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Argentine Preparations after Invasion of the Falklands
Allied Force – USAF Part I
Yugoslav army experts check the wreckage of the downed American F-117 aircraft, in the village of Budjanovci, 30 miles northwest of Belgrade.
While Deny Flight and Deliberate Force showed the growing gap between American training and other allies’ preparation, Allied Force demonstrated the transformation that had occurred in the air force’s combat search and rescue (CSAR) mission set. Allied Force began as a means to force President Slobodan Milošević to stop the ethnic cleansing he had ordered in Kosovo. Allied Force provided examples that Red Flag still worked, especially when it came to the ability to rescue pilots from hostile environments. It also demonstrated that the CAS exercises known as Air Warrior and the advanced training received at the Fighter Weapons School provided important experience as well. The CSAR missions were conducted by air force special operators known as pararescue jumpers. These missions had been practiced at Nellis AFB from the earliest days of Red Flag. More than any other mission type, the training conducted to pick up a downed pilot in hostile territory was tested during Allied Force. The training proved worth it. The realistic training exercises of Red Flag and Air Warrior used A-10s and rotary wing assets to rescue downed personnel. Between 1980 and 1990, the annual CAS Red Flag and the block on command and control taught at the A-10 weapons school changed the way the air force conducted rescue operations. Never before had air force personnel and assets been able to conduct a rescue operation in such a highly contested threat environment as the one found in Serbia.
The threat environments tested at the Red Flag exercise eventually mirrored what would be seen during Allied Force. During the air war over Serbia in 1999, NATO was unable to completely destroy Yugoslavia’s surface-to-air missile capability. Historian Daniel Haulman stated at a conference of the Society for Military History in 2001, “Surface-launched missiles and antiaircraft guns continued to present much more of a threat to [air force] aircraft than enemy aircraft. Enemy fighters sometimes served only as bait to lure Air Force fighters into areas with heavy concentrations of surface-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery.”
The bombing of Serbia provided another useful example of how differences between strategic and tactical no longer mattered and how the training practiced at Red Flag was very close to combat operations. F-117s flying early in the conflict struck underground command and control bunkers, military barracks, radio relay stations, and other targets that served both strategic and tactical significance. Each target, regardless of its nature, was just something that needed to be destroyed or disabled, and each operation moved NATO closer to ending the campaign. The B-2 bomber also saw its first combat missions during Allied Force, flying from its home station in Missouri and returning there rather than be stationed overseas. The B-2 had entered into Red Flag exercises in the summer of 1995, participating in a second Red Flag a few months later. The air force deployed the B-2 to Red Flag events more often than other fighter squadrons in its earliest days to ensure it was prepared to enter actual combat, which it did in 1999. Still, this was not a return to the days of strategic bombardment. The bombers now fell under Air Combat Command and executed deep strikes against targets. What mattered was a target’s destruction and, consistent with that objective, aircraft were assigned based solely on their ability to carry out a particular mission and not because of what command they belonged to.
The combat search and rescue missions provided an excellent case study of just how important realistic training was to actual operations. Training to perform the CSAR mission was far more central to success in the actual rescues than the technology used. CSAR operations were an important task during Vietnam, of course, but Red Flag helped perfect the entire mission set. Red Flag exercises had included combat search and rescue operations since 1976, and these CSAR missions proved to be a mainstay of the exercise for the next two decades. Outside of Red Flag, those select pilots chosen to go attend the Fighter Weapons School, particularly A-10 pilots, were also exposed to training for CSAR operations. Lieutenant Colonel Chris Haave stated in A-10s over Kosovo (2003) that graduates of the weapons school became qualified to lead CSAR missions and that their abilities ranked at the top of U.S. and NATO “must have capabilities” when planning for combat. CSAR-qualified commanders are given the coveted call sign “Sandys.” The “sandy” name went all the way back to the Vietnam conflict and denoted the escort of search and rescue helicopters into enemy territory. Lieutenant Colonel Haave stated, “Due to the difficulty and complexity of the mission, only the most experienced and capable A-10 pilots are selected to train as Sandys.” Training to lead a CSAR mission was among the most mentally challenging mission sets learned by combat pilots. Lieutenant Colonel Haave said that these pilots must “use exceptional judgment to find and talk to the survivor without giving away information to the enemy, who may also be listening or watching. The Sandy must have an extraordinary situational awareness to keep track of the survivor, numerous support aircraft, rescue helicopters, and enemy activity on the ground.”
There is a direct link between the rescue efforts in the Balkans and those practiced at Red Flag and at the Fighter Weapons School. Exercise parameters during a search and rescue training mission anticipated the rescue of downed pilots in Serbia perfectly. More important, the rescue efforts demonstrated that realistic training was as important as the technology needed to go in and rescue a downed pilot. The combat search and rescue efforts to retrieve Dale Zelko after he was shot down by surface-to-air missiles began long before he ever took off on his mission.
The search and rescue effort to save Dale Zelko, the largest such operation since the Vietnam conflict, demonstrated the importance of training over technology. One of the benefits of Red Flag proven during this particular rescue effort was the value of training with different types of aircraft. Air force pilot Lieutenant Colonel Brian McLean said in his book Joint Training for Night Air Warfare (1992) that Red Flag “exposes the participants to more than one type of aircraft, [and] the participants learn what skills and capabilities can be provided by other types of aircraft and crews.” During the search and rescue efforts, Red Flag graduates knew where each and every aircraft would be located by altitude and exactly what type of mission the pilot of that aircraft would be responsible for. Another mission taught at Red Flag that was used during this rescue effort was the ability to conduct operations at night. In the fall of 1991, after Desert Storm proved the importance of operating at night, Red Flag moved its afternoon “go” to a night “go” to train pilots in nighttime operations. Lieutenant Colonel McLean indicated that conducting operations during periods of darkness allowed pilots to coordinate their “timing to achieve a more effective overall mission package.” This effectiveness in timing proved its worth in the rescue of Lieutenant Colonel Dale Zelko.
On the night of 27 March 1999, Lieutenant Colonel Zelko set out on a bombing run. He carried, in addition to the standard survival equipment, an American flag tucked under his flight suit; it had been given to him by the senior airman who’d prepared his target package that night. It has long been tradition in the air force for pilots and aircrews to carry American flags with them during missions. Zelko had just finished his run over Serbia in his F-117 when the unthinkable occurred—he saw at least two, possibly more, surface-to-air missiles closing in on his aircraft. As the first one passed extremely close to the front of his aircraft, the pilot was surprised that its proximity fuse did not engage to detonate the missile. The second exploded near the rear of his aircraft, sending it into a violent negative-G situation and forcing Zelko to eject. Colonel Ellwood Hinman, a member of Zelko’s squadron, later said, “If we had to pick one man we wanted to be in that situation, it would have been Zelko.” Zelko was the Forty-ninth Fighter Wing’s life support officer. His day-to-day job, outside of the cockpit, was to train pilots in ejection procedures and how to handle their survival equipment in the event of this very situation.
Less than a minute after ejecting and floating down under his canopy, Zelko made the following radio transmission: “Mayday. Mayday. Mayday, Vega-31.” Other aircraft in the vicinity and the large NATO airborne warning and control system aircraft orbiting nearby immediately picked up the transmission and responded: “Magic-86, on guard, go ahead.” The response stopped those who received the message dead in their tracks: “Roger, Vega-31 is out of the aircraft! Downed.” The pilot of another F-117, Vega-32, captured the entire episode on his radio, including the extremely shrill locator beacon that sounded as Zelko floated down toward enemy territory. Zelko was using a short-range radio intended only for communicating with aircraft orbiting nearby, meaning that once he was downed, he had difficulty contacting the airborne warning and control system aircraft again. A nearby KC-135 refueler began relaying the messages from Zelko to the AWACS aircraft. The only aircraft whose pilot heard all of the communications between Zelko, the air refueler, and the NATO AWACS aircraft was another F-117. This stealth pilot transmitted to the AWACS aircraft to “start the [combat search and rescue] effort.” A member of the combined air and space operations center team on the combat operations floor said, “You could have heard a pin drop when we realized it was a stealth.” Immediately after the moment of stunned silence, all hell broke loose as a massive rescue operation was set in motion.
Dale Zelko landed roughly five miles west of Belgrade and south of the town of Ruma; his location so close to Belgrade indicated to rescue officers that this would be a very difficult mission. Zelko’s landing site was little more than a flat farm field, meaning it would be extremely challenging for the downed pilot to find somewhere suitable to camouflage himself and wait for the rescue mission to arrive. Beyond that, he had landed within two miles of the wreckage of his aircraft and thus was in danger of being found by the Serbian Army before the American combat search and rescue team arrived. Zelko moved from his landing site into a small irrigation ditch that provided the only land cover between two plowed farm fields.
Major Ellwood Hinman was scheduled to fly in the “second go” of F-117s that night. When he entered the squadron, it was, in his words, “complete chaos.” Two problems immediately greeted Hinman and every operational officer at Italy’s Aviano Air Base that evening. The first was the rescue attempt to get Zelko out of enemy territory. The second was whether to bomb the wreckage to ensure that its components did not fall into enemy hands. Hinman volunteered for the second mission. However, for two reasons, the bombing mission never took place. First, every airborne tanker was diverted to support the rescue mission. Second, the proximity to Belgrade meant that local and international news stations arrived at the crash site quickly. In fact, by the time Hinman was preparing to taxi his aircraft, CNN had already broadcast images of the F-117’s wreckage burning in a field. With dozens of civilians at the crash site, there was no way the air force could destroy the aircraft without incurring civilian casualties.
While the F-117 pilots of the Eighth Fighter Squadron at Aviano Air Base struggled to decide what their next steps should be, a pilot from a nearby A-10 squadron showed up to collect as much information on the downed pilot as possible, including his “isolated personnel report,” which contained information only the downed airman would know and would be able to remember even under extreme duress. The A-10 pilot gave this information to to the first two A-10 pilots readying to take off in support of the rescue mission.
The rescue of Zelko involved dozens of aircraft and demonstrated the timing and coordination during night operations that had been emphasized at Red Flag after Desert Storm as well as the importance of pilots training with types of aircraft that had differing capabilities from their own. Furthermore, because of training exercises like Red Flag and home station continuation training, each pilot knew exactly how close he or she could push his or her aircraft into the Serbian defense system. After the first launch of aircraft that night, all other missions had been cancelled due to weather, and when the F-117 was shot down, more than a dozen airborne assets were retasked to participate in the rescue. These assets included at least two airborne warning and control system aircraft (NATO and air force); three intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets; an RC-135 Rivet Joint; an RC-135 Compass Call; a U-2; an EC-130E airborne command and control center; four F-16 CJs that provided onscene command until the arrival of the A-10s; and USMC EA-6Bs, each of which provided unique capabilities to facilitate the rescue of the downed pilot. The KC-135 refuelers, which normally circled in preplanned orbits well outside of any enemy threat, pushed closer to Serbia and the threat of enemy MiGs to ensure that the A-10s, which had to refuel, were able to safely “chainsaw” back and forth to the refuelers while leaving one pair on station over Zelko.
Summer 1943 – A Limited Offensive?
Strategic Plans—Operations Order 5
Army Group Center—Anti-partisan Warfare
Through the winter Army Group Center stood as the bulwark of the Eastern Front, but its underpinnings were weak. Its front, projecting eastward—once a giant spearhead aimed at Moscow—was, under the influence of the second Soviet winter offensive, becoming badly eroded and an invitation to disaster. On the north flank, around the bulge west of Toropets, the army group had not had a secure line since December 1941. After mid-January 1943, the Soviet armies gouged deeply into the south flank, forcing it back west of Kursk.
On 20 January, to shore up what was then the weakest spot in his front, Kluge moved Headquarters, Third Panzer Army, into the sector on the western rim of the Toropets bulge. The attempt to relieve Velikiye Luki had failed five days earlier. After his first look at the front, the Commanding General, Third Panzer Army, Generaloberst Hans Reinhardt, reported that the sector was in “appalling condition.” Gruppe von der Chevallerie had thrown every unit it could lay hands on into the thrust toward Velikiye Luki. In the army rear area an estimated 20,000 partisans roamed the countryside at will. The army’s first task would be to gain enough troops to establish some sort of defensible line by pulling back and sorting out the jumbled units west of Velikiye Luki.
Hitler, as he had since the start of the war, called for the utmost severity. In January 1943 he decreed that soldiers could not be brought to trial for atrocities committed while fighting partisans. The Geneva Convention and the rules of chivalry, he declared, had no place in anti-partisan warfare. The generals, on the other hand, were fully aware that they lacked the strength to master the partisan movement by Draconian methods and would, if they tried, only succeed in totally alienating the civilian population. Consequently, most of them attempted, for humanitarian and practical reasons, to avoid interpreting Hitler’s decree literally. The Commanding General, Second Panzer Army, General der Panzertruppen Rudolf Schmidt, for instance, directed that it would apply only to acts committed in the heat of battle and would, under no circumstances, be considered a license to kill and plunder wantonly.
Operation BÜFFEL
On 1 March Ninth Army began drawing back its front north and west of Rzhev. In twenty-three days Operation BÜFFEL was completed. The units that originally stood farthest east had covered a distance of 90 miles. The length of the front in the BÜFFEL area was reduced from 340 miles to 110 miles.
On his south flank, after 14 February, Kluge faced the problem of finding enough troops to halt Second Army’s retreat and to man the lengthening line of Second Panzer Army, its neighbor on the north. As the Russians advanced west past Kursk, the army group front began to bulge dangerously east of Orel. On 20 February Kluge proposed pulling back the Panzer and Second Armies to the line of the Desna River, but Hitler was through retreating. He was already at work on other plans, and before many months had passed, the names of two provincial Russian towns, Kursk and Orel, would gain renown on the Eastern Front.
Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667
Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. 1667. The captured ship the Royal Charles is right of centre.
‘I think the Devil shits Dutchmen.’
– Samuel Pepys, 1667
On 13 June 1667 Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary: ‘I do fear so much that the whole kingdom is undone, that I do this night resolve to study with my father and wife what to do with the little that I have in money.’
He, like many Londoners, was thrown into a panic by an extraordinary raid on the Royal Dockyards of Chatham, which contained in oak the defensive strength of England. Only a rusty chain and a tiny river-fort provided the last defence against invasion. That panic was shared by the government. A coastal town was captured and three capital ships and 10 lesser vessels were burnt, while around 30 vessels were scuttled and two others – including the pride and flagship of the navy, were towed away. The one-sided attack proved to be, it can be argued, the worst defeat in the Royal Navy’s history. And it vies with Majuba Hill (1881) and the fall of Singapore (1941) as the most humiliating defeat of British arms.
The Stuarts, by making friends of the Spanish and French, ensured that the threat from those two rival powers would be diminished for the best part of a century. That peace was interrupted when it became clear that the Parliamentarians were winning the Civil War against Charles I. A French squadron with transports evaded the navy in the North Sea and reached Bridlington, but was then destroyed in the harbour. Cromwell’s Commonwealth was not threatened from overseas, partly because in a Europe hit by financial crisis, no power was strong enough to mount a serious challenge. That did not change much when the Stuarts were restored.
But the Dutch, sometimes allies, sometimes enemies, were a different matter.
During the Commonwealth, Cromwell had successfully seen off the Dutch in a war sparked by trade disputes and fought entirely at sea. The English were victorious at the Battle of Scheveningen and the Dutch were forced to accept an English monopoly on trade with England and English colonies. Cromwell sought to avoid further conflict with the Dutch Republic.
The restoration of Charles II saw widespread demands at home to reverse the Dutch dominance in world trade. Charles, however, was personally greatly in debt to the House of Orange, which had lent enormous sums to his father during the Civil War. But a conflict soon developed over the education and future prospects of his nephew, William III of Orange. That dispute, which had wide implications for the royal houses of Europe, was temporarily solved, thanks largely to the diplomacy of Lord Clarendon, a favourite of the king. In 1664, the situation quickly changed when Clarendon’s enemy, Lord Arlington, superseded him as the king’s favourite. Arlington and the king’s brother James, Duke of York, the Lord High Admiral, saw the opportunity for great personal gain in a war with the Dutch. James headed the Royal African Company and hoped to seize the possessions of the Dutch West India Company. The two were supported by the English ambassador in The Hague, George Downing, who despised the Dutch. He, either falsely or over-optimistically, reported that the Republic was politically divided between Orangists, who would gladly collaborate with an English enemy in case of war, and a faction of wealthy merchants that would give in to any English demand in order to protect their trade interests. Arlington planned to subdue the Dutch completely by permanent occupation of key Dutch cities. Charles was easily influenced and became convinced that a popular and lucrative foreign war at sea would bolster his authority as king. Naval officers were hungry for promotion and fortune in a conflict which they thought would be a walk-over.
Enthusiasm for war became infectious. English privateers attacked Dutch ships, capturing about 200. Dutch ships were obligated by treaty to salute the English flag first. In 1664 English commanders provoked the Dutch by not saluting in return. Many Dutch commanders could not bear the insult. English propagandists got to work, invoking the Amboyna Massacre of 1623 when ten English residents in the Dutch fortress of Victoria were executed by beheading for alleged treason, after first being tortured by a seventeenth-century version of water-boarding. Scurrilous broadsheets demonised the Dutch as drunken and profane. Pamphlets documented, without any real evidence, Dutch atrocities in the colonies. Under such a mountain of print, most Englishmen believed, in the poet Andrew Marvell’s words, that the Dutch were the ‘undigested vomit of the Sea’. Such vilification was at least partially an expression of unease with the presence of notable Cromwellians in exile in Holland. Charles had some reason to be nervous about at least the possibility of a Dutch invasion coordinated with an uprising within England.
Behind such fear-fuelled bigotry was of course the time-honoured motive for war – mercantile competition. The English sought to take over the Dutch trade routes and colonies while excluding the Dutch from their own colonial possessions. Contraband shipping had gone on from English colonies in America and Surinam for a decade, and the English were in no mood to give up such revenues. The Dutch, for their part, considered it their right to trade with anyone, anywhere. They too suffered from myopic double standards as they themselves enforced a monopoly in the Dutch Indies and threatened to extend it to India, after having expelled the Portuguese from that region.
Relations were decidedly tense on all fronts. James sent the Royal African Company’s Robert Holmes to capture Dutch trading posts and colonies in West Africa. With royal authority, the English invaded the Dutch colony of New Netherlands in North America on 24 June 1664, and controlled it by October. The Dutch responded by sending a fleet under Michiel de Ruyter, which recaptured their African trade posts, seized most English trade stations there and then crossed the Atlantic for a punitive expedition against the English in America. In December 1664, the English suddenly attacked the Dutch Smyrna fleet. Although the attack failed, the Dutch in January 1665 decreed that their ships could open fire on English warships in the colonies whenever threatened. Charles used this as a pretext to declare war on the Netherlands on 4 March 1665.
Since their defeat in the First Anglo–Dutch War, the Dutch had become much better prepared. Beginning in 1653, a ‘New Navy’ was constructed, a core of 60 new, heavier ships with professional captains. However, these ships were still much lighter than the 10 biggest ships in the English navy. With the threat of war growing, in 1664 the Dutch decided to replace their fleet core completely with still heavier ships. Upon the outbreak of war the following year, the new ships were quickly completed, with another 20 ordered. In the run-up to hostilities, cash-strapped England could only build a dozen ships. During the course of the war the Dutch shipyards built seven vessels to England’s one.
Still, on paper England appeared, fallaciously as it turned out, to be a giant facing the little Dutch boy. Her population was four times as big and its confidence was still on a par with its post-Armada period. But money was tight, with few cities able to dig deep into their coffers. The Dutch burghers were able to spend the equivalent of £11 million on the war, the English barely half that. And God seemed to have deserted England. The outbreak of war was swiftly followed by both the Great Plague and the Great Fire of London, bringing England virtually to her knees. Furthermore, the English fleet had already suffered severe cash shortages, despite having been voted a record budget of £2,500,000 by Parliament. The navy could only pay its sailors with ‘tickets’, or debt certificates, as Charles lacked an effective means of enforcing taxation. The only way to finance the war was to capture Dutch trade fleets.
The first encounters were, unsurprisingly, at sea and British naval power at first seemed supreme. At the Battle of Lowestoft on 13 June the English gained a great victory. It was the worst defeat of the Dutch Republic’s navy in history. However, the English proved unable to capitalise on the victory. The leading Dutch politician, Johan de Witt, quickly restored confidence by joining the fleet personally. He sacked ineffective captains and introduced modern tactics.
In August, de Ruyter returned from America to a hero’s welcome and was given supreme command of the confederate fleet. The 60-year-old de Ruyter was highly respected, even loved, by his sailors and soldiers, who used the term of endearment Bestevaêr (‘Grandad’) for him. A pious, lowly born man, cautious in his personal nature, he always led from the front and refused to back away from danger. He also, unusually for one of his standing, had an utter disregard for rank. Meanwhile, the Spice Fleet from the Dutch East Indies managed to return home safely after the Battle of Vagen. That hit English pockets hard.
Charles and his ministers sought foreign help. In the summer of 1665 the bishop of Münster, an old enemy of the Dutch, had been induced by promises of English subsidies to invade the Republic. At the same time, the English made overtures to Spain. Both strategies backfired. Louis XV was greatly alarmed by the attack by Münster and the prospect of an English–Spanish coalition. He feared that a collapse of the Republic could create a powerful Habsburg entity on his northern border, as the Habsburgs were the traditional allies of the German bishops. He immediately promised to send a French army corps and French envoys. There was consternation at the English court. It now seemed that the Republic would end up as either a Habsburg possession or a French protectorate. Either outcome would be a disaster for England. Clarendon, always having warned about ‘this foolish war’, was ordered to quickly make peace with the Dutch without French mediation. Instead, he encouraged the Orangists to seize power, but that was foiled by the return of de Witt from his fleet.
The Dutch created a strong anti-English alliance. On 26 January 1666, Louis declared war and days later Frederick III of Denmark was bribed into doing the same. Charles made a new peace offer, which vaguely promised to moderate his demands if the Dutch would only appoint William to some responsible function and pay £200,000 in ‘indemnities’. De Witt considered it a mere feint to divide the Dutch and their French allies. He was having none of it and decided to strike hard with a fleet of 85 ships.
Eighty English ships, under General-at-Sea George Monck, the Duke of Albemarle, set sail at the end of May to confront the threat. But 20 of them under Prince Rupert peeled off to intercept a phantom French squadron believed to be joining up with the Dutch – in fact, most French vessels were in the Mediterranean. Albemarle came upon de Ruyter’s fleet at anchor on 1 June and immediately attacked the nearest Dutch ship before the rest of the fleet could come to her aid. The Dutch rearguard under Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelius Tromp set upon a starboard tack, taking the battle toward the Flemish shoals and compelling Albemarle to turn about. A ferocious battle raged until nightfall. Albemarle’s strength was reduced to 44 ships, but with these he renewed the battle, tacking past the enemy four times in close action. With his fleet in too poor a condition to continue to challenge, he retired towards the coast with the Dutch in pursuit.
The following day Prince Rupert returned with his 20 ships, joined Albemarle. During this stage of the battle, Vice-Admiral George Ayscue, on the grounded Prince Royal, surrendered, the last time an English admiral did so in battle. On the fourth day the Dutch broke the English lines several times. The English again retreated, but de Ruyter was reluctant to follow because gunpowder was running low. The battle ended with both sides claiming victory, even though the English had lost 10 ships against the Dutch four.
One more major action was fought – the St James’s Day Battle on 4 and 5 August ended in English victory because they lost one ship to the Dutch two. It failed to decide the war as the Dutch fleet escaped annihilation and at this stage simply surviving was enough for the Dutch. Five days later, Charles made another peace offer to de Witt using the notorious Henri Buat, a Dutch cavalry officer with a track record of conspiracy, as an intermediary. Among the letters he took to The Hague, presumably by mistake, was one containing the secret English instructions to their contacts in the Orange party, outlining plans for an overthrow of the state’s regime. Buat was arrested, condemned for treason and beheaded. His accomplices in the conspiracy fled the country to England. De Witt now had proof of treachery within the Orange movement.
The mood in the Republic now turned grimly belligerent. To raise temperatures even higher, in August English Vice-Admiral Robert Holmes, during his raid on the Vlie estuary in August 1666, destroyed merchantmen and sacked the island of Terschelling, setting the main town aflame. In this he was assisted by a Dutch captain, Laurens Heemskerck, who had fled to England after having been condemned to death for cowardice shown during the Battle of Lowestoft.
After the Great Fire of London in September, Charles again reduced his demands in an attempt to withdraw from the war without losing face. He was rebuffed.
By the beginning of 1667 Charles’s active fleet was in a poor state owing to spending cuts and the remaining big ships were laid up. Johan de Witt saw his chance. Negotiations had been in progress at Breda since March, but Charles had been procrastinating over the signing of peace, hoping to improve his position through secret French assistance. De Witt vowed to end the war quickly with a clear victory, thereby ensuring a more advantageous settlement for the Dutch Republic. He sent his brother Cornelis to supervise the fleet’s preparations. The Dutch commanders, fearing the treacherous shoals in the Thames estuary, hired two English pilots, one a dissenter named Robert Holland, the other a smuggler who had fled English justice.
Admiral de Ruyter gathered together his various squadrons and set sail for the Thames on 4 June with 62 frigates or ships-of-the-line, about 15 lighter ships and 12 fireships. The fleet was in three squadrons: the first was commanded by de Ruyter himself, the second by Lieutenant-Admiral Aert Jansse van Nes, and the third by Lieutenant-Admiral Baron Willem Joseph van Ghent. The latter, on the frigate Agatha, was the real commander of the expedition; he had done all the operational planning as he had been the former commander of the Dutch Marine Corps, the first in history created for specialised amphibious operations. That was now headed by the English Cromwellian Colonel Thomas Dolman.
On 6 June a break in the fog bank revealed the Dutch task force sailing into the mouth of the Thames. The attack caught the English unawares. Despite ample warning from spies, no serious preparations had been made. Most frigates were at Harwich and in Scotland. Sir William Coventry had earlier dismissed the likelihood of the Dutch landing anywhere near London, believing that purely as a morale-booster they would launch a token attack on Harwich. That port was strongly fortified, leaving London protected by only a small number of active ships, most of them prizes taken earlier in the war from the Dutch. In March the Duke of York had ordered the discharge of most of the crews of the prize vessels, leaving only three guard ships at the Medway. The number of fireships was hastily increased from one to three, and 30 large sloops were prepared to row ships to safety in an emergency. But such measures merely underlined the lack of a clear line of command, with most responsible authorities giving hasty orders without bothering to coordinate them first. The result was utter confusion. King Charles stood aloof and English morale plummeted. English soldiers, not having been paid for months or even years, were not over-eager to risk their lives. England dithered while the main Dutch fleet took five days to manoeuvre around the shoals and reach the approaches to Chatham.
At the Royal Dockyard, Commissioner Peter Pett, despite having raised the alarm, sat on his hands until 9 June when, late in the afternoon, about 30 Dutch ships, Van Ghent’s squadron of frigates, were sighted off Sheerness. Pett sent a gloomy message to the Navy Board, lamenting the absence of Navy senior officials whose help and advice he believed he needed. When decisive action was required, Pett was more interested in avoiding future blame.
Van Ghent’s frigates carried marines who were landed on Canvey Island in Essex. They had strict orders not to plunder, as the Dutch wanted to shame the English whose troops had sacked Terschelling. Nevertheless, tCaptain Jan van Brakel’s crew couldn’t control themselves and commenced looting rather than soldiering. They were driven off by English militia and upon returning to the Dutch fleet found themselves under threat of severe punishment. Van Brakel offered to lead the attack the next day to avoid the penalty.
King Charles was finally spurred into action and ordered the Earl of Oxford to mobilise the militia of all counties around London. All available barges were gathered to lay a ship bridge across the Lower Thames, so that the English cavalry could quickly switch positions from one bank to the other. Musketeers from the Sheerness garrison were sent to investigate reports of Dutch raiding parties on the Isle of Grain. It was only in the afternoon of 10 June that the king instructed Albemarle to go to Chatham to take charge. Admiral Prince Rupert was sent to organise the defences at Woolwich a full three days later.
Albermarle found to his utter dismay that at Gravesend and Tilbury there were too few guns to halt a Dutch advance upon the Thames. To prevent such a disaster, he ordered all available artillery from the capital to be positioned at Gravesend. On 11 June he went to Chatham, expecting the backbone of England’s naval strength to be well prepared for an attack, but found only 12 of the 800 dockyard men present. Only 10 of the 30 sloops were there because the remainder had been used to ferry to safety the cherished personal possessions of senior officers, in Commissioner Pett’s case, his collection of model ships. No munitions or powder were available and the six-inch thick iron chain that blocked the Medway, installed in the Civil War to repel a possible attack of the Royalist fleet, had not been protected by batteries. Albemarle immediately ordered the transfer of the artillery from Gravesend to Chatham.
The full Dutch fleet arrived at the Isle of Sheppey on 10 June and launched an attack on the incomplete Sheerness Fort. Captain Jan van Brakel in Vrede, desperate to assuage the dishonour of his men, led and, followed by two other men-of-war, sailed as close to the fort as possible to batter it with cannon. Only the frigate Unity, stationed off the fort, was able to engage. It was supported by a number of ketches and fireships at Garrison Point, and by the fort itself where 16 guns had been hastily placed. The Unity fired one broadside, but when a Dutch fireship approached, she withdrew up the Medway, followed by the support vessels. The Dutch fired on the fort. Two men were hit and when the Scots soldiers of the garrison realised that no surgeon was on duty, they deserted. Seven remained, but their position became untenable when some 800 Dutch marines landed about a mile away. The fort and its guns were captured and blown up,
Confusion reigned on the English side, as Spragge, Monck and Admiralty officials issued conflicting orders. As his artillery would not arrive soon, Monck on the 11th ordered a squadron of cavalry and a company of soldiers to reinforce Upnor Castle. River defences were hastily improvised with blockships sunk, and the chain across the river was guarded by light batteries. Pett proposed that several big and smaller ships be sunk to block the Musselbank channel in front of the chain. HMS Golden Phoenix, HMS House of Sweden, HMS Welcome and HMS Leicester were scuttled along with the smaller vessels Constant John, Unicorn, John and Sarah. Spragge took soundings and discovered that this was not enough to block the second channel, several more were sunk, including the Barbados Merchant, Dolphin, Edward and Eve, Hind and Fortune. The job was done by men from the remaining warships, which were temporarily left crewless. They were placed in a too-easterly position on the line and could not be covered by fire. Monck then decided also to sink ships in Upnor Reach, presenting another barrier to the Dutch should they break through the chain at Gillingham. The defensive chain placed across the river had at its lowest point been lying practically 9ft under the waterline between its stages, leaving it possible for light ships to pass over it. The defenders tried to raise it by placing stages under it closer to the shore.
“Burning English ships” by Jan van Leyden. Shown are the events near Gillingham: in the middle the Royal Charles is taken; on the right Pro Patria and Schiedam set Matthias and Charles V alight.
The positions of Charles V and Matthais, both captured Dutch merchantmen, just above the chain were adjusted to enable them to bring their broadsides to bear. Monmouth was also moored above the chain, positioned so that she could bring her guns to bear on the space between Charles V and Matthias. The frigate Marmaduke and the Norway Merchant were sunk off above the chain; the large Sancta Maria foundered while being moved for the same purpose. Pett also informed Monck that the Royal Charles had to be moved upriver. He had been ordered by the Duke of York to do this on 27 June, but as yet had not complied. Monck at first refused to make available some of his small number of sloops, as they were needed to move supplies; when he at last found the captain of the Matthias willing to assist, Pett answered that it was too late as he was busy sinking the blockships and there was no pilot to be found daring enough to take such a risk anyway. Meanwhile the first Dutch frigates to arrive had already begun to move the Edward and Eve away, clearing a channel by nightfall.
Van Ghent’s squadron now advanced up the Medway on 12 June, attacking the English defences at the chain. First, Unity was taken by Van Brakel by assault. Then the fireship Pro Patria under commander Jan Daniëlsz van Rijn broke through the chain (or sailed over it according to some sources). She then destroyed the Matthias by fire. The fireships Catharina and Schiedam attacked the Charles V. The Catharina under commander Hendrik Hendriksz was sunk by the shore batteries but the Schiedam successfully set the Charles V alight. The crew was captured by Van Brakel.
The flagship Royal Charles, with only thirty cannon aboard and abandoned by her skeleton crew when they saw the Matthias burn, was then captured by the Irish flag captain Thomas Tobiasz. Only the Monmouth escaped. Seeing the disaster, Monck ordered the 16 remaining warships farther up to be sunk off to prevent them from being captured, making for a total of about 30 ships deliberately sunk by the English themselves. As Andrew Marvell observed: ‘Of all our navy none should now survive, But that the ships themselves were taught to dive.’ The Dutch anchored in the Medway when the tide turned.
The following day, 13 June, the whole of the Thames side as far up as London was in a panic as a rumour spread that the Dutch were transporting a French army from Dunkirk for a full-scale invasion. Many wealthy citizens fled the city, taking their most valuable possessions with them. Samuel Pepys, secretary of the Naval Board, wrote on the 13th:
No sooner up but hear the sad newes confirmed of the Royall Charles being taken by them, and now in fitting by them – which Pett should have carried up higher by our several orders, and deserves, therefore, to be hanged for not doing it – and turning several others; and that another fleete is come up into the Hope. Upon which newes the King and Duke of York have been below [London Bridge] since four o’clock in the morning, to command the sinking of ships at Barking-Creeke, and other places, to stop their coming up higher: which put me into such a fear, that I presently resolved of my father’s and wife’s going into the country; and, at two hours’ warning, they did go by the coach this day, with about L1300 in gold in their night-bag. … never were people so dejected as they are in the City all over at this day; and do talk most loudly, even treason; as, that we are bought and sold – that we are betrayed by the Papists, and others, about the King; cry out that the office of the Ordnance hath been so backward as no powder to have been at Chatham nor Upnor Castle till such a time, and the carriages all broken; that Legg is a Papist; that Upnor, the old good castle built by Queen Elizabeth, should be lately slighted; that the ships at Chatham should not be carried up higher. They look upon us as lost, and remove their families and rich goods in the City; and do think verily that the French, being come down with his army to Dunkirke, it is to invade us, and that we shall be invaded.
The Dutch continued their advance into the Chatham docks with the fireships Delft, Rotterdam, Draak, Wapen van Londen, Gouden Appel and Princess, under English fire from Upnor Castle and from three shore batteries. Cannon boomed and musketry rattled from Upnor. Dutch frigates suppressed the English fire, but suffered about 40 casualties in dead and wounded. The exposed structures of three of the finest and heaviest vessels in the navy, already sunk to prevent capture, now perished by fire: first the Loyal, set alight by the Rotterdam, then the Royal James and finally the Royal Oak. The latter withstood attempts by two fireships but succumbed to a third. The English crews abandoned their half-flooded ships, mostly without a fight, a notable exception being army Captain Archibald Douglas of the Scots Foot, who personally refused to abandon the Oak and perished in the flames. The Monmouth again escaped. The raid thus cost the English four of their remaining eight ships with more than 75 cannon. Three of the four largest ‘big ships’ of the navy were lost. The fourth, the Royal Sovereign, was safely but uselessly in Portsmouth. De Ruyter now joined Van Ghent’s squadron in person.
Pepys wrote:
Late at night comes Mr. Hudson, the cooper, my neighbour, and tells me that he come from Chatham this evening at five o’clock, and saw this afternoon ‘The Royal James,’ ‘Oake,’ and ‘London,’ burnt by the enemy with their fire-ships: that two or three men-of-war come up with them, and made no more of Upnor Castle’s shooting, than of a fly.
Cornelis de Witt, fearing that the English would finally get themselves organised and counter-attack, on 14 June decided against further penetration and withdrew, towing the Royal Charles along as a war trophy; the Unity was also removed with a prize crew. Dutch demolition teams rowed to any ship they could reach to burn her down as much as they could, thus ensuring their reward money. One boat even re-entered the docks to make sure nothing was left above the waterline of the Oak, James and London; another burnt the merchantman Slot van Honingen, ruining a precious salvage opportunity. The Dutch failed to completely destroy the Chatham dockyard, another missed opportunity. Such destruction could have put back the rebuilding of the English navy by decades.
The Dutch fleet, after celebrating by collectively thanking God for ‘a great victory in a just war in self-defence’ tried to repeat its success by attacking several other ports on the English east coast but was repelled each time.
On 27 June an attempt to enter the Thames beyond Gravesend was called off when it became known that the river was blocked by sunken ships and five fireships awaited the Dutch attack. On 2 July a Dutch force landed near Woodbridge north of Harwich, aiming to take the port, a position of immense strategic importance. But first they had to take the newly constructed Landguard Fort. What happened next did something to restore battered English military pride. Four officers and around 100 men, with 18 heavy cannon, were determined to fight. So, too, were the town militia.
Initially the Dutch fleet, due to unfavourable winds, was forced to sail north off Lowestoft before turning south to launch the attack. As they sailed northwards, the British militia, assuming another raid, marched along the coast shadowing the enemy fleet. When the Dutch turned south again, with a now favourable wind, so did the militia. De Ruyter’s fleet was joined by five troop transports sent out from Holland especially for the Harwich raid, commanded by the experienced Colonel Count van Hoorn. That took the attack force to about 850 infantrymen and 400 marines. The infantry commander was Colonel Thomas Dolman, the Medway veteran who had earlier served in the British army under Cromwell.
On Sunday 30 June, 70 Dutch ships anchored behind the shelter of a large sandbank known as the Gunfleet. The landing force embarked in a small fleet of around 20 small flat-bottomed sailing barges, known as galiots, At noon de Ruyter gave the signal and the galiots started for the shore.
Marines commander Colonel Francois Palm leaped out onto the gently sloping shingle, the first man to land, followed immediately by his men. To their right the infantry also poured ashore, led by Dolman. On the beach, the troops formed up as though on parade, while van Hoorn sent out a scouting party to ascend the low cliffs by a narrow track. Within two hours the Dutch were ashore safely, in good order, and without a shot being fired at them. The scouts brought back two civilian prisoners who told them that the fort’s garrison had been heavily reinforced and that 60 guns faced the raiders. Van Hoorn refused to believe them and ordered the attack.
While the Dutch soldiers of the assault group moved under cover of a large sand dune at around 1400 hours, the footsore English militia were on the wrong side of the River Deben. The river was swift-flowing with a surging tidal current. The militia cavalry trotted eight miles upstream to cross at Woodbridge while the infantry crossed in a tiny ferry-boat capable of carrying barely a dozen men at a time. It was agonisingly slow work in the face of immense danger. De Ruyter ordered forward a few of his galiots, each carrying a small cannon to bombard the 250yd crossing. The part-time British militia were attempting that most difficult military manoeuvre – a river crossing under artillery fire. The crossings were halted when just a few had reached the Dutch side of the estuary. They buried themselves in marsh ditches and waited for the ebb of the tide. As the water receded, the galiots that had been plaguing them were forced farther and farther from the shore until out of range. The river crossing started again at about 1600 hours.
The Dutch troops of the assault group were also forced to wait. The same tidal rush frustrated the Dutch admirals sent to bombard Harwich and Landguard Fort from the south and east. Their arrival in the selected firing positions with their squadrons coincided with the fall of the tide, and they too were forced out of range – even the largest cannon on the ships could barely reach the walls of the fort. The Dutch assault force was denied the flanking fire designed to keep the defenders’ heads down. The English had also removed all the marker buoys from the Harwich channels, so that the Dutch sailors had to navigate by memory and guesswork. Admiral van Nes’s flagship, the Delft, ran aground and had to be laboriously towed off later. The Dutch ships withdrew and most of their sailors were sent to reinforce the soldiers on land.
Soon after 1600 hours – just as the falling tide allowed the militia to the north to resume their interrupted river crossing – the Dutch soldiers, marines and sailors started their attack. The soldiers were organised in 18 infantry half-companies of about 48 men each, disposed in four sections, each with four grenadiers, the rest being musketeers and pikemen. The marines were all armed with carbines – short flintlock muskets much like the old firelocks.
Surprised by the sheer volume of musket fire poured at them, the vast majority of Dutch soldiers and sailors simply refused to leave the shelter of the dunes. Their musketeers, trying to fire from behind cover, tended to fire high. Some did make several gallant assaults against the walls, using their fascines to fill the ditch and their ladders to scale the walls. None made it to the top. At around 1730 the Dutch began to melt away, but officers rallied sufficient of the braver men for a second major assault. That, too, failed. At 1800 the attack on Landguard Fort was called off and the Dutch retreated towards the beaches.
Part of the volume of fire which had so surprised and dispirited the Dutch troops came from a tiny galiot the British had sailed to the harbour mouth. This vessel used grapeshot to great effect on the retreating Dutch. Having run that gauntlet, Colonel Dolman’s men made it to the beach, only to confront another threat. The English militia had come together and a mixed force of 1,500 infantry and cavalry were on high ground to the north challenging the Dutch flank guard. A separate two-hour battle now ensued as the Dutch used their musketeers to keep the British at bay, with small groups of men from both sides creeping around trying to out-manoeuvre each other. The British attempred to lure the Dutch forward from their lines by feigning a withdrawal, but instead the Dutch maintained the fire of their small portable cannon, using grapeshot against the infantry and round-shot against the cavalry. This harassing artillery fire was so effective that the British cavalry were unable to form up for a charge. Sunset ended the battle. At about 2030 hours the Dutch used the deepening darkness to disengage in a display of professional skill and they were all re-embarked by around 2200.
The casualties were never recorded properly by either side. One Dutch report listed ‘7 dead and 35 wounded in the whole fleet’, which does not accord with a British eye-witness account of ‘boat-loads of Dutch dead’ being rowed out to the ships. More believable is that the Dutch casualties were seven dead and 35 wounded in the ships themselves, while the soldiers and marines ashore suffered perhaps eight dead and 30–40 wounded at the fort. British casualties were very precisely numbered at the fort as one dead and four wounded, including their commander, Captain Nathaniel Darell, who received a musket ball through his shoulder. But, like the Dutch, there was no record of casualties during the withdrawal or in the battle with the enemy flank guard. The best guesses, given the nature of the battle, are 12–15 British killed and 20 wounded, and eight Dutch dead and 20 wounded. For the British it was a small price to pay for repelling the last opposed seaborne invasion of England.
Despite that Dutch failure, panic still ruled in London amongst the ruling class. Samuel Pepys noted in his diary on 19 July 1667: ‘The Dutch fleete are in great squadrons everywhere still about Harwich, and were lately at Portsmouth; and the last letters say at Plymouth, and now gone to Dartmouth to destroy our Streights’ fleete lately got in thither; but God knows whether they can do it any hurt, or no, but it was pretty news come the other day so fast, of the Dutch fleets being in so many places, that Sir W. Batten at table cried, By God, says he, I think the Devil shits Dutchmen.’ And on 29 July 1667: ‘Thus in all things, in wisdom, courage, force, knowledge of our own streams, and success, the Dutch have the best of us, and do end the war with victory on their side’.
Wharf official John Norman estimated the damage caused by the Medway raid at about £20,000, apart from the replacement costs of the four lost capital ships; the total loss of the Royal Navy must have been close to £200,000. Pett was made a scapegoat, bailed at £5,000 and deprived of his office while those who had ignored his earlier warnings quietly escaped any blame. The Royal James, Oak and Loyal London were in the end salvaged and rebuilt, but at great cost and when the City of London refused to share in it, Charles had the name of the latter ship changed to simply London. For a few years the English fleet was handicapped by its losses during the raid, but by around 1670 a new building programme had restored the English navy to its former power.
Total losses for the Dutch were eight spent fireships and about 50 casualties. In the Republic, the populace was jubilant after the victory; many festivities were held, repeated when the fleet returned in October, the various admirals being hailed as heroes. They were rewarded by a flood of eulogies and given honorary golden chains and pensions by the States-General and the lesser States of the Provinces; de Ruyter, Cornelis de Witt and Van Ghent were honoured by precious enamelled golden chalices depicting the events. Cornelis de Witt had a large ‘Sea Triumph’ painted, with himself as the main subject. This triumphalism by de Witt’s States faction caused resentment with the rival Orangist faction; when the States regime lost power in 1672, Cornelis’s head was to be ceremoniously carved out from the painting, after Charles had for some years insisted the picture would be removed.
The Dutch success in the Medway had a major psychological impact throughout England, with London feeling especially vulnerable just a year after the Great Fire. This, together with the cost of the war, of the Great Plague and the extravagant spending of Charles’s court, produced a rebellious atmosphere in London. Clarendon ordered the English envoys at Breda to sign a peace quickly, as Charles feared an open revolt.
On 31 July 1667, the Treaty of Breda sealed peace between the two nations. The treaty allowed the English to keep 27 possession of New Netherlands, which they renamed New York, while the Dutch kept control of the valuable sugar plantations of Surinam they had conquered in 1667.
The Raid on the Medway was a serious blow to the reputation of the English crown. Charles felt personally offended by the fact the Dutch had attacked while he had laid up his fleet and peace negotiations were in progress, conveniently forgetting he himself had not negotiated in good faith. His resentment was one of the causes of the Third Anglo-Dutch war, as it made him enter into the secret Treaty of Dover with Louis XIV of France. In the nineteenth century, jingoistic British writers expanded on this theme by suggesting it had been the Dutch who had sued for peace after their defeats in 1666 – although in fact these had made them, if anything, more belligerent – and that only by treacherously attacking the English had they been able to gain a victory.
The Republic was jubilant about the Dutch victory and the peace was generally seen as a personal triumph for de Witt. He consolidated his political power at home and reduced the powers of difficult provinces. But de Witt’s success would sow the seeds of his eventual downfall and nearly that of the Republic with him. Charles and Louis, both humiliated in turn, intensified their secret cooperation and would, joined by the bishop of Münster, attack the Dutch in 1672. De Witt was unable to counter this attack, as he could not create a strong Dutch army for lack of money and fear that it would strengthen the position of the young William III. That same year de Witt was assassinated and William became stadtholder.
The Royal Charles, her draught too deep to be of use in the shallow Dutch waters, was permanently drydocked near Hellevoetsluis as a tourist attraction, with day trips being organised for large parties, often of foreign state guests. After vehement protests by Charles that this insulted his honour, the official visits were ended and Royal Charles was eventually scrapped in 1672.
In 1676 de Ruyter took command of a combined Dutch-Spanish fleet to help the Spanish suppress the Messina revolt and twice fought a French fleet. At the Battle of Agosta a cannonball mangled his left leg. He died on 29 April 1676. He was given a full state funeral and buried in Amsterdam.
The Medway debacle, a humiliation for Britain’s military might, led to a major overhaul of coastal defences. Over 15 years, enormous sums were spent in both the Medway and the Thames, and in Portsmouth, Plymouth, Hull and Tynemouth. Many fortifications were designed by the country’s famed chief engineer, Sir Bernard de Gomme. Squat forts bristling with ordnance covered the main estuaries and waterways. In military circles, the lessons were learnt and never forgotten.
During the Second World War, on 14 December 1941, the Dutch minelayer Jan van Brakel hit the anchor buoy of one of the vessels protecting the entrance to the Medway. The commander reported this incident to the port authorities, signalling: ‘Van Brakel damaged boom defence Medway’. The instant reply was: ‘What, again?’
Response to the Loss of Acre
The fall of Acre in 1291 moved the West. The reaction was not as strong as that which followed Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem in 1187 but it was noteworthy just the same in that it influenced the most committed advocates of mission to Muslims to think again about the need for crusade to rescue the Holy Land. The reason lies in disappointment that God had deserted His people and given victory to the Mamluks. A sense of divine purpose had run through crusading history, and now almost every foothold had been lost in the Holy Land and the associated states. Other strongpoints had already gone, but Acre was the very last of importance, being well known due to its size, its massive walls, its burgeoning population and its commercial and industrial life.
Appeals for money and warriors in the West had largely gone unheeded because of the growth of nation-states, their conflicts and the immense costs of up-to-date warfare. Edward I of England, before he came to the throne, was a notably committed crusader; when he became king, however, he was too preoccupied with problems at home to consider going to the Holy Land.
The New Force: Philip the Fair (1285–1314)
Popes in the late thirteenth century were terrified of a renewal of the Hohenstaufen threat to exert power and to put intolerable pressure on the independence of the papacy in Rome through co-ordinated action from Germany, northern Italy and Sicily. One French pope decided to back a safe ally, Charles of Anjou, brother of King Louis, to take south Italy and Sicily and destroy the last of the Hohenstaufen ‘brood of vipers’. This Charles proceeded to do, killing Frederick II’s bastard son Manfred in battle and ruthlessly executing Frederick’s sixteen-year-old grandson in Naples but his dictatorial attitude angered rebels in Sicily, who called in the maritime power of Aragon against him. Peter III of Aragon, married to Manfred’s daughter, took up the Hohenstaufen claim and was accused of ‘impeding’ the Holy Land crusade, in the phrase once deployed by Innocent III at the start of his pontificate. A French army, equipped with the crusading indulgence under King Philip III of France, embarked on a disastrous venture overland against Aragon, only to find its supplies ruined by Peter’s fleet. Beset by hunger and disease, the French were forced into a humiliating retreat over the Pyrenees. Philip III, who had to be carried in a litter, succumbed to illness at Perpignan in 1285. His son Philip, called the Fair because of his good looks, had accompanied him in his humiliation and in consequence bore a deep hostility towards the political crusading of the popes. Despite being the grandson of St Louis, he only played with the notion of a Holy Land crusade and his reign damaged both the papacy and the traditional crusading ideal.
The pontificate of the eccentric Celestine V, who resigned after nine months, was followed by that of a highly capable administrator and canonist, Boniface VIII (1294–1303). He brought about a workable solution to the long Sicilian crisis and called a Jubilee in Rome with attached indulgences and improved papal finances; but he had his dark side, manipulating a land deal for his family, the Caetani, and calling an expedition against their traditional enemies, the Colonna, a crusade. Coarse and self-willed, Boniface’s casual remarks were damaging to the papacy’s reputation and were ruthlessly exploited by Philip the Fair’s ministers to discredit him and put pressure on his successors. A jurisdictional and financial conflict in France escalated dramatically as Boniface used papal powers to excommunicate one of Philip’s ministers, William of Nogaret, and issued the Bull Unam Sanctam, with the most extreme claims for papal powers ever made. William, with Sciarra Colonna, personally attacked Boniface, bursting into his private family palace in the hill town of Anagni, intending to arrest the pope and transport him by force to France to answer trumped up charges of corruption, simony, blasphemy and heresy. The pope met them with dignity and was liberated by his faithful townspeople but he had been profoundly humiliated and died within a month, probably from a stroke.
This was far from the end of Philip’s campaign to subject the papacy to his will. He and his servants knew inquisition procedures well and were ready, it was clear, to exhume Boniface, put him on trial, convict him and burn his body as a heretic. The potential damage to the reputation of the papacy was one no pope could ignore.
Events split the cardinals. Some wanted to see a settlement with Philip; others supported the papacy and were unwilling to make a deal. After the short pontificate of a Dominican friar, an eleven-month interregnum followed with such deadlock that the only way to resolve the long crisis appeared to be to elect an outsider and so the Sacred College found a candidate in a Gascon, technically the subject of Edward I of England, Bertrand of Got, Archbishop of Bordeaux. Suffering from cancer, he was unable to work continuously, being overwhelmed repeatedly with incapacitating pains. He had intended to be crowned in Rome as Clement V but was not well enough to go there and instead was crowned at Lyon; thereafter he and his curia moved restlessly between Lyon, Poitiers and Bordeaux before finally settling in the small town of Avignon in 1309. Allegiances within the Sacred College were finally settled as he appointed Gascons as cardinals. The papacy came to be seen as French and every pope after Clement was French until the Great Schism in 1378. The papacy in consequence lost its international calibre.
James of Molay and the Fate of the Templars
James of Molay, last Grand Master of the Templars, a shrewd, straightforward military man and a good organiser, was elected after the death of his predecessor in Acre. He stemmed losses in finance and personnel, took up residence in Cyprus and combined with the Grand Master of the Hospitallers and the brother of King Henry of Cyprus to launch the last of the true Holy Land crusades, bringing into play the Christian enclave of Cilician Armenia and the Islamic convert and enemy of the Mamluks, Ghazan, Mongol Ilkahn of Persia. The deal was to recover Jerusalem and split territory between Christian settlers and the Mongol power using Armenia and the Mongols to expel the Mamluk garrisons. In an initial action in the winter of 1300–01, Cypriots, Templars and Hospitallers landed on the mainland at Tortosa from the island of Ruad and for some twenty-five days ravaged and took Muslims to be sold into slavery. The crusade project failed only when Ghazan, although he had taken Aleppo and all of Damascus bar the citadel, called off his attack, having grown uneasy about Mamluk strength and the lack of fodder for his horses. Templars retired to Ruad, holding themselves ready for another assault, but were overwhelmed by a Mamluk counterattack in 1302–3. It was the last Holy Land crusade to set foot on the mainland. Although Peter I of Cyprus contrived to take a substantial force in 1365 to capture Alexandria, he could not hold it and never got to Jerusalem.
Summoned by Pope Clement V to join with the Hospitaller Grand Master to discuss reform, economies and the merger of the two Orders, James left Cyprus in 1306. As a traditionalist, he feared that the Hospitallers would dominate the Templars and was wary of the potentially deadly hostile force of Philip the Fair. Clement had to put off seeing him for many months. It was at Poitiers that James of Molay approached Philip with his unease about rumours of accusations against his order and it was there that he spoke with Clement, who in September launched an inquiry of his own. Trapped in France by Clement’s illness, James was lured to Paris by Philip on 12 October 1307 to act as pall-bearer at the funeral of Philip’s sister-in-law. But all was swept aside in Philip’s next, catastrophic move on Friday 13 October – a date it was said, so inscribed in folk memory as to make Friday the 13th in any month ill omened – when James and all the French Templars were arrested simultaneously in the early hours.
Philip made use of the inquisitor of France who had authority to investigate heresy and sorcery, while deploying his own men, often civil lawyers, propagandising against the Templars and using torture. A farrago of accusations emerged, corresponding to all the fears and tensions unleashed by the fall of Acre and lurking in a society under strain. Renegades, men with grievances, rogues set the ball rolling, and what followed was illogical and incongruous as well as gross exaggeration by scheming interrogators probing the suggestion that the Templars had betrayed Christendom to the Muslims.
Nonplussed by events, old by medieval standards, perhaps promised release if he confessed, James of Molay made a fatal mistake on 24 October, when he admitted sinful behaviour – probably no more than masculine horseplay – at an initiation ritual which got out of hand at his reception into the Order forty-two years earlier, and urged others to confess as he had.
The Chinon Parchment, recently discovered in the Vatican Archives, shows Clement’s efforts over three days in August 1308 to rescue the reputation of James of Molay and leading Templars imprisoned in the castle of Chinon and thus free them from Philip’s clutches. Contriving to infiltrate three of his cardinals into the prison to carry out a secret interrogation, he established the true nature of the initiation ceremony and acquitted James and the others of heresy. But Clement was too alarmed at the prospect of the exhumation of Boniface and the danger of the schism in the Church to make known the acquittal and absolution of James and the others. It stayed secret and the victims were left to their fate.
There followed a long wrestling match between Philip and Clement, who attempted to preserve his own control over proceedings and prevent Philip from exhuming and burning Boniface. Philip’s motive was plain. He needed money: Templars were rich bankers, and Philip had engaged in expensive warfare compelling him to debase the coinage. Kings outside France where torture was not used, found the accusations unconvincing but did not feel able to intervene.
In the midst of the struggles Clement, a sincere crusader, attempted to maintain the call to rescue the Holy Land and summoned a General Council at Vienne, in Dauphiné, which sat between 1311 and 1312 in order to bring about church reform and launch a full-scale expedition. Popes before him had engaged too often in political crusading and the Council did not believe in Clement’s motives, thinking his intentions mercenary. Some new thinking about crusades for Jerusalem emerged in Clement’s time. Marino Sanudo Torsello, a member of the Venetian aristocracy, wrote the most thorough and expert analysis of the means required to destroy Egypt’s economic power in preparation for a general crusade but it fell foul both of the unwillingness to cut off trade and of the preoccupations of Clement’s successor, John XXII, who was devoted to restoring papal power in Italy.
Some Templars made a last heroic stand for their Order. In May 1310 fifty-four Templars in France withdrew their confessions and were promptly burned alive as relapsed heretics outside Paris by the Archbishop of Sens, an associate of Philip. That led the surviving Knights to accept guilt and receive pensions. Finally in 1314, James of Molay and Geoffrey of Charnay, former Preceptor of Normandy, also withdrew their confessions. In a rage and without authority Philip had them publicly burned alive for relapse on an island in the Seine. Their courage moved onlookers. But by that time Philip had won. In his attack on the Templars he was targeting rich bankers, smearing them and forcing Clement to suppress them, which the pope did at Vienne on the grounds that their reputation had been destroyed. Their possessions were transferred to the Hospitallers, from whom Philip extracted the money by charging massive ‘expenses’.
Philip’s actions caused major damage. By destroying the Templars he took away devoted manpower committed to the crusade and his ruthless propaganda discredited the papacy and created an atmosphere of fear of the Muslim world and of the inroads of Satan into Christendom. Political crusading was a morass which undermined popes and Philip made everything worse. The effects of his reign lasted long after his death in 1314. The public still cared about crusade and had a long tradition of popular agitation going back to the Pastoureaux working to rescue St Louis but a society lacking means of interpretation of natural disasters looked to conspiracy explanations and the general bête noire of the Muslims.
In 1321 in the south of France another alleged conspiracy was uncovered between Jews, lepers and Muslims said to be bent on poisoning water supplies used by Christians. Secret meetings had been held, it was alleged, and letters and magic powder sent by the Muslim kings of Granada and Tunis. The new king of France, Philip V, susceptible to such rumours, listened and Bernard Gui the inquisitor investigated. There were pogroms and burnings of lepers.
Damage to the papacy was also long-lasting. Popes had been the leaders and initiators of the crusade for Jerusalem, but now their reputation was gone. The papal residence at Avignon after 1309 was described as the Babylonish Captivity and there were long campaigns fought to bring order to Italy and a return to Rome. In the Great Schism (1378–1414) popes and antipopes were busy attacking and condemning one another and were distracted from crusading.
A painting showing Maltese galleys capturing an Ottoman vessel in the Malta Channel in 1652.
Crusade at Sea: The Naval Role of the Hospitallers
While the Templars underwent their long Passion, their sister Order secured a new role. An invitation to the Hospitallers from a landholder on the island of Rhodes to move there and help defend his interests against marauding Genoese corsairs secured the support of Clement V for its conquest, the nominal ruler being the Byzantine emperor. Relations between the West and Byzantium were poor and Clement authorised the Grand Master to make war, treating the Byzantines as schismatics and allowing him crusade subsidies. The Grand Master, Fulk of Villaret, nephew of the Grand Master who had collaborated with James of Molay, finally conquered Rhodes in 1309–10.
A rich, manageable territory with a deep-water port and old Byzantine fortifications, Rhodes had good agricultural land and ample food and water and lay 250 miles from Cyprus, within sight of the new, growing Muslim power in Anatolia. The Order adapted to a maritime function, harassing Muslim shipping and raiding the Anatolian coastline, combining naval warfare with their traditional land fighting. An indigenous population worked the land and valued the Order’s success in bringing peace and treating the sick in their hospital. Knights, sergeants, mercenaries and slaves, together with the indigenous population forming a militia in emergencies, created a fighting garrison of some 7,500, strong enough to withstand a siege. Under the Hospitallers Rhodes distinguished itself as it fought off the fleet and army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmet the Conqueror, victor over Constantinople in 1453, when he attempted to end the Knights’ raids and assaulted the island for eighty-nine days in 1480. Grievously outnumbered and subject to the monster cannon of the time, a last stand by the Grand Master, Peter d’Aubusson, on a walkway of the fortification called the Tower of Italy as it was on the verge of being taken, turned the battle. An early printed book with engravings by one of the Knights, Pierre Caoursin, recorded events of the siege and its aftermath, increasing the prestige of the order and boosting recruitment.
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According to the National Library Board, which runs an information literacy programme for school children, students these days are making more use of the internet to complete their homework than before, but they often fail to verify the information they find online by cross-checking against other sources. Many also commit plagiarism by simply cutting and pasting information they find off the internet.
The Source-Understand-Research-Evaluate (SURE) programme found that 1,300 or so students who participated since 2013 classify themselves as Internet-savvy.
“It is very difficult to regulate content online to know what is credible and what is not. When people use inaccurate information, it will decrease the quality of their work and what they are writing, and this will affect creativity and productivity due to inaccuracies,” says a facilitator from SURE.
SURE holds workshops and talks at schools on the correct methods for research, where students are taught how to check if sources of information are credible and reliable and how to exercise fair judgement or differentiate between facts and opinions.
Its newest workshop, titled Historical Scene Investigation, allows participants to play detective as they solve authentic local historical mysteries, such as why trolley buses disappeared from Singapore. They are introduced to primary sources, such as Mr N I Narayanan, an expert on trolley buses, as well as secondary sources, such as books and online resources.
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Quick Answer: What Part Of The Human Anatomy Produces Sound?
Which part of the human body produces sounds?
What anatomical parts are used to produce sound?
Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts; the lungs, the vocal folds within the larynx (voice box), and the articulators. The lungs, the “pump” must produce adequate airflow and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds.
What organ or structure in our body enables us to produce sound for speaking?
The larynx is made up of bone and cartilage, and is found on top of your trachea ( your windpipe), which connects down into your lungs. Also inside of the larynx are your vocal cords, also called vocal folds for the way they are shaped. This is what is responsible for producing your voice.
You might be interested: Question: Kranz Anatomy Is Found In Which Plant?
Why it is that sound Cannot travel in vacuum?
Where can sound not travel through?
What are the 3 components in production of sound?
Three components are needed for sound to be heard: A source – where the sound is made. A medium – something for the sound to travel through. A receiver – something to detect the sound.
Why does everyone have a unique voice?
We each have a unique voice because so many factors work together to produce that voice. Stretched horizontally across your larynx are vocal folds, which are also known as vocal cords. As air passes over them, the vocal cords vibrate very quickly to produce sounds.
What muscles are used for talking?
For speech, the most important facial muscles are those that move the lips. They are:
• frontalis: the forehead.
• corrugator: the brow.
• nasalis: the nose.
• obicularis oculi: around the eye.
• levator labii: raises the upper lip.
• masseter: closes the jaw.
• Obicularis oris: purses the lips.
• risoris: draws the lips in a smile.
What was the first sound on earth?
You might be interested: Readers ask: How To Calculate The Pvc In Anatomy?
How is sound produced when we talk?
The vocal folds produce sound when they come together and then vibrate as air passes through them during exhalation of air from the lungs. This vibration produces the sound wave for your voice. In order for the sound to be clear and not raspy or hoarse, the vocal folds must vibrate together symmetrically and regularly.
Is it sound or sounded?
Whether to use sounded or sounds would depend on if you were in the process of talking to the “villager” or had already finished, just use the appropriate tense. ” sounds / sounded like a villager” is correct, but sounds like a translation from another language.
What are the four processes of speech?
How many sounds can a human make?
The average human can make over 500 distinct sounds of vowels and consonants. If you include variations on pitch and volume the number is infinite.
What do we use for the production of sound?
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Liquid Metal Batteries
May Revolutionize
Energy Storage
Jun 14, 2017
by Mark Crawford
Battery storage capacity is an increasingly critical factor for reliable and efficient energy transmission and storage—from small personal devices to systems as large as power grids.
This is especially true for aging power grids that are overworked and have problems meeting peak energy demands. Companies are scrambling to develop scalable battery solutions that can stabilize these grids by increasing energy efficiency and storage capacity.
“The market opportunity for grid-scale energy storage is large, growing, and global,” says Phil Giudice, CEO and president of Ambri, a start-up company in Massachusetts that is developing an innovative battery system that relies on molten metal for storing energy.
The battery is based on research conducted by co-founder Donald Sadoway at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The system is different from other storage options on the market because it is the only battery where all three active components are in liquid form when the battery operates. Two liquid electrodes (magnesium and antimony) are separated by a molten salt electrolyte; the liquid layers float on top of each other based on density differences and immiscibility. The system operates at an elevated temperature maintained by self-heating during charging and discharging, resulting in a low-cost and long-lasting storage system.
Early prototype units of the battery. The commercialized product will use a 6-inch square. Image: Ambri
When a liquid metal battery cell is at operating temperature, potential energy exists between the two electrodes, creating a cell voltage. When discharging the battery, the cell voltage drives electrons from the magnesium electrode and delivers power to the external load, after which the electrons return back into the antimony electrode. Internally, this causes magnesium ions to pass through the salt and attach to the antimony ions, forming a magnesium-antimony alloy. When recharging, power from an external source pushes electrons in the opposite direction, pulling magnesium from the alloy and redepositing it back onto the top layer.
“Liquid electrodes offer a robust alternative to solid electrodes, avoiding common failure mechanisms of conventional batteries, such as electrode particle cracking,” states Ambri on its website. “The all-liquid design also avoids cycle-to-cycle capacity fade because the electrodes are reconstituted with each charge.”
Extensive laboratory testing on over 2,500 cells with a cumulative test time of 600,000 hours and 100,000 cycles shows that the all-liquid cell design avoids the main failure mechanisms experienced by solid components in other battery technologies. “This enables our systems to have a projected lifespan of over 15 years with no degradation in performance,” states Ambri.
Other advantages of liquid metal batteries include:
• Modular design that can be customized to meet specific customer needs
• Negligible fade rates over thousands of cycles and years of operation
• Uses inexpensive, earth-abundant materials
• Can respond to grid signals in milliseconds
• Stores up to 12 hours of energy and discharges it slowly over time
• Operates silently with no moving parts, easy to install
A Competitive Field
The liquid-metal battery is an innovative approach to solving grid-scale electricity storage problems. Its capabilities allow improved integration of renewable resources into the power grid. In addition, the battery will hopefully improve the overall reliability of an aging grid and offset the need to build additional transmission, generation, and distribution assets. This is, however, a competitive field. Dozens of start-ups are targeting utility-scale energy storage with innovative systems that utilize compressed air, iron flow batteries, saltwater batteries, and other electrochemical processes.
Ambri continues to improve the performance and longevity of its batteries—some of its test cells have been running for almost four years without showing any signs of degradation. The company is also exploring other elemental combinations, including calcium, lithium, and lead. Because of the simple design and easy-to-source materials, manufacturing the battery will cost far less than other storage technologies for an equivalent amount of storage. “Ultimately,” says Ambril, “we envision working with global partners to build factories around the world, creating partnerships to serve regional markets.”
Mark Crawford is an independent writer.
The market opportunity for grid-scale energy storage is large, growing, and global. Phil Giudice, CEO, Ambri
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How Does PDLC Smart Film work?
Technology has brought several innovations across various industries. One of such innovations in the building industry is the Smart PDLC Film which is commonly called switchable smart film. PDLC film is an electroactive substance that converts an ordinary piece of glass into an active ceramic that can change its physical state between transparent and opaque when exposed to electricity.
This feature makes smart glass useful for aesthetics and functional building design. For instance, the feature has been used to enhance privacy, build energy-efficient homes, improve interior glass structures’ safety, and many more.
Are you wondering how an ordinary glass panel can become activated when exposed to current? Keep on reading to understand how the Smart PDLC Glass Film works.
What is Smart PDLC Glass Film?
The Smart film is a thin material made of polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC). The PDLC contains crystal molecules dispersed in a semi-liquid state but aligns in a specific direction when exposed to electricity. Once the crystal molecules align in a specific direction, it reflects light and changes the film from an opaque to transparent appearance.
We understand that the switchable smart film can change its state dynamically when exposed to electricity. However, the film cannot be used independently due to the fragile state of the material. It must be applied onto glass or other transparent ceramic structures to become useful for its application.
Installing the Smart Glass Film
The next step is to install the smart film onto new or existing glass structures. This is one of the benefits of using smart film; it allows the conversion of any glass structure into smart glass. Unless you’re an experienced privacy smart glass film installer, enlist professionals and technicians to install them. Some suppliers provide remote technical support should you require product supply only.
Once the switchable smart film has been installed onto the glass surface, the next step is to connect the other accessories to complete the installation. This should be done by a qualified smart film technician. The accessories include the power transformer that supplies current to the smart glass and the control switch which turns the transformer on and off.
How Does Switchable Smart Film Work?
When you flip the control switch, the current passes from the transformer into the smart glass, and the polymer crystals within the films align in a specific direction. This action changes the appearance of the glass from frosted to transparent. Once the switch is turned off, the glass appearance changes back to the frosted or opaque state, this action explains why this glass technology is called “Switchable.”
Digital switching technology can be used to make the smart glass smarter. For instance, the control switch can be installed as a control function within a smartphone app. The entire smart glass system can also be integrated into a building management system for automation and centralised control.
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Saturday, September 7, 2019
/ by Hadiqa Ahmed
Cardiac arrest patients are often admitted to critical care units after an episode of cardiac attack. A vast series of instructions are outlined subsequent to the care provided by the hospital. Once conditions are stable, patients are referred to physical care therapists who help the affectee to return to his optimum level of functioning.
A set of rehabilitation activities are implemented to ensure that the patient continues to live a normal life again, without any hindrance. This rehabilitation process is practiced to improve mobility, cut down the risk contributing factors and reduce any psychological stresses that may affect the recovery of the patient.
Physical care therapists are an integral part of the medical field, who are appointed to facilitate the members of the cardiac rehabilitation team. They are
required to monitor cardiac functioning, analyse injuries that may pose a problem in mobility and specify exercises that are directed to regain proper mobility and functioning.
The core part to achieving a successful post operative health of the patient, is to educate them about the ways to take control of their heart's health.
Some common instructions given for post operative care of the heart, are stated below.
Patients are provided with a list of guidelines to take effective measures in preventing cardiac arrest in the future. These instructions are generally enlisted by a physical care therapist, who assesses the impairments in a patient, following a cardiac attack. The usual list of advices are as mentioned below:
1. Increase in physical activity
2. Refraining from risk factors such as: cholesterol, stress and smoking
3. Exercises performed near the bed side in the hospital
4. Independent monitoring of heart rate and pulse
5. Report any negative responses of the body to the exercises
Summing up, cardiac care is essential to resume living a healthier life which is free from restrictions posed by immobility.
The rehabilitation procedure consists of 4 phases. These are as follows:
Phase 1: Critical Care Phase
This phase constitutes of the time when the patient is admitted in the hospital after encountering a heart attack. The patient is received by a dedicated medical staff, which works towards saving the life of the individual. Following the operation and after a complex maintenance of the patient's condition, a set of instructions are provided to prevent a relapse of the attack.
Phase 2: Continuation of care at home
The patient would be allowed to return to his home once the doctors approve of the health stability. In this phase, a Cardiac Rehabilitation Nurse is appointed to contact the patient and to provide him with an appointment. On acceptance of the appointment, the patient has a good opportunity to ask questions related to his recovery. The nurse inspects the cardiac pulse and pressure of the patient and quotes any further specifications regarding proper care.
Finally, the nurse carries out an extensive assessment and concludes whether phase 3 rehabilitation is mandatory for the patient or not.
Phase 3: Physical activity to improve function
This phase comprises of exercises that are practiced under a special supervision of a physical care therapist. In this phase, the patient is taught to monitor his Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and his body's response to the exercise. Along with this, a lesson is conducted on monitoring the heart rate independently, to help the patient in avoiding attacks in the future.
As the program progresses, the physical therapist tailors a set of exercises which work to enhance flexibility and strengthening. The exercises are kept to match the maximum rating of perceived exertion, in a patient. Any negative response to a particular intensive exercise, would denote the maximum RPE of the patient.
Phase 4: Patient adherence to physical activity and change of lifestyle
Majority of the patients fail to continue the physical activity that they had commenced during their recovery period from cardiac arrest. To circumvent further mishaps in the future, it is vital to continue adhering to the positive change. Failing to do so, has drastic effects as this negligence increases the chance of a recurrent cardiac arrest.
In order to evade such a situation, one must not wait to experience a cardiac attack, to incorporate physical activity in his lifestyle. There are a plethora of communities, which work together to motivate the members, for continuing a healthy lifestyle.
