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lord of the flies n. Skip this Video Loading SlideShow in 5 Seconds.. Lord of the Flies PowerPoint Presentation Download Presentation Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies 140 Views Download Presentation Download Presentation Lord of the Flies Presentation Transcript 1. Lordof the Flies William Golding 2. Freedom is Dangerous In Lord of the Flies, it shows that freedom is dangerous because without the rules and order from adults; the boys try to keep their own civilization by choosing a chief and making it a rule to use to conch. When Jack starts to make his own group and they rebel against Piggy and Ralph, they start to realize the little bit of society and civilization they had is slipping away. Showing that without these normal everyday rules they had and followed, are gone and they realize that they can get away with anything because they are alone. This resulting in danger of the fire, death and savagery. The boys start resulting in cruelty to others and the death of 3 of the boys. 3. Characterization It is Ralph, not Piggy, who both finds and identifies the shell. Piggy goes on to explain the conch’s sound to Ralph, but Ralph is the one who makes the initial discovery and takes possession. This is important, as the conch later enables Ralph (and not Piggy) to become chief. RalphHe is the one who is constantly trying of keep their society and order alive. Ralph is elected chief in the beginning of the novel, because he is the one who held the conch first. Ralph and Jack don’t get along most of the time because they are complete opposites. Ralph, who represents civilization, usually comes up with all the ideas on how to survive and keep their society. Jack, however, becomes savage, only wanting to kill the pig. This leaves Ralph and Piggy as the only two, who remain civil. In the end, after Piggy and Simon’s death, Ralph's is left alone on the beach, where then Jack tries to kill him. He is left to defend himself against the hunters as they set the forest on fire. Ralph had stopped smiling and was pointing into the lagoon. Something creamy lay among the ferny weeds.“A stone.”“No. A shell.” (1.141-143) . “Shut up,” said Ralph absently. He lifted the conch. “Seems to me we ought to have a chief to decide things.”“A chief! A chief!”“I ought to be chief,” said Jack with simple arrogance, “because I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp.” (1.228-30) The boys impose the standards of society upon themselves, and we see how absurd it is to base any merit on the skills of their old lives. 4. Jack Jack is the one who represents savagery, he constantly wants to kill pigs and he tortures some of the little’ unsjust for the joy of it. Jack uses wet red and white clay and makes black marks with a stick of charcoal.. He wants to camouflage himself so that the pigs won't spot him in the jungle foliage and patches of shade. Once he applies the paint Jack also becomes aware that "behind the mask" of his painted face he is free from all restraints and responsibilities, he can in effect do what he pleases. . ‘ This time the silence was complete. Ralph’s lips formed a word but no sound came. Suddenly Jack bounded out from the tribe and began screaming wildly. “See? See? That’s what you’ll get! I meant that! There isn’t a tribe for you anymore! The conch is gone-” He ran forward, stooping. “I’m Chief!”’ (pg. 201) Jack has become savage and wants only to have power and control the boys. So when Ralph doesn’t join and goes against his tribe. 5. PiggyHe is the intelligent one who is on the civilized side of the island with Ralph.Piggy is the outcast, he doesn’t get along with any of the boys except Ralph and is constantly being picked on by Jack and Roger. It seems like the boys are now treating Piggy just like an animal. He then becomes the conch’s biggest defender, always insisting on rules and order. Piggy was […] so full of pride in his contribution to the good of society […] that he helped to fetch wood. (8.118) Many of Piggys actions are motivated by his desire to fit in with the rest of the boys 6. ‘He picked his way to the seaward edge of the platform and stood looking down into the water. It was clear to the bottom and bright with the efflorescence of tropical weed and coral. A school of tiny, glittering fish flicked hither and thither. Ralph spoke to himself, sounding the bass strings of delight.’ (pg.7) This describes how the beach was once beautiful and safe. It is the first places the boys find on the island and where they all have met. Setting “He heard a curious trickling sound and then a louder crepitation as if someone were unwrapping great sheets of cellophane. A stick snapped and he stifled a cough. Smoke was seeping through the branches in white and yellow wisps, the patch of blue sky over head turned to the color of a storm cloud, and then the smoke billowed round him” (pg. 216) BeachThe Beach represents the civil side of the island. The place where society still remains. The only place the conch will work for order and rules. . Castle RockCastle rock is where all the hunters live. They represent savagery and no rules or order what so ever. 7. ‘‘ We can use this to call the others. Have a meeting. They’ll come when they hear us’ (pg. 12) This shows how the conch has power over the boys, and gives them order. As they listen to the conch, it shows they are still civilized. Symbolism The ConchThe conch is a tool to build up a civilization on the island. Through the power of the conch Ralph is able to make meetings. Without the conch it would have been very difficult to get things organized and to get to know who is on the island. It is even a symbol of the group outside the choir because Ralph is the owner of the conch, a means of power. . 8. “Jack planned his new face He made one cheek and one eye-socket white, then rubbed red over the other half of his face and slashed a black bar of charcoal across from the right ear to left jaw. He looked in the mere for his reflection , but his breathing troubled the mirror.” The Face Paint By the use of the face painting, Jack’s change of character becomes obvious. From now on he is wearing a mask to lay down Jack’s responsibility for all the things which happen. The painting is called “war-paint” by Ralph and shows the warrior-like status of the choir group. Like soldiers, Jack’s supporters have to be obedient, respect their leader’s law, and maintain discipline and order. There is no individuality anymore, the boys are only contracted as hunters - “the boys with the stick”. Everybody has to look and to act the same way. . The quote means that Jack has now changed from who he first was, to slowly savage. His paint is now a mask to hide who he once was. 9. The Lord of the Flies The Lord of the Flies is connected with the symbol of the pig (or rather, the head of a pig). It is the prince of the devils and a symbolic dramatization of human evil. The head is called “Lord of the Flies” which is a translation of the word Beelzebub (name of the devil in the Bible). In its “speech” in front of Simon it says: “You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the reason why it’s no go?…” So it is probably Golding’s intention to emphasize the existence of evil inside man and its part in the human condition. He describes the fight between good and evil which is inside every human being. Therefore he puts Simon, the good one, and the Lord of the Flies, the evil one, together in this mystical scene. “You knew, didn’t you?I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the reason why it’s no go? Whythings are what they are?” This quote is where Simon thinks the Pig head is talking to him. This shows the symbolism between good and evil.
This number equation makes a lot of people look at their calculator If we want our bodies to last for a long time, a good diet and regular exercise are a must, we all know that. However, most people forget that it is just as important to keep the brain in shape, especially when you start getting a little older. Of course, there are lots of different ways to keep the mind active. But one of the most traditional ones is solving brainteasers such as Crossword puzzles or Sudoku. Lately, however, a whole new kind of challenge has emerged online, and apparently, it really puts those brain cells to work! Even if you challenge the brain at work or school, a little logical thinking with no strings attached will help you relax, so you can recharge your batteries and don’t get burned out from stress and responsibilities. The challenge below is a great way to start if you want! What was the correct way? Recently, challenges like the one below have been getting pretty popular on social media. It’s nothing to do with impossible calculations or complex equations. It’s just honest, old-school math. That’s probably why it’s so fun to take on these tests. Since we are trying to remember, it becomes a kind of nostalgia trip while you get to challenge your own competitiveness. Solve this number equation without a calculator Okay, to the challenge itself. Below we see a picture with a number equation. Can you solve it without using a calculator? Ready to exercise that brain of yours? solve this number equation without a calculator Do you remember the order of operations? Think really hard, so maybe it comes back to you! Here is the answer Below the picture below, you’ll find the correct answer. Image source: Pexels The correct answer is 104. How did we get to 104, you ask? Well first, we have to calculate the multiplication, 25 x 0, which of course becomes 0. Then we are left with: 50 + 50 – 0 + 2 + 2 which totals 104. The answer is thus 104. Did you get the correct answer? Congratulations in that case! Now press that SHARE button below and see how many of your friends can solve this number equation as well!
Astronomers have discovered a planet that survived a star explosion in its home And it makes us wonder what to expect when our own sun dies. Your sun has a time limit. It will reach the end of its life of about 5 billion years from now. What will your solar system look like when the sun dies? Astronomers have discovered a distant solar system that signals the future of our planet. Earth will most likely be whisked away, but Jupiter could survive. A study published Wednesday in the journal Nature details Jupiter-like planets in a Jupiter-like orbit around a dead, white dwarf star. The system is near the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and its discovery by the WM Cake Observatory in Hawaii shows that some of the planets in our star may still exist, even if our star passes through its inevitable end-of-life. Joshua Blackman, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Tasmania in Australia, lead author, said, “This evidence confirms that large enough orbiting planets may exist.” “Given that this system is compatible with our own solar system, this suggests that Jupiter and Saturn can survive in the Sun’s red giant state, when they run out of nuclear fuel and self-destruct.” When our sun dies it is expected to go through certain stages. It will expand into a red monster, a phase NASA describes as “usually the most violent time in a star’s life.” This is when the earth takes a beating and becomes desolate and perhaps destroyed. Next, the sun will stabilize in its white dwarf form as a dead star that is getting colder and fading. This is the same star that astronomers have seen orbiting a planet like Jupiter. The Cake Observatory shared a video animation of what it must have felt for that distant solar system and its surviving planet. University of Maryland co-authors David Bennett and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center have suggested going to the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. It assumes that humanity still exists. This means that in our long-term ambitions for interplanetary life, we should take a look at some of Jupiter’s glamorous moons like Europa, the target of upcoming NASA missions. Living next to Jupiter will not solve all our problems. As Bennett noted, “… we will not be able to rely on heat from the sun for long as white dwarfs.” Some previous research, including the 2020 paper, which describes a giant planet that has avoided destruction by its own star, shows that there is a possibility of survival despite the tendency of these stars to come out of glory. Scientists are still working on how common or rare this can be. The death of our sun is not a serious problem for humanity, but thinking ahead is not a bad idea. A highly optimistic, sci-fi-inspired vision might see future human civilization live beyond Jupiter, not just Earth and Mars, but enter another solar system before our planet is toasted. Sneha Mali error: Content is protected !!
