of her fellow patients.
As the principal investigator in numerous National Institute of Health and Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation-funded studies aimed at preventing and/or reversing Type 1 diabetes, I see the power and promise that research holds.
Now, it’s our turn to carry on Mary Tyler Moore’s message. Diabetes researchers and the public can honor her commitment to diabetes research by lending our voices to the cause. Our nation lacks a sense of urgency about the need for more research for a cure and education about self-management of the disease.
Tell your state officials and congressional representatives that diabetes is an urgent public health problem. Left unchecked, it may only get worse. Help ensure that funding the best research, education and treatments is a priority.
Like Mary Tyler Moore’s on-screen persona, we can make it after all.
The Conversation
Desmond Schatz, Professor and Medical Director of UF Diabetes Institute, University of Florida
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this site demands javascript
When visiting a certain website, you could see the ERR_SSL_VERSION_INTERFERENCE error.
Here is what causes this error and what you need to do about it.
What Is SSL?
SSL stands for “Secure Sockets Layer.” SSL It is a secure protocol developed for the transfer of information over the internet. Most websites make the use of SSL for securing user’s information over the internet i.e. account pages and online checkouts.
What Causes the Error?
The ‘ERR_SSL_VERSION_INTERFERENCE’ error is related to the ‘Secure Sockets layer’ which usually appears whenever a website (server) uses TLS 1.3.
TLS 1.3 has major performance and security benefits and therefore it is not recommended to disable it.
But if nothing else works you can simply disable it. Before you disable TLS, you can try these solutions without risking your security.
Before we start with the solutions, make sure that you meet the following requirements.
1. Log on to your Windows PC as an Administrator
2. You have an active internet connection
3. Disable firewalls and don’t use any proxies during this session.
Switch Off Antivirus
Your antivirus might be causing the ERR_SSL_VERSION_INTERFERENCE error. Sometimes, the antivirus detects the webpages with SSL as malware harmful for your computer. As a result, it disables it from running.
You can try disabling it in order to resolve the issue. To disable your antivirus follow these steps
1. Press Windows key + S to open Windows Search
2. In the Search box type ‘Windows Security’ and hit the Enter key
3. Go to Virus & threat protection
4. Click on Manage Settings
5. Turn off “Real-time protection” toggle switch.
Now check the webpage causing the ERR_SSL_VERSION_INTERFERENCE error and it should be gone. If not, keep trying the methods ahead.
Check Date and Time
Check the date and time of your computer as it might be causing this error. The SSL uses certain information provided by the computer.
In this case, the date and time of your computer are used as a timestamp. If the date and time are incorrect you might receive an
1. Press Windows key + R, type “control” in the dialogue box, and press Enter.
2. Once you enter the control panel, select “Date and Time” or “Clock and Region”
3. Select ‘Change date and time’ now select time and region or you can also select automatically
4. Restart your computer and check that the website your connecting has become accessible.
Clear Browsing Data
Before we get on with re-installing the browser, we will try clearing the browser’s data. This can clear the ‘bad’ files that could be causing this problem.
Remember to save your important browser data somewhere before you proceed with this. Once you clear browsing data, it will be gone forever.
Follow the steps below in order to clear your browsing data and other temporary files stored by the browser.
1. Open Google Chrome and press Ctrl+Shift+Del
2. Select the Advanced tab and select time range as All time
3. Check all the boxes and click Clear data
4. Restart your computer, open Google Chrome, and check if the website is now accessible.
Reinstalling Google Chrome
If nothing above has helped so far, the only solution is to reinstall Google Chrome
Make sure you remove Chrome completely before it can be re-installed. It’s the only way to remove all Appdata follow the following steps
1. Press Windows + R, to open Run utility
2. Type “appwiz.cpl” in the Run utility to open the application manager.
3. Right-click on Google Chrome and select uninstall
4. In run utility type “%appdata%” and press Enter
5. Delete the Chrome folder from the directory
6. Run the executable file and reinstall Google Chrome.
Now try to access the website using it and check if you still receive the error message.
Clear DNS Cache
Sometimes ‘ERR_SSL_VERSION_INTERFERENCE’ error can also arise if your Local DNS cache is corrupted. Clearing DNS cache from your computer can solve this issue.
To clear DNS cache, follow these steps.
1. Press Windows key + R to open Run Utility
2. In Run Utility, type ‘cmd’ to open Command Prompt
3. In Command Prompt, type ‘ipconfig /flushdns’ and hit Enter.
Once the process is complete you will see the following message
Windows IP Configuration Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache”.
Disabling TLS 1.3 (Not Recommended)
TLS or transport layer security is a cryptographic protocol used to ensure the end to end security over the internet. It has been observed that disabling this feature has fixed this problem but it imposes a security risk to the user’s data and is not recommended. In order to disable TLS follow the following steps
1. Open a new window in Google Chrome
2. In the address bar type ‘chrome://flags’
3. Now search for TLS in the search box at the top a drop down of TLS 1.3 will appear
4. Now set the option to Disabled. Save changes and exit.
5. Now restart your computer and try accessing the website again which was causing the issue.
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Green Corner: Sharing sustainability studies
Sustainability, going green, carbon footprint and ecofriendly, these words are spoken in the media on a daily basis. But, do you really know what these words mean? Is the media portraying all of this vocabulary in a coherent manner? It is important to understand what the words mean to live an environmentally friendly life.
Education is important in a society that misconstrues knowledge and turns it in to something that it is not. As with any topic, you need the right information to truly understand it and apply it on a personal level. Keep yourself on point with what is the truth so you can educate others who may not have the same knowledge. Education is one of the most important things in the world, and in fact it is extremely sustainable.
To break down what sustainability means, it can be classified as of, relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged, according to Webster’s Dictionary. Now that this is understood, it is possible to have a better understanding on why going green is so important. We want to sustain this land for as long as we can, so there’s no better way than going green.
Going green is a lifestyle choice that can cut back on carbon emissions, and be more sustainable. As you can see, without truly understanding these ideas, it would be impossible to understand what it means to be sustainable. To further define, going green and being ecofriendly are very similar, and those are products and lifestyle choices that are less destructive to the environment, for example, cutting out meat, using less plastic and driving less.
Sustainability is huge at Rider, and if you don’t understand why our school is doing this, or what it means, you now have a better idea. You can add the sustainability studies minor to any major on campus. This way, when someone asks about an aspect of going green, you have an answer.
If you have any more questions, please contact Melissa Greenberg or the Eco-Reps and come out to our events. We have campus sustainability day Oct. 23, and our green speaker, Adrian Grenier, on Oct. 24. Remember to keep learning and sharing.
-Stephen Schwartz,
Lawrenceville Eco-Rep
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What is the unit of excretory system?
Asked by | 28th Aug, 2008, 11:10: PM
Expert Answer:
Excretory system consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. The nephrons are the structural and functional units of kidneys.
Answered by | 29th Aug, 2008, 06:59: AM
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Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Indefinite article (0.01690 detik)
Found 2 items, similar to Indefinite article.
English → English (WordNet) Definition: indefinite article indefinite article n : a determiner (as `a' or `some' in English) that indicates non-specificity of reference
English → English (gcide) Definition: Indefinite article Indefinite \In*def"i*nite\, a. [L. indefinitus. See In- not, and Definite.] [1913 Webster] 1. Not definite; not limited, defined, or specified; not explicit; not determined or fixed upon; not precise; uncertain; vague; confused; obscure; as, an indefinite time, plan, etc. [1913 Webster] It were to be wished that . . . men would leave off that indefinite way of vouching, “the chymists say this,” or “the chymists affirm that.” --Boyle. [1913 Webster] The time of this last is left indefinite. --Dryden. [1913 Webster] 2. Having no determined or certain limits; large and unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited; as, indefinite space; the indefinite extension of a straight line. [1913 Webster] Though it is not infinite, it may be indefinite; though it is not boundless in itself, it may be so to human comprehension. --Spectator. [1913 Webster] 3. Boundless; infinite. [R.] [1913 Webster] Indefinite and omnipresent God, Inhabiting eternity. --W. Thompson (1745). [1913 Webster] 4. (Bot.) Too numerous or variable to make a particular enumeration important; -- said of the parts of a flower, and the like. Also, indeterminate. [1913 Webster] Indefinite article (Gram.), the word a or an, used with nouns to denote any one of a common or general class. Indefinite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Indeterminate inflorescence , under Indeterminate. Indefinite proposition (Logic), a statement whose subject is a common term, with nothing to indicate distribution or nondistribution; as, Man is mortal. Indefinite term (Logic), a negative term; as, the not-good. Syn: Inexplicit; vague; uncertain; unsettled; indeterminate; loose; equivocal; inexact; approximate. [1913 Webster]
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Portable EEG for diagnosis of traumatic brain injury
by | Jul 10, 2020 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
Brain injury is common in contact sports and recreational activities, but a standard imaging technique to diagnose concussion has still not been established. A proof of concept explores using quantitative EEG to quickly and accurately diagnose concussions on the field.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can happen anywhere and at any time and often can be elusive when it comes to diagnosing. Early diagnosis of TBI is crucial for improving quality of life and preventing subsequent brain injuries. Contact sports, such as football and hockey, are among the most common causes of TBI, but it frequently takes hours or days before an accurate diagnosis can be made or a proper treatment plan can be set-up. This is often due to the long period of time spent on imaging, as well as answering patient’s questions about symptoms, medical history and the incident itself. For this reason, one of the premier forms of neuroimaging used for diagnosing TBI is the EEG because it’s quick and relatively cheap compared to other imaging techniques.
Quantitative EEG (qEEG) analyzes the data from EEG readings and compares them to a normative database and has been beneficial in diagnosing TBIs in a clinical environment. A recent research journal published in Procedia Computer Science proposes EmerEEG, a portable medical device that uses qEEG for early diagnosis of TBI at the time of injury. After an incident or injury occurs, the emergency health care provider would rush onto the site and immediately check for visual signs of injury. The provider would then place an EEG cap onto the patient’s head and conduct an EEG that would then compare the recording to a central database to come up with an indicative diagnosis. It should be noted that the paramedic would not need to be able to understand how to analyze the EEG, just how to perform it. The readings would then be sent to a remote specialist, who could see the readings as well as general information about the patient, such as age, gender, etc. The specialist would then be able to assist the paramedic in proper care, advice and assessment of the situation at hand.
Although this journal was just a proof of concept, research on qEEG and its application in differentiating traumatic brain injuries from other neurological disorders can drastically improve diagnosis accuracy; being able to mobilize this form of imaging while maintaining the quality of assessment and expertise would improve rates of early TBI diagnosis and quality of life for patients.
Procedia Computer Science, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.08.252
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enzyme immobilization
Category: Education
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By: shwetabisht (121 month(s) ago)
hello please send me this ppt it is very important for me. pls send me as soon as possible.. my e mail id is:- ambicaarora28@gmail.com
By: ajitharihar (121 month(s) ago)
Presentation Transcript
Slide 1:
Slide 2:
NATIONAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACYDEPT. OF PHARMACOGNOSYSHIMOGA -577201 An evaluation Seminar on Subject : Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Topic: Enzyme Immobilization: Techniques and Application Presented By: Neelanjan Chatterjee (I M.Pharm)Under the guidence of:Dr. G. Narayana Murthy Department of Pharmacognosy NCP, Shimoga.2010
Slide 3:
Enzymes: Enzymes are defined as soluble, colloidal, organic catalysts which are produced by living cells but are capable of acting independently of the cells. In 1873 Berzelius recognized ferments catalyses chemical reactions Later it was coined Enzymes (in side the yeast) 1897 Edword Buchner extracted enzymes from yeast that catalyzes sugars into alcohol
Slide 4:
Immobilized Enzyme Systems: Enzymes physically confined or localized in a certain defined region of space with retention of their catalytic activities and which can be used repeatedly and continuously Retrospection: In 1916 Nelson and Griffin discovered that Invertase enzyme showes same activity when absorbed on a solid media ( charcoal, aluminium hydroxide) at the bottom of the reaction vessel Oreste .J. Lantero invented a method for the immobilization of an enzyme producing microorganism by introducing an aqueous solution containing bacterium cells into polyethyleneimine and adding gluteraldehyde and chitosan(US Patent-4,760,024, 1988)
Slide 5:
Tosa et al invented a method of immobilization of enzymes in microbial cells using k-carrageenan as matrix. Gelatin in k-Carrageenan is a new polymer for the immobilization Pietro crimonesi has invented a method of enzyme immobilization by adding a suspension of polysaccharide in aqueous media containing vinyl monomer and an enzyme, then adding ferric salt as catalyst and irradiating the mixture with UV light that lead to polymerization to form a copolymer of polysaccharide having enzymatic activity(USPatent-4,338,401. 1982) Ephraim et al has reported a new carrier Eupergit© for the immobilization of enzymes of industrial potential. It is a carrier consisting nanopore beads of immobilized enzymes
Slide 6:
Types of enzyme immobilization: 1. On surface immobilization: Covalent coupling with polymers Functional group containing polymers Gluteraldehyde containing protein coupling Polysaccharide as solid support Complexation and chelation 2.With support immobilization Inclusion in gels Inclusion in fibers Inclusion in microcapsules
Slide 7:
Covalent coupling: The protein functional groups can be used for the covalent coupling NH2- lysine COOH- α and β Aspertic acid, Glutamic acid OH- Phenol ring on tyrosine SH- Cysteines Polymeric support s which are widely used: Hydroxyl groups of polysaccharide, PVA, Poly methyl acetate Amino ethyl coated polysaccharides, silica gels Aldehyde and acetal groups of polymers Amide groups of polypeptides
Slide 8:
Hydroxyl group containing polymers:
Slide 9:
Gluteraldehyde based protein coupling : Bi functionality of gluteraldehyde can be used for the formation of covalent bond
Slide 10:
Polysaccharides as solid support: Naturally occurring polysaccharides like cellulose containing 1,4 linked β-D glucose, agarose containing 1,3 linked β-D glucose are derivatized and used as solid support for enzyme immobilization.
Slide 11:
Adsorption method: Various sold supports like aluminium, amberlite, bentonite, CMC, silica gels are available to adsorb the enzyme molecule and immobilize depending on various forces like vanDer Walls force and hydrogen boding
Slide 12:
Complexation and chelation methods: In this process chelation and complexation of transition metals are used to immobilize enzymes on solid support. Titanium or zirconium is widely preferred for their non toxic nature.
Slide 13:
With support immobilization: Here enzymes are physically entrapped in a polymer matrix, gels or capsules (micro encapsulation) The support should have very small size pores which facilitates the movement of substrate inside the compartment Inclusion in gels: Poly acrylamide gels Poly vinyl alcohol gels Inclusion in fibers: Cellulose and Poly acrylamide gels Inclusion in micro capsules: polyamine, Polybasic acid chloride monomers
Slide 14:
Inclusion in gels and fibers Inclusion in Microencapsulation
Slide 15:
Examples of Immobilized enzymes by entrapment:
Slide 16:
Applications of immobilized enzymes: Production of antibiotics- immobilized penicillin amidase used for production of Penicillin G, Amoxicillin and ampicillin Production of steroids- immobilized cells of Cornybacterium simplex is used to convert hydrocortisone and prednisolone from cortesolone Production of amino acids- β tyrosinase used for the production of l-dopa Production of organic compounds- Propiniobacterium produce vit B 12 Catharanthus roseus produce ajmalcine Digitalis lanata produce digitoxin
Slide 17:
Clinical applications- Glucokinase as glucose sensor Cholesterol oxidase as lipid sensor Industrial applications-
Slide 18:
References: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Vyaas SP and Dixit VK (page-13-159) A Textbook of Biotechnology: Dubey RC (page 238-240) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: Kumar HD(page-394-404) Elements of Biotechnology: Gupta PK (Page-417-433) Concepts of Biotechnology: Balasubramaniyan D et al (page-114-134) http//:www.cheric.org/ippage/ipdata/2004/05/file/e200405-1101.pdf http//:www.scribd.com/doc/14657530/applications-0f-enzyme-immobilization.pdf http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYmioTsy4Cc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gV_oIuQEmGE
Slide 19:
Thank you…
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It is the speed below which you can move a single flight control one time, to its full deflection, for one axis of airplane rotation only
This is part of the explanation of maneuvering speed. What does 'full deflection' mean? Is applying full rudder full deflection? Is turning the yoke 90 degrees full deflection? What about in the pitch axis?
Yes, that is correct. Moving any control surface until you hit the stops is considered "full deflection". For the purpose of maneuvering speed, this is the speed at which any single control surface can be fully deflected without risking damage to the control surface or structure.
Pitch is full back/forward on the yoke or stick, which is where the elevator stops movement. This isn't always 90 degrees for ailerons, especially in aircraft that have stick controls versus yokes.
The maneuvering speed is the maximum calibrated airspeed at which - starting from straight and level flight - you can safely move any single flight control from the neutral position to the maximum deflection possible at that airspeed.
What constitutes full deflection varies from aircraft to aircraft, and also - frequently - with airspeed. At low speeds, it is generally limited by the control surface's mechanical stops (those thingies which physically block the control surface in question from moving to a greater deflection); at higher airspeeds, depending on the aircraft, it can be limited by an additional, moveable mechanical stop (which limits the control surface to a smaller and smaller range of deflection as airspeed increases), by the amount of force available with which to move the control surface (in which case, at high speed, the control surface's actuators are physically incapable of deflecting the surface past a certain amount, and the possible range of motion decreases as airspeed increases), or, in some cases, by the mechanical stops for the yoke, joystick, or rudder pedal (for aircraft in which control-surface deflection at high airspeeds is limited by a mechanical ratio adjuster, such that, say, turning the yoke all the way to its stops commands less and less aileron travel as you go faster and faster).
The maximum speed at which a full-scale deflection in the pitch axis is safe is frequently different from the maximum speed at which a full-scale deflection in the roll axis is safe, which is, in turn, usually different from the maximum safe speed for a full-scale yaw input. The maneuvering speed of the aircraft as a whole is the lowest of these speeds (which is generally the limiting speed for the pitch axis).
Note that being at or below maneuvering speed only guarantees that a structural failure will not occur if, starting from straight and level flight in an undamaged aircraft with all control surfaces originally in their neutral positions, one single control surface is deflected to its limit. If you start out in an aircraft weakened by undetected fatigue damage, or if you push two or more control surfaces in different axes to full deflection simultaneously, or if you take a control surface from full deflection in one direction to full deflection in the other (especially if done multiple times in a row) rather than merely from the neutral position to full deflection in one direction, continued airframe structural integrity is not guaranteed. To quote Wikipedia:
It has been widely misunderstood that flight below maneuvering speed will provide total protection from structural failure. In response to the destruction of American Airlines Flight 587, a CFR Final Rule was issued clarifying that "flying at or below the design maneuvering speed does not allow a pilot to make multiple large control inputs in one airplane axis or single full control inputs in more than one airplane axis at a time". Such actions "may result in structural failures at any speed, including below the maneuvering speed."[3]
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$\begingroup$ Anonymous downvoter, show thy face and explain thy action. $\endgroup$ – Vikki - formerly Sean Aug 30 '19 at 0:50
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Introduction: Hello Miss P and 5/6P, my name is Ashish and today I’ll be answering about the importance of water in our lives. Water is a free gift from Mother nature but some people don’t recognise it, it is 70 percent of a human body and covers 70 percent of Earth, it is essential for our bodies because if we don’t drink water for a whole week, there is a chance that we will perish. There are severe health issues if you are not drinking enough water. Water is very important in our daily lives for instance, washing and cooking etc.
To kick things off, water is important for everyone’s health including animals, did you know drinking plenty of water is the best thing we can do to our bodies. It is important to our bodies especially kidneys because they require water to lead to them and its needs to constantly be pumping or else it will lead to kidney failure which can be quite gruesome. Other good benefits of water are blood pressure, healthy skin and so on. Consistently drinking water help the brain to focus and avoid headaches. In sports, keeping hydrated is crucial because it can make you alert and focused because n investigation showed that 85 percent of our brain is water so when water reached your brain its make your mood fresh and stress free.
In addition, water is needed in human’s daily life, there are villages in the world that suffer from dirty water and water shortages, the reason why is that they always litter and the rubbish gets blown into the river nearby and makes the water unsanitary and turns the colour of the water dark brown with the fact that they need it to cook, drink, bath, wash and household works etc.
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Top Data Science Project – Sentiment Analysis Project in R
Today, we are starting our series of R projects and the first one is Sentiment analysis. So, in this article, we will develop our very own project of sentiment analysis using R. We will make use of the tiny text package to analyze the data and provide scores to the corresponding words that are present in the dataset. In the end, you will become industry ready to solve any problem related to R programming.
Before we start, you must take a quick revision to R concepts.
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R Project – Sentiment Analysis
The aim of this project is to build a sentiment analysis model which will allow us to categorize words based on their sentiments, that is whether they are positive, negative and also the magnitude of it. Before we start with our R project, let us understand sentiment analysis in detail.
What is Sentiment Analysis?
Sentiment Analysis is a process of extracting opinions that have different polarities. By polarities, we mean positive, negative or neutral. It is also known as opinion mining and polarity detection. With the help of sentiment analysis, you can find out the nature of opinion that is reflected in documents, websites, social media feed, etc. Sentiment Analysis is a type of classification where the data is classified into different classes. These classes can be binary in nature (positive or negative) or, they can have multiple classes (happy, sad, angry, etc.).
R Data science project - sentiment analysis
If you are not aware of the topic classification in R, here is the best guide – R Classification
Developing our Sentiment Analysis Model in R
We will carry out sentiment analysis with R in this project. The dataset that we will use will be provided by the R package ‘janeaustenR’.
In order to build our project on sentiment analysis, we will make use of the tidytext package that comprises of sentiment lexicons that are present in the dataset of ‘sentiments’.
Screenshot:sentiment analysis in R
We will make use of three general purpose lexicons like –
• bing
• loughran
These three lexicons make use of the unigrams. Unigrams are a type of n-gram model that consists of a sequence of 1 item, that is, a word collected from a given textual data. In the AFINN lexicon model scores the words in a range from -5 to 5. The increase in negativity corresponds the negative sentiment whereas an increase in positivity corresponds the positive one. The bing lexicon model on the other hand, classifies the sentiment into a binary category of negative or positive. And finally, the loughran model that performs analysis of the shareholder’s reports. In this project, we will make use of the bing lexicons to extract the sentiments out of our data. We can retrieve these lexicons using the get_sentiments() function. We can implement this as follows –
Screenshot:Sentiment analysis in R
While practicing the R concepts through this project, I recommend you to start your R interview preparations also. Here are some of the best R interview questions that are mostly asked and will surely help you in the future.
Let’s continue to R sentiment analysis
Performing Sentiment Analysis with the Inner Join
In this step, we will import our libraries ‘janeaustenr’, ‘stringr’ as well as ‘tidytext’. The janeaustenr package will provide us with the textual data in the form of books authored by the novelist Jane Austen. Tidytext will allow us to perform efficient text analysis on our data. We will convert the text of our books into a tidy format using unnest_tokens() function.
tidy_data <- austen_books() %>%
group_by(book) %>%
mutate(linenumber = row_number(),
chapter = cumsum(str_detect(text, regex("^chapter [\\divxlc]",
ignore_case = TRUE)))) %>%
ungroup() %>%
unnest_tokens(word, text)
Screenshot:R sentiment analysis
We have performed the tidy operation on our text such that each row contains a single word. We will now make use of the “bing” lexicon to and implement filter() over the words that correspond to joy. We will use the book Sense and Sensibility and derive its words to implement out sentiment analysis model.
positive_senti <- get_sentiments("bing") %>%
filter(sentiment == "positive")
tidy_data %>%
filter(book == "Emma") %>%
semi_join(positive_senti) %>%
count(word, sort = TRUE)
Screenshot:Positive sentiment analysis
From our above result, we observe many positive words like “good”, “happy”, “love” etc. In the next step, we will use spread() function to segregate our data into separate columns of positive and negative sentiments. We will then use the mutate() function to calculate the total sentiment, that is, the difference between positive and negative sentiment.
bing <- get_sentiments("bing")
Emma_sentiment <- tidy_data %>%
inner_join(bing) %>%
count(book = "Emma" , index = linenumber %/% 80, sentiment) %>%
mutate(sentiment = positive - negative)
Have you checked the importance of R for Data Scientists?
In the next step, we will visualize the words present in the book “Emma” based on their corrosponding positive and negative scores.
ggplot(Emma_sentiment, aes(index, sentiment, fill = book)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", show.legend = TRUE) +
facet_wrap(~book, ncol = 2, scales = "free_x")
Screenshot:ggplot 1
GGplot in R
Let us now proceed towards counting the most common positive and negative words that are present in the novel.
counting_words <- tidy_data %>%
inner_join(bing) %>%
count(word, sentiment, sort = TRUE)
Screenshot:Sentiment analysis in R
In the next step, we will perform visualization of our sentiment score. We will plot the scores along the axis that is labeled with both positive as well as negative words. We will use ggplot() function to visualize our data based on their scores.
Don’t forget to check our latest guide on data visualization using R
counting_words %>%
filter(n > 150) %>%
mutate(n = ifelse(sentiment == "negative", -n, n)) %>%
ggplot(aes(word, n, fill = sentiment))+
geom_col() +
coord_flip() +
labs(y = "Sentiment Score")
Screenshot:R Sentiment analysis
sentiment score
In the final visualization, let us create a wordcloud that will delineate the most recurring positive and negative words. In particular, we will use the function to plot both negative and positive words in a single wordcloud as follows:
tidy_data %>%
inner_join(bing) %>%
acast(word ~ sentiment, value.var = "n", fill = 0) %>% = c("red", "dark green"),
max.words = 100)
This word cloud will enable us to efficiently visualize the negative as well as positive groups of data. Therefore, we are now able to see the different groups of data based on their corresponding sentiments. You can experiment with several other datasets like tweets in order to gain a comprehensive insight into sentiment analysis. At any point, if you feel you need to revise your R learning, reach out to DataFlair. We have a series of 120+ FREE R Tutorials that will help you like anything.
In this blog, we went through our project of sentiment analysis in R. We learnt about the concept of sentiment analysis and implemented it over the dataset of Jane Austen’s books. We were able to delineate it through various visualizations after we performed data wrangling on our data. We used a lexical analyzer – ‘bing’ in this instance of our project. Furthermore, we also represented the sentiment score through a plot and also made a visual report of wordcloud.
Hope you enjoyed this R Sentiment Analysis Project. Drop your queries through comments, we will definitely help.
15 Responses
1. Michael says:
How to perform sentiment analysis on sentences? Any easy example..
2. belayneh endalamaw says:
I’m data science masters student @ university of Gondar, Ethiopia. can you help me by giving all the coddes and the documentation parts of this “sentiment analysis model” to use as a reference for my papers
• dev chapaneria says:
can you help me by giving all the coddes and the documentation parts of this “sentiment analysis model” for my mini projrct
• DataFlair Team says:
Hello Belayneh,
The codes are available in the article with their detailed description. Kindly, go through the full article thoroughly. I am sure you will find the codes and documents which you are looking for.
3. Sai Kiran says:
What if we have a positive or negative word phrased after the opposite one?
4. Mateen says:
I’m data science masters student can you help me by giving all the codes and the documentation parts of this “sentiment analysis model” to use as a reference for my papers
• dev chapaneria says:
5. Zunair Talish says:
Can You Help me in Automatic License Number Plate Recognition System please
6. Nirmal says:
count(book = “Emma” , index = linenumber %/% 80, sentiment)
why index is taken as linenumber %/% 80?
Any specific reason behind that/
7. KS says:
Hi DataFlair Team,
You have used %>% on many places. What does it actually do?
8. Ross Parker says:
It’s called the “pipe” operator. It is not in base R, but is included in packages such as the tidyverse. The pipe allows you to take the result of one piece of code and feed it to the next piece as the first argument.
Instead of:
my_name % print()
You do this because it is sometimes easier than saving things as an object (e.g. my_name).
huge_data_frame %>%
select(thingy == “big”) %>%
filter(smell == “nasty”)
Here you are piping data quickly through functions, with the output of one being the input of another.
9. Nihaarika says:
Are you guys using RStudio for coding ?
10. Jenny says:
Bonjour.J’aimerais bien avoir si possible le lien github du projet si il est public.Merci
Leave a Reply
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What Are Drones Made Of?
Knowing what your drone is made of is part of the ride.
What’s more, by knowing what materials and components a drone is made of, you can even build your very own drone.
And if you are not interested in that, at least you will have a lot easier time when it comes to maintenance, repair work, diagnosing problems, and even flying your drone.
What are drones made of? Drones are made of a variety of materials, including but not limited to, thermoplastic polymers, fiberglass, or carbon fiber. Most drones use electric motors, which are powered by Li-ion batteries and controlled by the remote controller and the internal flight controllers, which are made of different systems and sensors.
Of course, you do not necessarily need to have in-depth knowledge and understanding of each part, but by staying informed of the anatomy of your drone, you can be a better pilot.
Those of you curious for more will find a more in-depth look at the various components drones are made of below.
The Anatomy of a Drone
Anatomy of a Drone
Although on the outside, drones may look very different, deep down on the inside, they are very similar. The reason for this is because—to a large degree—they are made from the same parts.