Cardiac arrests are becoming extremely prevalent in the developed world. Considering the reduction of physical activity and the unhealthy choices related to diet, an episode of cardiac attack seems inevitable. The heart is a crucial organ and requires good care in order to keep functioning effectively. Various awareness programs have been conducted, but the problem still stays significant. To keep away from facing a cardiac arrest, it is advised to take heed of instructions given by health care workers around you.
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Malignant hypertension: does this still exist?
Malignant hypertension (MHT) is the most severe form of hypertension. It was originally defined by two major features: extremely high blood pressure with the diastolic blood pressure above 130 mmHg at the time of the diagnosis and hypertensive retinopathy grades III or IV in the Keith et al.'s classification [1].
More recently, the definition of MHT has been reconceptualized to emphasis multi-organ damage [2, 3]. Indeed, overall prognosis in patients with MHT mainly depends on the function of kidney, brain, and heart [3]. As the earlier diagnosis and appropriate antihypertensive treatment result in significant improvement of prognosis [4], it is of the utmost importance to set reliable diagnostic criteria. Hence, the proposed new definition presents MHT as a group of disorders with out of range elevation in blood pressure with the concomitant damage of at least three different target organs [3]. Considering the disease entity in a broader perspective will allow to increase the detection and estimate the real prevalence of this hypertensive emergency.
The principals of prompt detection, systemic evaluation, and effective management are the key to improve the long-term prognosis.
In general population the prevalence of MHT is relatively low with annual incidence rate of around 2 per 100,000 of Caucasian population [5, 6]. Greater disease predisposition and worse prognosis is observed in the Afro-American population (7.3 new cases per 100,000 of population per year) [6]. There is also no significant difference in MHT prevalence between developed and developing countries [7, 8].
As a hypertensive emergency MHT might develop in patients with prior history of essential hypertension, but in up to 60% cases MHT occurs de novo with no differences in signs and symptoms or long-term survival [9].
In the past, MHT had an unfavorable prognosis and without adequate treatment, mortality rate in MHT was around 80% at 2 years [10]. Importantly, 5-year survival among MHT patients has improved dramatically over the decades and for patients diagnosed after 1997 it is now more than 90% [11]. When compared malignant and non-MHT all-cause mortality is higher, with kidney failure as the main cause of death among patients with MHT [12, 13]. Nevertheless, since the new, more effective antihypertensives are in use, current prognosis performs better [2]. Despite the overall decrease, the prevalence has been roughly stable for the last 40 years [4].
Diagnostic difficulties
MHT may pose a diagnostic challenge whilst early diagnosis is essential for prompt treatment [3, 14]. As emphasized, the MHT has a significantly worse prognosis than the non-MHT, and it appears this difference is mainly due to renal insufficiency resulting in end-stage renal disease. Moreover, the main diagnostic problem is caused by the lack of obvious symptoms which flag out patients who require further investigation, that is fundoscopy. The latter is an essential examination required to establish an initial diagnosis based on the original criteria. Thus, retinal fundoscopy should be performed in all patients presenting with severely increased blood pressure on examination [2]. It is due to the fact that typical retinal changes are dynamic, start to regress immediately upon the implementation of the antihypertensive treatment and do not persist for longer than 2–3 months [2, 15].
Although in some cases, when patients present with extreme signs of blood pressure elevation, such as hypertensive encephalopathy and MHT is suspected, Grade 3–4 ocular changes might be absent during their initial examination [16]. There are also other disorders which might cause papilledema or retinal hemorrhages, such as severe anemia, ineffective endocarditis, or connective tissue disorders [17]. Not to mention also diabetic retinopathy, which is a leading cause of sight impairment and retinal changes [18]. All the above disrupt and complicate the differential diagnosis. As the clinical presentation of MHT is often delayed, the presence of ocular fundus changes before initiating treatment should not be a determinant [3]. Moreover, changes in the vision correspond to the renal function impairment [19, 20].
The common cause of the described alternations is systemic microvascular dysfunction. An important pathological feature of MHT is endothelial dysfunction and fibroid necrosis of arterioles, that obviously concerns various tissues and affects many organs, especially key ones, that is kidney, heart, and brain [2, 21]. This premise lay the foundation for the evolution of definition in which the concept of multi-organ damage, described as hypertensive target organ damage (TOD), was introduced [2, 3, 21]. Other diagnostic criteria required are the presence of damage of at least three different target organs (kidney, heart, brain, and small vessels) and out of range elevation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Renal abnormalities are the most common evidence of TOD and constitutes an independent determining factor in prognosis [22]. MHT exerts various impacts on the kidney, from elevated serum creatinine and proteinuria to acute renal failure as a first presentation of MHT [23, 24]. Moreover, renal ischemic changes are aggravated by hemolysis and low plate platelet count, resulting from thrombotic microangiopathy [3, 25].
In the heart, the impairment of cardiac structure and function is so evident that it is referred as hypertensive heart disease [26]. It includes left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomegaly, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and finally heart failure [9, 27]. Even atrial fibrillation is said to be a certain presentation of TOD [27].
Prevention of neurological deficits is a crucial goal in MHT treatment, especially because of their often-asymptomatic course and limited diagnostic possibilities. However, the most life-threatening condition, hypertensive encephalopathy, is a rare emergency with sudden onset of symptoms that facilitates differential diagnostics [2, 28].
The hypertensive emergencies require immediate intervention to lower blood pressure [29]. It is important to reduce the blood pressure in appropriate pace, which is ~20–25% decrease within several hours [30]. Too rapid blood pressure reduction may result in severe multi-organ ischemia caused by hypoperfusion and failure of autoregulation mechanisms [16, 31]. The conventional “normal” level of blood pressure should not be aimed at acute presentation with MHT [32]. First line pharmacological agents are labetalol and nicardipine. Alternatively nitroprusside and urapidil can be used as safe and effective treatment of MHT [30], as recommended by the ESC position document. Labetalol is an alpha 1 adrenergic receptor and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. Its main advantage is capacity to both maintenance of cardiac output and reduction of peripheral resistance with preservation of cerebral, renal, and coronary blood flow [33]. Nicardipine, a dihydropyridine derivative calcium channel blocker with cerebral and coronary vasodilatory activity, increases stroke volume and coronary blood flow and it is especially recommended for patients with coronary artery disease[34]. Alternatively, some groups use very low oral dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [35] or renin–angiotensin system blockers [36] titrated over 48 h, to prevent excessive fall in blood pressure. Although the preferable therapeutic approach for each patient depends on clinical presentation, the optimal clinical care is often be provided in the intensive care units to ensure adequate monitoring and treatment adjustments [37].
New definition
The original definition of MHT was focused only on visual disturbance and did not include other evidence of organ damage [1]. Such TOD, especially the severity of renal impairment, is pivotal in overall prognosis [38]. Along with the development of techniques for TOD assessment, a new definition has been widened to include the presence of impairment in at least three different organs including kidney, heart, brain, and microangiopathy [3]. They constitute various clinical presentations of the same disease entity [2, 3].
The current 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension present new, broadened approach to the hypertensive emergencies [29]. A collective group of “hypertension urgencies and emergencies” was distinguished with a strong emphasis on magnitude of organ damage, described as hypertension-mediated organ damage [29]. Besides, the term of “malignant hypertension” was clarified as it refers to the poor prognosis when untreated [29]. It characterizes the condition of severe hypertension with concomitant retinopathy, microangiopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, encephalopathy, acute heart failure, or acute deterioration in renal function [29]. Updated guidelines also offer greater range of diagnostic possibilities depending on target organs affected and symptoms, divided on common and specific tests [29]. Hence, common diagnostic tests including 12-lead ECG, hemoglobin, platelet count, fibrinogen, creatinine, eGFR, urine albumin:creatinine ratio were included for routine testing with fundoscopy as a crucial part of the diagnostic workup. Specific tests such as troponin, CK-MB, echocardiography, CT or MRI brain, urine drug screen, etc., undeniably contribute to improvement in general management of MHT [2, 39].
Although general improvements in diagnosis of MHT has been made, this is still a common emergency, especially in the developing countries due to the growing population, undiagnosed hypertension, and low level of health care services. Moreover, the diagnosis is established when the target organ impairment occur therefore this condition is related to much worse outcome than the nonmalignant forms of hypertension [3].
Despite better prognosis and significantly improved survival rates, patients with MHT remain at high risk. Not only do they require special attention during hospitalization, but also after discharge, which include screening for secondary hypertension and frequent follow-up visits.
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All Repeating Except One
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1. You should first read the question and watch the question video.
3. We strongly advise you to watch the solution video for prescribed approach.
1. You are given an array of numbers.
2. All numbers occur twice in the array except one.
3. You have to find that number by traversing only once in the array and without using any extra
Input Format
A number n
n numbers
Output Format
Non-repeating number
Question Video
1 <= n <= 10^9
1 <= a1,a2.. <= 10^9
Sample Input
23 27 23 17 17
Sample Output
• Editorial
The problem here deals with finding the non-repeating number in the input array wherein every other number repeats itself exactly twice. Here we will use the property of XOR to get our result.
The truth table of XOR clearly depicts that for same operands it returns 0 and for different operands it returns 1. So as 1 ^ 1 = 0 and 0 ^ 0 = 0 then 5 ^ 5 = 0101 ^ 0101 = 0000. One more thing to keep in mind is that XOR operator is cumulative in nature i.e., say 5 ^ 3 ^ 5 is same as 5 ^ 5 ^ 3.
Now coming back to our problem as we know that every number repeats twice except our desired number, this implies that the XOR of the number with itself will lead to zero, so if we take the XOR of the entire array then all the duplicates would get cancelled out and the one that will be remaining will be our desired result.
Time Complexity: O(n)
The time complexity for the function is linear as we are traversing on every element of the array.
Space Complexity: O(1)
The space complexity for the function is constant.
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50 Classic Books to Read This Summer
If you’re looking to build your reading list, don’t forget to add some of these classic books. All of these books offer a unique perspective, either from the themes throughout or because of the opportunity they provide to learn about a time in history that has since passed. Here are 50 classic books you should read this summer!
Non-Fiction Classics
1. Night by Elie Wiesel - Elie Wiesel shares his experience while in German concentration camps with his father from 1944-1945. They were in both Auschwitz and Buchenwald during World War II.
2. Diary of Anne Frank - This is the actual diary of Anne Frank, a Jewish girl whose family hides in a small attic with another family in order to avoid being taken to concentration camps by the Nazis. She keeps a careful log of their day-to-day activities, giving a poignant look at how people came together to protect one another and survive unthinkable times.
Fiction Classics
1. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen - Written in 1813, this is a story about five daughters at the age of courtship. It shows an honest depiction of manners, marriage and money in the Regency era in Great Britain. Readers are often drawn to the independent, stubborn Elizabeth and her flirtatious back-and-forth with Mr. Darcy.
2. Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll - This classic tale follows Alice in her journey to a magical wonderland where she has unusual experiences with colorful characters like the Mad Hatter, the Cheshire Cat and more.
3. The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis - When four siblings are sent to a country house to shelter them from the bombings in London, one sibling finds a magical wardrobe that transports them to a world called Narnia. What the four experience there changes their lives forever.
4. The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros - A tale about the challenges of growing up poor in a small neighborhood. Some characters in the book do not speak English and their feeling of powerlessness from their lack of ability to communicate is a worthwhile theme for all readers to explore.
5. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee - Set in the Great Depression, this story is narrated by the sassy Scout as she watches her lawyer father defend a black man accused of raping a white woman. Through Scout, readers are transported back in time and can feel the racial tensions and injustices, while also enjoying Scout’s humor and learning from Atticus’ wisdom.
6. The Phantom Tollbooth by Norton Juster - Bored Milo has an unlikely adventure when he receives a magic tollbooth that allows him to travel to another kingdom where he learns how fun learning can actually be.
7. Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry by Mildred D. Taylor - Through the eyes of little Cassie, we see the ugliness of hatred and racism. We also learn the challenges of being African American during the Great Depression and Jim Crow era.
8. The Call of the Wild by Jack London - Buck, the dog, lives a normal dog life until he is stolen and sent to Canada to pull dog sleds. There he meets his new master, John Thornton, who he will do anything for. Themes of loyalty, love and bravery will resonate with adventure lovers.
9. The Illustrated Man by Ray Bradbury - In this strange story, the main character meets an unusual woman and ends up covering his body in tattoos. Each tattoo represents a different short story in the volume. Redemption is a strong theme throughout these strange, sci-fi tales.
10. A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini - In this unique cultural story set in Afghanistan during a volatile historical time, two women are married to the same man. The women form a strong bond, and this allows them to survive their miserable situation.
11. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon - One of the first books of its kind, this book has a narrator with Asperger’s syndrome. Christopher sees the world differently and takes copious notes about his observations and the world around him, leading to some difficult realizations about people in his life.
12. Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - While slightly controversial, this novel from the 1950s follows Holden Caulfield, who has become an icon for complex teenage issues, such as rebellion, self-discovery, loss of innocence and the desire to belong.
13. The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton - A middle-school favorite, The Outsiders chronicles the lives of two rival teen gangs in Oklahoma. Some characters strive to grow beyond the violent lifestyle, while others are not given the opportunity.
14. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - This beloved classic is set in Jazz Age New York and follows the tragic story of Jay Gatsby, a millionaire, and his pursuit of Daisy Buchanan, a mysterious and wealthy young woman. The lavish parties and romantic drama will entertain readers of all ages.
1. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain - The mischievous Tom Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and half-brother Sid in St. Petersburg, Missouri. The book follows his antics, such as skipping school, and the lessons he learns from his choices.
2. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain - This story narrated by Huck Finn is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and chronicles the experiences of Huck when he is kidnapped by his drunken father, Pap, because he wants his money. (Note: This novel contains multiple uses of a racial slur, so be prepared to discuss that word’s history and current impact if you’re reading it with kids.)
3. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck - In this story, George and Lennie, two homeless migrant ranch workers, move frequently as they look for work during the Great Depression.
4. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott - After the Civil War, Jo and her sisters live in New York, where each of them takes a different journey and they all experience a heartbreaking goodbye.
5. Great Expectations by Charles Dickens - When Pip, a blacksmith’s apprentice in a small town, suddenly receives a fortune from a mysterious benefactor, he moves to London and joins high society where he receives a whole new type of education.
6. The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway - An unlucky, aging fisherman, Santiago, has gone months without a catch. The story shares his attempts to catch a large marlin.
7. Catch-22 by Joseph Heller - A World War 2 Bombardier Captain is stationed on the island of Pianosa. His Catch-22 is that he wants to protect his own life by going to the hospital, but Air Force regulations prevent him from being grounded for illness.
8. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey - Narrated by Chief Bromden, this story follows Randle P. McMurphy, a new patient at the mental institution run by the abusive Nurse Ratched. Patients are subjected to electroconvulsive treatments, overmedication, and poor treatment, which McMurphy stubbornly fights until his bitter end.
9. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne - When Professor Pierre M. Aronnax and his assistant are stranded in San Francisco due to reports of a giant sea monster, they are invited to join an expedition to find the creature. What they actually find is far more interesting.
10. The Book Thief by Markus Zusak - When young Liesel arrives at her new foster home, her kind foster father learns she cannot read and begins to teach her how, sparking a love for books that gives her an escape from the dangerous world of Nazi Germany.
11. Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes - When mentally handicapped 32-year-old Charlie is transformed by an experimental surgery, he becomes more intelligent, allowing the reader to better understand the ethical and moral themes surrounding treatment of the mentally disabled.
12. The Color Purple by Alice Walker - In this story, young Celie is an African American girl in the South who suffers abuse at the hand of her father and bigotry from the town. She is married off to a man who is even crueler. Through it all, she continues to persevere and stay strong in the hopes of being reunited with her sister.
13. Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen - Another romantic Jane Austen tale that follows sisters and their relationships as their family’s finances are crippled.
14. Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut - This gruesome tale tells the story of Billy Pilgrim, who is captured and imprisoned by the Germans during the last years of World War 2.
15. War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy - Through the stories of five Russian aristocratic families, readers experience the French invasion of Russian and the negative effects of the Napoleonic era.
16. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe - Another slavery-era story, this one follows Uncle Tom, a slave who is being transported to an auction when he saves the life of Eva, which prompts Eva’s father to purchase Tom, a moment that will change the course of Tom and Eva’s lives.
17. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou - The first in a seven-book series, this story shares the early years of poet Maya Angelou, the lessons she learned and the devastating assault that left her speechless for years.
Dystopian Classics
1. 1984 by George Orwell - An eerie book to read now, as Orwell adeptly wrote a book set in the future that has, in many ways, already come to pass. Themes like the dangers of a totalitarian government and media manipulation to control people will especially appeal to today’s tech-obsessed generation.
2. Animal Farm by George Orwell - Animal Farm is an allegorical novel about the events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Stalin era in the Soviet Union. The story is told through farm animals, such as Old Major who inspires his fellow animals to revolt against their master, Mr. Jones.
3. The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas - When young sailor, Edmond Dantes, is wrongfully imprisoned by his friend who wants the beautiful Mercedes for himself, Edmond must strategize in order to get revenge.
4. Lord of the Flies by William Golding - When a group of young boys is stranded on a deserted island, they must develop their own rules and roles in the group. But, without any accountability, their behavior quickly begins to regress into violence.
5. The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien - Bilbo Baggins and the other hobbits live a peaceful life until Gandalf, the wizard, convinces them to join a quest to take back the Kingdom of Erebor.
6. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury - In this dystopian society, books are illegal and burned. Guy Montag is a fireman in charge of book burning and he is transformed when an old woman would rather die by being burned alive than allow her books to be burned.
7. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - When Hester Prynne’s husband goes missing, she has an affair with another man, who remains unidentified to the town. She is labeled an adulteress in a Puritan society and must wear a scarlet letter on her chest. She and her infant daughter are ostracized and when her husband returns, he seeks revenge.
8. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle - In the books that began the Sherlock Holmes obsession, Doyle deftly writes the tales of Sherlock Holmes and his powers of observation. He is able to solve the unsolvable and uses his incredible deductive reasoning to help others.
9. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte - This story tells the tale of young orphan Jane Eyre, who must go live with her aunt and cousins after her parents pass away from typhus. Her aunt treats her cruelly and allows her son to do so also, but Jane receives some kindness from Mr. Reed and a servant named Bessie. As Jane grows older, she is able to pave her own way and eventually finds love and a happy life.
10. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte - In the winter of 1801, Lockwood narrates his journey to Wuthering Heights to rent the nearby manor, Thrushcross Grange. The landlord, Heathcliff, is a grump and when Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly, for stories about him, she launches into the narration of the history of Heathcliff and the family, which is a dark and sinister tale.
11. Les Miserables by Victor Hugo - When Jean Valjean, a prisoner for 19 years, is freed by Javert, he promptly breaks parole to steal money that he uses to rehabilitate his life. Over the years, Valjean becomes the guardian of an orphan child, Cosette, and reinvents himself as mayor, but Javert relentlessly pursues him for his crimes.
Classic Plays & Poems
1. Macbeth by William Shakespeare - When Macbeth receives a prophecy from three witches that he will become the King of Scotland, he becomes obsessed with ambition and murders King Duncan to take the throne, leading to consequences Macbeth could never have imagined.
2. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare - Star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet are from two powerful families with a long grudge. Their inability to be together changes their families and their fates forever.
3. Hamlet by William Shakespeare - When Hamlet receives a visit from the ghost of his father, the former King of Denmark, he is told to avenge his father’s murder. Hamlet starts to go mad with his plotting and his uncle, King Claudius, begins to plot against Hamlet as well.
4. A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare - By far the most teen-friendly of the Shakespearean plays, A Midsummer Night’s Dream is so well-suited for being read aloud in character, your teens won’t be able to resist playing one of the love-struck characters who can’t stop falling in love with a different person. Shakespeare deftly communicates the theme of how fickle young love truly is.
5. The Odyssey by Homer - This epic poem chronicles the 10-year journey that Odysseus takes to return to his kingdom in Ithaca. While he battles creatures and gods alike, his wife, Penelope, fends off suitors and his son, Telemachus, does his best to protect the village from pillagers.
6. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri - In poetic verse, we learn about the story of Dante, who is allowed to travel through the three stages of the afterlife: the inferno, purgatory and paradise, where he learns about spiritual maturity and what happens after we die.
How many of these classic books have you read? Even the ones from school reading lists are good to read again. Over time, readers will often see things and catch themes that they never noticed before. With this list of 50 classic books, you’ll have something to read all summer.
Erica Jabali is a freelance writer and blogs over at ispyfabulous.com.
Additional Resources
50 Classic Children's Books
Summer Reading Program Themes and Tips
50 Ways to Make Reading Fun to Your Child
Read Across America Ideas for Schools
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Reading: Intersubjective Understanding in Interpreted Table Conversations for Deafblind Persons
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Intersubjective Understanding in Interpreted Table Conversations for Deafblind Persons
Eli Raanes ,
Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO
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Sigrid Slettebakk Berge
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The question to be raised in this study is how shared understanding can be established in interpreter-mediated group dialogues for deafblind persons. The study is based on an analysis of video recordings from a restaurant banquet where a group of deafblind persons and their interpreters were present. Despite their inability to see and hear one another clearly, the dialogue among the deafblind participants flows. Analysis of video-recordings from the banquet found that intersubjectivity was established when interpreters and deafblind participants worked together to establish mutual attention, define the situation and the message structures. Further, the analyzes found that haptic signals, embodied gestures, and tactile senses were used to examine the context of the dinner table and handle the banquet activity. As a result, multiple states of intersubjectivities are found: It is not only the deafblind participants who establish states of intersubjectivity in their dialogue with each other, the interpreters are also part of their social world.
The aim of this study is to establish more awareness of multimodal strategies that can support meaning-making in communication with deafblind participants. This article enlights insight into the interpreters’ professional practice and how they alternate between interpreting spoken utterances, describing the context, and facilitating different kinds of haptic signals. This insight is also relevant to other professional groups working to assist deafblind persons, for instance, teachers, social workers, health workers, and personal assistants. The findings will also contribute to the field of linguistics research. By exploring a specific setting, where multimodal resources are used by participants who have a combined sensory loss, we can understand language use in this specific setting as well as theoretical concepts and general structures in human communication.
How to Cite: Raanes, E. and Berge, S.S., 2021. Intersubjective Understanding in Interpreted Table Conversations for Deafblind Persons. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 23(1), pp.260–271. DOI:
Published on 30 Sep 2021
Accepted on 13 Sep 2021 Submitted on 25 Jan 2021
One of the most common activities in everyday life is to sit down with others, eat, and engage in social discussions. It is both physical activity and a dialogical activity; participants must handle the situated artifacts, establish mutual attentions, and coordinate their talk with the other members of the group. The question to be raised in this study is how intersubjectivity and shared understanding can be defined by tactile and haptic resources established in interpreter mediated group dialogues for deafblind persons. The study partners have analyzed video recordings of table conversations among deafblind persons who are seated around a table at a restaurant banquet. The analysis found that message structures are made accessible through a range of semiotic resources. Further, the analysis discovered that there are multiple states of intersubjectivities. It is not only the deafblind participants who establish states of temporal intersubjectivity in the dialogue with each other; the interpreters are also part of their social world.
The aim of this study is to establish more awareness of multimodal strategies that can support meaning-making in communication with deafblind participants. The article enlights insight into the interpreters’ professional practice and how they alternate between interpreting spoken utterances, describing the context, and facilitating different kinds of haptic signals. This insight is also relevant to other professional groups working to assist deafblind persons, for instance, teachers, social workers, health workers and personal assistants. The findings will also contribute to the field of linguistics research. By exploring a specific setting, where multimodal resources are used by participants who have a combined sensory loss, we can understand language use in this specific setting, but also theoretical concepts about general structures in human communication and how they, as a group, are are “carrying out courses of action in concert with one another” (Goodwin 2013).
The deafblind persons who participated in this study were from Norway and Sweden. The interpreting service for deafblind persons in those countries involves the actions of interpreting, describing, and providing guidance (Berge & Raanes 2013; WASLI 2013). Interpreting conveys a mediation of the meaning in the speakers’ utterances. Descriptions convey information about the context and the ongoing activity, e.g., the arrangement in the room, who is present, what they are doing, who is talking and the listeners’ reactions. Guidance conveys information about how to mobilize oneself safely in the physical environment. Because the amount of information is too great to communicate in its entirety, the interpreter must make critical choices regarding the focus of mediation, the clarification of topics, and mediation strategies. Deaf and deafblind persons have access to hire interpreters from a public interpreter service. In Norway, this right was established in 1981 for deaf persons, and in 1986 for deafblind persons. The service is free to use in conversations connected to work, education, health, and everyday activities.
Deafblind individuals are a non-homogeneous group when it comes to sensory loss and preferred communication methods. Therefore, the preferred interpretation techniques vary. Persons who are primarily deaf often use signs that can be recognized through either residual sight or tactile sign language. Persons who are primarily hearing may capture the speakers’ utterances by use of hearing aids, and the talk is addressed to the persons talking with a clear voice. Haptic signals are a variety of conventional signals constructed on the deafblind person’s body. Their purpose is to provide contextualising information about the environment and the other participants’ nonverbal expressions such as their turn-taking signals, minimal-response signals, and emotional expressions. As such, the deafblind person can use the haptic signals to understand the activity they are taking part in, and use that information to regulate their own selfpresentation (Bjørge & Rehder 2015; Raanes & Berge 2017). Such signals have been increased in many communities of deafblind individuals during the last decades and are often mediated simultaneously with the interpretation of utterances or the description of context (Edwards 2018; Raanes 2020a, 2020b).
Interpreting as a situated, joint activity
Different theories provide different explanations on the construction of meaning and interpretation, which in turn influence the view of interpreting and their function for the primary participants (Wadensjö 1998). The monological approach thinks that meaning is related to the speakers’ literal words. The interpreter’s responsibility is to be a neutral channel between the primary participants, and they should be as “invisible” as possible in the situation. This approach has had a strong influence on professional practice and ethical guidelines, though it has been criticized as well. The sociocultural approach to explaining interpreting, especially with the contribution of Linell (1998) and Wadensjö (1998), sees meaning-making as a situated activity, unfolding sequence by sequence and in joint interaction between the participants. The interpreter is seen as an interlocutor: She or he seldom express their opinions, but their understanding and choice of actions will influence what information is passed on (and not), and their physical presence influences the seating arrangements, the rhythm of talk, and the establishment of mutual gaze.
Clearly, in interpreted mediated dialouges there will be some barriers that are not found in settings where the participants use the same language. In the field of interpreting, there are two approaches to whether interpreters have a responsibility to reduce those barriers. The monological point of view is that it is not the interpreters› responsibility. If the spoken words are mediated, the primary participants must solve the interaction barriers themselves. Conversely, the dialogical point of view values this as a joint responsibility. In order to maintain the dialogue, all participants coordinate their talk and actions toward each other. The interpreters’ speaking position is in the middle of different participants and languages, and they have the opportunity to explicitly coordinate the interaction order and the message structures (Wadensjö 1998). For instance, in sign language interpreting for deaf and for deafblind persons, it is documented that interpreters use embodied signals to coordinate mutual attention, negotiate turn-taking, and exchange minimal-response signals to maintain the turn-taking in the primary participant›s dialogue (Berge & Raanes 2013; Berge 2014; Raanes & Berge 2017; Gabarro-Lopez & Mesch 2020). The interpreter’s vision about language and role-set creates a professional framework for their performance. This requires the establishment of a shared situation definition with the primary participants.
Human dialogues are concentrated around the collaborative aspects of constructing a shared understanding of the situation, what they want to achieve, and the others’ contribution. This can be described with the concept of intersubjectivity (Rommetveit 1974; Rommetveit 1985; Rommetveit 1992). Entering a conversational situation, which aspect is focused upon by everyone is determined by the actor’s background knowledge, engagement, and perspective (Rommetveit 1985: 186). Whatever is being established as a shared social world will necessarily be only partially shared. However, even when they know that their perspectives are different, they take for granted that they will understand each other. To do so, there must be a sense of basic trust in the other’s communicative intentions, and that they all adapt their speech following what they assume is the others’ perspective. In asymmetric meetings communication control is unequally shared. The participants have different possibilities to control the focus of attention, identify references, and describe the objects of their world (Rommetveit 1985: 191). Asymmetry can be found both in ordinary and in professional discourse practices, e.g., in conversation roles between parents and children, and between teachers and pupils. This study claims that it also can be found in the relationship between the interpreter and the person with sensory loss. The vision will therefore be to establish professional practices that give deafblind participants access to information in addition to some control of the situation.
Intersubjectivity and message structures
Communication facilitates a transcendence of the private worlds between the participants towards a temporarily shared social reality of what is going on. In order to make the information known to each other, the topic of the dialogue must be made relevant. However, humans often talk in quite cryptic, segmented, and unfulfilled utterances. The talk and the words’ possible meaning potential must therefore be framed toward the background and the context of the conversation. Rommetveit (1974: 36; 2003) has focused on degrees of intersubjectivity in human communication, and has constructed a model of the spatial-temporal-interpersonal coordinates of message structures. The model postulates three actions that have to be established in meaning-making. One feature is the mutual understanding of the place of the dialogue, the second is the timeline the communication refers to (before, now, afterward), and the third is the identity of the speaker and listener. In face-to-face dialogues between two persons, the calification of “I” and “you” are immediately given when the speaker is addressing the listener. However, when they are using deictic words, talking about someone else or referring to past or future events, this reference must be clarified.
Deafblind persons have reduced access to auditive and visual inputs from the situation, meaning that access to background information and language references are not immediately given. The analyzes in this study enlighten strategies interpreters use to mediate such information, and how they contribute to established states of temporally shared social reality—intersubjectivity—between the primary participants.
Intersubjectivity in shared situation definitions
A situation definition is the manner in which objects and events are represented and understood by those who are operating in the problem-solving situation (Wertsch 1985: 159). In an activity, the interlocutors may differ in their representation of the same set of objects and events. To categorize the background information, the participants need to establish a mutual situation definition that sets their focus of attention and their goals within the activity; intersubjectivity exists when the interlocutors share some aspect of their situation definitions (Rommetveit 1974; Rommetveit 2003). Collaboration typically involves the process of defining the situation, and some sort of explicit account of the situation and action pattern is often required (Coffman 1981). Such an account can be provided by clarifying the goal of the activity, the representation of objects, and the possible action patterns for operating them (Wertsch 1984; 1991).
Intersubjectivity as a shared focus of attention
An important perspective in intersubjectivity is how the units of speech, the attention, and the turn at talk are constructed in interaction (Iwasaki 2011). Trevarthen (1998) has studied the interaction between mothers and their infants and how they share attention, either on each other (primary intersubjectivity), or on an object (secondary intersubjectivity). The shared focus of attention contributes to achieving an intersubjective sense of the shifts of turns. This is an embodied, collaborative achievement. In spoken conversation, the participants employ embodied signals expressed through eye gaze, voice modulation, body orientation, environmentally coupled gestures, and complete contextual phrases. Goodwin (2007; 2013) has documented how talk, gesture, embodied action, and structure in the world are mutually coordinated when making meaning to indexical references as you, it, and there. While attending their body orientation and their gaze toward each other and the world that is the focus of their attention, the participants manage to organize their activities. This can be seen as an embodied participation framework (Goodwin 2000), which is central to the organization of talk and interaction.
Intersubjectivity in embodied interaction
Central keys in the embodied framework that support meaning-making are the visible signs and the organization of the participants’ bodies. Goodwin (2011) analyzes moments of intersubjectivity in the conversations of an aphasic man who can utter only three words. He describes the multimodal practices that the man and his conversation partner use to coordinate their actions of talk together. The study reveals the complexity of cooperative semiosis by participants who use arrays of symbolic and environmental resources, including their own and each other bodies. In another work, Goodwin (2000) analyzed how an archeologist uses her index finger to make visible drawings in the sand to explain some findings to her student. By itself, the talk and the actions are partial and too incomplete to accomplish meaning and relevant next action. When joined together in local contextures of action, diverse semiotic resources augment each other and create a whole that is both greater than, and different from, any of its constituent parts (Goodwin 2000).
Earlier Research on Deafblind Interpreting
In Scandinavia, video-based studies on conversations with tactile sign language and haptic signals have increased our knowledge of interpreting for deafblind persons. Johanna Mesch’s (1998) doctoral dissertation studied Swedish tactile sign language, while Eli Raanes’s (2006) studied Norwegian tactile language. They have also worked together and used cognitive theories of blending to study the meaning potentials in signs, gestures, and constructed actions (Mesch, Raanes & Ferrara, 2015). Lahtinen (2008) has studied the use of haptic signals in a Finnish context, and Bjørge and Rehder (2015) have published handbooks on haptic communications from a Norwegian context. [The authors] (2017) studied the function of haptic signals in interpreter-mediated group conversations. They have also studied interpreters’ work on coordinating mutual attention related to managing turn-taking (Berge & Raanes 2013) and how interpreters are sensitive toward the concept of social and inner speech related to the address in the deafblind person’s utterances (Berge 2014). Gabarro-Lopez and Mesch (2020) have studied how interpreters for deafblind persons use environmental artifacts to describe and mediate information about the context. Saltnes (2019) has studied the education of interpreters for deafblind, and how ethic reflection is developed into their practical work. Kermit (2020) has discussed inclusion and participation in interpreter mediated meeting in general.
Fletcher and Guthrie (2013), and Hovland (2019) have studied disturbances in the apprehension of sensation signals, caused by stress relating to collecting fragmented parts of information due to dual sensory loss or because of disturbance related to Charles Bonnet Syndrome—a syndrome that affects visual or auditory field disturbances in perception and interpretation of stimuli. In the United States, Terra Edwards (2018) has studied how social communication develops in societies that are adapted to tactile communication. In Australia, Iwasaki (2020) has studied tactile Australian sign language and considered methodological issues in the collection, transcription, and analysis of CA data. Together with a team of researchers, she has studied the transition from visual to tactile modality by deafblind signer’s (Iwasaki et al. 2019; Willoughby, Manns, Iwasaki & Bartlett 2020), humorous utterances in tactile sign language (Willoughby et al. 2019), and how misunderstandings arise and are resolved (Willoughby et al. 2014; 2018). However, research on intersubjectivity and the process of constructing mutual understanding in tactile communication is still scarce, and when it comes to interpreter mediated communication, earlier publications have not been found.
This research is inspired by the thought of video-ethnography, which produced analysis concerned about of the sequential interaction order in human talks, and how individual actions are situated and related to the other participants’ actions (Heath et al., 2002; Knoblauch, Schnettler, Raab & Soeffner 2012). Also utilized is a multimodal approach striving to analyze the simultaneous use of speech, gestures, gaze, body orientation and actions, and explore how ‘multiple parties are carrying out courses of actions in concert with each other’ (Streeck, Goodwin and LeBaron 2011: 1).
Our data are video recordings from a corpus of Norwegian and Swedish tactile sign language, collected by Johanna Mesch and Eli Raanes in 2019. The data collection lasted for three days, where a group of deafblind persons was involved. From this corpus one situation was selected, a restaurant banquet, where four deafblind persons and eight interpreters took part. The length of the resturant recordings is 28 videoclips, lasting 4 hours and 18 minutes. The project is approved and follows regulations set by the NSD/Norwegian Center for research data. All participants were informed about the purpose of the project, and had signed NSD’s formal informed consents. All names are anonymous, and instead of pictures from the video-recordings, drawings are used to illustrate the person’s actions.
The analytic work began with a thorough review of the video recordings, studying patterns of action related to how interpreters and deafblind persons work together to establish intersubjectivity, understood as a mutual understanding of the context, who was talking, and their messages. The keys in the analysis was spoken and signed utterances, bodily movements, and the use of artifacts. Detailed transcriptions were made of a selection of the video-recordings. Repeated patterns of mediation strategies were identified. Some of these examples are presented in the following section.
Defining the seating arrangements
Interpreters’ professional vision is that it is the other participants who are the primary participant of the ongoing activity, and their mediation strives to lay the ground for the others’ decision making. Deafblind persons can use information about the physical context to navigate their behaviour. Therefore, when entering a room, the interpreters often describe the physical arrangements. Then they wait for the deafblind person iniatives about where they would like to sit [citation redacted for review]. The requisited information for this kind of decision making is the size of the room, the seating arrangements, the available chairs, and other people’s location. Interpreters’ professional vision is also expressed in how they use embodied gestures in their guiding so the deafblind person can understand and manage the table context. An example from the video demonstrates:
To sit down at a chair in front of a table is an everyday human action. However, to solve the problem of sitting down at an available chair on the correct side of the table is a complicated activity. The interpreter and the deafblind person are using several different information sources. Some information is mediated through the interpreter’s embodied gestures. First, the deafblind person can feel the movement of walking and stopping, which gives an embodied understanding of the spatial space (lines 1 and 2). In the next sequence of interaction, the interpreter is constructing an embodied gesture as they lays their hand on top of the chair (line 3). In the deafblind community this is an established strategy of guiding, and the message potential “here is your chair” is somehow taken for granted. The deafblind person uses the embodied gesture to navigate their hand down toward the chair (lines 4 and 5). By tactile sences they investigate the distance between the table and the chair (line 6), and use this information to sit down, facing the center of the table (line 7).
Figure 1
Definition of where to sit. DB = deafblind.
Note that there is no utterance of words/signs in this transcribed sequence. Still, there is a meaningful dialogue going on between the interpreter and the deafblind person. In turns, the interpreter and the deafblind person are coordinating their actions, establishing mutual attention toward specific objects, considering the other’s point of view, and constructing an intersubjective understanding of the spatial arrangements. Their embodied gestures acquire meaning from the situation (Goodwin 2007), and their message potential are taken for granted (Rommetveit 1985). Their coordination is also framed with a common understanding of each other’s role: When the interpreter and the deafblind person have established an intersubjective understanding of “here is an available chair, at the table with the other primary participants” the interpreter steps back (line 5), and the deafblind person independently sits down. The interpreter is not taking control over the deafblind person’s body. Rather, they are constructing embodied gestures that the deafblind person uses to define the situation and independently navigate their own action in the problem-solving situation of entering and sitting down at the table.
For the group of deafblind participants and interpreters, the seating arrangement was mainly decided by the deafblind participants. Some were sensitive to the sunlight from the window. Others were concerned about the opportunity to speak directly with other guests:
Figure 2
Embodied orientation due to direct or mediated talk.
Figure 2 illustrates the seating arrangements for two deafblind participants (seated in the middle of the picture). In some sequences they talk directly with each other with tactile sign language. In other sequences they have access to mediated information from their personal interpreter. The seating arrangement is therefore adjusted for both direct and mediated talk.
Defining the table environment
The next sequence in the activity is to construct a situation definition of the table arrangements. In Figure 3, notice that the interpreter mediates a description of the table set. However, to solve the problem of eating, the situated placement of the utensils must be identified. To do so, the deafblind participant use tactile resources. Together, the two information sources contribute to establish an intersubjective understanding of the table environment, as this example from the video shows:
Figure 3
Definition of the table environment.
The mediated word “banquet table” is defined by the tactile feeling of linen tablecloth, wine glass, and porcelain plates. With the use of tactile resources, the meaning potential in the mediated word is given meaningful structure, and an intersubjective situation definition is constructed. The tactile exploration also creates an embodied feeling of the genre and the language games. There is a genre related to being at a restaurant. Managing it lays the ground for participating in the joint activity “talking and dining at a nice restaurant.” This language competence is somehow taken for granted: The interpreter trusts the deafblind to manage the genre without any further guidance.
The table environment is not static. During a four-course banquet, there are several temporal situation definitions (Rommetveit 1985). For each course, the food is presented by the chef, and waiters place the plate in front of the guests. The interpreters mediate the chefs’ utterances and describe the ongoing activity. To handle the problem of eating, the deafblind participants use tactile resources to define the new course, and from that understanding, decide how to use the utensils. When needed, they ask the interpreter for further clarification. Three examples from the analyzed video illustrate this cooperation:
Figure 4
Seeking information to make definitions of the meal.
The physical tool for eating, the texture of the food, the size of the course, but also the actions of the others define the situation, and how they decide to handle the problem of eating. The situation definitions are constructed in cooperation between the deafblind and the interpreter. Reduced sight makes it harder to identify the food and get it on the fork. In Figure 5, one of the primary participants is completing his main course, but some piece of meat remains on his plate. His interpreter assumes that he wants to know this information since he earlier has expressed that he enjoyed the food. To make this information accessible, the interpreter constructs haptic signals on the deafblind person’s back.
Figure 5
Definitions through haptic signals.
The duration of this sequence is 1 minute and 33 seconds. Transcribing with the program ELAN, we counted that the interpreter’s hand touches the deafblind person’s back 14 times, constructing haptic signals for a total of 18 seconds. The first is when the interpreter is making a haptic signal “circle” on John’s back (line 1). This signal can have different meaning potential: a plate, a face, or a round table. The situated meaning must therefore be defined. The most likely meaning potential is that the haptic sign is referring to the plate. John is moving his knife and fork, searching for the last bites. In the next sequence of interaction, the interpreter is pointing at the left side of the circle (line 2). This haptic signal contributes to establishing mutual attention, and John starts to search for food on the left side of the plate. However, food is not easy to find. The interpreter describes where the knife and fork should be placed with small haptic movements (lines 4, 6, 8). John find the bites, and when finished eating, he turns toward his interpreter and smiles (line 9). The interpreter’s response is several tactile minimal-response signals tapped on his hand, and on his back she makes a haptic signal for “finished” (line 10). This response tells him that they have fulfilled the activity goal: To find the last bites, in a well-prepared meal, where each bite is appreciated.
The haptic signals are a resource used by John when navigating in the problem-solving activity of eating. The analysis of this excerpt illustrates that intersubjectivity requires mutual attention (Trevarthen 1998). The excerpt also illustrates how the meaning potential in haptic signals are situated: They can only be meaningful when they are connected to the ongoing activity. Also illustrated here is how the interpreter’s mediation is timed and adjusted towards John’s actions towards his dinner plate, and that their dialogue is driven by an mutual exchange of iniatives and responses (Linell 1998).
Defining the speakers’ identity
Two central persons in this situation are the waiter and the chef. They have responsibilities of being a host, taking orders, introducing the food, and serving. Identifying the speaker lays the ground for establishing an intersubjective understanding of the message structures (Rommetveit 1974). A responsibility among the interpreters is, therefore, to mediate information about who is doing the talking. To do so, they first introduce the speakers’ name or role, they point at the speaker, and then they mediate their utterances. In some cases, if the speaker is introduced for the first time, the interpreters might describe some features of their appearance. One example of this strategy is when the waiter comes to take the order for their drinks:
Figure 6
Embodied gestures for visual navigation.
In this excerpt, the interpreter is framing the turn at talk and the message structures. The appearance of the new speaker is explicitly made clear by introducing her as “the waiter,” her features are described as “a young lady,” and her physical placement is pointed out with an embodied gesture. The gesture of pointing out the waiters’ location can be used by the deafblind persons to navigate her sight and body orientation towards the other speaker. Due to interpreting the spoken utterances, the waiters’ expectation of receiving an answer is highlighted. The question, originally addressed to the whole group, is coordinated toward a direct question to “YOU.” Put together, the interpreters’ mediation strategy is informing the deafblind person that the waiter, standing nearby, just now, is addressing you, and is waiting for an answer. The mediation is giving information about the place, the time, and the identity of the speaker, and is responding to Rommetveit’s (1974: 36) model of basic elements to understand the message structures.
The interpreter’s work of clarifying the identity of the speaker is further illustrated in Figure 7 when the chef arrives to present today’s menu:
Figure 7
Identifying the “I” and “you.”
In line 1 and 2, the interpreter introduces the new speaker by describing his identity as “the chef,” and she constructs an embodied gesture of pointing towards his placement. She is then taking a pause, giving the deafblind person time to navigate her gaze towards the chef (line 3). This mediation strategy lays the ground for understanding the turns of speakers.
We can also notice that when the chef says “I have prepared a meal for you,” the interpreter points to her own chest for the reference “I.” However, this sign does not refer to the interpreter, but the chef. Grounded in earlier experiences of restaurant interactions, the interpreter takes for granted that the deafblind person understands that the utterance is said by the chef, and not herself. In other sequences, when the interpreter contributes with personal utterances (for instance in Figure 5, line 10), the identity of the speaker is somehow implicitly understood due to their situated interaction.
The interpreter constructs her mediation in a way that reflects the genre of politeness in the chef’s and the waiter’s utterances. This genre is also used by the deafblind lady when she turns her body and face towards the chef, nodding and smiling at his directions in Figure 7 (lines 3 and 8). Her embodied gestures are navigated in line with the interpreter’s descriptions of the situation, and in earlier experiences of politeness. As figures, the three of them are part of the language game that takes place at the restaurant. To make this game, the interpreters must master the speaking genre, but also set focus on a complex activity. This paves the way for establishing an intersubjective understanding between the primary participants, which is chaining their dialogical interaction (Trevarthen 1998; Linell 1998; Goodwin 2011).
This is a context with several participants. In some sequences of their dialogue, they have mutual attention at one specific person, like the chef. In other sequences, several side talks are going on. There are dialogues between an interpreter and deafblind, between two deafblind seated nearby each other, but also between deafblind seated on each side of the table. Figure 8 illustrates a side-by-side dialogue that went on for 5 minutes and 41 seconds. It was between a deafblind person using tactile sign language, and a deaf person seated on the other side of the table. In front of the picture sits the deafblind person (to the right), and her interpreter (to the left), and the deaf person is seated in the back of the picture:
Figure 8
Mutual attention across the table.
The basis for being able to establish mutual attention with a participant seated on the other side of the table is the interpreter’s description of the seating arrangements. Each participant knows who is present and where they are seated. To negotiate for the other person’s attention, the deafblind lady use an embodied gestures of waving (line 1). The interpreter coordinates her initiative by turning her gaze at the addressed person (line 2), and they establish eye contact (line 3). Information about the establishment of eye contact is mediated through a series of tactile response signals (line 4). The deafblind person understands that she has the deaf person’s attention, and she starts to talk (line 5). During their dialogue, the interpreter is both mediating their utterances and coordinating their interaction by turning her gaze at the speaker who has the turn at talk (line 7). However, after some time, their side-talk becomes the main talk around the table as several interpreters are incorporating their talk in their interpretation. As a team, the interpreters are orchestrating the primary participants dialogue by constantly using their professional vision to make evaluations of what is going on around the table, and who is participating as listeners or talkers.
This article studies sign language interpreters at work. It is shown that their mediation strategy is complex (Raanes & Berge 2017; Kermit 2020; Saltnes 2019). They coordinate the deafblind persons’ attention to the material world by describing the environment, the table, the food, the other participants’ placement, and the ongoing activity. They are interpreting the primary participants’ utterances, and they are coordinating their interaction by framing the message structure and the speakers’ identity. They are also involved in the negotiation process of establishing mutual attention and chaining their turns at talk. Due to their contribution, the deafblind participants, despite their inability to see or hear one another, can navigate themselves in the ongoing activity and decide their dialogical contribution. When leaving the restaurant, they have all experienced being part of a group enjoying a meal at a fine dining restaurant.
In a Norwegian and Swedish context, interpreters for deafblind work in formal and informal settings. This study analyzes video-data from an informal setting, where a group of deafblind people is joining a dinner party, and where their dialogue builds up naturally. In this setting, the interpreters contribute. Not with sharing their own opinions, but with framing the meaning potential in the spoken utterances and in the sequences of interaction. Their work of linguistic and interactional coordination is in line with the understanding of interpreting as a sociocultural and situated activity, where all participants contribute (Linell 1998; Wadensjö 1998). Not many studies of deafblind’s communication have dealt with multiparty conversations, or used sociocultural theories as a point of departure. This study found the approach useful for understanding theoretical concepts and for describing professional practice.
The multimodal communication methods analyzed in this study are developed within the deafblind communities. The study can, therefore, increase our understanding of how to adapt communication with people who have sensory loss. The analysis presented in this article complements linguistic theories about intersubjectivity and construction of shared understanding in general. The intersubjective perspective in the process of framing and making meaning has been under-communicated in interpreter studies. By bringing in the dialogical theoretical basis of Linell (1998), Rommetveit (1974; 2003), Goodwin (2011), and Goffman (1981) this study contributes to how meaning builds up as a joint activity in situated contexts by embodied signals. In this perspective the analyzed data are representing a crossing point between theoretical and empirical knowledge.
A new contribution from this study is the concept of “environmental intersubjectivity.” The analysis has highlighted that contextual information is necessary for deafblind persons when handling the activity of eating, but also for understanding different participants› utterances. The chef, the waiter, other deafblind guests, and the interpreters› utterances are understood in light of their contextual role and the ongoing activity around the table. The analysis has also shown that several states of intersubjectivity are established. Some states unfold between the interpreter and the deafblind person they are interpreting for, while other states are shared between the primary participants.
The analysis has also documented the simultaneous use of different semiotic resources. However, one can also notice that interpreted mediated dialogues for deafblind persons has their own rhythm: It takes some extra time to describe the context and to let the deafblind person orient themselves in the physical environment. In this setting, all the primary participants were deafblind and used to coordinating their interactions due to their disability and to their preferred communication method. Additionally, the interpreters are adjusting their mediation toward this demand, pausing where the deafblind persons can see, feel, and handle the artifacts. However, the need for pauses and timing of talk might be a new aspect for those who aren’t experienced in talking with deafblind persons.
The interpreters’ action is framed by their professional vision, which is highlighting that it is the deafblind interlocutors who are the primary participants of the activity. The deafblind participants have information to express their meanings, use different genres (politeness, humor, decision making), and they know when the floor is ready for their speech. This is only possible if interpreters and the deafblind participants cooperate (Raanes & Berge 2017). With inspiration from Bakhtin (1981), we can say that it is a multi-voiced situation, where the voice of the deafblind persons is ventriloquized through the interpreters’ voice.
Having access to independently handle the environment can contribute to a deafblind persons feeling of empowerment. To sit at a restaurant table, to eat and talk with friends might not be an everyday life experience. For instance, to be informed about the other participants› location and have the possibility to decide one’s own seating at the table, is a different experience than being placed in a random chair. Likewise, to have information about the course of meals, and be able to eat the food yourself is different experience than being fed or served food that is cut in pieces by a helper. Also, to be able to identify the chef and the waiter, and turn politely to them, lays the ground for participating in this genre and language games.
The interpreters’ multimodal strategy of mediating situated information, and their professional vision of adapting their services so that the deafblind persons are the primary participants, is a professional vision that other professions may beneficially adopt.
Thanks to all participants, to the restaurant for creating the dinner party exclusively for our group, and to the two anonymous reviewers giving fruitful comments to the text.
Competing Interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Planting vines successfully
Vine plants make a beautiful backdrop for your landscape. When choosing a vine to plant, decide where it will grow and the support you can give it.
You also need to consider what type of trouble it can get into and plant accordingly! Whichever type of vine you choose, ensure that as the plant grows, it is contained within its boundaries and is not allowed to twine around tree limbs or grow onto your house. Clinging vines can work their roots into the mortar between bricks and eventually cause significant damage. Also, please do not allow them to grow into any structures you may want to paint.
Clinging vines such as wisteria and wintercreeper grow wonderfully on solid objects or walls but will work their way into any holes or weak areas of the wall.
Another species worth mentioning is English Ivy. That is the charming plant you see on the photographs of old English and Irish cottages. English Ivy will both climb just above any surface and grow horizontally along the ground. It is also a very invasive plant if not kept in check. It produces a berry-like fruit that attracts wildlife but is poisonous to humans and nectar that attracts insects.
Whichever type of vine you choose to grow, ensure you check the USDA plant hardiness zone system to ensure your climate is suitable for your chosen plant. Also, check the amount of sun or shade needed and plant accordingly. As far as soil goes, these plants are hardy and do not need anything other than rich soil. If you turn a shovel full of earth over in your designated spot and you see worms, you're good to go! Once the plants are established, they rarely need watering. Just make sure you prune them to keep them contained.
Source of Information on Successful Ways to Grow Vines
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Class 8 Mathematics: Word problems involving fractions questions and answers
A pupil intends to add the fractions#2/7#,#3/8#and#5/6#. Which one of the following numbers should she choose as the least common denominator?
A. 56
B. 48
C. 168
D. 336
(4m 11s)
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Most parents try to instil good money habits in their children from an early age. Eventually they outgrow piggy banks and pocket money but the opportunities to help them navigate the world of personal finance don’t end with childhood. Here are five lessons parents might consider passing on to their kids as they make the transition to independent, financially savvy adults.
Lesson 1: Becoming independent requires work
Lesson 2: There are no free lunches
Lesson 3: Good, tolerable and bad debt
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The same technology that has made it so easy to get into debt has also made it easier to start the investing habit. In recent years, micro-investing platforms such as Raiz and Spaceship have made it simple and attractive for techsavvy Millennials to start investing in equities. These platforms make delaying consumption near painless by, for instance, rounding up purchases to the nearest dollar then directing the ‘spare change’ into investments. If your progeny is working and receiving super, you might also want to suggest they download their super fund’s app, so they can monitor their financial progress on the go.
Lesson 5: Setting goals to make dreams come true
https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/news-centre/find-a-media-release/2018- releases/18-201mr-asic-s-review-of-credit-cards-reveals-more-than-onein- six-consumers-struggling-with-credit-card-debt/
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buy apple developer account（）：Banks may be our best hope in fighting climate change
Apple Developer
TEMPERATURES are rising and there’s lots of work to do to avert disastrous outcomes. Europe is looking at one quick and easy avenue to make change happen: Go through banks.
Industry executives may not like it but banks are both an efficient way to raise the cost of carbon and to make sure that all companies properly disclose their emissions. Governments can make banks do the oversight work for them.
If that sounds like an outrageous demand, look at it another way.
Banks are already used for political and social ends, most notably by the US Money laundering rules have been beefed up dramatically in the past 20 years specifically to combat terrorist financing and to thwart the activities of politically undesirable groups.
Ask BNP Paribas SA what happens if you help process money for America’s enemies. The French bank was fined US$9bil (RM37.8bil) in 2014 for running financial transactions for Sudan, Iran and Cuba.
The simple fact is finance underlies everything and banks can be relatively easily controlled. The system is a single, efficient window into the economy and it is already closely monitored and regulated.
On the climate front, the idea is to make banks think much harder about what kind of companies they lend to and at what cost.
Many banks have stopped funding coal-fired power plants, but stress tests that involve climate-related risks and will lead to higher capital requirements can help create a rising scale of financing costs that should help support cleaner business activity and discourage dirtier practices across industries.
It’s a hard and costly problem for the industry, but it’s inevitable. Why? Because governments have realised that acting through the financial system is both economically and politically expedient.
Voters don’t like extra direct taxes on their cars, energy suppliers or on companies that lead to increases in the prices of the things they like to buy. And yet pollution and high fossil-fuel use have to be made more expensive to incentivise people to find alternative ways of doing things. Increasing the cost of funding and capital for activities that are worse for the environment is a good answer.
Bankers may grumble, but using their industry to fight climate change makes a lot of sense. Financial incentives work and getting banks to impose the costs is more efficient than waiting for politicians to make direct taxes somehow palatable. — Bloomberg
Paul J. Davies writes for Bloomberg. The views expressed here are the writer’s own.
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Can A Verbal Agreement Override A Court Order
It contains a promise to do or give something in exchange for a valuable profit, known in return. It is not uncommon for an oral agreement to be sorted hastily or without any details. This is a problem if you realize that an oral agreement with the same force as a written agreement can be legally binding. If the agreement is incomplete, i.e. if the parties have not agreed on all the essential conditions of the agreement or have agreed on certain conditions, but others are negotiating or discussing, there will be no legally binding agreement. In addition to these four elements, a binding agreement must have a legitimate objective and clear conditions. So the contract cannot provide someone with money to do something illegal or have ambiguous or incomplete terms. The first rule of each contract is relatively simple: it requires an agreement between two or more people, entities (such as private companies, government entities, non-profit organizations) or bodies recognized by law. The law requires a person to be at least 18 years of age and mentally competent to enter into a contract.
Under Texas law, certain types of contracts must be in writing. These include contracts for the sale or disposal of land or real estate, leases and commissions for oil and gas drilling. . . .
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Intinfra - Business IT & Infrastructure – MPLS Networks
MPLS Networks
The fundamental concept behind MPLS is that of labeling packets. In a traditional routed IP network, each router makes an independent forwarding decision for each packet based solely on the packet’s network-layer header. Thus, every time a packet arrives at a router, the router has to “think through” where to send the packet next.
With MPLS, the first time the packet enters a network, it’s assigned to a specific forwarding equivalence class (FEC), indicated by appending a short bit sequence (the label) to the packet. Each router in the network has a table indicating how to handle packets of a specific FEC type, so once the packet has entered the network, routers don’t need to perform header analysis. Instead, subsequent routers use the label as an index into a table that provides them with a new FEC for that packet.
This gives the MPLS network the ability to handle packets with particular characteristics (such as coming from particular ports or carrying traffic of particular application types) in a consistent fashion. Packets carrying real-time traffic, such as voice or video, can easily be mapped to low-latency routes across the network — something that’s challenging with conventional routing. The key architectural point with all this is that the labels provide a way to “attach” additional information to each packet — information above and beyond what the routers previously had.
There’s been a lot of confusion over the years about whether MPLS is a Layer 2 or Layer 3 service. But MPLS doesn’t fit neatly into the OSI seven-layer hierarchy. In fact, one of the key benefits of MPLS is that it separates forwarding mechanisms from the underlying data-link service. MPLS can be used to create forwarding tables for ATM or frame relay switches (using the existing ATM or DLCI header) or for plain old IP routers by appending MPLS tags to IP packets.
The bottom line is that network operators can use MPLS to deliver a wide variety of services. The two most popular implementations of MPLS are layer 3 BGP/MPLS-VPNs (based on RFC 2547) and Layer 2 (or pseudowire) VPNs.
Interior routers have no knowledge of IP information beyond the label-only base forwarding decisions on the MPLS label. BGP is used by edge routers to exchange knowledge of VPNs, thus enabling service providers to isolate traffic from multiple customers or even the Internet over a shared backbone.
There are several flavors of layer 2 MPLS services, but what they have in common is that a Layer 2 packet (or ATM cell or frame relay frame) is encased in an MPLS header and forwarded through the MPLS core. When it reaches the other side, the packet’s labels are removed, and the packet that arrives at the ultimate destination exactly where it entered the MPLS network. Thus, Layer 2 MPLS services effectively extend services such as Ethernet or frame relay across an IP WAN.
The version of MPLS that’s generally used to encapsulate connection-oriented frame relay and ATM services is called pseudo Wire Edge to Edge Emulation (PWE3). PWE3 defines point-to-point tunnels across the MPLS backbone, and thus works well for circuit-oriented networking protocols. PWE3 can also be used to support connectionless LAN protocols, but it’s not the preferred solution.
For connectionless protocols (primarily Ethernet) there’s a different specification, called virtual private LAN service (VPLS). VPLS addresses some of the specific challenges with extending Ethernet across the metropolitan area or WAN, most notably scalability and availability. Another emerging spec is the ITU’s transport-MPLS (T-MPLS), which is designed to simplify deployment of Ethernet services
Finally, a variant of MPLS called Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) gives routers the ability intelligently signal the optical layer, enabling providers to establish, change or tear down optical links in real time. Thus, service providers can provision “optical wavelength” services based on MPLS.
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Back to Africa Check
No evidence for claim Tanzanian president John Magufuli ‘knew’ Covid-19 didn’t exist
Former Tanzanian president John Magufuli was officially declared dead on 17 March 2021.
Magufuli had a complex legacy and was particularly controversial for denying there were any Covid-19 cases in Tanzania. This was despite claims to the contrary from Tanzanian doctors and religious and human rights groups within the country.
A widely shared Facebook post claims that “there has been no conclusive proof that Covid exists”, and that, as a PhD recipient, Magufuli would have known this.
The post claims that a set of principles for verifying the existence of a disease have not been met in any studies of Covid-19.
It reads: “John Magufuli, a PhD holder in chemistry, likely knew of these various studies, hence he did not accept the existence of Covid-19 from a scientific stand point.”
But are these claims accurate? What process would be required to prove the existence of Covid-19, and could Magufuli have “known” this process had not been followed?
Sars-CoV-2 has been isolated, shown many times to be cause of Covid-19
Guidelines called “Koch’s postulates”, which the post cites as “the accepted standard procedure for determining the existence of a new disease”, were proposed in the late 1800s by a bacteriologist named Robert Koch.
At the time, these postulates were an important development, but they have become outdated as medicine has advanced.
Koch proposed that to prove an organism causes a disease, scientists must first detect that organism in a sick person or animal, isolate it and culture it in a laboratory, and then reintroduce it into the body of a healthy subject. If the healthy subject contracts the disease, then the organism is known to be the cause of the disease.
There are multiple problems with Koch’s postulates, including the fact that they were proposed before the discovery of viruses. Viruses cannot survive outside of a host, and so newer and more reliable methods of verifying the cause of a disease have been proposed.
Modern versions of Koch’s postulates are more complex and involve isolating sequences of genetic material from the pathogen which causes a disease.
The genetic sequence of Sars-CoV-2, the virus which causes Covid-19, has been isolated several times and versions of the genome have been available to the public since early 2020.
Many of the studies that have isolated the virus have even performed steps similar to Koch’s postulates. One example is a May 2020 study which isolated the virus from the urine of an infected patient and showed that it could reinfect healthy cells.
The virus has also been photographed several times under an electron microscope. The images can be seen in this May 2020 article in the Lancet and as released by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
There is plenty of scientific evidence that the virus which causes Covid-19 exists.
Magufuli not doctor of medicine, medical doctors dispute his claim
Magufuli did receive both a masters degree and a doctorate from the University of Dar es Salaam but Magufuli studied chemistry, and was not a medical doctor or an infectious diseases specialist.
Africa Check could find no evidence that Magufuli himself ever claimed that Koch’s postulates had not been met for Covid-19. But the president did make claims about the disease which medical experts said were incorrect.
The claim that Koch’s postulates had not been met has also been repeatedly debunked by fact-checking organisations and medical experts.
One microbiologist from the University of Auckland in New Zealand said that the claim and others like it might cause further deaths by “undermining attempts to bring the pandemic under control”.
The World Health Organization was among the groups calling for Magufuli to improve Tanzania’s response to the pandemic shortly before the president’s death.
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Rahul Sharma (Editor)
Homo rhodesiensis
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Kingdom Animalia
Order Primates
Tribe Hominini
Scientific name Homo rhodesiensis
Rank Species
Phylum Chordata
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Higher classification Humans
Homo rhodesiensis httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsthu
Similar Humans, Homo cepranensis, Homo heidelbergensis, Great apes, Homo rudolfensis
Homo rhodesiensis modeled from a man and a chimpanzee
Homo rhodesiensis refers to an extinct hominin species of the genus Homo, first described in 1921 by Arthur Smith Woodward in reference to the Kabwe skull fossil recovered at Broken Hill, or Kabwe, in Zambia (once known as Northern Rhodesia). A number of morphologically-comparable fossil remains came to light in East Africa (Bodo, Ndutu, Eyasi, Ileret) and North Africa (Salé, Rabat, Dar-es-Soltane, Djbel Irhoud, Sidi Aberrahaman, Tighenif) during the 20th century and were classified as Homo rhodesiensis.
Smith Woodward decided the fossils represented an extinct hominid species as the "... thick skull, sloped forehead and giant brow ridges made the species distinct from living people". The finds were dated between 300,000 and 125,000 years BC. "However, this [African] group of fossils has [also] been known by many other now-obscure names", none ever having been accepted universally, including the taxon Homo rhodesiensis. The Saldanha cranium, found in 1954 in South Africa was subject to at least three taxonomic revisions from 1955 to 1996. Consensus is confined to informal taxonomic categories, such as "pre-modern".
Most scientists now regard Homo rhodesiensis as to be the local (African) representative of Homo heidelbergensis and as such the direct ancestor of anatomically modern humans.
The association between the bones is unclear, but the tibia and femur fossils are usually associated with the skull. Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. Cranial capacity of the Broken Hill skull has been estimated at 1,230 cm³. Bada, & al., (1974) published the direct date of 110 ka for this specimen measured by aspartic acid racemisation. The destruction of the paleoanthropological site has made layered dating impossible.
The massive skull suggests an extremely robust individual with the comparatively largest brow-ridges of any known hominid. It was described as having a broad face similar to that of Homo neanderthalensis (i.e. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges). Consequently, researchers came up with interpretations such as "African Neanderthal". However, with regard to the skull's extreme robustness, recent research has highlighted several intermediate features between modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthal.
Bodo Cranium
The 600.000 year old Bodo cranium was found in 1976 by members of an expedition led by Jon Kalb at Bodo D'ar in the Awash River valley of Ethiopia. Although the skull is most similar to those of Kabwe, Woodward's nomenclature was discontinued and its discoverers attributed it to H. heidelbergensis. It has features, that represent a transition between Homo ergaster/erectus and Homo sapiens.
Ndutu cranium
Rupert Murrill has studied the relations between the Archanthropus skull of Petralona (Chalcidice, Greece) and Rhodesian Man. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of Homo heidelbergensis though other designations such as Homo sapiens arcaicus and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have also been proposed.
Present location
The Broken Hill skull is one of the treasures in the collections cared for by the Natural History Museum, London. There is a replica in the Museum in Livingstone, Zambia.
• References
Homo rhodesiensis Wikipedia
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Mystery of the Casas de Piedra in Palenque
Campeche is a city in the Mexican Gulf, founded in 1540 by Spanish conquistadors as San Francisco de Campeche. Additionally, it was located on the site of the former Mayan city called Canpech or Kimpech (“Campeche” 2021).
The two illuminated towers of the Baroque Cathedral, towering over the Plaza del Zócalo of the city of Campeche, Mexico. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
This old town used to have thousands of different buildings, of which, as a result of its turbulent history, unfortunately not many traces have remained to this day (“Campeche” 2021)
Even though our minibus arrived at Campeche in the evening, we still managed to see many colourful colonial houses and massive fortifications that had once defended the city from pirates, albeit not always with success (“Campeche” 2021). At the end of our trip, we were seen off by the two illuminated towers of the Baroque Cathedral, towering over the central square of the city, known locally as the Zócalo. The next morning, however, we left this charming place behind and moved south, towards the Mexican state of Chiapas, going back in time to the times of the Maya and their stepped pyramids and temples.
Towards the heart of the Maya territory
So far we had seen Mayan sites in the north of Yucatan, including Mayan-Toltec cities of Chichen Itza and Uxmal. Nevertheless, those city-states had developed mostly in the Late Classical Period and were therefore much later than Mayan sites in the south of the country. This is why, we could say that we were heading off to the very heart of the Mayan land. Paolo Sutter, a Swiss guide in Palenque, who also accompanied Enrich von Däniken in his journey through the ruins, claims that this Mayan heart once beat in Tikal (Guatemala) (Von Däniken 1991:184). After him, Tikal was once located just in the centre of the Mayan culture, which becomes especially visible if one inserts a compass needle into a city point on the map and draws circles of the correct radius around it; these will include the Mayan settlements even at the edge of their world, in the farthest corners of the north, south, west and east (Ibid.:184). ‘It was from Tikal’, the guide says, ‘that the Mayan empire began to expand in all directions’ (Ibid.:184).
Accordingly to the proposed thesis, the Mayan territory was not in fact limited to the country of Mexico itself but stretched southwards, far beyond its political borders. Precisely, “[the] Maya civilization developed in the area that today comprises southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador” (“Maya civilization” 2021). Consequently, Mayan city-states were scattered in the area of Mexican state of Chiapas, including Sierra Madre de Chiapas, southern Guatemala, El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain, and then they also expanded in the regions of the northern lowlands of the Yucatán Peninsula, from where we started our study trip throughout Mexico (Ibid.).
The Maya and their development
Ancient Maya peoples, although today they exist as a separate cultural group, had probably never felt “a sense of common identity or political unity” (“Maya civilization” 2021; see “Majowie” 2021). Nevertheless, they dominated Mesoamerica for thousands years (Grube 2013:14-16). To our knowledge, they did not use metal tools, a wheel, and did not have pack animals (Burns 2012).
In front of the Temple of the Inscriptions, one of the most intriguing and significant buildings of the city, situated in the center. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
Despite their lack of the humanity’s basic inventions, such as iron and the wheel, scientists today consider the Maya as one of the most advanced civilizations in Pre-Columbian America (Burns 2012). This is because the Maya had many achievements in the fields of agriculture, engineering, and astronomy: they developed hieroglyphics and the vigilant number system, made astronomical observations, and used precise timing systems (ibid.). They also had a complex mythology, language and religious rites (Ibid.). The Maya are equally known for their civilization achievements in the field of architecture and so their cities are characterized by high architectural precision, especially in terms of astronomical phenomena (“Majowie” 2021). They built monumental spatial complexes, consisting of temples on high stepped pyramids, palaces, terraces, courtyards and stone fields for ball games (“Majowie” 2021; Burns 2012). In the field of art, they created stucco ornaments, vibrant wall paintings, sculptures and bas-reliefs of stucco, stone, wood and bone, polychrome ceramics and refined objects of goldsmithery (“Majowie” 2021).
Where did they come from?
Scientists claim that the Mayan ancestors came from Asia to the American continent via the Bering Strait during the last Ice Age (Grube 2013:14). Like many, Paolo Sutter takes a different view (Von Däniken 1991:183-184). After him, people never voluntarily put themselves in danger, especially if they do not have a clearly defined aim of taking a risk (Ibid.:183). And the people of that time certainly did not know what awaited them after crossing the frozen Bering Strait, if such a feat was possible for them at all, with frosts as low as minus 70 degrees Celsius (Ibid.:183).
The row of temples along the southern edge of the Main Plaza in the western part of the city: the Temple of the Inscriptions on the left, then on the right, the Temple XIII (of the Red Queen), and the Temple XII. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
On the other side, opponents of the Bering Strait theory usually propose a different solution instead; namely, they believe that the people of Asia did indeed reach Mesoamerica, but by crossing the waters of the Pacific Ocean, travelling on ships (Ibid.:183). Enrich von Däniken (1991:184), however, doubts if they came from Asia at all; the newcomers from Asia would have known the wheel and would certainly have used it widely also in Mesoamerica. Even if the Mesoamerican peoples, such as the Olmecs and the Mayans, knew the wheel, as evidenced by some artifacts, they did not use it in their everyday life, like other ancient cultures did elsewhere.
There are also some legends ascribed to the Mayan culture, containing a story of how the ancient Mayans came to Mesoamerica from an unidentifiable eastern land that had been destroyed, possibly by an unknown cataclysm (Hart 2017:150). As a writer, Will Hart (2017:150) admits, these types of accounts may sound like romantic myths and be just a result of a vivid imagination, but when one walks around an ancient archaeological site of Palenque, amidst its extensive ruins, they start to wonder if such myths of lost continents may contain a grain of truth.
From the Archaic Period to the Late Preclassic
Regardless of where the Mayans came from and how they did it, visiting hunters and collectors first settled in mainly three regions of Mesoamerica: the Pacific coast, the mountains, and the lowlands (Grube 2013:14).
Inside one of the corridors of the Palace in the central part of Palenque. Photo by Leon Petrosyan (2010). CC BY-SA 3.0. Photo modified. Photo source: “Palenque” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Little information is known about the Archaic period of Mayan culture, but it is dated back to the second millennium BC., when settlements in villages had already developed (Grube 2013:14). Although this slow process was uneven in the inhabited area, it is the time when agriculture and maize cultivation began (Ibid.:14). Pottery, which is attributed to the Mayan culture, could also have originated in this period (Ibid.:14).
The Corbel arch seen in a hallway at the Palace. Photo by Ricraider – Own work (2012). CC BY-SA 3.0. Photo modified. Photo and caption source: “Palenque” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
A conventional period from 2000 BC. until 300 BC. is called by archaeologists the Preclassic Period, including the Early (2000-900 BC), Middle (900-300 BC) and Late (300 BC-250 AD) periods within it (Grube 2013:14). While the first agricultural settlements were built at the earliest stage, the social hierarchy was formed in the following phases, and the cities were formed along with them, along with examples of Mayan monumental architecture, including ornamental tombs and stone monuments with images of dignitaries, but yet without inscriptions (Ibid.:14). Similar achievements show that the Mayan culture developed in parallel with the so-called Olmec culture from the Gulf of Mexico (Ibid.:14). Therefore, it is not truly correct to describe the Olmecs as a proto-Mayan culture (Ibid.:14). The Olmecs had probably just influenced it as much as the culture of Teotihuacan did.