How to Stay Safe During a Protest BIPOC protestors Verywell / Nez Riaz Table of Contents View All Table of Contents When George Floyd was killed, countless Americans took to the streets to protest his death and bring awareness to racism in the United States. In some cases, the protests were peaceful and unifying. In others, they were chaotic and dangerous. Protests, regardless of the intention behind them, attract all types of people, each with different motives. Things can quickly turn from an atmosphere of solidarity and purpose to one of chaos and uncertainty. Before you participate, understand your rights, prepare in advance, and know how to stay safe at a protest. Know Your Rights The First Amendment protects your right to assemble and express your thoughts and opinions in the form of a protest. Where You Can Protest According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), it's important to know that the police and other government officials are allowed to place certain restrictions on the exercise of those speech rights. The ACLU advises protesting in "traditional public forums," such as streets, sidewalks, and parks. You also can speak out in front of government buildings as long as you're not blocking access to the building or interfering with the other purposes of the building. Private property owners can set rules for speech on their property. So you shouldn't stage a protest on private property, including a privately-owned business. Stick to the sidewalks and other public areas if you want your message to be heard. The Police May Get Involved It's also important to remember that counter-protesters have free speech rights too. Although the police must treat both groups of protesters equally, they are allowed to keep two opposing groups separated, especially if there are safety concerns. Likewise, police are permitted to break up a gathering if there is "clear and present danger of a riot, disorder, interference with traffic, or other immediate threat to public safety." But they must clearly inform protesters of the dispersal order, including how much time they have to disperse, the consequences if they refuse, and what exit route they can follow, before ordering them to leave or arresting them. You're Allowed to Take Photos When you are lawfully present in any public space, you have the right to photograph anything in plain view, including federal buildings and the police. On private property, the owner can set rules related to videos and photos. So if you are on private property you must abide by their rules. Breaking them could result in issues for you. Police are not allowed to confiscate or demand to see your photos or videos without a warrant. They also cannot delete any of your data under any circumstance. But they can order people to cease activities like these if they are interfering with legitimate law enforcement operations. How to Prepare For a Protest If you are thinking of joining a protest, think it through and make plans to stay safe. While it's important to show support and have your voice heard, it's equally important to ensure you are making good decisions. Go With Other People Amnesty International suggests that if you are going to protest, it's best to go with a friend or a small group. Likewise, make sure you have everyone's contact information. Some people find that writing these numbers on their bodies with a permanent marker is the best option in the event someone's phone gets lost or broken. Discuss where you will meet if you get separated and how you plan to exit the protest area if things turn chaotic. If you are not able to attend the protest but still want to support your friends, you could offer to be someone's offsite contact should something happen, like they're injured or arrested. Make Informed Decisions Before attending a protest, make sure you know who is organizing it and what the plan is. Also, make sure the group you join is promoting a cause that you support and is not giving mixed messages. Think about the risks, opportunities, and legal implications in order to weigh the pros and cons of participating. You also want to be sure you know about instructions like where to meet, park, and so on. You should also consider whether you want to bring your mobile phone with you. While having a phone is a good safety measure, it also can be used to infringe on your privacy, especially if your phone is set to tag your location in photos and videos. As a safety measure, you may want to be sure your phone is password protected. You can disable your fingerprint and face recognition capabilities for signing in. This way, no one can access your phone without the passcode. Be sure to back up your phone and delete anything that you don't need to have with you. You can always put the information back on your phone later if you need to. Find Other Ways to Lend Support If you are unable to attend a protest due to work, health concerns, or childcare issues, there are still ways for you to participate. For instance, you can support an organization that helps protesters with needs like bond funds. Another way to support the protest is to provide snacks and water for the people that you know who will be attending. You could even put together small care packages with a few first aid items like bandages and pain reliever. You also could write letters to your local representatives urging them to take action. Or, you could volunteer with local organizations by running a phone bank or raising funds. The key is that you don't have to be present at a protest or rally to support a cause. What to Take With You When it comes to attending a protest, the key to staying safe is to be prepared. One way to do that is to make sure you not only pack light but that you bring things that you will truly need. Health and Safety Bring items that can help protect your health and safety during a protest. You might consider: • Face coverings. A face mask that covers your nose and mouth can help prevent the spread of illness. Consider bringing a few masks so that you have extras should one get dirty or contaminated. • Alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Keeping your hands clean is one of the best ways to prevent the spread of illness. Be sure you have enough to get you through the day. • Water bottle with soapy water. According to the New York City health department, you can use the soapy water to rinse off contaminants like pepper spray. Of course, after rinsing with the soapy water, you will need to rinse with plain water as well. • Medications. In addition to pain relievers and a few bandages, make sure you pack personal medications like inhalers and epi-pens. • Sun protection. Regardless of whether it's a sunny day or not, it's important to protect your skin. Bring sunscreen, lip balm, a hat, and possibly even an umbrella to provide some shade. Personal Items It's important to pack light, especially because you will likely have to walk a long distance. Protests are usually attended by a lot of people, • Identification. Although you don't need to bring your entire wallet, it is important that you have necessities like your state-issued ID or driver's license. You also will need your insurance cards in case there is an emergency. • Plenty of water. Ideally, bring your water in an insulated cup with a squirt top. Avoid sharing it with other people. Consider filling up a spray bottle with water to help keep you cool. • Snacks. Try granola bars, protein bars, or other non-perishable snacks. Choose something lightweight and portable that will sustain you until you can eat an actual meal. • Cash. Having a small amount of cash on hand is important, especially if you need to take a cab or buy a snack or water from a local vendor. There is no guarantee that you will be able to use a credit card. • Portable charger for your phone. If you decide to bring your phone with you, be sure that you have a portable charger and cord as well. There likely won't be a lot of places to charge your phone should it die, so you should have a backup of your own. • Glasses. Amnesty International advises people not to wear contact lenses due to the risks associated with tear gas and pepper spray. Likewise, you may want to consider wearing shatterproof swim goggles if you think you will be in an area where tear gas is likely. A Word From Verywell Protesting comes with varying risks depending on the area, the situation, and the cause. While there are things you can do to reduce your risks, realize that even though you fully intend to protest peacefully, this does not guarantee your safety from injury or illness. It's important that if you decide to protest, you do everything you can to protect yourself. Was this page helpful? 4 Sources 1. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Know Your Rights: Protesters’ Rights. 2. Amnesty International. The Right to Protest: Resource Packet for Staff and Members. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID-19: How to Protect Yourself and Others. Published March 8, 2021. 4. New York City Health Department. How to Protest Safely During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Published November 4, 2020.
How Music and Instruments Began 2021-08-24 11:01 Үл хөдлөх зарна Баян-Өлгий 3 views -- ₮ • img Price: -- ₮ Music must first be defined and distinguished from speech, and from animal and bird cries. We discuss the stages of hominid anatomy that permit music to be perceived and created, with the likelihood of both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens both being capable. The earlier hominid ability to emit sounds of variable pitch with some meaning shows that music at its simplest level must have predated speech. The possibilities of anthropoid motor impulse suggest that rhythm may have preceded melody, though full control of rhythm may well not have come any earlier than the perception of music above. There are four evident purposes for music: dance, ritual, entertainment personal, and communal, and above all social cohesion, again on both personal and communal levels. We then proceed to how outdoor musical instrument began, with a brief survey of the surviving examples from the Mousterian period onward, including the possible Neanderthal evidence and the extent to which they showed “artistic” potential in other fields. We warn that our performance on replicas of surviving instruments may bear little or no resemblance to that of the original players. We continue with how later instruments, strings, and skin-drums began and developed into instruments we know in worldwide cultures today. The sound of music is then discussed, scales and intervals, and the lack of any consistency of consonant tonality around the world. This is followed by iconographic evidence of the instruments of later antiquity into the European Middle Ages, and finally, the history of public performance, again from the possibilities of early humanity into more modern times. This paper draws the ethnomusicological perspective on the entire development of music, instruments, and performance, from the times of H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens into those of modern musical history, and it is written with the deliberate intention of informing readers who are without special education in music, and providing necessary information for inquiries into the origin of music by cognitive scientists. But even those elementary questions are a step too far, because first we have to ask “What is music?” and this is a question that is almost impossible to answer. Your idea of music may be very different from mine, and our next-door neighbor’s will almost certainly be different again. Each of us can only answer for ourselves. Mine is that it is “Sound that conveys emotion.” We can probably most of us agree that it is sound; yes, silence is a part of that sound, but can there be any music without sound of some sort? For me, that sound has to do something—it cannot just be random noises meaning nothing. There must be some purpose to it, so I use the phrase “that conveys emotion.” What that emotion may be is largely irrelevant to the definition; there is an infinite range of possibilities. An obvious one is pleasure. But equally another could be fear or revulsion. How do we distinguish that sound from speech, for speech can also convey emotion? It would seem that musical sound must have some sort of controlled variation of pitch, controlled because speech can also vary in pitch, especially when under overt emotion. So music should also have some element of rhythm, at least of pattern. But so has the recital of a sonnet, and this is why I said above that the question of “What is music?” is impossible to answer. Perhaps the answer is that each of us in our own way can say “Yes, this is music,” and “No, that is speech.” Must the sound be organized? I have thought that it must be, and yet an unorganized series of sounds can create a sense of fear or of warning. Here, again, I must insert a personal explanation: I am what is called an ethno-organologist; my work is the study of musical tubular musical instrument (organology) and worldwide (hence the ethno-, as in ethnomusicology, the study of music worldwide). So to take just one example of an instrument, the ratchet or rattle, a blade, usually of wood, striking against the teeth of a cogwheel as the blade rotates round the handle that holds the cogwheel. This instrument is used by crowds at sporting matches of all sorts; it is used by farmers to scare the birds from the crops; it was and still is used by the Roman Catholic church in Holy Week when the bells “go to Rome to be blessed” (they do not of course actually go but they are silenced for that week); it was scored by Beethoven to represent musketry in his so-called Battle Symphony, a work more formally called Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria, Op.91, that was written originally for Maelzel’s giant musical box, the Panharmonicon. Beethoven also scored it out for live performance by orchestras and it is now often heard in our concert halls “with cannon and mortar effects” to attract people to popular concerts. And it was also, during the Second World War, used in Britain by Air-Raid Precaution wardens to warn of a gas attack, thus producing an emotion of fear. If it was scored by Beethoven, it must be regarded as a musical instrument, and there are many other noise-makers that, like it, which must be regarded as musical instruments. And so, to return to our definition of music, organization may be regarded as desirable for musical sound, but that it cannot be deemed essential, and thus my definition remains “Sound that conveys emotion.” Нэмэлт мэдээлэл Хэмжээ SDF Өрөө 2
Information has been drawn from a number of sources including:- The records of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (which list the bare details of a man - his rank, name, number, unit, date of death and place of burial or commemoration. They often include extra information - usually details of the man's wife or parents). Soldiers Who Died In The Great War (an official list published by HMSO in 1921) draws on military records - most of which have since been destroyed. It may add place of birth, residence and enlistment and details of other units in which the man served. It also gives an idea as to how the man died, using specific terms such as 'killed in action', 'died of wounds' or just plain 'died' (presumably accidentally or of 'natural causes'). After the bulk of the research for this website was done the Shropshire's Sacrifice in the Great War site was launched. This roll of honour links the names of the men on the county's Great War memorials with the details of their rank, number, regiment, official cause and date of death and place of burial. It has provided reassuring confirmation of work already done and is proving a useful source for work still in progress. The national indexes of Births, Marriages and Deaths, and the baptism registers of St Leonard's and St Mary Magdalene, have usually made it possible to identify a man's family. This has been expanded with information drawn from the national censuses - particularly those of 1901 and 1911. The Bridgnorth Journal reported the deaths of many servicemen. The amount of detail tends to reflect the social standing of the man or his family, but useful biographical information is often given about even the poorest. The extra details given in the newspaper have proved invaluable in identifying the men on the memorial. Using the Journal has been made much easier by Gwynne Chadwick's chronological summaries in his Bridgnorth - News and Events between 1901 and 1920. I am grateful to Mrs Peeler and the Bridgnorth Endowed School and to Bridgnorth Northgate Museum for access to surviving issues of the Bridgnorth Grammar School Old Boys' Magazine. In some cases the man's service record has survived - although the majority were destroyed by enemy bombing in September 1940. The surviving records are mostly those of men who were discharged with wounds or illness: their records were transferred to the Ministry of Pensions and so avoided the bombing. An anonymous typescript kept under the war memorial at St Leonard's Church contains information about the men named on the memorial there. I understand that this booklet is the work of the late Graham Hodgson. I have tried to give an indication of the circumstances in which each man died - though this is rarely recorded in any of the official sources which I have consulted. It has generally been deduced from where they are buried or from what their unit is recorded as doing on that day. Sometimes a man died on a day when their unit is known to have been involved in a battle; more often, 'killed in action' deaths occur between battles, probably as a result of artillery fire, sniping or trench mortars. As I have the time and opportunity I am consulting the War Diaries and Regimental Histories of the units in which the men commemorated on the memorials served. Much information has been drawn from The History of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry in the Great War 1914 - 1918 Ed. W de B. Wood. London, 1925. It must be remembered that official records were being recorded in difficult circumstances and may not always be accurate. The date of a man's death was often decided long after the event (which may not have been witnessed by anyone). There is evidence that, where death may have occured over a period of time, the latest possible date is preferred. Sometimes, when reports were contradictory, the recorded date of death is actually the date on which it was reported to headquarters. A lot of men appear to have died 'in action' two or three days after their unit was involved in a battle. A surprising number of the men named on the memorial died of natural causes. Most of these survived the fighting but died during the Spanish influenza epidemic which struck during 1918 and 1919.