Of course, there will be some slight differences, but there are some components that you will almost always find in a drone.
Drone Frame
The frame is where all drone parts will be housed and secured to—this is the skeleton of the drone.
The frame is what keeps everything together. Thus a material that is light but still sturdy and strong enough is needed.
There is a variety of different components the frame can be made of like:
• Carbon fiber;
• Fiberglass;
• Aluminum alloy; and
• Thermoplastic polymers like polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyester, and nylon.
You will also find landing gear and other attachments like propeller guards and more.
Drone Motor Brushless
On the most conventional drone models, you will find electric motors. The number of the motors will depend mostly on the type of the drone—a quadcopter has four and an octocopter, eight.
These motors are also set up in a special way.
For the drone to remain stable, it needs to have its motors counteracting each other. This is why, on a quadcopter, two motors will be turning clockwise, and the other two will be moving counterclockwise.
This also leads to a few interesting facts. First, diagonal motors spin the same direction. And secondly, the front motors spin inwards while the motors on the back outwards.
Some of the higher-end, especially military-grade drones, may be equipped with a standard fuel-powered engine while other more hobby-geared drones may be using nitro engines.
Drone Propellers
What good is a drone without any propellers? The propellers are responsible for the drone actually flying.
Propellers are as different and unique as each drone. They come in a variety of different sizes and styles. But one thing makes them similar—their design.
Propellers have a leading and a trailing edge. The leading edge is the one which is higher, and the trailing is the lower edge. When the propeller starts spinning, this design creates a certain amount of air pressure, which will push the drone up.
This is why the placement of the propeller is critical, as it is meant to spin towards the leading edge.
DJI Drone Battery
There is no way a drone can go up in the air without an energy source.
Electric drones are powered by a battery, while fuel-powered drones will take different kinds of fuel or fuel mixtures.
There are two main types of batteries used in drones: LiPO and LiHV. The main difference between the two is mostly in terms of voltage, which is also in direct relation to the number of cells the battery has.
When it comes to batteries, the voltage will affect the speed of the drone’s motor, and the amperage can be used to determine for how long the battery can supply the needed power.
The battery affects flight time, and this can be considered one of the main downsides to modern drones. There is an inevitable sacrifice that needs to be made in finding the right balance between capacity and size of the battery.
The capacity of the battery limits how long the drone can stay up in the air. The current best-performing drones are capable of flying up to 35 minutes in optimal conditions. And the majority of the entry to mid-range drones fall in the 5 to 20 minute flight time ballpark.
Flight Controllers and Chips
If the battery is the heart of the drone, then the flight controller is its brain. The flight controller synchronizes, controls, and processes all the information that the drone needs in order to fly.
The flight controller receives valuable information from the other components like the obstacle avoidance sensors, the GPS module, the compass, gyros, remote controller input, and more.
Then it processes all that information and sends the needed signals to the ESC.
These actions can be very simple, like turning to the left and altitude maintenance, to a lot more complicated ones like automated flight and obstacle avoidance at the same time, and so much more.
Drone ESC
The electronic speed controller (ESC) is one of the main components that affect how the motors are powered.
It is connected to the flight controller and the battery and serves as an intermediary between them and the electric motors.
Communication System
Without a proper communication system, there’s hardly anything you can do with your drone as this is how the communication between the remote controller and the drone is carried out.
The communication system consists of a transmitter and a receiver.
Depending on the drone, the way the transmission works may be very different. Usually, the transmitters work in the 2.4 or the 5.8 GHz spectrum. The transmission system will also affect the distance at which you can fly your drone.
There are a few different transmission standards that drones may be using like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, FHSS, and DSSS. Some drones may even be operating at the ISM radio signal spectrum.
Certain drones that are capable of video transmission and FPV may even have additional video antenna and video transmitter, which take the signal from the camera and send it to the controller device or the FPV goggles.
The power distribution board (PDB) is the main board responsible for the distribution of the power from the battery to the different components of the drone.
LEDs may seem like something trivial, but they are more important than one may expect.
The lights allow the pilot to easily spot and keep track of the drone.
Red lights are always installed on the front of the drone while green lights are placed on the back.
Modern drones can be equipped with all kinds of different sensors:
• Obstacle avoidance sensors: these are found on the higher-end models. These can also fall into different categories like stereoscopic sensors that use images from two or more cameras to create a 3D map, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared sensors.
• Gyroscope: the gyroscope is used to keep track of the orientation of the drone. This can be done in all three axis—the yaw, pitch, and roll.
• Accelerometer: the accelerometer is used to track and determine the movement of the drone in any direction. When combined—a three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis gyro—we end up having one of the best stabilization systems possible, the 6-axis gyro.
• Barometer: a barometer is used to measure and determine the air pressure or altitude of the drone.
There are also other sensors that, although rarer, may be found on certain drones like rangefinders, light detection sensors, and magnetometers.
GPS Module
The GPS is an irreplaceable component of any modern top-end drone.
Drones usually use the two main GPS networks—the Russian and the American—to calculate and track their movement more accurately.
The information from the GPS networks travels between the satellites and the drone. It literally takes a fraction of a second.
Using that information, drones are capable of figuring out where exactly in relation to everything (especially the lift-off area) they are located. This allows them to maneuver obstacles, map out areas, return back home on their own, and so much more.
Not all drones will have a camera. You can expect to find a camera on mid to top-end drones.
Of course, the old adage that you get what you pay for is in full effect here. On the more professional and prosumer drones which have been built for aerial photography, you will find some high-tech cameras capable of shooting breathtaking images and scenes.
Some cameras will be attached to the drone directly, or alternatively, there could be a gimbal in which case there may also be a gimbal motor and controller, which will control the movement and orientation of the camera.
What Is the Drone Controller Made Of?
Drone controllers are not very different from many other RC toy controllers.
The controller is equipped with a receiver and transmitter, which creates the necessary link between the drone and the pilot.
The majority of controllers are composed of a set of two joysticks; the left stick controls the height and rotation, and the right stick controls the horizontal movement.
There will also be a number of buttons and switches that will control different aspects of your drone like power switches, power, rudder, and elevator trims, and more.
High-end and prosumer drones will also come with controllers that require a smart device like a smartphone or a tablet in order to work. The smart device is used for sending and receiving signals, including the video signal. Certain drones can even be controlled directly from the said smart device.
Also Read:
What Are RC Cars Made Of?
Top 8 Foldable Drones of 2021
Are DJI Drones Waterproof?
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Smart Uses For Hydrogen Peroxide
Published August 16th, 2019
Have you ever wondered why hydrogen peroxide bubbles when you pour it on a cut or scrape? Peroxide is basically water with an extra oxygen atom. When peroxide comes into contact with germs, the extra oxygen atom separates and attacks the germ.
The bubbles are all of those billions of oxygen atoms escaping in the form of oxygen gas. This is what makes peroxide so useful for disinfecting wounds, but there are many other uses that you may not be aware of.
Use peroxide in a neti pot, instead of saltwater, to flush your sinuses. The bubbles clean better.
To combat foot fungus, mix equal parts peroxide and water. Apply directly to the affected area a few times every day.
Use it to remove wax from your ears. Lie on your left side and drop a few drops into your right ear. When you feel that the bubbling has stopped, sit up so the peroxide can drain. Repeat with your other ear.
Use it full strength as a disinfecting household cleaner.
Put some in a spray bottle and spray reusable shopping bags until saturated. After soaking for a while, launder as usual. Doing this will kill harmful bacteria that may accumulate from leaky packages of meat.
Spray undiluted peroxide on glass and mirrors. Wipe the glass clean when the bubbles subside.
Mix peroxide and coconut oil together for use as a gargle to relieve the pain of a toothache.
Soak toothbrushes in peroxide periodically to keep them sanitary.
A 1:12 mix of peroxide and water will remove pesticide residue from produce. Soak fruits and vegetables for 30 minutes, and be sure to rinse them before eating.
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Using gravitational force as a measurement
He used a horizontal torsion beam with lead balls whose inertia in relation to the torsion constant he could tell by timing the beam's oscillation. In spite of the experimental design being due to Michell, the experiment is now known as the Cavendish experiment for its first successful execution by Cavendish.
Wouldn't take more than two weeks to reach it in this crate. Well, in reality he said it was not particularly revolutionary, he just did the multiplication, and actually using it would be extraordinarily silly.
The Second Law of Motion, the law of acceleration states that: Again, for details about the units derived from the fundamental units, refer to the essay. At the same time, the arms themselves experience a tensile stress, which at any height, if multiplied by the area, is again the related mechanical force, which is the product of the g-force and the mass hanging below the point of mechanical support.
Objects acted upon only by gravitation, experience or "feel" no g-force, and are weightless. In general when the acceleration is forwards subject essentially lying on their back, colloquially known as "eyeballs in" [13] a much higher tolerance is shown than when the acceleration is backwards lying on their front, "eyeballs out" since blood vessels in the retina appear more sensitive in the latter direction[ citation needed ].
In addition to Poynting, measurements were made by C. Then farside and nearside, meaning farside of the scope or near. Force that pulls the object to the ground. As an aside, Mr. What is Gravitational force: Vibration is a periodic oscillation which can also be measured in g-s as well as frequency.
Blood vessels in the eyes or brain may swell or burst under the increased blood pressure, resulting in degraded sight or even blindness. It is an acceleration that must be produced by a mechanical force, and cannot be produced by simple gravitation.
The navigation stars that the computer selected from the multitude of stars around them shown as bright yellow dots on the outside surface of the globe. Not that 15 pieces of flair is a bad thing, but often, it seems, when people come up with neat alternative unit systems for the sole purpose of coming up with neat alternative unit systems, they kind of miss the point and makes ones that are qualitatively worse than SI.
The number 1 is approximate, depending on location.
Gravitational constant
In this case, the roller coaster riders are accelerated toward the ground faster than gravity would accelerate them, and are thus pinned upside down in their seats. If the pilot were suddenly to pull back on the stick and make his plane accelerate upwards at 9. Gravitation acting alone does not produce any g-force; g-force is only produced from mechanical pushes and pulls.
The modern notation involving the constant G was introduced by Boys in [19] and becomes standard by the end of the s, with values usually cited in the cgs system. Examples of important situations involving g-forces include: It has been proposed from time to time in the United States to assist with metrication that maybe we should reformulate the old units in relatively even ratios of metric units, to get people used to the switch.
Thus, a g-force is a vector acceleration. The Belt's not evenly spaced around its orbit, you know. It's a weird mishmash of the raw Planck units — which are essentially so awkward as to be totally unusable — and a reformulation of different non-metric multiples of "new" units like "new hours" in order to refit them into roles that are vaguely like what the old ones were, but with the values slightly different so that they're metric G-LOCa g-force induced loss of consciousness.
Gravitational constant
Furthermore, gravity has no established relation to other fundamental forces, so it does not appear possible to calculate it indirectly from other constants that can be measured more accurately, as is done in some other areas of physics. You use it like a globe of Earth for your reference.
We use Earth's orbital velocity as the standard of distance for an asteroid—the way you use a clock face as the standard of position for an airplane; or a globe of Earth for the standard of reference in a spaceship. Stapp lived another 45 years to age 89 [16] without any ill effects.
When there is less friction, it takes less force to move something. For length, mass, and time units just use the Planck units directly. When we place a heavy load on the axle and push it, the rolling of the wheels reduces the friction to a large extent.
Edit Article How to Calculate Force. In this Article: Article Summary Learning the Formula Using the Formula Community Q&A Force is the "push" or "pull" exerted on an object to make it move or accelerate. Newton's second law of motion describes how force is related to mass and acceleration, and this relationship is used to calculate force.
Wheel and Axle - Watch this video for kids to learn how the wheel and axle helps move heavy objects by using less friction and gravitational force. The gravitational constant (also known as the "universal gravitational constant", the "Newtonian constant of gravitation", or the "Cavendish gravitational constant"), denoted by the letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
The product of mass times gravitational acceleration, mg, is known as weight, which is just another kind of omgmachines2018.comt gravity, a massive body has no weight, and without a massive body, gravity. In this lesson, you will learn what gravitational potential is, the equation we use to calculate it, and how to use that equation.
We'll look at some real-life examples so you can see how it works. The gravitational force, or more commonly, g-force, is a measurement of the type of acceleration that causes a perception of omgmachines2018.come the name, it is incorrect to consider g-force a fundamental force, as "g-force" is a type of acceleration that can be measured with an g-force accelerations indirectly produce weight, any g-force can be described as a "weight per unit.
Using gravitational force as a measurement
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Future Measurement - Atomic Rockets
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An Introduction to the Airbus A321 – Monroe Aerospace News
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An Introduction to the Airbus A321
An Introduction to the Airbus A321
As the world’s largest aerospace manufacturing company, Airbus produces and sells a lot of commercial jets. Airbus, in fact, claims that its jets have performed more than 110 million flights collectively. But some of the company’s jets have been more popular than others. Among Airbus’s most popular jets include the A321 family. Dozens of commercial airlines throughout the world currently use Airbus’s A321 jets in their respective fleets.
History of the Airbus A321
The A321 is a family of narrow-body, twin-engine commercial jets developed by Airbus. It has origins dating back to the late 1980s. Prior to its inception, Airbus began to explore design concepts for a successor to its A320. Engineers eventually came up with the design for A321. On March 11, 1993, the A321 performed its maiden flight, and shortly thereafter, the commercial airlines Lufthansa and Alitalia ordered Airbus’s new jet.
The Design
The A321 consists of a narrow-body design with a single aisle. As a result, it’s smaller than many other commercial jets, specifically those that have a wide-body design. The A321’s small design, however, makes it more fuel efficient than many other commercial jets. Airbus even designed a variant for the A321 family (see below) with an emphasis on fuel efficiency.
In terms of landing gear, the A321 features a set of three wheels. The tricycle-style landing gear is retractable. As the A321 lifts off from the runway, pilots can retract the landing gear.
A321 Variants
Like with other jet families, the A321 is available in several different variants. There’s the A321-100, the A321-200, the A321neo and the A321LR. The A321-100 was the first variant to enter the A321 family. It has a shorter range than the original A321 jet and a maximum takeoff weight of approximately 183,000 pounds. It’s believed that Airbus only produced 90 or so A31-100 jets before canceling the program.
The A321-200 is a larger and heavier variant of the original A321. Released in the mid-1990s, it has a longer range and structural improvement. The A321-200 entered service in 1995, during which it became a popular choice among commercial airlines.
The most fuel efficient variant in the A321 family is the A321neo. According to Airbus, it’s 15% more fuel efficient than the original A321. Airbus designed the A321neo with new engine options, including the CFM International LEAP-1A and the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G. Combined with large shanklets, these engines are responsible for its fuel-efficient properties. The A321neo entered service in May 2017.
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The 4 Most Dangerous Ways Carbon Offset Programs Are Judged & What You Can Do to Protect Your Brand
Today, it’s basic to experience an assortment of terms that incorporate “carbon” in the news, in magazines and books. Words like “carbon impression,” “carbon counterbalances” and “fossil fuel byproducts” – however rarely do these terms are really clarified or characterized.
What is Carbon?
Carbon itself is a substance component. It’s addressed on the Periodic Table of Elements as the letter C and has the nuclear number of 6. Carbon can take a few structures including graphite, precious stone and shapeless carbon. Carbon is the fourth most plentiful component known to man by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.
What is a Carbon Footprint?
As per Carbon Footprint LTD, a carbon impression is a “proportion of the effect human exercises have on the climate regarding the measure of green house gases delivered, estimated in units of carbon dioxide.” The objective of the carbon impression estimation is to help people and associations better comprehend, conceptualize and imagine their commitment to an unnatural weather change.
A carbon impression can been viewed as a subset of the previous idea of biological impressions.
What are Carbon Offsets?
Carbon counterbalancing is the demonstration of relieving (or “balancing”) ozone depleting substance outflows or carbon dioxide emanations. A typical illustration of carbon counterbalancing or the utilization of carbon balances is the acquisition of “carbon balances” trying to make up for the carbon dioxide creation brought about by close to home air travel.
The hidden thought dependent on the idea of discharges exchanging. Somebody who over contaminates pays somebody who under dirties to redress. While outflows exchanging is managed by a severe formal and legitimate structure, carbon balances are by and large masterminded by business or not-revenue driven carbon-counterbalance suppliers. Today is just that proper guidelines and affirmations for willful carbon counterbalances are beginning to arise.
What are Carbon Emissions?
Fossil fuel byproducts are a type of ozone depleting substance. Ozone depleting substances are, in the most straightforward terms, the parts of the environment that add to the nursery impact. It’s these risky components that are causing a dangerous atmospheric devation. To give you a thought how carbon dioxide finds a way into the master plan, carbon dioxide is the second generally plentiful of the multitude of ozone harming substances.
So how can the normal buyer respond?
While three R’s – Reduce, Re-utilize and Recycle ought to be a piece of everyones life system in the present truly changing world environment – it’s frequently difficult to apply these methods in our bustling regular daily existences. That is the reason I emphatically uphold energy effectiveness. Improving the energy proficiency of the gadgets we as of now utilize that are significant patrons of carbon dioxide discharges can definitely diminish your carbon impression, fossil fuel byproducts – also your bills.
Here is a model: 1/seventh of all power produced in the US is utilized to cool structures. Clearly this is a territory that can profit by the chiefs energy productivity. Soothsayer is an administration rating for AC units that enables purchasers to distinguish the productivity level of any new AC unit.
Energy proficiency isn’t restricted to new items however, take the Cool-N-Save(tm) Air Conditioning Pre-Cooling System for instance. The Cool-N-Save(tm) attaches to most focal cooling units in a short time and uses separated water fume to pre-cool your AC and consequently improve it’s proficiency. As per an outsider examination finished by Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, the Cool-N-Save(tm) can improve the proficiency of existing AC units by up to 30%.
While it’s imperative to comprehend what carbon and its connected terms really mean. It is more critical to comprehend what you can do about them.
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What Does Stench Mean?
1 Answers
Akshay Kalbag Profile
Akshay Kalbag answered
The word stench is defined as malodour. A malodour or a stench is a distinctive odour which is offensively unpleasant. The word odour is the universally accepted spelling. It is the British (or Commonwealth) spelling of the word. The American English of the word odour is odor. It is the object of perception of one's sense of olfaction. Odours are also known as smells.
The word stench is basically used to describe an odour which is unpleasant. The terms scent, fragrance or aroma is the antonym of the word odour. The words fragrance, scent and aroma are used mainly by the food and cosmetic industries to describe an odour which is pleasant.
An odour is a chemically dissolved in air. It is generally at a very low concentration. The word stench is similar in meaning to the word stink. The word fragrance, which is an antonym of the word stench, is also used to define perfumes.
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18 March 2020 Leave a comment
Barry Posen has written a very insightful essay on the relationship between the US and Iran, a relationship that continues to escalate in an uncertain way. Posen details the more recent history of the US-Iranian relationship, paying particular attention to the significance of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), more commonly known as the Iranian nuclear deal. The re-imposition of sanctions, as well as the secondary sanctions imposed by the US on the other signatories to the agreement, have placed the Iranians in a desperate situation. Posen describes the attitude of the Iranians:
“In its eyes, the sanctions are particularly malevolent, because Iran had agreed, after long negotiations with the Obama administration and the European Union, to constrain its nuclear ambitions in return for enhanced economic exchange with its negotiating partners. The Trump administration defected from this agreement, dubbed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). So long as Iran adhered to its obligations under the JCPOA, other states were ostensibly committed to trade with Iran. But other guarantors did not hold up their end, even though Iran initially adhered to the terms. The European Union, in particular, has done essentially nothing to fulfill its part of the JCPOA bargain, because the United States has threatened punishing secondary sanctions on foreign banks and companies if they do so. Russia and China, the other co-guarantors of the JCPOA, have been somewhat more willing to help Iran, but the help is furtive and insufficient to ameliorate the U.S. sanctions effort.”
Posen believes that the Iranians are currently holding out for a new US President. But if Trump is re-elected, the Iranians will be forced to figure out a way to break the US control over likely Iranian trading partners. That course of action would involve continuing the incremental attacks on US forces in Iraq as well as attacks on US Arab allies in the Gulf. THat course of action would require a US response, but Posen believes that US military action would not achieve US objectives:
“The United States could try to end such a war quickly and cheaply by bombing Iran’s diverse capabilities out of existence, though this would probably take more time than many expect and probably would not fully succeed. The U.S. air campaigns against Serbia and Libya took much longer than anyone expected; both adversaries managed to continue military operations while under aerial pressure. Both were much weaker than Iran. At some point, the United States would ask Iran if it is ready to capitulate. And if Iran is unwilling, as is likely, then the United States would have five options: negotiate an end to the war that includes compromises on U.S. objectives; stop bombing and hope that the Iranians also stop fighting; settle in for a long, grinding blockade and attrition war; escalate the bombing to civilian targets, a war crime that the president has already hinted at in one of his tweets; or invade Iran with ground forces. None of these options look good. War would be costly, and probably unwinnable in the traditional sense without an invasion of Iran.”
Both the US and Iran have been rattled by COVID-19 and it is likely the case that neither side wishes to take provocative action at this time. But the vulnerability of both could lead to serious miscalculations.
Posted March 18, 2020 by vferraro1971 in World Politics
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What Are Webfonts? — for Clients
Written by
Typical Read
6 minutes
The concept of webfonts, their different versions and how they render differently across different browsers, versions, devices and operating systems can be hard to explain to client. This will make it easy!
“Webfont… what’s that and why do I need them?” Trying to explain to a non-technical client the what, why and which webfonts are needed can be like having a conversation with a 2 year old in the ‘but why?’ stage.
What are webfonts?
Here’s a quick break down of the 3 W’s to help keep clients from doing a @font-face-palm!
A fairy tale story…
Introducing Web Font Services
There are a number of other services that will host fonts and provide access to commercially-licensed fonts as well. The benefits of using a service often boil down to having a large selection of legal fonts delivered efficiently (e.g. serving them on a speedy CDN).
Here are a few hosted font services:
Locally Installed Webfonts
Another option, yet not as optimized, is to use locally installed webfonts. Webfonts are supported by all major browser platforms but not all in the same way. There are currently four different font formats that must be included in order to target all browsers. This includes TTF, WOFF, EOT and SVG.
TTF / OTF9.0*
*IE: The font format only works when set to be “installable”.
*Firefox: Not supported by default, but can be enabled (need to set a flag to “true” to use WOFF2).
Stands for: Web Open Font Format
Created for use on the web, and developed by Mozilla in conjunction with other organizations, WOFF fonts often load faster than other formats because they use a compressed version of the structure used by OpenType (OTF) and TrueType (TTF) fonts. This format can also include metadata and license info within the font file. This format seems to be the winner and where all browsers are headed.
WOFF2 is the next generation of WOFF and boasts better compression than the original.
Stands for: Scalable Vector Graphics (Font)
SVG is a vector re-creation of the font, which makes it much lighter in file size, and also makes it ideal for mobile use. This format is the only one allowed by version 4.1 and below of Safari for iOS. SVG fonts are not currently supported by Firefox, IE or IE Mobile. Firefox has postponed implementation indefinitely to focus on WOFF.
SVGZ is the zipped version of SVG.
Stands for: Embedded Open Type
Stands for: OpenType Font and TrueType Font
The WOFF format was initially created as a reaction to OTF and TTF, in part, because these formats could easily (and illegally) be copied, However, OpenType has capabilities that many designers might be interested in (ligatures and such).
Although you may be able to get away with just using the .woff file, if you want to be as requirements of different web browsers, as each have limitations as to what file types they can support.
A Note on Performance
Web fonts are great for design but it’s important to also understand their impact on web performance. Custom fonts often cause sites to take a performance hit because the font must be downloaded before it’s displayed.
A common symptom used to be a brief moment where fonts first load as the fallback, then blink to the downloaded font. Paul Irish has an older post on this (dubbed “FOUT”: Flash Of Unstyled Text).
These days, browsers are generally hiding the text before the custom font loads by default. Better or worse? You decide. You can exert some control over this through various techniques. A little out-of-scope for this article, but here’s a trifecta of articles by Zach Leatherman to get you started down the rabbit hole:
Here are some more considerations when implementing custom fonts:
Watch the file size
Fonts can be surprisingly heavy, so lean towards options that offer lighter versions. For example, favor a font set that is 50KB versus one that weighs 400KB.
Limit the character set, if possible
Do you really need the bold and black weights for one font? Limiting your font sets to load only what is used is a good idea and there are some good tips on that here.
Consider system fonts for small screens
Many devices are stuck on crappy connections. One trick might be to target larger screens when loading the custom font using @media.
In Conclusion
Useful Resources
Join the conversation.
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hydrogen peroxide solution beaker
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Hydrogen Peroxide Gums and Teeth Treatment
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You might be pretty familiar with hydrogen peroxide. You might even have a brown plastic bottle of it tucked away in your medicine cabinet to clean cuts and scrapes. But did you know that it has several uses in oral care? From helping you treat gum disease to whitening your teeth, hydrogen peroxide makes for a versatile companion in your oral health.
Hydrogen Peroxide Gums Disease Treatment
Beyond its first-aid applications, rinsing with a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide can help give you a healthier smile, and dentists have used it for years. According to the National Magazine for Registered Dental Health Professionals (RDH), dentists have used hydrogen peroxide since 1913 to help treat gum disease and reduce plaque on the teeth.
Hydrogen peroxide helps kill the bacteria responsible for gum disease in two ways. First, it releases oxygen. If you've ever noticed that peroxide bubbles, that's because it's releasing oxygen gas. Oxygen can help eliminate pathogens in the most aggressive forms of gum disease. The presence of oxygen makes it difficult (if not impossible) for anaerobic bacteria to survive.
The other way that hydrogen peroxide treatment may help treat gum disease and improve gum health is by destroying the bacteria's cell walls. RDH points out that often the most effective way to reach bacteria located deep in periodontal pockets is to apply the peroxide in gel form with a tray. A dental professional will leave the tray in your mouth for at least 10 minutes so that they hydrogen peroxide gel will help to destroy the bacterial cells present in the periodontal pocket.
Hydrogen Peroxide for Oral Hygiene
Looking for a way to kick gum disease-causing bacteria early on? Look no further. Hydrogen peroxide, h2o2, can be used as a preventative measure as well! Using a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide with water (the kind available in most pharmacies), can help remove plaque from the surface of your teeth and reverse the earliest signs of gum disease. You can also try a hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse by swirling a solution made of half water and half 3% hydrogen peroxide. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush to apply the 3% solution once a day after you brush, and follow with your daily flossing routine.
Teeth Whitening
Hydrogen peroxide also holds a special place in cosmetic dentistry, as one of its more well-known uses is teeth whitening. The amount of hydrogen peroxide found in a whitening product depends on its type and how it's meant to be used. For example, some whitening toothpastes contain hydrogen peroxide, a professionally recommended whitening ingredient. Hydrogen peroxide teeth whitening cleans the stains that discolor the tooth from the inside out, as opposed to toothpastes that use high cleaning silica, which only removes surface stains on the outer layer of the teeth. So, if you’re looking for a simple at-home application that doesn’t break the bank, a whitening toothpaste with hydrogen peroxide might be just the ticket!
However, if you’re looking for a more immediate and drastic whitening solution, you might consider putting down some extra dollars for professional whitening at your dentist’s office. No toothpaste contains as much hydrogen peroxide as a tooth bleaching product designed for application by your dentist. The higher concentration means the hydrogen peroxide bleaches your teeth more quickly than low-concentration toothpastes or over-the-counter whitening products.
Is Hydrogen Peroxide Safe?
When used correctly and as directed by the manufacturer’s instructions, hydrogen peroxide-based tooth whitening is safe and effective. For other uses, like gum treatment, hydrogen peroxide is usually safe when used as directed. While you will most likely be fine if you swallow a bit of the hydrogen peroxide in your medicine cabinet, you should be careful not to ingest a stronger concentration. Always remember to check the manufacturer’s label and use any product with hydrogen peroxide in it only as directed.
Although hydrogen peroxide is readily available and you might even have a bottle of it at home, it's a good idea to check with your dentist before you start using it in your mouth. Your dentist can point you to the right product to use, whether you're looking for healthier gums or a whiter, more confident smile.
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Modern field guide to security and privacy
How technology tramples on freedom
Rapid advances in biometric technology mean the public is surveilled – and their movements recorded – more than ever before. If this technology spreads without limits, it could soon impinge on basic rights.
Illustration by Alicia Tatone
Through our governments, we face profound, long-term policy choices with respect to biometric data – both as to that data’s collection and to its use. But for these to actually be considered choices, we have to act on these issues before technological advances make the decision for us.
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word biometrics means "the measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics (as fingerprint or voice patterns) especially as a means of verifying personal identity." Or, more generally, the Oxford English Dictionary says it constitutes "the application of statistical analysis to biological data."
We assume without proof that most any observable part of the individual human body is unique when examined at fine enough detail. Therefore, technology's advance means ever-finer details become observable. What falls within the collective noun "biometrics" only grows. It is irrelevant whether expanded observability is due to data that can only now be captured but was heretofore unreachable, or that data already long subject to capture can only now be processed with efficiency. Either way, all biometry is personally identifiable information (PII). As with all data, the conservative presumption is that once collected it stays collected – assured deletion is unsolved both as a technical problem and as a policy problem, and likely to remain so.