Self-supporting and false vaults
In the Late Preclassic Period, social differences in the Mayan culture deepened and a privileged group strongly emerged, including the royal families and priests (Grube 2013:14). Monumental buildings decorated with huge stucco masks of gods were still erected; these were mainly temples in the form of stepped pyramids with temples on top and the so-called royal palaces (Ibid.:14). Stone self-supporting original vaults with a keystone (a capstone) are also dated to this period! (Ibid.:14). It is supported by the discovery of such a vault in the city of Calakmul. At the same time, it is quite surprising that in the Classic Period cantilever vaults, known more often as the corbelled or false vaults, were commonly used by the Mayans (Ibid.:14). Such constructional element as corbel vaults and arches are actually typical features of the pre-Columbian architecture, both monumental and urban (Ibid.:14).
The Temple of the Inscriptions became a place of the most fascinating discovery of the 90s of the twentieth century in Mesoamerica. Photo by Dezalb (2015). Photo source: Free images at Pixabay.
Complex writing system
The first stone monuments with hieroglyphic inscriptions, the so-called steles, also appeared in the same period (Grube 2013:15). Oddly enough, these oldest texts reveal examples of writings so uniform and complex that the Maya writing system from the Late Preclassic Period must have developed earlier (Ibid.:15). For archaeologists, there are two possible explanations for this puzzle: either the older forms of writing have not survived due to the perishable material used, or they have not yet been discovered (Ibid.:15).
Classic Period of the Maya
The end of the Preclassic Period brought subsequent climate changes, natural disasters and migrations of people, often resulting in armed conflicts, which caused many cities of the period deserted (Grube 2013:15).
Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico. Photo by Kwamikagami – English Wikipedia (2004). Public domain. Photo modified. Photo and caption source: “Maya script” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Recognition of the year 250 AD. as the ending moment of the Preclassic Period and the beginning of the Classic one is purely conventional (Grube 2013:15). This was a gradual process and did not occur simultaneously for the entire territory of Mesoamerica occupied by the Mayans (Ibid.:15). Moreover, it should also be understood that the Classic Period is just another stage in the long history of Mayan culture (Ibid.:15). Material inheritances from both the Preclassic and Classic Periods are also quite comparable (Ibid.:15), and sometimes even earlier monuments and artifacts are more advanced in terms of a technique used than those created in the classical period (e.g. a self-supporting vault).
The Palace as seen from the main courtyard (Main Plaza). Photo by Ricraider – Own work (2012). CC BY-SA 3.0. Photo modified. Photo and caption source: “Palenque” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
The Classic Period can be further broken down into two major blocks: the Early Classic Period (250-550 AD.) and the Late Classic Period (550-900 AD.) (Grube 2013:15). Additionally, one can also distinguish in the latter the s-called Declining Period, that is to say, the last hundred years of the Late Classic Period (800-900 AD.) (Ibid.:15). In the Classic Period, the lowlands were divided by growing influences of notably four struggling big city-states (Ibid.:15). Edwin Barnhart, PhD, the Archaeologist Director in Maya Exploration Center, says that many texts mention four Maya cities that were associated with four corners of the world (Edwin Barnhart, PhD. in: Burns 2012). Among them was Palenque, depicted as the capital of the Mayan world of the west, the capital of the south was Copan, in the east, there was Tikal, and in the capital of the north was Calakmul (Ibid.). Each was headed by a king who was descended from ancient gods, and so he was seen as an intermediary between the world of gods and people (Grube 2013:15).
A description of a presented expedition will mainly concern the Late Calssic Period of Palenque.
Relations with Teotihuacan and wars between the Mayan city-states
In addition to extravagant architecture and luxurious works of art, an element of the culture of the aristocracy of the Classic Period of the Maya was their hieroglyphic writing, densely covering stone steles, altars, relief panels, pottery and jewellery (Grube 2013:15). They all tell a tale about royal families, lavish feasts, wars and alliances (Ibid.:15). On the other hand, the Mayan hieroglyphs has allowed not only to recreate the political events of the Classic Period, but also have given a valuable insight into the Mayan intellectual culture, including their astronomy and myths (Ibid.:15).
By the side of the so-called Palace, located in the center of Palenque. Behind the Temple of the Inscriptions, situated at the top of the stepped pyramid. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
By means of Mayan writing and artifacts, it is also known that the Early Classic Period was marked by contacts with the mysterious city of Teotihuacan, the largest city in the cultural area of Mesoamerica, inhabited then by unidentifiable culture (Grube 2013:16). At the same time, conflicts developed between the urban powers of the Classic Period, mainly between Tikal and Calakmul, which, in turn, had sparked hostilities already on the verge of the Late Classic Period (Ibid.:16). The final collapse of the Mayan classic culture was intensified by environmental disasters and overpopulation (Ibid.:16). Consequently, at the turn of the ninth and tenth centuries AD., more Mayan cities emptied in the region (Ibid.:16).
Postclassic Period and the Spanish Conquest
Simultaneously, “[the] Postclassic period [of the Maya, which] saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north [of Yucatan]” (“Maya civilization” 2021), is usually regarded as a time of decadence, characterized by a gradual decline of the status of the elite and their monumental architecture (Grube 2013:16). This period is also broken down into successive stages, ending with the Spanish conquest and the fall of the last Mayan state of Itzá, with their capital Nojpetén, in 1697 (Ibid.:16).
Modern Mayans of Yucatan, Mexico. Photo by I, Henrique Matos (2007). CC BY 2.5. Photo source: “Majowie” (2021). In: Wikipedia. Wolna Encyklopedia.
After the Spanish Conquest, the Mayan civilization completely collapsed (Grube 2013:16). The Mayans, however, have survived to modern times, thankfully retaining much of their culture (Ibid.:16). During the colonial period, as well as after Mexico and other countries in America gained their autonomy in the early nineteenth century, the Maya also made many local armed efforts to regain political independence (Grube 2013:16; “Maya civilization” 2021). “Today, their descendants, known collectively as the Maya, number well over [six] million individuals, speak more than twenty-eight surviving Mayan languages, and reside in nearly the same area as their ancestors ” (“Maya civilization” 2021). Although for centuries they were usually treated as second-class residents on their own lands, today they are still actively fighting for their political and cultural rights (Grube 2013:16).
Gateway to Palenque
The stepped pyramid of the Temple of the Inscriptions. Photo taken from the side of the Temple XIII, where the second famous burial of Palenque was discovered. It belongs to the so-called Red Queen. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
As we were approaching Palenque archaeological site after around five hours spent in the bus, I suddenly noticed a huge carved head rising up just in the middle of the roundabout (see: Von Däniken 1991:183). It belongs to perhaps the most famous Mayan king, Kʼinich Janaab Pakal the First, who reigned in Palenque in the Late Classic Period and who, more than one thousand three hundred years after his death, triggered much interest and even confusion in the modern world of archaeology. It was mainly because of his multi-ton sarcophagus hidden in one of the temples in Palenque. In this way, the king has probably deserved that his image carved in the stone is now welcoming visitors on the way to his wonderful but lost kingdom.
How did the Mayans call their city?
The Mayan ruins of Palenque are located around ten kilometres away from a small town of Santo Domingo de Palenque, where you can also stay at one of its hotels of a various standard if you wish to stay and study the ruins longer (Von Däniken 1991:176,183). This settlement close to the ancient city was founded by a Spanish missionary, Father Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada, the first European who saw Palenque (Von Däniken 1991:175-176; Dzikowska 2013:239; “Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada” 2021). In 1567, he founded a village, first called Santo Domingo, and it was not until around twenty years later that it was named Santo Domingo de Palenque (Von Däniken 1991:175-176; Dzikowska 2013:239; “Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada” 2021).
An intricate complex of El Palacio with its outstanding tower, located in the center of the ancient city of Palenque. Photo taken from the Temple of the Cross in the south-east of the city. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
It is believed that Palenque was “also anciently known as Lakamha (literally: ‘Big Water’) (“Palenque” 2021). Yet, there are other hypothesis about the modern name of the city. In Spanish, the word ‘palenque’ means ‘fence’, ‘tournament square’ or ‘palisade site’. Of course, the sixteenth-century village of Santo Domingo had nothing to do with ‘tournament square’ (Von Däniken 1991:176). One of the local Mayans claims that his ancestors from the sixteenth century still remembered that the nearby jungle ruins were actually called Palatquapi by ancient Mayans; according to their accounts, it was the place where Mayan gods, known as the Kachina, once lived (Ibid.:176).
Mysterious tower, possibly used as an astronomical observatory, belonging to the complex, called El Palacio. Photo by Anna_Travel_Guru (Anna Che) (2015). Photo source: Free images at Pixabay.
The sixteenth century Mayans may have provided the Spanish settlers with the original name of the city, which was, however, misspelled by the Spanish and consequently changed into the known today name ‘Palenque’, and then Santo Domingo was successively named itself after the ruins (Ibid.:176). As a matter of fact, Father Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada studied the ruined city and then published its first description, in which he also named it ‘Palenque’ (Von Däniken 1991:175-176; Dzikowska 2013:239; “Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada” 2021). The Mayan city was thus named almost two hundred years before its ruins started to be more explored since the eighteenth century (Eggebrecht 2013:408; Prager, Grube 2013:447).
From ‘casas de piedra’ to their regular exploration
Of all the Mayan sites of the Classic Period, Palenque enjoyed considerable interest, but it was difficult to spark it at first among contemporary explorers (Eggebrecht 2013:408-411; Von Däniken 1991:163-171; Dzikowska 2013:239-241). From the beginning of the eighteenth century, the inhabitants of Tumbula, the largest city closest to the ruins, knew of the so-called casas de piedra (stone houses), near the settlement of Santo Domingo (Eggebrecht 2013:408; Von Däniken 1991:163).
Even at the beginning of the nineteenth century, they described the ruined buildings engulfed by the steamy jungle of Chiapas, which was once inhabited by their Mayan ancestors (Eggebrecht 2013:408). In the 1870s, information about these stone houses spread quickly; it reached the ears of a priest in Ciudad Real, Ramona Ordonez, whose account finally reached the Royal Commission of Audiencia in Guatemala (Eggebrecht 2013:408; Von Däniken 1991:163). Only a decade later, on the recommendation of the representative of the Spanish crown, Jose Estacheri, the first excavations in the area of Palenque finally began (Eggebrecht 2013:408). They were led by the royal architect Antonio Bernasconi, whose drawings and reports reached Spain many years later (Ibid.:408). As early as in 1786, Jose Estacheri received further instructions to retrieve the artifacts from Palenque and undertake further excavations on site (Ibid.:408).
It was the time of the very first steps of archaeology, though completely different from how it is understood today; it was more likely a hunt for lost treasures than systematic studies of ancient cultures (Eggebrecht 2013:408; Von Däniken 1991:164).
Detail of a relief at the Palace drawn by Ricardo Almendáriz during the Del Rio expedition in 1787. Ricardo Almendáriz – Library of Congress (1787). Public domain. Photo and caption source: “Palenque” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
The Audiencia consequently instructed the officer, Antonio del Rio, and the cartoonist, Ricardo Almendariz, to go to the site and explore the ruins (Eggebrecht 2013:408; Von Däniken 1991:163). Unfortunately, contemporary “research methods” of pioneers in archaeology left much to be desired, not only in Mesoamerica but everywhere in the world; after breaking through the dense tangle of the forest, Antonio del Rio ripped away some of the city’s architectural sculptures and artifacts from, using axes, pickaxes, and hand-picked spikes (Eggebrecht 2013:408; Von Däniken 1991:164). In this way, thirty-two items, including the so-called Madrid Stela, were handed over to the Audiencia along with the drawings and accounts (Eggebrecht 2013:409; Von Däniken 1991:164). In Spain, however, no one took any interest in such acquired treasures and the results of the expedition were not even published (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:164). It was only in 1882 that an inexplicable copy of the original Antonio del Rio’s accounts was translated into English and published in the form of a small booklet in London (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:164). Although it did not arouse much interest at first, it was this position that much later attracted the ruins’ greatest American explorers, John Llyod Stephens and Frederick Catherwood (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:164-165).
Successive amateurs of the ruins
In the meantime, further research continued at Palenque (Eggebrecht 2013:410). The site itself had attracted many fascinating characters, including travellers and explorers (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:165).
Johann Friedrich von Waldeck, Foto von Charles Reutlinger 1873. Public domain. Photo modified. Photo and caption source: “Johann Friedrich von Waldeck” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Among them, there were Guillermo Dupaix (1746-1818), following the orders of the King of Spain, and cartoonist Jose Luciano Castagnada (Eggebrecht 2013:410). They came to Palenque in 1807, just before the riots that led to the independence of Mexico and other parts of Central America in 1820 (Ibid.:410). However, further studies conducted by the researchers had long been kept in a drawer in the Mexican capital before being published in Europe in the 1830s (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:164-165). During this time, however, yet many travellers visited Palenque; those were Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who came there in 1816, and Colonel Juan Galindo (1802-1840) (really John of Ireland), who was a governor of the Guatemalan province of Petan (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:165). In addition, the latter was a passionate adventurer, traveller and archaeologist, and the London Literary Gazette even described the Colonel in 1831 as an actual discoverer of Palenque (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:169).
A new dweller of casas de piedra
However, the decisive role in the history of the discoveries of the Maya city was primarily played by a brilliant character, Jean-Frédéric Waldeck (1766-1875), who was said to have been a French count, an antiquarian painter and draftsman (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:165). Considered mad in many circles, Von Waldeck was possibly associated with a self-proclaimed group of early Americanists who argued that Mesoamerican culture had stemmed from the ancient East, spanning from Egypt to India (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:165).
The so-called Temple of the Count, located in the north of Palenque, beside the North Group of temples. The temple was called after Palenque’s explorer, Johann Friedrich von Waldeck (1766-1875), who was known as a French count. He worked and lived in Palenque for over a decade. The Temple had become his dwelling in the city. Photo by Bernard DUPONT (2020). CC BY-SA 2.0. Photo modified. Photo source: “Palenque” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
In 1821, the count met the English publisher of the above-mentioned Captain del Rio, who asked Waldeck to illustrate the book (Von Däniken 1991:164-165). The presented records completely captured Waldeck’s imagination, and in 1822 he went to Mexico, whose government gave him permission to conduct research in Palenque (Ibid.:165). Since the ancient Mayans left, he had probably been the first man, and certainly the first European, who inhabited one of the casas de piedra of Palenque (Ibid.:167). Today, his dwelling on site is jokingly called the ‘temple of the count’ (Ibid.:167). During his two-year stay among the ruins, Von Waldeck dedicated Palenque not only all his time, talent as a draftsman and researcher, but also his fortune and health (Ibid.:167-168). He was constantly fighting with the tropical climate, the stuffiness and the threat of malaria, including clouds of mosquitoes actually causing it (Ibid.:167-168). During this period, he defended his fortress against both looters and curious tourists (Ibid.:167-168).
Maya ruins of Palenque, Chiapas, in 1840, by Frederick Catherwood. Palenque had always appealed to the imagination of adventurers. Catherwood’s lithographs, although they show architectural elements in a romantic perspective, yet they reflect the Mayan city with remarkable precision and accuracy. The Palace. Lithograph from drawings by Frederick Catherwood at Palenque, Chiapas, 1840. Uploaded by Infrogmation (2019). Public domain. Photo and caption source: “Catherwood Palenque Palace Courtyard” (2021). In: Wikipedia. Wolna Encyklopedia.
Nevertheless, he himself was eventually accused by the Mexican government of stealing national treasures (Von Däniken 1991:168). Disappointed, the count left his beloved city and in 1838 published Voyage pittoresque et archéologique dans la province du Yucatan pendant les années 1834 et 1836, as a result of his studies (Ibid.:168).
Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood
Finally, among the next Palenque enthusiasts, there were other contemporary globetrotters, John Lloyd Stephens, and a cartoonist, Frederick Catherwood (Eggebrecht 2013:410; Von Däniken 1991:168-169). In 1839, they both set off on a journey to Mexico and its ruins, about which Dupaix, Galindo and Von Waldeck had so enthusiastically written so far (Von Däniken 1991:169). The researchers wanted to know what kind of culture could have been the author of similar ruins lost in the jungle (Ibid.:169). At first, they did not think that the monumental palaces were the product of ancient ancestors of the Indians living in Mesoamerica (Ibid.:169). Moreover, at a time when Stephens and Catherwood were researching this mysterious culture, neither its writing nor its calendar was known yet, and there was no idea of its unique character, typical of the cultures of the studied region (Ibid.:171).
Catherwood Palace Palenque Interior. Lithograph from drawings by Frederick Catherwood at Palenque, Chiapas, 1840. Uploaded by Infrogmation (talk | contribs) (2019). Public domain. Photo source: Wikimedia Commons.
Eventually, Stephens recognized Palenque as an impressive legacy of people who without any outside contacts or without foreign teachers, allowed their culture to flourish in its uniqueness (Von Däniken 1991:171). During two long and adventurous journeys, the both researchers visited forty-four ruined cities, and their on-site drawings, including sixty pages on Palenque, were published between 1841 and 1843 and gained great popularity both among ordinary readers and in the world of science (Ibid.:170). Moreover, due to his four-volume publication, Incident of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan (1841) and Incidents of Travel in Yucatan (1843), John Lloyd Stephens not only laid the foundations for a systematic study of the past, but also provided a picture of the Mayan life of mid-nineteenth century, which to this day remains unparalleled (Eggebrecht 2013:411).
Palenque then and now
What former travellers and explorers found in Palenque had long gone with them. Today, a tourist driving up to the restored ruins of the city by an air-conditioned coach or a taxi has no idea of terrible hardships and dangers that ancient explorers, like Stephens and Catherwood, had to face among the ruins centuries ago (Von Däniken 1991:170). The virgin dense forest was then full of moisture and was steaming; casas de piedra seemed completely lost in a thick and marshy jungle (Ibid.:170). With time, dense coils of vegetation had revealed a scrap of secrets of the city, and the ruins were gradually released from their envious embrace.
Currently, the center is restored and made available to visitors. Although it is still surrounded by a tropical forest, which all the time makes a great impression on tourists with its micro-climate flora, it is much thinned out and the wilderness has been visibly tamed with well-arranged paths and alleys for visitors, strolling around the site. The region itself has been dominated by a rather agricultural landscape; as a result, where there was once a dense jungle yet in the mid-twentieth century, now there are vast pastures and farmlands (Ibid.:183).
Wandering for clues
Beauties of the tropical forest can be still experienced along the way through Palenque archaeological site with its suburb ruins plunged into the foliage, and further on the path leading to a small museum nearby, called the Museo de Sitio de Palenque “Alberto Ruz Lhuillier”. The museum itself is worth seeing, as there are both replicas and genuine artifacts from the site, provided that many finds from the region have been taken to the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City (Lonely Planet 2021; Monsieur Mictlan 2018).
It was already long after my tour of the Mayan city, where I could plunge into the shadow of the jungle to feel at least a bit of the atmosphere experienced once by the nineteenth century’s explorers.
It was also a good moment to analyse my “finds”, collect them and revise by their proper arrangement in my head. Referring in my thoughts to what I had heard and read about the site and the Maya themselves, it turned out to be a rather difficult task to put all the elements together in a coherent way. Suddenly, I got an uncomfortable feeling that a holistic view and logic were out of this game.
Featured image: View of the two smaller temples of the Mayan city of Palenque; the Temple of the Sun on the left and the fragments of the Temple XIV on the right. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
By Joanna
Faculties of English Philology, History of Art and Archaeology.
University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland;
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland;
University College Dublin, Ireland.
“Catherwood Palenque Palace Courtyard” (2021). In: Wikipedia. Wolna Encyklopedia. Available at <>. [Accessed on 14th May, 2021].
“Maya script” (2021). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Available at <>. [Accessed on 28th May, 2021].
“Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada” (2021). In: Wikipedia. Available at <>. [Accessed on 14th May, 2021].
Burns, K. (2012) “The Mayan Conspiracy”. Ancient Aliens; Episode 1 (32); Season 4. Prometheus Entertainment.
Catherwood F. (1840). “Catherwood Palace Palenque Interior”. Lithograph from drawings by Frederick Catherwood at Palenque, Chiapas, 1840. Uploaded by Infrogmation (talk | contribs) (2019). Public domain. Photo source: Wikimedia Commons. Available at <>. [Accessed on 28th May, 2021].
Dzikowska E. (2013) Tam, gdzie byłam. Meksyk. Ameryka Środkowa. Karaiby. Wydawnictwo Bernardinum.
Eggebrecht E. (2013). ”Szukanie dowodów. Odkrywanie Majów przez naukę.” Jawińska M. trans. In Majowie. Niezwykła cywilizacja. [Maya. Gottkonige im Regenwald]. Grube N., Eggenbrecht E., Seidl M. eds. Warszawa: Grupa Wydawnicza Foksal.
Free images at Pixabay. Available at < >. [Accessed on 28th May, 2021].
Grube N. (2013) ”Wstęp.” Jawińska M. trans. In Majowie. Niezwykła cywilizacja. [Maya. Gottkonige im Regenwald]. Grube N., Eggenbrecht E., Seidl M. eds. Warszawa: Grupa Wydawnicza Foksal.
Hart W. (2017). “Tajemnica Ameryki Środkowej”. In: Zakazana historia ludzkości. [Forbidden History. Prehistoric Technologies, Extraterrestial Intervention, and the Suppressed Origins of Civilization]. Douglas Kenyon J. ed. Tabiński P. trans. pp. 147-154
Hohmann-Vogrin A. (2013). ”Jedność w przestrzeni i czasie – architektura Majów.” Jawińska M. trans. In Majowie. Niezwykła cywilizacja. [Maya. Gottkonige im Regenwald]. Grube N., Eggenbrecht E., Seidl M. eds. Warszawa: Grupa Wydawnicza Foksal.
Lonely Planet (2021). “Museo de Sitio. Museum in Palenque”. In: Lonely Planet. Available at <>. [Accessed on 6th June, 2021].
Monsieur Mictlan (2018). “Death Mask of Pakal the Great”. In: Atlas Obscura. Available at <>. [Accessed on 6th June, 2021].
Prager Ch., Grube N. (2013). ”Najważniejsze zabytkowe stanowiska Majów.” Jawińska M. trans. In Majowie. Niezwykła cywilizacja. [Maya. Gottkonige im Regenwald]. Grube N., Eggenbrecht E., Seidl M. eds. Warszawa: Grupa Wydawnicza Foksal.
Von Däniken E. (1991). Dzień, w którym przybyli bogowie. 11 sierpnia 3114 roku prz. Chr. [Der Tag, and em die Gotter kamen. 11. August 3114 v. Chr.]. Serafińska T. trans. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Prokop.
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Difference Between Catholic Bible and NIV (With Table)
The Bible is a collection of stories, teachings, literature, and religious scriptures that are considered spiritual and sacred for Christians and Jews. It is a holy collection and compilation of the divine teachings of Lord Jesus.
However, the Bible has evolved and has undergone variations due to the discrepancies of different groups and Christianity followers. Catholic Bible and the New International Version are the two among the few versions of the Bible.
Catholic Bible vs NIV
The difference between the Catholic Bible and NIV is that the Catholic Bible includes all the 73 books recognized by the Catholic church. In contrast, the NIV Bible is a version of the Bible translated in English and published in 1978. The Catholic Bible is believed to be written by Apostle. A group of Bible scholars translated the NIV.
Catholic Bible is the Holy book of the Christians and the actual Christian Bible. It comprises 46 books of Old and 27 books of the New Testament and the Vulgate. Both the Septuagint and the Hebrew scriptures are included in it. More than one hundred scholars, who were the best in Hebrew, Greek, and Armaniac scriptures and texts, joined hands together to formulate the original Bible.
The formation of the NIV Bible was initiated by Howard Long, a follower of King James. He felt the urging need to prepare a version or translation of the Bible that reflected his thoughts. It was translated by the committee on biblical translation that comprised fifteen biblical scholars.
Comparison Table Between Catholic Bible and NIV
Parameters Of ComparisonCatholic BibleNIV
DefinitionCatholic Bible is the basic, original, and official version of the Bible accepted by the church.NIV is the English translated version of the Catholic Bible done by Scholars under the leadership of Howard Long.
Number of booksA Catholic Bible consists of the whole 73-book canon recognized and accepted by the Catholic Church, inclusive of the deuterocanonical books.NIV Bible has 39 books in the old testament and in the new testament it has 27 books.
ApocryphaCatholic Bible includes the Apocrypha.NIV Bibles don’t include the Apocrypha.
Year of publicationsThe newest version of the Catholic Bible was published in 2007 following the initial version in 1996 by the Catholic Truth Society.NIV Bible was published by the formerly known as the international bible society ( Biblica ) in the year of 1973.
LanguagesIt is prevalent in biblical languages like Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic.It is the English translated version of the original Bible.
What is Catholic Bible?
Catholic Bible comprises the complete 73 – book canon that the church accepts. It includes both the old testament and the new testament that are collectively referred to as deuterocanonical. The term deuterocanonical was coined to refer to the presence and coexistence of the old testament and the new testament. The greek Septuagint collection is included in the old testament.
During the period of Jesus Christ, both the Hebrew scriptures and the Septuagint were in use. The apostles used Septuagint. The new testament books do not include the Hebrew scriptures and consist only of the Septuagint. The Catholic Bible is inclusive of the Vulgate, which is the Latin church’s official translated Bible. In the old testament, the number of books present is 46, and in the new testament, the number of books present is 27.
The Catholic Bible strictly includes only the texts and scriptures that agree with and are per the canon law. The primary factor that differentiates the catholic Bibles and the other bibles are the numbers of books and the order. The Catholic Bibles didn’t undergo any changes during the reformation period and retained all its original content.
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What is NIV?
Howard Long, an engineer who worked in Seattle under General Electric, was the first person to initiate the NIV Bible formation. Being an arduous follower and devotee of King James, he was fascinated and intrigued by King James’s thoughts and teachings. Initially, no one shared his interests and did not understand his ideas.
Later more than a hundred skilled and talented scholars were carefully picked from the different scriptures to formulate the original Bible. Then it was translated to form the NIV Bible. The very first initiative to begin the translation started in Palos Heights, Illinois, where Howard Long and his slowly acquired group of like-minded people met. Fifteen Biblical scholars together led to the formation of the committee of Bible translation a, self-governing body. They were assigned the task of translating the original version of the Bible into the English language.
However, the publication was under the sponsorship of the Biblica. Due to the burgeoning theories and discoveries in the biblical world and the evolving new rules in using the English language, there are many updated versions of the NIV. The council sincerely commits to providing freshly brewed content by meeting every year to review, edit and add the discoveries.
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Main Differences Between Catholic Bible and NIV
1. Catholic Bible was formulated by a hundred and more scholars. NIV Bible evolved with the ideas of Howard Long and his followers.
2. The Catholic Bible consists of 73 books, including the Vulgate, the old testament, and the new testament. While the NIV contains only 66 books.
3. Apocrypha is included in the Catholic Bible. It is excluded in the NIV bible.
4. Catholic Bible is an original version containing both the Hebrew and the Septuagint scriptures. NIV Bible is an English-translated version.
5. Catholic Bibles retains any changes and remains unchanged. The NIV Bible is continuously updated and edited almost every year by the committee to fulfill their motto of providing updated and accurate content. However, they may change from time to time.
Though there are different types and versions of the Bible, they root back to have the same origins. The discrepancies among other groups, the difference in thoughts, ideas, and theories led to the formation of different versions of the Bible that suited the group and their beliefs more precisely.
Being the most prominent religion practiced throughout the world, Christianity is followed by more than two billion people. The vast expanse of the religion has led to many differences among them that urged a need to create different versions of the Bible that would be well suited for the people of a specific region, culture, and habits.
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Welcome to our news
Most common types of fungal infections
Dry , scaly skinMold poison symptoms
What are fungal infections?
Fungal infections or mycoses are infections caused by pathogenic fungi, more commonly called mold and yeast that cause shallow, deep, widespread infection, and dermatophytes that infect hair, nails, and skin.
Common types of fungal infections and their symptoms
1- Fungal nail infections or “onychomycosis”: are common nail or toenail infections that may cause nail discoloration, thickness, and are more likely to crack and break. Infections are more frequent in toenails than in fingernails. Nails with fungal infection are frequently discolored (yellow, brown, or white), Thick and Fragile, or cracked. Some people with fungal toenail infections also have a fungal skin infection on the foot, especially between the toes (commonly referred to as “athlete’s foot”).
2- Candidiasis: is an infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida that usually lives on the skin and within the body, in places like the mouth, throat, bowel, and vagina. Sometimes Candida multiplies and causes infection if the environment in the mouth, throat, or esophagus changes in a way that promotes fungal growth. Candidiasis infection can be divided into two types.
• Vaginal Candidiasis or “vaginal yeast infection “: Candida may multiply and cause infection if the environment within the vagina changes in a manner that promotes its growth. Vaginal candidiasis can cause itchy or sore vagina, pain when intercourse takes place, pain and discomfort during urination, and sometimes abnormal vaginal discharge. While most vaginal candidiasis is mild, some women can develop severe infections with redness, swelling, and cracks in the vaginal wall.
• Candidiasis in the mouth, throat, and esophagus, also known as thrush or oropharyngeal candidiasis. Candidiasis in the esophagus (the tube which connects the throat to the stomach) is called esophageal candidiasis or Candida oesophagitis. Esophageal candidiasis is one of the most common infections among persons living with HIV/AIDS.2.
Candidiasis in the mouth and throat may present many different symptoms such as White spots on inner cheeks, tongue, mouth roof, and throat, Redness and pain, a Cotton-like feeling in the mouth, loss of taste, and Cracking at the corners of the mouth. Symptoms of candidiasis in the esophagus generally include difficulty swallowing.
3- Ringworm or “Tinea”: is a common fungal skin infection. It is called a “ringworm” because it may cause a ring-shaped (circular) eruption that is usually red and itchy. Fungi that cause this infection may live on the skin, surfaces, and household objects such as clothing, towels, and bedding. The symptoms of ringworms often depend on the part of the infected organism, but they usually include itchy skin, ring-shaped rash, red scaly cracked skin, and Hair loss
Try to keep the following tips in mind to help prevent the development of dermal fungal infection:
• Make sure you follow proper hygiene.
• Do not share clothes, napkins, or other personal items.
• Wear clean clothing daily, especially socks and undergarments.
• Select clothes and footwear that breathe well.
• Do not wear clothing or footwear that is too tight or has a restrictive fit.
• Make sure you dry properly with a clean and dry towel after showering, bathing, or bathing.
• Wear sandals or flip-flops in the cloakrooms instead of walking barefoot.
• Wipe down shared surfaces, such as gym equipment or mats.
• Stay away from animals that have signs of a fungal infection, such as missing fur or frequent scratching.
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March on Rome Quizlet
March on Rome Flashcards Quizle
1. March on Rome Flashcards | Quizlet March on Rome study guide by joannadavies includes 8 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades
2. Start studying March on Rome. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools
3. Start studying The March on Rome. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools
4. Learn term:1922 = fascist march on rome with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 43 different sets of term:1922 = fascist march on rome flashcards on Quizlet
5. Start studying March on Rome, October 1922. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools
6. What happened at the March on Rome? In 1922, the Fascist party planned to march on Rome demanding the government to make changes. King Victor Emmanuel III wanted to avoid war and offered Mussolini the position of Prime Ministe
1. ister. From that point on, Mussolini set about making Italy a fascist country
2. March on Rome Famous October 28, 1922 Fascist Party take over of Rome, then Milan, then Bologna. It marked the beginning of the end of parliamentary government, and the emergence of Fascist dictotorship and institutionalized violence
3. workers went on strike/seized factories. veterans faced unemployment. trade declined. taxes rose. Benito Mussolini. The son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher, Mussolini had been a socialist in his youth. During the war, he rejected socialism for nationalism. In 1919, he organized veterans and other discontented Italians into the Fascist.
4. March on Rome, the insurrection by which Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in late October 1922. The March marked the beginning of fascist rule and meant the doom of the preceding parliamentary regimes of socialists and liberals.. Widespread social discontent, aggravated by middle-class fear of a socialist revolution and by disappointment over Italy's meagre gains from the peace.
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. Hannibal Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants Who was the first Roman general to march on Rome? Sulla. Why was Caesar assassinated? Julius Caesar is assassinated by Roman senators: March 15, 44 B.C. Ongoing tensions between Caesar and the Senate, amid fears that he also planned to claim the title of king, overthrow the Senate and rule as a tyrant, were the principal motives for his assassination Column of Julius Caesar, where he addressed his army to march on Rome and start the Civil War, Rimini, Italy Within a week of passing the consultum ultimum (declaring a state of emergency and outlawing Caesar) news reached Rome that Caesar had crossed the Rubicon (10 January) and had taken the Italian town of Ariminum (12 January). [9
Some 70,000 Romans fell and the road to Rome lay open. Why Hannibal did not immediately march on the city instead of persevering with his policy of breaking up the Roman Confederation remains a. Allied Forces in Rome June 1944. In March 1944, the American commander of the 5th Army, Lieutenant General Mark Clark, began his advance on Rome. He chose not to take the most obvious approach, which would have been to surround the German soldiers who had already started retreating from the south
The March on Rome. The March on Rome, which took place in 1922, came about as part of a drive to establish Mussolini and his Fascist Party as the key political party in Italy. Mussolini had warned of the march, saying: Either the Government will be given to us or we shall seize it by marching on Rome.. The leader of the Fascist Party in. In October 1922, Mussolini led the Fascists on a march on Rome, and King Emmanuel III, who had little faith in Italy's parliamentary government, asked Mussolini to form a new government To begin, it is necessary to look at Sulla's march on Rome in 88 B.C.. At this time Sulla had been granted command of the Roman Army destined for the war with Mithridates VI of Pontus after being elected consul. But just as Sulla was preparing to join his army and set off for Asia Minor, the Tribune Sulpicius Rufus, who needed Marius. March on Rome, the insurrection by which Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in late October 1922. The March marked the beginning of fascist rule and meant the doom of the preceding parliamentary regimes of socialists and liberals
From Brundisium, Sulla began his march on Rome, joined by opponents of the popular regime, including Marcus Licinius Crassus and Pompey. Through most of the ensuing civil war Sulla was opposed by the consuls Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and the younger Marius (whose father had died in 86). Sulla's victory of Colline Gate in the northern environs of. Travelers like you have written 1,019,723 reviews and posted 50,120 candid photos for Rome hotels. Free State captures Fermoy, last Republican strongholdin wikipedia, The Grand National Assembly of Turkey signs the Armistice of Mudanya with the United Kingdom, France, and Italy at the Mudanya, western Anatolia, bringing an end to the Turkish War of Independence. When Mussolini learned that.
In ancient Rome, it specifically meant the amount of money allotted to a Roman soldier to buy salt, which was an expensive but essential commodity. Does the President of the US get paid? The current salary for the President of the United States is $400,000 per year with an expense account of $50,000 March on Rome Overview map of the route of the Long March How did the Communists benefit from the long march quizlet? -emerged as an extraordinary, decisive, unifying and inspiring leader of China March 15, 2016 11:42 AM EDT. T he Ides of March—Mar. 15 on our current calendar—is famous as the day Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE, but the infamy of the calendar date tends to obscure the. Was the March on Rome violent. Book Description The aim of this book is to reconstruct the violent nature of the March on Rome and to emphasise its significance in demarcating a real break in the country's history and the beginning of the Fascist dictatorship The March on Rome (Italian: Marcia su Roma) was an organized mass demonstration in October 1922 which resulted in Benito Mussolini's. Benito Mussolini was the fascist leader of Italy, appointed as prime minister after his 'march on Rome' in 1922. 2. Italian fascism was a right-wing nationalist ideology that many, including Hitler, considered the 'big brother' of Nazism. 3. Mussolini, however, had a low regard for Hitler and Nazism, believing them to be uncultured and.
The Rise of Rome; Latins cross the Alps into Italy around 2000 B.C.E. Rome founded as early as the tenth century B.C.E.; Romans claim city founded in 753 B.C.E. Rome develops along Tiber River; Develops into major commercial port and crossroads of trade; Emergence of the concept of the Latin Right Early government monarchical with patriarchal. How did Benito Mussolini get control over Italy's government quizlet? Terms in this set (11) The militant combat squads of Italian Fascists set up under Mussolini. In 1919, Mussolini organized his supporters into the Black Shirts. In 1922, the Fascists marched on Rome to command the government to make changes Hitler's march on France trapped nearly 400,000 British and French soldiers at the town of Dunkirk, in less than a week military and private boats ferried almost 330,000 men across the English Channel to Britain, Germany wins, Italy enters the war on Germany's sid March on Rome. Mussolini was initially a highly popular leader in Italy until Italy's military failures in World War II. In October 1922, Mussolini took advantage of a general strike by workers and announced his demands to the government to give the Fascist Party political power or face a coup March on Rome A march by which Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy. Benito Mussolini An Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943; he ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all.
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The March on Rome Flashcards Quizle
The March on Rome was a theater designed to win him and his party the popular support they needed to seize the country's government. The Fascists arrived in Rome, and many wondered what would occur. Mussolini and others feared that there would be bloodshed and that the army would fire on the marchers In March, May, July, and October, the Ides fell on the 15th day. In every other month, the Ides fell on the 13th day. The word Ides derives from a Latin word, meaning to divide. The Ides were. Correct answer: X Your answer: For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Civil Rights Movement - March on Washington webquest print page. About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found on the page at Civil Rights Movement - March on Washington . Back to History for Kids. Advertisement Why was the 1963 March on Washington significance in the history of the civil rights movement quizlet? Why was the 1963 March on Washington significant in the history of the civil rights movement? Conflicts between moderate and militant activists signaled an emerging rift in the larger civil rights movement On October 28, 312, Constantine marched on Rome and met Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. The story goes that Constantine had a vision of the words in hoc signo vinces (in this sign you will conquer) upon a cross, and he swore that, should he triumph against great odds, he would pledge himself to Christianity. (Constantine actually resisted baptism until he was on his deathbed.
term:1922 = fascist march on rome Flashcards and - Quizle
1. Million Man March - October 16, 1995. Million man march, Washington DC, 1995 (Wikimedia Commons) Rallying to calls for Justice or Else, the Million Man March in 1995 was a highly publicized.
2. First march on Rome by Sulla. 83 BCE. Sulla's second march on Rome. Mass Proscriptions. 83 BCE. Pompey fights under the Roman dictator Sulla. 80 BCE. Sulla is persuaded to give Pompey his first triumph in Rome. 72 BCE. Crixos, a Celt and second in command under Spartacus, is killed. 300 Romans are sacrificed in his honor
3. During the so-called March on Rome, Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister of Italy. From 1925 to 1929, Fascism steadily became entrenched in power. Opposition deputies were denied access to parliament, censorship was introduced, and a December 1925 decree made Mussolini solely responsible to the King
4. Richard Farrell, 77, stands on his front step at his home on Holbrook Avenue in the East End neighborhood in Cincinnati on March 4, 2021. Farrell said heÕs lived there for 54 years and this is.
5. The optimates, now reinforced by the army, declared Marius and his followers public enemies, condemned them to death, and they fled in exile.Sulla then marched to Asia, to fight the First Mithridatic War.Marius spent a year in miserable exile before a chance came to return to Rome. One of his allies, Cinna won a consulship soon after Sulla left the city, and attempted to recall Marius
7. The brothers were progressive activists interested in land reforms to benefit the poor. In the 2nd century B.C, the two of them tried to reform Rome's social and political structure to help the lower classes. Events surrounding the politics of the Gracchi led to the decline and eventual fall of the Roman Republic
The march was a peaceful way of protesting and bringing these issues to the forefront of Washington politics. Planning the March. The March was planned to take place on August 28, 1963. 1963 was the 100 year anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves during the Civil War. There were six main leaders of the march that. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was.
Impact Of The Punic Wars On Rome History Essay. The Punic Wars had a number of important impacts to the Roman society and politics. By 164 BC, Rome was a very different country then before the Punic Wars that saw immediate and long term effects. Some changes that occurred included a shift in political influence and wealth to the senatorial. Early Years. As Julius Caesar aged into his early teenage years, the political climate of Rome was in turmoil. By 88 BC, the rivalry between Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla was heating into open civil war. Attempts by Marius' supporters to overturn Sulla's command against Mithridates VI of Pontus prompted Sulla's subsequent march on Rome The assassination of Julius Caesar, which occurred on this day in 44 B.C., known as the Ides of March, came about as a result of a conspiracy by as many 60 Roman senators Sulla became the first General to march on Rome, in response to Marius effectively stripping him of his command. Despite several of his Commanders refusing to go with him, he managed to force Marius from the city, though Marius would later return and assume power whilst Sulla was mounting a campaign in Asia. In 82 BCE, Sulla marched on Rome a second time, his success resulting in the Senate.
March on Rome, October 1922 Flashcards Quizle
Adopted by Caesar, Augustus (c.62 BC - 14 AD / Reigned 31 BC - 14 AD) had to fight for his throne. His long rule saw a huge expansion in the Roman Empire and the beginnings of a dynasty that. Death Marches. In the summer of 1944, a massive Soviet offensive in eastern Belarus annihilated German Army Group Center. Soviet forces then overran the first of the major Nazi concentration camps, Lublin/Majdanek. Shortly after that offensive, SS chief Heinrich Himmler ordered that prisoners in all concentration camps and subcamps be forcibly. Hannibal - Hannibal - The Alpine crossing: Some details of Hannibal's crossing of the Alps have been preserved, chiefly by Polybius, who is said to have traveled the route himself. First to oppose the crossing was a tribelet of the Allobroges, who may have been angered by Hannibal's intervention on behalf of Brancus. This group attacked the rear of Hannibal's column in an ambush. The Lateran Treaty (Italian: Patti Lateranensi; Latin: Pacta Lateranensia) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emanuel III and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman Question.The treaty and associated pacts were named after the Lateran Palace where they were signed on 11 February 1929, and the.
The March on Rome, through which Mussolini became Prime Minister of Italy, brought Fascism international attention. One early admirer of the Italian Fascists was Adolf Hitler, who, less than a month after the March, had begun to model himself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists. The Nazis, led by Hitler and the German war hero. The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312. It takes its name from the Milvian Bridge, an important route over the Tiber.Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire.Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle; his body was later.
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The City of Rome Expelled All Non-Roman Citizens (except Slaves) in 98 BC. 5. Rome Introduces the Gold Coin, the Aureus, in 50 BC. 4. Julius Caesar Becomes the First Dictator of Rome in 45 BC. 3. Julius Caesar Was Assassinated in 44 BC. 2. The Roman Empire Began in 27 BC Gaius Marius, (born c. 157 bce, Cereatae, near Arpinum [Arpino], Latium [now in Italy]—died January 13, 86 bce, Rome), Roman general and politician, consul seven times (107, 104-100, 86 bce), who was the first Roman to illustrate the political support that a successful general could derive from the votes of his old army veterans.. Early career. Gaius Marius was a strong and brave soldier. On March 23, 1933, the newly elected members of the German Parliament (the Reichstag) met in the Kroll Opera House in Berlin to consider passing Hitler's Enabling Act. It was officially called the 'Law for Removing the Distress of the People and the Reich.' If passed, it would effectively mean the end of democracy in Germany and establish the.
In 49 B.C. on the banks of the Rubicon, Julius Caesar faced a critical choice. To remain in Gaul meant forfeiting his power to his enemies in Rome. Crossing the river into Italy would be a. He escaped the city and with six legions chose to march against Mithridates. Marius returned to Rome - initiating five days of murder and plunder - where he was again declared consul only to die shortly afterwards, in 86 BCE. Many of Sulla's supporters were executed. The rebellious Sulla refused to obey a summons to return to the city to. Augustus: Emperor in All but Name. Historians date the start of Octavian's monarchy to either 31 B.C. (the victory at Actium) or 27 B.C., when he was granted the name Augustus. In that four-year. From its origin as a city-state on the peninsula of Italy in the 8th century BC, to its rise as an empire covering much of Southern Europe, Western Europe, Near East and North Africa to its fall in the 5th century AD, the political history of Ancient Rome was closely entwined with its military history.The core of the campaign history of the Roman military is an aggregate of different accounts.
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DSST: Discover Social Studies Then/Today/Tomorrow
The Rome-Berlin Axis was a coalition formed between Italy and Germany on 25 October 1936, which served to informally link the two fascist countries. Italy's Benito Mussolini and Germany's Adolf Hitler set up the agreement, which saw them promise to support each other in the event of a war, which they both knew was coming. Just so you know. Benito Mussolini was an Italian political leader who became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945. Originally a revolutionary socialist, he forged the paramilitary fascist movement in.
AP Euro CITW ch. 27 Flashcards Quizle
World History - Chapter 16, Lesson 3 Flashcards Quizle
In his report of the march to the sea, General Sherman declared that he had destroyed the railroads for more than 100 miles, and had consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country 30 miles on either side of a line from Atlanta to Savannah, as also the sweet potatoes, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry, and carried away more than 10,000. The ECC would lead the way for the European Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (sometimes called the Treaty of Rome, March 25, 1957), 298 UNTS 11, 4 Eur. In 2009, the EC formally ceased to exist and its institutions were directly absorbed by the European Economic Community (EEC). 16 March On rome, Invasion of Manchuria, Reichtag Fire, Nuremberg Laws Introduced, Invasion of Abyssinia Ethiopia, Rome Berlin Axis, Occupation of Rhineland, Rape of Nanjing, Anschluss, Munich Conference, Kristallnacht, Spanish Civil War, Nazi Soviet Treaty, Invasion of Poland, Axis powers established
Chapter 6 Test answers Flashcards | Quizlet
Although Jupiter's wife, Juno, ruled over all women in Rome, she especially watched over married Roman women. March 1st was the day when the Ancient Romans would honor Juno. It is said that Mars was tall and handsome, but very mean. Apparently, he didn't care who won or lost a battle because all he cared about was seeing bloodshed and battle 55 Rome? My ancestors did from the streets of Rome The Tarquin drive when he was called a king. Speak, strike, redress! Am I entreated To speak and strike? O Rome, I make thee promise, 60 If the redress will follow, thou receivest Thy full petition at the hand of Brutus. Enter Lucius. LUCIUS Sir, March is wasted fifteen days. Knock within The Women's March on Versailles was an important event at the start of the French Revolution. It gave the revolutionaries confidence in the power of the people over the king. Leading up to the March. In 1789 France, the main food of the commoners was bread. A poor French economy had led to a scarcity of bread and high prices In October 1922, after a threatened march on Rome by Mussolini and black-shirted fascists, the king gave into pressure and asked Mussolini to form a government. Opposition to the central government led by Mussolini was crushed in 1923. Italy in World War II 1940-1945 How Mussolini Took Power (And Destroyed Italy) A worried King Victor Emmanuel questioned the trustworthiness of Benito Mussolini on the eve of the Fascist March on Rome. by Warfare History Network.
Meyer-Julius Caesar- ACT 3 Flashcards | Quizlet
March on Rome Definition, Events, & Facts Britannic
Caesar and the Pirates . In Vincent Panella's first novel, Cutter's Island, Julius Caesar is captured and held for ransom by a group of pirates with a grudge against Rome in 75 BCE. Piracy was common at the time because Roman senators needed enslaved laborers for their plantations, which Cilician pirates offered them History >> Ancient Rome. The Romans had a complex system of government and laws. Many of the basic systems and ideas that we have about laws and government today comes from Ancient Rome. Who made the laws? Laws were made a number of different ways. The primary way of making official new laws was through the Roman Assemblies These three weeks between Thanksgiving and Christmas are always such a whirlwind of activity! In our story of Rome we've made it through the life of Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Caesar Augustus. We're loving the stories and doing some great work with our writing. In addition to the imaginative content we'r
Ancient Rome Flashcards Quizle
A. Beware the Ides of March. B. He would see Brutus at Philippi. C. Brutus would never live to rule Rome. D. Brutus should not go to Philippi but should go directly to Rome.34. Caesar Multiple Choice Study Questions Page 9. Act V. 33. Why did Pindarus stab Cassius? A. He was angry because Cassius had helped kill Caesar. B The Roman Empire timeline is a long, complex, and intricate tale covering nearly 22 centuries. Here is a snapshot of the battles, emperors, and events that shaped that story. NOTE: If you want to read a detailed breakdown, you can do so here: The Roman Empire Pre-Roman Empire 1200 BCE - beginning of the first iro In Julius Caesar, Cassius cleverly persuades Brutus to join the conspiracy by elaborating on Caesar's numerous faults and appealing to Brutus's honor. Cassius challenges Brutus to stand up to. Rome had become the Mediterranean's predominant power, but it was a volatile society with a political system on the verge of collapse. The career of Marius. Gaius Marius was born about 157 BCE in Arpinium in central Italy. His family was of Equestrian status, and they were very influential in the local district. They had important political.
Ancient Rome. Discover Ancient Rome from the legendary period dominated by kings through the Republic and Empire with biographies, timelines, and maps. Biography of Commodus, Roman Emperor (180-192) Biography of Cicero, Roman Statesman and Orator. Veni, Vidi, Vici Who Came, Saw, and Conquered Notes on the end of Rome, Open City. www.intellectbooks.com 369 3 68 Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies. a moment of historical upheaval, when the consequences of Italy' s past - the. FROM ROME INFO — YT Channel Support From Rome Info If you would like to support Br. Bugnolo's apostolate of bringing you news from Rome and around the world, you can make a donation online using this button — All donations are received by Save Old St. Mary's Inc., a U.S.A. 501(c)(3) charity organized to support Franciscans New Jersey Plan Worksheets. Download includes the following worksheets: The New Jersey Plan, also known as the Small State Plan, was the counter proposal to the Virginia Plan. William Paterson, the former judge and governor of New Jersey, presented the plan at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787. Keep reading for the comprehensive on. March 17, 2015, by Will Leveritt. On this day in 180AD the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius died. Text by Mike Welbourn. Image by Kelly Grimshaw and Katy Davies . On this day, the 17th of March in AD 180, the sixteenth emperor of Rome, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, died at Sirmium in the province of Pannonia (modern day Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)
The Forum: Facebook AssignmentMrs
How was the Roman republic different from the Roman Empire
Caesar was assassinated by political rivals on the Ides of March (March 15th), 44 B.C. It's not clear whether Caesar knew of the plot to kill him: By all accounts, he planned to leave Rome on. In an effort to save the Republic—although some think there were more personal reasons—60 of the senators conspired to murder him. On the Ides of March, in 44 B.C., the senators stabbed Gaius Julius Caesar 60 times, next to a statue of his former co-leader Pompey. Gill, N.S. The First Triumvirate and Julius Caesar The Bataan Death March was when the Japanese forced 76,000 captured Allied soldiers (Filipinos and Americans) to march about 80 miles across the Bataan Peninsula. The march took place in April of 1942 during World War II. The Bataan Death March. Source: National Archives
Caesar's Civil War - Wikipedi
The First Crusade was called in November 1095 by Pope Urban II at the town of Clermont in central France. The pope made a proposal: 'Whoever for devotion alone, but not to gain honour or money, goes to Jerusalem to liberate the Church of God can substitute this journey for all penance.' Fall of Rome. On every other level, however, 'transformation' understates, in my view, the nature and importance of Rome's passing. A two-stage process occurred between the battle of Hadrianople. By the first century, however, the need for capable men to run Rome's vast empire was slowly eroding the old social barriers. The social structure of ancient Rome was based on heredity, property. Must end that work the ides of March begun. Evidently both Cassius and Brutus realize that if they were captured alive they would be taken back to Rome, led in triumph down the main thoroughfare. History >> Civil War General Sherman's march through the state of Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah was one of the most devastating blows to the South in the American Civil War. Not only did he take control of Atlanta, a major railroad hub, and Savannah, a major sea port, but he laid the land between Atlanta and Savannah to waste, destroying all that was in his path
Historical Notes: Why did Hannibal not march on Rome
Rome, the city of seven hills, enjoyed a mythic beginning. Romulus and Remus - twin brothers who were nursed by a she-wolf and fathered by a war god - reportedly founded the Eternal City Occupation: Civil Rights Leader Born: January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, GA Died: April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN Best known for: Advancing the Civil Rights Movement and his I Have a Dream speech Biography: Martin Luther King, Jr. was a civil rights activist in the 1950s and 1960s. He led non-violent protests to fight for the rights of all people including African Americans The Bataan Memorial Death March is a challenging march through the high desert terrain of the White Sands Missile Range. The memorial march is conducted in honor of the heroic service members who defended the Philippine Islands during World War II, sacrificing their freedom, health, and, in many cases, their very lives The best movies and TV shows leaving Netflix in August 2021, including Nightcrawler, The Departed, The Muppets, Superbad, and more And it's ridiculous to say that Rome was a Republic until Augustus became Rome's first official emperor, because by the time he did that, Rome had been an empire for almost 200 years. There's a reason I'm arguing that the death of the Republic came long before Caesar and probably around the time that Rome became an Empire
June 1944 - Rome Falls To The Allies In The Second World Wa
By Staff Writer Last Updated March 30, 2020. Follow Us: C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, also known as Octavian, was able to gain power in Rome by virtue of being named in Julius Caesar's will as the late ruler's heir and posthumously adopted son (formerly grand-nephew) The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948 and signified the international community's commitment to. College Board is a mission-driven organization representing over 6,000 of the world's leading colleges, schools, and other educational organizations Rome court defends murder convictions of 2 U.S. friends. News. Italy to ban mammoth cruise ships from Venice as of Aug. 1. News. Hospitalized pope expected to return to Vatican soon. News
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The March on Rome - History Learnin
Rome had conquered Italy before it expanded overseas, but until the Social War of 91-87 BCE, it preferred to be the hegemon of Italian allies, from whom it demanded troops to fight under its command. The age of large territorial empires were coming, but first to the middle region of Eurasia Arches and Concrete in Ancient Rome (Grades 2-4) Rugged Roman Architecture (Grades 4-6) Hippodromes and Amphitheaters (Grades 7-9) Mt. Vesuvius and the City of Pompeii (Grades 7-9) The Appian Way (Grades 7-9) The Romans in Britain: Hadrian's Wall (Grades 7-9) Aqueducts (Grades 9-11) Everyday Life in Ancient Rome Simple solutions to hard problems. It's not just you. School can be difficult. Slader teaches you how to learn with step-by-step textbook solutions written by subject matter experts. Find Your Textbook Nine middle-grade tales of kids solving mysteries. 06/24/2021. , June 24 2021 March 1, 1966 - An attempt to repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution fails in the U.S. Senate by a vote of 92 to 5. The attempt was led by Sen. Wayne Morse. March 9, 1966 - The U.S. reveals that 20,000 acres of food crops have been destroyed in suspected Viet Cong villages. The admission generates harsh criticism from the American academic community
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Health: Organic Vs. Non-Organic; What You Should & Shouldn’t Eat
Fruits and Veggies
There has been a lot of buzz about the importance of organic foods lately, and with good reason. Most fruits and vegetables are laden with pesticides, which are toxic to the human body.
When eating foods heavily sprayed with pesticides you are ingesting chemicals which are linked to numerous health problems including cancer, hormone disruption and brain toxicity.
It truly isn’t right that not everyone can afford to eat organic, have access to the best possible food and nutrition for their body. But there are some foods worse than others so if you can choose organic with certain foods, you are at least gaining benefit that way.
The following are the 10 worst offenders, containing the most amount of pesticides. Please try to consume only organic with the following:
1. Apples
2. Potatoes
3. Strawberries
4. Grapes
5. Celery
6. Cherry tomatoes
7. Cucumbers
8. Sweet bell peppers
9. Spinach
10. Kale
These 10 fruits and veggies do still contain pesticides but a much lesser amount:
1. Avocados
2. Pineapples
3. Asparagus
4. Grapefruit
5. Cauliflower
6. Onions
7. Kiwi
8. Mangos
9. Sweet potatoes
10. Broccoli
Always be sure to thoroughly wash fruits and veggies, and note that pesticide levels typically diminish when food is cooked.
The best way to vote for our food choices is with our wallets. The more we choose organic, the more will be produced and prices will eventually drop. It’s tough to be perfect, but at least be sure to choose organic where it counts most.
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The Polar Regions
Alan Feuerbacher
The Society has often used the discovery of so-called quick-frozen animals as evidence for the Flood, as the following excerpts from some of its latest publications show. The excerpts should clear up some misconceptions about the claim there are "quick-frozen mammoths in Siberia," and about related topics.
The Insight book says:3
What evidence proves that there truly was a global deluge?.... Other possible evidence of a drastic change: Remains of mammoths and rhinoceroses have been found in different parts of the earth.... in Siberian cliffs.... in Siberian and Alaskan ice. In fact, some were found with food undigested in their stomachs or still unchewed in their teeth, indicating that they died suddenly.
The Creation book says:4
.... further evidence that a flood of immense proportions occurred in the not-too-distant past is the great number of fossils and carcasses deposited in icy, mucky dumps. The Saturday Evening Post5 noted: 'Many of these animals were perfectly fresh, whole and undamaged, and still either standing or at least kneeling upright.... Here is a really shocking -- to our previous way of thinking -- picture. Vast herds of enormous, well-fed beasts not specifically designed for extreme cold, placidly feeding in sunny pastures.... Suddenly they were all killed without any visible sign of violence and before they could so much as swallow a last mouthful of food, and then were quick-frozen so rapidly that every cell of their bodies is perfectly preserved.'
This fits in with what happened in the great Flood. The Bible describes it in these words: 'All the springs of the vast watery deep were broken open and the floodgates of the heavens were opened.' The downpour 'overwhelmed the earth,' being accompanied no doubt by freezing winds in the polar regions.... There, the temperature change would be the most rapid and drastic. Various forms of life were thus engulfed and preserved in frozen muck. One such may have been the mammoth that was uncovered by excavators in Siberia and that is seen in the accompanying illustration. Vegetation was still in its mouth and stomach and its flesh was even edible when thawed out.
It should be noted that The Saturday Evening Post did not "note" anything in the above quotation. Rather, it was "noted" by the author, Ivan T. Sanderson, in an article "Riddle of the Frozen Giants." Attributing editorial weight where there is none is unfair to readers.
Next, note that Insight gives no indication how finding undigested food in the mouths of frozen mammoths actually relates to a flood. Rather, it leaves the connection vague -- somehow the sudden death of animals indicates there was a flood. But sudden death occurs in many other ways. Nor does Insight show the significance of finding remains of animals in different parts of the earth or in common strata. Dinosaur remains are found all over the earth and in common strata. Surely Insight is not taking the creationist position that dinosaurs died in the Flood, since the Society appears to have abandoned creationist style Flood Geology by the late 1970s. All the references I've found that speak of animals supposedly found in common strata, show after detailed analysis that the animals were not just thrown together in a pile. Rather, they were buried in sequences of deposits that are often dateable and show evidence of accumulation over long periods of time. On The Track Of Ice Age Mammals says concerning certain fossil bearing Pleistocene deposits:6
In southern Britain.... remains of both hippopotamus and reindeer are found commonly, though never in the same deposit. The hippopotamus is usually interpreted as an indicator of warm conditions, reindeer of cold.
For an extended and excellent discussion of sedimentary strata see God's Time-Records in Ancient Sediments7 and Neglect of Geologic Data: Sedimentary Strata Compared With Young-Earth Creationist Writings.8, 8a
The Creation book makes a clearer connection between freezing conditions and the Flood, but upon close examination the argument proves unconvincing. Specifically, if the earth were immediately covered by floodwaters, to a depth sufficient to cover the mountains, how could any animals become frozen, especially by "freezing winds?" They would have been submerged by the flood water and isolated from freezing winds. This key concept is not explained. An alternative, not mentioned, would be that the water itself was cold enough to freeze the animals. But then how would it have remained unfrozen? Also, the Saturday Evening Post article claims the animals were killed without any sign of violence. Does this sound like the effect of a flood large enough to cover the earth? The Bible says the Flood "came and swept them all away." How can Creation argue that animals were killed without any sign of violence? The Post article is itself inconsistent with the photograph of the mammoth presented along with it. This photo appears also on page 203 of Creation. The mammoth was buried in an upright struggling position, but proved to have a broken hip and other broken bones.
Sanderson's Saturday Evening Post article advanced a theory that was so extreme that no scientific journal would accept it for publication. Actually the article merely perpetuated a long-standing myth. Many of the its statements were exaggerations and falsehoods. They were similar to the speculations of other authors of the time, and have sometimes been further exaggerated by authors who have quoted from the article.8b Many of Sanderson's statements that clearly refer to the famous 1899 discovery of the Berezovka mammoth, which is the one pictured on page 203 of the Creation book, are easily seen to be untrue when compared to the original source material. Of course, Sanderson gives no references to source material.
Let's examine the facts about frozen mammoths and such, by going to sources more reliable than The Saturday Evening Post. First I'll set forth a point Creation states directly, or one which it quotes from the Sanderson article, and then show what reliable sources have to say about it.
"Many of these animals were perfectly fresh, whole and undamaged...."
In 1979 a frozen bison was found in Alaska (see below), which did have parts fresh enough for humans to eat, since one author claimed to have eaten meat from it. However, the excavator of the Berezovka mammoth reported:
.... Upon the left hind leg I also found portions of decayed flesh.... The stench emitted by this extremity was unbearable, so that it was necessary to stop work every minute. A thorough washing failed to remove the horrible smell from our hands, and yet we were obliged to perform part of our task with bare hands.9
".... beasts not specifically designed for extreme cold...."
The woolly mammoths.... were apparently well adapted to the cold climate; their long hair, warm underwool, and thick layer of subcutaneous fat protected them against the cold air....10
The layer of fat beneath the skin is 9 centimeters thick.11
".... Suddenly they were all killed without any visible sign of violence...."
Not true. The Berezovka mammoth had many broken bones:
The left fore leg is bent, so that it is evident that the mammoth tried to crawl out of the pit or crevice into which he probably fell, but apparently he was so badly injured by the fall that he could not free himself.... The right fore leg was so placed as to indicate that the mammoth after falling had supported himself on this leg while attempting to step forward with the left one. We concluded that while in this standing position he became exhausted and died on this very spot, and that he had by no means been washed there by the water from elsewhere.... probably our specimen broke through into a crevice, which would account for his position and for the fracture of such heavy bones as the pelvis and the right forearm. After falling, the mammoth no doubt tried to crawl out, the position of both fore legs being peculiarly like that of an animal making such effort, but the injuries were so serious that his strength gave way and he soon perished.... we exposed several broken ribs.... [we] removed the shoulder bone, which was broken in the middle, evidently injured when the mammoth fell.... we succeeded in exposing.... the protruded male genital.12
Death due to suffocation is indicated by the erection of the mammoth's penis. This is consistent with the mammoth's having been buried in its fall. Also note that the article's author specifically comments that the mammoth could not have been washed by water to its final resting place since it died partially standing up. This is inconsistent with the picture given by the Biblical statement that the Flood "swept them all away."
The animals "were quick-frozen so rapidly that every cell of their bodies is perfectly preserved."
Actually only the superficial parts of the Berezovka mammoth were preserved. Most of the internal organs had already rotted away by the time of its discovery.12a
.... the remains of food in the stomach were exposed. The latter was badly decayed.... The walls of the stomach.... were badly decayed and torn.... the other organs are destroyed.... I collected bits of blood.... To the touch they resemble coarse dry sand.... blood that was taken from above the sternum.... had a bright clay-yellow color, and to the touch felt like chalk.... The stench is not near so intolerable as during the first two days, possibly because we have grown accustomed to it.13
The mammoth's "flesh was even edible when thawed out."
"The flesh from under the shoulder, which is fibrous and marbled with fat, is dark red in color and looks as fresh as well-frozen beef or horse meat. It looked so appetizing that we wondered for some time whether we should not taste it, but no one would venture to take it into his mouth, and horseflesh was given the preference. The dogs cleaned up whatever mammoth meat was thrown to them.14
Dogs are often not fussy about what they eat, even eating feces on occasion.
Histological examination of fat and flesh of the Berezovka mammoth showed 'deep penetrating chemical alteration as a result of the very slow decay,' and even the frozen ground surrounding a mammoth had the same putrid odor, implying decay before freezing.... Furthermore, the stories of a banquet on the flesh of the Berezovka mammoth were 'a hundred percent invention'....15
What really appears to have happened (as I was told by Professor Anatol Heintz) is that one of them made a heroic attempt to take a bite out of the 40,000-year old meat but was unable to keep it down, in spite of a generous use of spices.16
A number of books present further information about frozen animals found in the Arctic. Here are some examples:
.... frozen mammoths still retaining bits of rotting flesh and hide had been reported since 1692 at a number of localities in northern Siberia. (In Alaska, they are encountered from time to time in river alluvium in the course of hydraulic gold mining.) Nevertheless, mammoths preserved in this way are extremely rare.
A cold to cool climate is clearly indicated for the woolly mammoth by the heavy coat of hair and the layer of insulating fat, and the common occurrence of its remains near glacial deposits in association with the fossils of other Arctic animals, such as the hair-covered woolly rhinoceros, musk oxen, reindeer, and a distinctive community of many now-extinct animals. According to Russian botanists, the stomach contents of several frozen examples of the woolly mammoth have yielded some eighty species of well-known northern grasses, sedges, and trees of high-boreal and tundra areas.17
In May, 1846, a mammoth carcass was found in Siberia along the banks of the Indigirka River, although it was soon lost. The river was in violent flood, tearing away its banks and carrying great chunks of ice and frozen soil out to sea. A Russian government survey team had found the mammoth as the river was dislodging it from the river bank. The team dragged the mammoth onto the riverbank and began dismembering it. Time-Life's Ice Ages tells the story recorded by a team member named Benkendorf:18
First we hacked off the tusks and sent them aboard our boat.... Then the natives tried to hew off the head, but this was slow work. As the belly of the brute was cut open, out rolled the intestines, and the stench was so dreadful that I could not avert my nausea and had to turn away. But I had the stomach cut out and dragged aside. It was well filled. The contents were instructive and well preserved. The chief contents were young shoots of fir and pine. A quantity of young fir cones, also in a chewed state, were mixed with the mass.
Shortly after the carcass was cut open, the river undercut the bank and the mammoth was lost.
Note the details of the following find.19 You may not agree with the dating of the events but the physical evidence pointing to the sequence of events as the author describes it is clear enough.
Just 36,000 years ago, a steppe bison was killed by lions.... close to the present-day site of Fairbanks in central Alaska....
The animal belonged to the species Bison priscus, now extinct....
.... Remains of the steppe bison are often found among the cultural litter of Neandertal man and his successor in Europe, Cro-Magnon man, so it may be assumed that Ice Age man hunted this species for food. Certainly it was one of the favorite animals of the Ice Age artists....
.... [Contemporary animals included] mammoths.... moose, and grizzly bear. And, also, the lion -- a pride of which seems to have been responsible for the death of the bison.
Cattle, in dying, tend to topple. A bison, on the other hand, usually sinks down on its belly, and so did this one. The lions went to work. With their sharp teeth they cut up the tough hide along the animal's back and stripped it down its flanks, exposing the meat, of which most was eaten....
Before long, however, the winter cold put a stop to this. The meat froze and became hard as flint. One lion, hopefully trying to prise off some of it, broke its tooth and left a sliver of it in the meat.
Shortly thereafter the bison was buried and frozen into the permafrost. It was discovered in 1979 and kept in a freezer until 1984. The author relates:20
The meat in its abdomen had spoiled before the bison was completely frozen. But in the neck area small pieces of meat were found attached to the skull. The lions had left so little there that it had frozen through while the meat was still fresh. When it thawed it gave off an unmistakable beef aroma, not unpleasantly mixed with a faint smell of the earth in which it was found, with a touch of mushroom. About a dozen of us gathered.... on April 6, 1984, to partake of Bison priscus stew. The taste was delicious, and none of us suffered any ill effects from the meal.
This is the only documented evidence I can find for someone actually eating remains of an ancient frozen animal from the Arctic. A photograph of this bison, which was nick-named "Blue Babe" because of the blue iron phosphate crystals that were found on its skin, appears in Ice Ages21 and On The Track Of Ice Age Mammals.22
A complete description of the discovery and analysis of the "Blue Babe" find is given by the paleontologist who did most of the work, in Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe -- The Story of Blue Babe.23 Concerning the reconstruction of how the bison died, this book says, on page 113:
In summary, we can conclude that Blue Babe died in early to mid winter, before his large reserves of fat were significantly reduced. He was killed and partially eaten by one or, more likely, two or three lions, which fed for several days until the carcass was frozen. Freezing slowed consumption by these lions, who then left the kill, allowing other scavengers to pick at the carcass throughout the winter. Indeed, the bison probably was scavenged by an array of mammalian and avian species, judging from bone fragments, feces, and a characteristic pattern of tendon connective tissue left by avian scavengers.
At the close of winter, the bison carcass was buried by silt carried in rapidly moving snowmelt water.... As the mummy lacked blowfly pupae cases and concentrations of scavenger beetles, burial must have occurred prior to the emergence of these insects in spring. The carcass probably thawed the first summer, but remained bedded on frozen ground and covered by cold silt. He was refrozen in subsequent winters and, as silt accumulated year after year, was gradually interred beneath the lower reaches of annual thaw within permafrost.
The author confirmed that the paleontological team ate some of the meat (page 298):
To climax and celebrate [taxidermist] Eirik Granqvist's work with Blue Babe, we had a bison stew dinner for him and for Bjorn Kurten, who was giving a guest lecture at the University of Alaska that week. A small part of the mummy's neck was diced and simmered in a pot of stock and vegetables. We had Blue Babe for dinner. The meat was well aged but still a little tough, and it gave the stew a strong Pleistocene aroma, but nobody there would have dared miss it.
The above information highlights a number of interesting facts: (1) Lions and bison that are now extinct once lived in North America. Paleontological evidence indicates these animals have been extinct in North America since the end of the last ice age, but they were contemporary with man in Europe and Asia prior to that. (2) The bison was frozen shortly after death, on the surface of the ground. This is obvious since the lions were able to eat part of it, and one broke its tooth in the frozen flesh. (3) The bison was not quick-frozen, as most of it had been eaten, the carcass had been scavenged by a variety of animals, and part of the remaining meat (the abdomen) had had time to decay. The abdomen was underneath the rest of the carcass, protected from the cold by the rest of the warm body, and was therefore the most likely area to stay warm long enough to start to decay. (4) After this the bison was buried, preserved for a long time, and found in the approximate position in which it died. (5) Lions at that time ate meat.
Now, the radiocarbon date of 36,000 years for the bison's death is very close to the limit of accuracy of that dating method, as there is hardly any radiocarbon left to measure, and the Society says that the method is reasonably accurate only for dates after the Flood. This, along with the above five points, and the fact that the bison was contemporary with Neanderthal man as well as other "ice age" animals, indicates the bison died a long time ago, and certainly before the Flood. But these things are contrary to the Society's view that, prior to the Flood, the earth was in a hothouse condition. It is also clear the bison was not killed in a flood of any sort. Therefore frozen animal carcasses in the Arctic are not necessarily evidence of the Flood. Serious doubt is also cast on the idea that animals lived together peacefully before the Flood, since lions ate bison.
Is the find of the partially eaten and decomposed remains of this frozen bison unique? Not at all. Quite a few frozen animals have been found in Siberia and Alaska, all in various stages of decomposition, and all giving evidence that they were trapped and killed by normal processes.
In 1977 a frozen baby mammoth, christened Dima, was found in the USSR in a remarkable state of preservation.24 A bulldozer used in gold mining operations uncovered it from a layer of permafrost. Very little decomposition had set in before it was frozen, so that even the viscera were well preserved. There was no sign of disturbance by scavengers. The carcass was emaciated; no fat of any kind was present. The gastrointestinal tract was nearly empty of food but contained considerable amounts of mineral particles, silt, clay, gravel, plant detritus and the mammoth's own hair. Mineral particles were also found throughout the respiratory system. Histological evidence showed that Dima was under considerable physical exertion before death. Radiocarbon dates and other evidence of age are equivocal, indicating ages ranging from 9000 to 40,000 years.