Hoverboards Powered by Nano-Technology? The Future Is Closer Than You May Think Innovative Battery Design Could Prevent Overheating, Fires Because of the risk of overheating, the U.S. Government recently recalled thousands of Lithium-ion batteries used inside cameras, laptops, cordless tools, tablets, and even some types of winter jackets. Now, Stanford University may have discovered a way to address these issues. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used batteries, but they are also the cause of fires affecting electric cars, cargo planes, and many common devices. Hoverboards, self-balancing scooter-like devices, are one of the more common technologies harmed by these batteries. It doesn't happen often, but a house in Louisiana recently burned down because one of the residents kept a hoverboard using lithium-ion batteries running for too long. Because of incidents like this, people started researching new, safer battery ideas. One of the first newly-crafted replacements for these batteries is a Lithium-ion battery that shuts down before overheating and restarts when it cools down. But users of this perhaps safer battery could get stuck somewhere while waiting for it to restart. The second supposedly better option is a “smart” battery that gives off a warning as it heats up. The only issue is, what if this battery's user doesn't hear the warning? Both of these alternatives have their flaws and aren't necessarily long-term solutions. Because of this, Stanford University decided to try working with nano-technology. “Our design provides a reliable, fast, reversible strategy that can achieve both high battery performance and improved safety,” said the Stanford research team. This battery has a nano-shield surrounding the Lithium-ion, which thus increasing its safety. This may be a huge step to resolve the issue at hand. This new strategy brings us much further in the battery technology industry and may help battery-users feel a whole lot safer. Now, if we could only keep those mischievous hoverboards from falling into pools. [Sources: National Geographic; Stanford Report] Wow, great article. Really good work! – james kramerMonona Wi (2016-04-03 11:54) Another fantastic and very informative article! I love the humor in the last line. Nice touch! – MaryCedarburg (2016-04-04 10:35)
Autism sensory overload “Imagine feeling so overloaded that you just couldn’t cope.” That’s the situation the U.K.’s National Autistic Society is exploring in a new virtual reality film that lets viewers experience what sensory overload feels like for people with autism spectrum disorder. “Imagine the difference it would make if someone showed you a little kindness,” the Society writes on their website. “Rather than judging you as a naughty kid having a meltdown, or a ‘weirdo’ flapping their hands.” Fostering kindness and understanding is the goal of the two-minute clip, released by the Society. The clip is shot in a shopping mall, from the perspective of 10-year-old Alex Marshall, who is on the autism spectrum. The video shows triggering stimuli such as flashing fluorescent lights, clicking high heels, a woman scuffing her shoes on the floor after spilling a drink, a colorful bunch of balloons and a flashing store security alarm. By its end, Marshall is breathing heavily behind the camera. Viewers can look around the scene in 360 degrees on their computers or phones, or use Google’s cardboard goggles for the full virtual reality experience. (Warning: The video below contains flashing lights, bright colors and loud, sudden noises, which may be triggering for individuals who experience sensory overload.) Originally posted 2017-07-18 11:18:14. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. %d bloggers like this:
MPMI PhytoFrontiers Phytobiomes all journals CURRENT REVIEWOpen Access icon OPENOpen Access license Maintaining Symbiotic Homeostasis: How Do Plants Engage With Beneficial Microorganisms While at the Same Time Restricting Pathogens? Authors and Affiliations • David Thoms1 2 • Yan Liang3 • Cara H. Haney1 2 1. 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 Canada 2. 2Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 Canada 3. 3College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Published Online: This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series. That plants recruit beneficial microbes while simultaneously restricting pathogens is critical to their survival. Plants must exclude pathogens; however, most land plants are able to form mutualistic symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plants also associate with the complex microbial communities that form the microbiome. The outcome of each symbiotic interaction—whether a specific microbe is pathogenic, commensal, or mutualistic—relies on the specific interplay of host and microbial genetics and the environment. Here, we discuss how plants use metabolites as a gate to select which microbes can be symbiotic. Once present, we discuss how plants integrate multiple inputs to initiate programs of immunity or mutualistic symbiosis and how this paradigm may be expanded to the microbiome. Finally, we discuss how environmental signals are integrated with immunity to fine-tune a thermostat that determines whether a plant engages in mutualism, resistance to pathogens, and shapes associations with the microbiome. Collectively, we propose that the plant immune thermostat is set to select for and tolerate a largely nonharmful microbiome while receptor-mediated decision making allows plants to detect and dynamically respond to the presence of potential pathogens or mutualists. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Plants can fix carbon and thus provide microbes with a habitat enriched in sugars relative to the environment. As a result, living in association with a plant presents an opportunity for microbes to access nutrients that are otherwise limited. To survive, plants must exclude microbes, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses, that, given the opportunity, would parasitize plants for carbon and other nutrients. However, most land plants are able to form mutualistic symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, while others associate with beneficial nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or ectomycorrhizal fungi and manage to avoid being parasitized by these microbes. Plants also form stable associations with thousands of microbial taxa that make up the microbiome (Müller et al. 2016), which can protect plants from pathogens (Berendsen et al. 2012) and help plants access nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, and micronutrients (Hacquard et al. 2015). How plants recruit beneficial microbes while simultaneously restricting pathogens is a fundamental question in the molecular-plant microbe interactions field and was nominated as one of the top 10 unanswered questions at the 18th IS-MPMI Congress in 2019 (Harris et al. 2020). All symbiotic microbes, be they mutualistic, pathogenic, or commensal, must be able to utilize host nutrients and evade or suppress host immunity. Once microbes are present, plants must decide to tolerate their presence, engage in mutualistic symbiosis, or mount an immune response. The mechanisms that govern a subset of symbiotic interactions, such as the mutualistic association of nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria with legumes and immunity of the reference plant Arabidopsis to bacterial pathogens like Pseudomonas syringae, have been relatively well-studied. Both immunity to pathogens and mutualism require recognition of microbial molecules resulting in symbiosis or defense. In rhizobia-legume interactions, plants recognize specific microbial chemical signals, which leads to mutualistic symbiosis. Plant recognition of pathogens can lead to a robust immune response and restriction of microbial growth. Studying the mechanisms that determine the outcomes of a few model symbioses have provided a framework for molecular-plant microbe interactions that have informed our understanding across plant hosts and symbionts. Beyond intimately coevolved mutualistic or pathogenic associations, plants provide a habitat for thousands of microbiota. Unlike rhizobia-legume symbioses or plant-AM symbiosis, in which extensive coevolution has shaped symbiotic outcomes (Denison and Kiers 2011), the life history of plant-microbiome associations is more poorly understood. While there is evidence for a host-driven genetic component to microbiome community structure (Bulgarelli et al. 2012; Haney et al. 2015; Schlaeppi et al. 2014), it is not entirely clear whether plant-microbiome interactions have the same level of specificity and could be governed by similar principles as well-studied mutualistic symbioses and pathogens, or whether there are distinct principles that shape plant-microbiome association. In this review, we discuss three stages in symbiotic engagement, each with the potential to select for or restrict potential mutualists or pathogens (Fig. 1). These include i) metabolic gating whereby microbial access to plants is restricted through plant production of selective metabolites, ii) dual receptor recognition in which congruent signals received by multiple receptors initiate a robust and specific program of symbiosis or immunity, and iii) integration of environmental signals with immune homeostasis to fine-tune decision making in symbiosis. We primarily focus on how these principles shape interactions in the rhizosphere, in which the most is known about mutualists and commensals, although the majority of immunity work has focused on leaves. Collectively, these concepts provide a paradigm for understanding how plants may engage with beneficial microbes while restricting pathogens. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Mechanisms of symbiotic engagement. This review discusses three principles by which plants may select for or restrict potential mutualists or pathogens. A, Plants use selective metabolites (purple) to recruit or select for beneficial microbes (blue) and select against pathogens (gray). B, Dual receptor recognition allows for precisely distinguishing potential pathogens or mutualists prior to energy investment in an immune or symbiotic response. Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are common between pathogens and mutualists and so are not sufficient for a plant to determine whether a microbe is friend or foe; however, MAMPs can provide information about the identity of a microbe. Coupling perception of MAMPs with lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), effectors, or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) has the potential to trigger a strong and specific immunity or symbiotic program. C, Integration of intrinsic and extrinsic signals with immune homeostasis allows plants to fine-tune decision making in symbiosis and dynamically shape symbiotic interactions over a plant’s life. This may allow for fine-tuning of microbiome community structure as well as changing a threshold for strong immunity and symbiosis responses. Download as PowerPoint Plants offer a chemically and nutritionally distinct environment relative to the soil and air that surround them. The rhizosphere may be enriched in central metabolites, including derivatives of plant photosynthate, along with diverse plant-derived specialized metabolites (Hacquard et al. 2015; Hartmann et al. 2008). Plants thus have the potential to screen and select for specific symbiotic associations through central and specialized metabolites by secreting i) nutrients that only some microbes can use, ii) antimicrobial compounds that are toxic to some but not all microbes, and iii) signals that attract specific microbes (Fig. 1A). Given the richness of plant metabolites and diversity across plant species (Owen et al. 2017), plant chemical profiles have the potential to provide a high degree of symbiotic specificity. The rhizosphere is a nutritionally complex environment, and we are only just beginning to reveal the nutrients present and the consequences for symbiotic associations. Chemicals in root exudates, such as citric acid, malic acid, and fumaric acid, have been shown to play roles in recruiting beneficial bacteria (Rudrappa et al. 2008). Genomic and forward genetic screening in beneficial Pseudomonas spp. has shown that auxotrophy for specific amino acids reduces fitness in the rhizosphere, indicating that ability to use host nutrients may be a determining factor in symbiotic associations (Cheng et al. 2017; Cole et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2018). These observations indicate that the presence of specific host nutrient sources may be a major determinant of which microbes can initiate symbiosis. Specialized metabolites may also play a role in selecting for symbiotic associations and may explain host specificity. Triterpenes, a large and diverse group of plant specialized metabolites, mediate the establishment of the microbiome both by promoting and restricting growth of specific microbial taxa (Huang et al. 2019). Salicylic acid is a plant hormone that affects plant immunity and microbiome structure, potentially, in part, by acting as a metabolite for specific microbes (Lebeis et al. 2015). Complex or species-specific nutrients may play a role in selecting for highly adapted microbes and may contribute to host specificity in symbiotic associations. Similarly, there are potentially thousands of antimicrobial compounds produced by plants, and we have only seen the tip of the iceberg in understanding how these molecules exclude some microbes while allowing the proliferation of others. Plant-derived coumarins have antimicrobial activity against some, but not microbiota, and, as a result, can directly shape the plant microbiome (Voges et al. 2019). Similarly, canavanine is a toxic structural mimic of arginine and is produced by certain legumes; rhizobia have evolved resistance to canavanine, allowing for their proliferation in the rhizosphere (Cai et al. 2009). These examples suggest that plants may be able to use metabolites to select for specific adapted microbes while excluding others. Metabolites secreted by plants can also signal the presence of a symbiont-friendly host. Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can sense plant flavonoids through binding of the bacterial regulator of Nod factor biosynthesis NodD (Fisher and Long 1992). The plant hormone strigolactone can trigger AM fungal spore germination and thus signals the presence of a potential plant host (Akiyama and Hayashi 2006; Besserer et al. 2006). Commensals may also use the presence of plant metabolites including polyamines (Liu et al. 2018), amino acids, organic acids, or sugars (Sasse et al. 2018) to signal the presence of a plant host. Secretion of positive signals may provide plants with a way to call to only beneficial microbes among diverse soil microbiota. Estimates are that plants may produce hundreds of thousands of compounds, a small fraction of which have been characterized (Jacobowitz and Weng 2020). As a result, the metabolic potential of plants could be a major determinant of host specificity and actively or passively shape host-symbiotic interactions. Characterizing the diversity of plant metabolites will undoubtedly reveal the role that these compounds play in how plants select for beneficial microbes while restricting pathogens. Once a microbe has located a host in which it can compete for nutrients and survive the onslaught of host-derived antimicrobials, the microbe has the potential to become symbiotic. Once a microbe is symbiotic, the exchange of molecular signals, combined with host and microbial genetic potential, helps plants determine whether a microbe is a friend or foe (Zipfel and Oldroyd 2017). However, many of the potential molecular signals do not necessarily distinguish pathogen from commensals. As a result, perception and integration of multiple cues is required to initiate a successful immunity or symbiosis program (Figs. 1B and 2). Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Multiple receptor inputs contribute to specific and robust immunity and symbiosis responses. To decide whether to engage in immunity or symbiosis, a plant must identify the type of microbe it is interacting with and determine whether that microbe is mutualistic or pathogenic. Robust activation of a specific pathway depends on the combined input of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and one or more lifestyle associated factor (e.g., damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), effectors, lipochitooligosaccharides [LCOs]). In this example, chitin informs the plant that the symbiont is a fungus, and LCOs or effectors inform the plant whether it is a mutualist (blue components and arrows) or pathogenic (red components and arrows). The central boxes represent basal immunity pathways and common symbiotic pathways, which include the respective signaling cascades, posttranslational modifications, and gene induction required for initiation of an immune or mutualistic response. At the bottom are the microbe-specific responses for resistance against or mutualism with a specific type of microbe. Activated pathways are indicated by white boxes and inactive pathways are shown in gray. Dotted lines indicate weak signaling and activation, while solid lines reflect stronger interactions. Wide arrows represent either a synergistic or additive response. PRR = pattern recognition receptor, NLR = Nod-like receptor. Download as PowerPoint Plant genomes encode a staggering suite of receptors, including hundreds of predicted membrane-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (Zipfel 2014) and cytoplasmic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) (Monteiro and Nishimura 2018). This receptor diversification has been proposed to function in expanding innate immunity, although the ligands for only a very small portion have been identified (Zipfel 2014). Specific PRRs are required for symbiosis or function in pattern triggered immunity (PTI) and recognize conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) like chitin, flagellin, and peptidoglycan (Zipfel and Oldroyd 2017). Collectively, these observations suggest that plants have the receptor diversity to distinguish a vast number of potential symbionts. Recognizing pathogens. Because many MAMPs are conserved in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes, recognition by a combination of receptors may be necessary to initiate a robust immune response (Jones and Dangl 2006). In plant immunity, the long-standing zig-zag paradigm proposes that recognition of a MAMP may lead to a weak PTI response, while recognition of a MAMP and an effector protein might lead to robust effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (Jones and Dangl 2006). More recent evidence supports that PTI and ETI are not distinct pathways but rather converge to trigger a robust antibacterial immune response (Ngou et al. 2020; Yuan et al. 2020). While effector recognition increases expression of several key PTI-associated genes, effector recognition alone does not seem to provide resistance against bacterial pathogens unless paired with MAMP perception (Yuan et al. 2020). Effectors and, perhaps, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may generate a more robust immune response by increasing gene expression of components involved in PTI (Yuan et al. 2020; Zhou et al. 2020). For example, effector perception enhances RBOHD expression, while flg22 induces a posttranslational increase in RBOHD activity that synergistically increases ROS accumulation (Kadota et al. 2014; Li et al. 2014; Yuan et al. 2020). Just as signaling through cell surface PRRs depends upon the intracellular receptors of ETI for resistance against effector-containing bacterial pathogens, we discuss how integration of multiple signals may allow for initiation of symbiosis with mutualists or an immune response against members of the microbiota. It is worth noting that, as plant immunity has primarily been studied in leaves, it is possible that distinct paradigms contribute to immunity in the rhizosphere (Chuberre et al. 2018; Millet et al. 2010). Recognizing mutualists. Recognition by multiple receptors and integration of multiple symbiotic and immunity signals is required for establishment of mutualistic symbiosis. Rhizobia-legume symbiosis is initiated when rhizobia secrete lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), referred to as Nod factors, that consist of a short-chain chitin backbone with different substitutions (D’Haeze and Holsters 2002; Gough and Cullimore 2011). Interestingly, many legumes have multiple LysM receptors that are required to recognize the correct Nod factor and, in some cases, regulate parallel signaling pathways (Limpens et al. 2003). For instance, Medicago truncatula NFP and LYK3 recognize the nonreducing and reducing ends of Nod factor, respectively (Smit et al. 2007), and initiate signaling pathways that regulate calcium spiking and nodule formation (NFP) and infection thread initiation (LYK3) (Jones et al. 2007). By requiring successful recognition by multiple receptors, plants can use multiple check points to ensure the presence of the correct symbiont and exclude potential cheaters. Nod factor is not the only microbial signal required to initiate rhizobia-legume symbiosis; other conserved MAMPs play roles in establishing beneficial associations, potentially by preventing overgrowth or symbiotic mimicry. Rhizobial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are polysaccharide polymers secreted into the surrounding environment and are required for the formation of infection threads during nodulation (Denny 1995; Milling et al. 2011; Robertsen et al. 1981; Saile et al. 1997). A LysM receptor-like kinase identified in Lotus japonicus is required for symbiosis and has been implicated in perception of rhizobial EPSs (Kawaharada et al. 2015). Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are major components of the bacterial outer membranes that comprise lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-antigen polysaccharide (Becker et al. 2005; Erridge et al. 2002). Nodulation does not occur when plants are inoculated with mutants defective in LPS synthesis or altered LSP structure, indicating that LPSs might also act as signaling molecules for the establishment of symbiotic relationships (Bourassa et al. 2017) or that the wrong LPS might trigger immunity leading to nonfunctional nodules. Collectively, this supports that multiple positive signals or positive signals without negative signals are required to initiate symbiosis. In addition to rhizobial Nod factor, LCOs are produced by AM and ectomycorrhizal fungi during the establishment of symbiosis (Cope et al. 2019; Maillet et al. 2011). However, it was recently reported that LCOs are also produced by nonsymbiotic and even pathogenic fungi (Rush et al. 2020), suggesting that LCOs might have other roles beyond symbiotic signals. Indeed, LCOs suppress immunity signaling, potentially independently of symbiotic signaling (Feng et al. 2019; Liang et al. 2013). Taken together, these findings suggest that either plants have evolved distinct receptors and signaling pathways for symbiosis and immunity or that there may be overlap in perception of mutualists and pathogens. Emergent evidence supports that initiation of mutualistic symbiosis may involve inputs from overlapping immunity and symbiosis pathways. LysM receptors recognize diverse N-acetyl glucosamine polymers, including chitin and peptidoglycan, the major cell-wall components of fungi and bacteria, respectively (Zipfel and Oldroyd 2017). Chitin and peptidoglycan are recognized as MAMPs by plants, leading to the induction of innate immunity. Studies on AM and chitin recognition in rice led to an interaction model in which a LysM receptor-like kinase, OsCERK1, plays dual roles in immunity and symbiosis (He et al. 2019; Miyata et al. 2014). OsCERK1 does not have high affinity for binding chitin oligosaccharides; instead, other members of the LysM receptor-like protein kinase family distinguish the ligands according to the length of chitin oligosaccharides and, then, transduce signals via the formation of complexes with OsCERK1 (Hayafune et al. 2014; He et al. 2019). Allele variation in OsCERK1 contributes to the efficiency of AM colonization (Huang et al. 2020). In contrast, OsCERK1 orthologs in legumes underwent several rounds of gene duplication, and one copy maintains a similar dual function in AM and immunity, but a paralogous copy might have evolved leading to neofunctionalization for Nod factor perception (Bozsoki et al. 2017; Gibelin-Viala et al. 2019; Leppyanen et al. 2017). Interestingly, these OsCERK1 orthologs in legumes might have higher affinity binding to allow for discriminating between chitin oligosaccharides and Nod factor (Bozsoki et al. 2020). Given that fungal and bacterial symbionts produce both symbiosis- and immunity-inducing signals, it is very likely that hosts must possess complex logic gates to determine whether they should initiate symbiosis or immunity and many pathways are integrated to control the final outcome. Recognizing microbiota. The plant immune system clearly plays a role in shaping the microbiome, and members of the microbiota must evade or suppress immunity in order to survive (Teixeira et al. 2019). Yet, how plants might initiate symbiotic or immunity programs against the thousands of members of the microbiome is less clear. In many cases, plants cannot distinguish MAMPs from beneficial vs. pathogenic microbes. While certain mutualists like rhizobium may have distinct or cloaked MAMPs that are not recognized by plants (Jones et al. 2007), other commensals, like P. fluorescens, have MAMPs that are similarly antigenic as those in their pathogenic relatives (Yu et al. 2019). Most rhizosphere microbiome members do not have known effectors that trigger ETI, nor do they encode positive signals, like Nod factor, that might trigger a symbiotic program. As a result, it is possible that plants may simply tolerate the diverse microbes that are able to survive in close association without causing any major harm or offering clear benefits. In the event members of the microbiota do cause harm to the host, an intriguing emergent possibility is that plants may use cellular damage through plant-derived DAMPs (Hander et al. 2019; Poncini et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2020) to exclude certain members of the microbiome. DAMPs are intracellular plant molecules that can induce an immune response only when bound to their corresponding extracellular receptors (Choi and Klessig 2016). To date, a wide array of immunomodulatory DAMPs (e.g., plant elicitor peptides [Peps], PAMP-induced secreted peptides, extracellular ATP, and oligogalacturonides) and their respective receptors (e.g., PEPRs, RLK7, P2K1 and P2K2, and WAK1) have been identified in Arabidopsis (Brutus et al. 2010; Hou et al. 2014; Jewell et al. 2019; Pham et al. 2020; Yamaguchi et al. 2010), indicating that plants have the potential to identify the diverse types of damage that microbes might elicit. When combined with MAMP perception, cell damage has the potential to elicit a robust and highly specific local immune response (Zhou et al. 2020). In contrast, cellular damage or the flagellin peptide flg22 alone elicits a more limited immune response in roots (Zhou et al. 2020). In the presence of flg22, laser ablation of a single root cell induces a flg22-receptor (FLS2)-dependent immune response in adjacent cells but not in distal root cells, indicating that plants elicit a localized response upon sensing the co-occurrence of MAMPs and damage (Zhou et al. 2020). This raises an interesting question of whether plants could use a targeted immune response to actively inhibit bacteria that damage plant cells while leaving bacteria associated with adjacent nondamaged cells intact. Whether plants can use damage to distinguish and select for beneficial over harmful bacteria is currently unknown. The type of damage induced by a microbe may depend on the lifestyle of the assailant and, when combined with MAMP signals, may provide clues as to the identity of the invading organism. For example, the cell wall–degrading enzymes common in fungi and bacteria may generate vastly more cell wall–degradation compounds (e.g., cellobiose, oligogalacturonides) than nematodes (Berlemont and Martiny 2013; Saravanakumar et al. 2018, 2016). In contrast, the piercing mouthparts of nematodes could release vastly more intracellular DAMPs (such as Peps) than bacteria or fungi (Lee et al. 2018; Klauser et al. 2015; Zhang and Gleason 2020). This suggests that simultaneous perception of a DAMP and MAMP generated by the same microbe could signal a more tenacious invader that requires a more specific and robust immune response. In support of this, cellobiose cotreated with chitin leads to relatively higher induction of WRKY30 than cellobiose cotreated with flg22 (Souza et al. 2017). Pep1 can induce a plant immune response that impairs plant parasitic nematode reproduction (Zhang and Gleason 2020); yet, Pep1-triggered immunity seems to have little overlap with signaling pathways commonly attributed to bacterial defense (Zhang and Gleason 2020; Zhou et al. 2020). These data support an intriguing possibility whereby combined DAMP and MAMP perception could provide dual inputs to allow for plants to fine-tune a localized immune response against the specific invader while leaving the majority of the members of the microbiome unharmed. In animals, the immune system only develops properly in the presence of commensals. Germ-free mice have highly altered gut architecture and lack normal immune function (Gallo and Hooper 2012). In contrast, most studies on the plant immune system have been performed with the reference plant Arabidopsis under highly controlled conditions comparing the plant immune response to a microbe, MAMP, or DAMP, to an often-axenic baseline. As a result, we have a much better sense of the immune status of germ-free plants than for plants growing in natural settings. Perhaps not surprisingly, an enormous number of single microbial isolates affect plant growth and immune signaling (Yu et al. 2019). Similarly, the presence of a complex community may suppress the effects of a single potentially deleterious microbe (Finkel et al. 2020). This suggests that the normal physiology and immune function in plants may be established by associations with their microbiota. The effects of individual microbes may be revealed simply by the fact that plants are often studied under highly controlled conditions, and a single microbe is added to observe how the immune thermostat shifts. Environmental conditions may also constitute key factors in determining plant-microbe interactions. The plant immune status and microbiome community change under a variety of abiotic stresses. For instance, the sorghum and rice rhizosphere microbiomes shift during drought stress (Edwards et al. 2018; Xu et al. 2018) and temperature affects plant immunity (Alcázar and Parker 2011). Even plant age and development shape the microbiome (Edwards et al. 2018) and affect plant susceptibility to pathogens (Kus et al. 2002). Collectively these observations suggest that the plant symbiosis thermostat is not fixed but, rather, can be fine-tuned over the course of a plant’s life by extrinsic and intrinsic signals (Fig. 1C). Similarly, plant nutrient status has been shown to affect the microbiome composition, mutualistic symbioses, and pathogen susceptibility. Perhaps this is unsurprising, as nutrient exchange or competition drives many symbiotic associations. The Arabidopsis microbiome changes during phosphate stress (Castrillo et al. 2017). Under low nitrogen conditions, legumes secrete larger amounts of flavonoids that, in turn, enhance legume-rhizobia symbioses (Cooper 2004) while they restrict nodulation in the presence of high levels of nitrate (Gibson and Harper 1985). Similarly, mycorrhizal symbiotic relationships are governed by low levels of phosphate (Karandashov and Bucher 2005). Moreover, it has been found that certain pathogenic microbes can undergo a transition to nonpathogenic or even beneficial microbes, depending upon nutritional conditions. For example, in response to low phosphate, the fungus Colletotrichum tofieldiae enters into an endophytic association with Arabidopsis that contributes to enhancing host plant growth (Hiruma et al. 2016). Collectively, these data indicate that plants must integrate nutritional status with immunity to maintain symbiotic homeostasis. Taken together, these observations suggest that the symbiotic setpoint is not fixed but, rather, could be dialed up or down over the life of a plant. Plants might integrate environmental and developmental cues to produce more or fewer antimicrobials in leaves or secrete more nutrients into the rhizosphere (Fig. 1C). We suggest that this symbiotic thermostat could establish a general symbiotic baseline, tuning the associations with broad groups of microbial taxa in leaves or roots. Additionally, the symbiotic thermostat could determine whether receptor-mediated perception of individual microbes warrants the investment of resources necessary to engage with mutualists or ward of pathogens. As our view of plant-microbe interactions has expanded to encompass plant interactions with thousands of microbiota, so must our view of molecular plant-microbe interactions. Much of our understanding of molecular plant-microbe interactions has been shaped by a small number of model systems. From these genetically tractable systems, we have learned that plants can produce signals to recruit specific microbes while secreting molecules that are toxic to others. We know that plants can perceive microbes or the effects of those microbes on cellular function. Recent research has largely focused on revisiting paradigms of innate immunity or symbiosis in the context of the microbiome. And while well-studied factors like receptors and plant immune hormones do seem to affect microbiome structure (Chen et al. 2020; Lebeis et al. 2015; Rey et al. 2015), in some cases, the effects are relatively less pronounced than in plant-pathogen and rhizobia-legume interactions, suggesting that distinct mechanisms may shape the microbiome. As reverse genetic approaches are limited by our imagination and predictive power, there may be yet undiscovered principles that shape plant-microbiome interactions. In nature, an individual plant must make thousands of decisions, over its lifetime, whether to engage or attack, and these choices are affected by its age and nutritional status. However, the master program of how plants integrate recognition of microbes with extrinsic and intrinsic cues to create a hospitable environment or restrict microbial growth is largely unknown. Testing multiple immune outputs, such as resistance to herbivores and pathogens and colonization by beneficial microbes (Haney et al. 2018; Vishwanathan et al. 2020), can provide a more wholistic picture of plant immunity. Similarly, direct comparison of germ-free, gnotobiotic, and soil-grown plants can help reveal the baseline immune thermostat setting and how it changes in response to developmental, biotic, and abiotic signals. Coupling work in model systems to reveal mechanisms with multitrophic and ecological studies has the potential to explain how plants navigate interactions with beneficial and pathogenic microbes to establish symbiotic homeostasis. We thank members of the Haney Lab for helpful discussion and C. Wiesmann and Y. Song for critical reading of the manuscript. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. Funding: This work was supported by a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair awarded to C. H. Haney, a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biological Sciences (award number 2010946) awarded to D. Thom, and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770263) awarded to Y. Liang.