Within biometrics as we currently know them, data acquisition happens through contact or noncontact. Contact, such as putting your finger on a stamp pad and then making a fingerprint, came first. Noncontact data, such as an iris scan, is more recent. With contact forms, such as a cheek swab for DNA analysis, technologic advance can be gauged by improvements over time in processing speed and precision. With noncontact forms, such as facial recognition within a distant crowd, technologic advance can be gauged by improvements over time in the standoff distance at which required accuracy can be obtained.
We also assume without proof that a biometric is unmodifiable, that a well-drawn biometric is intrinsic. (We dismiss, for now, edge cases such as thorough-going gene therapy and/or face transplants.) Intrinsicness matters in that a biometric detail, once leaked, is never again secret as the biometric detail does not change. (The loss of several million fingerprint files in the Office of Personnel Management breach illustrates the point.)
And we assume without proof that biometric systems have or will move from conveniences into infrastructure. Where today's deployed systems largely use biometrics to verify a claim of identity, as technologies (and therefore observability) advance, identity ascertainment will cease to be an assertion ("My name is Dan") followed by some sort of verification, but will be merely a direct observable fact ("Sensors say that this is Dan").
That noncontact biometry has implications relevant to security and privacy. Before proceeding, both the terms "security" and "privacy" need definition if only to make clear the biases of the present author. First, a state of security is the absence of unmitigable surprise. Second, privacy is the power to selectively reveal yourself to the world; ergo, a state of privacy is the effective capacity to misrepresent yourself.
With respect to security, one expects a security technology either to curtail surprises or to abet the mitigation of what surprises do happen. A biometric system can substantially curtail surprises involving false claims of identity. Because unnoticed (and unchallenged) false claims of identity lead to many other surprises, direct biometric identification, rather than an assertion of identity followed by some verification, has security value – but only if well-constructed. The details of good construction are not in scope for this essay except for one: The biometric identifier must be collected in a noncompromised setting and stored in a manner that does not permit mass breach events. A noncompromised setting all but surely means offline capture of the reference biometric via a trusted device followed by local processing on that device of whatever raw biometric was captured while otherwise offline. Only derived (mathematically modified) biometrics can be allowed to leave the device with which they were collected. In no case should raw biometric data be centrally stored in an online system (as the OPM episode demonstrated so well).
But the above argument runs headlong into a different technologic trend: The rapidly increasing number of points of observation, e.g., automobile entry by way of iris scans. As the number of points of observation increases, it will be entirely natural for their makers to want some form of consolidation so that each device does not have to be trained separately offline. Thus, in full circle, a central store of biometric data again looks desirable. Whereas a failure of biometric identification on a single device is a surprise for which mitigation is feasible, the exposure or modification of such a central store has no obvious mitigation; once one record in it is shown to have been modified by unknown methods or parties, there can be no succinct scoping of how many records must be re-initialized from scratch. That's particularly problematic if contact with the parties involved ordinarily involves those parties confirming their identity with the selfsame biometric now under suspicion.
The conundrum of how to avoid unmitigatable surprises underscores a societal change well under way, namely the public's demonstrated willingness to trade (the risks of) data retention for convenience (always) and security (much of the time). Biometric identification is certainly a discussable example of that societal change. Perhaps what heretofore we have known as confidentiality is becoming quaint. And irrelevant. Perhaps policymakers will have to reposition confidentiality within some new paradigm that prioritizes a right to integrity over a right to confidentiality, particularly as points of observation for biometric data proliferate. That proliferation coupled with increasing standoff distances at which data can be collected are likely to soon make the majority of biometric observation not a choice on the part of the individual. Biometrics thus eclipse the principal paradigm of privacy, the right to selective revelation.
Perhaps a world in which data can and will be collected irrespective of user permission is a world in which the data had better be right. If more and more intelligent, robotic actors are out there doing our implicit bidding long after we've forgotten their details, then data integrity had better be as absolute as we can make it, and that is where the policy puzzles will be found. Indeed, if we are to have all-electronic health records and regular monitoring by everything from our toilet to breathalyzers in our cars, all the while the the majority of medicines transition to being genomically personalized, we had better be sure that data integrity is paradigmatic. The longstanding triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability may now be contracted to integrity and availability. Biometrics, broadly defined, drives this changeover like nothing else.
In the (defensive) security world, a majority of current new company formations involve what is called behavioral analysis. If one defines biometrics to include user behavior and not just immutable physicality, then what is to be discussed under the category "biometrics" is wider still. For the purpose of this essay, we will not do so except to say this: the driver for both the narrower and the wider definition of biometrics is that of observability. As a leading edge example, DNA analysis of a cheek swab can now be done by anyone capable of operating a smartphone in 90 minutes for $150.
Where today various policies, well intentioned and generally effective, mandate so-called two-factor authentication, the menu of factors from which two can be chosen is expanding and will continue to expand, again as the number of uniquely identifying, measurable characteristics grows. But the majority of that growth in factors, which is to say modalities of identification, are biometric, hence compliance with two-factor mandates will trend toward pairings of two (or more) different biometric markers and away from possession of some device or retention of some memorizable fact (such as a password).
This surely has various not-yet-identified side effects, but one that we do know already is that of throwing search and seizure for a bit of a loop. Attorney Marcia Hofmann succinctly explained the findings in the 2004 case of Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court as follows:
For the [Fifth Amendment] to apply, however, the government must try to compel a person to make a "testimonial" statement that would tend to incriminate him or her... [A] communication is "testimonial" only when it reveals the contents of your mind. We can't invoke the privilege against self-incrimination to prevent the government from collecting biometrics like fingerprints, DNA samples, or voice exemplars. Why? Because the courts have decided that this evidence doesn't reveal anything you know. It's not testimonial.
Ten years later, in Commonwealth of Virginia v. Baust, a court did rule in just that way – that there is no Fifth Amendment issue in compelling the production of a biometric. None of that would be of any broad notice were it not for the simultaneous expansion of biometric observability and systems integration of those biometrics. What is perhaps a harbinger of the future if not a challenge to the meaning of the very word biometric, consider the insertion of chips under the skin of willing parties so that the scope and power of observability of those willing parties are enhanced by the positive action of those parties, per se.
Big data from sensors in everything will soon (be able to) transform insurance into something personalized rather than an agreement between all policy holders to do identity-blind risk pooling. Corporate wellness programs are likely to lead the way as they now have Obamacare solidly encouraging them to move to personalized health insurance pricing and benefits. This extends the notion of biometrics to status and outcome measures, not merely confirmation of (identity) assertions. But even when biometrics are limited to the confirmation of identity, it remains to be seen whether noncontact biometrics with increasing standoff capabilities are, technically if not operationally, a looming defeat for witness protection and victim hiding programs.
Lest one suggest that serious (long-range standoff) biometrics are in some inherent sense a search in Fourth Amendment terms, one need only review Kyllo v. United States (2001) in which the Supreme Court did rule that the evidence from stand-off imaging technology constituted a search but solely because that technology was not then in general public use. To cite Kyllo is to say that were a technology to enter general public use, then the Fourth Amendment's limitations on its use would, necessarily, fall away. One need only then note that with the technology to do facial recognition now coming into the price range of private citizens – where drone technology has been for some time now – that capture of biometric information and its use will soon have no limitation whatsoever.
Because of the near certainty of deep integration of biometric identification into digital systems, other forms of identification are likely to become less and less available or obsolete as alternative paths to identification. As such, the operational status of the biometric subsystem will become a critical necessity for overall functioning of the broader digital system in which the biometric subsystem is embedded. As said above, the temptation to handle criticality and scale is to centralize, in this case to centralize some or all of the biometric identification function. As any centralized system that is network connected is at risk of a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack, the choice to centralize the biometric subsystem will create a target for DDoS attacks. While some forms of cyberoffense require the resources of a nation state, DDoS does not as the recent discovery of a DDoS service based on a botnet of webcams demonstrated.
The author David Brin was the first to suggest that if you lose control over what data can be collected on you, the only freedom-preserving alternative is (to see to it) that everyone else does, too. If the government or a corporation or your neighbor can surveil you without asking, then the balance of power is preserved when you can surveil them without asking. Cryptographer Bruce Schneier countered that preserving the balance of power doesn't mean much if the effect of new information is nonlinear, that is to say if new information is the exponent in an equation, not one more factor in a linear sum. Solving that debate requires that you have a strong opinion on what data fusion means operationally to you, to others, to society. If, indeed, and as Mr. Schneier suggested, the power of data fusion is an equation where new data items are exponents, then the entity that can amass data that is bigger by a little will win the field by a lot. That small advantages can have big outcome effects is exactly what fuels this or any other arms race.
One might ask whether biometric data can be faked. The answer is, of course, yes it can. But to do so practically is difficult and that difficulty may have a similar nonlinearity as additional factors are added to the identity confirmation test. Or perhaps not; it has been some years since the MIT Media Lab demonstrated that thirty seconds of video clip of a person talking was enough raw material to synthesize a video of that person saying whatever you wanted that person to say with both a voiceprint match and what we will call perfect lip synching. As before, if the biometric measurements are offboard the measuring device, it is likely that impersonation attacks can be constructed at high fidelity.
There is more discussion to be had on the scope, scale, and implications of "biometrics," yet for the moment we will close with the logical truth that no people, no society need rules against behaviors that are impossible, but the ballistic trajectory of biometric capabilities is such that constructing prohibitory rules before something is possible has become wholly essential. Probabilistically, enumerating forbidden things must fail to anticipate some dangers hence the policy tradeoff is whether to nevertheless attempt that enumeration or to switch over to enumerating permitted things. A free society being one where "that which is not forbidden is permitted" and an unfree society being one where "that which is not permitted is forbidden," whether we can retain a free society by enumerating forbidden aspects (of biometrics) is now at question.
Dan Geer is the chief information security officer for In-Q-Tel, a not-for-profit investment firm that works to invest in technology that supports the missions of the Central Intelligence Agency and the broader US intelligence community. His history within the security industry is extensive. Geer was a key contributor to the development of the X Window System as well as the Kerberos authentication protocol while a member of the Athena Project at MIT in the 1980s. He created the first information security consulting firm on Wall Street in 1992, followed by organizing one of the first academic conferences on electronic commerce in 1995. Geer is also the past president of the USENIX Association where he earned a Lifetime Achievement Award.
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QBRI Insights: Highlighting World Diabetes Day 2020 | HBKU
Hamad Bin Khalifa University
Excellence QBRI Insights: Highlighting World Diabetes Day 2020
In the midst of a global pandemic, it is important that focus on other prevalent and debilitating medical conditions, such as diabetes, is not lost. In fact, this is all the more important with diabetes, given that this disease, along with the obesity that often accompanies it, increases the risk for contracting severe COVID-19 (1, 2).
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that represents a major medical, social and economic burden worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions globally, with ~425 million affected adults (20-79y), representing 8.8% of the global adult population. Current projections indicate that this figure will rise to ~629 million by the year 2045, affecting almost 10% of the worldwide adult population (3).
Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, a term for high blood glucose, resulting from either insufficient production of insulin by pancreatic beta-cells (type 1 diabetes, “T1D”), increased resistance to insulin action in peripheral organs (type 2 diabetes, “T2D”), or both (4-7). The pathogenesis of diabetes involves a complex interplay between behavioural, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (Figure 1) (8).
However, in the Gulf region, the diabetes epidemic is, in large part, fueled by obesity and sedentary lifestyles, affecting all segments of society, from the young to the elderly. Anyone can suffer from diabetes and those with affected family members are at increased risk; it is therefore critical for those at risk to follow medical advice as to the frequency of testing for diabetes.
Figure 1. The complex interplay of behavioral and environmental factors that impact the pathogenesis of diabetes, diabetic macrovascular and microvascular complications and Alzheimer’s disease (a form of dementia associated with type 2 diabetes).
The devastating micro- and macro-vascular comorbidities associated with diabetes, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, heart disease and foot amputation/ulceration, are costly, extremely difficult to manage and lead to an increased mortality (9, 10). Diabetic patients are also at increased risk of several neurological impairments (11, 12) and certain forms of cancer (13).
Fortunately, recent studies have shown that T2D can be prevented if individuals who are at risk are identified early (14). Indeed, intensive lifestyle interventions, the mainstays of which include regular exercise, a healthy diet and maintaining a healthy weight, can prevent the progression of prediabetes to T2D (14).
Prediabetes, a condition that precedes T2D, means that the glucose level in the blood is higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as T2D (15). However, to identify at-risk individuals, there is a need for measurable biological characteristics, called biomarkers, that can predict the occurrence of diabetes.
This means that individuals who have the biomarkers are more likely to develop diabetes than similar individuals without the biomarkers. Individuals with these biomarkers can be enrolled into special preventive programs where they will be educated about diabetes risk and receive tailored interventions.
One focus of our research in the Diabetes Research Center (DRC) at QBRI is to identify the most accurate genetic and molecular biomarkers that are predictors of prediabetes and/or diabetes occurrence.
Targeted drug discovery and precision medicine
The underlying causes of insulin resistance leading to the development of T2D are not addressed by any current therapy. At DRC, we are investigating the mechanisms of insulin resistance to identify new targets for drug discovery. We are pursuing a recently discovered novel and safe pharmaceutical intervention that reverses insulin resistance in obesity and likely also the early stage of T2D.
There is also evidence that insulin resistance impairs lung function. This may increase susceptibility to COVID-19. So, we are exploring repurposing of a dietary supplement that corrects insulin resistance for improvement of respiratory health and thereby provides resistance to COVID-19.
In recent research, we have discovered biomarkers for assessing the risk of future decline in kidney function. Patients with diabetes may develop diabetic kidney disease (DKD) - one of the most feared complications of diabetes. Approximately one-in-three patients with T2D will develop DKD with decline in kidney function, leading to the eventual requirement for renal dialysis. With a new test using biomarker-based diagnostic algorithms, we can identify patients at risk of developing DKD in the very early stages. Guided by this, in the future, early drug treatment may maintain kidney function and prevent development of severe DKD.
Stem cell therapy
With the advent of stem cell technologies, the concept emerged of mimicking nature to generate new beta-cells to reverse diabetes, a potential cure for patients with both T1D and T2D (16, 17). Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential to provide an unlimited source of pancreatic beta-cells, though much work needs to be done to allow for safe and effective therapy (17).
The ultimate goal of the stem cell program at QBRI is to pave the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes treatment. Dr. Essam Abdelalim’s team at DRC aims to achieve two main goals: (1) understanding genetic factors underlying the development of diabetes using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology; and (2) generation of functional insulin-secreting beta cells from hPSCs for cell therapy.
Dr. Abdelalim’s team recently established new protocols to generate pancreatic progenitors and functional pancreatic beta cells. They have also established several iPSC lines from Qatari and non-Qatari patients with different forms (monogenic and polygenic) of diabetes.
These patient-specific iPSCs can give key information about the disease pathogenesis and provide beta cells for personalized therapies. Furthermore, these models can be used for large-scale screens to examine candidate drugs that exert effects on beta cells and insulin-responsive targets. This would provide an essential platform for understanding the genetic factors of diabetes that can eventually be translated into effective treatment.
We have established national and international collaborative partnerships with Harvard Stem Cell Research Institute (HSCI), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar (WCM-Q), and Sidra Medicine. Also, given the groundbreaking nature of scientific research taking place at QBRI, the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) has actively stepped in to provide funding for several projects at the institute to help overcome the challenges often faced by laboratories in other parts of the world.
Figure 2. An image acquired using a fluorescent microscope showing the generation of islet-like cells from iPSCs (green: Insulin; red: Glucagon; blue: DAPI, that stains the nuclei of cells).
Section Contributors
Biomarkers: Dr. Abdelilah Arredouani (Scientist, QBRI)
Targeted drug discovery: Dr. Paul Thornalley (Director, Diabetes Research Center, QBRI)
Stem cell therapy: Dr. Essam Abdelalim (Scientist, QBRI)
Illustrations: Dr. Essam Abdelalim (Scientist, QBRI) and Dr. Manjula Nandakumar (Senior Research Associate, QBRI)
Arabic text validation: Dr. Heba Al-Siddiqi (Research Fellow) and Neyla Al Akl (Senior Research Associate)
Editors: Dr. Adviti Naik (Postdoctoral Researcher, QBRI), Dr. Alexandra E. Butler (Principal Investigator, QBRI)
For references, please click here.
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Scientists from Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) and Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI) at Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) have jointly published the first risk score to screen for prediabetes in the Middle East, where prevalence is one of the highest in the world.
HBKU’s Qatar Biomedical Research Institute Continues to Bring Scientists Together Through Webinar Series
Efforts to assist policymakers in accurately forecasting and responding to COVID-19 outbreaks, as well as supporting the next generation to pursue a career in biotechnology, provided the context for two webinars recently organized by the Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) at Hamad Bin Kha
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Fake News: Wireless Charging At Your Nightstand Will Harm Your Health
wireless charging at your nightstand
With every major smartphone now supporting wireless charging and rumors going around that the next iPhone might go completely wireless, it's clear that wireless charging is the future of smartphones.
However, despite wireless chargers being the future, the number of wired charging users is greater than that of wireless charging. Many people have their concerns about wireless charging, such as radiation risk. The same way that people used to be afraid of radios and televisions, many people are now worried that wireless chargers may be bad for their health.
Is Wireless Charging Really Bad For Your Health?
New technology, and wireless technology in particular, raises understandable concerns. People used to be afraid to stand in the same room as their microwaves, then they were worried about putting cellphones up to their heads, and now they are concerned that using wireless chargers may be negatively impacting their health.
cell phone radiation
This fear isn't totally unfounded. Wireless chargers do produce radiation while they're in use, which is the source of these fears. Radiation is a known health hazard, so it makes sense that people would be worried about the radiation effects of wireless chargers on their health.
To understand if wireless charging truly is harmful to your health, we first have to understand how wireless charging works.
How Wireless Charging Works
Wireless charging works through a process known as electromagnetic induction, which is a scientific way of saying that magnets are how wireless charging is possible.
In case you don't remember your old science classes, magnets are capable of transmitting electric currents - that's how electromagnets work. And because magnets naturally create a magnetic field, they can transmit electricity through this magnetic field, so long as another magnet is close enough that their fields overlap.
wireless charging mode
The challenge in applying this technology to phones is making it safe, as transmitting electricity through the air poses some risk. This is why we have the Qi wireless charging standard, which is an extremely safe form of wireless charging that most major smartphones use.
How Much Radiation Does Wireless Charging Emit?
Now that we understand how wireless chargers work, we can get into the type of radiation they emit. Specifically, wireless chargers create EMF radiation, or electric and magnetic field radiation. Because of the way wireless charging currently works, it's impossible for wireless chargers not to emit EMF radiation.
The electromagnetic radiation definition is a simple one. EMF radiation is a type of radiation that contains several forms of energy, including radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, and gamma rays. Sunlight is also a part of EMF radiation, although only a small portion. Radiation is caused by the acceleration of electrons, which occurs when you charge your phone with a wireless charger.
EM wave, electronmagnetic radiation
EM Wave
According to research by EMF Academy, wireless chargers emit 0mG of EMF radiation when they aren't charging a smartphone, which - as you might guess - makes them virtually harmless while they aren't being used. When charging a smartphone, however, they emit around 3mG of EMF radiation. For reference, 1mG is considered unsafe to the human body.
So, does that mean the radiation caused by wireless chargers is dangerous?
Should You Be Worried About Radiation From Wireless Charging?
Your immediate reaction to this may be to throw all of your wireless chargers out the window - but wait just a second! As you may or may not know, many of the electronics in your house emit radiation. Your microwave, for one, but also your wifi router, smart meters, and even your smartphone. Does that mean you should throw all of these things outside and bury them beneath the earth?
radiation from a microwave
We're not going to tell you what to do, but what we will say is that none of these devices are anywhere near as dangerous as they sound. The sun creates more radiation than your microwave, smartphone, and wifi radiation combined, and you probably spend more time being exposed to the sun than you do to the radiation produced by these devices.
solar radiation
The truth is that while a wireless charger emits enough radiation to cause harm while it's charging your devices, it's not enough to be of any serious concern. Not to mention that the radiation created by wireless chargers doesn't spread throughout your home.
In fact, it hardly goes beyond the wireless charger itself. In the same experiment by EMF Academy, they found that the radiation field around a wireless charger only extends about three inches. That means you'll only be exposed to the radiation if you're using your phone while it's on a wireless charger, which most wireless chargers don't allow you to do anyway.
wireless charging
So, although wireless chargers technically produce harmful radiation, the size of the radiation field and the severity of the effects are so minimal that it's not worth worrying about.
Embrace The Future Of Wireless Charging
Instead of being afraid of wireless charging, you should embrace it! It's one of the most powerful features of modern smartphones, adding convenience and flexibility to your life. Not to mention that it's sure to be the future, with more and more evidence suggesting that phones will be completely wireless in just a few years.
Here are some of the benefits you get when you make the switch to wireless charging.
The Benefits Of Wireless Charging
Safer for your device
wireless charging is slower than wired charging
First and foremost, wireless charging is safer for your device. It charges slower than a wired charger, which preserves your battery's lifespan, meaning you'll get more use out of your phone before it needs to be replaced. You'll also save your charging port wear and tear from inserting a charging cable over and over again.
One charger for all of your devices
one wireless charger for all devices
Another benefit of wireless charging is that because the Qi wireless charging standard is so popular it can work as a universal charger. Whether you have an Apple, Samsung, or Google phone, you can charge them all using just one wireless charger. This is especially helpful for families that use several different brands of smartphones.
Reduce clutter
wireless charger can reduce clutter
Finally, using a wireless charger can reduce clutter in your home. You can throw out all of your old cables and just use a wireless charger or two that your whole family. Not to mention that there are multi-device wireless chargers that can charge all of your devices at once, meaning you'll only need one charger for every device in your house.
A Wireless Charger Perfect For Your Nightstand -- The Air Omni 6-in-1 Charging Station
Why is the Air Omni suitable for a nightstand?
Safety is always of paramount importance, especially in a place like the bedroom. Made from MFi certified components, the Air Quad ensures that you are charging your Apple devices in a safe manner as using the original charger.
Usually, the surface of your nightstand is limited. You couldn't put too much stuff on it. Imagine you have your phone, iPad and Apple Watch, as well as their chargers on the nightstand. What a mess that could be! With the Air Omni, you can charge up to 6 devices simultaneously. Just one cable and one charger are enough. Your nightstand will be more organized.
On the other hand, you must consider whether it will affect your sleep before you put something on the nightstand. Most electronics have light indicators which could be annoying in the dark. The Air Omni has its light as well, but with the LDR sensor, the light goes dark automatically when the light in your room is out. Enjoy your nice sleep.
Wireless Charging Is Safer Than You Think
Although wireless chargers technically emit harmful radiation, it's not nearly enough to be concerned about. Not only can you use wireless chargers without fear, but you can also benefit immensely by using them. We hope this article has shed some light on the safety of wireless chargers and encouraged you to give them a shot!
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Power of Thoughts
Your Attitude is Everything, Even For Effective Communication!
Why Is It Important To Have A Right Attitude For Effective Communication?
Most of you must have heard about the role of attitude in making a person or breaking a person. Your attitude is everything. It is a strength that you own and control. You can have two types of attitudes, a positive attitude or a negative attitude.
A person with a positive mental attitude will believe in himself or herself, while the person with a negative attitude would be busy finding out problems in themselves. If you believe in yourself and have a great attitude, you have the power to control your life and the attitudes of people around you. No matter what happens around you, you will be in charge of your situation.
Role of Attitude in Personality Development
Your attitude can do wonders. A positive attitude can help you do things that might seem impossible to others. There’s no doubt that your personality development directly depends on your attitude.
If you have a friendly attitude towards life, success, and the surrounding people, it will lead to the development of an outstanding personality. Our mind is full of thoughts throughout the day and sometimes, even at night. Ideas keep on flowing in our heads. However, the ideas and thoughts that you fill up in your mind will somehow reflect on your personality.
If you plant positive and motivating thoughts, you’ll form a more positive personality. However, if you’ll form a jungle of negative thoughts, it will harm you and the people around you.
Your attitude is completely in your hands. You are the supervisor of everything that happens to you and with you. If you’ll allow negative things to affect you, you’ll soon start losing your personality. Therefore, the way you think, react and analyze situations depicts your attitude and this attitude will create your personality.
Read more: Personal Development Goals for Your 20s and Beyond
positive attitude
Why a positive attitude is important?
Attitude is something that is not limited to you. Your attitude will be reflected in the way you talk to people and treat them. Other people can easily see your attitude and hear your attitude through the tone of your speech. It is quite easy to differentiate between an arrogant speech and a motivating speech.
Everything that you do- talk, move, listen, or react expresses your attitude. Attitude is the most powerful form of communication. It is a mirror of your thoughts, fears, feelings, and soul.
A positive mental attitude will always invite positive results. Your attitude towards anything and everything around you changes every hour. A positive mindset brings happiness, not only to you but to everyone around you.
If you are still wondering why a positive attitude is important, here are some reasons:
Improves Health: One of the prime benefits of having a positive attitude is that it improves your health. Stress and other mental health issues often decline our mental and physical health. However, a person with a positive mindset will not be affected by circumstances. In fact, a positive attitude is key to the quality of life.
Socialization: It is quite obvious that people like to hang around people who have a positive vibe. You would not want to go to a person who always rants about small things and spreads negativity. A person with a positive attitude is loved by family and friends. Thus, they can socialize more than other people.
Improves Finances: Many people throughout their lives cry about a shortage of money or loss of money. But a person with an attitude of gratitude will be grateful for all the money they have. They will feel satisfied with their limited money. This positive attitude helps them bring more wealth.
Overcome Obstacles: A person who stays positive and calm even in difficult situations can easily overcome the obstacles that come in their way. Each person has their own set of problems. What differentiates us is our attitude towards the problem.
Creates a Positive Mindset: A positive mind is a curious mind. A person who has a positive attitude will have an active mind. These people will always seek to learn more. A positive attitude lets you gain insight. You do not live in the impression that you know everything.
Healthy Relationships: A person who has a positive approach and attitude towards everything will have healthier relationships. Not only your personal relationships but also workplace relationships will flourish with a positive mindset. You’ll resolve conflicts more easily and improve the depth of your relationships.
How To Get Success Through A Positive Mental Attitude?
Many people wonder if a positive mental attitude can help them succeed in life. Well, a positive mental attitude is a success. When you realize and feel satisfied with what you have, you’ll already feel successful. A positive mindset helps in inculcating many qualities of a person who can help them succeed.
Belief: Belief is a feeling of certainty. A positive person will always believe in his or her capabilities. When one believes in himself, nothing can stop them from succeeding in life.
Values: As you create a positive mindset, you set some values for yourself. These values become important to you, and you learn to work on these each day.
Discipline: A person who has already set an attitude for themselves, will not change his attitude with the situation. For example, if you have formed an attitude of working out to form a healthy body, then you’ll go to the gym regularly. In this way, your attitude brings discipline to your life.
Stop Complaining: When you form the attitude of attaining something, you stop complaining about the hurdles and problems on your way. You’ll start seeing the world with a positive mindset and find opportunity in everything you see.
A good attitude can completely change a person. Your attitude is reflected in everything you do. The way you talk, walk, and react, expresses your attitude towards the other person. If you have a positive attitude, people will like to spend time with you, and you’ll attain anything you wish for. However, a negative attitude will gradually decline the quality of your life.
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Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in hot chili peppers, causes excitation of small sensory neurons. It also provides the basic pungent flavor in Capsicum fruits.
Capsaicin plays a vital role as an agonist for the TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1) receptor. TRPV1 is essential for the reduction of oxidative stress, pain sensations, and inflammation. Therefore, it has many pros related to health issue. Activation and positive impact of TRPV1 via capsaicin has been studied in various dermatological conditions and in other skin-related issues. Past studies documented that capsaicin plays a vital role in the prevention of atopic dermatitis as well as psoriasis. Moreover, TRPV1 is also very important for skin health because it acts as a capsaicin receptor. It is found in nociceptive nerve fibers and nonneural structures. It prompts the release of a compound that is involved in communicating pain between the spinal cord nerves and other parts of the body. Key Messages: Here, we summarize the growing evidence for the beneficial role of capsaicin and TRPV1 and how they help in the relief of skin diseases such as inflammation, permeation, dysfunction, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis and in pain amplification syndrome.
© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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This DIY Vortex Tube Turns Your Compressed Air Cold
Build your own vortex tube, which cools compressed air with no electricity or moving parts.
Vortex Tube Flow Diagram
This Old TonyYouTube
So you've hooked up a source of compressed air in your shop. It's super useful for blasting away dust and stuff, but wouldn't it also be great if you could control the temperature? If you had easy access to cold compressed air, for example, you could cool off your tools when they get too hot.