The interpretations as to how Dima died and was preserved vary, but the most likely scenario, according to Guthrie, is that the animal became trapped in sticky, organically rich, water saturated silt in late autumn. It was probably sickly, as suggested by a heavy parasite load. It struggled to get free for several days, rapidly depleting its fat stores in the cold mud, finally dying when it could no longer keep its head above the mud. During its struggles it breathed in and swallowed much silt, as well as biting its own hair. The complete burying in mud protected the carcass from scavenging. The following spring the carcass was buried deeper by mud and silt flowing from higher on the slope. These conditions remained until the animal was discovered.
In 1968 a mummified horse was found in Siberia, and has been referred to as the Selerikan pony. Guthrie relates (p. 30):
An interesting story is associated with the Selerikan find (Lazarev 1977b). The horse was found deep underground by drift gold miners. Two legs and a tail emerged from the ceiling of the mine, 9 m below the surface in frozen ground. The miners used the horse's hind legs to hold cables and hang lanterns, but when the legs got in the way, they were blown out of the frozen ground with blasting powder and thrown away. Several months later, word of the find got back to Yakutsk and the Siberian Academy of Sciences sent a delegation to Selerikan to investigate. The body of the horse still remained, frozen in the ceiling. Using small blasting charges, the remainder of the horse was blown out. Later that summer, the horse's legs and tail were found in the dump. However, the head could not be found, and examination of the neck skin showed that it had not been preserved with the carcass.
Examination of the carcass again showed extensive decomposition of the internal organs, as well as a full gastrointestinal tract. Apparently the horse became mired in sticky mud and sank up to its neck. Predators soon killed it and dragged away the head. It too, was buried in later mud flows and preserved.
As with Dima and the Selerikan pony, other frozen partial carcasses have been found. Without exception they are in various stages of decomposition and show signs of scavenging. For an up-to-date account of the discovery and interpretation of these finds, including the Berezovka mammoth, see Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe.25
The rest of the documented evidence about "frozen mammoths" and such is summed up in a 1961 Science article that came out shortly after Sanderson's Saturday Evening Post nonsense. Here are the highlights:
In contrast to scientific efforts, a number of popular and quasi-scientific articles have appeared in recent years, in which fragmentary knowledge, folk tales, and science fiction are combined under the guise of verity -- much to the chagrin of scientists and the confusion of the public. The most recent of such articles is that of Sanderson, who.... consistently disregards the actual observations of scientists and explorers (discussed below)....
Long hair, thick wool, and a heavy layer of fat definitely indicate a cold climate. Stomach contents reveal an abundance of grasses, sedges, and other boreal meadow and tundra plants, along with a few twigs, cones, and pollen of high-boreal and tundra trees. In general, this floral assemblage is 'richer...., somewhat warmer and probably also moister' than the present flora of the tundra in which frozen mammoth carcasses are now found. Quackenbush found 'large trees' associated with fossil mammoth in a now-treeless part of Alaska and also came to the conclusion that the climate was somewhat milder when the mammoths lived. The flora of deposits enclosing frozen mammoth carcasses is similar to that of the stomach contents. Furthermore, the healthy and robust condition of the frozen cadavers indicates that the mammoths fared well on such a diet.
The fauna of which the woolly mammoth formed a part was composed mainly of boreal and arctic steppe- and tundra-dwelling animals, although a few problematical warmer-latitude types appear in some European deposits.26
Note that the preceding does not indicate a tropical climate, which must have existed if the Society's scenario of pre-flood conditions is correct. Much evidence also shows that the ice ages were cyclical, so that there were many of them and there were wide ranges of climates existing at various times in various parts of the world during the past few million years.
There is much geological evidence that Canada and Scandinavia were mostly covered by glaciers in the last ice age, Alaska was partly covered, and Siberia was more nearly glacier free. Therefore ice age animal remains ought to be scarce in those localities. Are they?
Even bones of the woolly mammoth are rare in Scandinavia, and they are lacking entirely in most of the Canadian archipelago. Other than two very fragmentary carcasses from Alaska, all of the frozen cadavers have come from northern Siberia. There have been at least 39 discoveries of frozen mammoth remains, with some soft parts preserved, but only four of these were nearly complete.27
Note that discoveries of frozen remains are rare, although skeletons are common enough.
On the other hand, fossil tusks of woolly mammoth are very abundant and have been collected by ivory hunters for centuries.... The obvious conclusion is that the frozen mammoths were members of a populous race located in Siberia (and elsewhere).... And, contrary to some popular accounts, the figures cited above do not support the conclusion that 'absolutely countless numbers' of woolly mammoths were frozen and that 'many of these animals were perfectly fresh, whole, and undamaged....'28
Heavy bones and ivory last a long time in any climate. That they should last a very long time in a very cold climate should be no surprise.
.... Marine fossils have never been discovered in deposits containing frozen mammoths.... Digby said that 'practically all cold-storage mammoths and woolly rhinos are found on the sides of cliffs sloping down to rivers -- a lake in one or two cases.'29
If all these animals died in the Flood, and if, as the Creation book30 says, "seashells are found on high mountains"30a why are there no marine fossils buried along with the frozen mammoths? As for the method of burial,
One point of fact helpful in this problem is the specificity of the frozen animals: in Siberia only mammoths and woolly rhinoceroses have been found frozen and preserved, and the former have been found in much greater numbers than the latter.
So far no other members of the contemporary Eurasian fauna -- stag, horse, reindeer, antelope, musk ox, and so on -- have been found frozen and well preserved. That only the bulky and awkward 'giants' of the fauna are so preserved points to some peculiarity of their physique as a contributing factor. The low-slung rhinoceros would have trouble negotiating marshy ground and snow drifts. Similarly, the mammoth, with his stiff-legged mode of locomotion, would have difficulty on such terrain and, moreover, would probably not be able to cross even small gullies. It would be nearly impossible for him to extricate himself if he had fallen into a snow-filled gully or had been mired into boggy ground.... Also, the mere weight of the mammoth's body would have been a dangerous attribute if the animal happened to graze too near the edge of a river bluff which had been softened by the summer sun.
The stomach contents of the frozen mammoths indicates that death occurred in the warm season, probably in late summer or early fall, when melting and solifluction would have been at a maximum and, accordingly, locomotion would have been difficult.
Since only the heavy-footed giants of the fauna -- the mammoths and woolly rhinoceroses -- have been found in a frozen state, it is very unlikely that a catastrophic congelation occurred in Siberia.31
An excellent description of one type of burial process is found on page 54 of How To Deep-Freeze a Mammoth32 and a good photograph of the type of soil conditions that can do the burying is found on page 58 of Ice Ages.33 Basically, all that happens is that the top layer of permafrost softens in the summer sun, slumps downhill, and buries whatever lies in its path. In winter, everything freezes up again, but if the slump is thick enough the lower parts can remain frozen for a long time.
A comment from Ice Ages sheds more light on the burial process:34
.... the conditions in which Benkendorf found the mammoth in the Indigirka River may have been similar to those in which it died. The surveyor was surprised to find that the carcass was in an upright position, as if the ground on which the animal had stepped, "thousands of years ago, gave way under the weight of the giant, and he sank as he stood, on all four feet." Since that carcass was lost, the time of its death can only be guessed, but hundreds of other Siberian mammoths have been found in identical positions, suggesting that they perished when a rapid thaw melted the permafrost and turned the tundra into a huge bog.
The process of burial and freezing has been observed:35
It is recorded that, in 1947, about 25 of 150 reindeer that went to the beach at Nicholson Peninsula, Northwest Territories, Canada, became mired in a gelifluction [solifluction] flow. Herders managed to pull out 18, but the other seven were swallowed up in a short time. Probably they are still frozen in the permafrost today, potential frozen fossils of the future.
An excellent description of the overall question of frozen mammoths and such is found in chapter 9 of On The Track Of Ice Age Mammals.36 It covers many more details than I can cover here, and is well worth reading. Of interest is the age distribution of the relatively few frozen carcasses, such as the Berezovka mammoth.37
The absolute age in years of the frozen carcasses was for a long time a subject of speculation. During recent years, with the availability of carbon14 dating, the exact age of many of them has become known, with surprising results. Their ages fall into two main groups, one ranging in age from about 45,000 years to 30,000 years and a smaller number of remains about 14-11,000 years old.
Although skeletal remains lacking soft parts are known from the period 30-12,000 years ago, there is very little carcass material of this age. A tendon on a 22,000-years-old bone of a lion from Alaska is one of the rare examples. As we have already seen, this intervening period was a time of massive glacial advance, the ice sheets in the northern hemisphere expanding to their maximum extent about 18,000 years ago. There were minor, more temperate, periods from about 45-25,000 years ago and about 12-11,000 years ago. It was apparently during these ameliorations that most of the known carcasses became frozen. This appears to be a climate-related depositional phenomenon, related to the amount of available water (which reached its minimum at times of glacial advance) and does not reflect an absence of mammoths from the areas in question. Under cold arid conditions, with little moisture to supply mudflows, carcasses would have tended ultimately to rot on the surface with only the bones surviving for potential fossilization. Under moister conditions summer mudflows could rapidly have covered carcasses lying in their paths, which became permanently frozen when the permafrost level rose above them the following winter.
A comprehensive description of frozen animals in the far north is given by Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe.38 Much other very useful information can be found in After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America.39
Many authors, including the Society's writers, often claim that animal remains found in caves are evidence of the Flood. They say that thousands of remains found in a single cave prove that animals took refuge from the rising flood water. But is this the case? Let's look at some geological findings. On The Track Of Ice Age Mammals said about cave deposits in general:40
The quantity of mammalian remains found in caves and their fine state of preservation is sometimes astonishing. Two factors contribute to the accumulation of such deposits. Firstly, caves are places where remains tend to become concentrated by natural processes. Some caves are dangerous, with shafts in their roofs down which mammals may fall. In addition, some animals use caves as breeding places or eating or sleeping shelters and they may die there or leave the bones of their prey there. Secondly, though not invariably, caves are places where remains are likely to survive as fossils, once they have been deposited there. They are protected from weathering by the cave roof and the alkaline conditions prevailing in limestone caves favour the preservation of bone. Bones found in lava caves may be less well preserved.... [By] the early nineteenth century, it was becoming apparent to those who were beginning to excavate in caves that the processes that had led to the accumulation there of sediment and bones in the past could, in favourable situations, still be observed taking place at the present day. Studies of this fossilization in action, together with the development of excavation techniques that separate fossils from different layers, have since developed into the sophisticated methods being applied by palaeontologists today....
Natural open shafts are common wherever there are caves.... Such open shafts act as collecting places for debris falling in from above. If there is no cave stream below to wash it away, this builds up to form a conical talus which may finally block the shaft to ground level. Such shafts are of great danger to animals walking nearby, which may fall into them, their bones then becoming incorporated into the talus deposit below. A skeleton of a rhinoceros recently found beneath a 'sky light' in the roof of a lava cave on Mount Suswa in Kenya, was of an animal that had apparently fallen in from above.
One of the finest examples in the world of a talus cone with remains of Pleistocene mammals beneath a once open shaft was discovered in 1939 in Joint Mitnor Cave, Buckfastleigh, Devon in southwest England. Among the animals that had fallen into this were the hippopotamus, narrow-nosed rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant, bison, giant deer, red deer, fallow deer, wild boar, cave lion, spotted hyaena, wolf, fox, wild cat, badger, brown bear, hare and rodents. The fauna is characteristically warm and is believed to be of Last Interglacial age, about 120,000 years old. It is of special significance that, although there is a fair representation of carnivorous species, most of the bones are of herbivores, especially bison, which are the animals which make up most of any mammalian population on the surface and which are statistically most likely to become entombed in this manner....
Occasionally such deposits may be so saturated with water that they turn into mudflows and progress along cave passages carrying incorporated bones with them. In this way, bones can be transported for considerable distances underground without the aid of running water.
Although water-laid sediments, both those laid down along stream beds.... and in still water lakes, are very common in caves, the frequency with which bone deposits have been explained away by 'washing underground' greatly exceeds the number of instances where this has really happened.... Considerable concentrations of mammalian bones do nevertheless sometimes occur in Pleistocene stream deposits in caves; and here it is necessary to consider whether any other process has also taken part in their assembly.
The hippopotamus-bearing deposits found in the cave near Yealmpton, Devon,.... were composed of horizontally bedded layers of gravel, sand, silt and clay that had clearly been laid down by a former cave stream; though how the bones had found their way into these deposits was not at all clear when the cave, which was filled to the roof with sediment, was first accidentally broken into by quarrying operations. Further quarrying resulted in the opening of a large cave chamber with a series of small talus cones beneath shafts. The animals had apparently fallen into the cave, in the same manner that occurred in Joint Mitnor, and their remains were then secondarily picked up and carried away by the cave stream flowing through the chamber, for redeposition elsewhere along its course. Groups of hyaena coprolites (droppings) spread along the streamway suggest that live hyaenas also had access to the cave.
Most important of all the processes of bone accumulation in caves is the activity of cave dwelling animals, which may die underground or leave the remains of their food there. Man may also leave his implements and the ashes of his fires and bury his dead in caves.
Important examples of accumulations of remains of Pleistocene mammals carried into caves by Palaeolithic man include a pile of bones and skulls of woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros found during the Cambridge University excavations in the Cotte de St. Brelade, Jersey, in the 1960s and 70s; and great quantities of bones of horse and reindeer excavated over a century ago in the Cave of Bruniquel, Tarn et Garonne, France. Among the Bruniquel finds were numerous fragments of reindeer antlers which had been cut by Palaeolithic man, using sharp flint knives, for the removal of slivers of antlers that were to be fashioned into other tools. The waste fragments of antler had then been abandoned on the cave floor....
Of the animals known from fossil remains in European caves, probably the great cave bear of Western Europe has attracted the greatest attention. The Drachenhole, a cave near Mixnitz in Austria, is estimated to have contained the remains of over 30,000 cave bears, which accumulated as a result of a small number of animals continuing to occupy the cave over a long period of time.
On The Track Of Ice Age Mammals describes many more examples of Pleistocene cave deposits, of which this is the last I will show:
Another important cave site [is Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire], first excavated a century ago, with a lower cave earth filled with hippopotamus, straight-tusked elephant, narrow-nosed rhinoceros, hyaena and other mammals; overlain by a long series of later deposits. These show that the area was subsequently glaciated; and there was later occupation by upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Romano-British man. There can be few British caves which demonstrate in such a striking manner the climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene. The cave is situated at an altitude of 400 metres on craggy moorland, and it seems incredible, at the present day, to think of hippos walking across this wild part of the Yorkshire moors.41
A question sometimes asked is, How could such large animals as mammoths survive on the presumably meager diet provided by the Arctic? Apparently they were migratory, and so were in the worst parts of the Arctic only in summer. This is similar to the behavior of caribou today. A few comments from National Geographic, June 1988, p. 759, concerning musk-oxen that live on Ellesmere Island may be instructive. They survive "by living in relatively low densities and covering a lot of ground.... It is hard to believe that such a large herd animal can survive in any numbers on so spare a diet."
I believe that the evidence considered here should settle the matters of the supposed sudden freezing of the polar regions, "frozen mammoths," and the like. There is little evidence that a flood killed large numbers of animals all at the same time. There is much evidence that they died over a long period of time as a result of natural events. The majority of mammoth carcasses in Siberia have been found in an upright position, indicating they were not swept away by a flood. Mammoths and such were not quick-frozen -- this is simply a popular myth. In Siberia, large numbers of mammoth skeletons and ivory are found simply because there were many mammoths living there for hundreds of thousands of years, and large bones and ivory deteriorate slowly in the Arctic climate. The misleading Saturday Evening Post article of 1960 should not be used as evidence. In many publications, the Society refers to various other sources that say things similar to the Post article, but the original references are generally not given. Without these references, any conclusions drawn from such quotations must be viewed with suspicion. To illustrate, one reference I've found -- Byron Nelson's The Deluge Story in Stone, Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis, Minn., 1931 -- is so full of inaccuracies that it is ludicrous to quote from it.
A major unknown for scientists is the cause of extinction of the ice age animals. But the Flood theory does not explain these extinctions, either. Genesis implies that every kind of animal was saved, and yet many kinds became extinct, such as giant ground sloths, saber-toothed cats, mammoths, and mastodons. It cannot be argued that these were just different varieties of today's animals that are no longer seen. For example, what animal do you know that is related to the extinct giant ground sloth? Mammoths and mastodons, "according to E. H. Colbert, a vertebrate paleontologist, are 'as different as cats from dogs.'"42 Lastly, why would so many animals become extinct as a result of the Flood? Why was God's command to Noah, to take two of "every living creature of every sort of flesh.... of all moving animals of the ground according to their kinds, two of each will go in there to you to preserve them alive," not obeyed? This is a serious problem for one who argues for the truth of the Flood account.
Finally, how could the Society's writers not be aware of the details I've presented from the Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1903 writeup on the Berezovka mammoth? Picture credits from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. for a photo of this mammoth are given in both the God's Word or Man's book and the Creation book. If the writers went to the trouble of obtaining the photo, they must have, or they should have, also obtained the original writeup in which it appeared, just as I did.
With the above material fresh in mind, note the comments from the 1989 book The Bible -- God's Word or Man's?43
Another evidence for the Flood appears to exist in the fossil record. At one time, according to this record, great saber-toothed tigers stalked their prey in Europe, horses larger than any now living roamed North America, and mammoths foraged in Siberia. Then, all around the world, species of mammals became extinct. At the same time, there was a sudden change of climate. Tens of thousands of mammoths were killed and quick-frozen in Siberia. Alfred Wallace, the well-known contemporary of Charles Darwin, considered that such a widespread destruction must have been caused by some exceptional world-wide event. Many have argued that this event was the Flood.
The writer assumes all the animals became extinct in one global event and the climate suddenly changed at the same time. He gives no evidence for this. The actual evidence is that the climate changed relatively rapidly, from cold to warm conditions, over a period of a few thousand years. He states that huge numbers of animals were quick-frozen, again without citing evidence. The evidence for his statements is actually found in the citation for Alfred Wallace. The citation is from Time-Life's Ice Ages, which I cite many times in this essay. A few quotations from this book will show the actual situation, which the writer of The Bible -- God's Word or Man's seems to have missed. Wallace's statements turned out to be incorrect, as is shown by further discussion in Ice Ages. After describing the discovery and loss of a mammoth carcass (mentioned above) by a man named Benkendorf, the book says:44
Benkendorf's dramatic find brought him face to face with one of the great mysteries of the Ice Age: What could have caused the sudden, worldwide extinction of the giant mammals, or megafauna, that inhabited the earth until only a few thousand years ago? After making a systematic review of past and present species, the eminent zoologist Alfred Russel Wallace would conclude several decades after Benkendorf's adventure: "We live in a zoologically impoverished world, from which all the hugest, and fiercest, and strangest forms have recently disappeared. It is surely a marvelous fact, and one that has hardly been sufficiently dwelt upon, this sudden dying out of so many large mammalia, not in one place only but over half the land surfaces of the globe."
The toll of death was especially apparent in Siberia, where, according to a 19th Century geologist, "the bones of elephants are said to be found occasionally crowded in heaps along the shores of the icy seas from Archangel to Behring's Straits, forming whole islands composed of bones and mud at the mouth of the Lena (a river west of the Indigirka), and encased in icebergs, from which they are melted out by the solar heat of their short summer in sufficient numbers to form an important item of commerce."....
One of the first people to grapple with some of the difficult questions surrounding the death of the gigantic Ice Age beasts was the Reverend William Buckland, professor of geology and mineralogy at Oxford University, who examined what he called a "charnel house" of prehistoric remains in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in 1821. In addition to the fossils of animals native to cold and temperate climates, the cave contained the teeth and bones of warm-climate elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses. Scientists now know that these species inhabited northern Europe during the last interglacial, but Buckland was puzzled, he wrote in 1824, to find that a cave in northern England should be the last resting place of species that "at present exist only in tropical climates, and chiefly south of the equator." He was equally disturbed by the fact that the tropical species had apparently occupied the site only a short time after [italics added] the cold-climate animals. However, he deliberately avoided drawing the conclusion that shifts in climatic conditions could have caused successive waves of extinction....
See page 21 of this essay for a discussion of these findings, showing that that Wallace's idea of a charnel house was based on incomplete reconstruction of the cave findings.
In 1876 Alfred Wallace advanced one of the first and most obvious theories to explain the extinctions. Enough bones and fossils had been collected by then to permit him to catalogue and mourn the passing of a long list of vanished fauna.... The elimination of so many species, Wallace wrote, must have been the result of some exceptional event that had occurred almost simultaneously in many parts of the world. Citing evidence that the northern portions of both Europe and North America had been covered with ice when these large animals were disappearing, Wallace maintained that the ice had probably "acted in various ways to have produced alterations of level of the ocean as well as vast local floods, which would have combined with the excessive cold to destroy animal life."....
It is clear where the writer of The Bible -- God's Word or Man's? got his information about Wallace's ideas. The question remains, were Wallace's ideas correct? Ice Ages continues:
.... it was the timing of the extinctions that cast the most serious doubts on Wallace's hypothesis. Even in his lifetime, scientists knew that not all of the extinctions had occurred during the coldest phase of the last ice age. Charles Darwin, on his famous expedition to South America aboard the Beagle beginning in 1831, had found fossils of many extinct species in sediments laid down after the last glaciation. Darwin's finds were significant; modern radiocarbon dating of the remains later confirmed that the main wave of extinctions occurred not when the ice sheets reached their greatest extent, but after they had begun to retreat. And so the mystery deepened....
Many animals other than humans lived in caves and consumed their prey there, leaving behind extensive documentation of prehistoric dining habits. During the 19th Century, examination of a cave in South Devon unearthed fossilized bones of some 20,000 hyenas. The same cave was further excavated in the 1940s; this time, examination of cave-floor strata revealed that during a period of 200,000 years the cave had been occupied by successive generations of wolverines, bears, hippopotamuses, woolly rhinoceroses, elk and humans.
So significant changes in climate and fauna did occur. The point is how long did it take? How sudden were the changes? Did they occur within the year allotted to the Flood, or did they take longer? Continuing with the above quotation, Ice Ages said concerning events near the end of the last major glacial period, that the
conclusion of the cold period was marked by a toll of death the likes of which had never before afflicted the creatures of the earth.
The first wave of extinctions hit Africa some 60,000 years ago, about the time when the last major glacial advance of the Pleistocene crested. During the next 20,000 years, 40 per cent of the large mammals on the continent disappeared.... Eurasia was struck next. In Europe, about 50 per cent of the megafauna vanished.... The gradual elimination of these species also took about 20,000 years. In North America, however, the story was different. A full 70 per cent of the large animals.... died within the geological eyeblink of perhaps 1,000 years.
See also what was said above. So Wallace's first theory, that the extinctions happened suddenly and simultaneously worldwide, has proven incorrect. Had the writer of The Bible -- God's Word or Man's? considered the rest of the material in Ice Ages he would have seen there was no basis for his statements.
3 Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. 1, p. 610, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, 1988.
4 Life-How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation?, p. 203, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, 1985.
5 Ivan T. Sanderson, "Riddle of the Frozen Giants," The Saturday Evening Post, January 16, 1960.
6 Antony J. Sutcliffe, On The Track Of Ice Age Mammals, p. 49, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985.
7 Daniel E. Wonderly, God's Time-Records in Ancient Sediments, Crystal Press Publishers, Flint, Michigan, 1977.
8 Daniel E. Wonderly, Neglect of Geologic Data: Sedimentary Strata Compared with Young-Earth Creationist Writings, Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, 1987.
8a Both are available from Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute, POB 423, Hatfield PA, 19440-0423.
8b See, for example, Worlds in Collision by Immanuel Velikovsky, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1950. Velikovsky exaggerated the findings of frozen animals, animal remains in caves and remains in other unusual circumstances. He has come to be regarded as "the very model of a crank." [Science: Good, Bad and Bogus, Martin Gardner, Prometheus Books, 1989, p. xiv] Sanderson may well have gotten some of his information from Velikovsky's best-selling book.
In case you are not familiar with Velikovsky's works, here is a summary from pages 4 and 381 of Science: Good, Bad and Bogus: "Dr. Velikovsky (he was trained in psychoanalysis) set himself the task of revising the laws of astronomy and physics, and rewriting vast globs of ancient history, to spin an incredible tale about the planet Venus that would 'explain' the major miracles of the Old Testament." "The book throws together a jumbled mass of data to support the preposterous theory that a giant comet once erupted from the planet Jupiter, passed close to the earth on two occasions, then settled down as Venus. The first visit to the earth of this erratic comet was precisely at the time Moses stretched out his hand and caused the Red Sea to divide. The manna which fell from the skies shortly thereafter was a precipitate, fortunately edible, of suspended elements in the celestial visitor's tail. Later the comet's return coincided with Joshua's successful attempt to make the sun and moon stand still. The miracles of both Moses and Joshua were the result, Velikovsky informs us, of a temporary cessation of the earth's spin." Also see Broca's Brain, Carl Sagan, Ballantine Books, 1979, for more on Velikovsky.
Another example is The Earth's Shifting Crust, Charles Hapgood, Philadelphia, 1958. He presents a theory that the earth's poles have slid around, giving rise to great catastrophes such as the Flood.
A third book is The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, Donald W. Patten, Pacific Meridian Publishing Co., Seattle, WA, 1966, which has been cited in the Society's publications. The author refers quite favorably to the works of Immanuel Velikovsky and compares his own book to them, which shows the extent of his competence in the field of geology. This book is interesting because it gives a summary of the history of 20th century catastrophist authors. It even mentions Isaac Newton Vail, whose theories the Society espoused until the 1950s.
A fourth example is The Lost Ship of Noah, Charles Berlitz, G.P. Putnam's Son's, 1987, pp. 143-144. Berlitz is the author of such gems as Atlantis: The Eighth Continent, Doomsday 1999 A.D., Mysteries From Forgotten Worlds, and The Bermuda Triangle. He uncritically repeats the errors about quick-frozen mammals as expounded by Velikovsky and Hapgood.
A fifth example is The Bone Peddlers, William R. Fix, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984, pp. 230-231. Fix does a devastating job on the supposed evolution of man, but accepts the nonsense of both Sanderson and Hapgood. He similarly accepts evidence for ESP and other paranormal phenomena.
9 O. F. Herz, "Frozen Mammoth in Siberia," Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1903, p. 614, 1903. Extracts translated from the Russian.
10 William R. Farrand, "Frozen Mammoths and Modern Geology," Science, vol. 133, p. 734, March 17, 1961.
11 O. F. Herz, op cit, p. 621.
12 ibid, pp. 614-623.
12a Also see Dorothy B. Vitaliano, Legends of the Earth, The Citadel Press, Secaucus, New Jersey; 1973, 1976; pp. 280-281.
13 ibid, pp. 620-622.
14 ibid, p. 612.
15 William R. Farrand, op cit, p. 734.
16 Bjorn Kurten, How To Deep-Freeze a Mammoth, pp. 51-52, Columbia University Press, New York, 1986. English Edition.
17 Norman D. Newell, Creation and Evolution: Myth or Reality?, pp. 65-66, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982.
18 Windsor Chorlton, Ice Ages, pp. 53-54, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, VA, 1983.
19 Bjorn Kurten, op cit, pp. 57-59.
20 Bjorn Kurten, The Innocent Assassins, p. 194, Columbia University Press, New York, 1991.
21 Windsor Chorlton, op cit, p. 59.
22 Antony Sutcliffe, op cit, p. 41.
23 R. Dale Guthrie, Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1990.
24 R. Dale Guthrie, op cit, pp. 7-24.
25 ibid, pp. 1-44.
26 William R. Farrand, op cit, March 17, 1961.
27 ibid.
28 ibid.
29 ibid.
30 anonymous, op cit, p. 203.
30a Another misconception. Fossils of seashells are found embedded in the rocks on high mountains. Seashells themselves are never found just lying around on high mountain tops. This was recognized even in the 16th century by Leonardo Da Vinci, who "saw that the fossils were not simply strewn over the surface, but that the Appenines and Alps were almost wholly composed of fossil-filled rocks.... He deduced that the mountains were uplifted piles of river sediments and sea muds that had first hardened into shale, sandstone, and limestone, then folded and broken, and finally had been exposed to view by erosion." [Creation and Evolution: Myth or Reality?, Norman D. Newell, p. 36.]
However, in some areas such as Scandinavia and New England, marine deposits have been found at elevations up to about 1000 feet. But these are always found in areas where there is evidence that ice sheets covered the area and depressed it below sea level. The book Islands, H. W. Menard, Scientific American Books, Inc., New York, 1986, pp. 75-76 says ".... the uplift of Scandinavia was long ago obvious because ancient seaports became unusably shallow, then emerged, and gradually became elevated above a receding shoreline. This uplift extended from Denmark to the northern tip of Norway and from the Atlantic to eastern Finland. Nonetheless, it was a local phenomenon with a local cause. During the ice ages of the past million years, the whole region that now has elevated shorelines was covered by a continental ice cap centered in the northern end of what is now the Gulf of Bothnia. The load of the ice on the continental crust made a dish-shaped depression surrounded by a peripheral bulge. When the ice began to melt, the warped rocks began to resume their original shape. At the shrinking periphery of the ice, the sea cut terraces and left dateable marine fossils. By correlating terraces of the same age, it is possible to map the amount and rate of uplift of the deglaciated region. The center has been uplifted 500 [meters], and the amount of uplift is progressively less toward the edges of the former ice cap. Moreover, exactly the same evidence of differential, regional uplift can be obtained with tide gauges. Near Copenhagen, the sea floor is rising at 3 cm per century; at Stockholm the rise is 50 cm per century, and at the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia it is 110 cm per century. All these phenomena are also observed in North America, where there was another ice cap."
The areas of marine submergence in the United States are shown on a map in Earth, Frank Press, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986, p. 253, which clearly shows that parts of coastal Maine and the Lake Champlain area of New York were under water for a time. Fossil skeletons of seals and whales have been found in these areas. The Lake Champlain area was connected to an arm of the Saint Lawrence seaway, and Lake Champlain still drains there. For a thorough discussion see After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America, E.C. Pielou, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1991.
Similar warping of the crust is observed in the British Isles, where Scotland, which was under ice, is rising, and the London area, which was not, is sinking.
31 William R. Farrand, op cit, March 17, 1961.
32 Bjorn Kurten, op cit.
33 Windsor Chorlton, op cit.
34 ibid, p. 70.
35 Antony Sutcliffe, op cit, p. 41.
36 ibid, pp. 105-116.
37 ibid, p. 114.
38 R. Dale Guthrie, op cit.
40 Antony Sutcliffe, op cit, pp. 74-80.
41 ibid, p. 139.
42 Norman D. Newell, op cit, p. 68.
43 The Bible -- God's Word or Man's?, pp. 114-115, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, 1989.
44 Windsor Chorlton, op cit, pp. 54-69.
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Question: What Are The 4 Types Of Body Membranes?
What are the 6 serous membrane layers?
Name the six serous membrane layers the blade passes through as it moves from the body surface into the heart.
Parietal pleura, visceral pleura, (lung), visceral pleura, parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, (heart)..
Which is not a function of the skin?
The correct answer is C. Digestion. The skin is more complex than most people realize, and it consists of several layers of nonliving and living cells, several sensory receptors and glands. … While excretion is not a major function of human skin it is very important in more primitive animals that do not have kidneys.
What is difference between cell and tissue?
Cell and Tissue – Differences Cells are the smallest, structural and functional unit of an organism, which is characteristically microscopic. Tissues are the distinct types of material consisting of specialized cells and their products. Found in both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
What are the major types of membranes in the body?
What are the 4 main types of tissues and their functions?
What are the 2 types of body membrane?
The two major categories of body membranes epithelial and connective tissue- are classified in part according to their tissue makeup. The epithelial membranes include the cutaneous membrane (skin), the mucous membranes, and the serous membranes (Figure 4.1).
What are the different types of membranes?
Membranes are thin layers of epithelial tissue usually bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue. Membranes cover, protect, or separate other structures or tissues in the body. The four types of membranes are: 1) cutaneous membranes; 2) serous membranes; 3) mucous membranes; and 4) synovial membranes.
What membrane is skin?
The Cutaneous membrane is composed of epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue, and is the membrane you know as your skin. The mucous membrane is also made of of connective and epithelial tissues.
What are the 6 functions of the cell membrane?
Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Maintains cell shape and stabilizes cytoskeleton. … Intercellular joining. Proteins on adjacent cells hook together, briefly, for cell interaction/sharing. … Signal transduction. … Enzymatic activity. … Cell-cell recognition. … Transport.
Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?
Where is nervous tissue found?
What is a human body tissue?
Human body tissue makes up organs and other body parts. There are four main types of tissue: muscle, epithelial, connective and nervous. Each is made of specialized cells that are grouped together according to structure and function. Muscle is found throughout the body and even includes organs such as the heart.
What are the functions of body membranes?
What is the largest membrane of the body?
peritoneumThe peritoneum is the largest membrane with a convoluted shape in some regions, and a surface area that can measure as much as the surface area of the skin (approximately 1.8 m2).
Which membrane is more superficial?
Stratum CorneumStratum Corneum. The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer exposed to the outside environment (see Figure 5.1. 4).
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the heart?
pericardiumA double-layered membrane called the pericardium surrounds your heart like a sac. The outer layer of the pericardium surrounds the roots of your heart’s major blood vessels and is attached by ligaments to your spinal column, diaphragm, and other parts of your body.
What serous membrane covers the surface of the heart?
pericardiumThe serous membrane covering the heart and lining the mediastinum is referred to as the pericardium, the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs is referred to as the pleura, and that lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the viscera is referred to as the peritoneum.
What are the 3 main types of body membranes?
Three Types of MembraneCutaneous membranes = skin = Integumentary system. We have the epidermis which is the outer epithelium tissue and dermis is the connective tissue.Mucous (mucosa) membranes line the insides of hollow organs that open to the outside. ( Mouth, rectum, reproductive, urinary)Serous membrane (serosa/serosae pl.)
What purpose do body membranes serve?
FUNCTION PREVIEW • Body membranes line or cover, protect, and lubricate body surfaces. As the outermost boundary of the body, the skin protects against injuries of many types. ► List the general functions of each membrane type-cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial—and give its location in the body.
What is classified as a dry membrane?
What is classified as a dry membrane? Cutaneous. During organization of tissue repair, a blood clot is replaced by_____ Granulation tissue.
What is a example of an organ?
Organs are the body’s recognizable structures (for example, the heart, lungs, liver, eyes, and stomach) that perform specific functions. An organ is made of several types of tissue and therefore several types of cells.
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Alan Turing (1912-1954)
Work & Publications
External info
Birth date
Death Date
Age of Death
Birth Place
Maida Vale, London, England
Death Place
Wilmslow, Cheshire, England
Zodiac Sign
IQ Score
Fields of Expertise
Computer science
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Mathematician, computer scientist, philosopher
Sherborne School
Alan Turing
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School GC&CS at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic, and in so doing helped win the war. Due to the problems of counterfactual history, it is hard to estimate the precise effect Ultra intelligence had on the war, but at the upper end it has been estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over 14 million lives.
After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine. The Automatic Computing Engine was one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s.
In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "Alan Turing law" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.
Early life and education
Turing was born in Maida Vale, London, while his father, Julius Mathison Turing 1873–1947, was on leave from his position with the Indian Civil Service ICS at Chatrapur, then in the Madras Presidency and presently in Odisha state, in India. Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a baronet. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing née Stoney 1881–1976, daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways. The Stoneys were a Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry family from both County Tipperary and County Longford, while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in County Clare.
Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the Bengal Army. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to Maida Vale, London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth, later the Colonnade Hotel. Turing had an elder brother, John the father of Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet of the Turing baronets.
Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years, his parents travelled between Hastings in the United Kingdom and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired Army couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, now marked with a blue plaque. The plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2012, the centenary of Turing's birth.
Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently. His parents purchased a house in Guildford in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays. The location is also marked with a blue plaque.
Between January 1922 and 1926, Turing was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, an independent school in the village of Frant in Sussex now East Sussex. In 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to Sherborne School, a boarding independent school in the market town of Sherborne in Dorset, where he boarded at Westcott House. The first day of term coincided with the 1926 General Strike, in Britain, but Turing was so determined to attend, that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied 60 miles 97 km from Southampton to Sherborne, stopping overnight at an inn.
Christopher Morcom
At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom 13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930, who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of bovine tuberculosis, contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.
The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom. In a letter to Morcom's mother, Frances Isobel Morcom née Swan, Turing wrote:
Turing's relationship with Morcom's mother continued long after Morcom's death, with her sending gifts to Turing, and him sending letters, typically on Morcom's birthdays. A day before the third anniversary of Morcom's death 13 February 1933, he wrote to Mrs. Morcom:
Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's atheism and materialism. Apparently, at this point in his life he still believed in such concepts as a spirit, independent of the body and surviving death. In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing wrote:
University and work on computability
After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at King's College, Cambridge, where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a Fellow of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the central limit theorem. Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg. A blue plaque at the college was unveiled on the centenary of his birth on 23 June 2012 and is now installed at the college's Keynes Building on King's Parade.
In 1936, Turing published his paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". It was published in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society journal in two parts, the first on 30 November and the second on 23 December. In this paper, Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. The Entscheidungsproblem decision problem was originally posed by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1928. Turing proved that his "universal computing machine" would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the decision problem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a Turing machine will ever halt. This paper has been called "easily the most influential math paper in history".
Although Turing's proof was published shortly after Alonzo Church's equivalent proof using his lambda calculus, Turing's approach is considerably more accessible and intuitive than Church's. It also included a notion of a 'Universal Machine' now known as a universal Turing machine, with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other computation machine as indeed could Church's lambda calculus. According to the Church–Turing thesis, Turing machines and the lambda calculus are capable of computing anything that is computable. John von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to Turing's paper. To this day, Turing machines are a central object of study in theory of computation.
From September 1936 to July 1938, Turing spent most of his time studying under Church at Princeton University, in the second year as a Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow. In addition to his purely mathematical work, he studied cryptology and also built three of four stages of an electro-mechanical binary multiplier. In June 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton; his dissertation, Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, introduced the concept of ordinal logic and the notion of relative computing, in which Turing machines are augmented with so-called oracles, allowing the study of problems that cannot be solved by Turing machines. John von Neumann wanted to hire him as his postdoctoral assistant, but he went back to the United Kingdom.
Career and research
When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in 1939 by Ludwig Wittgenstein about the foundations of mathematics. The lectures have been reconstructed verbatim, including interjections from Turing and other students, from students' notes. Turing and Wittgenstein argued and disagreed, with Turing defending formalism and Wittgenstein propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths, but rather invents them.
From September 1938, Turing worked part-time with the Government Code and Cypher School GC&CS, the British codebreaking organisation. He concentrated on cryptanalysis of the Enigma cipher machine used by Nazi Germany, together with Dilly Knox, a senior GC&CS codebreaker. Soon after the July 1939 meeting near Warsaw at which the Polish Cipher Bureau gave the British and French details of the wiring of Enigma machine's rotors and their method of decrypting Enigma machine's messages, Turing and Knox developed a broader solution. The Polish method relied on an insecure indicator procedure that the Germans were likely to change, which they in fact did in May 1940. Turing's approach was more general, using crib-based decryption for which he produced the functional specification of the bombe an improvement on the Polish Bomba.
On 4 September 1939, the day after the UK declared war on Germany, Turing reported to Bletchley Park, the wartime station of GC&CS. Specifying the bombe was the first of five major cryptanalytical advances that Turing made during the war. The others were: deducing the indicator procedure used by the German navy; developing a statistical procedure dubbed Banburismus for making much more efficient use of the bombes; developing a procedure dubbed Turingery for working out the cam settings of the wheels of the Lorenz SZ 40/42 Tunny cipher machine and, towards the end of the war, the development of a portable secure voice scrambler at Hanslope Park that was codenamed Delilah.
Turing had a reputation for eccentricity at Bletchley Park. He was known to his colleagues as "Prof" and his treatise on Enigma was known as the "Prof's Book". According to historian Ronald Lewin, Jack Good, a cryptanalyst who worked with Turing, said of his colleague:
While working at Bletchley, Turing, who was a talented long-distance runner, occasionally ran the 40 miles 64 km to London when he was needed for meetings, and he was capable of world-class marathon standards. Turing tried out for the 1948 British Olympic team but he was hampered by an injury. His tryout time for the marathon was only 11 minutes slower than British silver medallist Thomas Richards' Olympic race time of 2 hours 35 minutes. He was Walton Athletic Club's best runner, a fact discovered when he passed the group while running alone.
In 1946, Turing was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire OBE by King George VI for his wartime services, but his work remained secret for many years.
The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an Enigma message i.e., rotor order, rotor settings and plugboard settings using a suitable crib: a fragment of probable plaintext. For each possible setting of the rotors which had on the order of 1019 states, or 1022 states for the four-rotor U-boat variant, the bombe performed a chain of logical deductions based on the crib, implemented electromechanically.
Hut 8 and the naval Enigma
That same night, he also conceived of the idea of Banburismus, a sequential statistical technique what Abraham Wald later called sequential analysis to assist in breaking the naval Enigma, "though I was not sure that it would work in practice, and was not, in fact, sure until some days had actually broken." For this, he invented a measure of weight of evidence that he called the ban. Banburismus could rule out certain sequences of the Enigma rotors, substantially reducing the time needed to test settings on the bombes. Later this sequential process of accumulating sufficient weight of evidence using decibans one tenth of a ban was used in Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher.
Turing's reaction to the American bombe design was far from enthusiastic:
Alexander wrote of Turing's contribution:
In July 1942, Turing devised a technique termed Turingery or jokingly Turingismus for use against the Lorenz cipher messages produced by the Germans' new Geheimschreiber secret writer machine. This was a teleprinter rotor cipher attachment codenamed Tunny at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of wheel-breaking, i.e., a procedure for working out the cam settings of Tunny's wheels. He also introduced the Tunny team to Tommy Flowers who, under the guidance of Max Newman, went on to build the Colossus computer, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine the Heath Robinson, and whose superior speed allowed the statistical decryption techniques to be applied usefully to the messages. Some have mistakenly said that Turing was a key figure in the design of the Colossus computer. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.
Following his work at Bell Labs in the US, Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system. In the latter part of the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service later HMGCC at Hanslope Park. At the park, he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable secure voice communications machine codenamed Delilah. The machine was intended for different applications, but it lacked the capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions. In any case, Delilah was completed too late to be used during the war. Though the system worked fully, with Turing demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a Winston Churchill speech, Delilah was not adopted for use. Turing also consulted with Bell Labs on the development of SIGSALY, a secure voice system that was used in the later years of the war.
Early computers and the Turing test
Between 1945 and 1947, Turing lived in Hampton, London, while he worked on the design of the ACE Automatic Computing Engine at the National Physical Laboratory NPL. He presented a paper on 19 February 1946, which was the first detailed design of a stored-program computer. Von Neumann's incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC had predated Turing's paper, but it was much less detailed and, according to John R. Womersley, Superintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing's own". Although ACE was a feasible design, the secrecy surrounding the wartime work at Bletchley Park led to delays in starting the project and he became disillusioned. In late 1947 he returned to Cambridge for a sabbatical year during which he produced a seminal work on Intelligent Machinery that was not published in his lifetime. While he was at Cambridge, the Pilot ACE was being built in his absence. It executed its first program on 10 May 1950, and a number of later computers around the world owe much to it, including the English Electric DEUCE and the American Bendix G-15. The full version of Turing's ACE was not built until after his death.
Alan Turing sitting in a chair.
According to the memoirs of the German computer pioneer Heinz Billing from the Max Planck Institute for Physics, published by Genscher, Düsseldorf, there was a meeting between Turing and Konrad Zuse. It took place in Göttingen in 1947. The interrogation had the form of a colloquium. Participants were Womersley, Turing, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing for more details see Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz.
In 1948 Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, D.G. Champernowne, began writing a chess program for a computer that did not yet exist. By 1950, the program was completed and dubbed the Turochamp. In 1952, he tried to implement it on a Ferranti Mark 1, but lacking enough power, the computer was unable to execute the program. Instead, Turing "ran" the program by flipping through the pages of the algorithm and carrying out its instructions on a chessboard, taking about half an hour per move. The game was recorded. According to Garry Kasparov, Turing's program "played a recognizable game of chess." The program lost to Turing's colleague Alick Glennie, although it is said that it won a game against Champernowne's wife, Isabel.
Pattern formation and mathematical biology
Although published before the structure and role of DNA was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology. One of the early applications of Turing's paper was the work by James Murray explaining spots and stripes on the fur of cats, large and small. Further research in the area suggests that Turing's work can partially explain the growth of "feathers, hair follicles, the branching pattern of lungs, and even the left-right asymmetry that puts the heart on the left side of the chest." In 2012, Sheth, et al. found that in mice, removal of Hox genes causes an increase in the number of digits without an increase in the overall size of the limb, suggesting that Hox genes control digit formation by tuning the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism. Later papers were not available until Collected Works of A. M. Turing was published in 1992.
Personal life
Conviction for indecency
Turing was later convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, and he entered a plea of guilty. The case, Regina v. Turing and Murray, was brought to trial on 31 March 1952. Turing was convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation. His probation would be conditional on his agreement to undergo hormonal physical changes designed to reduce libido. He accepted the option of injections of what was then called stilboestrol now known as diethylstilbestrol or DES, a synthetic oestrogen; this feminization of his body was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered Turing impotent and caused breast tissue to form, fulfilling in the literal sense Turing's prediction that "no doubt I shall emerge from it all a different man, but quite who I've not found out". Murray was given a conditional discharge.
On 8 June 1954, Turing's housekeeper found him dead at the age of 41; he had died the previous day. Cyanide poisoning was established as the cause of death. When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide, it was speculated that this was the means by which Turing had consumed a fatal dose. An inquest determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, David Leavitt, have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937, his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that in Leavitt's words he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew". Turing's remains were cremated at Woking Crematorium on 12 June 1954, and his ashes were scattered in the gardens of the crematorium, just as his father's had been.
Philosophy professor Jack Copeland has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict. He suggested an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death: the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus used to electroplate gold onto spoons. The potassium cyanide was used to dissolve the gold. Turing had such an apparatus set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland noted that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate an apple before going to bed, and it was not unusual for the apple to be discarded half-eaten. In addition, Turing had reportedly borne his legal setbacks and hormone treatment which had been discontinued a year previously "with good humour" and had shown no sign of despondency prior to his death. He even set down a list of tasks that he intended to complete upon returning to his office after the holiday weekend. Turing's mother believed that the ingestion was accidental, resulting from her son's careless storage of laboratory chemicals. Biographer Andrew Hodges theorised that Turing arranged the delivery of the equipment to deliberately allow his mother plausible deniability with regard to any suicide claims.
It has been suggested that Turing's belief in fortune-telling may have caused his depressed mood. As a youth, Turing had been told by a fortune-teller that he would be a genius. Shortly before his death, during a day-trip to St Annes-on-Sea with the Greenbaum family, Turing again decided to consult a fortune-teller. According to the Greenbaums' daughter, Barbara:
But it was a lovely sunny day and Alan was in a cheerful mood and off we went... Then he thought it would be a good idea to go to the Pleasure Beach at Blackpool. We found a fortune-teller's tent[,] and Alan said he'd like to go in[,] so we waited around for him to come back... And this sunny, cheerful visage had shrunk into a pale, shaking, horror-stricken face. Something had happened. We don't know what the fortune-teller said[,] but he obviously was deeply unhappy. I think that was probably the last time we saw him before we heard of his suicide.
Government apology and pardon
In August 2009, British programmer John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual. The petition received more than 30,000 signatures. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apologising and describing the treatment of Turing as "appalling":
In December 2011, William Jones and his Member of Parliament, John Leech, created an e-petition requesting that the British government pardon Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency":
The petition gathered over 37,000 signatures, and was submitted to Parliament by the Manchester MP John Leech but the request was discouraged by Justice Minister Lord McNally, who said:
John Leech, the MP for Manchester Withington 2005–15, submitted several bills to Parliament and led a high-profile campaign to secure the pardon. Leech made the case in the House of Commons that Turing's contribution to the war made him a national hero and that it was "ultimately just embarrassing" that the conviction still stood. Leech continued to take the bill through Parliament and campaigned for several years until it was passed. Leech is now regularly described as the "architect" of Turing's pardon and subsequently the Alan Turing Law which went on to secure pardons for 75,000 other men and women convicted of similar crimes. At the UK premiere of a film based on Turing's life, The Imitation Game, the producers thanked Leech for bringing the topic to public attention and securing Turing's pardon. His campaign turned to acquiring pardons for the 75,000 other men convicted of the same crime. Leech's campaign gained public support from leading scientists, including Stephen Hawking. He is often described as the "architect" of 'Turing's Law', which used Turing's pardon as a precedent to eventually successfully grant a posthumous pardon to more than 49,000 other men historically criminally convicted of 'Gross Indecencey'.
On 26 July 2012, a bill was introduced in the House of Lords to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, of which he was convicted on 31 March 1952. Late in the year in a letter to The Daily Telegraph, the physicist Stephen Hawking and 10 other signatories including the Astronomer Royal Lord Rees, President of the Royal Society Sir Paul Nurse, Lady Trumpington who worked for Turing during the war and Lord Sharkey the bill's sponsor called on Prime Minister David Cameron to act on the pardon request. The government indicated it would support the bill, and it passed its third reading in the Lords in October.
At the bill's second reading in the House of Commons on 29 November 2013, Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected to the bill, delaying its passage. The bill was due to return to the House of Commons on 28 February 2014, but before the bill could be debated in the House of Commons, the government elected to proceed under the royal prerogative of mercy. On 24 December 2013, Queen Elizabeth II signed a pardon for Turing's conviction for "gross indecency", with immediate effect. Announcing the pardon, Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling said Turing deserved to be "remembered and recognised for his fantastic contribution to the war effort" and not for his later criminal conviction. The Queen officially pronounced Turing pardoned in August 2014. The Queen's action is only the fourth royal pardon granted since the conclusion of the Second World War. Pardons are normally granted only when the person is technically innocent, and a request has been made by the family or other interested party; neither condition was met in regard to Turing's conviction.
In a letter to the Prime Minister, David Cameron, human rights advocate Peter Tatchell criticised the decision to single out Turing due to his fame and achievements when thousands of others convicted under the same law have not received pardons. Tatchell also called for a new investigation into Turing's death:
Awards, honours, and tributes
Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1946. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society FRS in 1951.
Centenary celebrations
To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee TCAC co-ordinated the Alan Turing Year, a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by S. Barry Cooper with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and Bletchley Park.
Steel sculpture controversy
In May 2020 it was reported by Gay Star News that a 12-foot 3.7 m high steel sculpture, to honour Turing, designed by Sir Antony Gormley, was planned to be installed in King's College, Cambridge. Historic England, however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs "... would be at odds with the existing character of the College. This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the listed buildings and landscape, and by extension the conservation area."
Best Known For: Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
Turing's proof
Turing machine
Turing test
Unorganised machine
Turing pattern
Turing reduction
The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
Fulfilled his Potential: Yes
Number of spouses: 1
First Marriage To: Joan Clarke
Father’s Name: Julius Mathison Turing
Father’s Occupation: Civil servant
Mother’s Name: Ethel Sara Turing
Citizen Of: Great Brittain
Doctoral Advisors: Alonzo Church
Awards: Smith's Prize (1936)
Museums: Bletchley Park
Alan Turing
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Check with the manufacturers of the products you are considering buying about their VOC outgassing potential.
Allow new furniture, carpets, and other furnishings to outgas outside the home, or ventilate for up to three days after installation.
If buying a new home, check with the builder about whether he has used VOC containing building materials.
If the house appears to be particularly full of VOCs, do a ‘bake-out’. That is, after the house is constructed, renovated or refurnished, heat it to a high temperature, usually 100 degrees F (38 degrees C). All the windows are then opened and the ventilation system is run at full capacity. This process is generally repeated for two or three days. Theoretically, the high temperature will cause the materials in the house to release the chemicals quickly, rather than over a period of months or years.
Reduce VOCs by placing ‘absorbers’ in the room. These are made from substances such as zeolite or aluminium silicate, to which VOCs have been found to adhere.
Limit the amount of carpet used in the home, and choose carpet with a latex free backing. Do not glue carpet to the floor; use nailing or gripper strips instead.
Avoid carpets with fungicides and permanent stain resisting treatment.
When buying scatter rugs, choose cotton based materials.
Use water based paints and sealers, or seek out low VOC paints.
Choose solid wood cabinets and counters, or if they are made from composite bonded materials, seal all the exposed surfaces with a water based or low toxicity sealant.
Use a balanced mechanical ventilation system, such as a heat recovery ventilator, to continuously exhaust indoor air and replace it with fresh outside air.
Combustion gases
Try to site your gas or oil boiler/furnace in a dedicated room, isolated from the living spaces. If that’s impractical, choose a boiler manufactured as a ‘sealed combustion unit’.
Cook with electricity as a first choice. If you have a gas range or hob, have the flames adjusted to burn correctly (they should burn blue; a yellow flame indicates incomplete combustion, producing carbon monoxide).
Choose a gas hob with an electronic igniter rather than a pilot light.
Fit an extractor fan near the gas source. The fan should be vented to the outside; carbon filtered recycling hoods simply recirculate the fumes back into the room.
Choose 100 per cent nylon carpets. Wool carpets are invariably treated with pesticides.
Take your shoes off when you enter your house to avoid tracking in pesticides and other chemicals from the outdoors.
Only use electric blankets to pre-heat a bed and turn if off once you are in bed.
Heat water beds during the day, then turn off the heat in the evening before you go to bed.
Avoid placing electrical clocks, fans, radios or answering machines too near your head when sleeping.
Do not place a bed against a wall that is adjacent to a refrigerator, air conditioning unit or fuse box.
Do not site low voltage lighting transformers near the bedroom.
Consider installing a remote control power breaker, so that at night all power to the bedroom can be conveniently shut off.
View TVs and computer screens from a reasonable distance.
To minimise exposure to the high magnetic fields generated in kitchens, maintain a safe distance whenever possible from all electrical appliances, particularly microwaves (a distance of four feet is recommended). Despite their built in safety features, leaks of microwave radiation can occur. Do not use a microwave if it appears to be malfunctioning; treat even odd noises as suspicious.
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Seborrheic Keratosis
Q: What is seborrheic keratosis?
Seborrheic keratosis is a type of skin growth that usually appears in the back, shoulders, face or chest. It has a black, brown or light tan colour and has an elevated, scaly and waxy appearance. There are cases where one single growth appears, and there are cases where multiples growths appear. Seborrheic keratosis is essentially the most common noncancerous type of skin growth.
Q: Are you likely to get seborrheic keratosis?
Everyone is at risk, and most common risk factors include old age (mostly individuals over 40), relatives with seborrheic keratosis and frequent sun exposure.
Q: Does seborrheic keratosis pose any health risks?
There are no health risks associated with seborrheic keratosis; it’s a harmless growth. People tend to have them removed for aesthetic reasons.
Q: How do you remove seborrheic keratosis?
Seborrheic keratosis growths are usually removed in one of two ways: with cryosurgery or with electro surgery. In the first case, the growth is frozen with the use of liquid nitrogen, and in the second case it is scraped off with an electrical current.
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Google sheets filter not equal
The FILTER function is a very useful and frequently used function, that you will likely find the need for in many situations. The criteria that set in the condition can be manually typed into the formula as a number or text, or it can also be a cell reference.
But if you want to learn how to filter horizontally, check out the article that is linked below. How to filter horizontally in Google Sheets. I will show you how to filter by a number, a cell value, a text string, a date… and I will also show you how to use varying "operators" Less than, Equal to, etc… in the filter condition. In this first example on how to use the filter function in Google Sheets, the scenario is that we have a list of students and their grades, and that we want to make a filtered list of only students who have a perfect grade.
The task: Show a list of students and their scores, but only those that have a perfect grade. The formula : The formula below, is entered in the blue cell D3for this example. In this example, we want to achieve the same goal as discussed above, but rather than typing the condition that we want to filter by directly into the formula, we are using a cell reference.
When you filter by a cell value in Google Sheets, your sheet will be setup so that you can change the value in the cell at any time, which will automatically update the value that the filter criteria it attached to. The task: Show a list of students and their scores, but only those that have a failing score.
google sheets filter not equal
In this example, we are going to use a text string as the criteria for the filter formula. This is very similar to using a number, except that you must put the text that you want to filter by inside of quotation marks.
In this example we will also use a larger data set to demonstrate a more extensive application of the FILTER function in the real world. The formula: The formula below, is entered in the blue cell G3for this example.
Filtering by a date in Google Sheets can be done in a couple of ways, which I will show you below. If you try to type a date into the FILTER function like you normally would type into a cell… the formula will not work correctly. So you can either type the date that you want to filter by into a cell, and then use that cell as a reference in your formula… or you can use the DATE function.
When you add one day to the date, this number increments by one each time… i. So, one date can be considered to be "greater than" another date, if it is further in the future. Conversely, one date can be said to be "less than" another date, if it is further in the past.
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In this first example we will filter by a date by using a cell reference. This is similar to the example we went over in part 2, but in this example instead of working with percentages, we are dealing with dates. The formula: The formula below, is entered in the blue cell E3for this example. In this second example on filtering by date in Google Sheets we are using the same data as above, and trying to achieve the same results… but instead of using a cell reference, we will use the DATE function so that you can type enter the date directly into the FILTER function.
When using the DATE function to designate a certain date, you must first enter the year, then the month, and then the day… each separated by commas shown below. I will show you two ways to filter by multiple conditions in Google Sheets, depending on the situation that you are in, and depending on how you want to formula to operate.
The normal way of adding another condition to your filter function, as shown by the formula syntax in Google Sheetswill allow you to set a second condition, where the first AND second condition must be met to be returned in filter output.
To use a second condition in this way, simply enter the second condition into the formula after the first condition, separated by a comma shown below. When using the filter formula with multiple conditions like this, the columns in each condition must be different. In this scenario we want to filter a list that shows customers, their payment status, and their membership status… and to show only customers who have an active membership AND who are also late on their payment.
This will make sure that customers with an inactive membership who are still designated as being late on payment in the system… are not shown in the filter results, and not put on the list for being sent a "late payment" notice.This information will be visible to anyone who visits or subscribes to notifications for this post. Are you sure you want to continue?
google sheets filter not equal
Google Help. Help Center Community Docs Editors. Privacy Policy Terms of Service Submit feedback. Send feedback on Help Center Community. Docs Editors. This content is likely not relevant anymore. Try searching or browse recent questions. Original Poster - Owen Blackshaw. I am a corporate G-Suite user. In the linked Sheet I just created random dataI am unable to get a column filter to apply. I can't get this to work in any Sheet I create. I started with a brand new Sheet Typed in three columns and 5 rows and 1 header of data.
Typed "Bob". Clicked "OK". Expected Result: Only Bob's row shows. SheetsMicrosoft WindowsBusiness. Community content may not be verified or up-to-date. Learn more. Recommended Answer Recommended Answers 1. Diamond Product Expert KarlS.
Advanced Filter Examples in Google Sheets
Recommended Answer. Most Relevant Answer. Step 4. If you move directly to step 5 and search it will hide the other options but they will remain checked and your filter won't work as expected. Regarding our conversation about sorting, I suggest posting a new thread here in the forum and ask about a script to automatically sort on edit or something.
Google user. Original Poster. Owen Blackshaw. Recommended based on info available Our automated system analyzes replies to choose the one that's most likely to answer the question. If it seems to be helpful, we may eventually mark it as a Recommended Answer.
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Most relevant based on info available Our automated system analyzes the replies to choose the one that's most likely to answer the question.Google Sheets has some great functions that can help slice and dice data easily. FILTER functionas the name suggests, will allow you to filter a dataset based on a condition or multiple conditions. In case you change anything in the original data, the resulting filtered data would automatically update.
When you use multiple conditions, those results that return true for both the conditions would be filtered. Suppose you have the dataset as shown below and you want to quickly filter all the records where the state name is Florida.
In this example, I have hard-coded the value, but you can also have this value in a cell and then refer to this cell. For example, if you have the text Florida in cell H1, you can also use the below formula:. For this to work, you need to make sure that the adjacent cells where the results would be placed should be empty. If any of the cell s is not empty, your formula will return a REF! And as soon as you delete the filled cell that prevents the FILTER function to give the result, it will automatically fill the range with the result.
This means that you cant not change or delete one cell or couple cells in the result. You will have to delete the entire formula result. To delete the result, you can select the cell where you entered the formula and then hit the delete key. You can also use the FILTER function to check for multiple conditions in such a way that it only returns those records where both the conditions are met. For example, suppose you have the below data set and you want to filter all the records where the state is Florida and the sale value is more than The above formula checks for two conditions where the state is Florida and sale value is more than and returns all the records that meet these criteria.
In the above example, I have checked for two conditions and return results where both the conditions are TRUE. For example, suppose you have the dataset as shown below and you want to get all the records for California and Iowa.
This means that the condition should be the state is either California or Iowa which makes this an OR condition. The above formula uses the addition operator in the condition to first check both the conditions and then add the result of each. This will give you 0 or FALSE where both the conditions are not met, 1 where one of the two conditions are met, and 2 where both the conditions are met.
For example, suppose I have the dataset as shown below and I want to quickly get the records for the top 3 sales values. This value is then used in the condition to check whether the values in column C are greater than or equal to this value or not.
So far, all the FILTER formula examples that we have seen would filter the data in the same order in which it occurs in the dataset. The above formula uses the same FILTER formula we used in the previous example to fetch the top three records based on the sales value.
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In case you leave it blank or make it TRUEthe result will be in ascending order. In such a case, you can use the FILTER function to quickly filter and get all the even number rows together or all odd-numbered rows together. And you can also modify the formula to filter every third, fourth, or nth row in Google Sheets.
Suppose you have a dataset as shown below and you want to filter all the even-numbered rows in this dataset. The above formula uses the ROW function to get the row numbers of all the rows in the dataset. It then subtracts 1 from it as our dataset starts from the second row onwards. And when you combine it with other formulas, you can get a lot of stuff done with it. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
How to Freeze Rows in Google Sheets. Record a Macro in Google Sheets. Convert Formulas to Values. Calculate Dates Between Two Dates.
Transpose Data in Google Sheets.By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie PolicyPrivacy Policyand our Terms of Service. Web Applications Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for power users of web applications. It only takes a minute to sign up. I have an issue with my query where I have numeric cells and text cells that if all are empty I do not want to retrieve them however if anyone of the cells are not empty I want to retrieve that row.
I applied this to my example spreadsheet which uses the same principles as this query. Except that it only works on two of my sheets. The sheets that don't have much data to select; the query only grabs the headers. In my mindfor the second tab called DonSmithPool, it should be grabbing a few of the rows that have text comments and for the last tab called TeachPool it should grab 1 row.
Example Spreadsheet. No, it grabs some rows, too. Scroll down There they are.
Interaction of pneumococcal surface structures with microglia
Here's why you are hitting this. Unfortunately, there seem to be no way to declare the type of an empty column. This, combined with the "no nulls in string column" behavior, leads to people being driven crazy by not null.
Sign up to join this community. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Asked 5 years ago. Active 2 years, 2 months ago. Viewed 51k times. For example: Let's say the table looks like this in the original table of data.
Sheet is called 'Data'. CamSyl CamSyl 3 3 gold badges 5 5 silver badges 12 12 bronze badges. Active Oldest Votes. Some of your columns are completely empty. These are interpreted as string by default. Hence, is not null is always true for these, and you get the whole table. Since you order by B ascending by defaultthe huge number of empty rows ends up on top, and leads you to conclude that the query returns nothing. To keep your sanity, either make sure every column has at least one nonempty cell, with some value of the type you expect in that column.
Note that the output of filter can be fed into a query, to combine the best features of both. Thanks for pointing out and explaining where my results ended up.There are two simple and one complex comparison operators to get the not equal to in Query in Google Sheets. You can use any of them to filter columns. The use of not equal to in Query depends on the content of the column.
The usage will be different if the column contents are text, numbers or dates. Other than these two comparison operators there is one complex string comparison operator that is none other than the Matches regular expression match. I have the following demo data which is well formatted for testing the above said different not equal to comparison operators in Query.
Abs glock frame
The data contains one each text, numeric and date columns. We can test the operators in these three columns individually.
How to Use the FILTER Function in Google Sheets (Examples)
The first column in this sample data contains text strings, the second column contains numbers and the third column contains dates. Here are the formulas containing the different operators. This value is called criteria which I have in the cell E1. In the following formula, the criterion is within the formula which will also return the above output. I always find the use of the date criterion in Query quite confusing. I guess this is the case with many Google Sheets users out there.
Keep that in mind, I have written a detailed tutorial separately on the use of the date in Query as the criterion. You can check that when you have time — date in Query as the filter criterion.
Even if you use, sometimes the formula may return an incorrect result. So the date criterion should be converted to a string to use in Query. You can use the long-winded approach for this conversion. Back to our topic, not equal to in Query in Google Sheets.
Here is the! Both give the same not equal to output. That means in the above formulas you can replace!
google sheets filter not equal
The Matches brings the power of regular expression match in Query. See how to use it to negate criteria in the filter in Query. Here is an example on how to not equal to in Query in Google Sheets using Matches in a text column. The seamless data manipulation possibility the Query provides in Google Sheets is above words.
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Excel Docs. Sign in. Log into your account. Forgot your password? Password recovery. Recover your password. Google Sheets. Table of Contents. Please enter your comment!Filtering huge tables helps focusing your attention on the most needed information. Today I'd like to discuss with you the ways of adding filters by condition and applying a few filters to your data at once.
I will also explain why Google Sheets filter is so useful and important when you work within a shared document. Let's get back to our original table and prepare to filter its rows and columns. If you don't know or don't remember how to do that, please check my previous blog post.
When filter icons are there on column headers, click the one that belongs to the column you want to work with and choose Filter by condition. Ann additional option field will appear, with the word "None" in it. Click on it, and you'll see the list of all conditions available to filter in Google Sheets. If none of the existing conditions meets your needs, you're free to create your own one by choosing Custom formula from the list:.
If cells contain numeric and textual values, logical expressions, or any other data, including spacing or empty string ""the rows with those cells will be displayed. You can get the same result using the following formula when selecting the Custom formula option:.
This option is completely opposite to a previous one. Only cells that don't have any contents in them will be displayed. This option shows rows where cells contain specific symbols — numeric and textual. It doesn't matter whether these symbols are at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a cell. You can use wildcard characters to find some specific symbols in different positions within a cell.
I believe you already understand that the conditions here can be the same as in the point above, but the result will be the opposite. The value you enter will be hidden from the table. For this condition, enter the first symbols one or more of the value of interest.
Wildcard characters don't work here. Alternatively, enter the last characters of the entries you need to display. Wildcard characters also can't be used here. Here you need to enter exactly what you want to see, whether it's a number or text. Milk Chocolatefor example. Entries that contain something other than that will be hidden. Thus, you can't use wildcard characters here.
If I wanted to use a formula to search for all records that contain "Milk Chocolate" only, I would enter the following:. These Google Sheets filters allow using dates as conditions. As a result, you'll see the rows that contain an exact date, the date before or after the needed one.
Default options are today, tomorrow, yesterday, in the past week, in the past month, in the past year. You can also indicate an exact date:. You can filter data in Google Sheets by the following numeric conditions: greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, is equal to, is not equal to, is between, is not between.
The last two conditions require two numbers that indicate starting and ending points of the numeric interval. Of course, the formula can be used for this option as well. I want to see the rows where numbers in column E are greater than the value in I Each of the filtering options above can be replaced by custom formulas that return the same result. But formulas are usually used in filters if the condition is too complex to cover it by default means.In this post, I want to share a few more advanced filter options, such as working with dates and using OR logic.
Click here to make a copy of the advanced filter worksheet. Rather than running two separate filter formulas, and then combining the results, we can use one formula that gives us the desired output:. Check out my getting-started post on how to use the Google Sheets Filter function to work with data.
Any questions? Let me know in the comments below! Hi, phenomenal walkthrough! If I wanted to refer to a cell instead typing in the text how would I go about doing that? I keep getting formula parse errors. Thank you much! Ben, thanks for this. Have a question for you. What if my OR conditions were more complicated? Any help? To create more complex conditions, bracket as necessary. A3:F, Accounts! Really helps me build out a simple database from a master sheet using different conditions.
You can use a formula like this to build the 50 segments as text, which you can then copy paste into your filter formula:. Thanks for all the help!! I have data that will potentially encompass A4:AP in a my spreadsheet as more an more data gets added.
I wish to filter out that data which is entered by specific people name of person who entered the data appears in column C.
Automatic call recorder source code github
That is why I am trying to create a filter view.
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Let's Give Franklin A Deep Dive
PC Or Mac Desktop Or Laptop Computer Game
The houses that are great Chaco Canyon. One of the most striking and original of Chaco Canyon's grand houses, Pueblo Bonito is a name that is spanish-language. It was provided to Carravahal by a Mexican topographical engineer who visited the area in 1849. Many structures have Spanish names, or Spanish translations of Native American names that were assigned because of the Navajo (whose country borders the canyon). Pueblo Bonito's construction was done in three stages. The original D-shaped design of Pueblo Bonito was retained while it was expanded to four- or five stories at times, with more than 600 rooms and an area greater than two acres. In the absence of any definitive records, there have been many interpretations about the purpose of these structures. It is widely acknowledged that the possibility for great homes having primarily public functions, supporting intermittent influxes in individuals to the canyon for trade and rites, while also becoming public gathering places, administrative centers and burial grounds, has been accepted. These complexes likely had a year-round that is few possibly elite, residents. The architectural characteristics of great mansions reflected both their significance that is historical and large size. One of the most striking features of many of these mansions was a large plaza that ended up being surrounded by single-story rooms in the south and multiple-story blocks of rooms in the north. These lines spanned from the one-story plaza up to the top story of the wall at the back. Another feature that is magnificent the canyon is Chetro Ketl's plaza. It has an artificial elevation of more than 3 meters. The artificial elevation of the plaza at Chetro Ketl, another house that is huge the canyon, helps it be even more impressive. It required hauling tons of rock and earth without any draft animals. Kivas were large, underground, cylindrical chambers which had been often incorporated within the rooms blocks and plazas of grand mansions. A lot of folks from Franklin, PA visit Chaco Culture National Park in NW New Mexico, USA each year. During the 9th to the 12th century CE, Chaco Canyon was the epicenter of a pre-Columbian civilisation that flourished in the San Juan Basin of the American Southwest. Given their relationship to current indigenous peoples of the Southwest whose lives are structured around Pueblos, or apartment-style communal housing, Chacoan civilization marks a unique phase in the annals of an ancient people now referred to as "Ancestral Puebloans." Long-term planning and extensive social organization were necessary to construct epic works of public architecture that were unprecedented in scale and complexity in the ancient North American civilization, and which remained unsurpassed in size and complexity until historic times. Chaco was an sophisticated culture with strong spiritual links to the surrounding nature, as shown by the precise alignment of these structures with the cardinal directions and the cyclical positions of the sunlight and moon, as well as an abundance of exotic trade services and products discovered inside these buildings. The fact that this fluorescence that is cultural place in the high-altitude semi-arid desert of the Colorado Plateau, where even living is a feat, and that the long-term planning and organization it entailed were carried out without the use of written language, makes it all the more extraordinary. The absence of a written record adds to the mystery surrounding Chaco; with proof restricted to artefacts and constructions left behind, many tantalizingly important problems with respect to Chacoan civilization remain unanswered after years of research. Lots of people from Franklin, PA visit Chaco Culture National Park in NW New Mexico, USA every year.
The average household size in Franklin, PA is 2.92 family members, with 75.7% being the owner of their particular homes. The average home value is $145482. For individuals renting, they pay out an average of $850 per month. 56.3% of families have two sources of income, and an average household income of $59655. Average individual income is $28203. 7.3% of residents survive at or beneath the poverty line, and 12.4% are handicapped. 7.1% of inhabitants are veterans for the armed forces.
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What is Ardipithecus ramidus known for?
How many games has LeBron James missed in his career?
What is Ardipithecus ramidus known for? Ardipithecus ramidus is a hominin species relationship to between 4.5 and 4.2 million years in the past (mya) utilizing paleomagnetic and radioisotopic relationship strategies. Thus, Ar. ramidus is the perfect proof found to date for the basis of the hominin household tree.
What was so essential about Ardi Ardipithecus ramidus foot? Not like chimpanzees, nonetheless, her foot comprises a novel small bone inside a tendon which stored the large toe stronger. When seen together with Ardi’s different bone constructions, this distinctive bone would have helped her stroll bipedally, although much less effectively than Lucy.