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Top Barriers in Weight Loss We all know that the theory of eating fewer calories than our body requires results in weight loss, but sometimes that is not enough. Many factors sometimes hinder our weight loss process. There are many individual barriers and environmental barriers which play a crucial role in affecting weight loss. Let’s know more about these barriers: Individual Barriers These barriers arise due to a person’s own thought process, belief and attitude 1. Knowledge: Lack of knowledge about portion sizes and not knowing when to stop eating can decrease weight loss commitment and also lead to inaccurate food tracking in a person’s diet. 2. Craving: People on a diet usually crave their favorite food, which is calorie-dense most of the time. Eating more calories can slow down the rate of weight loss. 3. Emotions: This includes eating food to deal with negative emotions, also known as emotional eating, and stress, also known as stress-eating. Stressful circumstances can make you overindulge in unhealthy foods which later hinders your weight loss plan. 4. Lack of patients and willpower: Many people give up when they don’t see desired numbers on the weighing scale or just a slight change. When you don’t see results despite doing the needful, your willpower decreases and you feel a lack of motivation. 5. Lack of sleep: Lack of sleep can change the hormones associated with appetite regulation. Lesser sleep duration leads to an increase in hunger hormones that lead to overeating. Environmental Barriers These barriers arise due to external factors present in the environment that we live in. 1. Family: A person may face constant criticism from family members and relatives if their diet is different from the family’s eating habits. 2. Social Life: If frequent outings, social events, vacations are a part of one’s lifestyle, it can slow down one’s weight loss journey. 3. Work schedule: Busy work schedule, no time to cook, travel job not letting you stick to the diet can also become a hindrance in following a diet 4. Presence of food: Being around food all the time can increase your craving and affect your commitment to the diet. 5. Income/cost-related factors: Not affording a healthy diet meal and eating more to avoid wastage of food can result in the consumption of more calories. You might also like
\| by admin \| No comments How do you tell if you’re being discriminated against in your job? Education in the Philippines is increasingly a source of fear and uncertainty for parents in Canada. Some provinces, such as British Columbia and Nova Scotia, have instituted policies that allow for discrimination against teachers, while Ontario and New Brunswick have implemented anti-discrimination legislation that does not address the problem of overseas education. Here’s how to tell if the government or education body you’re working for is being discriminatory against you in your work place. Have you ever been told you’re not qualified? You have to ask questions. If you have been told, for example, that you’re “not qualified” because you have never been to a school, it is important to ask yourself why this is the case. You will be able to find out what you need to do to prove you’re qualified, such the need for a certification. Do you feel like you’re treated unfairly? You may have experienced discrimination because of your job in the past, or you may have felt you weren’t treated fairly. In most cases, you will be required to prove that you are not being discriminated at work. You can learn more about how to prove discrimination in the workplace and how to file a complaint. Do other Canadians in your field also have to prove they are qualified? There is a federal law that mandates that foreign-trained teachers must be paid more than their Canadian counterparts. If they can prove that they are being paid less than their colleagues, they will be exempt from being paid more. This can be a very important step in getting your case heard. Are you being paid a higher rate of compensation than other teachers? It is important that you have proof that you aren’t being discriminated. You may be able gain a court injunction to force the government to pay you a higher salary or to prevent the pay from being withheld. If your employer refuses to comply with this order, you may need to pursue legal action. Are the salaries of other Canadian teachers at risk? This is a question that is difficult to answer, since there is no government policy regarding how foreign-educated teachers should be paid. The Ministry of Education has been very proactive in helping to establish a working group to address the issue, and the Department of Labour is currently working with the federal government to help determine how to address this. What happens if I am discriminated against? The only way to be sure that your discrimination case is successful is to file it with the court and bring it to the attention of the government, education body or employer. If there is an enforcement action that is brought against you, you can be sure the action will be successful. This will give you a chance to show the government that you were discriminated against, which will hopefully prevent future discrimination. The Department of Employment and Social Development will assist you in getting a lawyer to represent you. Do I have to pay back my salary? You will likely have to repay the amount you were paid. It is not necessary to repay your salary if you have already filed an appeal. If the government refuses to pay your salary, you are allowed to pursue the appeal in the courts. Do employers know about my discrimination case? Some employers may be unaware of your discrimination claim. This could be because they do not have the legal right to refuse you a job. In some cases, however, employers may not know about your discrimination complaint until it is filed with the ministry. If employers do not disclose their policies regarding discrimination in their workplace, you have a right to know what policies they have and what they are enforcing. The ministry will not provide you with any information about your case, including any details about how they enforce their policies. If an employer fails to comply, you must file a civil suit with the courts, which can take several years to process. If this is not possible, you should ask the employer to provide you a copy of the discrimination policy they have in place. Do the government’s policies apply to foreign-language teachers? The province of Quebec has introduced a policy to prohibit discrimination based on a teacher’s language. The province’s law also allows for the termination of a teacher who is found to be discriminatory. You should have the information you need about the province’s laws in order to file your case. Can you file a discrimination complaint anonymously? There are no legal protections for anyone who is discriminated against. If it is difficult or impossible to file anonymously, you need legal help to prove your case and to establish your rights. If any of the above steps do not resolve your situation, you and your lawyer may be advised by a lawyer, such that you can obtain legal advice in the event of further discrimination. What you can do: 1. Find out more about your rights to equality and fairness in Canada and how you can protect your rights in the employment market and your school. If possible, consider working with an employment lawyer to find an
Sports Performance: Hydration You are to create a poster or other similar visual to meet the outcomes related to hydration (Outcome 2) in HSS1020 and 3.6 evaluate snacks and meal plans based on the goal of achieving optimal nutrition within various context. Step 1: Think of four people for this project: a child, such as a younger sibling; a teenager, such as yourself; a middle-aged adult, such as a parent; and a senior, such as a grandparent. Research the signs and symptoms of dehydration, both while at rest and while physically active, for each of these people. Step 2: Outline a strategy for each person to prevent dehydration both while at rest and when physically active. Include strategies to replace sugary, caffeinated, alcoholic, or other beverages as the case may be. Step 3: Prepare a visual demonstration to showcase your strategy and findings. Mr. McIntosh Teacher - Humanities No Comments Yet Comments are closed
Gas Explosions: How They Happen Natural gas explosions occur when leaking gas accumulates in an enclosed area and ignites. Gas that combines with air above ground, below ground or in any type of conduit can form a highly volatile mixture; when the concentration reaches 5 to 15 percent and an ignition source is present, an explosion can occur. Take all reports of gas leaks seriously, and take immediate action to identify the source of the leak and eliminate ignition hazards.
Southwestern Missouri Sandstone Scrambling! Recently, I got back from a trip to southwestern Missouri- an area with a ton of unusual, rare, tiny plants found on exposed sandstone barrens and glades. These go mostly ignored by visitors to this region, who usually go for bass, boating and Branson. As a botanist who absolutely loves the miniature, however, I was thoroughly enthralled. Power Line Cut glade Where I go on vacation Obviously the above looks like a boring field to the average person, albeit with some exposed rock. The majority of the brown grass above is Little Bluestem, which is at least native but pretty abundant throughout the Eastern US. The dead, dull appearance hides a complex little living world. Phemeranthus sp. in center (thickest leaves) The thin layer of soil restricts access to water for most plants, and most of that water falls as spring rains. As a result, most glade-dwelling flora either store water (like the Phemeranthus species above) or bloom early on the in spring and die back by summer’s heat. This second category goes by the name spring ephemeral. Corydalis aurea Corydalis aurea being held for size comparison The most obvious of the ephemerals here is the bright yellow Corydalis aurea, or Golden Smoke. Despite being less than a foot tall, this species still only grows on the deeper pockets of soil within the sandstone glade. false garlic False Garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve) The same goes for False Garlic, an ever-present sight across the landscape of southwestern Missouri, it seems. Any sunny, well-drained habitat seems to be fine for this species, which uses sandstone glades just as readily as it uses limestone ones, and just as much as it uses nearby prairies and unmowed fields. Geocarpon (Mononeuria minima) The shallowest areas here, however, support only a few plants, many of them specialists. Of those, the most rare is Geocarpon. This bizarre little plant only grows where a thin layer of soil, usually just the remains of a cyanobacteria colony, has developed on the bare sandstone exposed in patches. The sandstone present must be high in salts or magnesium, as this stunts the growth of competition and seems to be required for Geocarpon to thrive. This dime sized plant sprouts, blooms, and dies in a month, so it takes good timing to catch. I caught it at the end of its season- it’ll be virtually impossible to find even the dead stems by the end of May. Geocarpon’s specificity of habitat makes it rare, and it is federally listed as threatened for that very reason. Plantago elongata Plantago elongata? in the foreground Few other plants grew around Geocarpon, the major exception being a strange little plantain with extremely narrow leaves. This species is either Plantago elongata or Plantago pusilla, depending on who you ask. I lean elongata for this particular population. Note the tip of my index finger in the above photo for a good idea of how tiny these are. Collinsia on glade Edge of a sandstone glade Around the edges of the habitat, Eastern Redcedars take over any deeper patches that are undisturbed. In a more natural setting, or at least for the last few thousand years, fires regularly burned away the redcedars and some of the dirt, leaving the bedrock exposed. In lieu of fire, the power line company does a good job, since they remove the junipers to prevent them interfering with power lines. Still, outside the cut, the trees grow back in, and some other partial-shade loving plants come in as well. One of those is Violet Collinsia, seen above en masse and below by itself. Collinsia violacea Collinsia violacea This region supports a number of barrens species of the Western Ozarks/Southern Great Plains whose ranges all seem to center around Fort Smith, Arkansas, roughly. Collinsia violacea is slightly more widespread than that but follows a similar distribution. I’ve found it once before, on the sand prairies south of Cape Girardeau in the Missouri bootheel. Blackjack Oak Blackjack Oak (Quercus marilandica), a common tree found around the edges of glades I moved on to a second, fire-maintained glade a short drive away from the first one. This second one lacks Geocarpon but it does have a number of other unusual plants and preserves a better habitat matrix. I’m not sure that there’s a good definition separating glade and barren- personally I use the term glade to describe a shallow-rock habitat with less than 10% tree cover, while I call such habitats with 20% or more tree cover barrens. However, their use is interchangable and both refer to the shallow, open habitats where bedrock approaches the surface. Glade overview The second site supported a number of shallow drainages and sandstone pools. These pools are only full of water during the spring rains and are thus known as vernal pools. Sandstone pool The wet moss patches near the sandstone pools supported a large population of Golden Selenia, an uncommon ephemeral mustard and one of the brightest plants flowering here. Selenia aurea Golden Selenia (Selenia aurea) Some had even gone to seed, showing off the typical mustard family siliques, though none were ripe. By midsummer these plants will be gone as the habitat dries, so large, pollinator-friendly flowers are a necessity to ensure their continued survival. Based on the bees I saw there, they’re doing pretty well. selenia seedpods Selenia aurea siliques I followed the stream further down, coming to a deeper vernal pool with shallow, silted over edges. Here a number of tadpoles and mayfly larvae resided. Like the surrounding plants, these species take advantage of the spring rains to use the vernal pools before they dry up. Heck, even in the pools a few species of plants occured. Second Glade The tadpoles frolicked around a grasslike plant with dark swollen bases- a unique fern, Blackfoot Quillwort. Quillworts develop their spores in the bases of their leaves. These spores, once fully mature, are released into the surrounding water, and can be carried from one pool to another by wandering animals like the frogs. The plain appearance does make it hard to ID quillworts, but thankfully in southwestern Missouri there’s only two and Blackfoot Quillwort is the only one of the two to use acidic sandstone glades like this one. In regions with more quillwort diversity, microscopic examination of spores is necessary for identification. Isoetes melanopoda Blackfoot Quillwort (Isoetes melanopoda) and tadpoles Not all species rely solely on spring rains. Sedum nuttallii grows in crevices and cracks throughout the sandstone glade here, and its succulent leaves store water for dry periods. However, this species is also ephemeral, though it flowers a bit later in the year when more pollinators are active. Sedum nuttallii Nuttall’s Stonecrop (Sedum nutallii) While this time of year is dominated by annual, ephemeral flowers, there’s still quite a few perennials. The small, needlelike leaves of Selaginella rupestris reduce water loss, and the plant can go dormant between rains, but it survives as a mat of stems year-round on this habitat. Rock Spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) In slightly shaded areas around the edges, more perennial plants can compete, and species like this Blue Ridge Blueberry grow- perennials with a high degree of tolerance for drought, but which require