What you need is a vortex tube. A vortex tube is a piece of metal that splits a stream of compressed air into two streams: one hot and one cold. Typical vortex tubes can cost upwards of a hundred dollars, so here's a way you can make your own, courtesy of YouTuber This Old Tony:
Vortex tubes are pretty great because they can both heat and cool compressed air with no electricity or moving parts. However, building one can be a little tricky. The dimensions have to be just right or the cooling and heating effect won't be very good.
The vortex tube in the video managed to create about a 50-degree difference between the two ends, and with a little adjustment that could be improved. But if you really want a tube that can create a difference of a few hundred degrees, then you're better off just buying one.
Source: This Old Tony via Digg
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A pulse oximeter is a device which helps to measure the oxygen blood level in a human being. It can be a beneficial device for young infants and individuals with some respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. Medically, it is a test which is used to measure the oxygen level or oxygen saturation of the blood. It is an easy and painless measure of how well oxygen is being sent to parts of the body and furthest from the heart.
The finger pulse oximeter has a clip like a device called a probe which is placed on the finger or earlobe of the individual. The probe uses the light to measure the oxygen level in the blood. The provided information helps the healthcare or medical professionals decide whether the person needs extra oxygen or not.
Why people need pulse oximeter?
The pulse oximeter is often used to determine the oxygen saturation level in the blood of a human body. The information is required by the medical experts under a number of medical situations. In general, the report is required during or after surgery or procedures that use sedation, to check how well lung are working, to check if the ventilator is needed to help with breathing. In addition, the pulse oximeter is also used to check the health of a person with any condition that affects blood oxygen levels, such as heart attack, heart failure, anemia, asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
What are the benefits of pulse oximeter?
They're generally accurate and provide spot-on readings of oxygen saturation levels. It is the best tool for the people suffering from COPD or for an emergency medical solution. The medical reports state that the pulse oximeter reports are highly effective in predicting when COPD symptoms suddenly got worse, known as exacerbations. Some of the additional benefits of the pulse oximeter are
It is easy to use and is affordable.
Beneficial for monitoring a wide variety of chronic health conditions including COPD, asthma and more.
The process is non-invasive, pain-free, and convenient
Allows for accurate use of oxygen
Provides with early warning of impending or existing hypoxemia which is low blood oxygen
Provides oxygen saturation trends during physical activity allowing the individual to easily titrate oxygen to meet the needs.
The use of the device at home can make the monitoring easy and can reduce the chances of worsening health condition.
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J.S. Mill, On Liberty
The tyranny of the majority is where the voice of the majority is prioritized over that of the minority. The English philosopher John Stuart Mill , in his book On Liberty, argues that the tyranny of the majority is where the majority place their interest first and above those of the minority hence oppression of the minority group is comparable to that of a tyrant or despot. Furthermore, he maintained that in a situation where there is the tyranny of the majority, the many individuals oppress the few who have the same rights as the majority. He believes that the tyranny of the majority is worse than the political one since it has no limitation to any governmental function. Hence, the opinion of the majority in the society is viewed as an epicenter for all the decisions. Thus, no rule can be formulated to defend against the views of the majority. However, the tyranny of the majority is regarded as a threat to politically democratic societies since the choice of the majority determines the ruler yet the rulers are more superior to the ruled.
Mill (1859) went ahead and outlined the appropriate regions of human liberty; Liberty of conscience, Liberty of taste and pursuit and freedom to unite. Liberty of conscience involves the free will of making on decisions and having an individual opinion on all subjects including but not limited to moral, scientific or theological stands. In liberty of taste and pursuit, an individual has the freedom to select his/her behavior to suit their character. Hence, the freedom to make decisions bearing its consequences in mind. The liberty of taste and pursuit enable the individual to make their life plans with no interference from other people’s opinion as long as his/her decisions don’t affect others negatively. The freedom to unite enables humans to interact freely as long as it doesn’t inflict harm to others. However, the specific liberties can be interpreted as negative liberties when it deprives others to express their views openly or if it blocks their efforts of obtaining those freedoms. Mills(1859) stated that “the principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection.” Therefore, the outline of the principled theory of individual liberty is to enable individuals to make their independent decisions, even when the society deems it morally or physically indecorous so long as it does not harm others. Mill argues that the society opinion of good and evil is not a sufficient warrant.
In 1859, Mills had already projected the effects of the tyranny of government on the liberty of freedom and thoughts. He expressed his distresses on the legislatures suppression of the freedom of expression and discussion and noted that “no argument, we may suppose, can now be needed, against permitting a legislature or an executive, not identified in interest with the people, to prescribe opinions to them, and determine what doctrines or what arguments they shall be allowed to hear”. Mills argued that the opinion of the majority is not less toxic than the legislatures view. Additionally, individual judgment, even if no other individual holds the same idea, should be equally respected. He believes that divesting someone their freedom of expression denies the human race and the generation after the chance to prosper since when his/her opinion is right; the majority are deprived of the truth. Therefore, if an individual wants to exercise their rights to the fullest, they should feel free to express it and also subject him/herself to the opinion of others.
Mills has a stout belief on non-interference of the society with individual choices. However, he advocates that the freedom should be pursued when it doesn’t harm others. Mill believes that the community has control over the decisions when it affects them. Furthermore, he thinks that the youths are irrational when it comes to making crucial decisions hence should be subjected to societal rules. Moreover, he added that the society should punish the consequences of an unreasonable act but not the decision since the irrational choice is an individual matter. Mill further argues that it is not the responsibility of the society to ensure morality is upheld. Instead, it should focus on their duty of educating the generations to ensure morality is upheld.
Individual autonomy is the ability of a person to live life according to his/her principles without the interference of other people’s opinion. When an individual decides to drink alcohol because of the urge they are feeling, it is referred to as external autonomy. Although, the individual has chosen to drink it was influenced by their addiction to alcohol. Internal autonomy is where an individual decides what to do without the influence of an external factor. Individual autonomy can be limited by its inhibition of group’s liberty, or if they promote one’s selfish interest, this is known as paternalism. Mills explains weak and strong paternalism by giving an example of a foreigner who intends to cross a damaged bridge. In soft paternalism, it can be justified to force the individual into not crossing the bridge to inquire if he is doing it voluntarily to commit suicide or he lacks knowledge of the damage. If the foreigner wants to commit suicide, he must be allowed to proceed. However, in hard paternalism, the individual can be prevented from crossing the bridge even when the intentions of the foreigner is suicide since we have the obligation of avoiding death. In anti-paternalism, individual autonomy is practiced freely without caring if it bothers the society or not. For example, anti-paternalism allows someone to use meth without the interference of government anti-drug units because of the belief that one is entitled to their own decisions. Mills believes that if an individual acts knowingly, it is okay to let them proceed with their action. However, it is also important to warn them if they are not aware of the dangers.
Mills refers to individualism as the achievement of human through the higher pleasures. He encourages individuality since it promotes diversity and creativity. Additionally, individualism makes a person contented with their existence. Mills argue that our uniqueness as individual human beings has enabled us to divide everyday tasks according to our abilities and passion. He noted that “human nature is not a machine to be built after a model and set to do exactly the work prescribed for it, but a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing. “Therefore, individualism is essential in assuring peaceful and developmental coexistence in the society.
Stuart Mill, J. (1859). On liberty. Collected works of John Stuart Mill, 259-340.
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A-Z Pit Bed
The design of the A-Z Pit Bed was initially developed to test Zittel’s theory that “inside-of furniture” was more comfortable than “on-top-of” furniture. She decided to make both types to test this theory. The Pit Bed was a large platform with sunken area in the middle for socializing and sleeping. The floor and sides of the bed were carpeted with the same carpet that covered the rest of the room. There was bedding (a comforter, bottom pad and pillows) in the cubbies that could be pulled out for sleeping. Ultimately, it was decided that while the Pit Bed was more comfortable, at times it could feel slightly confining or oppressive. The Platform Bed offered less shelter and comfort but more freedom.
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Miramar Test | Final Test - Medium
Buy the Miramar Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Why does Sarhan want to cultivate a relationship with Mansour?
(a) Sarhan does not say if he wants to cultivate a friendship with Mansour.
(b) Because Mansour is generous with picking up the tab at restaurants.
(c) Because of Mansour's brother who is a policeman.
(d) Because Mansour reminds Sarhan of Sarhan's dead brother.
2. What does Tolba point out about the Soviet bloc?
(a) The economic upswing going on.
(b) The lack of integrity.
(c) The lack of religion.
(d) The poverty.
3. How long has it been since Mansour has seen Fawzi before now?
(a) 10 years.
(b) 1 month.
(c) 2 years.
(d) 2 weeks.
4. Who is Zohra with when Sarhand sees her after visiting with his friend Rafat?
(a) An old Greek woman.
(b) An elderly man who might be her grandfather.
(c) A young man about her age.
(d) A little boy.
5. What are Ali and Sarhan planning?
(a) To highjack a truckload of money.
(b) To highjack a truckload of clothing.
(c) To highjack a truckload of dried beans.
(d) To highjack a truckload of yarn.
Short Answer Questions
1. What plan of Zohra's does Mansour approve?
2. What does Amer think about faith and doubt?
3. What does Mansour offer Zohra when she brings him tea?
4. Who does Mariana thwart from interacting with Zohra?
5. Where does Mansour think Zohra should do?
Short Essay Questions
1. What does Mansour impulsively do when he meets Doreya at the zoo?
2. What is Mansour's further impression of Zohra and how does he feel towards her?
3. Wat does Sarhan say about the Umm Kulthum concert?
4. Describe Mansour's version of the altercation in the hallway between an unknown woman, Zohra and Sarhan.
5. What does Mansour do when he learns of Fawzi's arrest?
6. Why is Mansour at the Miramar and how does he feel about that?
7. How does Mansour react to Sarhan's announcement that he intends to marry Aleya?
8. What do Mansour and Amer discuss one night?
9. Why does Doreya say Mansour is four years too late and what is his response?
10. What does Sarhan say about Mariana when he asks to rent a room and how does Zohra act when she sees him at the Miramar?
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 911 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Miramar Lesson Plans
Miramar from BookRags. (c)2021 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Soon May the Wellerman Come
DESCRIPTION: "There was a ship that put to sea, And the name of the ship was the Billy of Tea." The captain spots a whale and sets out to take it. The boats are lost, but the captain will not give up the pursuit even after forty days. The Wellerman visits with supply
AUTHOR: unknown
EARLIEST DATE: 1969/70 (collected from Frank Woods, according to Colquhoun-NZ-Folksongs-SongOfAYoungCountry)
KEYWORDS: whaler ship hardtimes
REFERENCES (3 citations):
Colquhoun-NZ-Folksongs-SongOfAYoungCountry, p. 17, "Soon May the Wellerman Come" (1 text, 1 tune) (p. 10 in the 1972 edition)
Garland-FacesInTheFirelight-NZ, pp. 48, "(Soon May the Wellerman Come)" (1 excerpt)
Tommy Wood, "Soon May the Wellerman Come" (on NZSongYngCntry)
NOTES [318 words]: Gordon McLauchlan, editor-in-chief, New Zealand Encyclopedia, David Bateman Limited, 1984, p. 593: "WELLER BROTHERS, Edward, George, and Joseph, were among the earliest N[ew] Z[ealand]-based whalers, the first permanent European settlers on Otago Peninsula, and the first merchants to attempt to establish a trade between the South Island and England. They were recorded as having arrived in NZ from Sydney in 1831, aboard their ship carrying gunpowder and muskets, grog, whaling equipment, clothing and stores, and they quickly established whaling stations in the South Island and set up trade links between NZ and Sydney.... [Because of export duties,] by the early 1840s they had abandoned Otago.... [After suffering a lack of success in Australian land speculation,] One of the Wellers, Joseph, had died in Otago in 1835, and Edward and George disappeared from NZ following the rejection of their land claims and were not heard of again."
The Weller Brothers operation was a Sydney-based company which ran a shore-based whaling syndicate. Since they were shore-based, the ships were supplied from shore rather than carrying supplies for long trips. So the Wellerman came to bring the sailors what they needed for their work. My understanding is that it was very hard to leave the employ of the shore whalers, which would explain the plot of this song, where the whalers could not escape the captain's obsession with the whale.
When this song became an odd internet hit at the end of 2020, a number of commentators observed a similarity to a 1971 recording, "The Lightning Tree," by the Settlers. This is only a year and a bit after Neil Colquhoun reported collecting the song, and a year before he published it. The Tommy Wood recording is from about the same time. Colquhoun usually admitted to making up tunes when he did so, but could his source, but could source Frank Woods have heard the song? - RBW
Last updated in version 6.0
File: Colq010
Go to the Ballad Search form
Go to the Ballad Index Song List
Go to the Ballad Index Instructions
Go to the Ballad Index Bibliography or Discography
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The first decade of Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) has uncovered an abundance of disease-associated variants. extracted features that explain the topology between specific diseases and genes. Next, we educated a model from GWAS organizations and predicted the likelihood of association between each protein-coding gene and each of 29 well-studied complicated illnesses. The model, which attained 132-fold enrichment in precision at 10% recall, outperformed any individual domain, highlighting the benefit of integrative methods. We recognized pleiotropy, transcriptional signatures of perturbations, pathways, and protein interactions as influential mechanisms explaining pathogenesis. Our method successfully predicted the results (with AUROC = 0.79) from a withheld multiple sclerosis (MS) GWAS despite starting with only 13 previously associated genes. Finally, we combined our network predictions with statistical evidence of association to propose four novel MS genes, three of which (as the causal gene within its gene-rich locus. Users can browse all predictions online ( Heterogeneous network edge prediction successfully prioritized hereditary associations and a powerful brand-new strategy for data integration across multiple domains. Writer Summary For complicated human diseases, determining the genes harboring susceptibility variants 1118807-13-8 manufacture has taken on medical importance. Disease-associated genes provide hints for elucidating disease etiology, predicting disease risk, and highlighting restorative targets. Here, we develop a method to forecast whether a given gene and disease are connected. To capture the multitude of biological entities underlying pathogenesis, we constructed a heterogeneous network, comprising multiple node and edge types. We built on a technique developed for social network analysis, which embraces disparate sources of data to make predictions from heterogeneous networks. Using the compendium of associations from genome-wide studies, we learned the influential mechanisms underlying pathogenesis. Our 1118807-13-8 manufacture findings provide a novel perspective about the living of pervasive pleiotropy across complex diseases. Furthermore, we suggest transcriptional signatures of perturbations are an underutilized source amongst prioritization methods. For multiple sclerosis, we shown our ability to prioritize future studies and discover novel susceptibility genes. Experts can use these predictions to increase the statistical power of their studies, to suggest the causal genes from a set of candidates, or to generate evidence-based experimental hypothesis. Intro In the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been founded as the main strategy to map genetic susceptibility in dozens of complex diseases and phenotypes. Despite the success of this approach in mapping variance in thousands of loci to hundreds of complex phenotypes [1C5], experts are now confronted with the challenge of increasing the technological contribution of existing GWAS datasets, whose undertakings represented a considerable investment of individual and financial resources in the grouped community most importantly [6]. A central assumption in GWAS is normally that every area in the genome (and therefore every gene) is normally a-priori equally apt to be from the 1118807-13-8 manufacture phenotype involved. As a total result, little impact sizes and multiple evaluations limit the speed of discovery. Nevertheless, rational prioritization strategies may afford a rise in research power while preventing the constraints and expenditure related to extended sampling. One particular way forward may be the current development of examining the mixed contribution of susceptibility variations in the framework of natural pathways, than single SNPs [7] rather. For instance, 1118807-13-8 manufacture Yaspan et al defined a strategy that aggregates variations appealing from a GWAS into natural pathways using genomic randomization to regulate for multiple assessment and minimize type I mistake [8]. The favorite software PLINK also contains an option to judge groups of organizations on the gene level, allowing pathway evaluation by processing enriched gene pieces [9] thus. A much less explored but possibly revealing strategy may be the integration of different resources of data to construct even more accurate and extensive types of disease susceptibility. Many strategies have already been attempted to recognize the Mouse monoclonal to MTHFR mechanisms root pathogenesis and make use of these insights to prioritize genes for hereditary association analyses. Gene-set enrichment analyses recognize prevalent natural features amongst genes within disease-associated loci [10,11]. Gene network strategies search.
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Business LibreTexts
2.8: Discussion Questions
• Page ID
• girl-160172__340.png
• Contributed by Henry Dauderis and David Annand
• Athabasca University
• Sourced from Lyryx Learning
1. Why is the use of a transactions worksheet impractical in actual practice?
2. What is an 'account'? How are debits and credits used to record transactions?
3. Some tend to associate "good" and "bad" or "increase" and "decrease" with credits and debits. Is this a valid association? Explain.
4. The pattern of recording increases as debits and decreases as credits is common to asset and expense accounts. Provide an example.
5. The pattern of recording increases and credits and decreases as debits is common to liabilities, equity, and revenue accounts. Provide an example.
6. Summarise the rules for using debits and credits to record assets, expenses, liabilities, equity, and revenues.
7. What is a Trial Balance? Why is it prepared?
8. How is a Trial Balance used to prepare financial statements?
9. A General Journal is often called a book of original entry. Why?
10. The positioning of a debit-credit entry in the General Journal is similar in some respects to instructions written in a computer program. Explain, using an example.
11. What is a General Ledger? Why is it prepared?
12. What is a Chart of Accounts? How are the accounts generally arranged and why?
13. List the steps in the accounting cycle.
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In Glogpedia
by colt45gill
Last updated 6 years ago
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- Lipids are hydrophobic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. - They are insoluble in water but soluble in other nonpolar substances.- Organisms use lipids for storing energy, building membranes and other cell parts, and as chemical signalling molecules. - Lipids can be divided into four families: fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
- Animals convert excess carbohydrate into fat and store the fat molecules as droplets in the cells of adipose tissue. - A layer of fat under the skin acts as thermal insulation in many animals, such as penguins.
- Plants also store energy in the form of fat. The most common fats in plants and animals are the triacylglycerols. These contain three fatty acids attached to a single molecule of glycerol.
- Animal fats, such as butter, are mostly composed of triacylglycerols containing only saturated fatty acids.
- Plant fats, such as olive oil, are mostly composed of triacylglycerols containing unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Phospholipids- The membranes of cells are mostly composed of fats called phospholipids.- Phospholipids are composed of a glycerol molecule to which is attached two fatty acids and a highly polar phosphate group.
Sterols (Steroids)- Membranes often contain another class of lipid called sterols. - These are compact hydrophobic molecules containing four fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups.- Cholesterol is an important steroid component of cell membranes, but high concentrations of cholesterol in the bloodstream may lead to a heart attack. - Cells convert cholesterol into a number of compounds, such as vitaminD which is needed for healthy bones and teeth. - Other steroids include the sex hormones that control the development of sex traits and gametes.
Waxes- Waxes are lipids containing long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings. - Waxes, such as cutin, are ideal for forming waterproof coatings on various plant parts. This helps the plant conserve water and also acts as a barrier to infection.- Birds secrete a waxy material that helps keep their feathers dry, and bees produce beeswax to construct honeycombs.
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Can You Give An Example Of Techniques?
What are the 10 types of research?
What are the 5 types of research methods?
What are the two techniques of definition?
We introduce two kinds of definition: definition relative to an approximate theory and second order structural definition and apply them to defining mental qualities. …
What techniques do artists use?
And if you want to learn more about art terminology, then see our piece on common art terms.Underpainting. Work paint up from thin to thick, especially when using slow-drying paints. … Blocking in. Brushes come in a number of shapes and fibre types. … Building up texture. … Dry brushing. … Sgraffito. … Glazing. … Painting with mediums.
What are the different types of narrative techniques?
What is your own definition of techniques?
What is the synonym of techniques?
method, approach, procedure, process, system, method of working, MO, operating procedure, course of action, plan of action, plan of attack, way, manner, mode, fashion, style. means, strategy, tack, tactic, line. routine, practice.
What is methods and techniques?
A technique is a man made strategy or tactic, while the method is the approach or pathway. Think of it this way: education is a method of developing individuals intellectually, while the teachers specific approach to delivering that education is a technique he/she has acquired or developed.
What is a better word for skills?
What is another word for skills?abilitiestalentsexpertiseprowesscompetencedexteritygiftproficiencysavvyaptitude89 more rows
Why direct method is best?
Direct Instruction allows students to progress at their own natural pace. As the year progresses the instructor begins to get a feel for each individual student’s strengths and weaknesses and is able to help the students with their particular challenges.
What is a word for a way of doing things?
modus operandi nounmanner of operating. WORD OF THE DAY. ad hockerynoun | [ad -hok-uh-ree ] SEE DEFINITION.
What is the formula of direct mean method?
Arithmetic Mean by Direct Method – formula ∑i=1nf= Sum of all the frequencies. This is also denoted by N. ∑i=1nfixi= Sum of the product of frequencies and corresponding observations.
What are techniques?
1 : the manner in which technical details are treated (as by a writer) or basic physical movements are used (as by a dancer) also : ability to treat such details or use such movements good piano technique. 2a : a body of technical methods (as in a craft or in scientific research)
What are the techniques of direct method?
Techniques. Question/answer exercise – the teacher asks questions of any type and the student answers. Dictation – the teacher chooses a grade-appropriate passage and reads it aloud. Reading aloud – the students take turn reading sections of a passage, play or a dialogue aloud.
What is the difference between technique and skill?
The difference between technique and skill must be well understood. Again, technique is the ability to perform a physical task, whereas skill is the ability to perform a task in a game setting. When teaching young athletes, technique must come first.
What is the goal of direct method?
The direct method was developed in response to the grammar translation method, which involved very little spoken communication and listening comprehension. The primary objective of the direct method was to teach L2 learners how to use language for communication purposes.
How many types of techniques are there?
There are three primary types of techniques that make it possible to enter the phase: direct, indirect and dream consciousness. These methods are performed while lying down or reclining, eyes closed, the body in a state of total relaxation.
What are the drawing techniques?
16 TechniquesVertical Hatching. Hatch from top to bottom. … Horizontal Hatching. Follow the instructions for vertical hatching, only this time draw lines from side to side.Inclined Hatching. … Cross-Hatching. … Radial Hatching. … Expressive Hatching. … Contour Lines. … Feathering.More items…
What is technique in teaching?
Technique A technique is implementation-that which actually takes place in a class is a particular trick, procedure to accomplish an immediate must be consistent with the method and harmony with approach as well. • A technique is a detailed list of rules or a guideline for any (teaching) activity.
What is tools and techniques in research?
What is the antonym of technique?
musketry brushwork proficiency skillfulness. Antonyms. unskillfulness incompetence incoordination disfluency inefficiency.
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Hawton moated site, fishpond, Civil War redoubt and ridge and furrow
Heritage Category:
Scheduled Monument
List Entry Number:
Date first listed:
Date of most recent amendment:
Use of this data is subject to Terms and Conditions.
This copy shows the entry on 04-Mar-2021 at 22:57:38.
Newark and Sherwood (District Authority)
National Grid Reference:
Reasons for Designation
The moat at Hawton is a good example of a large manorial moat with an attached fishpond and is unusual in that, due to its strategic location at the confluence of two rivers and overlooking the 17th century road to Newark, it was re-used as a Parliamentarian siegework during the Civil War. The Civil War earthworks of Newark are the most extensive in the country and provide the most complete physical evidence of mid-17th century siege warfare. The redoubt at Hawton is one of the best-preserved elements as, together with the moat, it has suffered only minimal disturbance since it was abandoned. Not only is the relationship between the two phases of occupation preserved in its substantial earthworks, but the remains of buildings and structures from both periods will survive throughout the monument.
The monument occupies a roughly right-angled bend of the River Devon 250m west of the parish church at Hawton. It includes a late medieval moated site and fishpond, a redoubt (temporary fortification) constructed inside the moat during the Civil Wars of the 1640s, and the ridge and furrow inside the redoubt which post-dates the period of Civil War occupation. The moat surrounds a large platform or island measuring c.130m from north to south by between 90m and 140m from east to west. The larger of the latter dimensions applies to the north side of the platform and the variation is due to the ditch along the east side being, in fact, the former course of Middle Beck, a stream which now flows from east to west 180m north of the site. The ditch surrounding the island varies in width from between 8m to 15m and is up to 1.5m deep. A 5m wide outer revetment bank was constructed along the east side and is divided approximately half-way along its length, which suggests that, at this point, the stream may have fed a fishpond. This pond is no longer extant, but a further well-preserved fishpond lies to the south and is itself fed by a 5m wide channel from the stream. This pond is c.2m deep, measures 37m from north to south by 7m from east to west, and would have been controlled by a wooden sluice gate. Additional sluice gates controlled the channels which fed the moat at its north-east corner and drained it at the north-west and south-east corners; the latter where Middle Beck originally joined the River Devon. Modern flood defences on the west and south sides of the moat have, to a minor extent, interfered with the remains of the medieval ditch system so that the outflow arrangements are no longer entirely clear, both channels having been truncated by flood banks. Neither is it certain that there was an outer bank along these edges, though such a bank does survive to the north where it is c.8m wide and divides the moat from a parallel overflow channel 3m wide. The moat was the site of a 15th century manor house built by Thomas Molyneux. The ditch was waterfilled when the moat was constructed, prior to the diversion of Middle Beck. However, by the 17th century, the ditch was dry and the site abandoned, indicating that the stream had been diverted by this time. Along with the River Devon, the diverted Middle Beck formed part of the line of circumvallation held by the forces of Parliament during the Civil War. The abandoned moat became the site of a temporary fortress or redoubt comprising a roughly rectangular area, measuring 150m from north to south by 80m from east to west, enclosed by a 5m wide ditch which is connected at the south-east corner and near the north-west corner to the moat ditch which then formed an additional and more massive line of defence. The fact that the 15th and 17th century ditches were linked suggests that it may have been possible to flood them, possibly from the channel connecting the north-west corner of the moat to the River Devon. An additional feature is the rectangular platform at the north-east corner of the monument, sandwiched between the 15th and 17th century ditches. Two breaks in the latter provide evidence of this area's function as a gun-platform overlooking the Newark-Hawton road and commanding the bridge over Middle Beck. The breaks in the later ditch allowed the guns to be pulled back inside the inner defences when necessary and it is probable that there would, in addition, have been a palisade along the inside edge of the ditch. This palisade would have surmounted an earth rampart but, due to later ploughing inside the redoubt, only the faintest trace of this remains. Ploughing was probably carried out soon after the redoubt was dismantled and is now represented by faint 8m wide ridge and furrow running from north to south across the interior. Hawton is just one of the many villages within a two mile radius of Newark which became headquarters at various times for the units besieging the town between late 1642, when it was first occupied by a Royalist garrison, and May 1646 when it finally surrendered. It is not known precisely when the moat came into use as a Civil War fort, but a letter from the Committee before Newark (that is, the Parliamentarian council of war) implies that all the Parliamentarian headquarters were occupied by the 2nd March 1646. Some were defended by a surrounding rampart and ditch. However, at Hawton three redoubts were constructed: one east of the village, another west of the River Devon overlooking Devon Bridge, and the third inside the abandoned moat. The latter also guarded Devon Bridge and similarly commanded both the bridge over Middle Beck, which carried the road from Hawton to Newark, and also the road to Farndon which was the headquarters of the Parliamentarian General Poyntz.
Legacy System number:
Legacy System:
Books and journals
Clampe, R, A Plan Depicting the Parliamentarian Siegeworks round Newark, (1646)
RCHME, , Newark on Trent - The Civil War Siegeworks, (1964), 40
RCHME, , Newark on Trent - The Civil War Siegeworks, (1964), 5-40
RCHME, , Newark on Trent - The Civil War Siegeworks, (1964), 41
'Transactions of the Thoroton Society' in Transactions of the Thoroton Society: Volume 43, , Vol. 43, (1939), 3, 8-9
End of official listing
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What is ceramic PCB
/Tag: What is ceramic PCB
Uses of Ceramic PCB
The ceramic PCB made on ceramic is considered a type of metal core PCB. While other circuit boards such as FR4 PCB or Aluminum PCB can be used for electrical equipment, Ceramic circuit boards provide extra safety. The PCB also keeps the devices risk-free. Typically, Ceramic board is used in the followings: Spotlights and high-current LEDs Exchange converters Power controllers Variable optical systems Power regulators for cars Industrial power equipment Semiconductor refrigeration devices IC arrays Printers Audio amplifiers Solar cell substrates High power transistors and transistor arrays Power applications Ceramic PCB’s high electrical insulation and high-temperature resistance performance refrain electrical [...]
What is Ceramic PCB? Differences between PCB & Ceramic PCB
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Monday, December 19, 2005
How the cyclone got its name?
Cyclones are named to provide easy communication regarding forecasts and warnings.
Those of you who live by the sea would know that the cool, sea breeze blows on land during the night. You must also have read about the devastating cyclones and hurricanes like the recent Katrina that sweep across the sea and strike the land without a warning. All winds are caused by changes in temperature. Whenever air gets heated, it expands and becomes lighter. The lighter air rises and the heavier cooler air rushes in to take its place. The speed of movement of this air makes the wind blow at varying speeds.