What is particular about Ardipithecus? Evolutionary Tree Data:
Over 100 specimens of Ardipithecus ramidus have been recovered in Ethiopia. Despite the fact that it has some ape-like options (as do many different early human species), it additionally has key human options together with smaller diamond-shaped canines and a few proof of upright strolling.
What is a derived trait present in Ardipithecus ramidus? This species was a facultative biped and stood upright on the bottom however may transfer on all 4 limbs in timber. Options of the anatomy are extraordinarily primitive. higher canines are formed like diamonds, moderately than the pointed form seen in African apes, whch is a derived function shared with Australopithecus afarensis .
What is Ardipithecus ramidus known for? – Associated Questions
Why was Ardi an essential discovery?
Specialists have described the discover as a very powerful concerning human evolution up to now century. The invention of Ardi offers very important clues concerning the earliest human ancestor that lived on the fork within the evolutionary highway that led to people on one facet and chimps on the opposite. “Darwin was very smart on this matter.
How Previous Is Ardi the skeleton?
The feminine skeleton, nicknamed Ardi, is 4.4 million years outdated, 1.2 million years older than the skeleton of Lucy, or Australopithecus afarensis, essentially the most well-known and, till now, the earliest hominid skeleton ever discovered.
Is Ardi a human ancestor?
An artist’s rendering of what Ardipithecus ramidus, aka “Ardi,” might have regarded like. The staff that found the fossil, known as Ardipithicus ramidus, say it’s the closest factor but discovered to the widespread ancestor of each chimps and people. That widespread ancestor is thought to have lived about 6 million years in the past.
Who discovered Lucy?
“Lucy” is the nickname for the Australopithecus afarensis partial skeleton that was found within the Afar desert of Ethiopia in 1974 by a global staff of scientists led by former Museum curator Dr. Donald Johanson.
Which hominin had the perfect arboreal capabilities?
Ardipithecus ramidus is the hominin with greatest arboreal capabilities. Although Ardipithecus walked bipedally on the bottom, it spent a lot of the time within the timber. This arboreal capability was resulting from sure distinctive physique options.
What is the widespread title for Ardipithecus ramidus?
They initially categorized it as Australopithecus ramidus, the species title deriving from the Afar language ramid “root”. In 1995, they made a corrigendum recommending it’s break up off right into a separate genus, Ardipithecus; the title stems from Afar ardi “floor” or “flooring”.
What species was Lucy?
Australopithecus afarensis, Lucy’s species. When this small-bodied, small-brained hominin was found, it proved that our early human family habitually walked on two legs. Its story started to take form in late November 1974 in Ethiopia, with the invention of the skeleton of a small feminine, nicknamed Lucy.
How outdated is the oldest human discovered?
The oldest known proof for anatomically trendy people (as of 2017) are fossils discovered at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated about 300,000 years outdated. Anatomically trendy human stays of eight people dated 300,000 years outdated, making them the oldest known stays categorized as “trendy” (as of 2018).
What do the three million 12 months outdated Laetoli footprints inform us?
Based mostly on evaluation of the footfall impressions “The Laetoli Footprints” supplied convincing proof for the speculation of bipedalism in Pliocene hominins and obtained important recognition by scientists and the general public.
The place is the lacking hyperlink in human evolution?
He theorized that the lacking hyperlink was to be discovered on the misplaced continent of Lemuria situated within the Indian Ocean. He believed that Lemuria was the house of the primary people and that Asia was the house of lots of the earliest primates; he thus supported that Asia was the cradle of hominid evolution.
Is Ardi the oldest human ancestor?
‘Ardi:’ 4.4 Million-Yr-Previous Fossil is Oldest Human Ancestor. “Ardi” fossils from Ethiopia are 4.4 million years outdated.
Which is the oldest hominid?
anamensis is the oldest unequivocal hominin, with some fossils relationship from way back to 4.2 million years in the past. For years it has occupied a key place within the household tree because the lineal ancestor of Australopithecus afarensis, which is broadly considered because the ancestor of our personal genus, Homo.
What people advanced from?
Trendy people originated in Africa throughout the previous 200,000 years and advanced from their probably current widespread ancestor, Homo erectus, which suggests ‘upright man’ in Latin. Homo erectus is an extinct species of human that lived between 1.9 million and 135,000 years in the past.
What was the primary human?
The First People
One of many earliest known people is Homo habilis, or “useful man,” who lived about 2.4 million to 1.4 million years in the past in Japanese and Southern Africa.
What was the colour of the primary people?
Shade and most cancers
These early people in all probability had pale pores and skin, very like people’ closest dwelling relative, the chimpanzee, which is white below its fur. Round 1.2 million to 1.8 million years in the past, early Homo sapiens advanced darkish pores and skin.
Do people come from monkeys?
People and monkeys are each primates. However people are usually not descended from monkeys or some other primate dwelling in the present day. We do share a typical ape ancestor with chimpanzees. All apes and monkeys share a extra distant relative, which lived about 25 million years in the past.
Why did Ardipithecus ramidus go extinct?
Ardipithecus ramidus might have gone extinct because of the local weather turning into drier, lowering its habitat and making it simpler for different species to outlive.
How do we all know Lucy was a feminine?
How do we all know Lucy was a feminine? Johanson hypothesized nearly instantly that Lucy was a feminine due to her small dimension. Later, scientists estimated Lucy’s peak primarily based on the size of her femur, though the top of her femur had been crushed prior to finish fossilization.
How outdated was Lucy the human chimp when she died?
Lucy remained visibly under-weight and presumably, as a consequence of this, had not reproduced by the point of her dying at 21 years outdated.
How did hominids evolve into trendy people?
As scientists uncover new fossils, the hominid household tree grows new branches. As an example, there is consensus amongst scientists that the three most up-to-date species of hominids (Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and trendy people, Homo sapiens) all advanced from an earlier species known as Homo erectus.
Is Lucy a Neanderthal?
Quick Details on an Early Human Ancestor. Maybe the world’s most well-known early human ancestor, the three.2-million-year-old ape “Lucy” was the primary Australopithecus afarensis skeleton ever discovered, although her stays are solely about 40 % full (photograph of Lucy’s bones).
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Neural coordination and psychotic disorganization
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapter
Introduction I am trying to understand how ideas and concepts are generated and manipulated in networks of neurons; I want to understand how we think. You probably share my curiosity and believe that the human brain creates and processes mental objects like the ideas and concepts that make up thoughts. We probably also agree that a key to understanding these mental processes is to understand how neurons represent abstract information. It is less certain we agree on what to do to discover how neurons represent this sort of information. While I suspect we will get quite far by studying mental processes in animals, I admit that I don't know whether or not animals have ideas, concepts, and thoughts. Such open questions do not invalidate the quest to understand thought because the pursuit is founded on the conviction that mental objects are properties of neural systems and that the neural systems in the human brain are fundamentally similar to the systems in the fascinating brains of lower mammals like the laboratory rat. If we restrict the discussion to the non-moral question of how neurons give rise to thought, then the question of animal mentalism need not be asked, because the answer is not important for directing a rigorous scientific effort to understand the neurophysiology of thought.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Title of host publicationInformation Processing by Neuronal Populations
PublisherCambridge University Press
Number of pages22
ISBN (Electronic)9780511541650
ISBN (Print)9780521873031
StatePublished - Jan 1 2008
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Neuroscience(all)
Dive into the research topics of 'Neural coordination and psychotic disorganization'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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Bridge to nowhere: does natural gas energy have a future?
As the cost of renewable energy falls and global economies set their sights on achieving net-zero emissions targets, recent reports have found that up to $1tn of gas assets are at risk of being stranded. Heidi Vella finds out more.
Emitting around half the CO2 of coal-fired power plants, natural gas energy generation is often considered a ‘bridge’ fuel or a ‘stepping stone’ to lowering overall greenhouse gas levels from electricity generation. In fact, the fall in CO2 emissions in the US between 2007 and 2017 is largely attributed to the increased burning of gas instead of coal.
Furthermore, the flexibility of gas ‘peaker plants’, which can be turned on when extra capacity is needed, has actively helped integrate more and more intermittent renewable energy onto the grid.
However, despite gas’ role in furthering decarbonisation in the energy sector, two recent studies have shown that costs and climate change targets may well mean that gas power plants are close to reaching the end of their usefulness.
A report by Rethink Energy, published in March 2020, goes as far as to say that the falling cost of renewable energy technologies and emission reduction targets could result in investments in natural gas power generation leading to losses of $1tn by 2050.
From as early as 2025, renewables-plus-storage projects in both wind and solar will undercut the levelised cost of energy of new gas-fired power plants, starting in Europe and Asia, before spreading to gas-producing nations, it notes.
Another report, ‘Natural Gas: A Bridge to Climate Breakdown’, by US-based non-profit shareholder advocacy group As You Sow, states that there needs to be a clear end for natural gas or continued investment will contribute to distinct climate risks that threaten shareholder value.
Playing catch-up in the US
“In Europe, offshore wind has been there for a number of years, but I think in the United States we're a little bit behind that,” said Karustis.
Should it be successful, Halo’s approach could lead to a surge in US onshore wind, which has historically lagged behind other regions in terms of wind installation and production. Since 2016, according to the International Energy Agency, the US has installed just 22.6GW of new onshore wind capacity, compared to 30.7GW in the EU, and 50.3GW in China, struggles that Karustis hopes to address.
Last December, the Chinese Government approved a number of new offshore wind projects, totalling 13GW of production and costing around $13.3bn, as the country continues to invest in utility-scale power. Karustis hopes projects like Halo’s distributed turbine can contribute to a more balanced wind sector in the US, with both large- and small-scale operations expanding renewable power.
“The large-scale wind turbines wouldn't be phased out, it's kind of an ‘all of the above’ thing,” he said. “The large wind farms play a very important role for us in reducing the carbon footprint globally, and hopefully the micro wind market is going to augment that by producing energy where energy is being used. It's a good two-pronged approach.”
This two-pronged approach also includes other renewable power sources, including solar and utility-scale wind; Halo is not trying to replace all clean energy with its turbines, but offer another option for people eager to engage in renewable power, who may have been historically sidelined due to the high costs of building utility-scale facilities or the unsuitable geographical characteristics of the places they live.
“When you look at that market we're very excited because just as megawatt-scale wind is a large market, I think distributed wind can be as big of a market or bigger over time,” said Karustis.
“When you have incentives and improvements in the technology, the costs go down, so you can be more competitive and compete, and that's certainly the case with megawatt-scale wind,” he continued. “Just 15/20 years ago, it wasn't competitive with natural gas [and] coal, but it is now. So those government policies have helped and they've driven the technology improvements, so it's all bundled together.”
Beginning of the end for natural gas?
The As You Sow report argues that, although natural gas was a renewable enabler at first, investment in infrastructure for the energy source, particularly in the US, is incompatible with decarbonisation goals set at the Paris Climate Accord in 2015.
“Billions of dollars are poised for investment to build natural gas infrastructure throughout the United States. This investment drive, which includes power plants and pipelines with multi-decadal lifespans, is incompatible with maintaining a safe climate and often directly at odds with a company’s own net-zero emissions ambitions,” says Lila Holzman, energy programme manager at As You Sow.
According to a 2019 report from Bloomberg, the top 10 energy companies are planning investments in gas approaching $1tn by 2030. It notes that if governments "make good on tough targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions” much of that infrastructure could become abandoned.
/ Billions of dollars are poised for investment to build natural gas infrastructure throughout the United States. /
A 2018 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which declared the world had a mere 12 years to halve its emissions or fail to meet the 1.5° global warming target, has added a sense of urgency to the task at hand.
It prompted many, including heavy greenhouse gas emitters and entire countries, to set ambitious, long-term decarbonisation targets. Xcel Energy, PSEG, Duke Energy, Dominion Energy, DTE, Arizona Public Service, and NRG have all set noteworthy net-zero by 2050 emissions goals.
However, Holzman says there are certain policies in place that incentivise utilities to keep business as usual and to continue building big gas infrastructure.
“They can still get good returns on these projects by passing the cost onto the customer,” she explains. “We want to see more information from the companies as to why they think the levels of natural gas build-up they have planned is necessary,” she adds.
Cost factor: how soon will renewables become cheaper than gas?
The case for renewables with storage is becoming more compelling economically. Harry Morgan, lead analyst at Rethink Technology Research, says 2025 is the first year the firm expects renewables to undercut natural gas, initially in China.
“By 2030, it will be cheaper to install and run a new renewables and storage portfolio than it will existing gas turbines. The lifespan of this technology is 20-30 years, which takes you through to 2050 when Europe, in particular, is expected to be carbon neutral,” he says.
“Having gas on the books is against that and, even if you ignore the environmental side, the economic argument alone should dispel the fact that natural gas can be used as a bridge fuel,” he adds.
Data from Lazard, as highlighted in the As You Sow report, shows that unsubsidised solar plus battery storage is already, in some cases, cheaper than natural gas. For example, NV Energy, which in 2019 procured 1,200MW of solar at $20 per MWh and 580MW of four-hour battery storage for $13 per MWh. By comparison, the low-end average cost of gas estimated by Lazard from a natural gas-fired combined-cycle plant is $44 per MWh.
The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, which has seen gas prices plummet, could potentially impact the levelling up of costs in the short term however.
Is divesting in gas realistic?
Daniel Grosvenor, advisory corporate finance partner at Deloitte, says there is a geographical split around the world regarding how natural gas is viewed and invested in.
“Western Europe, including the UK, is very pro-renewables and pushing towards net-zero decarbonising very quickly, whereas in the US decarbonisation at present is replacing coal plants with gas plants, though different states have different policies. Similarly, Asian economies, although they are building renewables, they are also building gas and coal quite significantly.”
/ Fossil fuels, including gas, still provide 85% of the world’s energy needs. /
The International Energy Agency’s 2019 World Energy Report noted that, since 2010, 80% of growth in gas use has been concentrated in three key regions: the United States, where the shale gas revolution was in full swing; China, where economic expansion and air quality concerns have underpinned rapid growth; and the Middle East, where gas is a gateway to economic diversification from oil.
Despite the falling cost and the urgency of decarbonising the energy ecosystem, fossil fuels, including gas, still provide 85% of the world’s energy needs. How will this be changed in such a relatively short frame?
Setting policy for gas assets
In large part, policy will determine the path for gas assets going forward. A carbon tax could accelerate the depreciation of their value, but the major players, Europe included, have been very slow in devising a meaningful system. In the US, Holzman says, it’s “not worth holding your breath for.”
“I think a carbon tax would absolutely help accelerate and get us moving faster in the right direction,” she says. “We need policy to incentivise utilities, so far it has only emphasised the need to be risk averse because they provide an essential service.
“I think the directionality of the energy transition is set, the question is how quickly and what's the scale and scope of that transition? I do think the US presidential candidate has an important role to play in that.”
In Europe however, Morgan anticipates the carbon tax will likely increase in the near future as the economic bloc looks to meet its net-zero ambitions.
A group of countries to take a different path to the Netherlands are those in West Africa, although its policies are far more supportive of renewables, albeit through a different route.
Those belonging to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), including Nigeria, the Ivory Coast, and Mali, are set to reap long-term benefits from investment in solar power, according to a 2020 research paper published by academics at the Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology in Finland.
The report argues that a combination of de-incentivising investment in traditional power sources and free market energy reforms could see the entirety of ECOWAS’s energy needs met by solar power.
Critically, the paper suggests that ECOWAS’s energy needs can be met, and its power sector reformed, without the need for direct government subsidies. It may be possible to cut out the middleman used in the Dutch model to overcome the prohibitive cost of renewable installation and move directly to a system where economic incentive and environmental protection are satisfied at once.
While this is an optimistic approach, this is perhaps the ideal state to which the world’s major energy producers ought to aspire, where energy and financial needs can be met without direct government subsidies.
Gas in the near-term
Going forward, Holzman says she would like to see more transparency around the investment modelling methods of large utilities in the US.
“I think one other piece of the puzzle is how utilities model to determine their future need to meet demand. We need to make sure their models are not biased for gas and they look at the benefits of renewables and storage,” she explains.
“I think investors will increasingly question this, especially as we see some instances of gas plants retiring early or being rejected. I feel like the more examples of this there are, the more investors will pay attention,” she adds.
/ We're seeing quite a few players starting to offload their gas assets and this will continue over the next five years. /
In terms of the future direction of the finances, Morgan says Rethink has been conservative with their assumptions.
“We're seeing quite a few players starting to offload their gas assets and this will continue over the next five years; Xcel Energy, for example, is selling off theirs as quietly as possible. They’ll be offloading them to other utilities that think they can run them at a lower cost,” he says.
“There needs to be more transparency around these natural gas projects, however, especially if they're going to last their lifetime; they will likely have to be propped up by taxpayer finances and I think that’s what we could see happen more and more.”
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noun. a species which relies on another for survival but typically doesn't kill it. There are several intestinal parasites which are of value in the for digestion for their hosts. Some parasites elicit disease or debilitation but don't weaken the host so must so that it will die
PARASITE: "Persons traveling abroad to remote locations or lesser developed countries should be careful of parasites."
Cite this page: N., Sam M.S., "PARASITE," in, April 7, 2013, (accessed October 22, 2021).
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Rhiannon Giddens has a concert of protest songs, which is touring called “Swimming in Dark Waters—Other Voices.” One of the songs she is performing in her set is an Irish ballad called “Factory Girl.”
As Giddens says in the introduction, social progress often comes from disaster. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25, 1911, killed over 100 young women because they could not get out of the factory. All the exits had been locked so the women could not leave to take a break, and they were trapped.
In 2013, there was a building collapse in Bangladesh that killed over 1,000 people working in five garment factories, which were inside. These workers manufacture clothes for the West, and they are engaged in slave labor essentially. This is the cost of “fast fashion,” the cost of $6.99 specials at clothing stores.
Giddens rewrote “Factory Girl” to speak to the issue of labor in factories like the one, which collapsed in Bangladesh.
The intro is gorgeous violin. Giddens sings about a protagonist, who encounters a girl who works hard in the factory every day. She is out among the birds and the flowers in the morning, but once the bell rings, she has to get to work in the factory. And she has disdain for the protagonist, who she believes judges her inappropriately.
One day, the factory collapses. The protagonist goes to the factory up on the hill to see the destruction. The girl is one of the dead. As Giddens eloquently puts it, “A rich man’s neglect is the poor man’s grief.”
While the death toll is far from the number of deaths in the Bangladesh factory collapse, this line could apply to the poisoning of the water supply in Flint, Michigan. It could apply to the numerous cities in the United States. The rich neglect the poor, and what results is the utter devastation of poor people’s lives.
The human beings in communities like Flint are stuck in human sacrifice zones. They are disposable just like the Bangladesh workers in the factory that collapsed were disposable. The rich and powerful people responsible think they can move on their lives and forget about deaths and the spread of sickness. It falls on the people to prevent that from happening.
Kevin Gosztola
Kevin Gosztola
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Political Parties and Symbols: Origins and Meanings
Ms. Giordano is a writer and public speaker who is interested in politics and history.
Some of this history may surprise you!
Some of this history may surprise you!
Origins and Meanings of Political Terms and Symbols
Do you know why the United States has political parties, why certain colors and symbols are associated with these parties, and what the origins and meanings of some common political terms are? Here are some surprising answers to those questions.
Why Do We Have Political Parties?
The Constitution of the United States says nothing about political parties, yet political parties began to form almost from the start of this country. George Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton favored a strong central government believing this would bind the 13 individual colonies, now states, into one country. Thomas Jefferson, George Washington’s Secretary of State, opposed this. Jefferson believed that the greatest power should reside with the states since they were closer to the people.
George Washington remained neutral and asked Hamilton and Jefferson to present their opposing views to Congress for a vote. Hamilton’s views won.
However, this was not the end of it. People who favored a strong central government became known as the Federalists and the people who favored Jefferson became known as the Democratic-Republicans.
These developments alarmed Washington who thought the loyalty of citizens should be to the country and not to political parties. He felt political parties would do more harm than good? Was he right? It’s a moot point. We seem to be stuck with political parties.
The modern Democratic Party is descended from the Democratic-Republicans and was founded in 1828. The first Democratic president was Andrew Jackson who served from 1829 to 1837.
The Whig party was formed in 1834 in opposition to President Jackson. The Whig party was dissolved in 1854 when anti-slavery Whigs formed a new party, the Republican Party. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president.
Today the Democratic Party (sometimes called “the left” or the “liberals/progressives”) advocates for a strong central government and The Republican party (sometimes called “the right” or the “conservatives” advocates for state’s rights.
Why Do We Say Left vs. Right?
The terms "left" and "right" were first used during the French Revolution of 1789. The members of the National Assembly who supported the King began to sit on the right side of the King while supporters of the revolution chose to sit on the left side of the King.
The terms left and right came into usage in England and, later in the United with the left coming to stand for transformative ideology and the right standing for the resistance to change in favor of the status quo.
Currently, the left is identified with socialism; the right with capitalism.
The left generally favors a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. The right generally favors giving more power to the states and a rigid interpretation of the Constitution.
The left believes that the central government may do anything that is not expressly forbidden by the Constitution. The right believes that the central government may only do what is expressly assigned to it in the Constitution and all other powers go to the individual states. Over the years there has been a tendency for the central government to become more powerful a condition the right refers to as “big government.”
Beginning about the middle of the twentieth century, the right began to be identified with the idea that religion, specifically Christianity, should play a major role in government, while the left became associated with the idea that government should be neutral on matters of religion as stated in the First Amendment to the constitution.
The First Amendment
The definition of left and right is often fluid with ideas that seem more consistent with one side often taking root in the other side. For instance, one might expect Republicans who favor a strict interpretation of the constitution to oppose the intermingling of religion and government, but that is not the case.
Also at one time the Democratic Party was strongest in the South and the Republican Party was strongest in the North. That changed when President Lyndon Johnson, a member of the Democratic Party enacted civil rights legislation which was very unpopular in the South. Now the South is the stronghold of the Republicans.
The earliest known representation of the Republican party as an elephant.
The earliest known representation of the Republican party as an elephant.
Why Did the Donkey and the Elephant Become Symbols of the Parties?
The Democratic Party was first associated with a in 1828 during the campaign of Andrew Jackson, a member of the Democratic Party. His opponents began to refer to him as a “jackass” (a donkey) because of his populist beliefs and his slogan "Let the people rule.” To their surprise and dismay, Jackson appropriated the donkey and started using it in his campaign posters to symbolize the stubbornness of his opponents.
Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist, is credited with making the donkey the recognized symbol of the Democratic Party. He used it in a cartoon in Harper's Weekly in 1870 to represent an anti–Civil War faction. By1880, it was widely recognized as the unofficial symbol of the party.
The earliest connection of the elephant to the Republican Party occurred in 1864 during the presidential campaign of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. During the Civil War, “seeing an elephant” was slang for engaging in combat, A political cartoon (artist unknown) showed an elephant (which represented Lincoln) holding a banner celebrating Union victories. (The cartoon appeared in a pro-Lincoln campaign newspaper, Father Abraham.)
The political cartoonist, Thomas Nast, is credited with popularizing the elephant the symbol of the Republican Party. He used it in a cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874. Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin, scaring away all the animals at the zoo. One of those animals, the elephant, was labeled "The Republican Vote." Thereafter, the elephant was associated with the Republican Party.
The Republican Party has officially adopted the elephant as their symbol. The Democratic Party has never officially recognized the donkey as their symbol.
Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist, uses a donkey to represent the Democratic Party.
Why Are Democrats Blue and Republicans Red?
The terms "blue states" and "red states" appear to have been coined by journalist and host of the NBC political TV show Meet the Press. Tim Russert, during the 2000 presidential election. Previously, the colors red and blue had not been consistently used so that red sometimes represented Republicans and other times represented Democrats.
This reversed a long-standing convention of political colors where red symbols (such as the red flag or red star) were associated with revolutionary movements and blue represented conservative political groups. Some have suggested that red, with its fiery connotations represents the more angry nature of Republican politics whereas blue represents the “cooler heads” of Democratic politics.
A Brief History of U.S. Politics: Fun and Easy to Understand
Just for fun.
© 2014 Catherine Giordano
I welcome your comments.
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on April 27, 2016:
Thanks, Marguerite; I'm always glad to get a compliment from a teacher. Perhaps this is something you can lose in a lesson plan for your students.
Marguerite on April 27, 2016:
I am a teacher and love this bit of our countries' history. Thanks for the refresher
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on March 25, 2015:
misterhollywood: When I do anything controversial I try to write as an objective reporter. Although my bias is probably evident if you look for it. Thanks for the comment. I appear to have overlooked it way back when you first wrote.
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on December 17, 2014:
Peoplepower73, Thank you do much for your spirited endorsement of my article about political symbols and parties. I agree with you about big money controlling everything. The only way to change that is to get informed and vote.
Mike Russo from Placentia California on December 17, 2014:
Wow! very informative. I had no idea about the origins of the symbols and the terminology. I loved the video. It's very interesting that we think this country can go into other countries and try to set-up democracies when ours was so conflicted and still is. Our congress and parties today have been bought by the elitists, big moneyed interest. They control both the state levels and the federal levels of our government. Maybe that is the natural order of things, where big money finally wins out. Thanks for this hub. Voting up, sharing and all the other good stuff.
Thank you Sara. I have a hard time understanding the politics of the U.S. and I live here. I'm glad this helped.
Sarah from Portugal on December 17, 2014:
Nice article! very well written. I have a hard time understanding the politics of US, this helped ;)
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on December 16, 2014:
Misterhollywood. See the above answer to Mel. My goal was not to be political, but just to explain the origins of symbols and parties. I try to be objective. Thanks for your comment.
Thank you Mel. I agree with you, but I tired to stay away from a discussion of issues and just about the history of parties and symbols. Thanks for letting me know that you found the hub interesting and well-written.
John Hollywood from Hollywood, CA on December 16, 2014:
Loved this Hub and the neutral political approach you took. Very informative!
Mel Carriere from Snowbound and down in Northern Colorado on December 16, 2014:
Awesome hub! Let us not also forget that the Republicans conveniently forget their strict constructionist view of the constitution when it comes to declarations of war. Oh, and I also am obligated to mention that they forget the part about the postal service being guaranteed by the Constitution. This was very interesting and well written. Great hub!
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on December 10, 2014:
Susan, So glad you enjoyed reading about the history of political parties and symbols. I'm working on another one right now that will remind you even more about how frustrated you feel. Thanks for reading and commenting--political clichés. I'm doing it with a light touch, so maybe you will laugh.
Susan Deppner from Arkansas USA on December 10, 2014:
As frustrated as politics is making me these days, it's still fascinating to learn about the background of political parties and symbols. I have to wonder what my grandchildren will have to read on the topic in 10 or 15 or 20 years. Thanks for your input on the topic!
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on November 10, 2014:
Teaches12345: Thank you for coming by to read and comment. It is so interesting to find out the meaning behind these political terms that we hear everyday.
Dianna Mendez on November 09, 2014:
This is the first I have discovered the meaning between left and right. Your certainly made this an interesting read on political issues. Thank you for the education.
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on November 04, 2014:
Thanks billybuc. It's nice to have the seal of approval from a history teacher. I find no matter how much we know, we can always find something new to learn.
Bill Holland from Olympia, WA on November 04, 2014:
I used to teach U.S. History, so I was aware of much of this, but you managed to throw in some facts I didn't know. Thank you for that.
Thank you MsDora for your comment. It was nice to know that the Democratic Party never chose to be represented by a jackass. Back in the 1800's political cartoons were treated like front page news.
Thank you stopping by and commenting on my hub about political parties and symbols. Understanding the origins helps us to understand the present.
Chitrangada Sharan from New Delhi, India on November 04, 2014:
Very interesting and informative hub!
I am sure, many people do not know about the history, origin, meanings of catchphrases and symbols of these political parties.
Thanks for the education!
Dora Weithers from The Caribbean on November 03, 2014:
Very interesting historical accounts of parties, symbols and phrases. I have never even wondered how the donkey and elephants become symbols. Thanks for making us aware. Voted Up!
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on November 03, 2014:
Thank you Clive. I thought it was all really interesting--why we have political parties, why they are called "left" and "right", why one is an elephant and one is a donkey, and why one is "red" and the other "blue." I rushed to get this done by Election Day. I hope it reminds everyone who is eligible to vote in the USA to go vote on November 4, 2014.
Clive Williams from Jamaica on November 03, 2014:
Well, i leaned a lot Catherine, nice info
Well said, Iris. Thanks for stopping by.
Cristen Iris from Boise, Idaho on November 03, 2014:
That was very interesting. I didn't know where the terms "right" and "left" originated. This is a fun one no matter which side of the king's table one sits.
Catherine Giordano (author) from Orlando Florida on November 02, 2014:
Thank you Heather. I'm glad you enjoyed it.
HeatherHutchinson on November 02, 2014:
Great article - nicely written!!
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Liver Detox - Basic knowledge - HealthAndLife
Good Health-Happy Life
Liver Detox – Basic knowledge
You probably already know that the liver is the body’s main filtering system that converts toxins into waste, cleanses the blood, metabolizes nutrients, drugs, and produces protein. A healthy liver will clean itself and function optimally to eliminate toxins from food and the environment. But don’t let come when you have serious illnesses like hepatitis, cirrhosis and you just noticed it. Start liver detox today.
1. Why is the liver poisoned?
✅ Currently, we face many factors that affect health. From environmental pollution, toxic chemicals, from skincare products to preservatives in food, etc. These cause the loss of nutrients, accumulation of toxic and dangerous substances for the body such as heavy metals, leading to chronic inflammation such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, which is more harmful than liver failure, cancer liver. It all makes you tired and even life-threaten.
1.1 Overweight
✅ According to scientific research, environmental chemicals such as pesticides, resins, etc. will be stored in the body’s fat tissue. In addition, excess fat can accumulate in the liver causing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which interferes with the functioning of the liver.
1.2 Drink a lot of alcohol
✅ When alcohol enters the body, it will be converted into acetaldehyde – very toxic to the liver. According to many studies, drinking alcohol-containing about 0.3 liters of pure alcohol per day will cause liver toxicity, hepatitis.
1.3 Smoke
✅ The toxic chemicals in cigarettes will create free radicals, damaged liver cells leading to fibrosis, and impair liver function. If you are a smoker, you must liver detox immediately.
1.4 Use suger
✅ Providing too much-refined sugar is also harmful to the liver and can cause fatty liver even if you are not overweight.
1.5 Taking medicine
Many medicines are not good for the liver
✅ There are many types of drugs that are harmful to your liver function, usually over-the-counter medications like pain relievers, antibiotics, etc. Use drug abuse as one of the causes of hepatitis, liver failure … Consult your pharmacist for unwanted effects in the medications you take.
1.6 Insomnia
✅ Insomnia is one of the causes of liver diseases. The reason is that during sleep, the liver will filter the blood and eliminate toxins more effectively. If you often stay up late, don’t get enough sleep, it will disrupt the process of liver detoxification, gradually affecting liver health. If you want a deep sleep, check out my article HERE
2. When Do I Need Liver Detox?
✅ Before getting into the details of the signs that you need liver detox, I would like to give you advice is you need to do it right now when you have no specific symptoms. These symptoms only warn when your liver really has a problem, please remember “Prevention is better than cure”.
Here are the signs that your liver is having problems, pay attention:
• You eat healthily but do not feel healthy.
• Sensitive to chemicals, odors, or drugs, when you smell you immediately feel nauseous.
• Stress, anxiety, mood swings that you’ve never experienced before.
• Constipation often.
• Feeling always tired, vague.
• Skin with many acne.
• Seasonal allergies.
• Overweight.
• Flatulence, indigestion.
In the following section I will give you a list of foods you can use right now to have a healthy liver.
3. Measures to help detoxify the liver at home
Be careful when using drugs: There are many drugs that can cause liver damage, especially acetaminophen (paracetamol) – a painkiller, antipyretic drugs available on the market with many different brand names. Therefore, it is easy to overdose if you use many drugs with the same active ingredient. Paracetamol poisoning seriously affects the liver, in severe cases can cause liver necrosis, the most dangerous is fatal. In order not to increase the burden on the liver, never exceed the recommended dose, and only take it when absolutely necessary.
The virus that causes hepatitis can be spread from an infected person to a healthy one. To avoid spreading the hepatitis virus, you should have safe sex, do not share needles, razors, toothbrushes … The best proactive measure to prevent is hepatitis vaccination.
Exercise every day: Not only helps the body flexible, healthy, exercise also helps increase circulation, support better detoxification.
Note in the diet: Because the liver is responsible for breaking down fats, storing vitamins and minerals, and eliminating toxins from food, the liver detox is simply a healthy diet.
• Avoid processed, fried foods: They cause the liver to synthesize continuously and be weakened, vulnerable to toxins and free radicals. In addition, experts believe that trans fats affect the immune system, which can lead to inflammation throughout the body. Nitrates and nitrites commonly used to preserve foods are also harmful to overall health.
• Do not use moldy foods: Moldy foods such as peanuts, soybeans, corn produce powerful toxic aflatoxin, which can cause degeneration or necrosis of liver cells leading to liver cancer.
• Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables: Vegetables not only contain large amounts of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants but also are rich in fiber, which helps in better digestion. If you find it difficult to eat a sufficient amount of vegetables a day, one way to consume more is to squeeze the juice and juice. Vegetables that help cleanse the liver and detoxify the liver are best: cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts
• Eat plenty of potassium-rich foods: Potassium-rich foods help lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol, and support a healthy heart, and even help cleanse the liver. Potassium-rich foods include sweet potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, white beans …
• Avoid soft drinks: Soft drinks often contain citric acid that can prevent the natural detoxification of the liver, especially if the liver function has been impaired.
• Drink enough water: Water helps the body purify and eliminate toxins better.
4. Recommended for you :
🎁 Milk Thistle Extract helps to alleviate alcohol
✅ For more than half a century, scientists have been successful in identifying the active ingredients in milk thistle, most notably a related mixed group called Silymarin. Silymarin is a flavonoid-rich mixture like silybin, silydianin, and silychristin. Of which silybin is the main component. Good effect on the liver based on the mechanism of action of silymarine. Silymarin is safe and well-tolerated, helps protect the liver from alcohol or drug damage, and helps restore liver damage in cases of hepatitis, cirrhosis, steatosis.
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Nature’s Answer Milk Thistle is the natural way to promote healthy liver function. Super Concentrated with 2,000 mg per serving, Nature’s Answer Milk Thistle also promotes liver detoxification, as well as waste elimination. It’s alcohol-free and since Nature’s Answer Milk Thistle is a liquid extract, it’s absorbed faster than tablets or capsules.
2️⃣ NOW | Silymarin
✅ Since 1968 NOW has been a leader in the natural products industry. Even when healthy foods and natural supplements weren’t mainstream, they have never wavered from their mission – to provide value in products and services that Empower people to lead healthier lives. In this formulation, apart from silymarin from milk thistle, NOW has the addition of artichoke and dandelion – these herbs have been known for their effective liver detoxification effects.
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Litter Size
How many babies does a Persian jird have at once? (litter size)
How many baby Persian jirds are in a litter?
A Persian jird (Meriones persicus) usually gives birth to around 5 babies.
Each of those little ones spend around 28 days as a fetus before they are released into the wild. Upon birth, they weight 5 grams (0.01 lbs) and measure 1.5 cm (0′ 1″). They are a member of the Muridae family (genus: Meriones). An adult Persian jird grows up to a size of 15 cm (0′ 6″).
The average litter size of a Persian jird is 5
The Persian jird (Meriones persicus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.The Persian jird is about 6 inches (15 cm) long and has a brush-tipped tail that is slightly longer than the body. They are brown with white bellies.The Persian jird’s natural habitats are dry rocky hillsides with little vegetation and semi-desert areas. They find shelter in either small burrows or under overhanging rocks. These jirds can also be found living near humans, such as under walls.In the wild, Persian jirds eat dry plant material and grains, with small insects as a supplement.Persian jirds usually have two litters a year, each with around seven pups.Some people keep this species as a pet. They can live to be six or seven years old. They need large cages that allow climbing and leaping.The high abundance of Persian jird in many areas, as well as their several proper features, makes them a suitable species for biomonitoring programs (Khazaee et al. 2016).
Other animals of the family Muridae
Persian jird is a member of the Muridae, as are these animals:
Animals that share a litter size with Persian jird
Those animals also give birth to 5 babies at once:
Animals with the same weight as a Persian jird
What other animals weight around 108 grams (0.24 lbs)?
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Chrome Remote Desktop
A browser extension for providing remote support to users of Google's Chrome browser
25 Votes
Chrome Remote Desktop is a proprietary protocol that allows you to connect to remote computers and use them as though you were in front of them. The software transmits any keyboard, mouse or even touchscreen events from one device to another over a network. It then relays graphical interface updates back and forth so you'll act as though you're in control at all times.
Dialing into a remote machine, or chromoting as it's often called, is as easy as starting the application on both devices at the same time. Some users will leave the remote desktop program open at all times on their distant PC so that they can gain access to it whenever they need to. While this does use a fair amount of bandwidth, it's not nearly as bad as it could be. That makes chromoting a relatively lightweight solution for those who may have found other would drain their network infrastructure.
At one point, you could simple chromote using a Chrome or Chromium extension, but this service is deprecated. A web portal is still available to work with Chrome Remote Desktop, and it should work with any browser that supports the WebRTC protocol. That being said, power users who find themselves chromoting into multiple machines running GNU/Linux and iOS won't always know all of the requirements they need to support in order to do so.
Nevertheless, chromoting into standard commodity PC hardware shouldn't prove difficult at all. Macintosh users can run clients on OS X as well, so you could both control Apple-branded devices as well as use them as client machines. No matter what kind of machine you chromote with, you're always free to access a so-called remote assistance mode in order to gain a few extra options that might be helpful in certain situations.
These are designed to allow users to connect to another one of their systems in order to administer it. Some corporate IS departments might want to deploy this kind of software in order to fix problems without having to send out a service agent each time something goes wrong. There are also some collaboration features that should be attractive to professional users.
By using VP8 video encoding, whole departments can feed rich graphical systems over a network without using much bandwidth. They'll also be able to use real-time audio feeds as long as they're working with Windows clients. Those who have this version of the software installed are also free to take advantage of the Windows clipboard as well as a few other audio-related options that make it much easier to work with.
While chromoting isn't necessarily as good as sitting down in front of a distant machine, it's as close as you can get online. Most users won't even notice that much lag when network conditions are anything above fair.
• Reasonably secure
• Relatively lightweight
• Works with a wide array of devices
• No longer works with browser extensions
• System requirements are unclear
HQ Location
Mountain View, CA
Total Revenue (USD mm)
Top 4 Chrome Remote Desktop Alternatives
Online team collaboration software that features remote desktop control and screen sharing capabilities
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Mozilla Firefox
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Simple web browser that comes packed with sophisticated rendering features and support for all relevant standards
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Greece L3&4 Review
Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
The Athenian government is an example of direct democracy
Greece had an increase in prosperity, culture and achievement which was known as ______________________. The Age of Pericles
The Delian League served as a protective group and defensive league
Sparta and other city-states fought against Athens in what war? Peloponnesian War
What city-state's economy was supported by farming and trade? Athens
What city-state was Pericles from? Athens
When a small group of citizens makes governmental decision on behalf of many people it is known as ___________________. representative democracy
What is Herodotus well known for doing? Writing History of Persian Wars
When the Persian army lost to Greece and rulers began disagreeing over power it led to ________________ the decline of the Persian Empire
Whose empire grew due to treating conquered people fairly? Cyrus the Great
Who reorganized their government to make it more efficient (manageable)? Darius I
Spartan King Leonidas is known for ______________________ leading 300 soldiers into battle at Thermoplyae
Which Persian king defeated the Greeks at Thermoplyae Xerxes
This person preached a new monotheistic relgion in Persia Zoroaster
Who expanded the Persian Empire with his strong paid-professional army? Cyrus
Athens was able to have a direct democracy because they had a small number of _____________________. citizens
Present-day Iran was once known as _________________. Persia
The Spartan's were celebrated at what battle, even though they were defeated by the Persians? Thermomplyae
Were educated Athenian women seen as equals to men? No
Darius' power depended upon the success of his satraps
Themistocles was in charge of directing __________________. Greece's navy
Because Greece's ships were smaller and faster, it helped them to defeat the Persian fleet at ________________________ the Strait of Salamis
How did Sparta finally defeat Athens in the Peloponnesian War? by destroying their naval fleet and blockading the city
The popular, well-educated woman who encouraged other women to become more involved in government. Aspasia
Created by: Fourman
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Mergers and Acquisitions
What are Mergers and Acquisitions?
A merger and acquisitions (M&A) refers to the agreement that between the two existing companies to convert into the new company, or purchasing of the one company by another etc which are done generally in order to take the benefit of the synergy between the companies, expanding the research capacity, expand operations into the new segments and to increase shareholder valueShareholder ValueShareholder's value is the value that company shareholders receive as dividends and stock price appreciation due to better decision-making by the management that ultimately results in a company's growth in sales and more etc.
M&A is defined as a combination of companies. When two companies combine to form one company, it is termed as Merger of companies. At the same time, acquisitions are where the company takes over one company.
• In the case of a Merger, the acquired company ends to exist and becomes part of the acquiring company.
• In the case of Acquisition, the acquiring company takes over the majority stake in the acquired company, and the acquiring company continues to be In existence. In short, one in the Acquisition, one business/organization buys the other business/organization.
Mergers and Acquisitions Process
Let’s discuss the following process.
Mergers & Acquisitions Process
For eg:
Source: Mergers and Acquisitions (
1. Phase 1: Pre-acquisition review: In this phase, the self-assessment of the acquiring company with reference to the need of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) is done, and a strategy for growth plan through the target is done.
2. Phase 2: Search and screen targets: In this stage, possible takeover candidates (Companies) are identified. This process is mainly to identify a good strategy for the acquiring company.
3. Phase 3: Investigate and valuation of the target: Once the appropriate company is identified through screening, a detailed analysis of that company is done. It is termed as due diligence.
4. Phase 4: Acquire the target through negotiations: Once the target company is selected, the next step is to start negotiations to agree to a negotiated merger. It will result in a deal getting executed.
5. Phase 5: Post-merger integration: If all the above steps are successfully completed, then there is a formal announcement of the agreement of merger by both the participating companies.
Benefits of Mergers and Acquisitions
#1 – Betterment of the Company and Company Results
• The prime aim of mergers and acquisitions is to bring about a synergetic growth for both the companies involved and improve the performance of the companies. Thus, value generation can be said as one of the key aims for every mergers and Acquisition.
• The greater market share, which is generally a cause of M&A, leads to the generation of more profits and revenues. The profit from the operation can also be enhanced if the new management efficiently handles the waste or unproductive activities and gets it eliminated from the operations.
#2 – Elimination of Excess Capacity
• When industries have grown to an extent, a point of excess capacity tends to happen. When more and more companies enter the same industry, the supply continues to rise, which further brings down the prices. With new companies entering the market, the supply-demand graph of the existing companies gets disrupted, which leads to a decline in prices.
• Thus, companies merge or acquire to get rid of the excess supply in the market and to rectify the declining prices because if the price keeps on declining at a certain point, it becomes impossible for many companies to survive in the market.
#3 – Growth Acceleration
M&A is majorly down, keeping in mind the growth generation factor. Merger and Acquisition increase market shares and brings about more profit and revenues. When a target company has absorbed the sales and customers of it are also taken over, and as a result, it brings more sales, more revenues, and more profit.
#4 – Skills and Technology Know-How
• Companies generally got for mergers and acquisitions to imbibe the modern technology and skills of the target company. Usually, few companies exclusively hold the rights to certain technologies, and building these technologies from scratch is more expensive and tough.
• Thus, companies prefer merging or acquiring such companies to get a hold of technology too in the process. Also, M&A provides a scope of technology and skill sharing of both the companies, which can bring about synergetic growth and enhanced vision sharing.
#5 – Strategies to Roll Up
Some firms are very small to operate in the market and face a higher cost of production to facilitate their sales. Their operations are not feasible, and they do not enjoy economies of scale too. It is the best-suited scenario to get acquired as an acquisition can prove to be a benefit for the target company as it would help the company survive in the market and enjoy, at times, economies of scale with the help of a target seeking company.
Top 3 M&A Deals in India
1. Vodafone-Hutchison: In 2007, the world’s largest revenue earning Telecom Company, Vodafone, made a major strike into the Indian telecom market by purchasing a 52 percent stake in Hutchison Essar Ltd. Essar group still holds 32% in the Joint ventureJoint VentureA joint venture is a commercial arrangement between two or more parties in which the parties pool their assets with the goal of performing a specific task, and each party has joint ownership of the entity and is accountable for the costs, losses, or profits that arise out of the more.
2. Hindalco-Novelis: The Hindalco Company took over the Canadian company Novelis for $6 billion; this Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) benefited the company to become the world’s largest rolled-aluminum Novelis operates as a subsidiary of Hindalco.
3. Mahindra and Mahindra-Schoneweiss: Mahindra & Mahindra acquired 90 percent of Schoneweiss, a leading company in the forging sector in Germany in 2007, and consolidated Mahindra’s position in the global market.
How Can M&A Take Place?
• by purchasing assets
• by purchasing common shares
• by the exchange of shares for assets
• by exchanging shares for shares
Reasons for M&A
• Removes Excess capacity
• Accelerate growth
• Acquire skills and technology
Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) Infographics
Here are the top 5 differences between Mergers and Acquisitions
For eg:
Source: Mergers and Acquisitions (
This article has been a guide to what are Mergers and Acquisitions, its definition along with practical examples. Here we discuss the process of mergers and acquisitions and its various stages. You may learn more about M&A from the following articles –
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How does an SPS work?
The main source of stand-alone power system (SPS) generation is renewable energy, such as solar panels. This power is used immediately by the customer and excess power is stored in the battery. The battery has significant capacity to cover a customer’s needs at night and during periods where generation is low (such as several cloudy days in a row). The system is sized to match the power use of the property to ensure it is fit for purpose.
The job of the inverter is to convert the Direct Current (DC) power to Alternating Current (AC) power appropriate for home and business use. The back-up generator can supply full power requirements when the battery is low, while also charging the batteries when required.
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Reusables, upcycling and free stuff… save your way to a better environment
Circular economy
Published Monday, 14th June 2021
There are lots of ways to reduce your waste and tackle the climate emergency. Many are incredibly easy and save you money!
What you can do
Here are just a few ideas:
What we’re doing
To help tackle the climate emergency, we’re creating a “circular economy” in Sutton. This means everything is reused, repaired or remanufactured into a new product, keeping it in use for as long as possible before recycling.
We’re doing this by:
How this affects the climate emergency
Making and throwing things away create damaging emissions and use up the planet’s limited resources. By reusing, repairing and re-manufacturing products we keep them in use for longer, maximising their life-span before recycling that product or its parts.
This is a circular economy; a far more sustainable and environmentally-friendly practice than the “make, use, dispose” approach.
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Most of the time when a dancer or choreographer thinks of the art of dance, they think of performance, perhaps of movement design; their idea of the art will often be very much centered around their own experience. Ideational. Often, those changes will happen on an instinctive level. Intention. And just to clarify, motifs and hooks are similar in nature, but a hook differs in the sense that it’s usually very short and catchy, up front and noticeable. Somehow this is because he was radical with his dance composition method, to the point of leaving the final decisions of his choreographies to chance (he … Here are some other tips to help you strive toward perfect timing in dance: Don't just listen to the lyrics. (3) State three ways in which a motif or movement phrase could be developed using action developments. ACTION . A motif is much more subtle, often doing its work in the background. It uses techniques such as movement, mime, gesture and dance and can be used to explore complex social and cultural issues. How could you develop the motif you have described in question 4 (b)? (3) State three changes that occur in the body after an effective warm up (3) Identify why one of these changes is important at the start of any dance class (2) The stronger and more flexible a dancer’s body, the more capable it is of a wide range of movement. To watch a video of these choreographic tactics in action, click here. The fact that it changed from silences to instrumental shots is a development of that rhythmic motif. actions e.g. The initial motif starts to communicate the dance idea/theme and is capable of being developed. For the student, Trommer-Beardslee not only provides examples of the real-world documentation (contracts, tech schedules, costume sketches, light plots and even tickets) that they will encounter when they work with other professionals, but she also finishes each chapter with a set of practical and informative exercises. Here are some other tips to help you strive toward perfect timing in dance: Don't just listen to the lyrics. According to Google, the definition of dance is, “a series of movements that match the speed and rhythm of a piece of music.” OK, I can agree with that, but they're missing the real essence of dance. This motif of misogyny, or hatred of women, occurs sporadically throughout the play, but it is an important inhibiting factor in Hamlet’s relationships with Ophelia and Gertrude. Throughout its pages, anyone working in dance will find the experience of their colleagues and potential collaborators distilled into practical advice, often including detail and insight that could otherwise only be collected from years of experience. Music and Dance writer at, Sign up for membership to become a founding member and help shape HuffPost's next chapter. Important conversations are happening now. Let’s see this in action with our example. I often refer to your e-books for inspiration. He urges Ophelia to go to a nunnery rather than experience the corruptions of sexuality and exclaims of Gertrude, “Frailty, thy name is woman” (I.ii.146). The audience has a better view, though, because as profoundly artistic as movement and performance can be, the art of dance is richer, more involved, and much more complex than that. … Remember that contemporary dance history considers Merce Cunningham as one of its most important figures. So, thank you! Communication before and after the actual dancing is just as important as the lead/follow. [3 marks] What structure would you use for this dance? Often, those changes will happen on an instinctive level. 10 eBooks that cover every aspect of songwriting! Choreography: Heather Trommer-Beardslee, Light Design: Amy Hazel, Costume Design: Ann Dasen. "This isn't just about explanation and transparency in language. This can come from the friction produced by pushing off the floor. Motif development is essential when choreographing a dance as it acts as a building block for your routine. This movement of movement phrase is called the motif. But what is the symbolism of the gestures, footwork and costumes drawn from classical Indian dance styles? Start writing the BEST songs of your life! Timing is more than just the literal words spoken or sung. As a textbook, it's an excellent resource for providing students with a clear vision of the context in which concert dance is produced and performed. Can you identify Download “The Essential Secrets of Songwriting” 10-eBook Deluxe Bundle, “The Essential Secrets of Songwriting” eBook Bundle packages, Interesting Links For Musicians and Songwritiers – July 8, 2015 | Creative Music | Inspiring Musical Creativity, How to Create Forward Motion Within a Song. My dance is about someone with anorexia (1) and the two other dancers represent good and evil in her mind (1). "I continue to be amazed at the importance of communicating clearly," Trommer-Beardslee says. This collection of motifs makes up the building blocks of the dance with which the dancers create the dance. Elibelinde kilim motifs, symbolising fertility. Make sure you : A. E – Explore the movement for the dance. One mark awarded for each accurate description of an action, a space and a dynamic within a sequential motif. Many thanks! They are repeated, varied and developed by using ASDR or other choreographic devices Conclusion Watch this short clip. When it first appears, a motif creates an emotional response in the reader. That collection must exist or the dance will not survive; think of all the dances that the fox trot and waltz and polka, with their well-developed motif structure, have outlasted. Don’t be afraid, and don’t watch other people. Each of the work's fourteen concisely presented chapters provides a detailed and focused description of one of the professional skills that a successful dance concert or dance organization is likely to rely on. Exploration or generation of movements without planning. That’s an example of how motifs develop throughout a song. That idea doesn’t really change much. There's a lot more than just movement on stage; there are costumes and makeup, lighting design and sound, sometimes even original music. "People working within the field," she writes, "are artists just as choreographers are artists. Literary theory provides a useful parallel: Theme is considered to be the overall purpose or message of a given literary work, while a motif is a symbol or active agent of that theme. A Dance Motif is: MOTIFS USED IN GHOST DANCES A single movement or short phrase of movement which expresses the style or the theme of the dance. For example, in “God Only Knows”, each of the first few lines of the instrumental bridge section features 2 “shots” – drawing attention to what used to be 2 silences. Action is any human movement included in the act of dancing— it can include dance steps, facial movements, partner lifts, gestures, and even everyday movements such as walking. 3 0 2 1 Describe a motif you could choreograph for your dance . Relating to ideas or concepts. What might you consider when presenting this dance to an audience? Through this preparation you can ensure you are able to move without stress and strain during activity. It helps the listener because they keep hearing that 2-beat silence over and over, and it becomes pleasantly predictable. A motif gives clues to theme or reinforces ideas an author wants to emphasize. Try This at Home . Dance itself, is an art form entirely based on movement. For example, in the 4-line verse of “Yesterday”, the 4th line does the opposite.. it moves upward. A motif is a piece of movement, that can vary in length, that is repeated during the whole performance. Important moments of a dance. They are repeated, varied and developed by using ASDR or other choreographic devices Conclusion Watch this short clip. A motif is a literary term that is an idea, object, or concept that repeats itself throughout a text. With “God Only Knows”, the fact that each line of lyric (melody) starts with a 2-beat silence is a rhythmic motif. A motif in the sense of the performing arts (theater, music, and dance) is a recurring or repeated concept, object, musical phrase, or movement. Tap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you. For one-syllable words, it’s always a long syllable. The extension and retraction of the leg in turns, such as in a fouette, affects the rotational inertia of the turn. I do hip hop as well as other styles like r&b, neo soul, and jazz. ©2021 Verizon Media. In ballet or in general dance, motif means a starting point, so a motif could be clap your hands three times then you jump and twirl etc and a motif is generally used at the beginning of a dance. Aim or desired outcome. "My experience ranges from small town dance studio to big-city dance company," she says, "I love both worlds.".
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2. In a complementary currency ecosystem
2.2. Typologies
2.2.1. The different typologies
Let us look first at the four different typologies of existing complementary currencies, according to the categories defined by Gill Seyfang and Noel Longhurst in 2013. This classification defines complementary currencies as interventions intended to strengthen local cooperation, offer additional liquidity and motivate environmental initiatives, in pursuit of a three-way balance of social, economic and environmental activities.
1. Mutual exchange. These are monetary systems which are created by their own members and based on trust. Members advertise goods and services according to ‘wants’ and ‘offers’ in a directory, while a central accounting system records the transactions that take place. The currency per se is created in the moment of the transaction, whereby both ‘buyer’ and ‘seller’ are committed to the system. These systems are based on trust, under which one member’s spending equals a debt to the other members. They usually exist in a civil society context, often with little encouragement from governments or other funding sources. One of the best known mutual exchange systems is the Local Exchange Trading System (LETS).
2. Service credits. These initiatives are similar to mutual exchange systems, but restricted exclusively to the exchange of services. The currency unit is based on time, and the system operates via a central exchange that links services wanted and offered. Everybody’s time is worth the same under these exchange systems, irrespective of the service provided. Service credit is earned by helping other people and organizations, and can be spent on services offered by other members. Service credit systems, or time banks, are set up in neighbourhoods and communities, often by volunteers, some of whom are sponsored by institutions. These systems often focus on a specific sector, such as health care, education or justice, and their primary objectives are to encourage inclusion, cohesion and the building of social capital.
3. Local currencies. These are monetary systems which are geographically defined and circulate within a certain region. Their objectives are to promote economic activity in the region by supporting local economy and speeding up exchange and circulation, thus encouraging the associated multiplier effect and preventing ‘leakage’ of money from the area. Local currencies are not intended to supplant either the legal tender currency or interregional trade. While many local currencies have actual paper money, others only use technological platforms, including debit cards and mobile telecommunications. In recent years, the public sector has begun to become involved with local currency initiatives, having perceived an opportunity for public sector policies that generate local wealth and increase monetary circulation, at the same time as they empower local business and the local population.
4. Barter markets. These are a hybrid of mutual exchange and local currencies systems. They consist of an infrastructure which enables participants to exchange goods and services within the framework of a site-specific event, such as a market, fair or festival. They are associated with civil society cooperative economy initiatives, with a strong emphasis on promoting sustainable development by reusing goods. Barter markets are designed to overcome the scarcity of legal tender money and facilitate exchanges among a group of users. They tend o be associated with the concept of ‘prosumers’, meaning that the participants have to be both producers and consumers.
Figure 12
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Ideas from 'On the Jewish Question' by Karl Marx [1844], by Theme Structure
[found in 'Selected Writings' by Marx,Karl (ed/tr Simon,Lawrence H.) [Hackett 1994,978-0-87220-218-4]].
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 9. Communism
Man is dominated by money, which is the essence of his alienation
25. Social Practice / C. Rights / 1. Basis of Rights
Marxists say liberal rights are confrontational, and liberal equality is a sham [Wolff,J]
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Strength in Remembrance | Tufts Observer
Strength in Remembrance
Our parents hid
Their history from us
They swallowed
Their pain
They didn’t want us to lose our way
In bitterness or anger
–Ann Muto, Open Passage, “Questions”
On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed and issued Executive Order 9066. This order led to the forced removal and incarceration of around 120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry, simply for having the “face of the enemy.” It did not matter that two-thirds of those who were incarcerated were American-born, most having never visited Japan. The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor made all Japanese in America suspect, or “enemy alien.” Japanese American adults, children, and elderly were forcibly removed from their homes, jobs, communities, and lives, and were sent to one of 10 concentration camps located in isolated areas of the country. For the crime of being Japanese, they were presumed guilty and held without charge for four years.
On February 21, 2018, Tufts’ Japanese Culture Club (JCC*) and Tufts’ United for Immigrant Justice (UIJ) came together to host a Day of Remembrance Event to speak about Order 9066’s influence on families, communities, and the United States as a whole. The event began with a screening of the documentary “Resistance at Tule Lake.” The documentary tells a counternarrative of Japanese Americans who refused to “prove their loyalty” to the United States by accepting or performing acts of forced assimilation. They defied the government by refusing to swear unconditional loyalty to the US, as the country was holding them against their will for no crime at all. Following the screening, students from JCC* and UIJ led a panel connecting past and present immigration and incarceration stories.
For decades, an unmistakable silence existed surrounding the topic of Japanese American incarceration in the United States during World War II. Non-Japanese Americans were more than willing to forget their acts of racism and hypocrisy, but this silence existed both externally and internally. Within Japanese American culture, there is the saying shikata ga nai, or, “it cannot be helped.” Joseph Tsuboi, a panelist from JCC*, noted that, “Incarceration told an entire ethnic population that simply being Japanese was not American, thus wrong, thus disloyal. It told the survivors of incarceration and the children of those survivors that we are not going to talk about this, we must keep moving, shikata ga nai.” Tsuboi looks to his father, a third-generation Japanese American, as a testament to this mindset. Growing up, his father never spoke to him in Japanese, only English, and didn’t talk to him about the history of Japanese American incarceration. In many ways, he used to think his father upheld a “model minority myth,” but now, Tsuboi understands that it is not that simple. His father was not intentionally trying to rid himself of Japanese cultural practices, but rather trying his best to heal and make his parents’ lives a little easier. Tsuboi added, “There was shame and sadness surrounding the incarceration era, and I have to show some empathy for this generation’s motivation to push past the pain.”
Though Tsuboi has come to recognize the complex meaning of silence and its role in survival, he also recognizes that in order to ask dominant American society to recognize this history, it is necessary to push past these silences. Anna Kimura, another panelist from JCC*, echoed these sentiments as she spoke about how the dominant narrative is always discouraging people of color from telling their stories. She argued that “we need to work against that [discouragement], push back in even our own minds.” Kimura emphasized that if the United States does not recognize the impact of what occurred 76 years ago, people will not see the full extent of what is going on today. The United States has held the highest incarceration rate of any industrialized country in the world since 2002. Today, the vast majority of those incarcerated are Black and Latinx, revealing how the same rhetoric used against Japanese Americans is still present today, except now, the racial target is different.
Alejandra, a panelist from UIJ, drew parallels from the Japanese American incarceration stories to her own immigration story as an undocumented immigrant. She said, “My story is not about the same physical incarceration that Japanese Americans faced during World War II, but it is about a psychological one, a psychological incarceration that I have no control over. [My incarceration is] to an immigration system that is broken and to this country that refuses to acknowledge my humanity.” Alejandro, another panelist from UIJ, spoke about how he has often been dehumanized because of his undocumented status. “To some people I am nothing more than a stereotype and a harrowing statistic that is decreasing the quality of American life. To others I am an exploited workforce.” In order to survive, Alejandro felt that he had to stay silent about his undocumented status. He told people that he was born in the United States and abandoned “[his] rich heritage, history, and blood that flowed inside [him] for another day of false protection.” He felt like a prisoner in his own skin. But in order to confront this oppression, he has had to learn to be more critical about his silence and work towards breaking it.
Ana, another panelist with UIJ, shared that she wouldn’t have been able to share her story at the event if it weren’t for those who spoke up and told their stories before her. Seeing other people’s courage “inspired [her] to do the same and liberated that part of [herself] that for so long was silenced.” Alejandro added that “the stories that we tell humanize us and ultimately act as a form of resistance. Storytelling is integral to our movement as it goes against preconceived narratives that have been constructed to attack us.”
In bringing together groups such as JCC* and UIJ, the Day of Remembrance Event not only embraces Japanese American history but also works to build solidarity among different marginalized groups. Hanh Nguyen, an event attendee who is a member of the Vietnamese Student Council (VSC), was thankful for the event’s role in filling the gaps in her mainstream education. She further spoke about the importance of storytelling “to identify what we are fighting against, what we are fighting for, and how to take action.” Natasha Khwaja, an event attendee who is co-chair of South Asian Perspectives and Conversations (SAPAC), spoke about the power of cross-collaboration between spaces for people of color. “Too often, we like to isolate ourselves—which is important because it is a way to build community from within, strength from within—but I think given our sociopolitical climate right now, it’s more effective and powerful to focus on solidarity.” Khwaja elaborated that along with the experience of undocumented immigrants, Japanese Americans’ history of oppression is also similar to what Muslim Americans are experiencing today under the guise of the “war on terror,” especially with the recent “Muslim Ban.” She felt strongly that sharing stories and retaining those memories are important to helping us realize that we are not alone. Through creating communities that are committed to confronting oppression in all forms, we can better work towards dismantling the social, political, cultural, and economic structures that exploit and alienate us.
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Coutts, Director of Sport, gives a short review of Make it Stick, The Science of Successful Learning by Brown, Roediger and McDaniel
She considers the ‘illusion of mastery’ and how metacognition can help students avoid falling into this trap with our games players
In Make it Stick, P. Brown, H. Roediger III and M. McDaniel discuss the Science of Successful Learning. In general, it’s an incredibly interesting book peppered with examples of how we learn most effectively. Being aware of how we learn and think, can result in an improved ability to problem solve, decision make and over-come hurdles (apologies for the sport pun!). The content is enjoyable, supported by various examples and easy to consume – it’s almost as if they know how to convey information and make it memorable!
This book begins by addressing how learners can fall into the trap of the ‘illusion of mastery’. This is where pupils think they have grasped what they have been taught but once tested fall short. Frequently the revision strategy for this approach would involve making notes and then reading and re-reading them time and time again, simply creating the feeling and appearance of mastery.
With the return of competitive sport on the horizon, I turned my thoughts to how I was going to avoid this illusion with our Wimbledonian games players and make the most of this insight.
Practically in Sport, we must then be careful of striking the balance between enhancing the efficiency and fluency of skills, at the detriment of pupils being able respond flexibly and adapt to an unknown scenario during competition.
When teaching open skills, for example during invasion games eg Netball, adopting a games-sense approach is a desirable method. This allows pupils to become more self-aware, encouraging meta-cognition and evaluation of their own success criteria. It helps them to really judge when they have grasped a skill and perform it under pressure, rather than think that they have without success to prove it. This means that the pupils are improving their skills in a more realistic environment so that they are transferable to high-level competition against other schools. Furthermore, the ability to reflect on your performance and then have a flexible skill set when responding is useful when a taught ‘set play’ is challenged by the opposition. This means that pupils can’t fall into the illusion trap as they are constantly being challenged and having to apply their knowledge and skills appropriately.
Another important aspect of learning in sport is the ability to recognise when similar situations occur during this open environment. In a match context, quick recognition of when a ‘set play’ could be implemented is beneficial as it allows pupils to respond effectively whilst under pressure. It also encourages reflection on your own learning and performance.
Although this games-sense approach needs a good skill base to be effective, I think that it prepares pupils for competitions more effectively by helping them to become better critiques of their own learning than solely focusing on closed drills.
Jaime-Lee, Head of Netball and Head of Year 10 at WHS, explores the journal article ‘Metacognition and Action’
Jaime-Lee, Head of Netball and Head of Year 10 at WHS, explores the journal article ‘Metacognition and Action’ to consider how to use metacognition to become elite in sport.
MacIntyre, T., Igou, E., Campbell, M., Moran, A. and Matthews, J. (2014). Metacognition and action: a new pathway to understanding social and cognitive aspects of expertise in sport. Frontiers in Psychology
Success in sport has traditionally centred around executing motor skills under competitive conditions. Sport provides benchmarks to distinguish the elite from the amateur, through performance outcomes (e.g. placing in a race), player statistics (e.g. shooting percentage in Basketball) or level of competition (e.g. National vs. County). In addition to the data that is readily available to all performers, athletes are looking beyond the strictly measurable in order to advance in their sporting area.
Metacognitive processes have become a pivotal part of an elite athlete’s repertoire to give them the competitive edge. In sport, metacognitive processes can be used in a variety of ways both in training and in competition. Below are some examples of how athletes can use metacognition to better their physical attributes.
• The use of mental imagery and mental practice, in which athletes play out physical skills and/or scenarios in their mind. This could include, an athlete imagining themselves in the starting blocks, acknowledging all of their senses.
• Pre-performance routines, in which an athlete engages systematically in a sequence of actions prior to their performance. This could include, stepping out an athlete’s run up in Long Jump or the position a ball is placed while taking a penalty kick.
• The use of strategies and set plays, in which decision making is done prior to an athlete’s performance. This could include, anticipating your oppositions movements in Netball and planning counter moves.
The use of metacognitive process not only reduces the chances of error but maximises an athlete’s physical capabilities. Elite athletes need to be not just be experts in movement execution but also experts in controlling their own mental processes.
Exercise and health in lockdown
Mr George Cook, Head of Hockey at WHS, looks at how you can get fitter than you have ever been during lockdown.
In these unprecedented times it is all too easy to fall into the trap of spending time thinking about all of the things this lockdown has taken away from us.
For example:
Seeing friends
Going to work
Sunbathing over the bank holiday weekend
Going out for coffee/food
Going shopping and socialising with friends
Another way to view this unprecedented situation is that we now have more time on our hands than ever before. Time to do all of those tasks and pursue all those goals you have been putting off because you’re ‘too busy’ normally.
The national shortage of flour is an indication of how a large proportion of our society intend to pass the time baking all sorts of high sugar not so healthy snacks and cakes. But what if you could come out of lockdown healthier and fitter than you went into it? And is this even possible?
The lockdown has given the gift of time to the nation. It may sound unreasonable to suggest that increased health and fitness are attainable targets when we are largely confined to our houses. But bear with me, there is light at the end of this tunnel…!
Do more than you eat:
We have been told that we can leave for essential food shopping and for exercising. But what if you can’t run or it simply isn’t the mode of exercise for you. No problem, one small change to the way you walk can revolutionise the way you use that magical outdoor hour.
According to the CDC, walking at 1-2mph is considered slow and equates to approximately 50 steps per minute. Fast or brisk walking is between 3-4mph and averages at 100 steps per minute. Within the same timeframe you can double your step count, lift your heart rate and work in your aerobic zone of ~60% maximum effort. This alone can take you above and beyond your NHS target of 150 minutes of exercise a week.
Benefits of sleeping more:
Most of us are guilty of wishing we could just stay in bed that extra 5 or 10 minutes when our alarm goes off in the morning. The reality of work and life schedules mean that more often than not we trade our hours of sleep in order to send that last email, complete that piece of work or to watch another episode of your Netflix series because ‘you’ve earned it’.
The cumulative effect of this on your metabolism can be hugely detrimental to your overall health. It was identified by the sleep foundation that those individuals who slept fewer than 6 hours a night were more likely to store fat and develop symptoms of metabolic syndrome.
This is therefore the perfect opportunity to rewind the effects of stress and lack of sleep that have been building up, perhaps you have become so used to it you didn’t even realise it was a problem anymore.
The lockdown has provided opportunity to hit the reset button on your metabolism and metabolic rate through self-care. And yes, all you have to do is sleep more. The caveat to this is that the same symptoms reappeared in individuals who slept for more than 10 hours a night, regularly.
Sleep: the key to a healthy lifestyle?
Opportunities to cook and what to make:
In a world where socialising with friends often includes going out for dinner, coffee and brunch it has become all too easy to develop unhealthy and undesirable eating habits without realising it. Examples could include having a high caffeine intake, consuming lots of high sugar content snacks/sweets/desserts and not drinking sufficient amounts of water.
I’m sure many in society wondered what they might watch on TV now that all live sport has been cancelled for the foreseeable future; cue TV celebrity chefs to save the day. Each day you can find fresh inspiration for new and healthy ideas to sustain your body through lockdown. There are no more late nights away at the office (for most of us), there is more time to prepare a healthy meal to have as opposed to the quick fix oven pizza that normally comes out when tiredness dictates the menu.
Watch below for inspiration:
Healthy nutrition is central to achieving wellbeing.
Maximise your workout and increase your metabolism:
He has rapidly become a household name; from becoming an author, tv star and most recently a PE teacher, Joe Wicks has become famous using one of the most simple and effective training methods available to us.
High intensity interval training: HIIT. This is exercise that involved short periods of high intensity bursts of work followed by short periods of rest.
But what does it actually do for us? Working at your maximum level for a period of 30-60s followed by a short rest period will raise your heart rate and cause you to become tired and out of breath very quickly.
By segmenting these periods of high work rate, we are able to spend more time at these elevated work levels and burn more calories and get fitter.
What to include? HIIT workouts tend to be bodyweight, perfect when your gym is now the living room. Made up of fundamental movements including, squats, lunges and jumps as well as isometric holds, it is possible to take yourself through a full body high intensity workout in less than 30 minutes.
There are many lasting benefits to this, going substantially beyond the 30 minutes you devote to it. Inactivity can lead to muscle wastage and associated injuries and conditions; this will prevent this as you become stronger than you ever imagined completing these regularly.
They also have the lasting benefit of raising your metabolism, in other words, you keep improving even after your workout has come to an end!
Lockdown has provided opportunity to reset and obtain healthy sleeping patterns, spend more time cooking healthy meals to support a balanced diet and more opportunity to exercise in different ways that can have life changing benefits far beyond our return to normality. Let’s see the positive in the current situation and prioritise our health during lockdown.
Sleep foundation:
Training to train or training to compete?
Coutts Coutts-Wood, Director of Sport at WHS, looks at the psychology behind training and being active in a competitive environment, and how we can make training more effective.
Training is designed to develop a player; it creates a safe learning environment where repetition and reinforcement help to foster the necessary mental and physical skills required for competition. It is where you can try to be the best version of yourself. In training or practice, athletes are often more relaxed and focused, full of positivity and excitement and it is the space in which making mistakes repeatedly is ok. It is where the athlete can learn from errors and where faults are forgivable and ‘allowed’ – after all it’s only training, right?
It can be too easy to approach training or lessons with the mind-set that your time is not as important, that the rewards from excelling are lower and consequently less value is placed upon quality of performance. It’s very easy for pupils at times to think, ‘it’s just a lesson, it’s only a practice, it doesn’t matter’. Does this, therefore, allow the quality of practice and training to diminish? Should poor performance during these sessions be excusable from peers, coaches and athletes alike?
U15 Tumbling Team
U15 Surrey Tumbling Team Champions
Of course, in competition everything is different. The low stake, relaxed and positive emotional state established in training does not always translate into competition. Instead, the ‘now it really counts’ mantra attached to the performance encourages increased pressure from the athletes on themselves. It can be true that for most athletes, once in the competition, thoughts of self-doubt and disbelief creep in so that they tense up, and their fluidity and control is compromised and consequently the performance is not as good as in training. Moreover, athletes experience cognitive overload and narrower attentional focus during competition. A great example of this was shown in in early research on the topic by Yerkes and Dodson and is known as the ‘Inverted U Theory of Arousal’ (1908). Their model looks at the relationship between arousal and performance and suggests that optimal performance should occur when arousal is at a moderate level. If arousal is too low (perhaps in training) or too high (often in competition) performance quality can be compromised.