slightly less extreme conditions than a thin veneer of soil over bare rock. Vaccinium at Stockton Blue Ridge Blueberry (Vaccinium pallidium) with Stockton Lake in the background About this time, the spring rains decided to return, and I left the land of miniatures to go enjoy my nice dry car. Glades are fun, but I’m no Selaginella, and I can’t just go dormant when conditions shift, so I shifted my conditions back to my room for the night. At some point I’ll cover the limestone glades, especially the dolomite ones with which I’m much more familiar, having spent a fair bit of time on them when I was actively not on this blog. In the meantime, go check out your local glades or barrens- there’s a lot more going on than you expect! Doves, Deadwood, and Dozens of Redbacks! – Vermilion County IL A few weeks ago, a friend of mine (Colin Dobson, of ) expressed interest in looking for salamanders. The warming temperatures of early March and a rain a few days before made it possible that we’d get a few, though it was early days yet. Colin typically finds most of the rare birds in my area, so it’d be nice to be the “expert” this time. I took Trevor along with me, and part of the drive over, in Stonington Illinois, he had to stop for the bathroom at a Casey’s. Stonington, IL, is deep in the Great Corn Desert, as I call it. The grain elevators there provide tons of sustenance for doves, and draws in good numbers of Rock Pigeons, Mourning Doves, and Eurasian Collared Doves. The latter I’d yet to photograph in 2021, so I got out of the car and spotted a dove. It was not a Eurasian Collared Dove… Stonington WWDO White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica) WHITE-WINGED DOVE!!! This Southwestern species has been expanding its range northwards and eastwards, but to find one randomly in a hackberry above a Casey’s in central Illinois is a wee bit unexpected, to say the least. This really jump-started an excellent day. skunk cabbage Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) A couple hours further east, we all arrived at the site, where I found the “first” flower of spring, a Skunk Cabbage. They smell terrible and are fly/beetle pollinated. Soil centipede (Strigamia sp.) I started looking under logs and found this tiny little soil centipede. These hunt small underground insects and wander through tunnels in the soil, like little multilegged worms. Four-toed Sal Four-toed Salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum) A few logs later the state-threatened Four-toed Salamander appeared. These little guys are rare due to habitat loss as they require moss-covered logs in temporary wetlands surrounded by high-quality deciduous forest. This one wasn’t breeding, and I don’t touch the breeding habitat because the mats of mosses Four-toed need for breeding are especially sensitive. Four-Toed lay their eggs under moss in summertime, and if the moss isn’t thick or wet enough it won’t keep the eggs consistently moist. Thus, Four-toed are fairly sensitive to disturbance. Jumping Bristletail Jumping Bristletail (Pededontus saltator?) A strange insect appeared nearby- a Jumping Bristletail of some sort. I’m guessing Pededontus saltator based on bugguide, but these unusual detritivorus insects are not exactly easy to find information about online. Northern Zigzag Salamander? Northern Zigzag Salamander (Plethodon dorsalis) Under another piece of wood was a cousin of the Red-backed Salamander, the Northern Zigzag, distinguishable by the wavy-margined back stripe extending all the way down the tail. Lined earwig and Leadback Lead Phase Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) and Lined Earwig (Doru taeniatum) We turned upslope to avoid walking across a sensitive seepage habitat, and sharing the space under a log on the hillside were a lead-backed Red-backed Salamander and the uncommon Lined Earwig, a more southern species rarely found in Illinois. Most earwigs in the Midwest are European Earwigs, an introduced species common in gardens. Lebia analis Lebia analis The “weird bug” number increased as we ventured upslope, with Lebia analis, a ground beetle, hanging out under a few leaves. The species name often gets a couple of chuckles. Deadwood Borer Caterpillar Deadwood Borer (Scolecocampa liburna) One log we found had a Deadwood Borer caterpillar in it- this caterpillar feeds on rotting wood and acts both as a beneficial decomposer and a great source of food for woodpeckers. Spotted Salamander Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) At the top of the slope, we found our largest salamander yet- Spotted Salamander! These were likely moving downslope to breed in the nearby pools- by the time of this posting, they’ve probably gone and done so a month back. Wood Frog Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) Simultaneously, my other friend with me found this Wood Frog, which we put into a small plastic box I use to hold specimens. Wood Frogs are uncommon in Illinois, typically only found in the more intact regions of the state ecology-wise. They’re one of the first frogs to breed in the state, and a personal favorite with their little masks and golden eyes. Silvery Salamander (Ambystoma laterale x jeffersonium) The rarest species of the day came seconds later, as we found a Silvery Salamander… these are technically not a species. Parthenogenic (self-cloning) salamanders of a hybrid lineage combining Jefferson’s and Blue-spotted Salamanders, Silvery Salamanders were formerly known as Ambystoma platineum but are now considered just hybrids. They only occur within a tiny strip of intact forest on the eastern edge of Illinois, becoming much more common to the East where their two parent species overlap. Ironically neither parent species occurs at this site, and several years of studies have backed this up. Much of the research on these Unisexual hybrids has occurred at this site. After spotting a Dekay’s Brown Snake, we left this first snake of the year and returned to the cars. Dekay's Brownsnake Dekay’s Brown Snale (Storeria dekayi) On my way out, I flipped over one last rock and uncovered SIX Red-backed Salamanders under the one rock. This species is not communal, so finding that many under one rock is unusual! Furthermore, the individuals here are a mix of lead and red-backed forms. I carefully replaced the rock and moved on, having had a delightful day. Six Redbacks! Eastern Red-backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) Unfortunately, I’m going to have to end this blogpost on a downer. This spot has become known to some rather unscrupulous herpers who didn’t put cover objects back and whom somehow ended up crushing Four-toed and Silvery Salamanders, resulting in the deaths of several individuals of those species as well as Red-backed Salamanders. In turn, this has pissed off biologists who used nearby vernal ponds as a study site, and state researchers who had these rare species listed for a reason. This sort of thing gives amateurs like me and some of my friends a bad reputation, which I actively try to avoid. As a result of this, I heavily encourage readers of this blog to wait a considerable amount of time before revisiting this habitat, to allow for it to recover. I certainly do not plan to return at any point in the next year, as much as I’d love to go back and inspect some of the plants. Shale Barren Shenanigans The central Appalachians contain a very unique ecosystem- the shale barrens. Here, in the rain shadow of the Appalachian mountains, dryer conditions combined with steep, shallow, extremely rocky soils create desertlike conditions on certain slopes- the shale barrens. Shale Barrens midslope Midslope of a Shale Barren This bizarre ecosystem contains a ridiculously high number of endemic species, including at least eight plant species and a butterfly (Grizzled Skipper) only found in and around Central Appalachian shale barrens. One of the stranger ones, and one that’s been on my bucket list for years, is Eriogonum allenii, the Shale Barrens Buckwheat. The vast majority of Eriogonums are native to the Southwestern United States, but this one occurs quite off by itself along the Virginia-West Virginia border. Eriogonum allenii Shale Barrens Buckwheat (Eriogonum allenii) The large, hairy leaves stand out on the sparse rocky slopes, as do the chartreuse flowers. Eriogonum allenii leaves Basal leaves of Eriogonum allenii Eriogonum allenii is something of a mystery to botanists, being so far northeast of this genus’ typical range in the mountains and deserts of the Southwest. It is assumed that an ancestral Eriogonum somehow ended up here before conditions became wetter, but honestly who knows. For some reason, it was picked up by garden centers for a year, and I saw my first ones surviving happily in a pot at the garden center I used to work at. Ever since, I’ve wanted to find the species in its natural habitat. Shale Barrens top View from the top of a shale barren Having climbed to the top of the hill and seen Eriogonum allenii, I figured I’d look around for some of the other local oddities after I admired the view. Lespedeza violacea Violet Bush Clover (Lespedeza violacea) Lespedeza violacea was an old friend at this point, having shown up in that summer’s survey work many times. Still, it was nice to see something in flower besides the Eriogonums. Antennaria virginica Shale Barrens Pussytoes (Antennaria virginica) Many of the plants on the barrens grew low to the ground, forming moisture-holding rosettes and covering their leaves in dense hairs for added protection. Such was the case with what I presume to be Antennaria virginica, the Shale Barren Pussytoes, another endemic and fairly common here. This plant is named for its “cat’s paw” like flower clusters. Draba racemossisima Rocktwist (Draba ramosissima) Another little hairy rosette is Rocktwist (Draba ramosissima), a spring-blooming mustard family member restricted mostly to calcerous cliffs in the central and southern Appalacians and foothills. Most barrens plants are spring-blooming, taking advantage of the more consistent moisture at that time. Allium oxyphilum Lilydale Onion (Allium oxyphilum) However, not all plants bloom in the spring here, and one of the more confusing ones had an individual left in full bloom. Lilydale Onion was for years considered a member of the Nodding Onion species (Allium cernuum) but of late taxonomists have agreed that for various morphological and genetic reasons it is in fact its own, extremely rare species. One of the notable features of Allium oxyphilum is its tendency to bloom a month later than Allium cernuum (August to early September, as this one was doing), as well as its preferred habitat of shale barrens. Allium oxyphilum is quite rare, and little studied since the recent split. It seems to be only found along the Virginia/West Virginia border in shale barrens. Paronychia montana Mountain Nailwort (Paronychia montana) I have an excessive fondness for tiny and rare flowers. Paronychia montana fits the bill. It’s virtually invisible to a non-botanist, and its tiny green flowers are hard even for a botanist to see right away. Yet again, this plant loves Central Appalachian shale barrens and is rare away from them, though not impossible to find in other dry areas nearby. Sedum Glaucophylum Sedum glaucophyllum I was coming downslope, and below an Eastern Redcedar found a healthy stand of Sedum glaucophyllum, a Central Appalachian speciality not restricted to shale barrens, but typically found only on dry rocky hillsides. The succulent leaves store up water in this desertlike environment. Solidago harrisii Shale Barrens Goldenrod (Solidago harrisii or Solidago arguta var harrisii) Another taxonomic controversy of the shale barrens is Solidago harrisii, the cleverly named Shale Barrens Goldenrod. Sensing a pattern? Many taxonomists keep this as a variety of Solidago arguta. I don’t particularly care, but having seen other varieties of Solidago arguta, it definitely strikes me as something unique. A fall bloomer, Solidago harrisii was just starting up in early September, the time of my trip. Shale Barrens upper slope Steep slopes of a shale barren Large gaps between plants began to be the norm as I worked my way gingerly downslope. Virginia Pine Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana) Virginia Pine is the dominant tree in these dry areas, where few other trees dare to tread. I noted a bug hiding in the needles and grabbed it. Tetyra bipunctata Shieldbacked Pine Seed Bug (Tetrya bipunctata) This unusual shield bug is a specialist of pine trees and was a new find for me, as well as being one of the few animals willing to brave the hot, dry conditions. Selaginella rupestris Rock Spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) Most of the way downslope, the barrens gave away to bare bedrock. In crevices Rock Spikemoss, a vascular plant despite its name, grew shriveled up- it uncurls when there is moisture. Clematis albicoma White-hared Leatherflower (Clematis albicoma) A shaded crevice provided refuge for the last of the shale barrens plants I found that day- Clematis albicoma, the White-haired Leatherflower. Clematis may be a familiar garden vine, but across much of the Southeast in dry barrens and glades, nine species of upright, shrubby, bell-flowered clematis eke out a living. Most of these “leatherflowers” are rare and range-restricted. Three of them are limited to western Virginia’s shale glades, and the fourth, C. albicoma, is found only in the shale barrens of West Virginia and Virginia. Now, like the Clematis, I too desired some shade, and a nearby creek provided excellent shade, as well as two other Central Appalachian dwellers. Torrent Sucker Torrent Sucker (Thoburnia rhothoeca) Torrent Suckers are a species of sucker (in the same order as minnows, goldfish etc.) They are well suited to fast-flowing riffles and rapids along mountain streams, taking up a niche held by some species of darters in other drainages. Like many of the shale barren endemic plants, Torrent Suckers are only found in Virginia and West Virginia. Blue Ridge Sculpin Blue Ridge Sculpin (Cottus caeruleomentum) Finally, a Blue Ridge Sculpin, found only in a few Atlantic river drainages, hid on the bottom of the river. Like the suckers, they too stay low to the ground, sticking out between rocks to avoid being washed away in the fast currents of mountain streams. The dip in the stream was refreshing after the hot hike on the shale barren. I sadly had to drag myself away from the delightful area, and back towards home, for I had “miles and miles to go before I sleep”. Shenandoah Sinkholes! Last summer, I visited the Shenandoah Valley sinkholes, one of the stranger ecosystems present in Virginia. The rocks here started the weirdness- calcerous limestone overlayed by acidic sedimentary substrate result in solution holes with acid-loving flora, often more typical of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, around the edges. Typically sinkholes/solution holes are neutral to basic in pH thanks to their limestone bedrock. The acidic substrate above, however, makes for completely different flora in this small region. Each sinkhole contains a different mix of flora, too, varying in species composition wildly. tiny sinkhole Smallest sinkhole I found- this one had very little flora I arrived at the site after dark, having found no satisfactory campsites. As a result, I camped in the parking lot. This may not be strictly legal, but I was unable to find regulations suggesting I couldn’t practice dispersed camping in this section of a national forest and I figured camping in the parking lot was safer for the more sensitive flora. It began to rain gently as I finished setting my tent, and I noticed a brilliant orange critter crossing the road- a Red-spotted Newt! Red Spotted Newt/Cricket Red-spotted Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) with a cricket companion Intrigued by the fact that newts were out and about, I ventured down the road, and was rewarded with approximately 20 or so more newts out and about. One longer-tailed individual proved to be a new species for me in Virginia, the Long-tailed Salamander, much more familiar to me from southern Illinois herping. The