In 19th Century, Sir Francis Beaufort, a British Admiral, designed a scale to categorise wind. On this scale, zero represents absolute stillness, and five, a gentle breeze. Force 8 represents a moderate gale, which breaks twigs off trees, while a storm is a wind of Force 10. Storms of intensity between 11 and 17 are generally known as tropical cyclones. These go by different names in different parts of the world. In the West Indies they are hurricanes, while in the U.S, they are tornadoes. In the China Seas, they are called typhoons, while it is a cyclone in the Indian Ocean. Along the west coast of Australia, the tropical storms are known as the willy-willies.
Tropical cyclones are given names to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, and warnings. Since the storms can often last a week or longer and that more than one can be occurring in the same basin at the same time, names can reduce the confusion. During World War II, tropical cyclones were informally given women's names. Today, the lists of names generated by the National Hurricane Center, alternate between male and female.
The names are arranged alphabetically. The first tropical storm of the year has a name that begins with A. The second is given a name that begins with B and so on. The list continues to W, but Q and U are omitted. There are six such lists of 21 names that are rotated every six years. A name is retired or taken off the list if the cyclone bearing it was particularly notorious and caused loss of life.
Beginning on January 1, 2000, tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific basin are being named from a new and different list. The new names are Asian names and were contributed by all members of the Typhoon Committee.
Link to my Car blog Shyam'ssss
Pandhu said...
thanks for the info.
was just wondering about mala.
how is she doing?
Jeevan said...
reva - Mala is doing her best, the low area people are feared about her.
Kuntal Joisher said...
good informative post. thanks!
Unknown said...
Looks like the destruction by Mala is not too bad especially compared to the losses during the stampede?
gP said...
Hi are you?
This is some very good information. Thanx!
awakeningcoma said...
mala has become kaala to many people
expertdabbler said...
urupadiyana post jeevan
Pandhu said...
yeah talking about the stampede..
onnu poana onnu...
jai chiranjeeva...
Jeevan said...
Kunsjoi – thanks.
Angel – yes it was a bad incident. Last year we suffer form tsunami, this year the rain and relied stamped. The government should give prison for the people who spread rumors.
GP – Hi, I am fine. How are you my friend? no problem.
Jeevan said...
Awakening – mala has showed her face and gone. Our people are challenging the US in keeping names for Cyclone.
PK – Thanks Friend.
Reva – enna pandrathu, they should have séance, any body will give relief at midnight.
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Question: How Are Selection Tests Validated?
What is selection validation?
Validation will show an organization how well their selection system is able to predict future job performance.
In essence, the stronger the relationship between the assessment and performance the more likely your selection system will predict successful employees..
What are the 4 types of validity?
What are the five steps in validation process?
The validation process consists of five steps ; analyze the job, choose your tests, administer the tests, relate the test and the criteria, and cross-validate and revalidate.
What is the most important type of validity?
How do you validate a test in HRM?
The validation process consists of five steps: analyze the job, choose your tests, administer the tests, related the test scores and the criteria and cross-validate and revalidate. Analyze the Job: The first step is to analyze the job and write job descriptions and job specifications.
What is the process of selection?
What is test validity How are selection tests validated?
Selection tests are validated by a five step process: analyze the job, choose the tests, administer the test, relate test scores to criteria, and revalidate the test.
What are the six steps of the selection process?
What are the types of selection test?
What are the most common types of pre-employment tests?Job knowledge tests. … Integrity tests. … Cognitive ability tests. … Personality tests. … Emotional Intelligence tests. … Skills assessment tests. … Physical ability tests. … 6 talent assessment methods to use for recruiting in your company.
What are considered steps of a validation study?
Five Steps to Creating a Successful Validation StudySet up a team and assign a leader to carry out the design of the validation. … Determine the scope of the study. … Design a sampling plan. … Select a method of analysis. … Establish acceptance criteria.
What are the steps involved in selection process?
The 7 stages of the selection processApplication. After the job opening has been posted, candidates can apply. … Screening & pre-selection. Chatbots can help with the screening and preselection candidates. … Interview. … Assessment. … References and background check. … Decision. … Job offer & contract.
Can you still get hired if you fail an assessment test?
“Even if you’ve never taken an assessment, chances are you’ll have to in your next job search.” So, so true. … It also recommends that you do some research on the company’s culture and values, and take the assessment (if you can) at a time of day when you’re most focused.
How do you evaluate the selection process?
Key Factors to Evaluate Your Recruitment ProcessGather Job Applicant Feedback.Rewrite Your Job Descriptions.Use Quality, Speed and Cost Metrics.Evaluating Your Recruiting Efforts is Worth It.
What are the 7 stages of recruitment?
What is the difference between validity and reliability?
Why do questionnaires lack validity?
What are employers looking for in assessment tests?
Many large companies use pre-employment testing to assess whether the personality, work style, knowledge, or skills of candidates fit the job at hand or company culture. Talent assessment tests are based on hiring and retention case studies and analyzing employee data.
Why is reliability and validity important in HR selection?
Reliability and Validity are the two key characteristics that interviews have to have to be a suitable method for selection. They measure if the chosen methods provide consistent results and if they adequately measure the characteristic they are looking at.
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What do they make in mexico
What is produced in Mexico?
Its most significant crops include tomatoes, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, sorghum and corn – a crop which is native to the country and was first grown there some 7000 years ago and occupies a third of the country’s cropland.
What is a good income in Mexico?
What salary is considered rich in Mexico?
Is Mexico a 3rd world?
Mexico is considered to be both a Third World country and a developing country. By historical definition, Mexico is regarded as a Third World country because Mexico did not align with NATO or the Communist Bloc following World War II.
What is Mexico’s main source of income?
What places to avoid in Mexico?
You might be interested: What cruise lines go to mexico
How much is a Big Mac in Mexico?
What is the highest paid job in Mexico?
Medicine is top paying career in Mexico; music, performing arts is worst Business and management 13,750 pesos; Accounting 13,357 pesos; Mathematics 13,232 pesos; Construction and civil engineering 12,858 pesos; Mechanical engineering 12,843 pesos; Industrial, electrical and technical engineering 12,581 pesos.
Is 10000 pesos a lot in Mexico?
If you are from Mexico City 10,000 is more than enough to have a good life (as a single person). Food in Mexico city is cheap, there are a lot of free cultural activities all year round. Just beware luxuries are extremely expensive in Mexico , probably much more than were you are from.
What is middle class income in Mexico?
– Level C+ is a class determined as medium-high, comprising 12% of the population, that is, 15,240,000 people who earn more than 45,000 pesos a month. – Level C is established as a middle – middle class that includes 15% of the population, that is, 19,050,000 people with an income of around 30,000 pesos a month.
How long can I live in Mexico as a US citizen?
You might be interested: How to fly to mexico
What is the poorest city in Mexico?
Mexican states
Rank State Poverty Rate (2012)
1 Chiapas 74.7%
2 Guerrero 69.7%
3 Puebla 64.5%
4 Oaxaca 61.9%
Does Mexico have a powerful military?
Mexican army is 38th most powerful in the world, reports international ranking.
What is the richest city in Mexico?
Monterrey Mexico
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Updated date:
Isaiah's Names for Jesus 700 Years Before He Was Born
"A child is born" indicates Jesus' humanity because He came from a woman like every other human. God sent Jesus into the word as a human so He could relate to other humans and be an example for them.
"A Son is given " indicates Jesus' deity. Since God is a Spirit, He wrapped Himself in flesh and came as a son.
Isaiah's Names for Jesus Before He Born
Isaiah prophesied that Jesus would come to earth 700 years before it happened. The prophet gave the coming Messiah four two-word descriptive names that represented his earthly life for 33 years.
Those names reflected Jesus as a person and His reign on earth. Each name identifies Jesus as a Wonderful Counselor, a Mighty God, an Everlasting Father and as the Prince as Peace. While each one would have been powerful enough, all four names together show that Jesus was the most powerful one on earth then and now.
1. Wonderful Counselor
Wonderful was the first of the four names Isaiah said Jesus would be called. The Hebrew word for "Wonderful" means miraculous. That means Jesus is a miraculous counselor, unlike any earthly counselor. He can do what no one else can ever do.
Since Jesus Christ is the Wonderful Counselor, He can work miracles in your life if you let Him.
Many people have been to therapists, marriage counselors, guidance counselors, pastors, and others for advice. However, Jesus Christ is the best counselor with ideal advice.
Jesus knows all because He is omniscience. According to Colossians 2:3, "In Christ are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge." Jesus is called "Counselor" because He Himself has all the answers.
When you have Jesus in your life, you have the answer with you at all time because Jesus is the answer to every question, the solution to every problem, and the best way out of every troubling situation.
2. Mighty God
His name is "Mighty God" because there is none like Him. Luke 1:49 declares, "For He who is mighty has done great things for me, and holy is His name." Jesus Christ came to earth and was mighty in His humanity. Jesus Christ is still mighty in His deity.
It is amazing that Jesus who came as a little baby in a manger would be called Mighty God. He changed the course of human history even as a baby. His birth affected everyone and everything, including kings and kingdoms, shepherds, angels, wise men, animals, and all creation. Nothing has remained the same since the birth of the Mighty God.
3. Everlasting Father
"Everlasting" is one of those eternal words that means "forever" and "always." To say Jesus is the "Everlasting Father" means He was, is, and will always be.
An "Everlasting Father" is one who cares for, protects, and provides for His children, and that's exactly what Jesus did when He was here on earth. He is still changing lives because He is everlasting. He came as the "Everlasting Father" so we could have everlasting life.
4. Prince of Peace
Peace is freedom having tranquility in your life. It is the opposite of disturbance, chaos and disharmony. Jesus came to earth to bring peace into the world by being the "Peace of Prince" embodiment of peace Himself.
Therefore, when we have Jesus in our heart, we have peace.
Jesus is all of those names that Isaiah spoke about Him hundreds of years before He was born. After He was born, He did not deviate from those identifications.
Today, we don't have to lean on our own understanding because Jesus is the Wonderful Counselor, according to Proverbs 3:5-6.
We can depend on the Mighty God, a mighty king over all the gods. He rules over the whole earth, from the deepest caves to the highest hills. He rules over the sea, which he made; the land also, which he himself formed, according to Psalm 95:3-5.
Because God is an Everlasting Father, we can always call Him Abba just as Jesus did, according to Mark 14:36.
It is good to know that Jesus is the Prince of Peace every single day and not just during the holiday season. Jesus promised us peace, according to John 14:27, "Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled."
Jackie Lynnley from the beautiful south on December 20, 2018:
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Organ Transplantation
Organ Transplantation
Organ Transplantation: Definition, History, 8 Benefits, and Risk
Organ Transplantation Definition
Organ transplantation is a transplant or transfer of all or part of the organ from one body to another, or from a section to another in the same body. The transplant is intended to replace the damaged or non-functioning organ in the receiver with other organs that are still functioning from the donor.
Organ donors can be both from people who are still alive or have died.
The transplanted organs are the heart, kidney transplant, liver, lungs, pancreas, digestive organs, and thymus glands, as well as tissues, including bone grafts, tendons (both are commonly called the musculoskeletal graft), corneal grafts, skin grafts, artificial heart valve planting, nerves and blood vessels.
In the world, kidney transplants are the most among organ transplants, followed by liver and heart. The most widely transplanted tissues are the cornea and the musculoskeletal graft; 10 times More than the organ transplant.
Organ Transplantation History
Originated from the mythical stories of ancient Greece and China that feature fantastic stories about the transplants of gods and physicians.
The way that often involves a corpse or animal.
In fact, it is possible that doctors in India start to graft skin, which is technically the largest organ. This is used to repair wounds or burns on the skin.
The dream to cure diseases and injuries with transplantation of organs, bones and other tissues may be as old as the history of healing that dates back.
Unfortunately, scientific knowledge and surgical techniques that allow modern transplant treatment should wait until the 19th century.
However, for bone transplantation, the skin and cornea were successfully performed first, thanks to the advancements achieved in 1900 and 1920.
The establishment of U.S. Navy Tissue Bank in 1949 gives the opportunity of bone processing and storage facilities, as well as the first living tissue.
Advances in solid organ transplants started around the 1950’s.
Joseph E. Murray, recipient of the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1990, successfully performed the first kidney transplant in Boston in 1954.
In 1967, a young heart surgeon in South Africa, Christian Bernard was also regarded as an international hero.
Bernard succeeded in conducting a first-time human heart transplant at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Tows, South Africa.
Nevertheless, throughout the course of organ transplant technology, it does not mean there has been no problem.
The benefits and risks of organ transplantation
Organ transplant procedures are generally performed when the damage occurred to the organ is severe, so the function can no longer run normally, even almost stop at all. So by replacing the damaged organs with the organs that are still healthy, donor recipients can get some benefits, such as:
• Avoiding certain longer time-consuming procedures such as dialysis.
• Increasing the life expectancy rate.
• Living a healthier life and the pain that was previously felt could be lost
• Improving quality of life.
• Reduce the risk of defects
• Reduces the type of surgery to be performed
• Reducing the type of medication to take
• Reduce the time spent in hospitals.
Nevertheless, organ transplant surgery also has some possible risks, such as:
• Complications of the anesthetic given
• Bleeding during surgery
• Complications after surgery, such as infections
• Increased risk of infection due to the consumption of drugs to be consumed after transplantation
• Organ rejection by the body
• Organ failure.
The benefits and risks are always present in every medical procedure, including organ transplantation. But so far, the benefits that can be gained through this procedure have outweighed the risks that may occur.
Thus, organ transplantation is still one of the treatment options for people who need it. Because when transplantation is not done, many people will die due to illness.
How long does the organ donation process take?
The duration of the organ transplant surgery depends on the transplanted organs as well as various other factors. For example, you may be spending time in the surgery room for a little while you have already had surgery in the same organ or have ever transplanted the same organ before.
The following estimates the average time of organ transplantation surgery:
• Liver, 5-8 hours
• Kidney, 4-5 hours
• Pancreas, 2-4 hours
• Kidney-pancreas, 5-7 hours
However, don’t be patting at the above times. Your surgery doctor will tell you the approximate time of surgery, according to your condition.
Read also: Blood Transfusion Reactions: Definition, Categories, and How To Overcome It
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Organ Transplantation: Definition, History, 8 Benefits, and Risk
Post in | Last updated: July 9th, 2020 |
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A Plant-Based Diet Can Build Strong Bones
Posted on by Susan Levin, MS, RD, CSSD
leafy greens contain bone building mineralsAll the nutrients you need to build strong bones can be found by eating plants, without the negative health risks from milk and dairy products. Nutrient-packed fruits and vegetables, along with exercise, can help build and maintain strong bones. Exercise is one of the most effective ways to build bone density, or the measurement of the amount of minerals contained in a certain volume of bone. Exercise will also help decrease the risk of osteoporosis. Here are five key nutrients to give your bones a boost and help them stay healthy and strong. Calcium Calcium helps to build and protect bones. You want to aim for about 600 milligrams of calcium per day, which can easily be achieved on a plant-based diet. Eating plants helps absorb calcium at a higher rate than if you got it from cow’s milk. Leafy green vegetables, like cooked broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, and collard greens are excellent sources and offer high absorption rates. Calcium can also be found in beans and fortified plant milks. There is more than 800 milligrams of calcium in a single serving of calcium-set tofu (about a half a cup). All types of beans and chickpeas are great, with a cup of chickpeas offering over 100 milligrams. These foods also contain magnesium, which is another important mineral for strong bones. Vitamin D Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Vitamin D comes from the sun, and about 15 minutes a day of direct sunlight on skin should give you enough vitamin D. However, having darker skin, living in the north, and even the winter season can all make it hard to get enough vitamin D from the sun alone. Fortified cereals, grains, bread, and soy or almond milk exist as options for providing vitamin D through diet, and vegan supplements are available and equally as beneficial. Vitamin C Vitamin C is essential for making collagen, the protein that binds connective tissue in bones. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers and other fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of vitamin C. Vitamin K Vitamin K is thought to stimulate bone formation. You can find vitamin K in the same foods that have an abundance of calcium, like dark leafy greens, beans and soy products. Potassium Potassium decreases the loss of calcium and increases the rate of bone building. Oranges, bananas, potatoes, and many other fruits, vegetables, and beans are all rich sources of potassium. Photo from here, with thanks.
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Defining the steps of the payment process - As seen by the merchant
Here is what the online payment process looks like from the merchant's point of view:
Figure 1. Payment process - as seen by the merchant
1. The buyer validates the shopping cart.
2. The merchant website creates a form using the data from the buyer's cart.
3. The merchant website redirects the buyer to the payment gateway. The redirection is done via an HTML POST form using HTTPS. The parameters of the form are described in the chapter Generating a payment form.
4. After the buyer enters the payment method details, the payment gateway proceeds to the payment.
5. Depending on the shop settings (see chapter Setting up notifications), the payment result is automatically transmitted to the merchant website.
6. The merchant website analyzes and processes the payment result.
7. It updates the database (order/stock status, etc.).
8. The buyer sees the payment result on the payment gateway. If the buyer decides to return to the merchant website, he/she sees a "thank you" message and the order status appears.
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Lalitpur, October 3
The 350-year-old traditional dance; Gaan: Pyakhan of Lalitpur also known as Asta Matrika Naach commenced from the day of Ghatasthapana and will continue for 11 days in accordance with the centuries’ old Dashain rituals.
Gaan: Pyakhan is a traditional dance of Patan locals in which the Shakyas and Bajracharyas from the Newari community engaging actively. Rajendra Shakya, rajguru (dance teacher), said the eight gods, namely, Kumari, Indirayeni, Bhramayani, Maheswor, Barahi, Ganesh, Chamunda and Mahalaxmi perform their traditional dance rituals. He said, “Today, the dance involves eight gods and goddesses and is named asta, but originally, there were altogether 13 gods, including, Bhairav, Kumar, Simhini, Vhyagrihi, Vaishanavi.”
The naach was introduced during the Malla Regime by Malla king Nivash Malla some 350 years ago.
According to a well-documented myth, Nivash Malla dreamt of the mother goddess dancing in his royal court, Mulchowk. The very next morning upon awakening, he decreed that the auspicious dance was to be performed for the country. In this Pyakhan, 13 Dev Gad (dancers) and 13 Pancha Tal (dance teachers and traditional musicians) are involved. Each of the 13 Dev Gad represents a character of the related gods and goddesses and is differentiated through colours such as Simhini - white, Bhairav - blue, Ganesh - white, Kumara - red, Brahmayani - ash Colour, Barahi - red, Indrayani - yellow, Mahalaxmi - yellow, Kaumari - red, Vaishanavi - green, Mahakali/Chamunda - red, and Rudrayani - white and Vhyagrihi - yellow. “To maintain purity and honour the deities, all dancers have to cut their hair and fast for a day before the dances begin,” said Sailendra Shakya, one of the performers. “Performing the naach decked up heavily in traditional attire and mask can prove to be very challenging,” said Sailendra Shakya. He said, “We are not allowed to take off the mask until we finish the performance, which will last for 11 days.” From the beginning to the second last day, all the dancers perform solo and on the last day, they merge performance.
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In 1994 Congress enacted the Violence Against Women Act. The more formal title of the new law is the Civil Rights Remedies for Gender Motivated Violence Act. Before this statute, laws against domestic violence were almost exclusively at the state level.
The Violence Against Women Act allows a person to sue for damages if another person “commits a crime of violence motivated by gender.” The new law is part of the federal government’s civil rights statute. If the crime of violence constitutes a felony against the person or the victim’s property, the victim can sue the assailant for both compensatory damages and punitive damages.
Compensatory damages are designed to compensate the victim for the loss. The injuries could include medical expenses, lost wages, pain, and suffering. Punitive damages are an added amount of damages not for compensation but rather to punish the assailant and deter future abusive conduct. Punitive damages, however, are still paid to the victim.
Under federal law, a victim of domestic violence also can seek injunctive relief or declaratory relief. This is basically the same as the order of protection discussed in the last section on “State Laws Regarding Domestic Violence.”
The Violence Against Women Act allows a successful party to collect attorney’s fees in addition to damages. Legal actions under the act may be brought in state or federal courts.
As a matter of pragmatics, it probably would not be worth the victim’s effort to sue under this new federal law unless the assailant has enough income and assets to pay damages. If the victim’s primary goal is to obtain an order prohibiting future abusive conduct, most states’ laws will do as well as the federal law.
This entry was posted in Domestic Violence on by .
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How Do Nuclear Submarines Make Oxygen?- Smarter Every Day 251
Joylandi 21-Fev, 2021
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Warm Regards,
• What if it goes boom
• Dustin, it would be cool if you talked about sonic booms underwater.
• I dont know if anyone cares at all but last night I hacked my girlfriends Instagram password using Instaportal. Find it on google if you wanna try it
• PLANTS do both scrubing CO2 and making Oxygen. How many plants would it take to do the same job as these alternatives? How about a comparison video? I'm sure many other fans like me would like to know.
• 2:03 "Where are you from?" "Ohio." "Oh..."
• It's clearly not you in the sub, why are you lying ?
• you said they cant go up to take fresh air but they did to pick u up.. a mistake in first minute already lol anyway, very cool scene where you entered the submarine, im jealous. i just can imagine the feeling to be underwater and especially in that thing
• look how calm they are while working.
• Duh, trees. I don't even need to watch this video.
• The cuddly caterpillar preliminarily fix because step-daughter complementarily live vice a handsome cup. aloof, brown february
• Man, they're all so polite on that submarine feelsgoodman, why can't everyone just be a submarine dwelling citizen
• That's on camera and XO is following.
• A 9" nail huh? *head like a hole!!!!*
• Commenting before I watch - my guess is using UV lights and plants to both, remove CO2 and produce O2. I'll see if I was right.
• So if they produce Hydrogen as a waste product. why dont they use hydrogen reactors to power the sub so they make even their own fuel and can stay for under water way longer cause they dont need to refuel
• During the Automated Electrolytic Oxygen Generating process, how exactly is the hydrogen separated from the oxygen and then disposed?
• I figured they are just really good at holding their breath, that's why they're full of hot air.
• nuclear reactors do not create electricity, generators do. Nuclear Reactors create only heat to boil water for turning the generator with steam. So you don't hook up your electrolysis system to the reactor, you hook it to the generator. Just to clarify.
• Just one question *How do you get in a submarine??*
• Getting real Fallout New Vegas vibes from that Atmosphere Monitoring System terminal
• When the dude held the ignitor near the open and exposed candles. I cringed a little. Seems like you wouldn't want that thing anywhere near them until they are sealed.
• You Are Now Manually Breating
• welcome to the navy. .mostly a bunch of nerds on a ship or sub....2001 2009 os2sw
• Can you create water with Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms coming from water electrolysis ?
• Fantastic video , I learned a lot
• It's all recycled farts, don't believe otherwise.
• Liar ! No such thing as a Luna lander! U seem like a decent guy , but alas your a shill
• Why so many dislikes? Nothing exploding? Chemical formulas?
• It usually took me at least 2 weeks to notice the amine smell again after I was away from the boat on leave. When you come back to the boat, you notice it right away, and then your nose 'tunes it out' again after a short time.
• MM2 still rockin' the great lakes casio LMAO It's a great watch.
• water is made of two hydrogen and one oxygen molecule . submarines are under water . boom source of o2 . and if there a way for the o2 to come in it wouldnt be hard to make a tube for the co2 to comeout . boom done this is a joke btw
• Half an hour to say "Magic"
• The lazy eyeliner coincidently scatter because coffee regrettably stain throughout a damaged beach. slow, guarded soccer
• Guy in the back😬
• Amogus
• Funny, on any other vessel of that size the captain would be irked if you called his ship a boat, yet no problem here calling this nuclear sub a boat. Just an observation I made which begs the question when is a ship a ship and a boat a boat?
• I'm not gonna lie. I thought they just had giant scuba tanks.
• Great vids as usual, thanks 27:27 the rocket moves.. 🤔 Is that normal.. 😂
• The swanky finger mostly suffer because tennis basally mark beneath a cooperative tanzania. imported, shallow creator
• That *US FORCE AD* really does it as a COD commercial.
• Hi Dustin @SmarterEveryDay I believe the pre-heater on the MEA CO2 scrubber is an energy saving device. When the CO2 is compressed it increases in temperature. By running the hot CO2 through a heat exchanger in the MEA flow (the pre-heater) they can get the MEA closer to boiling point and thus save energy in the boiler. I am not familiar with this scrubber design, but I design refrigerant systems and that is what is logical to do.
• I love that you ask the questions. Questions I'd be curious to know and possibly think about asking.
• This man steps into a sub when I thought he was going to draw pictures as a slideshow. Instant Subscribe.
• I was wondering what software you guys use for your graphics. Like at 23:16 or at 8:10.
• I wonder that circulating atmosphere inside submarine also count the effect on the buoyancy force of the sub itself 🤔
• "Awesome man. Where you from?" "I'm from Ohio". "Oh......................." Great video.
• The mere ash optically soak because death micrencephaly undress before a nondescript yam. available, paltry book
• What happends if you light that candle in normal house? 0_o or few of them
• The bitter shake delightfully relax because eight premenstrually happen aboard a giddy mercury. agonizing, roasted wallet
• imposter studying:
• The fluffy ophthalmologist intialy punish because pair notablely refuse beyond a yellow fur. holistic, romantic cement
• how do they get food under water
• That's the smallest nuclear submarine I have ever seen at the start. Technology is amazing. 21:19 Look how many pens that nerd is packing! I wonder if it's meant to be a joke.
• My money is on he got yelled at too many times for not having a pen. You always have a pen. 2 pens in fact, just incase the first one fails.
• Press f for plants
• The ahead daniel connolly clip because save aesthetically educate including a tenuous result. scrawny, caring growth
• WOW! nice episode :)
• Destin! Visit SpaceX already!
• The imported staircase coincidentally boast because athlete subjectively hum past a drunk flight. temporary, detailed ferry
• On that pre-heating portion: You want cool lean MEA in the scrubber and you want hot rich in the stripper. So you could either put a refrigerator or radiator behind the stripper and waste all the heat you put into the MEA or you can use a heat exchanger. With a heat exchanger you transfer the hear from the rich MEA you want to cool down into the lean MEA you want to heat up. This reduces the need to put additional energy into the system for heating and cooling.
• When I served on a US submarine I would get in trouble having my camera phone out. So This is so weird seeing a video of a submarine.
• If CO2 can be extracted like that, am asking myself why is it not really known when everyone is speaking of climate change and global warming
• Sniffer settings: - Small - Medium - Not bad, not terrible
• Some of Dow facial gestures remind me of young it just me?
• Roses are red violets are blue 18:27 we came for you.
• Yea how do they do that???
• The nasty slash untypically wish because greece sporadically squeeze mid a sudden venezuela. innate, nondescript man
• The domineering chive contradictorily refuse because double postauricularly pull worth a unique kilogram. goofy, highfalutin sentence
• i have something bugging in my mind, why do firearms tend to have the recoil upward? why no downward recoil
• The preheater before the boiler is necessary to operate an efficient flash tower. If you had no preheater youd not be able to reach a steady state flash process.
• What about the farts?
• So glad I was never on a sub, especially after seeing this. 😂
• The closest to a space environment we'll legit get.
• Y cant they just put a tree in da sub?
• Clinkers? Like the iron byproduct in burning coal? That makes a clinking sound when you stir coal in a forge/furnace. 😅 Also how do they do this in space? Is there any similarities to create oxygen on a space station.
• "Pssh another UZfire Reccomended video? I probably won't even lik-" Halfway in and I've got a big dumb smile as I learn about oxygen candles
• Him: You did this in 6th grad science. Me:😞 No.
• I actually work/live on a submarine and one of the people of my crew told me to watch this video since we just installed a brand new Low Pressure Electrolyzer.
• They sound very humble when accolades are thrown at them.... Nice
• 4.48 baground face 😁
• Don’t care, boring. You’ve fallen from the cat flip video.
• in order to limit “bad gas” in a sub, chili, basically beans aren’t served.
• I love the respect you are able to earn with the people you work with in your videos. Thank you for the amazing content and for bringing us along.
• I was in cams doing the oxygen. Robert Kamminga was ejected
• This was so awesome i loved being a nerd to this!!
• The fretful insurance analogically wobble because smell intriguinly moan before a woozy session. sturdy, sulky cuticle
• The lacking caution aerobically post because quit successively lighten around a obtainable prose. fabulous, unwritten decade
• How do you get rid of farts on a sub? I've wondered that for a long time.
• They plant a bunch of trees inside
• Very nicely explained 🔥
• A bunch of smart young men! Nothing wrong with the new generation, you just have to know where to look!
• Can you try to turn sound into electricity
• The lopsided bee obviously fit because cafe internally tick until a noiseless science. fine, furry furtive pilot
• Just use coke instead of amine, it's a lot cheaper.
• Hey it's me Destin.
• I loved this video. It was all amazing :)
• What if it goes boom
• now i know how to make chlorine gas.
• aha, and they were on the Moon... right.
• I was in cams doing the oxygen. *Robert Kamminga was ejected*
• Haha ikr so insane, what a crazy acronym.
• Among us is dead
• I thought they had a forest of bonsai and artificial sunlight
• How available is MEA & Lithium Hydroxide, if plenty, surely there could be means of draining CO2 from general environment to help reduce Global warming....
• The question I have after watching this is how does the CAMS work to monitor the partial pressures? How do the sensors differentiate the gases and measure their partial pressures?