If we always have this distinction between training and competition, we are never truly preparing ourselves appropriately. It is important to think about how we can get the best results when it really matters and what that means during practices and lessons. It seems vital that any training is structured to mimic the types of competition that we are striving to excel in.
Using training effectively
U13C Netball Team
It is our job as physical educationalists to ensure that our athletes have the ability to handle the psychological ‘now it really counts’ challenge of the event alongside the physical demands. It is now much more common that professional athletes seek sport psychology services to learn how to perform in a competition as well as they do in practice. As Weinberg and Gould (2007) discuss ‘a lack of physical skills is not the real problem – rather, a lack of mental skills’ can be the cause of poor performance.
Your physical ability has not changed or decreased, so why does your performance? In training you don’t always put pressure upon yourself. In training you stay focused on what you are doing. In training you are relaxed and having fun. We must repeatedly train ourselves to always be competition ready, to improve the flow of skills, and to cope with the fast paced, high intensity environment where more is at stake.
So if we really want the performance of our athletes under pressure to resemble what has been done in lessons and training, we need to shift the view that competition is far more exciting than training, of greater importance and only enjoyable because of the extrinsic incentives that motivate performers. We must duplicate exactly what has been done in those practice sessions mentally and improve the coping skills under pressure to reflect the demands of the competitive environment. If we never practice in these high stakes situations, we will never be prepared for competition.
As teachers, I believe it is our role to make training as stimulating as competition, create problem solving opportunities and appropriate challenge. We must fashion training environments where we prepare our athletes for competition and move away from the view that practice is just where you go to train to prove you deserve to be in the team.
So, perhaps next time that dentist appointment is due to be booked over a games lesson, rather than thinking ‘it’s only training’, think would you approach a fixture with the same attitude?
You can therefore expect the quantity of competition-based game scenarios to be increased in lessons and training going forwards to ensure than we are ‘practicing’ at the desired intensity and with the high quality that we know we will need when we formally compete. More ‘mock’ competitions, a bigger audience present, sessions where the stakes are higher will all help reinforce the fact that training and competition should not be seen as separate. Ultimately we will be competing in our training and training to compete.
Weinberg, R; Gould, D (2007). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology.
Yerkes, R.M; Dodson, J.D (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Physiology, 18. 459-482
For interest, I would recommend reading Bounce by Matthew Syed where he discusses the importance of purposeful practice.
Gender Discrimination in Sports
Martha, Year 8, discusses gender discrimination in sports and outlines recent developments that have helped to move the industry towards greater equality.
What is the issue?
Gender discrimination in sports has long been a controversial topic due to inequality regarding wage, audience viewing numbers, and the overall range of opportunities that exists between men and women in the arena of competitive sports. Gender discrimination is still an issue in the 21st century; more people still will watch men’s football than women’s, and women’s football is rarely discussed in the media.
Above: Sport vector created by macrovector
Why do people consider women’s sports as less deserving than men’s?
Many people think that if there was to be more media coverage or sponsorship of women’s sport it would be more popular with audiences. The media says that if women’s sport generated more interest in the first place then they would invest more time and money into it.
Most people agree on what it takes to make a sport successful: commercial appeal, interest from the general public, and media coverage. The fact is that sponsors are less likely to promote teams or individuals who don’t have lots of media exposure, and not many women in sports do. The Women’s Sport and Fitness Foundation found that in 2013, women’s sports received only 7% of coverage and a shocking 0.4% of commercial sponsorships[1].
This is a vicious circle, as viewers want to watch sports at the highest professional standard, and sponsors want to be associated with the best athletes. Because of the lack of sponsorship many female athletes, even those who represent their countries, have to fit training around employment. Many male athletes, however, would have their sport as their profession and as such would not need to divide their training regime with other work. Women who are paid usually earn less than their male colleagues; the Professional Golfers’ Association, for example, offers 256 million dollars in prize money; the women’s association offers only 50 million[2]. This inequality also happens in pay for coaches of women’s teams compared to male teams.
What is happening now?
Things are changing, and there is energy behind equality for the industry. The English women’s cricket team became professional in 2014, signing a two-year sponsorship deal with Kia after winning many Ashes contests. The Wimbledon Championships started awarding women the same amount of prize money as men in 2007[3]. Most importantly, the opinions of sports fans seem to be changing: 61% of fans surveyed by the Women’s Sport and Fitness Foundation said they believed top sportswomen were just as skilful as their male equivalents and over half said women’s sport was just as exciting to watch[4].
The road to equality is not an easy one, and there are many different aspects to achieving this; pay, opportunity and recognition. Lots have been done in more recent years to address aspects like equal pay, but there is still more to do to gain full equality. When the Women’s World Cup has as much excitement, sponsorship and audience engagement as the Men’s World Cup, then we are nearer to having achieved equality in sport.
Does gymnastics have the same mental health benefits as yoga or meditation?
Alba, Y9, looks at how gymnastics may help relieve academic stress and help you excel in other subjects.
When we think of calming meditation, most of us will probably jump to mindfulness. In our stressful and busy lives, meditation and mindfulness are becoming increasingly popular. However, is there a right or wrong way to meditate, and can some sports such as gymnastics be classified as a sort of meditation? In fact, gymnastics is a form of focused movement meditation, and that ultimately it is beneficial to your mental health and as such has a potential positive impact on academic results.
What is focused meditation?
Focused meditation is when you concentrate on your five senses. Many people start by focusing on their breath. It sounds easy, but it is surprisingly difficult to think about just one thing, without your mind wondering and getting distracted.
However, being able to focus is a key attribute for success in life, and it’s a skill that we ideally need. Having considered on one of the senses like your breathing, a wider number of senses can be thought about.
But how does gymnastics compare to this?
Before moving, a gymnast must get into the right frame of mind to execute the move with skill. They must be focussed on themselves, and what they are about to do, and not be distracted. In a routine, you always think about the skill you are currently doing, and not what’s coming next. You are therefore being mindful and focussed on yourself in the present time. This can benefit your academic studies, because, just like mindfulness, it clears your brain so you can learn the next day with an open and more relaxed and focussed mind.
What is movement meditation?
Movement meditation helps connect your mind to your body through actions. The most common practice of this is yoga. Again, your focus is the mind. People who do not like sitting still may prefer this method, and it’s ideal when you are feeling energetic.
How does this happen in Gymnastics?
Tumbling in gymnastics is generating power and executing a sequence of flips and moves. This requires you to be aware of what your body’s doing and think about using muscles you may not otherwise use. As such, the movement becomes the focus, allowing all other thoughts to be shut out, focusing on the present and immediate.
Why should you try gymnastics, and why should it be considered a form of meditation?
Some studies[1] show that mindfulness is great, but if you struggle to do it, it can make you potentially more anxious. They also show that movement meditation like yoga can be more effective for people in stressful situations, or for people who are used to more active lifestyles. It explains why one of the reasons scientists like mindfulness – it is a cognitive method.
Personally, I prefer gymnastics to mindfulness, because I find it hard to keep still when sitting and just thinking about your breath. I enjoy the element of fear/excitement of trying a new skill. After doing gymnastics I feel a lot calmer and ready to study and learn.
I would argue that, although not a standard form of meditation, gymnastics offers benefits for stress relief and utilises skills and techniques such as focus which can help you excel in other subjects. We should have a wider view on what is meditation, and what can help us through the stresses of life.
The life of a WHS Sports Captain
Emily (Y13) elaborates on her responsibilities as Sports Captain and discusses upcoming sports events
What is my role within the school?
As Sports Captain, I aspire to be a role model that girls can look up to. I myself have looked up to many previous Sports Captains and finally having the chance to represent my school is such an amazing opportunity. I think a Sports Captain should be able to connect with the younger years, work well with the PE department, and spread enthusiasm and a passion to all.
Sports is a huge part of my life and I want to show people that with hard work and determination results will follow. Sport is an amazing thing to be a part of; it teaches you so many life lessons that cannot be readily taught in classrooms. After doing my Extended Project Qualification researching about the impact of sport on teenagers, it has made me even more aware of the importance of being involved and “getting stuck in”.
In such a highly achieving academic school it is sometimes hard to step away from work. I have found, along with many other students here at WHS, that sport is an amazing way to have fun away from screens and books. It is hard to balance work, sport, music, drama and still manage to have a life, but I think that if I can set an example to younger years, it will enable them to see that being an all-rounder is possible.
What do I want to achieve in this role?
I have 4 aims whilst in my role that I hope to achieve:
1. Launch the sports blog
2. Work with the PE Department to find a strong Sports Leadership Team that will be able to lead with enthusiasm for all years across the school
3. Improve the high-performance sports programme with the Head of Sport. It is hard to balance high level sports and academics because much of your free time is spent at trainings and matches. I aim to produce a space where our girls can go for help. In addition to this, I want the programme to give interesting and relevance talks which inspire and inform our high-performance students.
4. Improve the cricket involvement. Cricket was introduced 2 years ago, and as we go into our 3rd year, the PE Department and I aim to improve the standard of training and frequency throughout the year which will allow us to fulfil our potential.
The future is exciting!
There are so many exciting events coming up which are still in the process of being organised, such as Staff vs Sixth Form netball and basketball. For those not familiar to this, they are charity events where enthusiastic teachers play against our Sixth Form’s first team and ‘battle it out’ to see who wins. Stay tuned for further information regarding this! Until then training and matches will be commencing and all I can say is get stuck in and try new things, you never know where it could take you.
A few words from me
I am hugely honoured to be Sports Captain for 2019-2020 and I hope that with hard work from me and our PE Department we can achieve higher and have even more fun than before. Good luck for the season, work hard and the wins will follow.
The Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method: how does it work to ensure a result in an interrupted cricket game?
Rebecca, Year 9, looks at how the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method works to calculate the required score in a cricket match interrupted by the weather.
Raining at Cricket Match
A rain delay at the cricket at the Oval
With the arrival of summer comes the Cricket World Cup in England and Wales. Although England are the favourites, there is no guarantee that they will win. One thing that is pretty much guaranteed though is rain. After all, it is England! But how do you calculate the revised target score in a rain-interrupted match?
The Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method (DLS) is a mathematical formula designed to calculate the target score for the team batting second in a limited over cricket match interrupted by weather or other circumstances. It is an attempt to set a statistically fair target for the second team’s innings, which is the same difficulty as the original target. It was devised by two English statisticians, Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis, and is generally accepted to be the most accurate method of setting a target score.
This method is needed as there are so many cricket matches that experience rain delays. Without DLS, there may not be a result from the game or the incorrect result (statistically) may occur. There were many other methods set up before DLS, but none of these took into account both the wickets lost/remaining and the revised number of overs remaining. For example, the Average Run Rate method took no account of how many wickets were lost by the team batting second, but simply reflected how quickly they were scoring when the match was interrupted. So, if a team felt a rain stoppage was likely, they could attempt to force the scoring rate without regard for the corresponding highly likely loss of wickets, skewing the comparison with the first team. Therefore, the DLS method was created.
What is the DLS Method?
The basic principle is that each team in a limited-overs match has two resources available with which to score runs (overs to play and wickets remaining), and the target is adjusted proportionally to the change in the combination of these two resources.
The Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method converts all possible combinations of overs (or, more accurately, balls) and wickets left into a combined resource remaining percentage figure (with 50 overs and 10 wickets equalling 100%), and these are all stored in a published table or computer. The target score for the team batting second (‘Team 2’) can be adjusted up or down from the total the team batting first (‘Team 1’) achieved using these resource percentages, to reflect the loss of resources to one or both teams when a match is shortened one or more times.
In the version of DLS most commonly in use in international and first-class matches (the Professional Edition), the target for Team 2 is adjusted simply in proportion to the two teams’ resources i.e.
The actual resource values used in the Professional Edition are not publicly available, so a computer which has this software loaded must be used.
Table of results
A published table of resources remaining percentages,
for all combinations of wickets lost and whole overs lost
If, as usually occurs, this ‘par score’ is a non-integer number of runs, then Team 2’s target to win is this number rounded up to the next integer, and the score to tie (also called the par score), is this number round down to the preceding integer. If Team 2 reaches or passes the target score, then they have won the match. If the match ends when Team 2 has exactly met (but not passed) the par score then the match is a tie. If Team 2 fail to reach the par score then they have lost.
Does taking part in co-curricular activities really improve academic outcomes?
Jenny Cox, Director of Co-curricular and Partnerships at Wimbledon High, looks at the links between co-curricular activities and the impact these can have on academic outcomes in the classroom.
There has been much research over the years investigating the link between Sport and its benefits – not only to a healthy lifestyle – but to the academic progress of students in schools and universities. Research has shown that regular physical activity leads to improvements in a range of cognitive functions, including information processing, attention and executive function (Chaddock et al. 2011). However, does involvement in any co-curricular club facilitate academic outcomes?
Can you think of a time when you have ever been so absorbed in an activity that you have completely lost track of time? That whatever you were doing was challenging, totally captivating, was extending your skills and you were virtually operating in the subconscious? If you can, it’s likely that you were experiencing a phenomenon known as ‘flow’. Psychologist Csikszentmihalyi writing in the 1960s researched this initially with it really coming to the forefront of sports psychology in the 1990s.
He described it as:
“A deeply rewarding and optimal experience characterised
by intense focus on a specific activity
to the point of becoming totally absorbed in it”
Csikszentmihalyi suggested that experiencing ‘flow’ makes us happier and more successful, which in turn leads to increased performance. To get to this point, he pointed out that tasks have to be constantly challenging which in turn results in personal growth and development. This doesn’t mean that we always have to be in a state of optimal performance, but more that we are fully immersed in the process of the task in hand, as shown in the diagram below:
Activities & Flow diagram by Csikszentmihalyi
‘Flow’ experiences can happen as part of everyday life, and Csikszentmihalyi suggested overlearning a concept or a skill can help people experience flow. Within a sporting context, it is sometimes referred to a “being in the zone”, experiencing a loss of self-consciousness and feeling a sense of complete mastery.
In addition to overlearning, another key component of finding ‘flow’ is doing activities that we are intrinsically motivated to take part in. This means work and activities that we feel real meaning behind and enjoy doing for the sake of doing. Financial gain, awards and praise can be by-products of the ‘flow’ activities you do, but they cannot be the core motivation behind what you’re doing. Csikszentmihalyi even goes further, saying the feeling should be “such that often the end goal is just an excuse for the process.”
Academic success
So why is this relevant to our school co-curricular programme and can it be linked to academic success? The links here are two-fold.
Firstly, the co-curricular programme is designed to inspire and enhance the general learning of new skills and concepts. It gives us more time to focus on over-learning a skill or concept because there is no pressure of being examined, therefore no exact specification or course content to get through. We have the luxury of taking our time, over-rehearsing, over practising to a point of taking part in an activity with a loss of sub-consciousness. We may repeat skills so frequently because we revisit them two, three, four, seven, eight times a week, (think of rowing, drama, and music to name just three activities that have repeat weekly sessions), that the feeling of knowing a skill, a sequence, a technique really well and performing is sub-consciously really does happen.
Secondly, with this feeling of ‘flow’ comes those ‘magic moments’ we can all benefit from at any point during the day. The mere fact we are immersed in activity we enjoy could result in us being ‘in the zone’. We are busy immersed in something which is likely to mean we are automatically not thinking about an essay, a grade, a piece of coursework, a friendship or relationship issue at that time and so as a consequence that time contributes enormously to our state of well-being and happiness. This, in turn, is highly likely to lead to a more productive ‘head space’ for work when we return to it, less procrastinating, greater focus and possibly better outcomes.
So can we draw a link between participation in co-curricular activities and academic outcomes? There is research to indicate we can….. happy reading!
• Chaddock, L., C. H. Hillman, S. M. Buck, and N. J. Cohen. 2011. “Aerobic Fitness and Executive Control of Relational Memory in Preadolescent Children.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43 (2): 344–349.
• Bailey R. (2016): Sport, physical activity and educational achievement – towards an explanatory model, Sport in Society
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Server Adapter vs Computer Adapter: What’s the Difference
Server adapter and computer adapter are two types of network interface cards. Both the two types can serve the same purpose that connects the server or computer to the internet for data communications. Then do you know what’s the difference between the two NIC card types? Here first introduces the two network adapter types, then explains their differences in transmission speed, CPU utilization and reliability.
What Is Server Adapter?
Server adapter, as the name implies, is installed on the motherboards of a network server. Nowadays, newer server motherboards may have multiple network interfaces built-in, which can bring functions like load balancing, separation of traffic and so on. This makes server network more reliable and secure. Network interface card is an indispensable component of a sever. Server cannot work without a network card, since the primary mission of the network server is to query, calculate and analyze the computer instructions from the internet, then deliver the final results via the network card to the destination clients like a computer, or a network switch. Therefore, a NIC card means everything to the server.
server adapter
Figure：Example of server adapter.
What Is Computer Adapter
Computer adapter is the device that allows a computer to be connected to a network. Most computers are designed with one network interface that has been built into the motherboard. Unlike the network server, computers without a network adapter can still function. For example, two computers may exchange data with each other via bluetooth, or USB flash disk.
Server Adapter vs Computer Adapter: What’s the Difference?
The main differences between server adapter vs computer adapter are shown in three aspects, transmission speed, CPU utilization and reliability.
Transmission Speed
Commonly, Ethernet card supports transmission speeds including 10M/s (out of the stage of the history), 100M/s, 10/100M/s self-adoption, 1000M/s, 10G/s or even higher speed. A network server usually needs to support several or even hundreds of Ethernet switches or computers. It is responsible for all incoming and outgoing data between the internet and clients, dealing with large data traffic. So it requires the server adapter with higher speed like 10G, 25G, 40G or even 100G for data delivery. For ordinary PC use, 100M/s, 10/100M/s self-adoption and 1000M/s network adapters are enough.
CPU Utilization
As mentioned above, network server needs to handle large amounts of data. For example, a website receives hundreds or thousands of access requests from people over the world, and the server has to response those request at the same time. If not, the server may be paralyzed and may result in big loss for service providers. So it’s very important for server adapter to has low CPU utilization. Server adapter card is designed with a special network control chip which can take over many tasks from CPU, reducing the working burden of CPU and ensuring the server’s performance won’t be affected. On the other hand, for desktop adapter, it doesn’t have any requirements in CPU utilization since one computer doesn’t need to manage the mass of data as the server does.
An accidental shutdown of a server may result in huge loss of business since the server deals with lots of data. To avoid it happens, the important components like network adapter, power supply of the server usually use redundancy designs. Thus server adapter features with NIC bonding, loading balancing, etc. And it may come in dual or quad port design. As a result, the server adapter’s reliability can be ensured which helps avoid server network paralysis caused by malfunction. But the most common computer adapter only has one port for delivering data.
Network Interface Card Price
The price of server and computer adapter varies greatly. Server adapter costs more than PC adapter, since the server adapter requires higher speed, lower CPU utilization and higher reliability. For example, a 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit network adapter named 5722 from DELL only costs about 75 dollars. But Dell’s server card like 57416 type is much more expensive. It’s a 10G server network card with dual ports with a price of about 764 dollars.
Both server and computer adapter can provide connectivity between a server/computer and the internet. But the server adapter features with higher transmission data, lower CPU utilization and higher reliability, and it costs more than a computer adapter. Knowing their differences may help you purchase the correct device for your server or computer, and allows you to provide the best possible experience for your network.
Wall Mount Cabinet Selection Guide
Large server cabinet or network cabinet are typically used in large data centers. However, for individuals and small businesses, a wall mount cabinet can be much more effective. The wall mount cabinet is compact in size so that it can be placed almost anywhere. It helps save floor space while providing security and accessibility for your network components and other hardware. It is the perfect solution for safely storing small devices. This post describes the wall mount rack and gives you the selection guide.
alt Wall Mount Cabinet Selection Guide
What Is Wall Mount Cabinet And What’s the Type of It？
A wall mount cabinet, also known as wall mount rack or enclosed wall mount, designed to be attached to the wall, and mainly used for housing network equipment like fiber patch panels and switches. It generally comes in open frame or cabinet style. The open frame wall mount cabinet is an effective and less expensive option, but it won’t necessarily keep your equipment secure. Since it’s an open frame rack, equipment installation, wiring, and cable management tend to be easier than with an enclosed cabinet, and airflow is not an issue. However, to discourage equipment tampering, wall mount enclosure cabinet adds panels to the top, bottom and sides, as well as a front cover. It is more secure for your devices.
alt Wall Mount Cabinet Selection Guide
Things to Consider Before Buying A Wall Mount Cabinet
Wall mount cabinets vary considerably in their functionality and appearance, so it is necessary to do some research before you buy one. No matter what decision you make, finding a suitable wall mount cabinet for your network will help save your time and money by keeping your equipment safe and organized. Here we will provide three factors for you to consider before you buy a wall mount cabinet rack.
How Much Room Do I Need for My Network?
It’s important to consider the space required by the network. Think about the existing network you have and any additions you may get in the future so that you don’t end up realizing you still don’t have enough space. To determine the height of the wall mount cabinet you need, you should accurately assess the total height of your current equipment and allow for future growth. Remember that 1U is equal to 1.75 inches. The depth of the wall mount cabinet rack is adjustable from minimums of either 3 or 17 inches to maximums of 16.5, 20.5 or 32.5 inches. To determine the maximum depth you need, measure the depth of your equipment and add 3 inches to allow space for cabling. As for the weight, make sure that the capacity of the rack is greater than the total weight of the mounted equipment. Also, make sure there are proper studs on the wall that can support the weight of the rack and housed equipment.
Which Door Should I Choose?
Most wall mount cabinet comes with two different types of doors such as perforated metal or glass front doors, depending on your airflow requirements. The difference between a glass and a perforated door is clear. A glass door is often used when choosing patch solutions without extreme heat generation. It is also more soundproof than its perforated counterpart. A perforated door provides better ventilation and is typically used when multiple servers are placed in the cabinet.
What Kind of Equipment Can I Put In A Wall Mount Cabinet?
As your network grows, your network space will undoubtedly expand as well. To keep up with your IT equipment needs, you’ll discover the need to invest in physical space where your hardware and equipment can be stored. The wall mount cabinet is primarily used for racking network equipment such as network switches, patch panels, servers and more. It’s an ideal solution to support organization in your space.
What Are the Recommended Wall Mount Cabinets for You?
If you run small or home-based offices or larger offices that are looking to add an additional rack to an existing system, wall mount cabinets are an affordable option. FS provides hinged wall mount cabinet and wall mount enclosure cabinet with standard size to satisfy your needs. The hinged wall mount cabinet is capable of managing 12 rack units of active and passive equipment. It’s designed to house EIA-standard 19-inch rack equipment in network wiring closets, retail locations, classrooms, back offices and other areas with limited floor space. The wall mount enclosure cabinet designed with excellent cable management and a fully adjustable mounting rail system. It is ideal as a mini telecommunications room or for remote network distribution and consolidation points in open, unprotected spaces. If you are looking for a wall mount cabinet, why not visit for a try?
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alt Cat5e/Cat6 Ethernet cable
Why Cat5e/Cat6 Ethernet Cable Do Not Meet the Standard？
How to Avoid Buying Inferior Cat5e/Cat6 Ethernet Cables?
alt Cat5e/Cat6 Ethernet Cable
Use Ethernet Cable Passed the Fluke Test
Use Ethernet Cable With Oxygen-Free Copper Wire
Use Ethernet Cable With Fire-Proof Cable Jacket
Use Ethernet Cable Made By Reliable Manufacturers
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How to Choose and Buy the Best Ethernet Cables
Quick View of Ethernet Cables Cat5, Cat5e And Cat6
Solid or Stranded Conductor Cable, Which to Choose?
There are many Ethernet network cable wires used for data center applications such as Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat7 cables. The conductor metals adopted by those network patch cables vary in different kinds such as oxygen-free copper wire, pure copper wire, copper clad aluminum wire, and aluminum wire. This article discusses the above network cable wire and compares the differences.
What Is Oxygen-Free Copper Wire?
An oxygen-free copper wire is the highest conductivity copper cable wire that is refined to reduce the amount of oxygen to less than 0.003%, the total impurity content to less than 0.05%, and the purity of copper to more than 99.95%. Thereby, improving the conductivity and oxidation resistance.
What Is Pure Copper Wire?
The pure copper wire has a slightly lower copper content than that of oxygen-free copper wire, which is around 99.5% to 99.95%. The other impurities are some metals such as iron and oxygen. The pure copper wire has excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, plasticity, and is easy to be pressed.
What Is Copper Clad Aluminum Wire?
The copper clad aluminum wire is an electric conductor composed of an inner aluminum core and an outer copper cladding. Since it contains aluminum, it is significantly lighter and weaker than pure copper wire or oxygen-free copper wire, but stronger than pure aluminum wire. Copper clad aluminum wire is not compliant with UL and TIA standards, both of which require solid or stranded copper wires, but it’s a cheap alternative for category twisted-pair communication cables.
What Is Aluminum Wire?
An aluminum wire is made of pure aluminum. Due to the lightweight nature of aluminum, aluminum wire is quite malleable. However, when compared with copper wire, it has lower electrical and mechanical properties, which is a relatively poor electrical conductor.
Aluminum VS Copper Wire: Which Is the Better Network Cable Wire?
Despite being the best material, copper is a little expensive than aluminum. Thus, people prefer to use aluminum to save money without compromising quality. However, when the aluminum wire warms, it expands, and when it cools, it shrinks. With each gradual warm-cool cycle, the tightness of the wiring decreases, resulting in sparks, even fires. Aluminum wire will also corrode when it encounters certain metal compounds, which increase the resistance to the connection. Thus, aluminum wire requires higher maintenance than copper wire. In contrast, copper has one of the highest electrical conductivity rates among metals. Copper has high tensile strength so it can withstand extreme stress and is more durable. Due to its high elasticity, high durability, low maintenance, and high performance, it is a more stable material than aluminum. So a good manufacturer will use a great deal more copper in the wire to ensure the performance.
Now we know that copper wire outweighs aluminum wire when used in wired networks. The higher the copper content of the network cable wire, the better the conductivity and transmission capacity. However, most of the network cables sold on the market are pure copper wires or copper clad aluminum wires. FS provides oxygen-free copper wires, which outperforms among the peers. These oxygen-free copper wires are 100% pass the Fluke Channel Test with PVC CM jacket material, making them the best choice for you in terms of price and quality. If you’re interested, please visit
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PAM4 for 100G and 400G Applications
Hyper-scale data centers have been seeking for transceiver solutions with higher port densities and lower cost per bit, which has driven the development of PAM4 (Four-Level Pulse Amplitude Modulation) technology. Compared to the expensive multi-state coherent modulation scheme, simple PAM4 can deliver the right combination of speed, low cost, and low power consumption in data centers. This article is intended to introduce PAM4 for 100G and 400G applications.
What Is PAM4?
PAM4 is a technology that uses four different signal levels for signal transmission and each symbol period represents 2 bits of logic information (0, 1, 2, 3). By transmitting two bits in one symbol slot, PAM4 halves the signal bandwidth. With half of the bandwidth, PAM4 can achieve 50Gb/s data rate transmission in the 25Gb/s electrical tolerance environment. Also, PAM4 can minimize signal degradation and double the data rate. PAM4 allows us to put more data onto the existing fiber. In other words, if you want to increase bandwidth, you don’t have to reconfigure the data center with more fibers, just using advanced modulation PAM4 technology to increase the data rate. These components for single-lambda 100G can be extended to 400Gbps transceivers with four-channel drivers and CWDM4 wavelengths. However, these advanced modulation techniques impose additional requirements on the optical components used, especially consume higher amounts of electrical power.
alt What Is PAM4?
PAM4 or CWDM4 for 100G and 400G Applications
Although speed is important in the data center, economics and special constraints make cost and complexity more important than speed. Most of the data centers have already worked toward 100G, 200G, and even 400G with the technology of PAM4 and CWDM4, so which is the best for 100G and 400G application?
PAM4 for 100G and 400G Applications
PAM4 is considered to be a cost-effective and efficient alternative solution for 100G and 400G construction. For 100G transceiver modules, single-wavelength PAM4 technology reduces the number of lasers to one and eliminates the need for optical multiplexing. For 400G, the largest cost is expected to be optical components and related RF packages. PAM4 technology uses four different signal levels for signal transmission. It can transmit two bits of logic information per clock cycle and double the transmission bandwidth, thus effectively reducing transmission costs. This effectively solves the problem of high cost while meeting bandwidth improvements.
CWDM4 for 100G and 400G Applications
CWDM4 (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) technology is another cost-effective solution for large-scale deployment and migration in data centers. For 100G and 400G networks, the network architecture uses four lanes of 25 Gb/s, using CWDM technology to transport 100G and 400G optical traffic on duplex single mode fiber (SMF). WDM reduces the number of fibers required to achieve this type of transmission, ultimately reducing the cost of the entire board.
As a popular signal transmission technology for high-speed signal interconnection in next-generation data centers, PAM4 signals are widely used for electrical and optical signal transmission on 100G, 200G, and 400G interfaces. There are also a large number of PAM4 QSFP28 and PAM4 SFP28 modules available on the market to help you build your network.
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Global Optical Transceiver Market: Striding to 200G and 400G
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“Questioning the Alliance on Syria”: International Coalition and the Inconvenient Truth
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Issue Net Edition | Date : 06 Jul , 2016
Map of Syria (Map Source: CIA Fact Book)
Along the parameters of the coalition forces formed in the second Gulf War of 1991, Washington reached out to its NATO allies and power nations to fight against the terrorist organization “Daesh” also known as ISIL in Iraq and Syria. In hope to eliminate Daesh and bring peace and security in the region, italso stretched the importance of destroying other active militant groups such as “jabhat Al-Nusra” and “Ahrar al-Sham” and their militant allies, with this, Washington wanted to bring peace and security, resolving the crisis further with a political approach.
Undoubtedly, the coalition is the largest group of nations formed after the second Gulf War, as 32 nations were then led by the United States to repel Iraqi forces from occupying Kuwait, whereas today, the coalition comprised of large number of European and Arab and Middle Eastern countries totally accounting over fifty, a number that clearly exceeds the coalition then in 1991. In both the cases, the US were called to lead the coalition, however, the circumstances and the situations are very different, then the goal of the war very clear (liberate an Arab country from the occupied Arab nation). So, the battle didn’t take long and Kuwait was liberated and its sovereignty was reestablished, where as in the situation today, there is heavy dispute in deciding the goals.
It is important to note that, a terrorist organization, which has now become a nation within Syria, cannot be stopped with a meagre aerial attacks, but without a concrete plan, no combat effective measures can be taken.
Additionally, Washington created a program which trained themembers of the Free Syrian Army fighters who had no relationship or ideology or fundamentalists approach, and received training from the military advisers; Also, over ten thousand fighters are being trained in Turkey, five thousand in Kuwait, but the fate of country’s future will rest on the FSA (Free Syrian Army) and the American weapons, in a later stage.
It is also important to note that, all of the member nations in coalition have not yet been able to declare a no fly zone amid Assad’s continuous use of non-conventional means on civiliansas the control of FSA scatters the dominance and the future. It is also important to understand thatover millions of Syrian migrants are waiting to return to their country, but rehabilitation and reintegration of these people back to their homes will only be possible once the war ends, which does not seem to, even in its fifth year, so the rehabilitation rests on the neighbouring Arab countries, which are currently assisting UNHCR and other refugee organizations irrespective of their participation coalition.
Washington further wants the North and the South in control of FSA, and with aerial support, the army will be able to advance towards the “Daesh” territories, thus trapping Bashar Al Assad in the centre between Damascus and Latakia. Washington will then try to push for a political solution which will further enforce Al Assad to give up his position and find a best possible legal outcome.
Now, there are two sides of the coalition, one is the Islamic Republic of Iran, while another being the Muslim brotherhood; the first is not a part of the coalition and fears to loosen its authority in Syria, and the later feels interference of the West in regional matters, bringing the cycle again to its beginning, especially how it all began, with Western interference.
Understanding the beginning
In Mid-march 2011, people gathered on the streets of Aleppo to demand the release of all political prisoners, which began as a peaceful protest, a violent action from the security forces changed the tide of a country’s future, bringing it on the verge of worst global humanitarian crisis and conflict. It was not accepted initially that the same protestors, who peacefully demonstrated the release of political prisoners in Deraa will involve in intense clashes with the Syrian Nations Army and opposition factions in many parts of Syria. A
With Arab spring on one end, many Arab nations witnessed violent conflict between the police and the people, instigating widespread arrests, leaving thousands victimised, and hundreds behind bars. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad immediately gave his first speech, calling out new reforms and better governancewhile promising the people for a more competent leadership. The same Syrian government then gave Syrian nationality to those Kurds displaced from the province of Hadaka, also releasing the political prisoners.
The escalated situation soon deteriorated when thousands of protestors in the city of Homs and Damascus witnessed excessive violence, the peace protest soon became a war ground.
The Coalition
The roles of countries participating in the coalition vary, there are some countries who want to provide financial support whereas some nations want to participate in the military operations besides field operations and other logistics.
Combat Support
United States
President Obama, while speaking to the media recently,clearly stated the preparation of ground assault to be imperative against the Daesh settlements, and expansion of US air strikes in Iraq and parts of Syria. Over 1,600 US military troops are providing training, and gathering intelligence, whereas the coalition forces have conducted several several air strikes against Daesh forces since the beginning of the coalition.
Despite stating “no need” to counter the Syrian national army or the Daesh directlyWashington preferred the option of sending a group of military experts and advisers both in Kurdistan and Anbar. Further its was stated that military advisers were sent to “Al Habbaniyah” and “Ayn al-Assad” to check for necessary requirements for the arrival of American expeditionary force in Anbar, because the as the intelligence stated over 40 thousand Daesh presence in the region.
Canada supported the coalition by deploying over dozens of its military advisers, which continues to provide extensive consultations to the Kurdish forces even today. Additionally, Canada donated over 28 million Canadian dollars for humanitarian aid to civilians affected in areas dominated by Daesh in Iraq and Syria.
France was the first nation to join the international coalition against Daesh, but fearing a result of void post Syrian war, France did not provide military supportrather calling forconcentrated support for training of FSA on the ground. French President Francois Hollande also made it clear that the military support shall only be used to combat Daesh fighters and other militant groups which also will be subjected to renewal.
France also participated in the aerial attacks on Daesh while pledging to provide necessary military equipment’s and trainings. France also provided weapons to Kurds. These weapons have now been handed to the Peshmerga fighters whereas 58 tons of humanitarian aid has reached the Irbil area.
London has provided heavy weaponry to the Kurdish forcesand further reinforces the delivery of heavy arms to FSA soon. London is keen on participating on aerial warfarebut the decision remains pending. With three more months left for David Cameroon’s tenure, the promises Londonmade after the execution of the British hostage David Haynes will reach a dead drop.
There is no doubt about David Cameroon’s commitment in countering Daesh fighters and other factions, the British Ministry of Defence has deployed over 12 British soldiers in an effort to train and equip the Kurds against the Daesh, especially laying out that the team is only deployed to train on heavy weaponry provided by the British, moreover, London has been actively participating in aerial bombardment.
The Russian Federation
Russia still remains an ally to Assad regime. Being the first state to declare aerial bombardment on Daesh occupied areas, made US weary about its involvement in the war as the State Department declared that the targets were not Daesh or any other factions. The members of the parliament unanimously agreed to send military assistance to Syria.
Sydney actively took a stand in the conflict and deployed over 600 military observers in the UAE as a part of the international coalition.
Not long ago, the Italiandefence minister Roberta Pinotti confirmed the role of Italy in the international coalitionand pledged to support the coalition efforts in elimination of the terrorist organizations by carrying out air strikesand focused to assist Iraq in its efforts to completely destroy the “Daesh”.
Nations such as Albania, Poland, Denmark, Estonia pledged to support military equipment.
Spanish Foreign Minister Jose Manuel Garcia Margall explicitly stated that the nation shall not send military observers in the coalition’s efforts to combat the “Daesh” in Iraq,but will support the international coalition by allowing the coalition members to use its military bases and logistical support as well as supply of equipment and weapons and intelligence as well as refuelling aircraft.
Humanitarian aid
Saudi Arabia provided over$500 million to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. The Mufti of Saudi Arabia stated that the organization Daesh is against all of Islam.
Kuwait provided over ten million dollars of humanitarian aid.
Australia provided airdropped humanitarian aid.
Britain, Canada, France, Norway and Polandsent humanitarian aid. Italy pledged to grant over million dollars and 500 thousand euros whereas Spain and Ireland provided over 250 thousand dollars to UNICEF and $250 thousand to the International Committee of the Red Cross, Luxembourg provided over $300 thousand High Commissioner for Refugees and the World Food Programme.
Donations to the Office of the United Nations Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Switzerland provided over $10 million whereas Japanassisted the coalition by providing over $7.8 million each to other organizations whileNorwayprovided over $6 million and Australia supported the coalition by providing $4.6 million.Denmark pledged over $3.8 million whereasNew Zealand provided $800 thousand, Finland provided 680 thousand dollars, Hungary provided $150 thousand and South Korea provided $200 thousand respectively.
The Philippines expressed their willingness to join the coalition.
Participation of the Arab states
Saudi Arabia and UAEare at the front of Arab nations participating in combat operations against the Daesh.
UAE wants to become the prominent role player against the Daesh forces, while extending invitation to London which is looking out for a player to allow establishment of over three military bases.
However, Qatar is the only Arab nation whoseposition in the war is still unclear, as the West continues to hold on the suspicion of Doha funding Daesh and its factions.
The Arab League has pledged to support the fight against the Daesh on the political,security and ideological level.
The participation ofUnited Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia lies in airstrikes.
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About the Author
Anant Mishra
is a security analyst with expertise in counter-insurgency and counter-terror operations. His policy analysis has featured in national and international journals and conferences on security affairs.
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The etiology of malnutrition can be primary, as when the otherwise healthy individual’s needs for protein, energy, or both are not met by an adequate diet, or secondary, as a result of disease states that may lead to suboptimal intake, inadequate nutrient absorption or use, and/or increased requirements because of nutrient losses or increased energy expenditure. Protein-energy malnutrition is the most important nutritional disease in developing countries and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood worldwide.1,2 In the Western world primary malnutrition continues to occur with alarming frequency because of neglect or poverty. Secondary malnutrition exists as a result of chronic or acute illness.
In primary protein-energy malnutrition, calorie inadequacies generally are linked to conditions of war, social disruption, poverty, ignorance, infectious diseases, and food distribution inequalities. Therefore, socioeconomic, political, and other environmental deprivations can be considered to be the most global cause for childhood starvation with its deleterious effects on growth and development.
In the clinical setting, acute and/or chronic illness may lead to malnutrition and, if prolonged, result in failure to thrive. Although the etiology of malnutrition can be traced to an underlying pathology (ie, increased energy needs secondary to respiratory distress, fever, wound healing, or a malabsorptive state), the common pathway to a malnourished state is still a net deficiency of the nutrients required for an individual. Although dietary energy and protein deficiencies typically occur in concert, one may predominate, resulting in either kwashiorkor (primarily a protein-deficient state) or marasmus (primarily an energy-deficient state). Marasmic kwashiorkor also can occur and is the combination of chronic energy deprivation with a superimposed chronic or acute protein deficit. In both pathologic states, apathy, indifference, fatigue, and irritability are common.
There are several different criteria using weight and height to classify malnutrition, and all must be judiciously applied. The most useful and widely employed are the Waterlow classification2 and the Gomez criteria,3 which are used to distinguish a chronically malnourished or “stunted” child from an acutely malnourished or “wasted” child. An expected (or predicted) weight-for-height index is employed. This assessment allows classification of the degree of stunting (ie, decreased height-for-age, an indicator of chronic malnutrition) and wasting (ie, decreased weight-for-height, an indicator of acute malnutrition). The severity of an individual’s wasting and/or stunting is calculated as a percentage of the reference median value. The 50th percentile weight for that age and height-for-age are taken as the denominator, and the actual weight or height as the numerator. Gomez criteria assess the degree of malnutrition based on weight-for-age. The actual weight is compared to the median value (50th percentile for age) for the patient’s actual age. This criterion aids in the recognition of acute malnutrition. The Waterlow revised grading index for height-for-age and weight-for-height and the Gomez criteria can be found in Table 29-1.3,4
Table 29-1. Classifications of Malnutrition
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What are the 5 musical elements used in India?
Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include the sitar, sarod, surbahar, esraj, veena, tanpura, bansuri, shehnai, sarangi, violin, santoor, pakhavaj and tabla. Instruments typically used in Carnatic music include veena, venu, gottuvadyam, harmonium, mridangam, kanjira, ghatam, nadaswaram and violin.
What are the musical elements used in India?
There are three basic layers to the texture of Indian Classical Music: MELODY (Voice, Sitar, Sarangi, Bansuri, Esraj or Sarod performing the melodic form of the Raga); DRONE (Tanpura or Harmonium performing long sustained noted); RHYTHM (Tabla performing the rhythmic Tala).
What are the 5 classification of Indian musical instruments?
Woodwind, Nadaswaram, Veena, Gootuvadhyam, Thavil, Mridangam and Plain drum are old Indian musical instruments while Harmonium, Sarod, Shehnai, Sitar, Tabla and Violin are musical instruments exceptionally well known now a days.
What are the three unique musical elements of India?
Elements of indian music
• Tala, Raga, Shruti, Alankara, Drone.
• Is known to be the rhythmic time cycle of Indianmusic. …
• One of the reasons why Indian music is difficultto explain to a Western listener is because it is basedon a different tonal organization called Raga.
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Who is the father of music of India?
Purandara Dasa is often considered as the Father of Carnatic/ Karnatak Music. He has composed thousands of keertanas and are still popular among carnatic singers. , Bayesian^2.
Who invented ragas?
Balamurali, a legend, who created ragas with three swaras.
What is the beauty of Indian classical music?
The beauty of Indian classical music lies in its spontaneity. The music is produced live, on the spot, feeding off the energy from the listeners as well as the energy on stage. Nandini: The first set will be a sarod solo recital with the tabla (Abhishek and Ojas).
Tabla. Tabla is the most popular musical instrument in India. It has been phenomenal in several dance performances, shows and even movies.
What is unique about Indian music?
Who is the most famous musician in India?
Here is a list of some of the best Indian classical musicians:
• Miyan Tansen. …
• Ustad Ali Akbar Khan. …
• Hariprasad Chaurasia. …
• MS Subbulakshmi. …
• Bismillah Khan. …
• Ravi Shankar. …
• Zakir Hussain. …
• Shiv Kumar Sharma.
What is Vitat?
Bowed String Instruments (Vitat) – These string instruments are bowed. Chikara, Dilruba, Sarangi, Ravanhasta, Taar Shehnai, Israj etc. are examples of Bowed String Instruments.
The first and foremost reason behind such lacuna is the linguistic barrier as English is a standard language spoken all across the world which is mostly the medium of delivery undertaken by Western artists, whereas Indian music masterpieces are mostly delivered in Hindi or in respective regional languages.
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How many types of Sangeetham are there?
Such constraints led Hindustani music to evolve in a different way than Carnatic music. Hindustani music style is mainly found in North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It exists in four major forms: Dhrupad, Khyal (or Khayal), Tarana, and the semi-classical Thumri.
What is the shortest Tala?
Chants of India
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How does an automatic washing machine work
Author : dumpspanda020
Publish Date : 2021-05-26 11:20:30
How does an automatic washing machine work
The problem of washing is now being solved quite simply. The user loads the laundry into the drum, presses a few buttons on the control panel of the automatic washing machine and is patient. This is where human participation ends. Then the automation will do everything. In the material, we will "disassemble" an automatic washing machine into components and see which one is responsible for what.
Modern automatic washing machines are controlled by a microprocessor, which gives the command to start the next stage, based on the readings of sensors. If the machine must heat the water to 40 ° C during the execution of the program, then it will first do this, and then proceed to the next stage.
Algorithm of the automatic washing machine
An automatic washing machine performs a complete wash cycle. The standard program can be divided into several stages:
1. Laundry. At this stage, the machine draws in water, prepares the detergent solution, heats it up to the required temperature and washes the clothes loaded in the drum.
2. Rinsing. Dirty water after washing is drained, and then the rest of the detergent solution is washed out with cold water from the fibers of the fabric. Typically, when rinsing, the water is changed twice to remove the soap completely. At this stage, add fabric softener.
3. Spin. Moisture is removed from the fibers of the fabric up to about 20-25% depending on how many revolutions per minute have been set.
For different manufacturers and in different wash programs, the stages can be supplemented with auxiliary procedures, for example, a pre-wash, or vice versa - they can be excluded, for example, spinning in the washing mode for delicate fabrics, instead of which the water is simply drained.
Automatic washing machine device
Despite the wide variety of models from different manufacturers, the device of automatic washing machines is almost the same and does not differ much from each other.
Control board
The "brain" center of any washing machine is an electronic board. It is she who controls all the processes taking place in the machine during washing. It is to her that all the parameters and readings of the sensors "flock", and it is from her that the commands to the machine's executive mechanisms come. Depending on the version, the electronics module can be divided into two separate boards: power and control, or assembled in a single housing.
It is in the control board that the washing programs are "sewn", the control algorithms that allow you to make adjustments to the preset programs and safety protocols that are responsible for the adequate use of the washing machine.
Solenoid valve
The correct name for this unit is the solenoid filling valve (KEN). He is responsible for supplying water to the washing machine. It is a conventional electromagnet controlled by signals from the electronic board. The valve is normally closed and prevents water from entering the tank of the machine. When a signal is received, voltage is applied to the coil of the electromagnet, the core is drawn in and opens a path for water to enter, which is directed into the loading tray for detergents and washes them into the tank.
As a rule, KEN contains two or three electromagnets, the opening of which allows water to flow through the various compartments of the detergent tray and wash them out into the washing unit.
Tank and drum
Structurally, the tank and drum of an automatic washing machine are a single whole. The drum, made of stainless steel, is built into the sturdy "shell" of the tank.
In the tank, the detergent solution is prepared and heated to the temperature required for washing. An electric heating element installed in the lower part of the tank is responsible for heating the water.
The tanks of modern washing units are usually made of durable plastic. It is quite strong, retains heat well, is resistant to corrosion and is light in weight. The drum of the washing machine is made of stainless steel. For better contact of linen with water during washing and moisture removal during wringing, the walls of the drum are made perforated, water circulates freely through the holes in the unit.
The effectiveness of washing lies in the mechanical effect on the laundry. That is why, during the washing phase, the tank of the machine is filled to a minimum so that the water does not absorb the impact of the laundry on the drum surface.
During the washing process, the drum rotates in one direction or the other at a speed of about 50 rpm. When spinning, the drum is able to spin up to 1600 rpm - different models have different thresholds.
Category : general
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The Significance of Getting Your IBM C1000-091 Certification
The Significance of Getting Your IBM C1000-091 Certification
- Before long immediately after setting up your house college at your property youll would like to systemize the complete
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Hands On
Now in 3D! – Learn How to Use the Camera in the New Javascript API 3.1
By Richard Süselbeck | 14 October 2019
Try HERE Maps
Get Started
The new version 3.1 of our JavaScript API brings a whole host of new exciting features, chief among them the arrival of vector tiles and a 3D renderer. This in turns means you are now longer limited to a top-down view of the map. Check this out.
In addition to moving the camera along two axes and zooming, you can now also rotate and tilt the it. It's a whole new world! Of course, this also raises the question: How do you do this?
First, the good news. You can still use setPosition() and setZoom() just as before. So after setting up a basic map (for example by using our examples in GitHub), you can get a close-up look of Terminal A at TXL airport using this code snippet.
map.setCenter({lat: 52.5544, lng: 13.29036});
So far so good. The eagle-eyed among you may have spotted a tiny little difference, though. That's right, we've used a fractional zoom factor. With vector tiles there are no more preset zoom factors and you can zoom in to a very specific factor of 18.2817151. If that's your thing.
Now then, how do we tilt and rotate the camera? After all, that's really what we're here for. Well, to set how we look at the map we use the function ViewModel.setLookAtData. This function takes a look-at data set as described in ViewModel.ILookAt as a parameter. The data set can contain any or all of the following properties: position, zoom, heading, tilt and bounds.
position: {lat: 52.5544, lng: 13.29036},
zoom: 18.1});
As we can see, we get the exact some view as before. Now, let's move on to the interesting parts, namely heading and tilt.
The heading property allows us to rotate the camera. Heading can be a value from 0 to 360, with 0 indicating that the camera is looking from the North, 90 from the East, 180 from the South and 270 from the West. This means you normal map with north at the top, would have a heading of 180. Let’s use 0 to see the world upside down.
position: {lat: 40.70808, lng: -74. 01426},
zoom: 16,
heading: 0});
As we can see, this gives us a strange, yet familiar view. The tip of Manhattan, but on a south-up map.
Next, let's use the tilt property. Tilt represents the angle between the look-at vector and normal to the surface along z-axis, which is fancy talk for making the camera look up or down. The value goes from 0 to 90, with 0 making the camera look straight down for a standard map view. Let's keep our other properties unchanged and add a tilt of 45 degrees.
zoom: 16,
heading: 0,
tilt: 45});
As we can see, the camera is now looking up by 45 degrees in the direction of our heading. As we would expect, this means we are seeing less of Manhattan, but parts of Brooklyn and Governor's island have now come into view.
This also brings up an interesting issue. What do we do if we want to ensure that the camera shows a specific area of the map? With all this tilting and rotation, this has suddenly become a lot more complicated. Fortunately, that's what the bounds property is for. All we need to provide is an H.geo.Polygon object and setLookAtData will ensure that everything within that polygon is visible to the user.
Recently I wrote a blog post about the shapes features in the Geocoder API, which returns the outlines of areas such as countries or postal codes. Conveniently, the JavaScript API returns these areas as, you guessed it, H.geo.Polygon objects.
So, I grabbed that project, converted it to JS 3.1 and made the camera zoom into a tilted view of the selected country using the following code snippet:
lookAt = {
bounds: cameraBounds,
tilt: 45
You can check out the complete project on GitHub.
(Incidentally, migrating the project to version 3.1 wasn't too much work. All I needed to do was update the modules to version 3.1, replace the credentials with the new apikey and switch to vector tiles during map initialization. You can find more details in the migration guide.)
That's it for today. Next time we'll look another exciting new feature: map customization!
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Nginx – Load Balancing with Nginx
How to Configure Network Static IP Address on Ubuntu 19.10
So far in this book, you have seen the power of Nginx as a web server. However, Nginx is much more than that. It is frequently used as a proxy server. A proxy server’s job is to front end the request and pass it on to the proxied server, which is also known as an upstream server. The upstream server processes the request and sends the response back to the Nginx server, which further relays the response to the clients who made the request. You may think, why do you need to complicate things as much? Wouldn’t it make the processing slower because of the number of hops? This chapter focuses on answers to similar questions, and you will learn about setting up servers based on different scenarios.
Defining High Availability
Let’s begin with the fundamentals of high availability. A system can be considered highly available if it is continuously operational as long as desired. That is easier said than done. There are basically three main aspects that you need to consider while designing a highly available system.
1. Eliminate a single point of failure. In simple words, it means that you should design your system such that failure at a specific point doesn’t bring down the entire system. In a web server context, it means that having just one server, serving your requests for
is not recommended. Even though you can have multiple worker processes for Nginx, it doesn’t take care of scenarios where a server has to be patched for security and rebooted. Also, it doesn’t take care of hardware or network failures. Having a single server serving your web pages, hence, can become a single point of failure and should be avoided.
2. Reliable failover. In simplistic terms, a failover implies that if one of the servers goes down, another one takes its place without the end user noticing the disruption in service. Consider a car. If one of the tires gets punctured, even though you have an extra tire , it takes a while to manually change it. You can say that the failover is reliable, but it isn’t quick. In today’s world, for a busy e-commerce website, slow failover means revenue loss that could run in millions. It is to be noted that the revenue loss here is not only from the lost business, but also due to the lack of trust that ensues following a major failure.
3. Failure detection at run time. No system is 100 percent perfect. Although, if monitored well, it can appear to be 100 percent reliable. High-availability design suggests that you create the system in such a way that failure could be detected and fixed with time in hand. However, it is easier said than done.
All the three points mentioned above sound pretty obvious, but designing such a system is hard. In fact, very hard! As an engineer or architect, you will be often asked to maintain a Service Level Agreement (SLA) in terms of percentage of uptime. Take a look at Table 8-1.
Table 8-1. Service Level Agreement Chart
Availability %
Downtime per year
Downtime per day
99% (two nines)
3.65 days
14.4 mins
99.9% (three nines)
8.76 hours
1.44 mins
99.99% (four nines)
52.56 mins
8.66 seconds
99.999% (five nines)
5.26 mins
864.3 milliseconds
99.9999% (six nines)
31.5 seconds
86.4 milliseconds
That’s right: it is just 31.5 seconds per year for a six niner SLA
. In today’s world, 4 nines and 5 nines have almost become a norm for major cloud providers, and 100 percent is not farfetched either. See Figure 8-1.
Figure 8-1. Service status by different cloud providers (courtesy:
Load Balancing for High Availability
When you manage web servers, one of your primary duties is to maintain a specific SLA. As discussed in the previous section, keeping a server running 24x7x365 becomes crucial. At the same time, patching the server regularly is equally important. Sometimes, patching requires you to reboot the server before the settings take effect. During the rebooting process, the website remains down. Ask yourself, what if the server doesn’t come up after the reboot or a system failure occurs due to hardware? Scary, right? To avoid such scenarios, you set up a load balancer. Figure 8-2 shows what the network would look like.
Figure 8-2. A typical network
load balancer in action
As you can see, this setup doesn’t have web server as a single point of failure any more. You now have four web servers handling the load from various clients. It is the responsibility of the load balancer to appropriately route the Internet traffic to one of the web servers, retrieve the response from the web server, and return it back to the client. It takes care of bullet #1 discussed in the high-availability section.
Regarding bullet #2, if your application is designed in such a way that the entire application is deployed in one web server, you are good to go and will not have to worry about failover. This is because, if one server goes down, the Network Load Balancer (NLB)
will detect it, and won’t route the traffic to the server that is down. Quite often, the “entire application in one server” is not practical and the servers have to be created based on the role that it serves. So, in effect, you will have a set of database servers, another set of application servers, and yet another set of front-end servers. The front end in this case doesn’t have a single point of failure (the rest of the system has not been drawn in the figure for brevity). The idea is to avoid single point of failures at all levels.
Bullet #3, that is, failure detection, is what helps the load balancer determine which server is down. Ideally, you should have a monitoring solution that keeps monitoring the logs, service levels, and other server vitals to ensure everything runs smoothly in a production farm. The monitoring solution typically has an alerting mechanism that alerts the administrators when the server starts showing signs of stress.
The network diagram in Figure 8-2 might look robust, but it is not. That is because the load balancer and firewall has now become a single point of failure. You can design them to be fault tolerant by making them failover smoothly in case of issues. However, this won’t be covered in this book since it is out of its scope.
Hardware Load Balancer
As the name suggests, a hardware load balancer is a device that is installed in a datacenter and does the job of splitting traffic. Since the decision is made at the electronics level, it happens to be extremely fast. Moreover, the failure rates are low, too. There are multiple vendors like F4, Cisco, Citrix, etc., who provide the hardware. Typically, the configuration is done through a console or a web interface.
Some benefits
of using a hardware load balancer include the following:
• It helps generate excellent statistics out of the box. Since the devices are made primarily for one purpose, they do it really well. It is a mature solution and comes in various flavors for different needs.
• You can rely on a specific vendor and call for support when the need arises. In worst-case scenarios, you have to simply replace the device with a new one and reconfigure from backup.
• Lower maintenance costs since the appliance just works, and there is not much to manage once it is configured.
There are some disadvantages
too. Here are a few important ones:
• Not all devices have lower maintenance costs, since every device has its nuances. You might need to hire a consultant or employee who understands these devices well. That eventually bumps up the cost of ownership.
• Hardware load balancers are mostly black boxes, and you can only do as much as the console or the API allows. Beyond that, you might have to evaluate another device that has bigger/better feature sets.
• The devices are generally quite costly, and needs you to have a datacenter that you control. In today’s world, a lot is being migrated to the cloud and if you have a solution that is deployed mostly in the cloud, a hardware NLB is out of the race.
Software Load Balancer
With time, the load balancers have evolved. They are often referred to as Application Delivery Controllers (ADC
and they do much more than traffic routing. The load balancer is not just a black box as it once was, and it has to be a lot more scalable due to the goals of today’s massively scalable applications. The future is software, and right from servers, to switches, firewalls, routers, and load balancers, the inclination has been toward a software solution due to various reasons. With the advent of cloud computing this inclination is turning even more toward a software solution. Primarily, it helps in the long run if you are not stuck with a proprietary hardware and its limitations.
Nginx can help you load balance your traffic and much more. There are some very good reasons why you should use Nginx as a software load balancer.
This is the most important reason why you may want to use a software load balancer. Please keep in mind that installing a hardware load balancer requires a lot more work than a software load balancer. A software load balancer can be used anywhere including containers, hypervisors, commodity hardware, and even in the cloud!
Nginx provides a software-based application delivery platform that load balances HTTP and TCP applications at a fraction of the cost compared to hardware solutions. The open source version is free, and the paid version Nginx PLUS offers 24×7 support at a much lower cost factor.
You buy what you need in case of a software LB, whereas, you have to appropriately size for the requirements and often keep an additional buffer for growth. In effect, when it comes to hardware LB, you buy more than what you need to begin with. Sizing
correctly is not an easy task and you often undersize or oversize, and this leads to complications in the running deployment. Even if you have purchased it just right, you will have to make the payment up front for the need that you might have had after three or five years, based on your initial estimate.
Application vs. Network
The guiding force behind the purchase of a hardware LB is often the network setup. In comparison, software LB is often preferred if you think more about your application and its scalability. This becomes even more important if your application is modern and geared toward cloud deployment.
A software LB is elastic in the sense that you can easily provision bigger servers or spawn additional ones during the spikes. With hardware LB, you will always have to consider the spikes in your sizing calculation and buy appropriately. In effect, it means more resources blocked than you would need on average, and you will end up paying for the resources that you never really utilized.
Consider Figure 8-3. Assume that the average number of hits you anticipate is around 5K per minute throughout the year. Due to a marketing campaign or any other reason you happened to see a spike that took the number of requests to 8K+ per minute. In this case, a hardware LB might start throttling or might even fail to respond appropriately. The solution is to buy the device appropriately considering the maximum throughput that you anticipate. This also implies that you will end up paying for a device that handles more concurrent requests (8K per min), whereas your average is much less (just 5K per minute).
Figure 8-3. Sales spike between Jan to May
Easy Deployment
Setting up a software LB is much simpler and easier than hardware LB. Additionally, a software LB is same whether it runs on a bare metal server, virtual server, container, or cloud. The functionality and configuration method doesn’t change. This is not the case with hardware load balancers. Every device is different and has different requirements and capacities. Maintenance requires specific knowledge of the given hardware and the variety of choices makes it even more difficult to evaluate different devices.
If you have multiple applications, buying a different hardware LB for each application might be too expensive. To counter that, sharing the LB between multiple applications also means that one noisy application can negatively impact others. Software LB can be easily multi-tenanted, and it turns out to be a lot more effective in the long run since it doesn’t suffer from a noisy-neighbor issue.
Load Balancing in Nginx
Now that you have learned about the basics of load balancing and advantages of using a software load balancer, let’s move forward and work on the Nginx servers you already created in the previous chapters.
Clean Up the Servers
Before setting up anything new, clean up
the previous applications so that you can start afresh. This is to keep things simpler. You will be settings up applications in different ways in the upcoming sections of this chapter. The idea is to give you information about different scenarios from a practical perspective.
1. Log on to the WFE1 using ssh -p 3026 user1@
2. Remove everything from the Nginx home directory.
sudo rm -rf /usr/share/nginx/html/*
3. Reset your configuration ( sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf) to the following:
user nginx;
worker_processes 1;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
http {
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user - [$time_local] - $document_root - $document_uri - '
'$request - $status - $body_bytes_sent - $http_referer';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
index index.html index.htm;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
4. Now, remove the entries in conf.d by using the following command:
sudo rm -f /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf
5. Repeat the steps for WFE2.
Create Web Content
Let’s create some content
so that it is easy to identify which server served the request. In practical situations, the content on the WFE1 and WFE2 will be same for the same application. Run the following command on both WFE1 and WFE2:
uname -n | sudo tee /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
This command is pretty straightforward. It uses the output of uname -n and dumps it in a file called index.html in the default root location of Nginx. View the content and ensure that the output is different on both the servers.
$cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
The tee command reads from the standard input and writes to standard output as well as files. It is handy, since it shows you the output along with creating the file at the same time.
Configure WFE1 and WFE2
The content is available on both servers now, but since you have already cleaned up the configuration you will need to re-create the configuration file by using the following command:
sudo cp /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.template /etc/nginx/conf.d/main.conf
The command will create a copy of the configuration for a default website. If you recall, the default.template contained the following text:
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
• Restart the service: sudo systemctl restart nginx.
• Repeat the steps on WFE2.
• Once done, you should be able to execute curl localhost on both servers, and you should get output as wfe1.localdomain and wfe2.localdomain respectively. Notice that even though the request is same ( curl localhost), the output is different. In practice, the output will be the same from both servers.
Set Up NLB Server
Setting up an NLB server is no different than setting up a regular web server. The installation steps are similar to what you have learned already. The configuration, however, is different and you will learn about it in the upcoming sections.
1. Create a new virtual machine called NLB.
2. Set up a NAT configuration as you have learned in previous chapters. It should look similar to Figure 8-4.
Figure 8-4. Network configuration for NLB with two WFEs
3. Install Nginx (refer to chapter 2) on the NLB server.
4. Since it is a new server, when you execute curl localhost, you will see the default welcome page. You can ignore it for the time being.
5. Open the configuration file ( /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf) and make the changes as follows:
upstream backend{
server {
listen 80;
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
6. Restart the service.
7. Try the following command a few times and notice how it gives you output from WFE1 and WFE2 in an alternate fashion.
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
So, what just happened? Basically, you have set up a load balancer using Nginx and what you saw was the load balancer in action. It was extremely simple, right? There are a couple of directives at play here.
• upstream directive: The upstream directive defines a group of servers. Each server directive points to an upstream server. The server can listen on different ports if needed. You can also mix TCP and UNIX-domain sockets if required. You will learn more about it in the upcoming scenarios.
• proxy_pass directive: This directive sets the address of a proxied server. Notice that in this case, the address was defined as back end, and in turn contained multiple servers. By default, if a domain resolves to several addresses, all of them will be used in a round-robin fashion.
Load Balancing Algorithms
When a load balancer is configured, you need to think about various factors. It helps if you know the application and its underlying architecture. Once you have found the details, you will need to configure some parameters of Nginx so that you can route the traffic accordingly. There are various algorithms that you can use based on your need. You will learn about it next.
Round Robin
This is the default configuration. When the algorithm is not defined, the requests are served in round-robin
fashion. At a glance, it might appear way too simple to be useful. But, it is actually quite powerful. It ensures that your servers are equally balanced and each one is working as hard.
Let’s assume that you have two servers, and due to the nature of your application you would like three requests to go to the first server (WFE1) and one request to the second server (WFE2). This way, you can route the traffic in a specific ratio to multiple servers. To achieve this, you can define weight to your server definitions in the configuration file as follows.
upstream backend{
server weight=3;
server weight=1;
server {
listen 80;
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
Reload Nginx configuration and try executing curl localhost multiple times. Note that three requests went to the WFE1 server, whereas one request went to WFE2.
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
[root@nlb ∼]# curl localhost
Least Connected, Optionally Weighted
In scenarios where you cannot easily determine the ratio or weight, you can simply use the least connected algorithm
. It means that the request will be routed to the server with the least number of active connections. This often leads to a good load-balanced performance. To configure this, you can use the configuration file like so:
upstream backend{
server weight=1;
server weight=1;
Without a load testing tool, it will be hard to determine the output using command line. But the idea is fairly simple. Apart from the least number of active connections, you can also apply weight to the servers, and it would work as expected.
IP Hash
There are quite a few applications that maintain state on the server: especially the dynamic ones like PHP, Node, ASP.NET, and so on. To give a practical example, let’s say the application creates a temporary file for a specific client and updates him about the progress. If you use one of the round-robin algorithms, the subsequent request might land on another server and the new server might have no clue about the file processing that started on the previous server. To avoid such scenarios, you can make the session sticky, so that once the request from a specific client has reached a server, Nginx continues to route the traffic to the same server. To achieve this, you must use ip_hash directive like so:
upstream backend{
The configuration above ensures that the request reaches only one specific server for the client based on the client’s IP hash key. The only exception is when the server is down, in which case the request can land on another server.
Generic Hash
A hash algorithm is conceptually similar to an IP hash. The difference here is that for each request the load balancer calculates a hash that is based on the combination of text and Nginx variables that you can specify. It sends all requests with that hash to a specific server. Take a look at the following configuration where hash algorithm is used with variables $scheme (for http or https) and $request_uri (URI of the request):
upstream backend{
hash $scheme$request_uri;
Bear in mind that a hash algorithm will most likely not distribute the load evenly. The same is true for an IP hash. The reason why you still might end up using it is because of your application’s requirement of a sticky session. Nginx PLUS offers more sophisticated configuration options when it comes to session persistence. The best use case for using hash is probably when you have a dynamic page that makes data intensive operations that are cachable. In this case, the request to that dynamic page can go to one server only, which caches the result and keeps serving the cache result, saving the effort required at the database side and on all the other servers.
Least Time (Nginx PLUS), Optionally Weighted
Nginx PLUS
has an additional algorithm that can be used. It is called the least time method
where the load balancer mathematically combines two metrics for each server—the current number of active connections and a weighted average response time for past requests —and sends the request to the server with the lowest value. This is a smarter and more effective way of doing load balancing with heuristics.
You can choose the parameter on the least_time directive, so that either the time to receive the response header or the time to receive the full response is considered by the directive. The configuration looks like so:
upstream backend{
least_time (header | last_byte);
server weight=1;
server weight=1;
Most Suitable Algorithm
There is no silver bullet or straightforward method to tell you which method will suit you best. There are plenty of variables that need to be carefully determined before you choose the most suitable method. In general, least connections and least time are considered to be best choices for the majority of the workloads.
Round robin works best when the servers have about the same capacity, host the same content, and the requests are pretty similar in nature. If the traffic volume pushes every server to its limit, round robin might push all the servers over the edge at roughly the same time, causing outages.
You should use load testing tools and various tests to figure out which algorithm works best for you. One thing that often helps you make good decision is the knowledge of the application’s underlying architecture. If you are well aware about the application and its components, you will be more comfortable in doing appropriate capacity planning.
You will learn about load testing tools, performance, and benchmarking in the upcoming chapters.
Load Balancing Scenarios
So far in this chapter you have seen an Nginx load balancer routing to the back-end Nginx servers. This is not a mandatory requirement. You can choose Nginx to route traffic to any other web server. As a matter of fact, that is what is done mostly in practical scenarios and as far as the request is HTTP based, it will just work. Nginx routes the request based on the mapped URI. You can use Nginx easily to front end the PHP, ASP.NET, Node.js, or any other application for that matter and enjoy the benefits of Nginx as you will see in the upcoming scenarios.
Nginx Routing Request to Express/Node.js
If you recall, in the previous chapter you configured Nginx for MEAN stack. Assuming WFE1 and WFE2 are hosting applications based on MEAN stack and the application is running on port 3000, your NLB server’s configuration will look like the following:
upstream nodeapp {
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://nodeapp;
A common mistake that usually happens is that the additional ports are not opened in the firewall. So, you need to ensure that ports are opened explicitly by using the following command on both WFE1 and WFE2:
[user1@wfe1 ∼]$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3000/tcp
[user1@wfe1 ∼]$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
Once you have opened the ports, Nginx will start routing the request successfully. Note that the opened ports are not exposed to the Internet. It is just for Nginx that is load balancing the requests.
Passing the HOST Header
Since everything has been working in these simple demos, it might mislead you into thinking that all you need to pass to the back-end server is the URI. For real world applications you might have additional information in request headers that—if missed—will break the functionality of the application. In other words, the request coming from Nginx to the back-end servers will look different than a request coming directly from the client. This is because Nginx makes some adjustments to headers that it receives from the client. It is important that you are aware of these nuances.
• Nginx gets rid of any empty headers for performance reasons.
• Any header that contains an underscore is considered invalid and is eventually dropped from the headers collection. You can override this behavior by explicitly setting underscores_in_headers on;
• The “HOST” header is set to the value of $proxy_host, which is a variable that contains the domain name of IP address grabbed from the proxy_pass definition. In the configuration that follows, it will be backend.
• Connection header is added and set to close.
You can tweak the header information before passing on by using the proxy_set_header directive. Consider the following configuration in the NLB:
upstream backend{
server {
listen 80;
location / {
proxy_set_header HOST $host;
proxy_pass http://backend;
In the previous configuration, an explicit HOST header has been set using proxy_set_header directive. To view the effect, follow these steps:
• Ensure that your NLB configuration appears as the previous configuration block. Restart Nginx service.
• On WFE1, change the nginx.conf ( sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf) such that the log_format has an additional field called $host as follows:
log_format main '$host - $remote_addr - $remote_user - [$time_local] - $document_root - $document_uri - $request - $status - $body_bytes_sent - $http_referer';
• Save the file and exit. Restart Nginx service.
• Switch back to NLB and make a few requests using curl localhost
• View the logs on the WFE1 using sudo tail /var/log/nginx/access.log -n 3.
[user1@wfe1 ∼]$ sudo tail /var/log/nginx/access.log -n 3
localhost - - - - - /usr/share/nginx/html - /index.html - GET / HTTP/1.0 - 200 - 17 - -
• As you can see, the requests had localhost as the hostname and it is because you have used proxy_set_header HOST $host.
• To view what the result would have looked like without this header change, comment the line in NLB’s configuration:
location / {
# proxy_set_header HOST $host;
proxy_pass http://backend;
• Restart Nginx on NLB and retry curl localhost a few times.
• If you view the logs on WFE1 using the tail command, you should see an output similar to this:
• Notice the last couple of lines where the hostname appears as back end. This is the default behavior of Nginx if you don’t set the HOST header explicitly. Based on your application, you might need to set explicitly or ignore this header in the NLB configuration.
Forwarding IP Information
Since the requests are forwarded to the back end, it has no information about where the requests have actually come from. To the back-end servers, it knows the NLB as the client. There are scenarios where you might want to log information about the actual visitors. To do that, you can use proxy-set-header just as you did in the previous example but with different variables like so:
location / {
proxy_set_header HOST $proxy_host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_pass http://backend;
In this configuration apart from setting HOST header, you are also setting the following headers:
• X-Real-IP is set to $remote_addr variable that contains the actual client IP.
• X-Forwarded-For is another header set here, which contains $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for. This variable contains a list of $remote_addr – client IPs – separated by a comma.
• To log the actual client IP, you should now modify the log_format to include $http_x_real_ip variable that contains the real client IP information.
• By default, X-Real-IP is stored in $http_x_real_ip. You can change this behavior by using – real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For; – in your http, location or server directive in order to save the value of X-Forward-For header instead of X-Real-IP header.
As you can guess, with an NLB in between the real back-end server, there are two hops for every request. This may adversely affect the client’s experience. If the buffers are not used, data that is sent from the back-end server immediately gets transmitted to the client. If the clients are fast, they can consume this immediately and buffering can be turned off. For practical purposes, the clients will typically not be as fast as the server in consuming the data. In that case, turning buffering on will tell Nginx to hold the back-end data temporarily, and feed that data to the client. This feature allows the back ends to be freed up quickly since they have to simply work and ensure that the data is fed to Nginx NLB. By default, buffering is on in Nginx and controlled using the following directives:
• proxy_buffering: Default value is on, and it can be set in http, server, and location blocks.
• proxy_buffers number size: proxy_buffers directive allows you to set the number of buffers along with its size for a single connection. By default, the size is equal to one memory page, and is either 4K or 8K depending on the platform.
• proxy_buffer_size size: The headers of the response are buffered separately from the rest of the response. This directive sets that size, and defaults to proxy_buffers size.
• proxy_max_temp_file_size size: If the response is too large, it can be stored in a temporary file. This directive sets the maximum size of the temporary file.