Shenandoah Valley is on the eastern edge of this species’ range and I’d rarely seen these out and about even back in southern Illinois. Long-tailed Salamander on road Long-tailed Salamander (Eurycea longicauda) A few more salamanders further, I found a White-spotted Slimy Salamander, a member of the complex of identical-looking Slimy Salamanders found across Eastern North America. Slimy Salamanders are better thought of as sticky salamanders. When handled, as a defensive mechanism they produce a glue-like substance from glands in their skin. I’ve had an easier time getting superglue off my hands. As handling salamanders is generally bad for their health as well, I recommend letting slimy salamanders be. White-spotted Slimy on road White-spotted Slimy Salamander (Plethodon cylindraceus) A slender shape on the road suprised me- an Eastern Worm Snake! A secretive burrower, worm snakes are most often found by flipping over rocks, logs, or trash. I’ve had particularly good luck with this species under old carpeting. These adorable little derpy snakes have never bit me- their teeth likely couldn’t break skin if they tried. I let it go to the side of the road, post photos, and retired to bed satisfied. Wormsnake in Hand (east) Eastern Worm Snake (Carpophis vermis) In the morning, I wandered over to the first of several sinkholes- one dammed in years past by humans. This one had a more constant water level and thus developed permanent aquatic vegetation. Unaltered sinkholes vary wildly in water levels, another factor in the strange vegetation of this region. dammed sinkhole Dammed Sinkhole The dammed sinkhole did have a few weird plants despite its alterations, the most interesting of which is carnivorous. Utricularia radiata is known only from the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia, and then from these sinkhole ponds. It’s a bizarre outlying population, and sets the stage for many of the other plants found here. This bladderwort, like others of its genus, uses specialized vacuum traps to gather zooplankton from the water, kill them, and use the nitrogen in their bodies for further growth. Utricularia radiata Utricularia radiata Unlike many of the more common bladderworts, this species has inflated bases, allowing it to float on the surface of the water. Others are semi-terrestrial, rooting into permanently wet soil, or simply live in water without inflated bases. Utricularia radiata out of water Close up of Utricularia radiata My next plant discovery was almost equally bizarre, if far more common in Virginia. Pinesap is a plant with no chorophyll, and thus no means of making its own food as in more typical plants. Instead, Pinesaps connect to an underground superhighway of nutrients- the mycorrhizal network. Pinesap (Monotropa hypopitys) Throughout the soil, fungi and plant roots intermingle and fuse together, exchanging nutrients each organism requires to survive. Pinesap and other myco-heterotrophic species tap into this network and steal nutrients without providing any contribution in return. Pinesap populations indicate a healthy mycorrhizal network that can tolerate such thievery, and thus such parasites are a sign of high-quality habitat. Allegheny Chinkquapin Allegheny Chinkapin (Castanea pumila) One of the nearby trees likely unwittingly providing to the Pinesaps is Allegheny Chinkquapin, seen in fruit. Closely related to the nearly-extinct American Chestnut, Chinquapins also suffer from the devastating chestnut blight fungus, just to a lesser extent. Thankfully this species survives in decent numbers, producing large quantities of nuts. I continued down the path past the Chinquapins, and eventually found a paired set of sinkholes with a narrow isthmus between them. Golden daisies bloomed from midwater- my goal for the day! Helenium montanum Twin Sinkhole with Helenium virginicum Virginia Sneezeweed, Helenium virginicum, is a Federally Threatened plant species found only around seasonally inundated sinkholes in Virginia and Missouri, at sites where acidic soils are underlain by limestone bedrock. Virginia Sneezeweed seeds can only germinate above water, so the water’s rising and falling in accordance with rainfall and groundwater movements causes populations to fluctuate. Few other plants can survive the dramatic inundations of this habitat. Helenium montanum close Virginia Sneezeweed (Helenium virginicum) One of the few other plants found here is exclusive to this habitat in Virginia- Common Pipewort (Eriocaulon aquaticum), a species more typical of southern Canadian wetlands that randomly occurs in these strange sinkhole habitats due to the layers of peat that have accumulated at the edges. There’s only five sites in Virginia where this plant remains, four sinkhole ponds and one Coastal Plains pond on the Delmarva coast. Common Pipewort earns its name in the Northeast, where it occurs around natural wetlands near the Atlantic Coast and in peaty wetlands further inland around the Great Lakes. Eriocaulon aquaticum Common Pipewort (Eriocaulon aquaticum) Suprisingly neither Virginia Sneezeweed nor Common Pipewort are the rarest plant at this site in terms of global population or number of Virginia populations. That honor goes to a plant I’d initially written off as an aster, Boltonia montana. Present only in a handful of sinkhole ponds in Augusta county, Virginia, and limesink ponds in north-central New Jersey, the recently-described Boltonia montana blooms around the edges of these ponds as they dry down each fall. Boltonia montana Mountain Doll’s Daisy (Boltonia montana) The federal government does not list Boltonia montana owing to a lack of noted declines in its eleven individual populations, but given its limited range and habitat, I consider it to be the rarest of the strange flowers of the Shenandoah Valley Sinkhole Ponds. For comparison, federally-threatened Helenium virginicum has about 80 known populations, 50 or so in Missouri and 30 or so in Virginia. I’m glad to have seen it, and I hope that the government analysis is correct and that Boltonia montana will maintain itself. At any rate, the Shenandoah Valley sinkholse are one of the most unique botanical communities I’ve had the pleasure of visiting, though I visited an almost equally-bizarre community a few hours later… To be continued
Đề ngày 28/03/2019: Advertising aimed at children - Luyện Thi IELTS Miễn Phí Luyện tập viết IELTS Writing task 2 Bạn có thể xem mẫu kết quả sửa bài của > Mẫu sửa bài IELTS Writing Task 1 > Mẫu sửa bài IELTS Writing Task 2 Bạn đang sử dụng điện thoại ? Nếu có nhu cầu làm bài luyện tập, bạn hãy dùng Be Ready IELTS trên máy tính để bàn hoặc laptop để có những trải nghiệm tốt nhất nhé. Đề ngày 28/03/2019: Advertising aimed at children (Reading time: 2 - 3 minutes) Đề thi thật ngày 28/03/2019 tại British Council, computer-delivered In some countries, advertisers increase the amount of advertising in order to persuade children to buy snacks, toys and other goods. Parents object to such pressure on children, but some advertisers claim that there is useful information in these advertisements. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Write at least 250 words Nộp bài writing task 2 Sample answer As a matter of fact, advertising aimed at children is on a rise in some countries. While parents raise objection to such advertising, marketers believe their advertisements contain useful information. Although the argument of advertisers is true to some extent, I believe that such commercial can truly have negative effects on children. On the one hand, manufacturers and sellers nowadays somewhat include truthful and correct information about their products because of two compelling reasons. First, the information in advertisements must be useful and accurate in order to make the products approach their target customers. In order words, sales of the products will increase if customers find the advertisements informative by helping them to know more about the items they are going to buy. Second, it is consumer protection laws that have prevented fraud and deception in advertising. If businesses were identified as intentionally providing false or misleading information, they would suffer from serious punishments and negative impacts on brand reputation. As a result, commercials generally come with useful and truthful information. On the other hand, there are many undesirable impacts on children that are caused by child advertising. To begin with, commercials aimed at children can create "pester power". To be more specific, children who view advertisements tend to pester their parents to buy the things they have seen on TV for them. Children's nagging can influence adults' buying habits, making parents purchase even unhealthy items. This leads to another problem: higher consumption of unhealthy foods in children. An increasing number of TV and online commercials for junk food or soda pop is associated with childhood obesity. Clearly, the more children are exposed to such advertising, the more likely they are to consume a large quantity of those foods. Consequently, they will absorb more fats and sugars than the need of their bodies, leading to the health issue of obesity. In conclusion, while nobody can deny that many products nowadays are advertised with correct and useful information, I opine that child advertising comes with many unwanted effects on children. Word count: 290 words Giáo viên Be Ready IELTS Be Ready IELTS Logo Sản phẩm của Be Ready Education Australia 14 Mercantour Boulevard, Tarneit 3029 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ABN 80 626 694 344 Be Ready IELTS Việt Nam Hotline: 0901.412.931 Log in " /> create an account
What Is a Medium? We Break It Down What is a Medium? Simply put, Medium is a term you’ve probably heard whenever someone talks about psychic abilities or the power to communicate with spirits. In short, a medium uses psychic abilities to speak to the dead. A medium can use a variety of different methods to gather insights from the spirit world. Some mediums use intuition to speak to spirits, while others can obtain auditory messages from those beyond the grave. Many mediums say that the dead often have a lot to say, and they usually find a way to get the message across. What Is A Medium? During a seance, messages are passed to guests via the medium. Sometimes seances take place in a hypnotic environment, while others occur when all parties are entirely coherent. Mediums aren’t the only ones who can communicate with the dead, but they have the most practice and understand enough about their gift to do it more frequently. However, what is a medium? What can they do? How do you know if you should speak to one? We will answer all of these questions below. A Brief History of Mediumship Mediums talking to the dead is not a new concept. The desire to communicate with the dead has been a part of our history since the beginning of humanity. There are even stories about mediums communicating with spirits in The Old Testament. However, mediumship didn’t become the widespread practice it is today until around the 19th century. The rise of spiritualism in England allowed mediumship to gain traction around the rest of the Western world. Since then, several books, movies, and TV shows showcase this incredible gift. The Different Types of Mediumship Mediumship is a board term when describing the inherent powers of mediums, and the entire practice can be broken down into three subcategories: Mental Mediumship, Trance Mediumship, and Physical Mediumship. Mental Mediumship Mental mediumship uses telepathy to communicate with the dead. During a seance or standard reading, the medium will hear auditory messages from the spirit(s) and then transmit them to the guests (also known as a sitter). Auditory messages are often the easiest for sitters to understand what the dead are saying. Trance Mediumship Trance mediumship and mental mediumship are quite similar. During a reading, the spirit will use the body and mind of the medium to relay messages. When a trance medium is doing a reading, they are still completely conscious and aware of what’s going on. This kind of mediumship was prevalent during the 19th century. Spirits would often speak to trance mediums and deliver encouraging advice or help collaborate ideas. During a trance mediumship reading, the medium sometimes has an assistant who can help document the conversation between them and the spirit. Physical Mediumship Physical mediumship is when spirits take control of a physical object or person. In some cases, the spirit might take control of the medium’s hand or fingers. Some readings in the past included unique imaging technology to capture the physical matter of a spirit manifestation. This kind of mediumship is often done in a quiet, dark room because sometimes the noises from spirits are difficult to hear or understand. A few tools a medium might use to help the spirits articulate the messages include levitation tables or spirit trumpets. How Does a Seance Work? In short, a seance is an event held where people try to speak to the dead, usually hosted by a medium. Seance is a translation of the French word for “sessions.” However, the terms aren’t interchangeable in French. There are a few different types of seances, and some of the most common are: Religious Seances Religious seances were the most common during the 19th century in Europe and the United States. A religious seance generally takes place at a church or other religious institutions in an attempt to communicate with a spirit or demon. It’s believed that mediums can only receive messages during a religious seance while everyone present is sitting. One of the biggest reasons people conduct a spiritual seance is to communicate with the spirit of former prominent religious figures, such as saints, leaders, or members of the church. Stage Seances These are public seances in which a medium attempts to communicate to the dead on stage in front of an audience. During a stage seance, the audience isn’t directly involved in the seance, but some mediums might attempt to speak to dead relatives of the audience members. Casual Seances Mediums aren’t the only people who can communicate with the dead. Since the practice has gotten tremendously popular over the last hundred years, many people have attempted to conduct their own seances at home. These are typically small seances with two to three people and don’t usually involve a religious leader or medium. Casual seances are strongly associated with items such as Ouija boards and planchettes. Famous People Who Have Attended a Seance Over the last few centuries, numerous celebrities, authors, and politicians have attended one or more seances. Many people use mediums to gather insight from dead stars to sharpen their skills or become better at their professions. Here are some noteworthy people in recent history who have participated in a seance in hopes of communicating with the dead: • Franklin D. Roosevelt, former president • Robert Owen, social reformer • William T. Stead, journalist • Arthur Conan Doyle, author and physician In addition to famous attendees, some famous psychic mediums are Cora Scott Hatch, Emma Britten, and Ascha Sprague. Final Thoughts What do you think about mediums? Would you ever attend a seance? Using the guidance of a medium is a safe and effective way to communicate with spirits. Many people have tried to communicate with the dead, but they don’t possess the right mindset or tools to do it with success. If you want to learn more about mediums, click here to schedule a free three-minute chat with a leading psychic: You never know what you might learn about yourself! Always have an open mind and think carefully beforehand about the questions you want to ask. Yasmin Cunha Hi All, My Name is Yasmin Cunha, I was born in Belo Horizonte, Brazil but now live in New York City. I am 3rd generation natural psychic and created Medium Finder with the sole purpose of giving you the most realistic, reliable & authentic psychic & medium experiences possible! Thanks for stopping by! ❤ Yasmin Cunha Ready To Begin Your First Reading? Yasmin Cunha Psychic Claim Your Free Psychic Reading This Offer Will End In: 0 1 0 3 1 5 3 1 You missed out!