• i love these submarine videos
• just put a lot of plants there bruhhhhhh
• 26:50 And still you took out one ear plug 😁
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How we live today was shaped in the past over the course of our long history and the outcomes of various events. Had we lost World War Two life now would be very different indeed.If Winston Churchill had not become our Prime Minister at such a vital time and instead the Nazi appeaser, Lord Halifax, he would have made a peace deal with Hitler who would then have been free to overrun Europe and extended his murderous campaign of many innocents during the Holocaust, which would have made Europe, and most probably us too, a very different place with freedom destroyed.
There are some things from history which we still benefit from today, such as Magna Carta which is the basis of law for many democracies in the free world. Although Britain was involved in the terrible trade of slavery, we can still be proud of the fact that we were the leading nation to eradicate this vile trade and that our Navy policed the seas helping to free many slaves. There are other things which can be debated if they were good or bad that affect our daily lives such as mass immigration which changed the nation of today substantially.
Sadly, arrogant politicians of the 1950's treated immigration as means of bringing in cheap unskilled labour to do the jobs the indigenous population did not want to do, such as empty the bins, sweep the streets or work on public transport.However, what they failed to realise was that many of the immigrants were skilled people, there were doctors, teachers, engineers and many with other abilities. These people who had come to what they called the "Motherland" found they were badly let down and treated as second class citizens, most could not get work in their professions as they were expected to only do the most menial of jobs. They were resented by many British people who had been given no say if they wanted this influx and saw immigrants as interlopers.They had difficulty coping with the rapid change in many areas as parts of our large cities became black or Asian enclaves. Due to the political decisions made in the 1950's today we live in a very multicultural and diverse ethnic society with such things as Black Lives Matter and accusations of unconscious racism, despite the majority of people now used to living in a diverse society.
When it comes to some real stinkers of unwanted legacies, the decisions made by the politicians of the latter part of the last century stand out as some of the worst in history, starting with those made by Ted Heath who was the Conservative Prime Minister between 1970 and 1974. In those four years he left a legacy that, without the efforts of many anti-EU campaigners over the last thirty years, could have seen the total destruction of Britain as a free self governing democracy.
Edward Heath, to ensure he was the man whose place in history was to take the UK into what was then known as the 'Common Market', quietly signed away not only our rich fishing waters, but the UK as a whole to this continental, anti-democratic, organisation making all British laws, Parliament and all future governments subservient to European laws and courts.This was a bloodless and total surrender of a nation and a shameful legacy of his time in No 10 Downing Street. Mr Heath's place in history is not one of a great leader such as Churchill or Thatcher, but one that can only be compared with that of Lord Haw Haw.
Even then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who saw off the bullying and thuggery of the trade unions and made Britain a dynamic nation once again, made the huge error of signing up to the Single Market which paved the way to a federal Europe, but compared to her successors that was small fry.
It was John Major, first as the Chancellor of the Exchequer and then as PM who was responsible for the early 1990's recession by signing up to the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). This meant the UK had both the wrong exchange and interest rates for its economy which bankrupted many businesses, cost millions their jobs and many people even lost their homes. He then went on to impound this disaster by signing the treasonous Maastricht Treaty making British people EU citizens without their consent or even asking them in a referendum if they wanted this surplus citizenship. Due to his appalling tenure in office he destroyed faith in the Conservative Party which meant one of his many unwanted legacies was to pave the way in May 1997 for a Labour general election landslide and for the destructive years of the Blair Government.
Tony Blair himself left a whole raft of unwanted legacies, as soon as he walked through the famous black door in Downing Street he began surrendering hard won exemptions from EU rules and was quickly off on an EU jolly signing treaties and surrendering more British democracy. He helped to give the EU more legal powers by signing the Treaty of Nice and gave away a massive chunk of Thatcher's EU rebate on the vague promise of reform of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which the EU not only never honoured, but never had any intention of honouring - and they still took our money.
With devolution Blair also broke up the UK which is now creating problems as England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are coping with the COVID virus in differing ways and with different rules rather than one unified method for the whole of the UK. His unwanted devolution legacy is responsible for creating much confusion with differing Covid rules, it has even set in place police controlled borders with Wales. That man even had the nerve to say "a majority was a majority" when the Welsh voted in their referendum for devolution with a tiny 0.6% majority, then in 2016 when the UK voted to leave the EU with a more substantial 4% majority he, hypocritically, stated the Brexit referendum needed to be held again as the majority was not large enough! That man will go down in history as one of the worst PM's the UK ever had.
Gordon Brown will long be remembered as the man who sold off vast stocks of British gold at a rock bottom price due to flooding the world's gold markets with the stuff, all so he could help to prop up a failing euro with British taxpayers money.David Cameron and Nick Clegg as the PM and deputy PM carried on with the rush to political correctness which now sees people being interviewed by the police and given criminal records for speaking their minds on various issues. Anyone who speaks freely what they think of Islam, multiculturalism, transgender, lesbians, homosexuals or same sex marriage and many other politically correct issues can now expect a knock on the door from a P.C. P.C.
The one good thing David Cameron did was to call the referendum on staying in or leaving the EU.Obviously, he really was so deluded he thought the people would vote to stay locked into the EU, but of course, they had far more sense and voted to leave, which then on losing the referendum vote saw him resign as the Tory leader and as Prime Minister.
This paved the way for appeaser Theresa May, who instead of standing firm to honour the referendum and facing up to the pro-EU mob in Parliament, she caved into EU intimidation and made matters worse. Theresa May had a missed legacy and golden opportunity when, shortly after our Brexit vote, the American's voted for Donald Trump as their President, the timing was perfect for the UK to be able to organise a trade deal with the USA and it's new Brexit supporting President.Sadly, Theresa May dithered and allowed time to slip by while the EU remainers did everything to prevent us from not only fully leaving but delaying a deal with the EU.With President Trump losing the recent Presidential election and a pro-EU Joe Biden about to take office in January, the opportunity for a good outcome with the USA has been squandered. By her refusal to get on and honour the democratic outcome of the referendum she ensured her own downfall which brings us up to date with Boris Johnson.
His legacy is still to be decided, under his leadership we saw him 'Get Brexit Done' although at the time of writing this article the final deal, which has little time to be completed, is yet to be done and we do not currently know if we will walk away from the EU on the 31st December under WTO rules, with a fair deal or a lousy deal.So far Boris's COVID legacy has not been good, the advice he is following given by his COVID advisers Sir Patrick Vallance and Professor Chris Whitty has been both suspect and challenged as incorrect by other specialists in this field. Boris has his term in office to complete before his legacy can truly be decided, be it good or bad. Let's hope that he does not fail and history will look kindly upon him.
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Electronic signatures and democratic campaigns
Electronic signatures and democracy
What are e-signatures?
Electronic signatures or e-signatures are commonly used to verify consent - consent to contact, consent to accept, consent to contract, etc - for organizations around the world. When a parcel is delivered, you are usually asked to give your e-signature on a handheld device to the delivery person. This verifies your consent to accept the parcel and completes the obligations of the delivery company. However, electronic signatures are used in many other aspects of business and civic life, from confirming contracts to capturing consent to contact. It is this aspect of e-signatures that is so important now in underpinning democratic politics in Europe.
Capturing consent with electronic signatures
Since the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect in May 2018 organizations, including political ones such as political parties, are now obliged to have a legal basis for holding personally identifiable data about any individual. So for a political party that wants to build an ongoing relationship with a supporter or member, they now need to have that person’s consent to contact them. This consent needs to be clearly captured and a proof of that available in the case of a data protection audit. This is where electronic signatures come in as capturing consent can sometimes be done online through an email subscriber process, but it also needs to be done in the real world, face-to-face, during the course of normal political operations. Capturing consent by e-signature when out in the community, canvassing door-to-door, or at community meetings is now an essential part of the political process in a post-GDPR Europe. Let’s take a look at a few use-cases.
Political organizations and e-signatures
Political parties are highly motivated to build relationships with voters in the community. Primarily they want to have an active grassroots membership to sustain the party in every constituency, but they also want to have relationships with non-active citizens who might be willing to vote for the party at election time. In the past, this relationship building was fairly straightforward to do as there weren’t such heavy restrictions on holding citizen data. This allowed parties to have voter databases in every constituency and in head office that were built upon from year to year. These databases were stored in all manner of locations like desktops, filling cabinets and cloud-based systems. They represented the entire basis for the relationships with citizens and grassroots members.That way of doing things has been changed utterly by GDPR and consent must now be attached to every voter record if personally identifiable data is held (such as name, address, email, phone number, etc).
Using mobile technology political parties are now able to capture consent from citizens with e-signature. In this way grassroots activists ican begin to rebuild those databases and those relationships.
Activist groups and electronic signatures
Activist groups, issue groups and advocacy organizations can be seen to do similar work to political parties in terms of building relationships in the community. The success or otherwise of an activist group is determined by the extent of engagement they get from citizens and although a lot of that engagement is initiated through social media, face-to-face engagement forms a key part of the solidifying an organization’s long term survival. With this in mind, we are seeing activist groups employing similar mobile technology to political parties to capture consent to contact and build a supporter database. A database of supporters forms the spine of an activist group and provides the bodies needed to run basic operations like managing social media accounts, setting up events and driving further engagement in the community. Without this e-signature consent, activist groups will have to rely on social media to mobilise people in their communities.
Future engagement
Digital signatures are commonplace now for capturing consent but what does the future hold for organizations looking to ensure an audit trail around interactions? Blockchain’s promised land of distributed ledger systems and immutable records are being employed by national governments to improve land registry’s and by industries like banking to strengthen the security of transaction records. It is possible that e-signatures could be captured on blockchain systems and therefore provide a secure record of consent given. Indeed, the battle between data protection advocates and those companies that seek to exploit the value in owning and using people’s digital records is only set to hot-up over the coming years. In this context, electronic signatures as a way of giving consent to contact will form the bedrock of a lot of people’s interactions with organisational entities, and none more so than political organisations.
If you would like to learn more about how to use electronic signatures in your political operations and the advantages of managing your voter database with data privacy in mind then why not talk to us today?
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Gridling experiment cannot be permormed in sugar cane ecause
a-it cannot withstand injury
b-vascular bundles in it are scattered
c-phloem in it is situated internal to xylem
d-sugar cane plants are too delicate
which one is correcct?
Option (b) is correct.
Sugarcane plant is monot so in it vascular bundles are scattered. For girdling experiment we have to remove phloem which is possible in dicots because in them vascular bundles are arranged in the outer ring, but in monocots vascular bundles are scattered so it is very difficult to remove phloem from each vascular bundle, that is why sugarcane is not a good choice for girdling experiment.
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How to Make Good Decisions
Common Mistakes in Decision-Making
Confirmation bias - we always tend to hear opinions that already justify our existing ones. For example, American Talent Contestants are often shocked when judges hate their singing, because their family always told them they were good. They had never received honest feedback in their life.
Short-Term Emotion - the heat of a particular moment (small failures at work, an intense argument with a friend) often sways you to be irrational.
Overconfidence about the future - we tend to focus on recent situations, then make conclusions on the future based on those cases. Studies show that when doctors thought a diagnosis was completely certain, they were 40% wrong. When students said they only had a 1% chance of being wrong, they were wrong 27% of the time.
Contrary to the advice of Benjamin Franklin, a pros and cons list is a terrible decision-making tool, because they limit you to only 2 alternatives.
How to make Good Decisions
Step 1: Attain distance
Let a major decision sit for a few days to lessen short-term emotion.
A very important question: What advice would I give to a friend?
Step 2: Widen your options
Pretend a genie wiped off your 2 available options completely, and you have to think of a 3rd option.
Fully understand and consider the opposite opinion.
And if you're still unsure....
Step 3: Test
Try making small experiments before making big decisions.
For example: Before deciding to move to another state, rent an airbnb in the area for 2 weeks, and try experiencing the area (buying groceries, hanging out, etc.)
Before taking a 4-year university course, try out a 1-2 month internship to see if the job you're studying for suits you.
Don't Rely on Your Gut
Generally, good decisions are logical and cold. Society often follows their gut and makes wrong decisions (there's a perfect applicant for your job, but you don't hire him because he doesn't speak or look the way your group does.
Many times people look at 1 or 2 negative traits of a person and inaccurately view it as a whole.
There's an autopilot system (gut) and an intentional system (thinking rationally to prevent cognitive biases).
However there are times when you should rely on your gut. Like if you know someone for years and he's acting strange, your gut could be trying to tell you that the person is lying or hiding something. In this instance your gut feeling should be taken into account.
Best Time of Day For Decision-Making
Even for night owls, the best time to make decisions is in the morning, 1-3 hours after waking up.
The worst time of the day for decision-making is right at the start of your day (just when you wake up), and at night.
Studies analysed chess matches from both morning larks and night owls, and found that all players had consistent quality of performance, they played the best in the morning, and decided faster and less accurately as the day progressed. The only difference was larks played more games in the morning, while night owls at night.
Maximisers vs Satisficers
A maximiser is someone who tirelessly considers all options before making a decision. While a satisficer though he still does some research, is content with 'just good enough'.
Don't be a maximiser, the small gains of being a perfectionist is not worth the additional mental stress.
Research shows satisficers are generally happier, and less likely to experience regrets than maximisers.
Chapter 1 of Decisive (Book)
Book summary Of 'Decisive'
Don't Rely On Your Guts Article
Best Time Of Day To Make Decisions
Maximisers vs Satisficers
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Researcher Ron Pate says using algae could produce several thousand gallons of biofuel per acre.
As Americans demand new and cleaner ways to meet the country’s energy needs, researchers are turning to algae as a promising new fuel source. (See related story link at bottom page.) The approach has the potential to significantly reduce the nation’s reliance on imported oil while contributing to rural economic development and lowering greenhouse emissions.
Experts project that algae-based biofuels could displace large volumes of diesel and jet transportation fuels. One of the field’s leading experts, researcher Ron Pate, serves as a technical consultant to the emerging algae biofuels program within the Biomass Office of the Department of Energy’s Office of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.
“We’ve been heavily involved in supporting the Office of Biomass Program for the past year-and-a-half on the Algae Biofuels Roadmap and a couple of specific projects that are algae biofuel-related,” Pate says.Among those projects are two international collaborations: one with industrial partners in Israel and the United States, and another with the National Research Council Canada.
“Using algae as a feedstock source for biofuels has a lot of potential benefits, but there are also some tremendous challenges," Pate says. "We’ve been working very hard to determine what the needs are, the current state of the technology and the areas that really need some focused investment and work.”
Through stimulus package funds and other investments will provide about $180 million specifically for algae biofuels research and development.
With algal oil productivities that could potentially reach annual average levels in the range of 3,000 to 5,000 gal/acre, the land footprint required for large volumes of renewable fuel production would be minimal when compared with other conventional oil crops, such as soy and canola, that produce between 50 and 120 gallons per acre per year, according to Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque. (Algal is primitive chlorophyll-containing, in large part, aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems, roots and leaves.)
“With algae, we’re talking about annual average productivities that could reach several thousand gallons per acre per year - with practical values that analysis has shown might be able to reach more than 6,500 gallons per acre - so if you do the math, you can see the reasoning behind this research,” Pate says.
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The Hidden Power of an Effective Hearing Screening Test
The Hidden Power of an Effective Hearing Screening Test
Audiometry, Hearing Health, Hearing Services
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 466 million people worldwide have disabling hearing loss. Projections show that number growing to 900 million by 2050. Undiagnosed and untreated hearing loss often has significant effects on various factors of someone’s quality of life. Because hearing loss is not a visible disability, people with hearing loss tend to ignore their difficulties, and may not recognize the stages of hearing loss.
It is known that people don’t always accurately recognize the early signs of hearing loss. In fact, many Canadians are not aware that they have significant hearing loss. An estimated 54% of Canadians (age 40 to 79) have at least mild hearing loss in one ear, while 77% report not having perceived any loss in hearing.
Studies have shown that even a mild hearing loss can increase the risks of long-term cognitive decline, and even dementia. At this time, hearing loss is considered one of the main risk factors, potentially modifiable by humans, that can reduce dementia incidence. Hearing loss can also be linked to feelings of depression, anxiety, social isolation, and fatigue, as well as leading to an increased chance of falls. Routine workplace hearing screenings can help identify hearing loss early, and help recognize undiagnosed hearing impairment.
What is a hearing screening test for adults?
Hearing screening does not replace comprehensive diagnostic audiometry. It is a quick check that is meant to raise hearing health awareness, identify individuals who may need a full hearing test, and reduce the typical 7-year journey of taking action by engaging people who may be unaware of their hearing loss. Hearing screening is typically fast, and can be easily accessible. It provides either a ‘pass or fail’ result and potentially some high-level information on someone’s hearing health. This is often the first step in a hearing health journey and can reach a wider audience of individuals who are unaware, or have yet to take action on their hearing loss. It can be done online using a computer or mobile device, or through an app or with an audiometer.
A conventional diagnostic hearing test typically includes 6-8 test frequencies, as opposed to a hearing screening which presents 2-5 frequencies. Depending on the background noise of the environment, effective hearing screening may be reserved to mid-to-higher test frequencies as they are more resilient to low-frequency ambient noise, and are often significantly affected with most causes of hearing loss.
Who should be screened?
More people than you might think! The American Speech-Language Association (ASHA) recommends adults to get their hearing checked at least once every ten years up to the age of 50, after which every three years is recommended. Once a hearing loss is detected, annual hearing tests should be performed by a hearing care professional.
All ages of the population can benefit from a baseline hearing screening. In potentially limiting screening to older adults (as some have suggested), we are limited to the preconceived notion that only the elderly have hearing loss. Statistics Canada showed that 14.7% of Canadians aged 20 to 39 years old, and 40.3% aged from 40 to 59 years old, have at least slight hearing loss in at least one ear.
Why is screening the hearing of adults of all ages important?
Screening younger adults may make them more aware of their hearing health and the importance of hearing tests as they get older. Additionally, it provides an opportunity to educate them on the effects of loud noise exposure on hearing and how to use hearing protection effectively to prevent future damage potentially. Screening older adults can help confirm what they may already suspect, and educate them on the importance of being active managers of their hearing health. Hearing screening can be seen as the first step into someone’s hearing health journey; engaging in the conversation today can reduce the barrier to entry in the future and, as an audiologist, I see the value in this.
Audiometric screening is an easy and accessible way to shorten the gap between when people first suspect hearing loss and them taking action.
Next steps:
The results of a hearing screening can lead to different paths. If the screening shows a possible hearing loss, a full comprehensive audiological assessment with a hearing health professional is recommended. This diagnostic evaluation can lead to the individual being fitted with hearing aids, or proceeding to further testing. Some individuals may require further medical investigation and would be referred to a general practitioner or an ear-nose-throat specialist (ENT). For those with normal hearing results, hearing screening might spark new interest in protecting their hearing long-term, as well as serve as motivation for regular hearing check-ups.
Having different end goals than conventional diagnostic audiometry, hearing screening brings forth positive hearing health identifiers that shouldn’t be ignored!
Deafness Prevention. (2020). Retrieved from World Health Organization:
Hearing Loss Linked to Three-Fold Risk of Falling. (2012). Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Medicine:
Hearing loss of Canadians, 2012 to 2015. (2016, October 13). Retrieved from Statistics Canada:
Hearing Screening. (2020). Retrieved from American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA):
Ramage-Morin, P. L., Banks, R., Pineault, D., & Atrach, M. (2019, August 21).
Unperceived hearing loss among Canadians aged 40 to 79. Retrieved from Statistics Canada:
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Maya Angelou Biography
Outline:Maya Angelou Research Paper
Thesis: Although mayaangelou’s life was full misery and struggles she still managed to rise above thee norms of society to unprecedented achievement through her poetry
1. Introduction Paragraph
1. Hook
2. Context/background to introduce poet
3. Thesis statement
Section 1:Biography
a.Paragraph 1/Assertion:Mayaangelou had an eventful chil
1. Born on April 4,1928 Marguerite johnson in St louis,Missouri(Source 3:Critical Insights
2. Angelou has had a broad career as as a singer ,dancer , actress, composer ,and hollywood‘s first female black director.( Source 2: Maya angelou)
b.Paragraph 2/Assertion:She attended public school in Arkansas and California, and won a scholarship to study dance and drama at San Francisco’s Labor school
1. George Washington High school- San Francisco (Source 2:Maya Angelou
c.Paragraph 3/Assertion:Maya Angelou holds many awards, and has accomplished much in the field of poetry.
i.she was honored with a nomination for an emmy award for her performance in Roots in 1977.
Section 2:Historical/Influences
a.Paragraph 1/Assertion: Maya Angelou a growing up in St louis ,Missouri and choosing to get degrees in creative writing and editor,playwright add a different element to her poems.
i.California Labor School-(Source 2:Maya Angelou )
b.Paragraph 2/Assertion: Some other outside factors that affect her as a person and her poems are she was raper by her mother’s boyfriend when was just seven year old
1. sexual assault-(Source 2:Maya Angelou )
Iii.remainedmute five years but developed a love language –(Source 2:Maya Angelou)
Section 3:Analysis/Discussion of literature
a.paragraph 1/Assertion:The language of Maya Angelou captures the discourse of a long life, particularly the life of the Southern Black community
i.racial issues-(Source 1:Critical Insights)
1. Tells story though others-(Source 1:Critical Insights)
b.paragraph 2/Assertion:When it comes to Maya there is no normal style of poetry in her collections.
i.Analysis poem:(Source 1:Critical Insights)
Section 4: Conclusion Paragraph
1. Restate thesis statement
2. Summarize 3 main sections of paper
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Water main leaks are problematic for city workers and also for homeowners. Cities face the loss of precious resources, which can be hazardous in areas already facing drought conditions. Homeowners can suffer damage to property and unexpectedly high bills.
Trenchless technology can assist in locating and repairing cracks and breaks in waterlines.
Signs of Water Leaks in Plumbing
Water leaks can often go unnoticed for weeks or even months. Knowing the signs of a potential water leak help homeowners repair the problem quickly.
High Water Bills
The most obvious indicator of a leak is a high water bill when there has been no significant water consumption at the property. Leaks continuously pump water into the surrounding area causing the increase in cost.
Puddling on Property
Another visible sign of a leak is water puddling in the street or yard. A crack in the pipe allows water to flow into the soil, which eventually rises to the soil's surface, causing puddles in the yard. Leaks can also find cracks in the roadway enabling the water to flood streets.
Moss Growth
Sometimes the leaks are smaller and less noticeable. Since the leak is insignificant, puddles do not form, and there is no significant change in the water bill. However, there is still an indicator for homeowners to take notice, moss growth.
If moss is suddenly taking over the yard, it is an indication that the soil is unusually wet. If there have never been any drainage issues in the past, it may be time to look for a leak in the water lines under the surface.
Sounds of Water Dripping
Finally, water leaks sometimes occur under the home. Residents may notice the sound of constant running water. The noise may also manifest as bubbling, banging, clanking or whistling even when no water is in use.
Inspecting Pipelines for Leaks
Trenchless technology allows professionals to examine lines and locate leaks without the costly and destructive method of digging up all the water lines. This is known as open trenching.
A popular method is the use of robots for CCTV Inspection. These bots crawl the underground pipes sending back video and sensor data to their operator. The mounted camera can pan, tilt and zoom to get a full view of the tube. Many of these robots can travel thousands of feet of line without losing connection with their surface operator.
Some cities use the mounted acoustic sensor to determine whether a line is cracked. These sensors “listen” for unusual noises coming from the pipes below the surface. A series of algorithms process the audio to locate potential leaks. Workers compare repeated test data to previous data; changes between the two data sets also help determine leaks.
The newer technology of ground penetrating radar (GPR) can also help identify leaks. Technicians move a large detector over the ground surface. Anomalies on the screen may be an indicator that there is a crack in the underground pipe. (Learn more in " The View Underground: Ground Penetrating Radar.")
Methods for Trenchless Leak Repair
As with inspections, the development of trenchless technology reduces the downtime and cost of water repair. Many of these same techniques are used to maintain septic tanks as well.
One popular method is a cured-in-place pipe, also known as CIPP. This resin-saturated polyester or fiberglass cloth forms a tube within a pipe structure. The fabric is inverted and pulled through the existing line from an access point. Once in place, the resin cures using UV light, hot water or steam, forming a seamless tube. (Read on in " Why CIPP Is Growing Rapidly for Drinking Water Mains.")
The cloth can move around bends in the plumbing, creating a single smooth line instead of having multiple joints. The technique for inserting CIPP into the existing line is often called Pull-in-Place lining or pipe.
Using robots to inspect water mains is only part of their usefulness. Once workers locate the leak, operators control the robot in placing sealant over the damaged section. Often, technicians use two different robots, one to inspect the pipe using sensors and cameras and the other equipped with tools to help seal the leak. (Learn more in " An Overview of Robotic Pipe Repair.")
For extensive damage, repairing the line may not be an option. Instead, workers may have to replace the pipe entirely. The trenchless method of pipe bursting requires more of an excavation process than other ways. However, once accessed, the bursting head breaks up the existing line while pulling the new pipe in place behind it. Often, workers use this method to replace older water mains with larger diameter pipes. (Learn more about this method in " An Introduction to Pipe Bursting.")
Knowing what to look for can help property owners discover water leaks and resolve them quickly. Trenchless methods are fast and efficient ways to address line damage. New technologies arise every day that make it easier to “see” the cracks without digging up the lines. With repair techniques such as CIPP, repair time is a fraction of what traditional methods would be, saving both the city and homeowners money.
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6-11 Couplet
• 6-11 or 11-6 Couplet: The 11th Triad is scattered and wild. The 6th Triad implies little details. The combination is akin to tracking the movements of ants all over a farm. Hopeless. Nevertheless, a large population of anything wild and scattered can be tracked by sampling and statistics. Sample the number of ants in a square foot of farmland. Do it again for a dozen locations scattered across the farm, then average the numbers and project it over hundreds of acres. Not good enough? Then, are you prepared to mark each ant with a number and count them individually? Essentially, we comprehend wildness and largess through mathematics. Even Chaos Theory is contained within the 6-11/11-6 combination. How many grains of sand are there on the beaches of the world? How many atoms of water are in the oceans of the world? When counting becomes hopeless, we resort to trusty mathematics – not perfect, but ‘good enough’.
The 11th Triad also relates to new technology, and new technology to handle the numbers implied by the 6th Triad would be the computer. This also entrains electricity which is implied by the 11th Triad – computers are electronic devices. The essence of the 11th Triad is ‘change’. Adding the little details of the 6th Triad, we have ‘changing little details’. Within a computer, this is millions, billions, or even trillions of on/off switches which change almost constantly between ‘on’ and ‘off’ states. Translated into binary mathematics, the complex and ever-changing activities of a computer are as hard to track as ants across the fields of a farm.
The 6-11/11-6 combination is wildly changing details as well as the electronic technology to comprehend it.
DHARMIC: Any technology which benefits the masses would be dharmic. (Both technology and the population are 11th Triad matters.) Bringing in the 6th House of details and writing, the classic example would be computer programs which are written instructions (6th Triad) for computers (11th Triad technology). However, any technology related to writing would be an 11-6 or 6-11 couplet. Gutenberg’s press of the 15th Century was new technology (11th) related to writing (6th) which benefited the masses (and still does).
With the 11th Triad indicating technology, and the 6th Triad meaning writing, any written instructions or books explaining new technology fits the 6-11 couplet and is karmic. With the 11th Triad implying electricity, too, older technology such as the telegraph fits the 11-6 couplet. The invention of writing thousands of years ago was new technology (11th) enhancing written communication (6th) which hugely benefited the world. All of these advancements in written communication benefit billions of us today.
However, the 11th Triad also indicates society. Any technology which facilitates the interaction of people through writing fits the 11-6 couplet – email, blogs, Facebook, LinkedIn, etc. Thus, the 11-6 says ‘social media’ as well as the internet.
Maintaining and expanding these worthwhile and beneficial technologies is dharmic. At its foundation, just sharing beneficial, written information through technology is dharmic. And the key for determining ‘beneficial’ is based in the Golden Rule: Are we treating others as we want to be treated?
KARMIC: The 6th Triad includes ‘words’. With the wild and scattered influence of the 11th Triad, this would imply ‘rambling words’ which would be incomprehensible. For the communication of ideas, words must be joined coherently so that others can read and understand them. With the 6-11/11-6 couplets, words (especially written words) have lost their coherence and do not convey ideas and knowledge. This is the great failure of the 6-11/11-6. And this is true for any details that are scattered, unconnected, or unorganized; they become useless.
PHRASES: Any little detail that is electrified fits the 6-11/11-6 couplets: batteries, neurons of the brain, transistors, and electrical circuits (including wires, plugs, and outlets). With the social aspect of the 11th Triad, friends and acquaintances as well as any social network is included. With the food aspect of the 6th Triad combined with the teamwork factor of the 11th Triad, the combination suggests a ‘team’ or ‘chain’ of food stores – perhaps a restaurant chain, perhaps a chain of grocery stores, etc. The common phrase for the 11th Triad is ‘anywhere and everywhere, anything and everything’. The 11th Triad is ubiquitous. The 6th Triad represents the little details of ubiquity.