• proxy_temp_file_write_size size: This directive governs the size of data written to the file at a time. If you use 0 as the value, it disables writing temporary files completely.
• proxy_temp_path path: This directive defines the directory where temporary files are written.
Nginx Caching
Buffering in Nginx helps the back-end servers by offloading data transmission to the clients. But the request actually reaches the backend server to begin with. Quite often, you will have static content, like 3rd party JavaScript libraries, CSS, Images, PDFs, etc. that doesn’t change at all, or rarely changes. In these cases, it makes sense to make a copy of the data on the NLB itself, so that the subsequent requests could be served directly from the NLB instead of fetching the data every time from the backend servers. This process is called caching.
To achieve this, you can use the proxy_cache_path directive like so in the HTTP block:
proxy_cache_path path levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g inactive=60m
Before you use this directive, create the path as follows and set appropriate permissions:
mkdir -p /data/nginx/cache
chown nginx /data/nginx/cache
chmod 700 /data/nginx/cache
• Levels define the number of subdirectories Nginx will create to maintain the cached files. Having a large number of files in one flat directory slows down access, so it is recommended to have at least a two-level directory hierarchy.
• keys_zone defines the area in memory which contains information about cached file keys. In this case a 10MB zone is created and it should be able to hold about 80,000 keys (roughly).
• max_size is used to allocate 10GB space for the cached files. If the size increases, cache manager process trims it down by removing files that were used least recently.
• inactive=60m implies the number of minutes the cache can remain valid in case it is not used. Effectively, if the file is not used for 60 minutes, it will be purged from the cache automatically.
By default, Nginx caches all responses to requests made with the HTTP GET and HEAD methods. You can cache dynamic content too where the data is fetched from a dynamic content management system, but changes less frequently, using fastcgi_cache. You will learn about caching details in chapter 12.
Server Directive Additional Parameters
The server directive
has more parameters that come in handy in certain scenarios. The parameters are fairly straightforward to use and simply require you to use the following format:
server address [parameters]
You have already seen the server address in use with weight. Let’s learn more about some additional parameters.
• max_fails=number: Sets the number of unsuccessful attempts before considering the server unavailable for a duration. If this value is set to 0, it disables the accounting of attempts.
• fail_timeout=time: Sets the duration in which max_fails should happen. For example, if max_fails parameter is set to 3, and fail_timeout is set to 10 seconds, it would imply that there should be 3 failures in 10 seconds so that the server could be considered unavailable.
• backup: Marks the server as a backup server. It will be passed requests when the primary servers are unavailable.
• down: Marks the server as permanently unavailable.
• max_conns=number: Limits the maximum number of simultaneous active connections. Default value of 0 implies no limit.
Configure Nginx (PLUS) for Heath Checks
The free version of Nginx doesn’t have a very important directive, and it is called health_check. This feature is available in Nginx PLUS, and enabling it gives you a lot of options related to health of the upstream servers.
• interval=time: Sets the interval between two health checks. The default value is 5 seconds and it implies that the server checks the upstream servers every 5 seconds.
• fails=number: If the upstream server fails x number of times, it will be considered unhealthy. The default value is 1.
• passes=number: Once considered unhealthy, the upstream server needs to pass the test x number of times before it could be considered healthy. The default value is 1.
• uri = path: Defines the URI that is used to check requests. Default value is /.
• match=name: You can specify a block with its expected output in order the test to succeed. In the following configuration, the test is to ensure that the output has a status code of 200, and the body contains “Welcome to nginx!”
http {
server {
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
health_check match=welcome;
match welcome {
status 200;
header Content-Type = text/html;
body ∼ "Welcome to nginx!";
• If you specify multiple checks, any single failure will make the server be considered unhealthy.
Activity Monitoring
in Nginx (PLUS)
Nginx PLUS includes a real-time activity monitoring interface that provides load and performance metrics. It uses a RESTful JSON interface, and hence it is very easy to customize. There are plenty of third-party monitoring tools that take advantage of JSON interface and provide you a comprehensive dashboard for performance monitoring.
You can also use the following configuration block to configure Nginx PLUS for status monitoring.
server {
listen 8080;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
# Redirect requests for / to /status.html
location = / {
return 301 /status.html;
location = /status.html { }
location /status {
allow x.x.x.x/16; # permit access from local network
deny all; # deny access from everywhere else
Status is a special handler in Nginx PLUS. The configuration here is using port 8080 to view the detailed status of Nginx requests. To give you a better idea of the console, the Nginx team has set up a live demo page that can be accessed at
In this chapter, you have learned about the basic fundamentals of high availability and why it matters. You should also be comfortable with the basic concepts about hardware and software load balancing. Nginx is an awesome product for software load balancing and you have learned about how easily you can set it up in your web farm. The architecture of Nginx allows you to have a very small touch point for front-end servers, and the flexibility ensures that you can customize it precisely based on your requirements. You can scale out your farm easily with Nginx, and use Nginx PLUS to achieve even more robustness in your production farm when the need arises.
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Why? For What Reason? Against What?
It is only in recent years that a vaccination has existed that is supposed to lower the risk of getting cervical cancer. This vaccination can protect against specific, sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses that are considered one of the causes for cervical cancer.
Even though we consider our high health status as a matter of course in Germany today, it is not so very long ago that in Europe, too, many people died of diseases such as smallpox or typhus or had to suffer from the after-effects of diseases like poliomyelitis.
Even at the beginning of the 20th century, there were still deadly epidemics such as the Spanish flu which spread anxiety and fear among the population.
Due to the fact that momentarily the threats to our health are considered subjectively low, a certain vaccination fatigue has developed. That means we avoid the way to the doctor because we see no danger for our own health nor for the health of the population...
The paradox is that because of vaccinations certain diseases have receded so much or have even been pronounced eradicated that they are no longer recognised as threats.
• Article no.: 4669618
• Targetgroups: Sek I,Sek II
• Length: 23:08 min
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Assignment 1: Short Answer Assessment
Address the following Short Answer prompts for your Assignment. Be sure to include references to the Learning Resources for this week.
In 3 or 4 sentences, explain the appropriate drug therapy for a patient who presents with MDD and a history of alcohol abuse. Which drugs are contraindicated, if any, and why? Be specific. What is the timeframe that the patient should see resolution of symptoms?
List 4 predictors of late onset generalized anxiety disorder.
List 4 potential neurobiology causes of psychotic major depression.
An episode of major depression is defined as a period of time lasting at least 2 weeks. List at least 5 symptoms required for the episode to occur. Be specific.
List 3 classes of drugs, with a corresponding example for each class, that precipitate insomnia. Be specific.
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You’ve most likely heard of the ‘low-starch’ trend in horse feeds, but what are the health reasons and benefits behind this trend? Many devastating horse health disorders, such as laminitis and colic, are associated with hindgut acidosis which results from a starch overload in the digestive system.
Hindgut acidosis occurs in horses when there is an excessive acidity in the horse’s hindgut. This is caused by a drastic drop of the pH level in a horse’s hindgut, most commonly caused by a high grain and low forage diet. Surprisingly, more than 60% of performance horses suffer from hindgut acidosis.
Horses evolved eating high-fiber diets to which their gastrointestinal tract adapted to. The microbial population in the horse’s hindgut ferments fiber, converting it into utilizable energy through the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Through domestication we have modified their diet, feeding energy dense feeds such as cereal grains that are rich in starch. Starch is digested by enzymes in the small intestine yet the capacity to digest and absorb starch is easily exceeded (recommended 1-1.5 g/kg body weight per meal). When high levels of grain are fed at once, undigested starch moves from the small intestine into the large intestine. The fermentation of starch increases the production of lactic acid which in turn decreases the pH and changes the type of microbes that are present in the hindgut. This high starch grain diet can then lead to hindgut acidosis.
What is hindgut acidosis?
The pH is a measurement of how acidic or basic a substance is on a scale from 0 to 14. It is neutral at 7; anything above is considered basic and anything lower is considered acidic. The pH in the hindgut is generally 6.5-7, at which good microorganisms such as fiber-fermenting bacteria, prosper. Such bacteria are critical to the digestion and health of the horse and are intolerant of acidic environments. As the pH drops and the hindgut becomes more acidic, the fiber-fermenting bacteria are less efficient and begin to die-off, releasing endotoxins. Endotoxins are toxins that are part of the cell wall of bacteria and are released when bacteria die as the cell wall breaks apart. Lactic acid-producing and lactic acid–utilizing bacteria proliferate in a more acidic environment. It is a vicious circle as the more acid these bacteria produce, the more acidic the hindgut becomes and the more they thrive. In severe cases 50-90% of the total acids in the hindgut may be lactic acid. The increased acidity in the hindgut damages the gastric wall which absorbs the endotoxins released, letting them enter the general circulation. Endotoxins initiate a series of inflammatory responses and can trigger laminitis, amongst other disorders.
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Horses with an abnormally high acidity (acidosis) in their hindgut may exhibit several signs including:
• Decreased appetite
• Performance/condition not relative to the amount of feed being consumed
• Colic symptoms
• Crib-biting, wind-sucking, and weaving
• Hindgut ulcers
• Slower recovery from exercise and tying-up
• Increased susceptibility to laminitis and colic
• Reduced performance
A diagnosis of hindgut acidosis is often overlooked as the above signs are not considered as severe as symptoms of associated disorders such as ulcers, colic and laminitis. Testing the pH of your horse’s manure with pH strips is an easy way to diagnose hindgut acidosis. This can in turn enable treatment before severe disorders develop.
Treatment and Prevention
To treat hindgut acidosis, the root causes for this condition must be addressed. The following recommendations aid as preventive measures:
• Starch intake should be limited
• HYGAIN® ZERO® has only a 1.5% starch content, which is considerably lower than most other feeds available for your horse.
• Grain meals should be small and fed multiple times a day
• Grains should be processed, preferably micronized or extruded.
• Thermally-processed (pelleted, extruded, micronized) feeds have a starch digestibility up to 75% higher than the digestibility of whole grains. The greater the digestibility of the grain the more nutrients are available to the horse.
• Unrestricted access to forage such as pasture grass or hay at a minimum intake of 1.5% of the horse’s body weight in forage daily.
Gastric ulcer treatments such as Omeprazole do not provide relief for hindgut ulcers or acidosis as they’ve lost their efficacy by the time they reach the hindgut. Similarly, sodium bicarbonate can attenuate the effects of hindgut acidosis as it buffers the acid produced, but only if it has a protective coating, allowing it to reach the hindgut. Live cell yeast used in HYGAIN® feeds can help support the normal microbial population of the hindgut and thus avoid hindgut acidosis.
Do you need help tailoring a low starch diet for your horse?
Good news. The friendly nutrition team at Nutrikey are available to offer FREE expert diet advice. They ask the right questions to get a complete picture of your horse’s overall health and provide you with recommendations. Get the right advice today. Visit or book a free phone consultation here.
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The Difference between a Warehouse and a Distribution Center The Difference between a Warehouse and a Distribution Center
Some will probably suggest a warehouse and distribution center. However, not all of them are aware of the distinction between a warehouse and a distribution center. Both warehouses and distribution centers are key assets for any supply chain. And, by leveraging their capabilities, they may help optimize the shipper’s supply chain, etc., and establish a significant competitive advantage.
So, how does a distribution center differ from a warehouse? To help you grasp the distinction between distribution centers and warehouse centers, as well as the critical function these facilities play in transporting items from point A to point B, we’ve created a brief comparison of the two.
Warehouse and a Distribution Center Definition
In the previous supply chain system, regulations were typically prioritized to raise the amount of any product at any time and from any location. Because of information flow and planning systems lacking in the supply chain, the law should be followed.
As a result, the warehouse was utilized to stockpile commodities that would be distributed many months after they arrived at the facility. The supply chain has evolved and altered throughout the last century. The contemporary supply chain is now equipped with greater information and technology that can forecast future demand for products and deliver items on time.
What are warehouses?
Warehouses are large storage facilities where goods are kept for an extended length of time. Warehouses are generally large and may contain a large number of items at any given time. Large warehouse items are transferred to smaller, more manageable distribution hubs. Warehouses function as a long-term storage facility for specific products. It played an important role in the past since its nature allowed them to store a wide range of commodities.
The conventional warehouse is no longer able to meet customers’ requirements, which has resulted in the transformation of traditional warehouses into distribution centers. While warehouses are used to store products, distribution centers provide a variety of extra services, such as product mixing, order fulfilment, cross-docking, and packing. In general, distribution center items have shorter expiry dates than warehouse products. The distribution center’s flow velocity is greater than the warehouse’s flow rate.
What Exactly Are Distribution Centers?
Distribution centers are the modern-day answer to warehouses. While warehouses served a different purpose in long-term stockpiling, distribution centers provide a quick flow of items. Corporations can hire distribution facilities to hold a set quantity of products.
The quantity of products is governed by demand. In comparison to distribution centers, warehouses are used for long-term storage. Delivery centers are more concerned with on-demand distribution than with storage. Distribution centers consolidate, package, and ship a variety of commodities.
Distribution vs. Warehouse Differences
When comparing distribution centers to warehouse centers, there are a few points to keep in mind. Once you’ve grasped the two fundamental distinctions between distribution centers and warehouses, distribution and storage, respectively, there are a few more. Here are a few examples:
WarehousesDistribution Centers
Devoted and long-term.For shorter-term storage, distribution is the primary goal.
Distribution centers’ suppliers are warehouses.Businesses and consumers rely on distribution facilities for their supplies.
Incorporate the minimum technology required for small amounts of planning, even with an abundance of items.Data planning, business communication, and packaging technology advanced.
Ideal for delivering stock to several firms.Ideal for distributing said inventory to a large number of businesses.
Warehouses frequently transact with industrial zones and industries.Distribution facilities frequently conduct business with both small and large shops and enterprises.
When deciding between warehouses and distribution facilities, your decision will be determined by your unique requirements. While both warehouses and distribution centers appear to be almost identical on the outside, their internal operations are somewhat different. In summary, warehouses are better suitable for long-term storage needs and do not require quick shipment of products.
On the other hand, distribution centers are intended to handle the quick intake and shipping of products. While all of these methods may be used to keep temperature-controlled products, perishables such as foodstuffs are most frequently seen in distribution centers due to their inability to be stored for an extended period. When deciding between a warehouse and a distribution center, your choice should be obvious, since they provide significantly different characteristics.
Warehouse and a Distribution Center in Vietnam
The market for ready-built factories and warehouses in Vietnam is projected to grow further in the future years. Warehouse need has been primarily driven by e-commerce businesses extending their storage capacity and delivery network. Furthermore, more investors/developers are actively looking for locations to build logistics facilities.
Niche industrial and logistics assets will also benefit in the long term, with growing consumption and distribution of groceries and fresh foods set to accelerate occupier demand for temperature-controlled storage. In the setting of restricted industrial land availability, high-rise warehouses have been created to provide more storage space for e-commerce firms’ demands.
There are opportunities to build storage and distribution infrastructure. The current storage infrastructure must be integrated with other logistics services such as transportation, inventory management, cold chain management, customs facilities, and warehouse management.
The majority of warehouses and distribution facilities in Vietnam lack Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) and Transport Management Systems (TMS). A WMS is essential for modern supply chain management, as it automates the process of order fulfilment, from accepting raw materials to dispatching finished goods.
Recognizing Vietnam’s strong demand for industrial services, we established the Industrial & Logistic department to provide comprehensive logistics and multi-let industrial services. Our specialists, situated in Vietnam and other significant regional markets, assist customers with leasing, selling, investing, valuation, planning, and development. Our expert team in Vietnam and the surrounding area enables us to continuously monitor and track activities in local, regional, and national markets.
Working on behalf of developers, investors, landowners, corporate occupiers, logistics companies, and public sector bodies, everything we do is backed by the extensive knowledge and up-to-date insight of the Industrial Savills research team. In every case, we prioritize client communication and on-time delivery. Therefore, contact Savills Industrial now to discuss your business development ideas in further detail.
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Mastering a Set of Skills
“Jack of all trades, master of none” has been a popular expression used for decades, in reference to someone who’s dabbled in a variety of pursuits, and not gained experience by specializing in one. In fact, this is only part of the expression, I will come back to the full version a bit later.
So what does this phrase mean, exactly? According to Webster’s dictionary, it means “the skill or talent of being able to do something well”. Another definition puts it this way: “capable of combining or employing a variety of skills”. I tend to prefer the second definition, as it gives more credit to the original idea – that of being a jack of all trades, master of nothing. This is something that’s necessary if you expect to be successful in today’s economy, where businesses are competing for just about everything.
A jack of all trades isn’t a bad description of a generalist. For example, let’s say you have knowledge of medical terminology, but not of accounting terms. That’s a generalist. Your services would be limited to providing medical services, accounting services, and so on. You wouldn’t be able to do any of the three things listed above, and you’d be considered a jack of all trades.
If you’re willing to work hard, but are not willing to specialize, you’re a jack-of-all-trades. You can find great success in marketing your services, but if you aren’t an expert at anything else, your skills won’t be in demand. It is the goal of most business owners, of course, to become experts in one area. That way, they can specialize in that area and bring their expertise to the table.
Skill stacking
Skill stacking, also known as multiple skill mastery, is the act of using several different skills you possess throughout your entire life and combining them into a greater whole than the sum of all the skills individually. The good thing about skill stacking though is you can combine most everyday skills with mastery of another. This gives you extra power and versatility, which will come in handy in any given situation.
“Jack of all trades, master of none.” This is a common phrase used to describe someone who has dabbled in so many different skills, not to mention having gained much more experience by working on them all at one time. But the reality of this kind of individual is that they often find themselves with very few skills when they get a chance to apply them in a new job or career. There is no way that a person can truly be a master of everything. The person will always be able to learn something new and apply it to their job.
Jack of all trades is an example of this. A person can’t become a master at anything without first learning to apply the skills learned and honing them in order to do the best that they possibly can. Some people can only think outside the box when they are working on a particular skill.
“A Jack of all trades is a master of none, but oftentimes better than a master of one.”
This is the full version of this expression. Now, the interpretation is a bit different, isn’t it? Personally, I am a fan of being a jack of all trades. Once you master a set of skills, you are usually going to be able to move to the next level very quickly and apply what you have learned. This means that a person will never have to spend hours training themselves to apply the skills that they already have. This is because the knowledge that they already have is already in place and is ready to use.
So, the key to mastering a set of skills is finding something that works with your real-world experience and then applying what you have to make the most out of it. If you are not able to master your own skills, then you are not going to have the confidence to apply what you have learned to the best of your job or career. If you are confident enough, then you can move to the next level and master more skills.
Top Reasons To Be Generalist aka Jack of All Trades and Stack Your Skills
• A broad range of skills allows you to see the unseen interconnectedness. As technology becomes a commodity with the democratization of information and decreasing costs in hardware and software development alike, it’s oftentimes, not always, but the big-picture generalists who can predict, innovate and rise to power the fastest.
• Lack of intellectual stimulation, not superlative material wealth beyond a certain point, is what drives us to depression and emotional bankruptcy. Generalizing and experimenting prevent this while over-specialization nearly guarantees it.
• Experimenting with a diversity of intellectual playgrounds leads to more confidence, more empathy instead of fear, and defensive behavior.
• If your entire self-worth is wrapped up in one skill set, one perspective from which you could argue, you are more concerned with being right than with getting results.
• Being Jack of many trades is more fun 🙂
• Leadership requires considering many different perspectives and therefore requires many different skills outside of one’s core competency
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Two Common Eating Habits That Can Really Pile on Pounds
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“If we’re eating foods that offer less energy, we’ll consume less energy and still be able to eat these satisfying portions,” Cunningham said.
These can be water-rich foods, such as fruits and vegetables, said study co-author Barbara Rolls, professor in the nutritional sciences department in the College of Health and Human Development at Penn State.
Though slowing down eating might be an option for reducing overconsumption, it’s hard to do, Rolls said, and some evidence suggests that eating speed is a genetically based behavior.
“I think it’s clear that if people could be more mindful, slow down and pay attention, it could help them to eat less. But it’s like all of the things around weight management, it’s tough to actually get people to do it,” Rolls said.
In her lab, they sometimes change the calorie density of food, reducing it by 30% without people noticing, Rolls said. They do this by mixing in more vegetables, using more herbs and spices and just a little bit less fat, but maintaining high palatability. People can make these little changes at home, too.
The research will be presented this week at the American Society for Nutrition virtual annual meeting. Findings presented at medical meetings are considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal. The research was funded by Jenny Craig, Inc., and the U.S. National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
“I’m honestly not surprised,” said Dana Hunnes, an adjunct assistant professor in the Fielding School of Public Health at UCLA, who was not involved in the study. “There’s been some data over the years that has indicated that as portion sizes have grown, people also tend to eat more.”
It can take between about 15 to 20 minutes for your body to acknowledge you’re getting full and starting to go through the digestion process, Hunnes said.
“It was interesting that they came to a conclusion that faster eating and larger bites also was related to eating more, but again that doesn’t really surprise me because I think it’s pretty well known that when people eat faster it takes longer to get full, and so therefore you tend to eat more and then larger bites, just bite for bite is getting more calories in,” she said.
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Why architectural drafting is common in architectural design
While there is an emphasis on the use of 3D modeling and architectural BIM modeling for architectural design projects, the proven practice of using architectural designs and technical 2D drawings is still common in the AEC industry. Architectural drawing has evolved from the drawing board to computer-aided design and drawing programs (CAD). Siting practices help to provide architectural construction drawings that contain the technical details of architectural, structural and electrical elements required for the construction of a building. Understanding the stage in which architectural design takes place requires consideration of the workflow of a building’s life cycle.
The basic workflow of an architectural design project starts with the architect creating a conceptual plan that is usually modeled in 3D architectural models and displayed as photo-realistic images for marketing and presentation to clients and clients.
After the conceptual design has been approved by the client, the design is further elaborated and shared with other parties such as constructors and MEP engineers. The way the design for the ‘design development phase’ is developed by an architect lends itself to two options, either to develop a 3D model with more detail and then create subsequent sheets and details using a 3D tool such as Revit or AutoCAD, or as is still common, to develop the concept design in 2D using more traditional methods. From the conceptual plans of architects and engineers, a draftsman can convert these designs with CAD software programs to create technical drawings.
Architectural drafting is the process of creating engineering drawings that contain the floor plan, sections, views, detailed drawings and other documents in a construction drawing set (CD set) that are typically required for the construction of a building.
The difference between architectural drafting and modeling
Architectural drafting refers to the creation of technical 2D drawings and architectural construction drawings that are mainly used by contractors and consultants on site. Architectural 3D modeling refers to creating 3D models and displaying photorealistic images mainly used to present the architectural design for marketing purposes and then moving from there to create the technical 2D drawings basically feeling like an additional stage (the 3D modeling element). The main software used for drafting, to create 2D engineering drawings, is AutoCAD, while modellers use Revit and ArchiCAD to create 3D models and rendered images. Architectural draftsmen must have basic knowledge of 2D and 3D software such as AutoCAD and knowledge of engineering codes and design guidelines specified by organizations such as American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Design Drafting Association (ADDA) , Public Works Government Services Canada (PWGSC), National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), BSI British Standards Institute and Standards Australia Code AS1100. Architectural modelers should have a deeper understanding of architectural, building and construction concepts and experience with 3D software programs such as Revit and ArchiCAD.
Why architectural drafting is still common in architectural design practices
Architectural 3D models are preferred by architects and designers as they provide a 3D perspective of the building’s conceptual plan; it simplifies project data management and allows design changes on the go. However, construction companies who need technical specifications of the architectural project prefer 2D engineering drawings and architectural construction drawings because they provide accurate details required for construction, most of the resources involved in construction understand 2D drawings, there are no software compatibility issues compared when using 3D models and it is a suitable solution to meet the budgetary requirements of a construction project. Some of the reasons why architectural designs are preferred by different construction companies are:
• Suitable according to building requirements – In some construction projects, 2D engineering drawings or architectural CAD drawings are sufficient to complete construction, without requiring additional information provided by 3D models. A construction drawing set (CD-set) contains all the plans, views, sections and detail drawings necessary for the construction. Technical codes, symbols and other additional information, such as the type of material, are given in technical drawings. That is why construction companies find 2D technical drawings sufficient to successfully complete construction.
• Availability of technical resources – Not all companies have the technical resources to provide 3D models. While drawing teams are qualified to work on AutoCAD to provide 2D engineering drawings, they may not be qualified to work on Revit to provide 3D models. In the construction industry, the availability of drawing teams that can provide technical 2D drawings is ample compared to companies providing 3D modeling services.
• Availability of software – The adoption of new software and practices has been gradual and slow in the construction industry. The software used in construction projects varies from country to country. Some countries use ArchiCAD and AutoCAD Architecture instead of Revit, which leads to incompatibility of project data. 2D technical drawings in AutoCAD are widely used and compatible, making it a preferred option for Revit 3D models.
• Suitable according to cost and budgetary requirements – In most cases construction companies do not find the need to invest more in 3D models, when drafting solutions you provide detailed technical drawings that are sufficient and relevant enough for construction. There is also an additional investment in resources skilled enough to understand and implement architectural 3D models on site.
While architectural 3D modeling and BIM modeling provides design-related information typically required by architects and designers at the design stage of a construction project’s life cycle, architectural drafting yields technical drawings that are not only about aesthetics but also high-quality detailing of construction elements. Architectural CAD drawings specifically communicate design intent and aid in the construction of buildings that businesses find relatively adequate over 3D models. Even as construction companies will eventually have to evolve towards combining the use of technical 2D drawings and architectural 3D models until then, the proven practice of using architectural drawing and drawing solutions in construction is indispensable.
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Marine Science
Ocean acidification, eutrophication & a rise in temperature are causing widespread problems including an increased prevalence of algal blooms. Algal photosynthesis accounts for 50% of the total on Earth and plays a key role in sustaining atmospheric oxygen & fixing carbon dioxide. Monitoring primary productivity is important for understanding ocean health and is a useful input to climate change models. Traditional methods are time-consuming and usually intrusive, in situ monitoring offers a non-intrusive alternative with increased temporal and spatial resolution
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Parvovirus — What is it?
You have probably been vaccinating your pets annually or tri-annually, but do you know what diseases are you actually preventing with these vaccinations? One disease that is covered by the vaccinations is Parvovirus, which is a small non-enveloped DNA virus. In other words — It is a highly infectious virus that attacks the gastrointestinal tract […]
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How is it spread?The Heartworm larvae is spread by mosquito bites. If a mosquito sucks blood from an infected animal and then feeds from your dog or cat, it may become infected. Why is it dangerous?Heartworms interrupt blood flow and can cause congestive heart failure (CHF), or sudden death. Heartworm disease is difficult to treat […]
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Although the exact trajectory of a rocket is not known before launch, could SpaceX position its landing barge even further down range of the launch pad and eliminate the need for a boostback burn during barge landings. This could allow heavy missions such as Echostar 23 to complete a very low margin barge landing.
• 1
$\begingroup$ They certainly could, but it has been judged to be more cost-effective to land at the launch site. $\endgroup$ Mar 8 '17 at 17:22
• 1
$\begingroup$ They could, but what would be the benefit? There are costs and risk to deploying and retrieving the ASDS. How much does that buy you over an expendable launch? $\endgroup$
– Tristan
Mar 8 '17 at 17:25
• $\begingroup$ In addition, they probably need to make sure that no other boat is in the vicinity of the landing rocket, and that is much more difficult to plan in international waters (would it even be legal?). Do note that I suspect the barge is currently in US national waters, but I may be wrong. $\endgroup$
– ChrisR
Mar 8 '17 at 17:42
• 3
$\begingroup$ Echostar 23 will be the heaviest payload to date (well, the most demanding as CRS payloads are heavier, but they do not need as much energy because of their much lower orbit). They are sure they will not be able to bring it down safely even without a boostback burn and using 3-engine landing burn. It might have been on the line with fast propelant load but after Amos-6 mishap they changed to slower load which results in less dense fuel and LOX loads and erases some of the margins, pushing this launch over the recoverability limit. $\endgroup$
– jkavalik
Mar 8 '17 at 18:01
One problem is that towing speed of the ASDS is pretty slow. Around 5-8 mph. This means that to get 500 miles off shore, you need almost 100 hours of towing to get there, and 100 hours to get back.
That is a lot of time to pay staff, and ship usage. Also it reduces turnaround time if you need more time to get back and forth.
Of course, the longer at sea, the more damage the barge takes. On the way back, a short trip with a 140 foot tall structure on top of a bouncing barge is better than a longer trip. The chances of bad seas damaging something or just even big waves causing too much stress on the stage increases.
Clearly there is a tradeoff on payload, recovering at all vs expending, and so on.
SpaceX has been experimenting as discussed with many of these variables and will optimize to what makes sense, if you had all their data.
• 2
$\begingroup$ You may want to add, Time on the "Open Seas" is a higher risk than "Package is on land / private property" $\endgroup$ Mar 8 '17 at 19:09
• 2
$\begingroup$ @Philipp - I did not really want to point out that Piracy is alive and well in todays world. The 1st Stage is ... valuable. Protecting the 1st Stage from unauthorized people would be a valid risk. In one of the videos from one of the failed attempts, I swear I saw a Larger Recovery Ship take the landing zone/boat into it's "hold" via opening the back end. I have no clue if such a ship could handle a horizontal 1st stage. $\endgroup$ Mar 8 '17 at 20:54
• 5
$\begingroup$ @EnigmaMaitreya Valuable? Who are you going to sell it to? A burned out Falcon 9 stage is just valuable for SpaceX. For anyone else it's just worth the scrap value (unless they happen to be a space pirate. But that's not a thing... yet). $\endgroup$
– Philipp
Mar 8 '17 at 21:22
• 7
$\begingroup$ @Philipp I would think that a nation state like North Korea or iran would love to get their hands on 9 Merlin engines. This is a silly and extreme argument but if you want to go there... (You as in the OP in this topic). $\endgroup$
– geoffc
Mar 8 '17 at 22:09
• 2
$\begingroup$ By far the worst risk of having the rocket 100+ hours at sea would be salt damage. Everything at sea gets blasted with coarse, sticky salt spray constantly. $\endgroup$
– dotancohen
Mar 9 '17 at 6:43
The falcon 9 has 3 return modes, depending on the launch profile.
The first involves barges and has 2 burns. The reentry burn to prevent burn up in the atmosphere and the landing burn, there is no boost back burn as the rocket stage continues on its parabolic trajectory guided by the grid fins.
The second involves 3 burns and landing on land. This adds the boost back burn which reverses the direction of travel followed by the reentry burn and the landing burn.
The third also involves 3 burns but lands on a barge. This uses a boost back burn to limit how far down range the rocket travels followed by the reentry burn and the landing burn.
For heavy launches the first method could be used to allow more fuel to be used in the launch.
So in effect you are exactly right, a barge landing can be more efficient because there may not need to be a boost back burn.
But the above does not take into account the points raised by @geoffc, that a rocket at sea is at higher risk for damage after landing than a rocket on land. We can assume Spacex has considered the risks because they continue to use the less fuel efficient boost back to launch zone method when it is possible.
• $\begingroup$ I thought that barge landings still require a small boostback to put it on the proper trajectory to intercept the barge. On all the launches I've watched they call out a boostback on barge landings. $\endgroup$ Mar 8 '17 at 17:48
• 1
$\begingroup$ No - 2 burns are only used for very low margin landings, mostly on GTO launches. Barge landings which can afford it still use 3 burns as can be seen for example on the timeline of the Iridium-1 webcast. $\endgroup$
– jkavalik
Mar 8 '17 at 17:53
• $\begingroup$ @JakeBlocker launches like JCSAT-16 did not have the boostback burn. As a result they land more than 600km from the coast where the landings of CRS-8, Iridium-1 or Jason-3 were around 300km iirc. $\endgroup$
– jkavalik
Mar 8 '17 at 17:56
• $\begingroup$ I think i have corrected my answer $\endgroup$ Mar 8 '17 at 17:59
• 1
$\begingroup$ @jkavalik reference this image spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/16892430560_f87dff78c0_o_1.jpg Taking your JCSAT-16 is it possible that the functionality of the "boost back burn" and the "entry burn" become the same leaving one or the other "not listed" this may be consistent with what the OP was also getting at. $\endgroup$ Mar 8 '17 at 18:15
Your Answer
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The id command is used to display user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) information. Entering the command with no options displays information about the user who is currently logged in. You can also specify a user name as an option to display ID information about a specific user.
id command examples in Linux
The syntax of the id command is:
# id [options] [user name]
id Command Examples
1. To print the current user ID:
2. To ge the all the identification information of the a user:
3. To print only the security context of the user:
4. To print only the effective group ID:
5. To print all the group IDs:
6. To print the name instead of number:
7. To print the real ID instead of effective ID:
8. To print only the effective ID:
9. To get the help for ID command:
10. To get the version of the ID command:
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Articles on Zoology
Displaying 1 - 20 of 71 articles
Tim – one of the last big tusker elephants – died last year at the age of 50, in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. From the author
Curious Kids: why do elephants have tusks?
Elephants use their giant incisors to dig holes, impress rivals and rest weary trunks. But as so many continue to be killed for their ivory, he question is whether they are destined to be tuskless.
The best-known example of a zoonotic pandemic is HIV/AIDS, which originated from chimpanzees. GettyImages
What zoologists should learn from a zoonotic pandemic
Zoologists have known for decades that some of the most devastating viral infections originate from animals. Their data and research can be used in efforts to prevent pandemics.
Could an alien world look like this? Shutterstock
Curious Kids: What would aliens be like?
Somewhere out there, just maybe, an alien – probably stranger looking than in our wildest imagination – might be pondering this very question.
Scientists built a small database showing which animals do and don’t fart. Not every animal in the world is on there, but it does have moon snails listed as a no. Flickr/Florida Fish and Wildlife
Curious Kids: can snails fart?
One thing I can tell you is that a snail’s bottom is right over its head.
We know that lots of animals, maybe all animals, sleep. Cats, dogs, even worms and jellyfish sleep. But we still don’t know exactly why they started sleeping. Marcella Cheng/The Conversation
Pond snails use things like rocks or the side of their aquarium as their bed, attaching themselves while they sleep. This might not seem very relaxing but their shells do hang away from their body.
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Breeds of dogs: Ainu-Ken - Hokkaido
Breeds of dogs: Ainu-Ken - Hokkaido
Origin, classification and history
Origin: Japan.
F.C.I classification: Group 5 - spitz and primitive type dogs.
Many experts and enthusiasts claim that this Japanese breed descended from the ancient dogs that accompanied the emigrants of Honshu, which is the main Japanese island, towards the island of Hokkaido, during the Kamakura period, in the twelfth century. In its home country it is called "Hokkaido", the name derives from the name of the island from which it originated. This breed was even declared a National Monument. The name Ainu-ken was given to him by the "Ainu" people, natives of the island of Hokkaido, who used it in the hunting of bears and other large animals. For this use it has been selected for many years, to make this breed very good in the hunting field, but also making it an excellent companion breed. Given the harsh climates of those areas, the breed had to adapt and develop a particular morphology which makes it quite resistant.
General aspect
Medium sized dog, very well proportioned. It has a robust construction and a solid framework. It has a toned musculature. The ratio between height at the withers and length of the body is 10/11. the ratio between the length of the skull and the length of the nasal bridge is 3/2. The length of the skull is equal to the width at the level of the cheeks, i.e. about ¼ of the height at the withers. Head large enough. Typical Japanese dog appearance. Secondary sexual characteristics are very pronounced.
It is an unsurpassed breed for endurance. It is able to withstand harsh climates and heavy snow falls. One of its most significant character aspects is dignity. It is a faithful and very smart breed. His courage is also appreciable. If used, it is undoubtedly suitable for being at home with the family. There are no problems keeping him in contact with children. He loves to travel and discover areas he hasn't explored.
Ainu-Ken - Hokkaido
Ainu-Ken - Hokkaido (photo
Ainu-Ken - Hokkaido (photo Midori)
- males from 48.5 to 51.5 cm
- females from 45.5 to 48.5 cm.
Weight: from 18 to 25 kg.
Trunk: very prominent withers. Croup correctly inclined. Back straight and strong. Moderately large and muscular lumbar region. Chest rather well developed, well descended and of moderate width, well-belted ribs. Lower line rather raised.
Head and muzzle: broad and slightly flat skull and forehead. Shallow but obvious stop. Straight nasal bridge. Cone-shaped muzzle. Clenched lips with black edges. Well developed cheeks.
Truffle: black, light color admitted in the subjects with white coat.
Teeth: strong, regularly aligned, complete in number and highly developed. Scissor closure.
Neck: powerful and muscular. Without baleen.
Ears: small, triangular, slightly inclined forward and kept strongly pricked.
Eyes: relatively small, almost triangular in shape, well spaced and dark brown in color.
Limbs: front with straight arm, with pure lines. Metacarpus slightly inclined. Powerful hindquarters. Resistant and very robust hocks. The feet have well arched and tightened toes. Hard and elastic pads. Hard and black or dark nails.
Pace: active, lively, light and elastic.
Shoulder: moderately inclined.
Musculature: developed and evident throughout the body.
Upper line: straight.
Tail: with high, thick attachment, carried on the back strongly rolled or curved in the shape of a sickle; the end reaches the level of the grassella when it is lowered.
Hair: coarse and straight covering hair, soft and dense undercoat. The hair of the tail is rather long and not too thick.
Allowed colors: sesame (tawny red hair with black tips), striped, red, black, black and tan, white.
Most common defects: prognathism, enognatism, cryptorchidism, monorchidism, colors other than those indicated by the standard, straight shoulder, ambit, non-standard sizes, lack of premolars, short or leaning tail, ears worn not straight, fearful character, defective rear end, incorrect movement.
curated by Vinattieri Federico -
Video: All Dog Breeds In The World A to Z (October 2021).
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Key People:Giano della BellaLujo Brentano...(Show more)Related Topics:ApprenticeshipLivery companyMerchant guildGrémioCraft guild...(Show more)
Guild, also spelled gild, an combination of craftsmen or merchants developed for mutual help and protection and for the furtherance the their skilled interests. Guilds prospered in Europe between the 11th and also 16th centuries and also formed critical part of the economic and social fabric in that era.
Types and functions
The middle ages guilds were normally one of 2 types: vendor guilds or handmade guilds. Merchant guilds were associations of every or most of the sellers in a particular town or city; these men might be regional or long-distance traders, everyone or retail sellers, and also might transaction in assorted categories of goods. Handmade guilds, on the other hand, were job-related associations that usually comprised all the artisans and craftsmen in a details branch of market or commerce. Over there were, because that instance, guilds of weavers, dyers, and also fullers in the wool trade and also of masons and architects in the structure trade; and there to be guilds of painters, metalsmiths, blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, leatherworkers, soapmakers, and so on.
Guilds carry out a selection of necessary functions in the local economy. They created a syndicate of trade in your locality or within a specific branch of industry or commerce; they set and preserved standards for the quality of goods and also the truth of trading methods in the industry; they worked to keep stable price for their goods and also commodities; and they sought to regulate town or city governments in bespeak to further the interests of the guild members and achieve their economic objectives.
Early history
There is no straight evidence because that the presence of long-term associations of traders or craftsmen in old Mesopotamia or Egypt, and little an ext evidence exists about such societies in pre-Hellenistic Greece. Together associations are well-known to have existed in old Rome, however, where they were called collegia. These craft guilds seem come have emerged in the later on years that the roman Republic. They were sanctioned by the main government and also were subject to the government of the magistrates. Native the reign of the emperor Diocletian onward, the imperial federal government deliberately exploited this guilds in the understanding of publicly authority and social order. The government tried to restrict the member of the guilds come a hereditary caste of expert artisans, however the enhancing financial demands made upon the guilds by the government in the waning days of the Roman realm had decreased most guilds come a precarious place by the 4th century ce. V the fall of the Western roman inn Empire, guilds disappeared native European culture for more than six centuries. The collegia did make it through in the byzantine Empire, however, and an especially in the city of byzantium (Constantinople, now Istanbul). The renowned Book that the Prefect, a hands-on of government probably drawn up by the oriental emperor Leo vi in the year 900, provides a snapshot of an intricate guild organization whose primary role was the imposition of strictly controls, especially for financial and tax-raising purposes, on every craft and also trade in the city.
Some chroniclers have contended that the guilds of middle ages Europe derived from the collegia that the byzantine Empire, however no straight connections have actually been established between these different institutions, and also the beginnings of the middle ages guilds can be uncovered in the changing economies of western and also northern Europe as they arised from the Dark Ages.
Flowering in Europe
Guilds became feasible in Europe only with the appearance and growth of towns in the 10th and also 11th centuries adhering to the chronic dislocation and also agrarian backwardness the the Dark Ages. Till this time, merchants had been simply itinerant peddlers that executed every one of their very own trading transactions, personally traveling from market to market and from city to town. Such merchants tended to band together in bespeak to safeguard themselves from bandits or predatory feudal lords as they make their service rounds. Gradually, merchants expanded their activities and delegated such jobs as the transport of products to others, while the sellers based themselves and their work in a specific town. The merchants’ associations quickly became much more tightly organized and were legalized and recognized by city governments. These merchant associations, or guilds, ended up being intimately connected in regulating and protecting their members’ commerce, both in long-distance trade and also in those tasks which catered to the needs of the town’s inhabitants. Guilds involved control the distribution and sale the food, cloth, and other clip goods and thereby achieved a monopoly over the local commerce. Such guilds compelled international merchants or traders to salary a dues if they want to get involved in the regional trade, and some exterior merchants were prohibited altogether from participating in that trade.
By the 13th century, seller guilds in west Europe made up the wealthiest and also most significant citizens in countless towns and also cities, and, as numerous urban localities ended up being self-governing in the 12th and also 13th centuries, the guilds pertained to dominate their town councils. The guilds were hence able to happen legislative procedures regulating all economic activity in numerous towns.
Craft guilds developed soon after seller guilds did. They originated in broadening towns in which an extensive department of labour was emerging. The body of craftsmen in a town usually consisted of a number of family workshops in the very same neighbourhood, through the master or owners of together workshops concerned each other by kinship, acquaintance, or the sharing of apprentices. This craftsmen had tendency to band with each other in bespeak to manage competition among themselves, thus cultivating their own and the town’s prosperity in general. The craftsmen would agree on some simple rules governing your trade, setup quality standards, and also so on. In this method the first craft guilds to be formed. Handmade and vendor guilds would often control different areas of a specific industry. The merchant guild in a wool-processing town or city, for instance, would regulate the acquisition of raw wool and the production and sale of the processed fibre, when the handmade guilds would manage the actual carding, dyeing, and weaving of the wool.
Structure and also social role
The internal structures of middle ages craft guilds are famed from documents and were usually alike transparent Europe. Assemblies that the guild’s members enjoyed some legislative powers, but the manage of guild policy lay in the hand of a couple of officials and also a the supervisory board of advisers or assistants. The guild tended to be very hierarchical human body structured top top the basis of the apprenticeship system. (See apprenticeship.) In this structure, the members of a guild were split into a hierarchy of masters, journeymen, and apprentices. The master was an developed craftsman of recognized abilities that took top top apprentices; these were boys in so late childhood or adolescence that boarded with the master’s family and also were trained by the in the elements of his trade. The apprentices were provided with food, clothing, shelter, and also an education by the master, and in return they operated for him without payment. After perfect a solved term of service of from five to nine years, one apprentice became a journeyman, i.e., a craftsman who can work because that one or one more master and was paid with wages for his labour. A journeyman that could carry out proof the his technical competence (the “masterpiece”) might rise in the guild to the condition of a master, whereupon he could set up his very own workshop and hire and train apprentices. The master in any details craft guild tended to be a select inner circle who possessed not just technical competence but also proof of their wealth and social position.
Apprenticeship was the straightforward element in the craft guild, since it secured the continually of practice, tradition, and also personnel on i m sorry the welfare that the guild depended. Apprenticeships in some trades became highly valued, and also a family members would have to pay a master a big sum of money because that him to enroll their son as an apprentice. Often apprenticeships pertained to be minimal to the young or various other relatives of masters.
The craft guild policed its very own members’ skilled practices, and guild courts and also officials investigated complaints of negative workmanship, unfair competition, and other problems, levy fines top top those uncovered in violation that the guild’s rules and also standards.
Besides their economic and also educational functions, guilds also served various other purposes. A guild to be often connected with a patron saint, and also a neighborhood guild would keep a chapel in the parish church to be used by that is members. Guilds performed charitable work, no only amongst the poor and also indigent among their own members but among the community at large. Guilds also built and also maintained residences, dubbed guildhalls, in which the membership would host banquets and conduct official business.
Friction often emerged between the wealthier members that the vendor guilds and also the much less prosperous but far an ext numerous members the the handmade guilds in a particular city. Conflict in between these 2 groups came to be especially intense as soon as they contended for control of the city government, as taken place in a variety of cities in Italy, Germany, and the low Countries.
In your heyday from the 12th come the 15th century, the medieval vendor and handmade guilds gave their cities and towns an excellent government and stable economic bases and supported charities and also built schools, roads, and also churches. Guilds helped build up the economic organization that Europe, enlarging the basic of traders, craftsmen, merchants, artisans, and also bankers the Europe needed to do the transition from feudalism to embryonic capitalism. Yet the guilds’ exclusivity, conservatism, monopolistic practices, and also selective entrance policies eventually began to erode their economic utility. Apprenticeships became practically entirely hereditable, and also masters collection ridiculously high criter for apprentices to come to be journeymen and also for journeymen to end up being masters. The guilds worked specifically for their very own interests and sought come monopolize profession in their very own locality. Lock were commonly hostile to technical innovations that endangered their members’ interests, and they occasionally sought to extinguish commercial tasks that lock were not able to lug under their very own control. The merchant guilds came to be parties the aristocrats who conquered the town and also city governments, sometimes over the the contrary of the craft guilds.
The decrease of the medieval craft guilds to be a slow and also tortuous procedure during the Renaissance and also Reformation periods. Brand-new guilds to be still being established throughout Europe in the 17th century, but the 16th century had actually already marked a transforming point in the fortunes of most guilds. Apart from the disruptive effects of the Reformation and the development of the power of nationwide governments, the craft guilds to be seriously weakened by the appearance of new markets and greater funding resources. Vendors were ending up being capitalistic entrepreneurs and also forming companies, hence making the vendor guilds much less important. Craft guilds broke down together the pace of technical innovation spread out and brand-new opportunities for trade disrupted their host over a certain industry. Masters tended to end up being foremen or entrepreneurs, when journeymen and also apprentices ended up being labourers payment their earnings by the day. The emergence of regulation companies and other associations of affluent merchant-capitalists thus left the guilds increasingly isolated native the main currents of financial power.
It is perhaps a authorize of the general insignificance that the surviving guilds that they evoked surprisingly little serious criticism till the knowledge of the 18th century. By the moment decrees abolishing handmade associations were enacted in France (1791), Spain (1840), Austria and also Germany (1859–60), and also Italy (1864), the guilds’ authority had actually long been on the wane. Handmade guilds ongoing to prosper in India, China, Japan, and the Islamic civilization into the 20th century, yet they too verified unable to stand up to the influence of modern Western industrial organization.
See more: How Would You Measure And Compare The Sizes Of The Two Balls?
This post was most recently revised and also updated by Matt Stefon, Assistant Editor.
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Associations to the word «flower»
FLOWER, noun. A colorful, conspicuous structure associated with angiosperms, frequently scented and attracting various insects, and which may or may not be used for sexual reproduction.
FLOWER, noun. (botany) A reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants), often conspicuously colourful and typically including sepals, petals, and either or both stamens and/or a pistil.
FLOWER, noun. A plant that bears flowers, especially a plant that is small and lacks wood.
FLOWER, noun. (usually with in) Of plants, a state of bearing blooms.
FLOWER, noun. (euphemistic) (hypocoristic) The vulva, especially the labia majora.
FLOWER, noun. (idiomatic) The best examples or representatives of a group.
FLOWER, noun. The best state of things; the prime.
FLOWER, noun. (obsolete) Flour.
FLOWER, noun. (in the plural) (chemistry) (obsolete) A substance in the form of a powder, especially when condensed from sublimation.
FLOWER, noun. A figure of speech; an ornament of style.
FLOWER, noun. (printing) Ornamental type used chiefly for borders around pages, cards, etc.
FLOWER, noun. (in the plural) Menstrual discharges.
FLOWER, verb. To put forth blooms.
FLOWER, verb. To reach a state of full development or achievement.
FLOWER, verb. To froth; to ferment gently, as new beer.
FLOWER, verb. To come off as flowers by sublimation.
FLOWER, noun. (rare) Something that flows, such as a river.
FLOWER BED, noun. Alternative spelling of flowerbed
FLOWER BEDS, noun. Plural of flower bed
FLOWER BEETLE, noun. Any beetle which feeds upon flowers, especially any of numerous small species of the genus Meligethes, some of which are harmful to crops.
FLOWER BEETLES, noun. Plural of flower beetle
FLOWER BOX, noun. A container in which flowers or plants are grown, usually affixed outside just below a window.
FLOWER BOX, noun. (computing) (programming) A comment in source code that spans several lines, each of which begins with an asterisk.
FLOWER BOXES, noun. Plural of flower box
FLOWER BUG, noun. A pirate bug
FLOWER BUGS, noun. Plural of flower bug
FLOWER CAR, noun. A vehicle used to carry funerary paraphenalia honoring the dead, especially floral wreaths, in a funeral procession
FLOWER CARS, noun. Plural of flower car
FLOWER CHILD, noun. A hippie involved with the flower power movement.
FLOWER CHILDREN, noun. Plural of flower child
FLOWER CLOCK, noun. An assemblage of flowers which open and close at different hours of the day, thus indicating the time.
FLOWER DELUCE, noun. Obsolete form of fleur-de-lis.
FLOWER FLIES, noun. Plural of flower fly
FLOWER FLY, noun. A synonym of hoverfly
FLOWER GARDEN, noun. A garden where flowers are grown for decorative purposes.
FLOWER GARDENS, noun. Plural of flower garden
FLOWER GIRL, noun. A girl who sells flowers.
FLOWER GIRL, noun. A female flower child.
FLOWER GIRLS, noun. Plural of flower girl
FLOWER HEAD, noun. (botany) A compact cluster of florets having the appearance of a single flower (as in the daisy family)
FLOWER HEADS, noun. Plural of flower head
FLOWER PETAL, noun. A petal of a flower.
FLOWER PETAL, noun. A modified leaf that surround the reproductive parts of flowers, often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators.
FLOWER PETALS, noun. Plural of flower petal
FLOWER POWER, noun. A counterculture started in the United States in the 1960s, advocating peace and love over militarism and materialism.
FLOWER STATE, proper noun. Florida
FLOWER STICKS, noun. A set of two hand sticks and a third, softer, high-grip flower stick used for juggling.
FLOWER TILE, noun. (mahjong) Any of four tiles: plum, orchid, chrysanthemum and bamboo.
FLOWER WATER, noun. The water in which stems of cut flowers are immersed (typically in a vase)
Dictionary definition
FLOWER, noun. A plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms.
FLOWER, noun. Reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts.
FLOWER, noun. The period of greatest prosperity or productivity.
FLOWER, verb. Produce or yield flowers; "The cherry tree bloomed".
Wise words
The pen is mightier than the sword.
Edward George Bulwer-Lytton
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3 Ways In Which Your Clothes Impact The World
I’m sure you know the feeling of heading to the shops and falling in love with a new outfit. It’s easy to be drawn to a new trend, different style, or a classic staple. We start thinking about where the piece will fit in our wardrobe, what other outfits it could help us make, and how we can pair it with the things that we already own. But do we ever stop to think about what impact our clothing has on the planet? Fashion lovers are waking up to the potential effects of their clothing choices on the environment. But here are some things you might not know about how your clothes impact the world. So the next time you think you need a new outfit, remember these 3 ways in which your clothes impact the world.
1. Pollution and Carbon Emissions
We commonly associate the issues of fossil fuel use and CO2 emissions with large-scale industries like energy production and machine manufacturing. However, this is an issue that the clothing industry also significantly contributes to. It has been estimated that clothing production alone is responsible for 3% of annual CO2 emissions. If the fashion industry were a country, it would be the fifth highest emitter of CO2, with only the US, China, Russia and India beating it. Scientists agree that the release of excess CO2 is responsible for rising global temperatures, which will have profound consequences for populations across the planet. Clothing production also makes use of chemical dyes which are released into local water systems, with a disastrous impact on the wildlife and well-being of the surrounding environment. Because of this, elements such as lead, mercury and even arsenic seep into local water supplies.
2. Pesticides and Wildlife
The fashion industry requires huge quantities of farmed cotton. This is a huge boost for countries such as the US, Brazil, and India, which are all major producers and exporters of the resource. But the conditions required to farm on this grand scale can be damaging to local ecosystems. Cotton farming is responsible for an estimated 18% of all pesticide use, and 25% of insecticide use. While it is important that farmers can protect their valuable crops, this can be hugely harmful to the natural ecosystem. Industrialised farming has been linked to a ‘mass extinction’ of insects, which would be catastrophic for human communities globally.
3. Waste and ‘Fast Fashion’
Fashion is an ever-changing industry, and it is understandable that people want to take part in the latest trends and enjoy trying new things. High street brands have responded well to this demand, but this has resulted in a large amount of waste. People in the US alone throw away an average of 15 million tonnes of clothing every year. This is obviously an unsustainable amount, but there are some simple ways to combat this. One of the most helpful is to send clothes you no longer want to charity or thrift shops. This will allow your clothes to have another lease of life and give someone else the joy of using them.
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Beta-carotene deficiency
A frank beta-carotene deficiency although rare leads ultimately to death; it is that important.
However a moderate shortage is very common, affecting many tissues of the body because of the dearth of fresh yellow and orange-foods.
The solution is not supplements but simply more butternut, carrots and other yellow-vegetables.
A cup of roasted butternut every day will provide all you need and prevent a beta-carotene deficiency.
A deficiency of this phytochemical causes a pimply-skin, poor vision and weak bones; and reduced resistance to infections and a host of serious metastatic diseases too. That is not small beer.
In any case vegetables like butternut are among my favourites, if you know how to prepare them; often a herb or spice will bring out the flavour.
This page was last updated by Dr Bernard Preston on 13th June, 2021.
This deficiency comes increasingly in a world that has been hoodwinked into believing that well-being comes in capsules rather from our food. If I do not get enough vitamin E, or beta-carotene, then I can just take a pill. Is that not right? No, it is not. Increasingly researchers are saying that the particular substance is less well absorbed, may be deposited in the wrong places and has other side-effects.
Lack of attention to vitality is additive. For example, if you have a marginal deficiency, and you are stuck all day in front of a computer or, heaven forbid, the television then women in particular are almost certain to suffer from disabling-fractures of their bones when they get older.
In fact hip fractures are now beginning to happen before fifty-years of age because of the refined food we eat and our sedentary existence; this does not just happen to other people. Soured milk as in kefir incidentally is one of the best sources of calcium; learn how to make it. It's so simple.
Cooking some vegetables like carrots actually increases the bioavailability of beta-carotene.
Let us talk first just for a moment about colour. An object would appear white because it absorbes none of the spectrum, but it would look orange or yellow if the greens and blues are taken up by the pigments in the material.
Beta-carotene has a structure with alternating double-bonds, if you want to know about the chemistry, that absorbes those other colours but not the yellow which is then reflected to our eyes, so we perceive it as having an orangey appearance.
So a beta-carotene deficiency means you would not perceive colours well either.
Beta-carotene deficiency
A full blown beta-carotene deficiency is rare as this important precursor to vitamin A is found in many vegetables and fruits. Nevertheless many have a moderate, yet serious shortage from their food; taking it in pill form is both unnecessary and potentially dangerous.
You have to be a real meat and potatoes man to become frankly-deficient and actually die from an insufficiency; which can and does happen.
What is beta-carotene?
Beta-carotene is the molecule found in foods such as butternut, pumpkins and carrots; sweetcorn and the yolk of an egg that gives them their orange colour too. It's an extremely important phytochemical without which we cannot be well. The RDA is around 10,000 units per day.
Probably its most important function is by splitting into two in the liver it is changed into a compound called retinol, which is vitamin A; but let us also not underestimate its anti-oxidant properties that mop up free radicals preventing the formation of tumours.
Insufficient foods rich in beta-carotene means you will be deficient in vitamin A; now it becomes serious.
The eye is a most wonderful organ, and highly complex; vitamin A, as we've said called retinol, is changed to another form called retinal (the aldehyde for the chemistry boffins) which then combines with a group of proteins in the retina called opsins; when light strikes them, like a photovoltaic panel, they turn the energy into an electrical impulse.
That passes along the optic nerve and ultimately we can see an object when it reaches the visual cortex. We are fearfully and wonderfully made, but a beta-carotene deficiency will ruin it all. However, it is not as simple as it would seem.
"Beta-carotene supplementation has been found to be associated with increased risk of tumours in smokers. And studies have found a small but significant raised all-cause mortality in those taking high doses of vitamin E capsules.[4]"
- Dr Alice H. Lichtrenstein, DSc.
So vitamin A alongside lutein and zeaxanthin are vitally important phytochemicals that enable us to see properly and not go prematurely blind; a deficiency is the cause of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.
One cannot go all day worrying about whether we have eaten enough of this and that phytochemical; there are thousands and keeping track would be impossible and drive us crazy. There is a simple solution; enjoy at least seven to ten coloured-foods every day; then you can be sure you'll be getting enough of most or all of them.
You cannot easily overdose with beta-carotene from your food, but you certainly can if you are taking supplements; let your food be your medicine.
The exception is large amounts of liver, particularly from animals that eat a lot of fish. From plant sources it is less well absorbed, and overdosing is impossible; more likely a beta carotene deficiency if you are not eating enough yellow and orange foods.
Enjoying it with a little fat improves the absorption so we have plenty of butter with our vegetables, or avocado and olive-oil with salads; that also lowers the glycemic index, not unimportant in those who are prediabetic.
From our food there is a decreased risk of lung tumours, but numerous studies have shown that high doses of supplements, particularly in smokers, actually increases the likelihood of malignant neoplasms[1].
Here are the back issues.
• Mill your own flour
• Bake your own sourdough bread
• Microplastics from our water
• Alternative types of water storage
• Wear your clothes out
• Comfort foods
• Create a bee-friendly environment
• Go to bed slightly hungry
• Keep bees
• Blue zone folk are religious
• Reduce plastic waste
• Family is important
• What can go in compost?
• Grow broad beans for longevity
• Harvest and store sunshine
• Blue zone exercise
• Harvest and store your rainwater
• Create a cyan zone at your home
Bone strength
A beta-carotene deficiency has a profound effect on bone strength; the phytochemical stimulates the osteoblasts, the cells that lay down new-tissue.
However, an overdose also stimulates the osteoclasts that break down bone; this can never happen from plants sources of the vitamin but can from supplements and eating very large amounts of liver.
Adequate potassium from our food is vital too, and with less than two-percent of Americans enjoying the required 4,000 mg per day, is it any wonder that diseases related to blood pressure, and osteoporosis are so prevalent?
One average avocado provides nearly 1,000 grams of potassium.
There is strong research confirming that the traditional use of pumpkin for diabetes is no old wives tale; in small amounts to keep the load down. The seeds too lower blood-glucose by a massive 65%.
Pumpkin-pie with loads of sugar does not qualify, of course. The cinnamon is beneficial though. Could you enjoy a small helping with far less sweetening?
Cognitive function
Researchers reporting in the Physicians Wellness Study II found that those with long-term greater consumption of beta-carotene performed significantly better when it came to cognitive function; it delayed the onset of dementia by over a year[5].
Significantly they terminated the beta-carotene arm (from supplements) of the research because of the increased risk of neoplasms.
Roasted butternut squash
This roasted butternut squash recipe is definitely my favourite source of beta-carotene. One cup will provide you with sufficient for all your needs each day.
Growing butternut squash is an easy vegetable to plant, but you do need a large garden; it's also one of those gourds that keep for long periods of time, so by all means get them from the greengrocer.
Just one serving, especially if it also contains some sweet potatoes as in a soup will supply our daily requirement and prevent any beta carotene deficiency. The RDA is a little under 1000 mcg RAE units per day.
Its favourite spot is in the compost-heap; then you can be sure the nutrients will be far superior to anything from a commercial farmer, but one can't grow everything. These organic butternuts are a wonder; unlike giant pumpkins they are so sweet.
What's the difference between our homemade recipe and a supermarket butternut squash soup? Chalk and cheese; I make no apology for the time spent in preparing food from scratch. It tastes and is far superior, preventing a awful lot more than just a beta-carotene deficiency.
Freezing butternut squash is a very simple and quick way to preserve them for year-round enjoyment.
Either you spend a few extra minutes on choice-foods, superior in taste in every way, or you'll spend a lot more time consulting doctors about your cataracts, high blood pressure and diabetes; and many other even more serious diseases.
This stuffed butternut squash will ensure that you are getting plenty of beta-carotene; it can be prepared in an hour or so.
Organic butternut grown in a compost heap as compared to those from a commercial farmer; an excellent source of beta-carotene.
Our favourite way of preparing most foods that would prevent a beta carotene deficiency is by solar pressure cooking; roasting is great too but has a higher glycemic index.
Making a perfect butternut smoothie for breakfast takes only a few minutes if you have some of the soup on hand.
Growing zucchini is another of our favourites, particularly because they are also one of the few sources of two other very important phytochemicals for the eyes, lutein and zeaxanthin.
Growing zucchini is an excellent way to prevent a beta-carotene deficiency.
These are the plants from our garden that are what we call phytochemical foods; they supply the vast range of needed substances that you simply cannot measure; there are over 600 carotenes alone for example. Trying to keep a measure of them all will simply lead to what I call a food nut neurosis; and to be honest, it is a serious psychological condition that I myself have had to face; do not go totally overboard.
Yet a sound and blameless body is what we all should strive for; poor decisions can and do ruin many lives. One of them is meal planning that leads to a beta carotene deficiency.
Just get your face, hands and feet thoroughly underwater, only not your brain! These buttered gem squash are another favourite; notice the breadth of food that we are advocating, all unrefined and rich in colour.
Mandarin oranges and all the others on the citrus fruit list contribute to preventing a beta-carotene deficiency.
Your citrus fruit list is another excellent source of vitamins and phytochemicals that will prevent any suggestion of a beta-carotene deficiency. Whether it's lime marmalade or a mandarin orange tree, they all contribute.
Planting sweet potatoes is definitely only for the larger garden, but they actually top the list in the prevention of beta-carotene deficiency stakes. They don't keep as well as butternut and should be kept in the refrigerator and eaten fairly quickly.
Grilled mealies are another great way to get plenty of beta-carotene, and zeaxanthin which is so important in the prevention of macular degeneration.
This green mealie risotto is a great favourite in our family.
Carrots of course are another excellent way to prevent a beta carotene deficiency; but raw or cooked?
Livny et al researched the question, comparing the bioavailability of beta-carotene from cooked and pureed vs raw and chopped carrots. Both in fact were a good source, but 50% more was absorbed from the cooked version of carrots[2].
A carrot smoothie is a great way to start any breakfast.
A bucketful of peppadews is rich in beta-carotene.
The pepper family especially those sweet red paprikas, are the richest source of beta-carotene. They are very easy to grow in a mild climate though staking them can be a challenge; when in fruit, the branches are very heavy.
We just love the sweet 'punt paprika' that we got from Holland, and peppadews for a little spice. Both are so easy to grow in your own garden. Make sure your family doesn't suffer from a beta carotene deficiency.
Growing peppadews is a breeze. They are my favourite from the chili family; oodles of flavour and not too hot. The easiest way to preserve them for the rest of the year is to freeze them, but we also pickle and dry them and turn them into a peppery powder. Adds a little spice to any egg recipe.
Ground up dried peppadews.
Supplements with the exception of folate generally showed no benefit for CV outcomes or death from any cause[3].
Researchers reporting in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society found that there is a strong correlation between serum carotenoids, physical activity and all-cause mortality in older women, aged 70 to 79.[6]. Those in the highest percentile were a massive eight times more likely to still be alive at the end of the five-year study as compared to those in the lowest group.
There are many reasons why carotenoids give protection. One of them is a greatly reduced incidence of CHIP, or clonal hematopoiesis. The number of abnormal developing blood stemcells is greatly increased in those eating food low in fruit and veg, and high in red meat.
These cells increase the likelihood of blood neoplasms[7].
Copy and paste into this search engine for more information.
1. ß-Carotene and Lung Cancer in Smokers
2. Beta-carotene bioavailability from differently processed carrot meals in human ileostomy volunteers
3. Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for CVD Prevention and Treatment
4. Supplements and Older Adults
5. A randomized trial of beta carotene supplementation and cognitive function in men: Web:
6. Fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and mortality in older community-dwelling wome. Web:
7. Association of Diet Quality With Prevalence of Clonal Hematopoiesis. Web:
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Elm tree
What it is and how it is grown
In the elm genus, 40 species are classified that possess some similar characteristics: in fact they are tall trees, rustic, very long-lived and resistant, deciduous and which are very often adopted in large gardens and parks. In fact, they have a considerable development, so much so that they can even reach a height of 20 meters. They also have a thick globular crown that casts a pleasant shadow all around. The result is therefore majestic and very functional. The elm is a very common species on the European continent and in many countries there are very old and very large monumental specimens. Precisely due to the fact of being a rustic species, the plant does not require great care: for example, it is necessary to water only in the hottest periods of summer and if the soil is dry and arid.
The main features
The elm is a species of Eurasian origin, which is very often found in parks and avenues while it grows spontaneously from the plain to the chestnut area up to 1000 meters above sea level. It constitutes a dominant element in the formation of some types of mixed forests. It also provides heavy, rather valuable timber. Elms generally have a majestic stem with dark bark; the leaves, alternate, petiolate and not symmetrical with respect to the main vein, are deciduous and provided with stipules. They have a doubly serrated edge and appear somewhat hairy. The leaves are oval and change color according to the season; instead the decorative effect of the flowers is not very relevant because they are quite small. They bloom in winter or in early spring. As a rustic species the elm grows well even if left to itself; however, a containment pruning may be required from time to time.
How to cultivate
The elm is planted at the beginning of autumn or at the end of winter; it adapts to any type of terrain, however it needs a sunny position. Consequently, it is good that it can have at least a few hours of direct sun to be able to develop at its best and not stunt its growth. It can be found as a single specimen or in rows. The elm is not afraid of the cold and for this reason it can be planted in the ground even in areas where winters are rather harsh and temperatures often go below zero. It is advisable to plant the tree in fertile, well-drained soil with a high content of organic substances: in this way the specimen develops perfectly and there is no risk that water stagnations cause the roots to rot.
Elm: Parasites and diseases
The elm is a very common species on the Italian territory, however it is very sensitive to elm graphiosis: it is a fungal disease that particularly affects young specimens. The vectors are bark beetles, that is insects that feed on the wood and therefore cause the spread of the fungus from diseased plants to healthy ones. Furthermore, by digging the wood, they help to make the fungus penetrate into the lymphatic flow: if the lymph channels are blocked, the specimen dries up quickly: a couple of seasons are enough for the elm to lose its entire crown or die. To prevent the appearance of this disease, it is good to avoid pruning operations on adult plants, so as to limit the risk that the graphiosis fungus penetrates inside these wounds.
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The Story Behind Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter
Jewellery QuarterOver a third of all British jewellery is made in the bustling Jewellery Quarter, making it the most concentrated area of wholesale and retail jewellery manufacturers in the whole of Europe. But how did this iconic district of Birmingham become such a hive of jewellery activity? We take a look at the fascinating history behind our local streets.
The story of jewellery-making in Birmingham can be traced back almost 500 years now, when a 1553 survey of the people listed one man Roger Pemberton as a goldsmith - one of the first of his kind in the city. Jewellery-making in Birmingham as a proper industry became more popular in the 1660s, when King Charles II brought buttons and buckles over from France and jewellers of the Jewellery Quarter started producing similar pieces using silver, gold, gemstones and coloured glass.
By 1780 the number of goldsmiths had grown to 26, but it was the arrival of the 19th Century that saw rapid expansion of the quarter itself, when a taste for fashionable jewellery really took off. As it still the case for many of the Jewellery Quarter’s businesses today, jewellery-making was undertaken by self-employed specialists who worked in their homes or small workshops and then passed on their skills through the generations. During this period, trading was not yet done with the public. Rather than crafting a piece of jewellery from start to finish, businesses would instead undertake one small part of the jewellery-making each - the clasp on a necklace, for example - before passing it through a number of hands to be put together and then sold. For this to be a viable production line, these businesses needed to be close to one another - hence why there are so many competitive businesses now residing in the same streets.
Jewellery making
In 1824 the Birmingham Assay Office was granted permission to hallmark goldware and the Industrial Revolution saw the city flourish, developing into a large industrial town and manufacturing a vast range of products. It was at this time that the city got labelled the ‘city of a thousand trades’, with jewellery-making one of these key industries. The jewellery trade developed around the Vyse St and Warstone lane area, with wealthy factory owners eventually developing the space around St Paul's Church as the leafy residential area adjacent to the main Jewellery Quarter. This area too eventually became converted to workshops and factories as the district developed at a huge rate, and by the beginning of the 20th century some 30,000 people were employed in the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter - the true peak of jewellery manufacturing in the city.
Only in the 1970s did the jewellers of the area begin to open up their workshops as actual stores to the public - as we ourselves did at the Design Centre in 1977. Since then the Jewellery Quarter’s appeal has become even more wide-ranging, and nowadays there are still over 500 jewellery businesses operating in and around the area. Labelled a national treasure by English Heritage and a designated conservation area, this iconic district is still popular for tourists of all kinds and remains a stone’s throw from Birmingham’s City Centre.
Analysing a diamond
For those of you who have yet to visit the Jewellery Quarter, we’d thoroughly recommend a visit. Even if you’re not searching for your latest jewellery purchase, we’d be more than happy for you to pop into our Design Centre store to chat about our amazing neighbourhood. This part of Birmingham remains famous across Europe, and we’re proud to be a part of it.
Did you like reading about our history? Find more of our jewellery blogs right here.
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Frankfurt City Centre
Frankfurt am Main commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2008 population of 670,000. The urban area had an estimated population of 2.26 million in 2001. The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region which has a population of 5.3 million and is Germanys second largest metropolitan area.
In English, this citys name translates to Frankfurt on the Main (pronounced like English mine or German mein). The city is located on an ancient ford on the river Main, the German word for which is Furt. A part of early Franconia, the inhabitants were the early Franks. Thus the citys name receives its legacy as being the ford of the Franks.
Among English speakers the city is commonly known simply as Frankfurt, though Germans occasionally call it by its full name when it is necessary to distinguish it from the other (significantly smaller) Frankfurt in the state of Brandenburg, Frankfurt.
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SWT visited several women’s networks in Laisamis subcounty, Logologo, with the goal of assessing and identifying needs as well as gaps in how women participate in land registration and the devastation caused by climate change.
SWT is honored to support and lead women’s land and climate change solutions.
One of the most pressing worldwide issues of the twenty-first century is climate change. Its effects differ according on the place, generation, age, social class, income level, and gender.
It is clear that those who are already underprivileged and marginalized will take the burden of the consequences.
In the face of climate changes, the indigenous women, particularly in developing nations, are likely to be adversely impacted and, as a result, to be in the greatest need of adaptation techniques.
The impact of climate change on gender is not the same.
Indigenous women are increasingly considered as being more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than men, owing to the fact that they make up the majority of the world’s poor and are proportionally more reliant on threatened natural resources.
Indigenous women’s capacity and potential to be climate change agents are hampered by gender inequality.
Gender inequalities dictate what women and men can and cannot accomplish in the context of climate change, including access to and control over resources, access to education and knowledge, and equal rights and access to decision-making processes.