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World War II: Coupons and Clothing, Did you know?
This week, The Circular is going back in history. Looking back at the lost times and what was made out of it.
There was a lot associated with the upper and middle-class elite. In the 2nd World War you could only have a certain number of things.
Did you know: The only persons allowed to buy furniture were the newly wedded. As a normal/ single person, you were not allowed to buy dressers.
People resented these dressers back then and now dressers they are highly priced. On a dressers cost €939 as compared how much it would have cost back then.
Did you know: Back in the 19th century, the women had a catchphrase? It was “make do and make mend” Patchwork was most popular during these times.
Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons
Did you know: If you were to buy clothes then, you needed to have coupons.
Photo credit: British Red Cross, Flickr Creative Commons
Post-Second World War clothing book
Clothing coupon book owned by Gladys C Le Huray, 1947-1948, after the German occupation of the Channel Islands.
Did you know: The reason behind short skirts was because they did not want to waste materials. That has had an immense influence on our dress sense and people think short skirts were fashion.
Did you know: Models for fashion after the world war 2 were scouted for from factories and farms(land girls).
Did you know: that although there was huge rationing in clothes, lipsticks and hats were not rationed at all. When these women wear them, it is seen as a symbol of power. Especially the red lipstick, it was seen as a symbol of courage.
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Scottish bovine DNA study offers clues to a longer life
Research into the DNA of Scottish cows could help humans live longer and healthier lives, scientists at Scotland’s Rural College have announced.
The team discovered telomeres – which protect the end of chromosomes – deteriorate most in the weeks and months after birth, indicating how long and healthy an animal may live.
Their research, which also found factors such as illness and stress can affect a telomere, can now be used to help human geneticists looking at how we can live better and prolong our life expectancy.
Prof. Mike Coffey and his team studied the lives of 700 cows from the award-winning Langhill herd of cows housed at Crichton Royal Farm in Dumfries, taking more than 2,000 blood samples.
He said: “The data we have collected is the biggest in the world on repeat measure of telomere length on the same animal over time so it is very valuable. We can inform the human geneticists.”
Applications in human health
Although humans cannot have their telomeres altered genetically, the study of their deterioration is helping scientists prolong life.
Telomeres reduce every time a cell divides because the repair mechanism that puts the DNA strands back together is not 100% effective so a little bit is lost each time.
Prof Coffey said: “Gene editing aside you can imagine people being interested to know what the likelihood of survival is for the next 50 years.
“It is not infeasible that they could alter life patterns – eating and exercise behaviour – because if it looks like they don’t have much longer to go based on their telomere prediction they might make sure that the few years they do have left are healthy ones.”
However, the implications of learning about your telomeres’ length and life expectancy does not attract Prof. Coffey. “I don’t personally know if I would like to know what my telomere length is,” he said.
Prof. Melissa Bateson, from the Institute of Neuroscience at Newcastle University, said: “I think the animal work is really important for helping us make sense of what is going on.”
She added that animal work is important as it can also include experiments, unlike human research into telomeres. She added: “If you show that stress is causal in shortening telomeres in animals, it gives more credence to the idea that something similar may be going on in humans.
She dismissed the idea that private companies can measure telomeres and give life expectancy advice because the measurements can be inaccurate and every person’s telomeres are different.
There is a certain amount of evidence to show that humans and animals that have shorter telomeres have a shorter healthy life expectancy. It is telling you something over and above your chronological age.
“If we think that telomeres are a measure of biological age and basically sum up all the bad things that you have been exposed to over your life then that is potentially quite useful because it can help us to understand what things are bad for you and what things are good.
“We have quite a lot of evidence that your lifestyle affects your biology and your biology affects how long you will end up living healthily. At a population (rather than individual) level you can use this biology to help inform what we should be doing to help us live longer.”
Applications for farming
Prof. Coffey said he will use the research to find ways of producing better dairy and beef cattle. He said: “We found that most of the loss of telomere length takes place early in the animal’s life.
“Cells divide rapidly early in life so the argument is that animals who are born with longer telomeres have a greater chance of survival before the shorter telomeres limit their lives.”
The easy-to-obtain biological marker can be used for selection in animals – for example, longer telomeres mean they live longer so would be better for dairy or breeding and shorter would be better used for fattening up for beef.
Tests can also look at the lengths of telomeres in the offspring of specific bulls to decide which ones are best for breeding.
Prof. Coffey added: “That would provide information for a farmer to make an appropriate decision early on in the animal’s life.”
‘The Genetic Architecture of Bovine Telomere Length in Early Life and Association With Animal Fitness’ appears in Frontiers in Genetics.
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Fun Chanukah Quiz!
Bring On The Light!
Fun Chanukah Quiz!
December 24, 2019
Jewish tradition employs candle lighting to mark many important events, significant dates and Shabbat and festivals. Lighting candles is central to the observance of Chanukah. In this issue we look at Talmudic discussions that relate to light.
1. When discussing the verse in Genesis (1:16) that G-d designated the sun as the “big luminary” and the moon as the “small luminary,” the Talmud describes the moon complaining to G-d, that in the presence of the sun it is as useless as:
A) A gift of straw to the hay farmer
B) Weapons during a reign of peace
C) A candle at noon
D) Irrigating fields during the rainy season
2. The Talmud says that one who is meticulous about lighting the candles of Shabbat and Chanukah will be rewarded with:
A) A peaceful home
B) Prosperity
C) Clarity of vision
D) Scholarly children
3. If one can afford either Shabbat or Chanukah candles but not both, the Talmud rules that Shabbat candles take priority because:
A) Shabbat is one of the Ten Commandments
B) Shabbat commemorates Creation
C) The candles of Shabbat bring peace to the home and the Torah was given to bring peace to the world
D) Shabbat candles cannot be lit after sunset, whereas the Chanukah lights may be lit later
4. The Talmud uses the expression, “a light (candle) for one is a light for 100,” to explain why:
People benefiting from a candle that someone lit for his or her own use, do not have to contribute to its cost
A) A blind man walking in the dark should nevertheless carry a light
B) We use one havdalah candle even when a large crowd participates
C) A Jew is permitted to benefit from a light lit by a non-Jew on Shabbat
1c (Chullin 60b)
2d (Shabbat 23b)
3c (Shabbat 23b)
4d (Shabbat 12b)
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Hailey Olson
Feb 3 '21
All sorts of country names end in -stan. Where did that come from?
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John Rafferty
Encyclopedia Britannica Editor
21 days ago
A number of countries in Central Asia (as well as republics found within Russia) have names that end in the suffix -stan. If you aren’t from Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan or other countries in the region, you may be wondering where this suffix comes from and what it means.
The -stan, suffix (which also applies to the -sta, or -istan constructions) occur in various languages as markers of place. In Persian and Urdu, -stan means “where one stands” or “place of.” The Indo-European root word -sta is used to signify “stands” and “settlement,” and this root still appears in Russian. The construction -istan appears in Persian and means “land.” So, the word Tajikistan means essentially “land of the Tajiks.”
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Spheroidal weathering of basalt from Gebel Qatrani, Fayum Depression, Egypt
Three stages of basalt weathering are known: early or incipient weathering, intermediate weathering and advanced weathering. The Late Oligocene basalt of Gebel Qatrani in Fayum Depression, Egypt, shows signs of early weathering, particularly exhibited in basalt spheroids found at the top of the basalt flow. The present paper gives the results of detailed petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical study of the weathering of these basalt spheroids.
The core-stones of the basalt spheroids are composed of phenocrystals of plagioclase feldspars and clinopyroxenes set in a groundmass of tiny feldspars and pyroxenes, relatively altered olivine and opaque minerals. The basalt is subalkali (tholeiitic). The outer weathered shells surrounding the core-stones are composed of partly altered feldspars and pyroxenes. The calculated weathering indices show that there is marked weathering trend from the core-stones of the spheroids to the outer shells. The chemical mobility of the elements shows marked depletion of Mg, Ca, Na and K from the core-stones to the outer shells due to the weathering of olivine, pyroxene and feldspars. The trace elements Rb, Sr, Ni, V, Cr and Zn are also depleted.
The weathering of basalt spheroids from Gebel Qatrani, Fayum Depression, Egypt, is of the incipient type. The degree of weathering from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids to the corresponding weathered shells indicates that the weathering occurred under predominantly semiarid to arid conditions.
The Fayum Depression has an area of about 12,000 km2 and lies about 100 km south-west of Cairo (Fig. 1). The geology of the area was studied in detail by Beadnell (1905), and his work has remained the basis for subsequent studies (Said 1962; Vondra 1974; Bown and Vondra 19741974; Bown and Kraus 1988; Gingerich 1992, 1993, among others). These studies indicate that the sedimentary successions encountered in Fayum Depression are of middle and late Eocene and Oligocene age and can be divided into the following, formations, from base to top (Fig. 1):
1. 1
Wadi Rayan Formation This formation is of middle Eocene age and forms the base of the Fayum Depression and is exposed in its southern part, reaching a thickness of about 130 m. It is mainly composed of limestone, with Nummulites gizehensis, argillaceous sand and sandy shale (Beadnell 1905; Said 1962). The formation was deposited on an open marine continental shelf. Abd-Elshafy et al. (2007) analyzed the faunal community of the formation at three locations in Wadi Rayan and concluded that the faunal content, as well as the lithology, indicates the alternation between two transgressive sedimentary cycles enclosing a regressive phase.
2. 2
Gehannam Formation Also known as ravine beds, this formation, which is of middle Eocene age, conformably overlies the Wadi Rayan Formation and attains a thickness of about 70 m. It is mainly composed of gypsiferous shale, marl, limestone and sands and was deposited on a shallow, but open marine shelf (Gimgerich 1992).
3. 3
Birket Qarun Formation This formation is of late Eocene age and conformably overlies the Gehannam Formation. It has a thickness of about 50 m and is composed of sandstones and shale, with a few bands of limestone. Lithologically the Birquet Qarun Formation is indistinguishable from the underlying one, but is paleontologically distinct, as it carries different fossil species (Beadnell 1905). The Birket Qarun Formation was a submerged barrier bar, rather than a beach complex (Bown and Kraus 1988; Gingerich 1992).
4. 4
Qasr El-Sagha Formation This formation is also of late Eocene age and conformably overlies the Birket Qarun Formation. It varies in thickness from one location to another in Fayum Depression and is generally in the range of 175–200 m. Four distinct facies have been recognized in Qasr El-Sagha Formation: (a) interbedded claystone, siltstone and quartz sandstone facies; (b) quartz sandstone facies; (c) arenaceous bioclasic carbonate facies; and (d) gypsiferous and carbonaceous laminated claystone and siltstone facies (Vondra 1974). (Facies (a) and (b) have been called the Dir Abu Lifa Member, and overlies facies (c) and (d) which have been called the Temple Member (Bown and Kraus 1988). Both the Dir Abu Lifa and the Temple Members represent the upper part of Qasr El-Sagha Formation. At locations south and west of Qasr El-Sagha, Gingerich (1992) introduced two additional members: the Harab Member which forms the middle part of Qasr El-Sagha Formation, and the Um Rigl Member which forms the lower part of the Formation. The Harab Member is composed of brown shale, whereas the Umm Rigl Member is of similar facies as the Temple Member but is separated from it by Harab Member. The Umm Rigl Member was deposited in a shallow outer lagoonal environment; the Harab Member in a deeper central lagoonal environment; the Temple Member in a shallow inner lagoonal environment; and the Dir Abu Lifa Member in a non-lagoonal (deltaic or inter-deltaic) environment (Vondra 1974; Bown and Kraus 1988; Gingerich 1992).
5. 5
Jebel Qatrani Formation This formation is of Oligocene age and is separated from the underlying Qasr El-Sagha Formation by an unconformity that involved erosion of up to 70 m of Qasr El-Sagha strata in places before the deposition of Gebel Qatrani Formation (Gingerich 1992). The lithology of Gebel Qatrani Formation is rather complex and is composed of about 340 m of variegated alluvial rocks: fine to coarse sandstone, granule and pebble conglomerate, sandy mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone and limestone. The lower part of Gebel Qatrani Formation is assumed to have been deposited by meandering streams, whereas the upper part of the formation was deposited under the influence of an encroaching marine strandline (Bown and Vondra 1974, 1974; Bown and Kraus 1988).
Fig. 1
Geological map of Fayum Depression (simplified after Said 1962 and CONOCO Geological map of Egypt)
In later Oligocene times, a tensional tectonic episode occurred and was accompanied by northwest-trending normal faults throughout the northern parts of the Eastern and Western Deserts of Egypt. Basaltic lavas were extruded from these fissures at different locations (Rittmann 1954). In the northern part of Fayum Depression, these basaltic lavas capped the uppcr Qatrani escarpment varying in thickness from 2 to 25 m. (The latter thickness has been recorded at Widan El Faras.) In outcrops where the basalt is thinnest, it appears that it was a single flow; however, some authors believe that there were two or more flows (Fleagle et al. 1986; Bown and Kraus 1988). The flows overlie the Gebel Qatrani Formation with a pronounced erosional unconformity. Meneisy and Abdel Aal (1984) determined the whole rock K/Ar ages of two samples of these basalts as 23.8 ± 0.7 Ma and 24.4 ± 9.7 Ma, and Bown and Kraus (1988) reported two ages: 24.7 ± 0.4 Ma and 27.0 ± 3 Ma. Meneisy (1990) compiled other K/Ar age data of 27 ± 1 Ma, 25 ± 1 Ma and 23 ± Ma. However, Bown and Kraus (1988) indicated that a sample of basalt taken from the lowest part of the flow near the top of Gebel Qatrani Formation gave an age of 31 ± 1 Ma and, therefore, stated that the basalt might be of late Early Oligocene to Late Oligocene. However, on average the previously mentioned data show that the age of Gebel Qatrani basalt is 25.7 Ma, i.e., of Late Oligocene age, according to the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (Cohen et al. 2013; updated 2017).
The petrography and geochemistry of Gebel Qatrani basalt are described in several studies (El-Hinnawi 1965; El-Hinnawi and Abdel Maksoud 1968, 1972; Heikal et al. 1983; Sharara 1984; Abdel Meguid et al. 1992; Endress et al 2011). The basalt has generally an ophitic texture, with plagioclase feldspars clinopyroxene phenocrysts set in a fine groundmass of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, occasional olivine (mostly altered), opaque minerals and altered glass.
The basalt of Gebel Qatrani is unconformably overlain by Miocene alluvial sediments (the Khashab Formation). The contact between the basalt and the Khashab Formation is markedly erosional, and scours in the top of the basalt are filled with coarse sand, sandstones containing basalt debris and other pebble conglomerate (Said 1962; Bown and Kraus 1988). The basalt itself is not markedly weathered; no weathering profiles have been detected and the weathering observed is predominantly rind weathering. At the top of the basalt flows of Gebel Qatrani, spheroids of basalt are occasionally encountered.
The present paper describes the mineralogy and geochemistry of the cores and weathered rims of these basalt spheroids and discusses the paleo-environmental conditions of their weathering.
Samples and methods
The term "spheroidal weathering" is used if concentric shells completely surround the core-stone (Ollier 1971). A difference exists between spheroidal weathering and exfoliation. In spheroidal weathering, the weathering process acts all around the spheroid, weathering the underside as well as the top. Patino et al. (2003) pointed out that basalt flows have cooling features that serve as hydrologic discontinuities which function as major pathways for fluids that are the agents of weathering. In incipient and intermediate weathering stages, the concentric shells surrounding the basalt spheroids still contain part of the primary minerals and/or secondary derivatives. In advanced stages of weathering, however, the shells are completely transformed into argillaceous material.
In Gebel Qatrani the basalt spheroids (Fig. 2) encountered vary in size and have gray to gray-greenish color. In the present work, several samples were collected, taking care that their outer weathered shells are more or less complete surrounding the core-stones. The collected samples were generally egg-shaped, the longest dimension of which varied from 8 to 15 cm, the intermediate dimension from 6 to 12 cm, and shortest dimension from 6 to 10 cm. The weathered shells varied in thickness between 2 and 5 mm.
Fig. 2
Photograph of basalt spheroid showing core-stone and outer weathered shell
In laboratory, the outer weathered shells were carefully detached from the core-stones. Thin sections of the latter were prepared for petrographic study. The shell material was powdered for analysis by X-ray diffraction. (The analyses were carried out at the Metallurgical Institute, Tebbin, Cairo, using a Philips X-ray diffractometer; scanning was carried out at 2 Ø of 1° per minute between 4° and 60°.) The major and trace element composition of both the powdered core-stones and the shells were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), at the Central Laboratories of the Egyptian Geological Survey, Dokki, Cairo.
Petrography and mineralogy of the basalt spheroids
The examination of thin sections of the core-stones of the basalt spheroids under the polarizing microscope revealed that they exhibit an ophitic texture, with plagioclase feldspar and clinopyroxene phenocrysts within a fine groundmass of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, opaque minerals, glassy and altered minerals. The modal composition of the core-stones was determined by point counting. It consists of an average of 56% plagioclase feldspars, 27% clinopyroxene, 6% opaque minerals and 11% glass and alteration products.
The plagioclase phenocrysts occur as tabular subhedral to euhedral crystals with an average size of 1 × 0.35 mm. The crystals exhibit albite and albite-carlsbad twinning, often with oscillatory zoning. Some of the crystals show tiny inclusions of pyroxene. The composition of the plagioclase varies from one crystal to another (El-Hinnawi and Abdel Maksoud 1968; Endress et al. 2011). On the average, it is composed of An68 Ab30 Or2. In contrast to the plagioclase phenocrysts, the plagioclase in the groundmass is present as tiny laths, about 0.5 × 0.1 mm, mingled with clinopyroxene, opaque and altered grains.
Clinopyroxene is present as anhedral to subhedral tabular phenocrysts about 1.7 × 1.3 mm. The crystals exhibit lamellar twining, some are zoned. The composition of the clinopyroxene was determined optically and found to range from pigeonite to augite. This is in agreement with the findings of Endress et al. (2011). Some clinopyroxene crystals contain tiny inclusions of plagioclase, and some are corroded at the edges. The clinopyroxene in the groundmass is in the form of tiny grains intermixed with plagioclase, opaque and altered material. Few samples show the presence of altered olivine (iddingsite) in the groundmass.
X-ray powder diffraction analysis of the weathered shells separated from the basalt spheroids showed the presence of sharp peaks of plagioclase feldspars as the predominant minerals present. In one sample (sample No. 1) peaks of pyroxene have been detected. This indicates that the weathering of the core-stones of the basalt spheroids was at an initial (incipient) stage; the main minerals (the plagioclase and the ferromagnesian minerals) were not completely altered as in advanced weathering stages. No marked peaks of clay minerals were detected in the studied samples, although Morsy and Attia (1983) reported the presence of montmorillonite-vermiculite, chlorite and illite in two samples.
Geochemistry of the basalt spheroids
Table 1 gives the chemical analyses of core-stones and shells of seven representative basalt spheroids, and Table 2 gives the distribution of some trace elements in the studied samples. Figure 3 shows the relationship between the total alkali (Na2O + K2O) and silica for these samples and indicates that all samples fall below the Macdonald and Katsura boundary line (1964) in the subalkali (i.e., tholeiitic) field. The figure indicates that shells have lower content of alkalis which illustrates the loss of these elements due to weathering. On the other hand, there is a slight increase in the silica content indicating the conservative behavior of silica during incipient weathering.
Table 1 Chemical analyses and weathering indices
Table 2 Trace elements (ppm)
Fig. 3
Total alkali-silica diagram; the solid line is the boundary line of Macdonald and Katsura; the core-stones (black squares) and their shells (triangles) lie below the solid line in the field of subalkali (tholeiitic) basalts
To assess the extent of weathering, several weathering indices have been proposed, e.g., the weathering index of Parker (WIP, Parker 1970), the chemical index of alteration (CIA, Nesbitt and Young 1982), the chemical index of weathering (CIW, Harnois 1988) and more recently, the mafic index of alteration under oxiding and reducing conditions (MIA(O), MIA(R)) which includes Fe and Mg-oxides (Babechuk et al. 2014). Each uses the molecular proportions of major element oxides, with variations on which oxides are included, and assumptions about element mobility. In the present work, the following indices have been calculated and used to describe the changes that accompanied the spheroidal weathering of Gebel Qatrani basalt:
• \({\text{WIP}} = \left[ {\left( {{\text{2 Na}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}/0.{35}} \right) + \left( {{\text{MgO}}/0.{9}} \right) + \left( {{\text{2K}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}/0.{25}} \right) + \left( {{\text{CaO}}/0.{7}} \right)} \right] \times {1}00\) (Parker 1970).
• \({\text{CIA}} = \left[ {{\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} /\left( {{\text{Al2O}}_{{3}} + {\text{CaO}}* + {\text{Na}}_{{2}} {\text{O}} + {\text{K}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}} \right)} \right] \times 100\) (Nesbitt and Young 1982).
• \({\text{CIW}} = \left[ {{\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} /\left( {{\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} + {\text{CaO}}* + {\text{Na}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}} \right)} \right] \times 100\) (Harnois 1988).
• \({\text{MIA}}\left( {\text{O}} \right) = \left( {\left( {{\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} + {\text{ Fe}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{\text{3 T}}} } \right)/\left( {{\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} + {\text{ Fe}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{3T}}}} + {\text{MgO}} + {\text{CaO}} + {\text{ Na}}_{{2}} {\text{O}} + {\text{ K}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}} \right)} \right) \times {1}00\) (Babechuck et al. 2014).
The weathering index of Parker (WIP) is considered relatively sensitive to the chemical variations in the early stages of weathering because it allows for differential mobility of cations based on their bond strength with oxygen. WIP values range between 100 and 0, with smaller numbers indicating enhanced weathering. In all the studied samples (Table 1), there is a decrease of WIP from the core-stones to the corresponding shells, with varying degrees. Sample No. 3 shows the highest difference in WIP from the core-stone to the weathered shell, indicating higher weathering than in other samples, whereas sample No. 4 shows the least difference, indicating minimum weathering. On average, the WIP decreases from 71 in the core-stone to 58 in the weathered shell.
The CIA, monitors the progressive alteration of feldspars in the samples. The high CIA values reflect the removal of mobile cations (Ca, Na, K) relative to Al during weathering (Nesbitt and Young 1982). Table 1 shows that the CIA values of the core-stones of the basalt spheroids range from 37 to 41. The weathered shells have higher CIA values than their corresponding core-stones, ranging from 45 to 50. On average the CIA increases from 39 in the core-stone to 48 in the weathered shell. This slight increase indicates the low degree of weathering characteristic of incipient weathering. In this case, the feldspars in the core-stones were not excessively altered. As a matter of fact, the X-ray diffraction analysis of the weathered shells indicated the presence of peaks of feldspars.
Harnois (1988) pointed out that potassium cations leached during weathering can be fixed by adsorption on weathering products, especially clays, and this may disturb the geochemical trend of potassium. He, therefore, proposed the chemical index of weathering (CIW) as an improved index of the degree of weathering to WIP or CIA. The CIW index increases with the degree of depletion in Na and Ca relative to Al. Table I shows that CIW increased from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids (average CIW of 40) to the corresponding weathered shells (average CIW of 48).
Figures 4 and 5 show the relationship between WIP and CIA, and between CIW and CIA, respectively. Figure 4 shows the decrease in WIP and increase in CIA from the core-stone samples to the corresponding weathered shells. Figure 5 shows that there is a linear correlation between CIW and CIA, both indices increase from the core-stone samples to the corresponding weathered shells.
Fig. 4
Relationship between WIP and CIA. The WIP decreases from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids to the corresponding weathered shells, whereas the CIA increases
Fig. 5
Relationship between CIW and CIA. A positive correlation exists between the two indices, both increase from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids to the corresponding weathered shells
Babechuk et al (2014) proposed the mafic index of alteration (MIA) as a chemical weathering index that extends the equation of the CIA to include the mafic elements Mg and Fe. It is known that many of the mafic minerals (especially pyroxene and olivine) are susceptible to chemical weathering, resulting in the loss of Mg from the weathering products. The fate of Fe during the weathering of most mafic minerals is, however, redox-dependent. In reducing environments, ferrous iron can be mobile and is leached along with Mg. In oxidative weathering environments, however, Fe is usually retained as insoluble ferric iron oxide or oxyhydroxide and thus enriched along with Al. Two equations have been suggested by Babechuk et al. (2014) for the calculation of MIA, one for oxidizing environment and the second for reducing environment. Table 1 gives the calculated values of MIA(O), as it is expected that an oxidizing environment had prevailed during the weathering of Gebel Qatrani basalt MIA(O) increases from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids (average MIA of 37) to the corresponding weathered shells (average MIA of 46), indicating that iron from the mafic minerals in the core-stones was conservatively preserved as ferric oxide and/or oxyhydroxide, with progressive weathering.
Because of the complexity of geological systems and the weathering process, Nesbitt and Young (1982) and Nesbitt and Wilson (1992) used the A-CN-K ternary diagram to explain the trend of weathering, rather than depending on single indices like PIW, CIA or CIW. This diagram portrays the molar proportions of Al2O3 (A apex), CaO* + Na2O (CN apex) and K2O (K apex). Figure 6 shows the weathering trend from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids to the corresponding weathered shells. This trend is adjacent and parallel to the CN-A axis, as predicted by Nesbitt and Wilson (1992) for basalts. If weathering had progressed further than that, clay minerals should have been produced at the expense of feldspars and the bulk composition of weathered samples would have moved up the trend in the diagram towards the A apex. Since the weathered shells of the basalt spheroids plot at the lower part of the weathering trend (Fig. 6), this indicates that the weathering had been in the initial (incipient) stage.
Fig. 6
A-CN-K ternary diagram showing the weathering trend from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids to the weathered shells. The trend is adjacent and parallel to the CN-A axis
The depletion of the various elements from the weathering regime is related to the nature of the host primary minerals, the mobility of these elements once they are released by the weathering of these minerals, and the susceptibility of the elements to retention in new phases in their immediate environment. To evaluate the chemical changes during weathering, it is necessary to assume that one chemical component is stable and not removed during the weathering process. For this purpose (e.g., Nesbitt et al. 1980; Nesbitt and Wilson 1992; Kurtz et al. 2000; Patino et al. 2003; Ma et al. 2007), TiO2 was chosen by several authors (see, e.g., Nesbitt and Wilson 1992).
In the present work, we studied the variability of the element concentrations in the shells of the basalt spheroids after normalizing them to TiO2 concentrations and then compared them to the core-stones. The percentage change in the TiO2 –normalized concentration of an element in the shell to that in the core-stone was calculated according to the following (Nesbitt 1979; Nesbitt and Wilson 1992):
$$\% \;{\text{change}}\;{\text{to}}\;{\text{ratio}} = {1}00 \, \times \left[ {\left( {R_{{{\text{sh}}}} {-}R_{{{\text{cs}}}} } \right)/R_{{{\text{cs}}}} } \right]$$
here Rsh and Rcs are the elemental ratios in the shell and the core-stone, respectively. The assumption for this type of calculation is that there is no volume change between the weathering product and the un-weathered rock (Nahon and Merino 1996).
Figure 7 shows the average percentage change in the ratios of the major elements in the shell to core-stones of the basalt spheroids. The Mg/Ti, Ca/Ti, Na/Ti and K/Ti ratios decrease from the core-stone to the weathered shell. The decrease in Mg is attributed to the rapid weathering of olivine in the core-stone. Ca is associated primarily in plagioclase, clinopyroxene and glassy material, all of which weather less rapidly than olivine. Therefore, Ca/Ti decreases less rapidly than Mg/Ti in incipient weathering. Na and K reside in plagioclase feldspars which are less readily weathered than olivine and clinopyroxenes. In contrast to Mg, Ca, Na and K, Al and Si are more conservative in incipient weathering and the Al/Ti, Si/Ti ratios show slight or no increase during weathering. Fe/Ti ratio shows an increase in early weathering, but rapid decrease during more advances weathering (Nesbitt and Wilson 1992). Mn/Ti ratio decreases with increased weathering, and P/Ti ratio increases in early weathering but decreases in advanced weathering.
Fig. 7
Percent change in the ratio of major oxides/TiO2 between average weathered shell and average core-stone
Figure 8 shows the average percentage change in the ratios of trace elements in the shell to core-stones of the basalt spheroids. V/Ti, Cr/Ti, Ni/Ti, Zn/Ti, Rb/Ti and Sr/Ti ratios show varying rates of decrease during weathering. V and Cr reside in clinopyroxenes, glass and oxides, and V/Ti and Cr/Ti show slight decrease in incipient weathering. Ni is primarily located in olivine and Zn in clinopyroxene and glass; both Ni/Ti and Zn/Ti ratios decrease in early weathering. Sr resides primarily in plagioclase, and like Na, the Sr/Ti ratio decreases with increased weathering. Rb resides also in plagioclase and in glass and Rb/Ti ratio decreases like K/Ti ratio with weathering. On the other hand, the remaining trace elements (Co, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Pb and Th) are more conservative and their ratios show no change or slight increase. Ba released during weathering may be rapidly precipitated by sorption to secondary minerals, and hence the high Ba/Ti ratio (Nesbitt and Wilson 1992).
Fig. 8:
Percent change in the ratio of trace elements/TiO2 between average weathered shell and average core-stone
The petrographical, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the core-stones and the weathered shells of the basalt spheroids indicate that the weathering of Gebel Qatrani basalt is of the incipient stage. The chemical weathering indices, WIP, CIA and CIW, indicate slight weathering and rather low rates of release of mobile elements. Such weathering of the basalt must have taken place under semiarid to arid conditions. This interpretation is, more or less, in agreement with that reached Frey et al. (2013) in their study of the weathering of basalt in the semiarid Deschutes Basin of central Oregon. Novikov et al. (1993) studied the basalt crusts from Syria and pointed out that they reflect significant climate fluctuations in the region, from semiarid (Miocene basalt) to humid warm (Pliocene basalt) and finally to arid conditions (Quaternary basalt).
In Fayum area Bown et al. (1982) and Bown and Kraus (1988) pointed out that in Oligocene times, the Fayum area was subtropical to tropical lowland coastal plain with damp soils and seasonal rainfall that supported an abundance of and variety of vegetation, and large and varied vertebrate fauna. In post-Oligocene times, after the eruption of Gebel Qatrani basalt, the climatic conditions must have changed. El-Saadawi et al (2014) studied the silicified fossil wood found in the Early Miocene Khashab Formation and found that the woods are characterized by having few wide vessels which are indicative of warm humid climate. However, they pointed out that the mode of occurrence of the fossil trunks and the absence of other plant remains such as twigs and roots indicates that fossil woods were not preserved in situ, but transported from where they grew before silicification. Consequently, the anatomical features of the fossil woods cannot be taken as an indication of the climate at the locality of Gebel Khashab. More recently, Zhang et al. (2014) studied the aridification of the Sahara desert in North Africa using different models and found out that North Africa experienced pronounced aridification from the Early Miocene to the Late Miocene. They indicated that in the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene, North Africa was dominated by semiarid steppe climate with restricted areas of arid desert climate. In the Late Miocene, the arid desert climate expanded across much of North Africa with a greater resemblance to today's conditions. Zhang et al. (2014) pointed out that aridification was due to a reduction in North African precipitation.
If subtropical and tropical humid environment had prevailed in Gebel Qatrani area after the eruption of the basalt, this would have led to the formation of weathering soil profiles on the basalt substrate. No such profiles have been encountered on top of the Gebel Qatrani basalt. Therefore, it can be concluded that the incipient weathering of Gebel Qatrani basalt must have taken place under semiarid to arid conditions.
The present study on the spheroidal weathering of basalt from Gebel Qatrani, Fayum Depression, Egypt, indicates that weathering was at the initial (incipient) stage. The indices of chemical weathering (WIP, CIA, CIW and MIA(o)) and element mobility studies indicate that there was a loss of Mg, Ca, Na and K during the weathering of the core-stones of the basalt spheroids to the corresponding weathered outer shells. Fe mainly resided with Al, indicating that weathering was under oxidizing conditions. There was also a depletion of V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Rb and Sr due to the weathering of the core-stone. On the other hand, Co, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Pb and Th behaved essentially conservatively. The low degree of weathering of the basalt spheroids indicates that weathering took place mainly in arid to semiarid environment.
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Funding was provided from the budget of the National Research Centre.
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EE-H was responsible for field work and assistance in interpretation of results. SDA was responsible for analytical work and Khalil was responsible for petrography and mineralogy. All three authors were responsible for the preparation of the final manuscript submitted for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Correspondence to Essam El-Hinnawi.
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El-Hinnawi, E., Abayazeed, S.D. & Khalil, A.S. Spheroidal weathering of basalt from Gebel Qatrani, Fayum Depression, Egypt. Bull Natl Res Cent 45, 1 (2021).
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• Basalt spheroids
• Gebel Qatrani
• Fayum depression
• Weathering indices
• Element mobility
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How Rust can Affect a Solenoid Valve?
The “wetted” components of a solenoid valve are those that come in contact with fluid or gas media flowing through the valve. Depending on the exact valve type, the most prevalent wetted components are usually the valve body, bonnet construction, gaskets, pistons, disks, plungers, and springs.
Checking Wetted Components of Solenoid Valve
It is prudent to check the compatibility of wetted components for the particular fluids and gases that will be flowing through the valve. Failure to do so could result in component lockup due to rust, disintegrated o-rings and gaskets that inhibit operation or allow external leakage, shortened life of the critical sealing interface where the disk meets the valve orifice, cracked springs, etc.
Stainless steel components that are not passivated to remove surface iron can exhibit small amounts of discoloration due to rust. In most cases, this is an aesthetic issue. The coloration will eventually wash away from the internals. Exterior surfaces can be wipe down to remove.
How the valve can get contaminated
If rust on stainless steel is heavy or is pitting, there is an obviously an issue beyond surface iron. The stainless steel may have been contaminated by foreign material during machining, polishing, and grinding processes. For example, if a grind wheel was used on AISI 1020 steel, and then soon afterward on 430 stainless steel plungers without first cleaning or dressing that wheel. The carbon steel can become embedded in the 430 stainless and create a surprising amount of damaging rust when positioned in resting water inside a solenoid valve. Manufacturers must be cognizant of marine valve manufacturers and internal processes used to create such parts.
Rust in the form of iron oxide is a problem for solenoid valve if:
• It breaks away and clogs small pilot orifices
• Causes component lockup
• Aesthetics are critical
• Trace amounts of iron oxide cannot be picked up by the working fluid or gas
When selecting a solenoid, always review the compatibility of the wetted components and working fluid.
Production Testing of Solenoid Valves
Hydrostatic Testing
Hydrostatic testing is used to detect any points of external leakage in a solenoid valve. Water is used primarily because it is a relatively safe option and readily available. Water is an incompressible fluid, meaning that its density does not change under pressure. If there is a leak or a burst that occurs during testing, there is not nearly as much stored energy as a compressible fluid such as air would have. With water, the pressure will drop immediately and is much less likely to create projectiles from a failed component.
Solenoid valves are typically designed to meet or exceed the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. General safety requirements and design guidelines are established to help eliminate failures due to overpressure. Industry standard dictates that the burst pressure of the solenoid valve is at least four times greater than the established maximum operating pressure.
Typical points of external leakage found during a hydrostatic test would be any sealing interfaces, such as the bonnet, rotary shaft, or stem seals.
Production Testing of Solenoid Valves
Various examples of potential points of external leakage.
Gasket joint (left), rotary shaft (right), and weld bead (bottom).
Leaks at sealing interfaces are typically associated with imperfections on the sealing surfaces or improperly torqued fasteners. It is important to maintain proper compression on the gasket, o-rings, or packing used to form the seal. Castings and weld beads can reveal holes and cracks from manufacturing defects. These can be repaired by properly welding these defects shut assuming they are small enough.
Operational Testing
Water and air are typically used for operational testing due to them being readily available. Depending on the valve design and application, one may be more suitable for testing than the other.
For testing with water, a pump is required to meet the test pressure. One drawback of this method is that depending on the test pressure required, it may be hard to get both a high enough flow rate and a high enough pressure to accurately simulate an end user application. For instances where flow rate and pressure cannot be maintained, operational testing with water will only determine if the valve opens immediately at the specified pressure, but does not test how the valve performs under constant flow and pressure.
Testing with air can be a little easier to achieve end user flow rate and pressure, but with higher pressure comes greater safety risks. It is generally not feasible to store large volumes of high pressure air. Depending on the test conditions, this test method may also only determine if the valve will open immediately at the test pressure.
During testing, it is important to check the operational safety factors built into the design. This may include testing the operation of the valve at a pressure slightly higher than the maximum allowable pressure, lowering the applied voltage for operating the solenoid, and even heating up the solenoid to decrease the force generated. Heating up the solenoid has a much more profound effect on DC powered solenoids as they do not have an inrush current like their AC counterparts.
Internal Leakage
Internal leakage is the leakage from the inlet to the outlet while the valve is closed. Internal leakage is typically checked with air or water depending on the application of the valve.
Internal leakage should be examined at several pressures. Different pressure can reveal different leaks depending on the design of the valve and the type of damage on the seating surfaces. Leaks can be caused by damage to the sealing surfaces such as scratches, poor surface finish, misalignment, or component deformation. Typically, a valve would be tested for internal leakage at both Maximum Operating Differential Pressure (MOPD) and 10% of the MOPD.
Sealing classes are established in the FCI 91-2 Standard for Solenoid Valve Seat Leakage. The chart below shows allowable leakage for air and water.
Maximum Seat Leakage
(% of MOPD)
10cc (10ml) per min. per 25 mm (1 inch) of orifice diameter.
2000cc (ml) per min. per 25 mm (1 inch) of orifice diameter.
Less than 4 drops (0.4cc) per minute per 25 mm (1 inch) of orifice diameter.
20cc (ml) per min. per 25 mm (1 inch) of orifice diameter. Alternate: for production testing no movement of soap bubble over outlet port in 10 seconds.
Test procedure and leakage per ANSI/UL 429 Standard Paragraphs 29.1 through 29.9
Less than one drop (0.1cc) per minute.
Less than one drop (0.1cc) per 10 minutes.
Test procedure and leakage as specified by customer.
Test procedure and leakage as specified by customer.
Water is the easiest method to check for leakage. The inlet is pressurized to the desired amount and the outlet can be visually inspected for water leaking through. The number of drops can be counted along with a stop watch to determine the leakage rate.
Air is a little bit trickier to track. A mass air flow meter can be attached to the outlet. It is very important to ensure that there are no air leaks between the outlet and the flow meter. The meter will measure the mass of the air exiting the valve. A much simpler test as indicated by the chart would be to form a soap bubble on the outlet of the valve. If the bubble grows, the valve is leaking air from the inlet to the outlet. The soap bubble method provides a better indication of an internal leak than mass flow meters with a resolution larger than 0.1 cc/min.
Solenoid Valves for Cryogenics
Gases that are liquefied via very cold temperatures are known as cryogenic liquids. A cryogenic liquid may be referred to as a cryogen if it is used to cool other substances. The temperature at which a liquid is considered cryogenic varies by source, but it is generally below -150° F. The boiling point of a cryogenic liquid is the temperature at which it changes state from liquid to gas. This boiling temperature will vary for a given type of fluid (nitrogen, oxygen, helium, etc.) and pressure applied. A “phase diagram”, as shown in example Figure 1, depicts how a substance changes state from gas, to liquid, to solid for any given temperature and pressure combination. Boiling points are often tabulated for standard atmospheric pressure as reference points.
Cryogenic Solenoid Valve Example
Figure 1 – Example of a phase diagram
Solenoid Valves Control the Flow
Solenoid valves intended to control the flow of cryogenic liquids are specially designed for such low temperatures and possible state changes (gas and liquid).
Materials for construction must not become excessively brittle at cryogenic temperatures. Typical metals used for valve bodies, bonnet tubes, and fasteners are austenitic stainless steel, bronze, and monel. Carbon steels, plastics, and rubbers become too brittle at cryogenic temperatures and are therefore avoided. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), also known by the brand name Teflon, is a chemically inert synthetic fluoropolymer that works very well for valve discs. The valve disc is a moving wetted component inside a solenoid valve that interfaces with metal seats to seal off the working fluid. PTFE has a huge useable temperature range, no embrittlement, and can be designed deform just the right amount for a give valve seat. It can also be used as the filler in gaskets.
Inside a Valve
The moving components inside a solenoid valve will contract by several thousandths of an inch when exposed to a cryogenic liquid. The design must account for this to prevent lockup from such cold contraction and the possibility of ice formation.
Liquid Gas Expansion and Boiling Reference Points
Table 1 shows the aforementioned boiling reference points, as well as the liquid to gas expansion ratio. If a cryogenic liquid was trapped inside a sealed chamber and allowed to warm up to room temperature, pressure would skyrocket as the liquid boils and changes state from liquid to gas. As indicated by the expansion ratios, the gas volume would comparatively occupy hundreds of times more volume at standard temperature and pressure. Cryogenic systems therefore have built in relief valves, as shown on the picture below of the cryogenic nitrogen tank (350 psi max). Pertaining to solenoid valves, no sealed off compartments may exist inside the valve without a path to such a relief valve in the system, typically upstream.
Table 1
Relief valve on cryogenic nitrogen tank
Optimize Performance for Gases and Liquids
Solenoid valves often have specifically sized pilot and bleed holes designed into the main pistons, which move to open and close a valve. These holes optimize performance for gases, liquids, and sometimes viscous liquids. A valve optimized for a gas might close too slowly if a liquid is run through it. A valve optimized for a liquid may actually not fully open for a gas. Cryogenic tubing and pipes may extend significant distances in an application and may be exposed to ambient temperature air. The large temperature difference adds heat energy to the cryogenic fluid, so it is possible for gas or gas/liquid mixtures to build up in the lines. The cryogenic solenoid valve must be able to operate for both liquids and gases. This phenomenon is important to understand for non-cryogenic temperatures as well. Liquid carbon dioxide can exist at 32°F with less than 800 psi. It can change state in the application piping without much heat addition and require the same “dual” gas and liquid functionality.
No Rubber O-Rings
Lastly, the inlet and outlet connection type should not utilize any rubber o-rings, therefore the common SAE J1926 connection should not be employed. NPT connections properly tightened with PTFE tape are sufficient for the majority of cryogenic pressure applications. Metal to metal would be a second option.
When selecting a solenoid valve for your cryogenic application, provide as much usage detail to the salesperson or engineer as possible for success.
Is the Solenoid Valve Coil Burned Out?
A solenoid valve opens and closes when the proper AC or DC voltage is applied to the coil. The coil consists of an enamel coated copper wire winding and usually some magnetically permeable metal frame or housing, which may be visible or contained in molding. There may or may not be a thermal cutoff or fuse in electrical series with the winding. More complex coils have diode bridges that rectify AC to DC power, and even circuits which can control periodic inrush of current. The combination of the copper coil, the magnetically permeable surrounding material, and plunger inside the pressure boundary of the valve are collectively known as the “solenoid”.
Coil “burn out”, and consequently failure of a solenoid valve to operate, can refer to the following scenarios:
Overheated Copper Wire Enamel
This generally applies to a coil that does NOT have a fuse or thermal cutoff. If the copper wire, for whatever reason, exceeds the temperature rating by enough to melt away the enamel coating and allow the strands of copper to touch, the number of loops or turns is effectively reduced. The lower number of turns results in a lower electrical resistance. The current then increases because the voltage remains constant. Temperature then exponentially increases as more and more turns are lost and power increases. Failure occurs when the copper wire or soldered joint melts and breaks the circuit, allowing zero current. The valve would then return to the “failed” state, i.e. closed if “fail closed”.
Using a solenoid valve in the following scenarios can cause this to happen:
• Too high of a surrounding ambient temperature for the duration that the coil is held energized
• A high surrounding ambient and/or high fluid temperature, exceeding catalog ratings.
• Holding a solenoid energized for long periods of time when it is not rated to be energized indefinitely (continuous duty).
• Cycling a coil too often in a period of time, which may induce excessive temperatures from inrush current on an AC coil or coil with programmed inrush.
• In an AC solenoid, a jammed plunger that is prevented from contacting the pole piece will draw more current (near inrush levels). This may over heat the coil.
• In an AC solenoid, energizing a coil WITHOUT a plunger in the solenoid effectively draws more than the intended current.
Tripped Fuse or Thermal Cutoff
When a coil is built with a fuse or thermal cutoff, the design intent is to prevent surface temperature spikes due to some of the causes listed above already. One reason for designing these in is to achieve a UL-1203 hazardous location certification and operating temperature code. The fused coil design can essentially remove all chances of the coil surface ever getting hot enough to ignite a surrounding flammable gas by using fuses.
Different types of fuses are available. Thermal cutoffs simply sever the circuit when they reach a certain temperature. Other fuses may trip due to amperage exceeding a certain value.
Since the fuse in embedded in the potting compound or sometimes a welded canister, once tripped, the coil is no longer usable, even after it cools.
Solenoid Valve Coil Conclusion:
Often, a coil is a very simple item to replace on a valve. However, it is important to understand WHY a coil burned out before simply installing a new one. For example, if the plunger was jammed inside the valve and a technician simply installed a new coil to replace the burned out one, the new coil would almost surely burn out as well.
Contact your solenoid valve service department whenever you experience a burned out coil.
Solenoid Valves for Methane Emission Reduction
How does a Solenoid Valve work?
A solenoid, as it pertains to a valve, is an electromagnetic device consisting of a coil of insulated wire and an iron-based permeable plunger and pole piece. The following sequence demonstrates how such an arrangement can be utilized to make a plunger work to open or close a valve. Such is called a “solenoid valve”.
Figure 1 is a section view of a piloted, floating piston, high pressure solenoid valve. Pressurized fluids enter at the inlet and are held stationary until the piston moves away from the orifice.
A coil is shown surrounding a pole piece outside of the pressure boundary. The plunger is a free floating piece of permeable steel.
Figure 1 – Nomenclature
In Figure 2 the valve is in the closed state, meaning that the piston is completely blocking the orifice. The pilot hole through the center of the piston is also blocked by a pilot pin that is forcibly held down by a compression spring. Fluid pressure exists at the inlet and in all areas highlighted by the red boxes. No power is being delivered to the coil.
The valve shown is a “normally closed” or “fail closed” valve configuration, which means that if the coil is not energized, the valve will be in the closed state.
The pressure differential that exists between the inlet and outlet creates a force on the piston and pilot pin as well. Higher pressure differentials equate to higher forces sealing the valve.
Figure 2 – Closed
Voltage is applied to the coil in Figure 3. The iron-based plunger and pole piece become magnetic, and that force draws them together quickly.
In Figure 3, it is shown that the plunger has moved upward. However, the valve is still closed.
Figure 3 – Plunger initial movement
The coil remains energized in Figure 4. The magnetized plunger has now made contact with the pole piece and has pulled the pilot pin away from the pilot orifice.
Fluid has suddenly been allowed to flow through the tiny pilot orifice through the center of the piston. As a result, the pressure has suddenly dropped directly above the piston, represented by the green box.
There is now a net upward force on the piston due to different pressures acting on differently sized areas of the piston.
Figure 4 – Pilot orifice open
The net upward force on the piston quickly pops it away from the orifice and fully opens the valve.
Red boxes in Figure 5 represent where pressures are approximately equal to the inlet.
A blue box represents downstream pressure, which is slightly less due to flow friction.
When the coil is turned off, the plunger and pole piece go back to a non-magnetic state. The compression spring pushes down on the pilot pin, which fully blocks the pilot orifice. A small bleed hole in the side of the piston allows fluid to re-enter above the piston. A net downward force is generated due to the new pressure imbalance and the valve quickly closes.
Figure 5 – Piston moved
Valve Body Connections for High Pressure Solenoid Valves
NPT American National Standard Taper Pipe Threads per ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 are commonly used on high pressure solenoid valves. The maximum allowable pressure is dependent on size and connector material, but can be as high as 10,000 psi. It is therefore always prudent to investigate pressure capacities with the component manufacturers.
Picture 1 – ¼” NPT
Female NPT threads are created in valve bodies by tapping, single point turning, or thread milling. Unlike the SAE J1926 and Medium Pressure Connection, sealing is not created on interfacing smooth cone faces, but rather on the threads themselves. In order to provide good sealing across multiple brands of connectors, female connections should not only meet the “L1” gage distance per ASME B1.20.1, but also provide an adequate number of full threads past the hand tight engagement length.
Application of a thread sealant is mandatory in order to block the spiral path between the peaks and valleys of the male and female interface of ASME B1.20.1 NPT threads. Three to four wraps of PTFE tape is preferred over liquid sealants. This is because overuse of a liquid may cause drippage into operationally sensitive areas of the solenoid valve. Picture 2 is an example of how properly applied PTFE tape will look after a connector is removed from quality threads that have been fully tightened. The white tape is evenly compressed across the faces and valleys. One indication of improperly machined threads or inadequate length of engagement would be a thick string of PTFE nestled in the thread valley. This is one clue that the components did not (or could not) compress together fully.
Picture 2 – Good application of PTFE tape
Installation torques are not commonly published for NPT connections. It is somewhat of a trial and error system to get them to seal by keeping track of the angle of rotation past hand tight. Reversing the connector out will ruin the sealant and will require the installer to re-apply. Consult the specification for the number of threads that should engage, hand tight, for a given NPT size.
NPT is the easiest connection to manufacture, and is sufficient for the bulk of solenoid valve applications. However, once an assembler gets the connection to seal, there is very limited flexibility on the angle of rotation to which it must connect to other things (e.g. piping, tubing, etc.) unless accommodations are made via adjustable tube connectors. There are also minor nuances between connectors from different manufactures.
SAE J1926
Connections per SAE J1926/1 utilize straight ISO 725 threads (inch) and a smooth 12 or 15 degree sealing cone interface. The male SAE connector has an o-ring of chosen material that seals on the female cone. The specification states a maximum allowable pressure of 63 MPa [9135 psi] for connections put together with nonadjustable stud ends, but always be sure to check with the component manufacturers.
As seen in Picture 3, the SAE connection is somewhat more elaborate than the NPT. For a comparable inner diameter through which fluid can flow, the connection tends to need more axial length in order to fit it into the valve body.
Picture 3 – SAE J1926-1 Size ‘-4’ Connection
From our experience at Clark Cooper it is easier to make a perfect seal with SAE connectors as compared to NPT. Installation torques are readily accessible for SAE. However, an end user must take the o-ring material selection into account to ensure compatibility with the fluid type and temperature. The SAE connection is generally not used for cryogenic applications due to that o-ring.
The 20,000 psi “Medium Pressure Fitting” (MPF) connection utilizes inch-based standard thread and a 60 degree cone at the base of that thread. All sealing is accomplished on the metal-to- metal cones without the use of an o-ring or thread sealant. This versatile connection, despite not requiring an elastomeric o-ring, can still perfectly seal high pressure gases such as hydrogen and helium.
Care must be taken during machining to ensure a smooth cone. Cleanliness is important as well during installation.
Picture 4 – LF6 Medium Pressure Connection
Solenoid Valve Certifications: What is CRN Certification?
CRN is an acronym for Canadian Registration Number, which is assigned by each province or territory of Canada to accept and register the design of a boiler, pressure vessel, or fitting. The numbers after the decimal place in the CRN represent different provinces or territories as follows:
1 = British Columbia
2 = Alberta
3 = Saskatchewan
4 = Manitoba
5 = Ontario
6 = Quebec
7 = New Brunswick
8 = Nova Scotia
9 = Prince Edward Island
0 = Newfoundland
N = Nunavut
T = Northwest Territories
Y = Yukon Territory Purpose
A solenoid valve, for example, will be registered as a Type ‘C’ fitting. The manufacturer would submit and demonstrate compliance to pertinent design standards, such as the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code via calculations, drawings, test data, etc. A manufacturer must present proof of being regulated by a Quality Control Program such as ISO 9001 that is audited by a reputable authority.
The overall intent of the CRN is to give the end user peace of mind that the product is well designed and safe. The vast majority of Clark Cooper Valves, for example, come with CRN approval.
UL-429 is the Standard for Safety for Electrically Operated Valves. It includes requirements for various types of valves, such as valves for general purpose, hazardous fluids and designated safety. A manufacturer must submit component drawings for the valves undergoing certifications, as well as the fluid type, fluid temperature range, and ambient temperature range for which the certification is to apply.
All valves must operate with fully heated components using 10% over nominal voltage, and just 85% of rated voltage. External leakage, seat leakage and endurance tests potentially up to 100,000 cycles are included.
A certification to UL-429 provides an end user with 3rd party verification that a valve design was scrutinized rigorously through actual testing.
UL-1203 is the Standard for Safety for Explosion-Proof and Dust-Ignition-Proof Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous Locations and applies to the U.S. In terms of equipment certification for hazardous location and explosion atmospheres, it defines the rules for a “protection type”. One can view the Class, Division, Group, and temperature class description by downloading a guide summary.
Using the guide, the certification code can be broken so that an end user fully understands:
• What gases can be safely used around the equipment
• How often those flammable gases are present
• The allowable surrounding ambient air temperature range
• The maximum surface temperature that the equipment may reach
For example, a company may advertise “Explosion-Proof” per UL-1203, Class I, Division 1, Groups A through D hazardous locations with operating temperature code, “T2D”, for an ambient temperature range of -20 to +85 C. Class 1 refers to flammable gases. Groups A through D include certain gases such as hydrogen and acetylene. T2D means that the surface temperature of the equipment will not exceed 215 C [419°F] in 85 C surrounding air.
CSA C22.2 #139
The CSA group, Canadian Standards Association, issued CSA C22.2 #139 as essentially the Canadian version of UL-429. Like UL-429, a certification to this standard provides the end user with 3rd party verification that a valve design was scrutinized rigorously through actual testing. It includes similar temperature, operation, endurance and leakage tests as UL-429.
ATEX Certification of a solenoid valve implies conformity to European Directive 2014/34/EU for potentially explosive atmospheres per BS EN 60079-0 and 60079-1. It is the European version of UL-1203, and similarly uses a code scheme.
The ATEX code will include equipment group and category, atmosphere group, protection type, and temperature class for a given ambient and fluid temperature range.
Certain valves manufactured by Clark Cooper are available with ATEX coils as well.
The Main Uses of Solenoid Valves and the Industries that Use Them
What Solenoid Valves Do
Solenoid valves are an advantageous solution for controlling the flow of many liquids and gases of a huge temperature range where either an “on” or “off” state is needed. A piston that may contain a metal or soft disk either covers or moves away from an internal orifice separating the inlet from outlet. When the piston is blocking the orifice, a pressurized fluid is held stationary at the inlet and up into the bonnet tube. A differential pressure exists over the orifice area, for which the resultant force combines with any downward spring force to create a tight seal. Upon energization of a solenoid, internal components move in various ways that result in the piston either moving away from or towards that orifice to open or close the valve. If the valve was a “proportional” solenoid valve, essentially infinite positions of that piston could be created by varying the supply voltage to create a throttling effect. oriffice
Simple Setup
Solenoid valves are easy to install. Many simply have two lead wires connected to a coil nested around a bonnet tube containing materials that easily magnetize and demagnetize. Either wire can be line voltage. Switches or relays can be designed into the control system to route power when needed to quickly open or close the solenoid valves. Selection of a solenoid valve can eliminate the need for long and expensive air lines and air delivery systems that would be needed for pneumatically actuated valves. For long wire runs on remote locations, higher AC voltages may be utilized to minimize power loss. For example, 240V AC is commonly sold.
Solenoid coils are offered in many voltages, typically 12, 24, 120, 240V DC, and 24, 120, and 240V AC, which suit the majority of applications. Coils are easily developed for less common voltages as well. While the valve may be designed to achieve catalog pressures assuming the nominal voltage, the valve may still operate effectively at voltages lower than those nominal values. This feature is ideal for battery powered systems that may provide lower voltage over time. An AC coil will generally run hotter than a DC coil wound for the same power output due to hysteresis characteristics of the magnetic circuit. An AC coil will also have an initially high “inrush” of current on the order of 2-10 times the nominal steady state current. A system designer should be aware of inrush amperage and heat outputs, along with the resulting coil surface temperatures. These temperatures are dependent upon the duty cycle of the valve, which includes energization frequency and the duration held energized, along with ambient and fluid temperatures. While it may take several hours for a coil to reach steady state surface temperatures, the majority of the temperature rise would be noticeable in the first hour.
Hazardous Locations and Explosive Atmospheres
Solenoid valves can be configured with certified explosion proof coils per UL-1203, CSA C22.2#30, and ATEX. The copper coil wire may be encapsulated and isolated from any flammable gases that may be continuously present outside of the valve. Flame proof designs consist of somewhat of a labyrinth so that even if flammable gas was ignited inside the coil, it would not propagate and ignite gas surrounding the valve. For situations where flammable gases may be continuously present, electric motors are often not permitted due to sparking. Taking this a step further, “intrinsically” safe coils with power outputs so low that they cannot ignite a gas may also be selected as well. These, however, have very limited opening force due to such low power. Industries concerned with flame propagation typically deal with natural gas processing and transportation, hydrogen refueling and fuel cells, methane recovery, and oil and gas in general.
Time to open and close is extremely fast on solenoid valves, and is often on the order of 50-300 milliseconds. The smaller the valve, the quicker the small internal components can be made to move over short distances. On piloted valves with larger traveling distances, viscous liquids tend the have the effect of slowing the movements down as internal components must push through those fluids. Applications requiring a fast response time need look no further than solenoid valves.
Motor controlled valves and ball valves often have a stem that punctures the pressure boundary of the valve. This stem is surrounded by a tight packing, often PTFE or graphite, to seal the high pressure fluid. The packing may wear over time, and such wear may be exacerbated by shifting temperatures and ingress of contaminants. Solenoid valves often have one motionless seam where the bonnet attaches to the valve body. A gasket or o-ring of a material compatible with the working fluid can reliably be selected for this seam. Radioactive applications sometimes do not allow the use of elastomeric gasket materials, so bonnets are welded to valve bodies. Industries focused on minimizing fugitive emissions to reduce air pollution may opt for a packless solenoid valve.
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