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Cable harness manufacturing in Bulgaria
Electronics Technical ArticlesSouth-East European INDUSTRIAL Мarket - issue 4/2020 • 05.11.2020
A group of cables or wires which are assembled into a single unit that transmits digital or analogue audio or video signals, electrical power, and/or data is known as a cable assembly/harness. Other commonly used terms for a cable harness include wire harness, cable assembly, wiring assembly or wiring loom. Using a cable harness provides many benefits when compared to having loose cabling or wiring – by binding or assembling wires and cables together the assembly immediately becomes safer, manageable and more secure. Furthermore, the utilisation of a cable assembly can lead to a much faster installation process than installing single cables. Depending on system requirements, cable assemblies can sometimes consist only of a simple bundle of loose wires grouped together into a single protective jacket. In other cases, the application may require a much more complex assembly of dozens of cables and wires, which can also branch off in different directions towards other junctions or termination points. Finally, cable harnesses contribute to increased efficiency by providing an opportunity for higher levels of reliability and stability of electrical devices and equipment. There are multiple options for cable assembly termination – with various fixings and connectors and sometimes directly onto a printed circuit board (PCB). The wide range of cables and connectors, offered by manufacturers, covers a variety of applications including control, data communication, appliance engineering, measurement, heating, industrial Ethernet, and factory automation.
In the current article we explore the different manufacturing stages of cable harness production, some of the applications of these products, global market trends and the conditions that Bulgaria offers for developing a business in this field.
Before a concept is ready for in-field use, wire harnesses go through many stages of design and manufacturing. Assembling a cable harness starts with cutting the wires to the required length, which is usually performed with a dedicated wire cutting machine. Next, the endings are stripped in order to expose the wire cores. The wires are then fitted with the necessary terminals or connector housings, which are available on the market in many different sizes and with various specifications. Following this, the wires are bundled into a harness, involving either a workbench or assembly board which must be set up according to design specifications.
It is possible to manufacture cable assemblies both by hand or machine and each method encompasses a lot of different procedures, such as routing and inserting wires through sleeves, taping the wires, crimping terminals onto wires, fastening strands with tape, clamps, or cable ties, etc. As many of the processes involved in designing and manufacturing cable harnesses require higher level of precision, a large number of them are still done manually or semi-automatically.
Some wire harnesses are very simple – just two wires with basic terminals on the end. Other wire harnesses are much more complex and involve multiple wires, connectors and terminals. Several factors should be taken into consideration when choosing a cable harness, including conductor size, stranding size, conductor colour, etc. One of the main advantages of cable harnesses is that they are small and light, which facilitates their easy installation and use. However, some applications require custom-designed shapes in addition to all the other elements: sheathing, mechanical fastening and overmoulded connectors, and strain reliefs.
One of the major applications of cable harnesses is in the automotive industry. Transmission of signals, that allow vehicles to function, is achieved through cable harnesses, which connect the engine management system, lighting, power steering, power brakes, audio and entertainment system, electric windows, air conditioning and so on into an efficiently operating unit. In view of the dozens of electronic units on board, an average vehicle has hundreds of metres of wires that connect devices and operate systems. Cable harnesses ensure that electricity and electronic signals are delivered through the entire vehicle.
Another important area of application of cable harnesses is manufacturing where complex wiring, cabling systems, and networks are used to drive automated and robotic production and assembly lines. Power and signal conductors for control of various systems within the same area or along the production line are connected through cable harnesses. They ensure connectivity and properly seal cabling and wires in order to guarantee that production is optimized to the maximum.
Cable harnesses are also utilized in healthcare, electronic medical equipment, devices, and instruments, which frequently are subject to heavy use, as well as varying degrees of high and low intensity. This requires the use of durable, adaptable, and biocompatible cable harnesses to ensure that devices such as defibrillators, drills, pacemakers, or imaging or radiological equipment are able to function on demand without failure. Due to the wide range of applications, cable harnesses for the medical sector come in all shapes and sizes. What makes cable harnesses for medical applications different to the ones used in other industries is the obligatory compliance with various regulatory controls and guidelines.
Achieving reliable global connectivity calls for an infrastructure that is capable of instantaneously transmitting and receiving data from all corners of the world. Specialized cable harnesses are widely used in communication systems for an array of technologies and applications. They are integral components in the assembly of hubs, routers, repeaters, modems, peripheral equipment, optical networks, broadband networks, etc. Cable harnesses are also used for wireless communication applications, including DSL routers, satellite receivers, and RF solutions.
Military class wire harnesses are often used in equipment designed for and subjected to extreme environments and conditions. These cable assemblies should meet stringent specifications and must be manufactured or approved for demanding military applications.
Global market conditions
According to a report by market research and advisory company Technavio, the global wire harness market is expected to grow by USD 33,95 billion during the 2020 – 2024 period with an estimated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4,70%. Depending on the application the market is divided into automotive, telecom, medical segments and others. Analysts predict a significant increase in cable harness sales through the forecast period, mainly driven by the dynamically expanding electric mobility sector, the rise in global automotive sales, the increased focus on road safety and emission reduction due to enforcement of regulations, and investments in telecommunication infrastructure. Market growth will also be impacted by trends such as progress in the development of innovative materials and emergence of cable harness manufacturing through 3D printing technology. On the other hand, challenges such as frequent changes in market dynamics leading to shorter product life cycle of cable harnesses, emphasis on public transport to curb greenhouse gases reducing the sales of passenger vehicles, and availability of counterfeit products can have a significant negative influence on the market.
In order to improve their market presence, many manufacturers and suppliers are increasing investments towards expanding capacity, enhancing marketing and sales, bettering distribution networks, logistics and warehousing.
The sector in Bulgaria
The cable harness sector in Bulgaria consists of a number of multinational and local companies, some of which employ between 3000 and 5500 highly qualified specialists in the area of electronics and electrical engineering. Manufacturing plants are relatively unevenly dispersed all over the country’s territory, with several factories located in the northwestern region (Vratsa, Mezdra), the southeastern area (Yambol, Sliven, Karnobat, Burgas), the south-southwestern region (Karlovo, Samokov, Dimitrovgrad, Rakovski), the north-northeastern parts (Ruse, Pleven, Targovishte), Gabrovo, Sofia, etc.
The activities of the major part of the companies operating in Bulgaria are directed towards the manufacturing of cable harnesses for the automotive industry with main clients such as Volkswagen Group, Renault, Ford, Daimler and others. The remaining enterprises produce wire harnesses for a wide range of electronic and electric appliances. In addition, most companies also offer services like high precision cable cutting to the desired length, stripping of the outer and inner insulation of the wires of multicore cables, crimping, twisting and tinning, marking, sorting and coiling of processed cables. Players in the sector are flexible and capable of coping with various challenging requirements in order to completely satisfy their customers’ needs. One of the common trends among cable harness manufacturers in Bulgaria is the rise in investments focused on the introduction of modern production equipment, as well as on process automation, which is of paramount importance for achieving higher competitiveness.
Multinational companies cite a couple of motives for choosing Bulgaria as their operating site. First and foremost is the availability of highly qualified and at the same time affordable work force. Secondly, cable harness manufacturers can take advantage of the attractive possibilities offered by the country’s largely strategic location. When choosing a specific region, some of the companies have also taken in consideration the availability of technical high schools and universities, situated in the vicinity of the plant, which could potentially provide the specialists needed for different engineering departments of the factories.
On the other hand, over the last year rising labour costs have forced a couple of cable harness manufacturers to relocate their plants to destinations with cheaper work force, such as Ukraine, Morocco or Tunisia, or to focus their business on higher value-added products. This is why as a loss prevention measure a small number of the companies operating in Bulgaria rent their buildings so in case production becomes economically unviable at some point, relocation will not have too significant of an impact on the overall activity of the enterprise.
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issue 3-2021
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What fruits can you eat with gastritis
People suffering from gastritis, disorders of the gastric mucosa are common in the modern world. But usually they have other side diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Diet food for each patient is selected individually, taking into account the characteristics of the body... Let's figure out which fruits and berries can be consumed, and which are contraindicated for people suffering from gastrointestinal diseases.
Are fruits allowed for gastritis by nutritionists?
Many people suffering from gastritis are interested in the question of whether they eat fruits when they are ill. An unhealthy stomach reacts to spicy, sour, salty, cold, hot... But dessert sweet fruits are included in the diet of patients. After all, food should be balanced, saturated with vitamins and minerals.
Fruits contain pectin as a polysaccharide component of plant materials. It contains gelling agents. Pectin is not digested in the stomach, but clears it of toxins.
Vitamin and mineral complexes purchased at a pharmacy are not as beneficial as natural products... In addition, it is difficult to give up favorite apples, to which the patient is accustomed from childhood. And you shouldn't force your body. All fruits are healthy in minimal doses. For hyperacid gastritis, put a small slice of lemon in your tea. A slice of exotic fruit will add a unique taste and aroma to the drink. Delicious food induces human appetite.
Fruits can and should be used for gastritis, but just choose the right types and varieties.
It is more useful to eat fruits from the area in which a person lives.
Overseas exotic fruits can be eaten if they are absorbed by the body. Various delicious dietary meals are prepared from the fruits..
Fruit dishes are recommended to be consumed in small portions, 3-4 doses per day.
What fruits are eaten for any form of gastritis
1. Bananas Is a versatile product. Many dietary dishes are prepared from them. Monkey food is rich in vitamins C, B, U. And they also contain minerals: potassium, magnesium. Due to the high content of vitamin E in the pulp, the cells of the stomach are renewed. Bananas are eaten raw even with exacerbations of gastritis. Various mashed potatoes are prepared from them in combination with other sour fruits. And also bananas are added to curd casseroles, oatmeal, kefir. The pulp of the fruit sweetens the taste of the food.
Bananas are not recommended for people suffering from flatulence.
1. Cherries and cherries - use for any form of gastritis. The berries are rich in iron, which is useful in the form of the disease, accompanied by anemia. The fruits are eaten fresh or added to compotes.
2. Watermelon - eat in limited quantities. The pulp of a huge berry removes toxins from the diseased organ. But a large serving of watermelon causes heaviness in the stomach.
With hypoacid gastritis
With low acidity of gastric juice, stimulation of hydrochloric acid is activated. The products are chopped in a blender or grated. Fruit puree is made from several types of fruits, but you can also from one... Peel off the dense skin from the fruit.
Fragrant exotic fruits are used for hypoacid gastritis.
1. A pineapple - drink juice from it a little after meals. It activates the production of hydrochloric acid.
2. Garnet, its freshly squeezed juice will also benefit. The drink restores the stomach lining.
3. Citrus - very useful for hypoacid gastritis. They have antioxidant properties, prevent diseased cells from degenerating into malignant ones, and restore the gastric mucosa.
4. Persimmon - has antibacterial properties. When the disease is in remission, one or two mature fruits are eaten per day.
5. Feijoa - in terms of iodine content, it is not inferior to seafood. The mashed fruits are added to various dishes and drinks.
6. Dried fruits (prunes, dried apricots) - well steamed are added to cereals. It is better to cook compote from apples, pears, figs. Vitamins C and B2 are preserved in the drink.
7. Pears - rich in vitamins, tannins. But the fruit is consumed in minimal quantities, several small pieces a day. The tannin contained in the pear causes irritation of the mucous membrane.
8. Sweet and sour apples - saturate the body with vitamins, increase the content of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
9. Peaches you also need to eat with caution: they stimulate the production of gastric juice, but are a strong allergen.
10. Apricots - eat in limited quantities. Delicate, orange pulp of apricot is rich in carotenoids, but contains hydrocyanic acid.
Again, the individual characteristics of the patient's body are taken into account. For example, persimmons and apricots have a laxative effect on the intestines. The fruits are suitable for people suffering from constipation.
1. Gooseberries, currants (black and white) - contain vitamin C, pectin. But you cannot use them in their pure form. They have a lot of seeds and a rough skin. But juice is squeezed out of the berries and sweet jelly is prepared. Jam is added to various drinks, cream soups, sauces.
2. Strawberry Raspberry - have anti-inflammatory effects. But they are also not recommended fresh, due to the abundance of seeds in them. They are added to compotes, jelly.
3. Blueberry contains secretin, a substance that helps the digestion of food in the stomach. Medicinal teas are made from forest gifts.
With exacerbations of gastritis, fruits are eaten only boiled or steamed.
With increased acidity of gastric juice
With increased acidity of gastric juice, the temperature regime of food is strictly observed. Consume sweet fruits, grated and neutral temperature. Sour apples and citrus fruits are allowed outside the aggravation phase.
Fruit is best added to other dishes.: jellies, puddings, compotes, desserts.
1. Sweet apples, such as White filling. They normalize the body's metabolic processes, remove excess cholesterol. Bake them well, with honey and cinnamon; wipe in mashed potatoes.
2. Pineapple - the pulp of an exotic fruit has an alkaline reaction, which helps to reduce the acidity of gastric juice. Ripe pineapple pulp is eaten before meals.
3. Pumpkin... The huge berry is very healing. Its pulp contains little roughly digested fiber. Vitamin T promotes better absorption of food, reduces stomach acidity. Many dishes are prepared from the pulp of pumpkin: mashed soups, desserts, added to cereals. Freshly squeezed juice from the pulp of the berry cleanses the entire body. The pumpkin keeps well frozen. Fresh whole fruits are stored until spring, even in an apartment.
4. Plum - The viscous pulp of the fruit removes toxic substances from the stomach. It goes well with many dishes, including meat dishes.
5. Juicy and soft pears, type Conference. These gifts of nature are anti-inflammatory and rich in tannins. Tannin has a beneficial effect on the gastric mucosa, removes inflammation, reduces acidity.
6. Avocado contains vitamin E and vegetable oils. Recommended even for stomach ulcers.
With a chronic form of gastritis
The chronic stage of gastritis is characterized by a constant manifestation of the disease... With this pathology of the stomach, acidic fruits are excluded. The fruits are consumed exclusively in pureed form, without a peel. They are eaten in small portions, in several meals.
1. Banana eat fifteen minutes before eating. Thanks to the starch in its pulp, the gastric mucosa is gently enveloped. Banana is rich in magnesium and vitamin B6. These ingredients improve mood, relieve depression, often accompanying patients.
2. Apples - fresh sweet seasonal varieties of apples, pureed. Overseas fruits processed with a special composition are not suitable for long-term storage. They often cause allergic reactions.
3. Pears - tone and strengthen the walls of the stomach, have astringent properties. The fruits contain a loading dose of vitamins and pectin.
4. Persimmon - mature, soft varieties. Due to its viscous consistency, the pulp envelops the stomach lining. The fruit is rich in iodine, has a tonic effect on the body.
What fruits are not recommended for gastritis
1. Melon - this melon culture should be used with caution for gastritis. The fruit contains many hard-to-digest acids.
2. Grapes - causes fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract. Fresh grapes are categorically contraindicated for gastritis.
3. Kiwi - contains a lot of small seeds and coarse fiber.
Unripe fruits of any kind should not be consumed. Rotten fruits cause fermentation in the intestines, so they are also prohibited.
Keep a diary observe how your body reacts to a particular type of food... Gradually, you will choose an individual menu for yourself.
Fruits for gastritis: benefits and harms
Fruits belong to the category of delicacies and at the same time have a noticeable effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Many of them contain substances that have a pronounced irritating effect on the gastric mucosa. In the presence of inflammatory processes in it, which is one of the main signs of gastritis, such an effect can bring many problems, which can be avoided by learning how to use fruits correctly. The purpose of this article is to figure out which fruits can be used for gastritis, and which are prohibited.
Fruits that can be eaten with gastritis
In any case, the main rule of the anti-gastritis diet is that it should be as gentle as possible for the stomach. Solid food, hot or too cold, fatty, sour / sweet - all these factors in gastritis can worsen the patient's condition. The task of proper nutrition is to prevent such a scenario, however, at the same time, the body must receive all the microelements and vitamins due to it in full. Fruits are the richest storehouse of vitamins, and it would be strange if all of them were banned. And yet, there are limitations, and we will now talk about them.
With increased acidity
If you have increased acidity, and you are in doubt whether or not there is fruit, then choose bananas. Bananas do not irritate the stomach, and the substances in their composition envelop the mucous membrane and protect it. You can also gradually introduce into the diet peaches, sweet apples, pears (cutting off the skin), sweet grapes (if it does not cause increased gas formation).
The presence of early melons and watermelons in the diet is strictly not allowed, and ripe and sweet (mainly autumn varieties) can be consumed, but as a separate dish on its own, and not as a dessert. Otherwise, the stomach will be overloaded and painful sensations may occur.
What fruits can you eat for gastritis?
Despite the tremendous benefits of fruits, not all of them are recommended, especially during treatment. So, what kind of fruits can you eat for gastritis? If the disease is accompanied by increased acid production, all sour fruits and berries are strictly prohibited. These include lemons, limes, pomegranates, grapefruits, grapes, peaches, melons.
People with low acidity are not prohibited from eating the listed fruits, only melon and grapes need to be excluded. Why can't you eat grapes? It is healthy, sweet, and contains many vitamins and antioxidants. But there can be fermentation from it. Therefore, for people suffering from gastritis, this fruit is prohibited. Peach activates acid production and has a weakening effect, provokes allergies. Melon is also an unwanted fruit in case of stomach ailments, it is poorly digested and causes fermentation. There is also a risk of exacerbating the disease by eating exotic fruits such as pineapple, avocado, papaya.
You can eat apples with a stomach disease, but keep in mind that with increased acidity, give preference to sweet fruits. Apples are rich in vitamins and have many health benefits. In addition, they contain pectin, which is so beneficial for digestion. Therefore, they are recommended not only for gastritis, but also for other diseases of internal organs. With an exacerbation of the disease, it is not advisable to eat them raw, it is better to bake them.
Bananas are not prohibited, but provided that you are not worried about bloating, diarrhea. These tropical fruits also contain many trace elements, sugars. They help to normalize the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.
It will also be useful to eat strawberries, which have a positive effect on the normalization of metabolism. In case of a disease accompanied by low acidity, you can take juice from chokeberry (mountain ash). Black currant helps to strengthen the immune system, has a beneficial effect on metabolism. It is recommended for low acidity. Cherries are recommended for those who suffer from constipation, and pears, on the contrary, help with diarrhea.
Anyone can eat watermelons, but only if they are mature and grown in environmentally friendly conditions. Watermelon has a lot of useful properties: it promotes the elimination of excess fluid, enriches the body with easily digestible sugars, and has a beneficial effect on the intestines.
Cherries, apricots, oranges, tangerines, kiwi are contraindicated for gastritis with high acidity.
The main thing to remember is that there is fruit for gastritis, especially in the exacerbation phase, you need to be very careful. Competent inclusion of fruits in your daily diet will improve the overall health of the body. Otherwise, you can easily get the opposite result. Be healthy!
Fruit for stomach ailments
For gastritis of any type, a specific diet is used. The main thing that cannot be done with such a disease is to be frivolous about your diet. Nutritionists recommend that their patients first of all determine why the disease has worsened.
With erosive gastritis, spicy salad or dishes seasoned with lemon juice are completely unacceptable.
During the period of exacerbation of the disease, fresh fruits and vegetables should not be consumed at all, because they cause bouts of acute pain.
The basis of food in this period of time consists of mashed soups, cereals and fruits. Very tasty and healthy puree is obtained from baked apples.
Gastroenterologists are well aware of what fruits and vegetables for gastritis can and should be eaten.
Today the market is full of different, sometimes completely unfamiliar fruits that come from tropical countries.
You can make an exotic salad from kiwi or avocado, but with inflammation of the stomach lining, such a dish for lunch on a working day can lead to a serious health disorder.
In order not to expose your life to unjustified trials and dangers, it is recommended to eat the following fruits:
• bananas
• pears
• apples.
They are currently sold in the market all year round.
Overseas bananas
The daily diet for gastritis with high acidity should be complete in terms of the composition of vitamins and calories.
Bananas, as everyday practice confirms, are considered a universal product. They can be used to prepare salad, main courses, and dessert.
Even novice cooks know what dishes can be cooked from them. Fresh bananas are eaten between meals.
With erosive gastritis, nutritionists-gastroenterologists advise eating one banana before lunch and dinner. This fruit has a softening and enveloping effect, which is very important in case of exacerbation of the disease.
Local pears
Each meal with erosive gastritis has to be strictly regulated.The portions should be small. Fresh fruits, including pears, are served for dessert.
You can eat one or the other fruit at an afternoon snack. The pear is rightfully considered a medicinal fruit. It has an astringent and tonic effect, it contains a high concentration of pectins, which is good for the stomach.
Pear improves intestinal motility. With all the useful properties, pears should not be abused and eaten uncontrollably.
In some cases, experts recommend these fruits as an adjunct to medications.
Apples are different
It is imperative to ask your doctor about what apples can be eaten with inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
Agricultural experts who grow apples distinguish between their taste:
• sweet
• sweet and sour
• sour.
In turn, gastroenterologists have their own criteria by which they are guided in the treatment of gastritis.
In case of a disease with high acidity, only sweet apples can be eaten. Fruits with a sour taste are eaten, but in very moderation, with normal gastrointestinal acidity.
The acid stimulates the production of gastric juice.
There is one more circumstance that should be taken into account when choosing apples for nutrition with gastritis. Preference should be given to fruits grown within our country.
The fact is that fruits delivered from foreign territories undergo special control and processing.
For all their external attractiveness, they can contain elements harmful to the gastric mucosa.
Even applesauce cooked according to all the rules can bring serious troubles with an exacerbation of the disease.
Another important condition is that apples cannot be eaten with their peels. The fruit must be peeled and grated.
For gastritis, vegetables are quite useful.
• Orange cultures have a beneficial effect on the gastric mucosa (pumpkin, zucchini, corn, carrots)
• Red vegetables prevent cancer (tomatoes, beets, red potatoes)
• Purple vegetables like eggplant, pepper, onion normalize the digestive processes in hypoacid-type gastritis.
• It is better to refuse green vegetables, because the use of greens provokes abundant hydrochloric acid secretion.
Vegetables are often recommended to be eaten by gastritis in boiled or baked form, stewed or steamed.
It is recommended to eat broccoli cabbage for gastritis with different secretion of gastric juice. It is rich in many beneficial microelements and does not irritate the stomach walls, as does the white-headed vegetable variety.
It is recommended to eat broccoli stewed, baked or boiled.
With hyperacid gastritis, the product should be eaten with caution and in limited quantities.
It is useful for inflammation of the gastric mucosa and the consumption of carrots. It has an antispasmodic and regenerative effect on the gastrointestinal tract, relieves irritation from the walls of the stomach and activates the secretion of hydrochloric acid.
Zucchini also have useful properties for the digestive tract. After proper heat treatment, this vegetable is incredibly useful for patients who are recommended diet therapy.
It is better to choose young fruits for consumption. It is best to prepare vegetable stew from zucchini, adding other vegetables to it.
What fruits are useful for exacerbation?
During an exacerbation of the disease, gastroenterologists recommend refusing to eat any fruit. At this time, the intensity of the manifestation of symptoms reaches its peak, the gastric mucosa becomes more sensitive. Plant food leads to irritation of the walls of the organ, disrupts digestion and worsens the dynamics of the disease.
In the first 3-4 days, the patient is advised to take lean and milk soups, liquid cereals and jelly. After this period, when the patient's condition is stabilized, stewed plant foods can be introduced into the diet. Later you can try baked apples with a spoonful of honey. The rest of the fresh fruit can only be taken during periods of remission.
For information on how to eat with gastritis, see the next video.
Watch the video: Diet for GERD, Gastritis. Do NOT eat RAW Fruits and Vegetables. Heartburn and foods to avoid
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Rebel Militia by John Shy
The British and their allies were fascinated by the rebel militia. Poorly trained and badly led, often without bayonets, seldom comprised of the deadly marksmen dear to American legend, the revolutionary militia was much more than a military joke, and perhaps the British came to understand that better than did many Americans themselves. The militia enforced law and maintained order wherever the British army did not, and its presence made the movement of smaller British formations dangerous. Washington never ceased complaining about his militia - about their undependability, their indiscipline, their cowardice under fire - but from the British viewpoint, rebel militia was one of the most troublesome and predictable elements in a confusing war. The militia nullified every British attempt to impose royal authority short of using massive armed force. The militia regularly made British light infantry, German jäger, and tory raiders pay a price, whatever the cost to the militia itself, for their constant probing, foraging, and marauding. The militia never failed in a real emergency to provide reinforcements and even reluctant draftees for the state and Continental regular forces. From the British viewpoint, the militia was the virtually inexhaustible reservoir of rebel military manpower, and it was also the sand in the gears of the pacification machine.
When we look more closely at the rebel militia, an interesting if obvious fact confronts us: the prudent, politically apathetic majority of white American males were not eager to serve in the militia, but many of them did nonetheless. Their wives were even less enthusiastic; in an agrarian society with a chronic labor shortage, manpower was too important to the welfare, even the survival, of the family. But the sheer busyness of British strategy in the early years of the war - from Boston to New York to Philadelphia, into Long Island and Rhode Island, across New Jersey and Delaware, along the Carolina and Connecticut coasts, up Lakes Champlain and George and down the Mohawk River - made it difficult to know how to be prudent. In the later years of the war, growing British sophistication about the nature of the war made prudence increasingly dangerous, especially from Virginia southward and in a great arc around New York City. Under the circumstances, enrollment in the militia could be a test of loyalty to one side or the other, and it could be a kind of insurance - the readiest form of personal security in a precarious world. But the militia was also a coercive instrument; it was the ultimate sanction of political authority in its own district, and in the mysterious way of all large organizations it kept its own grumbling membership in line. Of course, whole districts might go tory, just as whole militia units crumbled under pressure, but rarely were nearby rebel forces unable to intervene, salvage, and restore these situations. A reservoir, sand in the gears, the militia also looked like a great spongy mass that could be pushed aside or maimed temporarily but that had no vital center and could not be destroyed.
The Military Conflict as a Revolutionary War by John Shy
Essays on the American Revolution edited by Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson, pages 148-149
University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1973
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How silk is “born”
The process of obtaining silk threads is not as simple as it might seem. Getting silk threads depends not only on technology and human work, but also on natural processes. First of all, a silkworm butterfly lays up to 500 eggs. After 20-25 days, caterpillars hatch from the eggs, which eat mulberry leaves for 30 days. In the process of eating leaves, the weight of the caterpillars increases up to 10 thousand times. The caterpillar begins to weave a cocoon of silk thread around it. In 48 hours, the caterpillar weaves around itself about 1,500 meters of silk thread. Inside the cocoon, the caterpillar turns into a chrysalis, and this is where the natural process ends. Masters need to have time to collect cocoons before butterflies appear, otherwise they can gnaw and ruin the silk. Then the cocoons are immersed in hot water to kill the caterpillars and dissolve the protective layer. The final part of the work is the weaving of threads, the processing and creation of valuable silk. Interesting fact. For the production of one silk dress, 2000 caterpillars are needed, which eate 2 silk trees
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Dealing With Symptoms of Depression
0. is an intense state of mental and emotional despair. It is characterized by feelings of hopelessness, sadness, lack of energy, and interest in daily activities. Depression stops you from performing your usual daily activities and totally controls your life. Various forms of depression exist, with different symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Some forms of depression are known as depressive disorder, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder, anxiety disorder, reactive depression, and psychotic depression.
the fear of being left alone or losing control
A depressive disorder is a long-term condition that makes you feel worse than before. In this condition, you experience a variety of symptoms including, but not limited to, persistent sadness, changes in appetite and sleeping patterns, decrease in functioning and social interactivity, feelings of worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, fatigue, and irritability. People suffering from depression can’t carry out their day-to-day activities because they feel better or worse than usual. In some cases, people with depression also suffer from anxiety symptoms or the fear of being left alone or losing control. Depressed people can’t get out of bed, sleep or eat. They feel worthless and unable to cope with life’s situations.
acute and chronic depression
Postpartum depression is also a type of mental health illness that includes symptoms of both acute and chronic depression. Women who have just given birth suffer from severe symptoms immediately after giving birth. On the other hand, it is possible for women who have given birth to go through mild episodes of postpartum depression. However, if the symptoms persist and cannot be improved with psychotherapy, it is best to seek professional medical help.
clinical depression
Another type of depression is clinical depression, which is often triggered by biological factors such as brain injury or illness, and chemical imbalance in the brain. Clinical depression can be treated with psychotherapy and medication. People with depressed brain structures can undergo brain scans to identify the abnormalities that lead to depression. When these abnormalities are detected, treatment can then be started to correct them.
Certain medications can treat depression and anxiety
These medications include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and buspirone or Topiramate. You can also ask your doctor to prescribe you certain medications to improve your loved ones’ moods. Some of these medications include Zoloft, Prozac, Paxil, and Celexa. Make sure to discuss with your doctor all the options available to treat your loved one’s depression and he will be the best person to guide you on how to make the right choice.
difficulty in accomplishing daily tasks
Anxiety and depression can cause difficulty in accomplishing daily tasks. One example is irritability, which is one of the most common symptoms of depression. It is important to know the difference between irritability and bipolar disorder, which are a type of mental health illness characterized by a major change in mood or behavior. Always seek help from your doctor if your loved one’s symptoms are disrupting his or her life.
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PDP-8: count number of set bits in a word
Guy Dunphy guykd at optusnet.com.au
Fri Apr 5 17:05:51 CDT 2019
At 08:49 PM 5/04/2019 +0000, you wrote:
>Hi Kyle,
>hat's a really interesting problem, and the government (NSA) wanted this badly and done FAST.
>they asked Seymour Cray to create a specific instruction for this and they called it 'population count'
>Anybody know the why and how it is useful?
>I am deep in matrix math books and 'classification algorithms' in statistics math, looking into electronics reliability WCCA, so this is an interesting topic.
If we're considering hardware solutions, then the best way is to build a simple I/O device, with a writeable latch for the data word, fed as address into some nonvolatile memory like a big EPROM or flash, the output of which can be read via a port. Fill the NV memory with the required lookup table (derived by some code written in anything. BASIC for lols.)
So the required code is just one write and one read.
See the size chart: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM
The biggest EPROM made was ST M27C322, 32 Mbit, 2Mx16. 21 Address bits, 16 data bits, 80nS access time.
Wasteful though, since the result only needs 5 bits.
For an 8 bit result, 27C4001, 512K x 8 bit, 19 Address bits.
If the argument is only a 16bit word, then use a 27512. 64K x 8 bit
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Glass Frontiers
A form of symbolic domination, an unseen yet unbreachable barrier that keeps people from exercising their basic rights and freedoms. These frontiers are determined by the exclusion that we generally define as social and is described as the inability to access a particular service or good in general.
Glass Frontiers
The piece
We often think about frontiers as the lines that split territories. Two places with different laws, economies, languages and cultures. But there are also borders that exist inside a territory that shares the same laws, systems and culture. Invisible lines that can not be crossed. Borders within a city.
In L.A. the mortality excess is 23% higher in black and latino neighborhoods than in other parts of the city. The reason? The scarcity of trees in that area. The lack of public investment translates to less trees which have a big impact on the health condition of L.A. citizens.
Inequalities of all kinds also exist within the different neighborhoods of Barcelona. The point of view taken is that although these inequalities have a systemic and structural nature, they are not abstract elements in people’s lives.
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2017) “Enquesta sociodemogràfica de Barcelona”. Rodríguez, Alfredo et. al. (2014) “Visible and invisible violence and inequality in neoliberal Santiago” Environment and Urbanization. Borunda, Alejandra. (2021) “La sombra que divide”. National Geographic vol. July 2021.
Glass frontiers
The idea of Glass frontiers is inspired by the concept of “glass ceiling” by Marilyn Loden: a metaphor used to represent an invisible barrier that prevents a given demographic (typically applied to women) from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy.
Related concepts
Redlining: Defined in the 1960s by John McKnight as the systematic denial of various services to residents of specific, often racially associated, neighborhoods or communities, either explicitly or through the selective raising of prices.
BBC 100 Women (2017) “Why I invented the glass ceiling phrase” BBC (online) Luke, David J. (2014) “Redlining” Encyclopedia of Human Services and Diversity
Glass frontiers Glass frontiers
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Data violence
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He and a colleague identified a mechanism by which cells communicate, a Nobel-winning breakthrough that paved the way for disease-fighting drugs.,
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Edmond H. Fischer, a Nobel Prize-winning biochemist whose help in discovering a fundamental regulatory mechanism in cells paved the way for the development of drugs for cancer, diabetes and other diseases, died on Aug. 27 in Seattle. He was 101.
The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings in Germany, where Dr. Fischer was a frequent speaker at the organization’s annual forums, announced the death.
When Dr. Fischer joined the University of Washington in Seattle as a researcher in the 1950s, he learned that a fellow university scientist, the biochemist Edwin G. Krebs, was researching a question that he, too, had wanted to solve: How do muscles find the energy they need to contract?
They teamed up to investigate an enzyme that had been discovered by the biochemists Carl and Gerty Cori, a husband and wife team who shared a Nobel for their work in 1947. Dr. Krebs had previously investigated the enzyme in muscle tissue, and Dr. Fischer had studied the enzyme in a potato. But the muscle enzyme appeared to need an extra chemical to function, whereas the potato enzyme did not.
As the two scientists dug into this apparent discrepancy, they discovered that the muscle enzyme was regulated by the addition and removal of phosphate groups, a process called reversible phosphorylation.
Many processes in cells are controlled by phosphorylation, in which a phosphate molecule is added to a protein. Phosphorylation dictates how a cell grows, divides, differentiates and dies; it also regulates how hormones act in the body and how cancer proliferates. Adding or removing the phosphate acts as a biological switch, turning a variety of key cellular events on or off. Dr. Fischer and Dr. Krebs identified the enzyme that carries out reversible phosphorylation.
The discovery turned out to be one of the fundamental mechanisms of cell signaling: how cells communicate with one another.
John Scott, chair of the department of pharmacology at the University of Washington School of Medicine, compared the Fischer-Krebs breakthrough to two landmark discoveries that have shaped modern science: the shape of DNA, as a double helix, and the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9. “It’s that fundamentally important,” he said in a phone interview.
When the regulation of phosphorylation goes awry, diseases like cancer, heart disease and diabetes can emerge. Many modern drugs build on the work of Dr. Fischer and Dr. Krebs by attempting to manipulate this process.
The importance of their discovery was not fully understood when they published their results in 1955. But its staggering implications unfolded over time. Now “it’s the key to understanding cancer,” said Trisha Davis, chair of the biochemistry department at the University of Washington. “It’s hard to imagine how someone could have a bigger impact in the life sciences.”
Dr. Fischer and Dr. Krebs received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992. (Dr. Krebs died in 2006.)
“The beauty of science is that you know where you start from, but you never know where you will end up,” Dr. Fischer said in an interview with the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings in 2020.
Dr. Fischer, right, with Dr. Edwin G. Krebs in 1992 at the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm. They discovered the switch by which cellular events are turned on or off. Credit…Raphael Gaillarde/Gamma-Rapho, via Getty Images
Edmond Henri Fischer was born on April 6, 1920, in Shanghai to Renee Tapernoux and Oscar Fischer. Eddy — as he asked everyone to call him — grew up speaking French and attended a Swiss boarding school overlooking Lake Geneva. There he took up mountain climbing and skiing. He also studied piano at the Geneva Conservatory of Music and briefly considered a career as a pianist.
But at 14 he was inspired by the work of Louis Pasteur to become a microbiologist. The decision was driven in part by his father’s death from tuberculosis. He later switched to chemistry.
Dr. Fischer moved to the United States in the early 1950s to do research at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. But as soon as he arrived he was offered a similar job at the University of Washington. While considering the offer, he and his wife visited Seattle and found that the towering trees and mountains that surrounded the city reminded him of Switzerland. He was smitten, he recalled, and accepted the job.
Dr. Fischer became a full-time professor at the university in 1961 and remained affiliated with it for the rest of his life. After he retired in 1990, he continued to attend biochemistry presentations, typically sitting in the front row with his friend the biochemist Earl Davie and always engaging the speaker.
“Even after his 100th birthday, Eddy was still asking questions,” said Nicholas Tonks, a cancer researcher who worked with Dr. Fischer in the 1980s and is now at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. “And they’re still some of the best questions in the room.”
Dr. Fischer’s granddaughter Elyse Fischer, a graduate student in molecular biology at the University of Cambridge in England, said she was in awe of him while growing up and unsure of her own ability to achieve great things in science. “But he never lacked confidence in me,” she said in a phone interview, adding that she will earn her graduate degree at the same age her grandfather did: 27.
Dr. Fischer played the piano his whole life, often performing sonatas by Mozart or Beethoven for colleagues and friends. At 101 he played at a grandson’s wedding on Lopez Island in Washington.
In addition to Ms. Fischer, Dr. Fischer is survived by two sons, Francois and Henri; a stepdaughter, Paula Dandliker, from his second marriage; and three more grandchildren. His first wife, Nelly Gagnaux, died in 1961. In 1963, he married Beverly Bullock, who died in 2006.
In 2017, Dr. Fischer, then 97, joined a march protesting the Trump administration’s proposed budget cuts to the National Institutes of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency. Walking with a cane, he carried a sign reading, “Ask me about reversible phosphorylation (I know a thing or two about it).”
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So I've been looking into branchless programming to speed up code and I'm curious as to how exactly Arduino (or rather atmega328) actually reads machine instructions. Does it have a memory cache or does it read every instruction from the flash memory?
From my understanding of branchless programming it speeds up the computation because the CPU does not have to jump inside the instructions and can read it sequentially, hence does not need to load in new instructions in case it has to jump to a location that's not loaded.
My question is, does this apply to the atmega328? If it reads every instruction straight from flash without using a cache then it shouldn't matter much if it has to jump in the instructions, right?
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no cache ... no loading of instructions during execution ... you would save a bit of time on each eliminated jump instruction ... so, if you are running an oscilloscope sketch, then run inline code from begining to end
– jsotola
Sep 10 '20 at 0:34
• Even inline is just a suggestion though right, and the compiler can do as it pleases? You should also compile with optimization level -O3 for speed instead of -Os for size. Sep 10 '20 at 0:46
• @Beacon of Wierd, post this on avrfreaks.net too to see what they say, and give us a link here to it. I'd like to know, and they have a lot more low-level experts and advanced AVR users over there I imagine. Sep 10 '20 at 0:49
• Branchless doesn't make a lot of sense to me for AVRs. I'd suggest learning to read the assembly code generated by the compiler (avr-objdump -S <filename>.elf). Then compare different versions of your algorithms to each other. I like to use wdt_reset() to add a marker before a certain section I'm interested in. Then in the assembly code look for the wdr instruction.
– Gerben
Sep 10 '20 at 18:04
There is no cache, so you don't need to worry about that. All instructions are fetched direct from flash and executed straight away.
There is, though, a 2-stage pipeline. That means that in one clock cycle an instruction is fetched from flash, and in the next clock cycle it's executed - and while that is being executed the next instruction is being fetched ready.
That means that when a branch occurs, since the AVR uses a very very simplistic approach to branch prediction (i.e., it assumes the branch will not be taken and just loads the next instruction regardless), it has to discard the contents of the pipeline and start from scratch.
That's only a one clock penalty while it loads the newly-branched-to instruction, but it's still a penalty.
Cache is only needed when the CPU core runs faster than the memory can be accessed. Since the AVR only runs at up to 20MHz that is considerably slower than the flash can be accessed, so adding cache would be completely pointless. Other faster MCUs do use caching, such as the 200MHz PIC32MZ, since otherwise "wait states" would have to be introduced to slow the reading from flash down.
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Mirages in front of solar disk
On June 7, 2014, there was an especially interesting sunrise on Mt. Zugspitze. There was not the green flash I expected, but the miraged mountains of the Bavarian Forest showed up in front of the rising solar disk (image series). According to calculations of the position of the rising sun and Ulrich Deuschle´s panorama program the mountains visible in the mirage were probably Mt. Hoher Filzberg (1279 metres) and Mt. Sulzriegel (1260 metres), which are 252 kilometres away. The mirages were only visible in front of the solar disk, apart from that visibility was only at 60 kilometres, which is not enough by far for seeing the Bavarian Forest from here.
Author: Claudia Hinz
Mountain Mirage in Germany
In December 2006, some very prominent inversions formed in Germany. On two days mirages were observed along these inversion layers.
In the morning of December 15, 2006, Rüdiger Manig could see the miraged Fichtelgebirge from the weather station at Neuhaus am Rennweg in Thuringia, which was situated directly above a sea of clouds when he made his observation. The distance between the Fichtelgebirge and Neuhaus am Rennweg is about 70 km. The photograph shows Mt Schneeberg (1053 m) on the left and Mt Ochsenkopf (1023 m) on the right.
On December 23, 2006, Stephan Rubach saw the Alps main ridge in a distance of more than a hundred km from Mt Grosser Arber (1456 m) in the Bavarian Forest. Also he stood above a sea of clouds when making his observation, and the layers of air of differnent temperatures let the peaks of the Alps grow upwards in an abstractly distorted way.
Winter Mirage in southern Finland
The image was taken by Timo Kuhmonen at last weekend, on Saturday 10th February 2007. Place is near to Helsinki / Finland (Lauttasaari).
Timo was outside on that day hiking and taking some winter weekend photos. He had seen the mirage above frozen sea, distant island was “floating” on the air.
Temperature on that morning at his house in Espoo was -20°C. At the place where photo was taken, temperature was higher. Propably there has been enough of temperature differences in the air layers to produce this “winter mirage”.
Alien hunt on the lake Königssee in Bavaria/Germany
October 13th 2006 was a sunny and very warm autumn day, which we wanted to spend on a hike at the Königssee. However, we did not get very far because the scene over the very cold, deeply shielded mountain lake was entrancing. Ships flew over the water, islands floated in the air and aliens over the lake were hunted. It was really fascinating to pursue the fast changing mirages.
More Pictures: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Author: Claudia Hinz, Brannenburg, Germany
Miraged Ships
On June 11, 2006, Thorsten Falke and his girlfriend Bärbel Wichmann decided to have a picnic at the south-beach of Düne, a one square kilometer little island in the North Sea and in the neighbourhood of Helgoland.
Even though the picnic basket contained several tasty titbits the sky was even more tempting with its unusual mirages. Ships passing Heligoland and Düne at a distance of 10 km or more appeared somehow “stretched”. They looked longer than they really were.
Thorsten and Bärbel are still wondering how this effect come about. The sun was shining the whole day and because there was almost no wind, a warm air layer probably lay above the water surface. They suggest that when a ship is on a course of 45° (for example) towards or away from the observer, the bow of the ship is closer/further to the observer than the stern. This, combined with the warm air layer, may cause the unusual extension/or sometimes shortening of the ship.
The two images are 15s apart. More mirage images here.
[Text: Thorsten Falke & Bärbel Wichmann]
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thumbnail Where the bearded reedling sings
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Where the bearded reedling sings © Mark Bridger/Offset by ShutterstockJoin Our GIFs Group
Feeling a hint of fall in the air? This bearded reedling could be, but a drop in temperature isn"t a signal for it to fly on to warmer destinations. These songbirds belong to a resident species, which means most stay put in the marshes, from England to eastern Asia, where they thrive. Their diet changes with the seasons: In the summer, they dine on reed aphids, while during the colder months, reed seeds sustain them. This guy—and we know he"s a male due the distinctive black "mustache" stretching down his face—is perching in the Elmley National Nature Reserve in Kent, one of the largest bird reserves in England.
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COVID-19: the basics
(File photo courtesy of © Can Stock Photo / iDesign)
What is COVID-19?
COVID-19 is part of a large family of viruses called the coronavirus, which can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more serious respiratory infections like bronchitis, pneumonia or severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The COVID-19 strain of the virus (known as the novel coronavirus) originated in Wuhan, China, and causes a respiratory infection.
How is it transmitted?
Coronaviruses such as COVID-19 are spread mainly from person to person through close contact.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of COVID-19 can vary and include fevers, coughing and difficulty breathing. The virus can also cause complications that could result in pneumonia, kidney failure, and in some cases death. The risk of severe disease may be higher for those with a weakened immune system, such as older people or those with chronic diseases. The Government of Canada has launched a COVID-19 self-assessment tool for those who may be unsure of their symptoms.
Is there any treatment?
There is no specific treatment for the virus and there is no vaccine that protects against it. Most people will recover on their own with lots of rest and plenty of fluids, however, those who need immediate medical attention should call 911.
What is the best way to protect yourself?
– Wash your hands often with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer
– Sneeze and cough into your sleeve
– Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth
– Avoid contact with people who are sick
– Stay home if you are sick
What should I do if I think I may have COVID-19?
Anyone who is showing symptoms of COVID-19 should contact their local public health unit.
Anyone who has recently travelled to an area affected by the virus is advised to self-isolate and call their public health unit within 24 hours of arriving in Canada. Affected areas include mainland China, Hong Kong, Iran, Italy, Japan, Singapore and South Korea.
NOTE: All information provided above was provided by the Ontario Ministry of Health
COVID-19 pandemic declared by WHO
NHL, MLB, and MLS suspend games due to COVID-19
Juno Awards cancelled over COVID-19 concerns
COVID-19 shutting down Ontario schools
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Enter the average value of Q1 and Q3, and the interquartile range into the calculator to determine the low and high outliers.
Outlier Formula
The following equation can be used to calculate the values of the outliers.
L = Q1 – (1.5* IQR)
H = Q3 + (1.5*IQR)
• Where L is the lower outlier
• H is the higher outlier
• Q1 and Q3 are the average values of those quartiles
• IQR is the interquartile range
Outlier Definition
An outlier is defined as the extreme values of a set of data that vary the most from the mean or norm.
What is an outlier?
An outlier is a term used in statistics to describe extreme values that vary from the norm of a data set. In other words, the highest and lowest values of a data set that sit apart from the rest.
What causes outliers?
Outliers occur either by chance or by measurement error.
How many outliers are there?
There can be any number of outliers, but often times the outliers can be the sample maximum and minimums as the formula above calculates.
outlier calculator
outlier formula
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Auditor’s Report
The official opinion of an external or internal auditor regarding a company's financial statements
What is an Auditor’s Report?
An independent Auditor’s Report is an official opinion issued by an external or internal auditor as to the quality and accuracy of the financial statements prepared by a company. The report is a primary source of communication between the auditor and users of financial statements. The users include equity holders, lenders, creditors, and any other potential investors in the company.
The relationship between all relevant parties is best depicted in a diagram:
Auditor's Report Diagram
The auditor provides auditing services to the client, the client provides the financial statements to the users, and the auditor provides the auditor’s report to the users.
Components of an Auditor’s Report
1. Title
2. Report’s addressee’s
3. Opinion paragraph
4. Basis for opinion
5. Key audit matters that are relevant to the client
6. Responsibilities of the management and those with governance for the financial statements
7. The auditor’s responsibilities
8. Signature of the firm and the engagement partner
9. Date
Some of the components listed above are new and will be implemented starting in December 2018. One of the changes is that the name of the partner involved in the engagement must be printed and signed on the auditor’s report. The measure was implemented so that auditors cannot hide behind the name of the firm. They now take on more personal responsibility by putting their name out in public.
Another new component is the key audit matter section of the report. Before, the auditor’s report was more generic and could be used for different companies. However, the new report requires specific details about the company so that it is more tailored to that individual company.
Different Types of Auditor’s Reports
The most standard form of the auditor’s report, where everything is presented fairly in all material respects, is called the unqualified or clean opinion auditor’s report. Any changes made to the unqualified report are called reservations. There are two general reservations: GAAP departures and scope limitations.
GAAP departure issues refer to situations where the financial statements are not free from material misstatement. For example, there are errors in the financial statements that management is unwilling to correct, which violate GAAP.
Scope limitations, on the other hand, refer to situations in which the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient evidence to conclude that the financial statements are free from material misstatements. It means that the auditor is not able to obtain what they need, due to either outside events or management not permitting them access to the necessary information.
The form of the auditor’s report also differs in terms of determining pervasiveness. Pervasive refers to the idea that the impact of an issue or limitation is widespread and affects many different accounts on the financial statements.
Auditor's Report Information
qualified opinion is reported if there is a material error in the financial statements, or if the auditor is unable to gather enough information to verify a certain aspect of the reporting. However, in a qualified opinion, the error is small enough that it does not hurt the overall accuracy of the financial statements.
An adverse opinion is reported when there are material errors in the financial statements that negatively affect the accuracy of the financial statements.
disclaimer of opinion is reported when the auditor cannot, or refuses to, state an opinion on the financial statements. It can occur if the auditor has concerns about the company’s ability to continue operating, or if the company has limited the scope of the audit such that the auditor is unable to form an opinion.
A disclaimer of opinion can also be reported if the auditor is not fully independent or if there are conflicts of interest.
The Idea of Materiality in Audit Reports
One section of the auditor’s report states that “accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the company as of XXX…” It is important to note that it says that the financial statements are presented “fairly” – it does not say that they are presented “accurately” or “precisely.” It means that there are areas where professional judgment and policy choices were made and differences could exist between the judgments of different auditors.
In addition, “in all material respects” is also an important phrase. Materiality is the idea that certain changes are significant enough to potentially change the investment decisions of investors and potential investors. it means that issues that only deal with a small portion, i.e., 1% of net income, are not material.
Auditors are primarily concerned with material misstatements, which include omissions or other errors that individually or in the aggregate would reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users. Materiality is pivotal in the course of an audit and affects what type of report the auditor will issue.
Related Readings
• Big Four Accounting Firms
• Audited Financial Statements
• Finance Accounting Job Titles
• Due Diligence Career Profile
Free Accounting Courses
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Covid and Exercise: Does Exercise Protect Against Severe COVID?
By Dr. Mike Hansen
Covid and Exercise: Until now, there really haven’t been any good studies directly looking at the link between exercise and the severity of COVID illness. There is a new, large study in the BMJ of Sports Medicine that did exactly that.
We already have a ton of research that shows us that exercise helps us feel better, mentally and physically. It prevents or improves many medical conditions, like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, certain types of cancer, dementia, and can extend our lives. That’s why the US physical activity guidelines and the American Heart Association recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity weekly. So now let’s get to the study that was just done at Kaiser Permanente in California.
Covid and Exercise
To understand this study, you have to know about something they were already doing before the pandemic. Health care workers there routinely asked all of their patients two simple questions about their physical activity. They would refer to this as the “Exercise Vital Sign.” On average, the questions were how many days per week do you engage in moderate to strenuous exercise (like a brisk walk)? The answer choices are 0 to 7 days. The second question was, on average, how many minutes do you engage in exercise at this level? The answer choices are 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150 or greater minutes.
Based on research, it turns out that these questions are a good measure of people’s activity levels. Not only that, but these 2 questions predict some medical problems, such as high blood pressure and high blood sugar. Most people already know that many health conditions are strongly correlated with a lack of physical activity — like the ones I just mentioned. Many of them are also risk factors for severe illness and death if they get COVID. Like obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
The researchers also looked at other important characteristics of these 48,000+ patients. How old were they? Were they male or female? Did they smoke? or have emphysema? Did they have obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, or kidney disease? And more. They collected and analyzed a ton of data, then calculated the risk correlated with different outcomes. The big takeaways from this study are that consistently inactive people had a significantly higher risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death after getting COVID compared with those who were active for at least 150 minutes per week.
Also, what they found was that those who were active for over 10 minutes per week, meaning group B, did have some protection against severe illness or death from COVID, but not as much as group A. Now, this was one study, looking at the direct correlation between exercise and severity of COVID illness. More studies would be needed to confirm these findings. Still, it’s one more reason to encourage and promote physical activity for everyone based on what we have—ideally, a minimum of 150 minutes per week.
Certain types of exercise can give more health benefits than others. For example, resistance training, or strength training, which includes lifting weights and calisthenics, is especially great not just for adding muscle and staying strong but to prevent osteoporosis. Then you have HITT, which is especially great for shedding fat. Then you have aerobic training, or cardio, which is especially great for shedding fat and increasing stamina. All of these types of exercises have overlap when it comes to benefits. Now I know. Some people are going to bring up this question. How does exercise, along with healthy eating, and getting good sleep, etc., how does compare to the covid vaccine?
Let’s say you exercise more than 150 minutes per week. And you don’t have the vaccine. Does that give you the same level of protection? Well, we don’t have any studies comparing the two head-ons. All I can tell you is that the mRNA vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna are 95% effective against severe COVID. And I seriously doubt that exercising 150 plus minutes per week will get you that same level of protection. To do that study, you would need to do a randomized clinical trial comparing those that head-on. On that note, this new Delta variant of COVID, which is the worst COVID strain yet, is rising in the US and will soon be the dominant strain.
Doctor Mike Hansen, MD
Internal Medicine | Pulmonary Disease | Critical Care Medicine
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Agile: Should we adopt it now?
What is Agile?
The word “agile” is an adjective and according to Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, 2020) the meaning is: “1) able to move quickly and easily; 2) able to think quickly and in an intelligent way”. This adjective can be used to address the capability of just one person, or for a group of people, like for example in an organisation or a team.
In the business context the dictionary thus has two more meanings for the word “agile”:
• used to describe a way of managing projects in which work is divided into a series of short tasks, with regular breaks to review the work and adapt the plans;
• used to describe a way of working in which the time and place of work, and the roles that people carry out, can all be changed according to need, and the focus is on the goals to be achieved, rather than the exact methods used
Note that in this ESCIMCO Insight we will focus on the last definition: organisation that are, or want to become Agile.
Organisations that are successfully deploying Agile show five trademarks (Aghina, et al., 2017):
1. They have a clear and shared business purpose, and a vision of what they are trying to achieve for all of their stakeholders. The stakeholders are defined very broadly and go beyond customers and shareholders, to also include employees, suppliers, communities and many more.
2. They work with a flexible and scalable network of empowered teams. The organisation is flat with just a few hierarchical layers. The team members have clear accountabilities and governance is done hands-on. The focus of the team is on cross-functional sharing and combining of information, which the team members acquire from interacting with and within their stakeholder community.
Teams are formed and disassembled based on the priorities for the organisation that deliver value for the stakeholders
3. Decision within these organisation are taken rapidly, and reviewed frequently to determine the value they bring. Solutions are developed in an experimental way, working closely with the stakeholders. Information flows openly within and between the teams to allow the decision taking to happen.
4. The organisation model and culture is focused on fully supporting the empowered teams. Leaders are servant or shared leaders that provide the teams what they require to deliver on their accountabilities. The teams in themselves are high-trust environments that allow for positive peer feedback and behaviour influencing. Given the entrepreneurial drive these teams embody there is an intrinsic passion for their work and the teams will always aim for excellence.
5. They use the latest available technology to enable their Agile way of working and unlock the potential to deliver value to their stakeholders. Hackatons and virtual collaborations spaces are used to understand the needs and requirements of their stakeholders, and to develop solutions quickly.
Why become Agile?
In the previous section five trademarks have been described that agile organisations possess, but why would you want to become agile?
Most of our businesses are still modeled according to the traditional Taylorism-ideas (Aghina, et al., 2017). These traditional organisations are designed for stability: they are static with a structural hierarchy; decision making is done at the top, while execution happens at the bottom of the organisation; decisions take relatively long to travel from the top to the bottom of the organistion, if at all they arrive there; the organisation is siloed into functional departments who are effective and efficient within their functional areas.
These traditional organisations can be seen as machines that can be optimised and naturally they are focused on effectiveness, efficiency, quality and traditional project management.
During the last couple of decennia life cycles of products and developments have become shorter. Access to new technologies and information has become easy and widespread through the use of the internet. More and more disrupting technologies have developed and businesses are confronted with disrupting global developments like trade wars, and more recently the Covid-19 pandemic.
This has led, and leads, businesses to reconsider their organisational model and adopt the Agile methodology. The methodology allows organisation to act more like a living organism having a stable backbone (business purpose, vision, governance structure) while being dynamic in other areas as described in the five trademarks (network of adaptable and empowered teams, fast decision making, rapid learning, people centered business culture and technology enabled).
Adopting Agile has shown to generate benefits in various areas including, but not limited to, team productivity, employee satisfaction, meeting redundancy, quality defects, customer engagement, customer satisfaction, time-to-market, risk reduction and management focus on strategic activities (Rigby, Sutherland, & Takeuchi, 2016)
The sign of the time is there for business to become more agile and move away from the traditional organisation model, if they want to survive under the current volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) conditions.
Organisations and teams that have adopted Agile have demonstrated to outperform their non-Agile counterparts both financially and non-financially with a factor 1.5 – 1.7 (Aghina, et al., 2017), which should be reason enough to adopt the Agile methodology.
Is Agile for everyone?
The Agile methodology initially was developed in and for the tech businesses to allow IT-solutions to be delivered more quickly and deliver better solutions to customers. This methodology however can also be used in many other businesses to deliver quicker and better solutions. Especially business that traditionally are confronted with VUCA-conditions benefit from this methodology. These are businesses in industries like: high tech, telecommunications, financial services, pharmaceuticals, retail, media & entertainment, healthcare systems and services, and even oil & gas industry (Ahlbäck, Fahrbach, Murarka, & Salo, 2017).
Given however the current business environment volatility other businesses are also adapting the Agile methodology. Specifically they are adapting Agile in the parts of their business that experience more VUCA-conditions than other parts. You can think of activities that are closest to customers, like: Research & Development, Customer Service, Sales & Services, Product Management.
There are other activities that are less likely to benefit from Agile, these are for example: Finance & Control, Purchasing and Manufacturing. These activities have a more stable character by nature, however elements of Agile can still be beneficial in these activities.
Although Agile can not be used by everyone, it can be used in many industries and in parts of industries that are confronted with more or less VUCA-conditions.
How to implement Agile?
Before implementing Agile in any organisation it is important to understand how Agile really works, and what the methodology actually entails. In addition it is important to understand under which conditions Agile does and doesn’t work (Rigby, Sutherland, & Takeuchi, 2016).
Concurrently be clear on your Agile vision and understand the magnitude of the change, because it is a cultural change that requires thorough change management (Ahlbäck, Fahrbach, Murarka, & Salo, 2017).
Once you have a clear picture of these points you can select a small business area in which the Agile methodology can have a big impact. The word of success in this business area will spread, and others will be enthusiasted by it, naturally adopting the methodology.
The methodology is not rigid and based on mastering certain proven disciplines teams are allowed to improvise with the methodology to further develop it.
Management should also start adopting Agile given that most of the activities have a VUCA-character. Management can further help by destroying barriers that limit Agile behaviour, and lead with questions instead of orders.
McKinsey (Ahlbäck, Fahrbach, Murarka, & Salo, 2017) identifies and distinguishes 18 Agile practices splitted in 9 stable and 9 dynamic practices (remember that Agile has a stable backbone while allows dynamics in other areas). Depending on the character a business (area) is deemed to be in before adopting Agile, different practices should preferably be implemented first.
When your business (area) is deemed to have a ‘bureacratic’ character it is important to modify that stable backbone and focusing on people, processes and structure. You can do this by focusing on testing new ideas in small fully accountable teams while providing feedback on business outcome and behaviours and combining with shared/servant leadership.
When your business (area) is deemed to have a ‘start-up’ character it is important to develop a more stable backbone. You can do this by involving the teams in strategic and organisational decisions, provide information transparency and give feedback on behaviours and business outcomes.
When your business (area) is deemed to have a ‘trapped’ character (politics, firefighting, protecting turf, lack of coordination, etc.) it is important to develop both a stable backbone and dynamic capabilities. You can do this by applying servant/shared leadership, provide information transparency to allow for continuous learning, and by focusing on testing new ideas.
Depending on the character of your business (area) you should adopt different Agile practices first to achieve quick results. The preparation and general approach to adopting Agile is the same for each business (area).
How does an Agile team work?
Once Agile is implemented you will see teams are working in a rather similar way, described in “10 ways our business can become more agile today” (Waldock, 2020). These teams will:
1. balance running day-to-day business with changing business, and see change as an opportunity to learn and grow from
2. build in slack time to foster growth and improvement
3. create clarity and visibility by using info-board that foster collaboration, break down silos and encourage cross-team working
4. apply the Pareto-principle, delivering the 20% of activities that give 80% of the value
5. apply metrics that provide clear visibility whether they are moving to the goal
6. think big and act small by testing solutions early, use feedback to continuously improve and respond to changes in the market
7. run sprints and not marathons by running activities that take between 1 and 3 weeks, then review performance and adjust the direction if needed
8. have daily meetings to communicate and build commitment, tackly daily issues, raise awareness and share knowledge
9. have retro meeting to reflect on and review progress, as well as their impact
10. be empowered, because they can organise and manage themselves
Now more than ever is the time to adopt Agile: the VUCA-conditions are larger than we have ever experienced before. Adopting Agile should start small and practices to apply first depend on the character of your business (area). Early successes in one part of your business will motivate the rest of your business (areas) to adopt the Agile methodology.
Teams that have adopted Agile considerably outperform other non-Agile teams in both financial and non-financial metrics. If you are looking for motivated self-organising teams that deliver high customer and stakeholder satisfaction under VUCA-conditions then it is time to start adopting Agile.
(2020). Retrieved from Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries:
Aghina, W., Ahlbäck, K., De Smet, A., Fahrbach, C., Handscomb, C., Lackey, G., . . . Woxholth, J. (2017, December). McKinsey Insights: The five trademarks of agile organizations. Retrieved from
Ahlbäck, K., Fahrbach, C., Murarka, M., & Salo, O. (2017, October 2). McKinsey Global Survey Results: How to create an agile organization. Retrieved from
Rigby, D. K., Sutherland, J., & Takeuchi, H. (2016, May). Embracing Agile. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review:
Waldock, B. (2020). 10 ways your business can become more agile today. Retrieved from Bytestart:
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Spirometry is a test your provider may order if you’ve been experiencing breathing-related symptoms including coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Spirometry can help your provider detect health problems that affect breathing and lung function.
What Is Spirometry, and What Does It Measure?
Spirometry is a common type of breathing test that measures the amount of air you can breathe in and out of your lungs. This test also measures the ease and speed at which you can blow air out of your lungs.
What Can Spirometry Diagnose?
Man breathing into a spirometry machine
Spirometry can be used to diagnose a range of medical conditions that affect breathing. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis are the most common medical conditions that are diagnosed with spirometry.
Why Get a Spirometry Test?
A spirometry test can help your provider diagnose a medical condition affecting your breathing, or determine whether your current treatment regimen is improving your condition.
What Are the Risks?
A spirometry test is generally safe. However, you may experience dizziness or shortness of breath for a moment after the test due to exertion from forcefully blowing air out of your lungs.
What Are the Benefits?
The top benefit to having a spirometry test is being able to determine whether you have a breathing-related medical condition so you can receive treatment. It can also determine whether your current treatment plan should be modified if you are already diagnosed with a breathing or lung condition.
How Long Does a Spirometry Test Take?
A spirometry test usually takes between 10 and 15 minutes. Your provider may give you tips on how to make your appointment shorter, such as wearing loose clothing that won’t interfere with your ability to breathe during the test.
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What Are Flaxseeds Used for & How Should You Use Them?
Flaxseeds, also known as linseeds, are taken from a crop that has been grown for thousands of years throughout the world and is still widely consumed today. These small seeds are touted as a “super food” and are available in most grocery stores. They have a nutty flavor that complements most sweet and savory foods.
Flaxseeds are usually toasted and ground before eating. They're high in fiber and nutrition, and their high omega-3 content can contribute to heart health.
About Flaxseeds
Perhaps the most talked about benefit of flaxseeds is their high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids. These healthy fats are often lacking in American diets and help lessen your risk of heart disease. Flaxseeds are a source of complete protein, which means they contain notable amounts of all nine essential amino acids. Most other sources of complete protein are either dairy or meat products. Flaxseeds also contain about 3 grams of dietary fiber per tablespoon. Americans need between 25 and 38 grams of fiber daily for digestive health. The nutrient makeup of flaxseeds might help fight cancer, heart disease, arthritis, kidney disease, osteoporosis and the discomforts of menopause.
Whole vs. Ground
Flaxseeds are available whole or ground. Whole flaxseeds do not offer the same benefits as ground flaxseeds because the whole seeds can pass through your digestive tract without breaking down, detracting from their health benefits. Ground flaxseeds are more digestible, supplying your body with valuable fiber, omega-3 fatty acids and protein. Whole flaxseeds grind easily in a coffee grinder if you wish to process your own. Ground flaxseed is often sold as “milled flax,” “flaxseed flour” or “flaxseed meal.” Flax oil, flax oil pills and ground flax pills are also available. The oil lacks the protein and fiber of the ground seeds.
Cooking and Baking
Ground flaxseeds mix with several foods unnoticed. Use 1 or 2 tablespoons in oatmeal, yogurt, a smoothie, cold cereal, sprinkled over a sandwich or mixed in a salad. Ground flaxseeds mix with batters and dough and hardly influence the consistency. Several cracker, cookie and muffin recipes use flaxseeds as their main flavor if you wish to base a dish around it. The taste of flaxseed is unappetizing to some -- take ground flaxseed pills with one meal daily to avoid tasting it.
Storing Flaxseeds
Flaxseeds should be refrigerated or frozen for freshness. Their high concentration of fatty acids makes them susceptible to spoilage if you keep them at room temperature. After opening a bag of ground or whole flaxseeds, store it in an airtight container. If you buy flaxseeds in bulk, place all but the open bag in the freezer, keeping the open bag in the refrigerator for easy access.
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Why the government has legal authority to quarantine
Under section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S. Code § 264), the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services is authorized to take measures to prevent the spread of communicable diseases into the United States and between states, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which holds the authority for carrying out these functions…
Isolation and quarantine can be imposed by states under their police power functions, which give them the right to protect the health and safety of people within their borders. The four people currently quarantined in Texas are Duncan’s close family members. They received orders Wednesday from Texas and Dallas County officials “not to leave the apartment or to receive visitors without approval” until October 19, TIME’s Alex Altman reports.
But if states’ powers are not enough to stem the spread of a disease, the federal government can also institute isolation and quarantine. The last time this was used on a large scale was during the “Spanish Flu” pandemic in 1918-1919, according to the CDC.
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Machine Learning
In a nutshell, machine learning detects patterns in data and make predictions from patterns.
Anywhere with a volumn of data, if one wants to find a formula to predict from it, machine learning may come to use.
Examples from the right picture about usages of machine learning, from data to predictions.
Machine Learning Examples
Source: Sample applications of machine learning: Turn data into predictions
Let’s get this clear from confusion. Any differences between artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning? The right picture from NVIDIA helps explain:
• Artificial intelligence is an academic discipline founded in the early 1950s.
• Machine learning is the study of algorithms that learn by experience. It’s been gaining momentum since the 1980s and is a subfield of AI.
• Deep learning is a newer subfield of machine learning using neural networks. It’s been very successful in certain areas (image, video, text, and audio processing).
• Simple answer: to the naive audience, either one for causal conversation.
• Safe answer: Machine learning, as most specific than AI.
“If it’s written in Python, it’s machine learning; if it’s written in PowerPoint, it’s AI.”
AI vs. ML vs. DL
difference between software and machine learning
A machine learning algorithm is also just software. So then what’s the big difference?
With “normal” software, we tell the computer what to do.
With machine learning, we tell the computer how to figure out the answer itself, using the data we feed it.
• Let ‘s consider the machine learning algorithms that learns as a ‘student bot’,
• There is another bot termed teacher, it has the information/data to teach/train and test the student bot.
• Everytime a student after training class fails the test and there a ‘Repair bot’ comes to re-wire the brain of failing student, and put them to test again and again, before helpless student finally gets dispelled from class.
• Imagine participating student bots are thousands or millions (each born with a distinct algorithm) in number, eventually there emerges a convincing student top the tests for use.
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2010doylelphd.pdf (4.43 MB)
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Genes regulated by R:FR ratio and the circadian clock in Arabidopsis thaliana
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posted on 07.12.2010, 10:12 by Lisa F. Doyle
The shade avoidance response is of major adaptive significance to plants. Angiosperms in particular have developed a wide range of strategies to avoid shade. In canopy shade conditions, the ratio of red to far-red light wavelengths decreases (low R:FR ratio) this acts as a signal to instruct plants that they are in the proximity of neighbouring flora. A decrease in R:FR ratio is perceived through the phytochrome system, which results in onset of several developmental responses; such as elongation growth; that help promote escape from shade. Although much is known of the role phytochromes play in light perception and the concomitant physiological responses triggered by a decrease in the R:FR ratio, little is known of the downstream molecular components that bring about these changes. This study focuses on a small number of genes (DIN2, ENDO1 and XTH15) that whilst known to be R:FR ratio regulated, have as yet unknown roles during shade avoidance. This work demonstrates that all three genes respond with extreme rapidity and reversibility to changes in light quality conditions. The role phytochromes play in regulation of these genes is investigated. In addition a number of light regulated transcription factors, downstream of the phytochromes, are identified as intermediate regulators of these genes. As it has recently come to light that a number of R:FR ratio regulated genes are also under the control of the circadian clock the ability of this signalling pathway to influence expression of these genes was also investigated. Molecular analysis revealed that the circadian clock modulates two of the three genes examined within this study. Finally, systematic physiological characterisation of mutant and over-expressing lines was performed with an aim to determine the biological function of these genes during shade avoidance. Additionally, this study reveals that one of the genes studied; XTH15; not only exhibits R:FR ratio regulation of expression, but also blue light mediated transcriptional responses. This raises the possibility that R:FR ratio and blue light signaling pathways converge. Preliminary data suggests that XTH15 could represent a point of cross over with the phytochromes and the cryptochromes. This work, which characterises the response and potential role of three R:FR regulated genes downstream of the phytochromes, provides important and novel contributions to our understanding of the environmental regulation of plant development.
Ketley, Julian
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Cemetery Ridge
Cemetery Ridge
The Battle of Gettysburg lasted three days, beginning on July 1, 1863. The climax of this battle was Confederate General Pickett’s charge on the Union forces entrenched on Cemetery Ridge, which ultimately turned the tide of the war in the Union’s favor. Over 50,000 casualties on both sides were inflicted during the three-day battle.
What I find most compelling about this image and this particular area of the Battle of Gettysburg, is the contrasting themes of the canon and the graves; i.e. the cause-and-effect of those two elements. Both sides, the Union and Confederate soldiers, were Americans fighting and willing to die for what they believed in. This commitment and spirit is what I remember on the Fourth of July.
Thought for the Day: The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor powers to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. Abraham Lincoln, Gettsyburg Address
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When did civilization in India began?
When did the ancient Indian civilization begin and end?
The period lasted from around 1500 BCE through to 500 BCE; that is, from the early days of the Aryan migrations through to the age of the Buddha.
Where did the first civilization of India arise?
The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro), near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind) region. Both sites are in present-day Pakistan, in Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively.
Where is the Indian civilization?
The civilization was primarily centered in modern-day Pakistan, in the Indus river basin, and secondarily in the Ghaggar-Hakra river basin in eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.
Is India the oldest civilization in the world?
IT\'S FUN: How many planned cities are there in India?
Who was the first king of India?
Ans: Chandragupta Maurya was the first king/ruler of Ancient India.
Who Ruled India first?
Which is oldest civilization in world?
Where is Harappa now?
Website www.harappa.com
Where is Mohenjo-Daro at present?
Mohenjo-daro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower Indus river in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan.
Who named country India?
The official name of the Republic of India was derived from the Sanskrit name ‘Sindhu’ that referred to Indus River. By the time the Persians conquered both, the then Indian subcontinent and Greece in 5th century BCE, ‘Sindhu’ became ‘Hindus’ to mark the ‘land of Hindus’.
Who ruled India before British?
IT\'S FUN: Best answer: How many types of art are there in India?
About India
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@article{Bahar_2019, title={A PROCEDURAL MODEL OF USING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TO TEACH SOFTWARE MODELING COURSE}, volume={4}, url={https://readersinsight.net/APSS/article/view/718}, DOI={10.31580/apss.v4i2.718}, abstractNote={<p>The characteristics of the direct education system that depends on the ability of instructors reflection, only provide little opportunity for students to be actively involved in the learning process. This contrasts with the characteristics of the Software Modeling course which emphasizes student-centered learning. The application of direct learning models in the Modeling Software course causes learning to be ineffective, and students cannot reach the minimum competency standards planned in the learning design.</p> <p>This paper proposes a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model that is integrated in the Learning Modeling Software design on three elements of the teaching system, namely: Curriculum elements, emphasizing the use of problems as the starting point of student learning; Group elements, highlighting the collaboration system; and student elements, emphasizing the Student-Directed-Learning (SDL) system.</p> <p>The application of the PBL model to the three elements in the learning system is effective in increasing the level of student mastery of a particular topic. However, further discussion regarding: 1) how many guidelines are needed in PBL; 2) potential students experience confusion if there is not enough initial learning framework; 3) students who do not have relevant and adequate initial knowledge, tend to experience underdevelopment are still needed to find PBL models that are truly effective in learning the field of Software Engineering.</p>}, number={2}, journal={Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences}, author={Bahar, Bahar Bahar}, year={2019}, month={Apr.}, pages={42-45} }
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