Where do you put the significance of the study? Where do you put the significance of the study? What is significance of the study example? How do you write the significance of a research study? Write the significance of the study by looking into the general contribution of your research, such as its importance to society as a whole, then proceed downwards—towards the individual level, and that may include yourself as a researcher. You start broadly then taper off gradually to a specific group or person. Why is ethics important in writing the significance of the study? Research ethics are important for a number of reasons. They promote the aims of research, such as expanding knowledge. They support the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness. This is essential because scientific research depends on collaboration between researchers and groups. Why is it important to know the moral and ethical issues in science and technology? Scientists need to integrate scientific values with other ethical and social values. Obviously, science can help identify unforeseen consequences or causal relationships where ethical values or principles are relevant. In addition, individuals need reliable knowledge for making informed decisions. What are the ethical issues in science and technology? Top 10 Ethical Dilemmas in Science for 2020The Pseudoscience of Skincare.AI and Gamification in Hiring.Predatory Journals.The HARPA SAFEHOME Proposal.Class Dojo and Classroom Surveillance.Grinch Bots.Project Nightingale.Student Tracking Software. How does technology affect moral values? A good use of technology is one which improves human physical, mental, spiritual, and moral well-being. It helps people become healthier, more educated, more loving of God and neighbor, and better at making moral decisions. What are examples of unethical online behavior? There is unethical behavior everywhere we go, and the internet and web are no exception. Common examples are posting information someone didn’t want up, pretending that you are someone else in a chat room, and of course copying and pasting someone’s work to your document and claiming that it’s yours. What is online ethical behavior? Netiquette is a combination of the words network and etiquette and is defined as a set of rules for acceptable online behavior. Similarly, online ethics focuses on the acceptable use of online resources in an online social environment. What are some examples of unethical behavior? Examples of Unethical BehaviorLying to your spouse about how much money you spent.Lying to your parents about where you were for the evening.Stealing money from the petty cash drawer at work.Lying on your resume in order to get a job.Talking about a friend behind his back.Taking credit for work you did not do. What are some examples of ethical behavior in the workplace? What are some examples of positive work ethic? Examples of work ethic skillsReliability.Dedication.Discipline.Productivity.Cooperation.Integrity.Responsibility.Professionalism.
Skip to main content Birds as potential reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens: first evidence of bacteraemia with Rickettsia helvetica Birds have long been known as carriers of ticks, but data from the literature are lacking on their role as a reservoir in the epidemiology of certain tick-borne disease-causing agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of three emerging, zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in blood samples and ticks of birds and to assess the impact of feeding location preference and migration distance of bird species on their tick infestation. Blood samples and ticks of birds were analysed with TaqMan real-time PCRs and conventional PCR followed by sequencing. During the spring and autumn bird migrations, 128 blood samples and 140 ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis concinna and a Hyalomma specimen) were collected from birds belonging to 16 species. The prevalence of tick infestation and the presence of tick species were related to the feeding and migration habits of avian hosts. Birds were shown to be bacteraemic with Rickettsia helvetica and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, but not with Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis. The prevalence of rickettsiae was high (51.4%) in ticks, suggesting that some of them may have acquired their infection from their avian host. Based on the present results birds are potential reservoirs of both I. ricinus transmitted zoonotic pathogens, R. helvetica and A. phagocytophilum, but their epidemiological role appears to be less important concerning the latter, at least in Central Europe. Birds can fly over large distances in the course of a few days, particularly during their seasonal migration. Additionally, they have long been known for their epidemiological role as carriers of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), implying that tick-borne pathogens in ticks attached to avian hosts can be transported to geographically distant places [1]. The majority of tick-borne pathogens are biologically transmitted, which means that these microorganisms infect their hard tick vector, where they multiply and/or develop prior to transmission to another vertebrate host [2]. On the other hand, ixodid larvae, nymphs and adult females suck blood on their host only once. Correspondingly, if larvae or nymphs acquire tick-borne pathogens with their blood meal, they will be able to infect another host only during a subsequent developmental stage, which is referred to as transstadial transmission [2]. Tick-borne pathogens taken up by adult female ticks will only be able to gain access to another host, if they pass through the ovaries/ova of the female ticks to the next generation (i.e. with transovarial transmission) [2]. Each species of tick-borne pathogen is able to infect a certain range of vertebrate host or reservoir species. The epidemiological significance of these hosts/reservoirs is that they can provide the source of infection for further tick vectors, thereby ensuring the maintenance of tick-borne pathogens in nature. Conversely, the tick-to-tick transmission of pathogens may not always necessitate the infection of the host/reservoir because tick-borne agents may spread between ticks feeding close to each other via the so-called co-feeding mechanism [3]. The most common tick species associated with avian hosts in various European countries is Ixodes ricinus[46]. According to the phenomenon of host-size restriction, usually the larvae and nymphs are the only stages of I. ricinus to suck blood on birds, whereas all three stages, i.e. larvae, nymphs and adults, feed on small, medium and large-sized mammals, respectively [7]. Compared to other tick species of the genus, I. ricinus is known as a competent vector of the highest number of important zoonotic bacteria [8]. Among these Rickettsia helvetica is considered an emerging tick-borne pathogen and is suspected to be involved in cases of human disease [9]. On the contrary, the majority of I. ricinus-borne pathogens may elicit clinical signs in both humans and animals, as exemplified by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human, equine and canine granulocytic anaplasmosis, and of tick-borne fever in ruminants [10]. Recently, I. ricinus and its hosts were demonstrated to play an epidemiological role in the maintenance and transmission of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, a newly described zoonotic pathogen [11]. In ticks, Rickettsia species have both transstadial and transovarial transmission [12], whereas members of the Anaplasmataceae family (including A. phagocytophilum and Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis) lack the latter [2]. In the above context, the aim of the present study was threefold: (1) to investigate whether the feeding preference and/or migration distance of different bird species influences their tick burden and thus their chances of becoming infected with certain tick-borne pathogens; (2) to evaluate whether birds can actually become infected/bacteraemic with three emerging, zoonotic tick-borne pathogens (R. helvetica, A. phagocytophilum, Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis); and (3) to compare the rate of infection with tick-borne pathogens among birds and their ticks, with relevance to transmission efficacy of these agents. Sample collection Birds were mist-netted during the spring and autumn migration periods of 2013 at the Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, Hungary (for six days in April, five days in May and two days in June, as well as for four days at the end of August and the beginning of September). The location and time periods were chosen by considering the migration stopover of birds in Hungary [13]. On the sampling days, 50 standard Ecotone mist-nets (Gdynia, Poland), 12 m in length, 2.5 m in height and with 16 × 16 mm holes, were used from 7:00 to 12:00 a.m. The whole body of each captured bird was scrutinized for the presence of ticks. All ticks were removed with fine forceps, and put into 70% ethanol in separate vials according to their hosts. Tick species were determined according to standard keys [7], and the feeding preference (ground level or above) and migration habit were assigned to bird species based on ornithological clues [13]. In addition, all tick carrier birds, as well as a similar number of tick-free individuals of the same bird species were blood sampled from the brachial vein using a fine (28G) needle and 0.5 ml syringe (Kendall Monoject: Tyco Healthcare Group Lp., Mansfield, MA, USA). Ticks were stored at room temperature, whereas blood samples were kept at -20°C. Ethical approval The study was carried out according to the national animal welfare regulations (28/1998), and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Science (SZIU). Sample preparation Ticks were dried, washed three times (in detergent containing water, in tap water and in distilled water) and minced at the bottom of 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes in 100 μl PBS with pointed scissors. Between each sample, the scissors were washed and flame sterilized for decontamination. Samples were then incubated overnight at 56°C in tissue lysis buffer containing proteinase-K. DNA was extracted from this lysate and from 20-100 μl of the blood samples using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instruction and using extraction control. The quantity and quality of bird blood DNA was assessed by PCR, which amplified part of the 18S rRNA gene [14]. These samples were consequently used at a dilution of 1:10. PCR methods All PCR assays were performed using the appropriate positive and negative controls. The extraction controls were negative in all tests. Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis A multiplex real-time TaqMan PCR was applied to detect part of the 16S rRNA gene [15]. The assay is based on probes that indicate positivity on the family (Anaplasmataceae), genus (Neoehrlichia) and species (Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis) level. Anaplasma phagocytophilum A TaqMan PCR was employed that amplifies part of the gene encoding a major surface protein (msp2) of A. phagocytophilum[16]. The probe was modified as 6-FAM-TGG TGC CAG GGT TGA GCT TGA GAT TG-TAMRA (5′-3′). The assay consisted of 40 cycles, and the results were considered positive if the threshold cycle (Ct) value was below 39. The presence of rickettsiae was evaluated by two TaqMan PCRs, detecting either part of the 23S rRNA gene of R. helvetica or part of the gltA gene for other rickettsiae [14]. The first test was specific for R. helvetica, and the Ct value was considered an inverse measure of the bacterial load [14]. In addition, to demonstrate the presence of R. monacensis in ticks, a conventional PCR amplifying a 381 bp long portion of the gltA gene [17] was performed, followed by gel electrophoresis (1.5% agarose) and sequencing of the positive samples (Macrogen Inc., Korea). Statistical analysis Exact confidence intervals (CIs) for the prevalence rates at the 95% level were calculated according to Sterne’s method [18]. Sample prevalence data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05. Tick infestation of birds During the study, 1219 birds were captured. Tick infestations were found in 68 of these birds, belonging to 16 species (Table 1). Altogether 140 ticks were removed from the 68 birds. Ixodes ricinus was found on the majority of tick-infested birds (63 of the 68 individuals: 92.6%, CI: 83.7-97.6%). This was also the most abundant tick species (121 of the 140 ticks: 86.4%, CI: 79.6-91.6%) and was represented by 42 larvae, 78 nymphs and one adult female. Eight birds were infested with Haemaphysalis concinna, amounting to a prevalence of 11.8% (CI: 5.2-21.9%). The abundance of this species (with 13 larvae and five nymphs) was 12.6% (CI: 7.8-19.6%). Four birds were co-infested with I. ricinus and Ha. concinna. In addition, one Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) carried a Hyalomma larva, which is not indigenous to Hungary. Table 1 Prevalence and intensity of tick infestation among birds according to their feeding preference and migration habits The prevalence of tick infestation was compared between two categories of bird species: those that preferentially feed from the ground and those that feed above ground level (Table 1). There were significantly (P < 0.0001) more tick-infested birds among those preferentially feeding from the ground, than among those feeding above the ground level, with a 23.5% (27 of 115, CI: 16.1-32.3%) and 5.3% (41 of 771, CI: 3.8-7.1%) prevalence of tick infestation, respectively. Neither Ha. concinna larvae nor nymphs were found on birds that feed on the ground (Table 1), indicating a significant difference in comparison with I. ricinus when considering either the prevalence (P = 0.018) or intensity of tick infestation (i.e. the total number of ticks per bird; P < 0.0001) (Table 1). Considering bird species according to their migration characteristics (Table 1), the prevalence of tick infestation was 41.7% in the case of local bird species (5 of 12, CI: 15.2-72.3%) and 25.3% in the case of short distance migrants (21 of 83, CI: 16.4-36%). Both of these rates are significantly (P < 0.003) higher than those observed among middle and long distance migrants, with 2.8% (13 of 464, CI: 1.5-4.7%) and 8.9% (29 of 327, CI: 6-12.5%) prevalence of tick infestation, respectively. A Hyalomma larva was removed from a bird species with long distance migration (Table 1). Tick-borne pathogens in blood samples of birds Blood samples were collected from all 68 tick-infested and 60 tick-free birds of the same species. Among the 128 blood-sampled birds six were found to be PCR positive with R. helvetica (4.7% prevalence, CI: 1.7-9.9%): these consisted of five Robins (Erithacus rubecula) and one Dunnock (Prunella modularis). The range of Ct values (33-40) reflected low to medium levels of bacterial loads. Another Dunnock harbored rickettsiae other than R. helvetica (the species could not be determined due to a high Ct value of 41). All rickettsia-positive birds were captured in April. The blood sample of another bird (Redwing: Turdus iliacus), also caught in April, was PCR positive for A. phagocytophilum (Ct value 32.2). A further 25 birds carried unidentified member(s) of the Anaplasmataceae family (Ct values above 31.4), but none were positive for Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from birds Altogether, 72 of the 140 bird ticks (51.4%, CI: 42.8-60%) were PCR positive for rickettsiae: 61 harboured R. helvetica (43.6%, CI: 35.2-52.2%), and 11 contained R. monacensis (7.9%, CI: 4-13.6%). R. helvetica was found in both I. ricinus and Ha. concinna larvae and nymphs, but R. monacensis was only detected in I. ricinus. The proportions of rickettsia-positive I. ricinus larvae (22 of 42: 52.4%) and nymphs (42 of 78: 53.8%) were similar. Seven of the 18 Ha. concinna ticks (three larvae, four nymphs) carried R. helvetica (38.9%, CI: 17.3-64.3%). Concerning the six R. helvetica PCR-positive birds, no ticks were found on four of them, and a PCR-negative tick was found on another. An additional R. helvetica bacteraemic bird carried 11 ticks, of which two (an I. ricinus nymph and a Ha. concinna larva) turned out to be PCR positive. At the same time, there were 38 R. helvetica PCR-negative birds, from which 59 R. helvetica PCR-positive ticks (including 17 I. ricinus and 2 Ha. concinna larvae) were collected. In the A. phagocytophilum-specific PCR, only one I. ricinus nymph (removed from a PCR-negative bird) was positive. Conversely, the bird that tested positive for A. phagocytophilum carried a PCR-negative tick. The prevalence of tick infestation among birds, as well as the species of ticks attaching to them, may depend on several factors that, in turn, influence the epidemiological role of avian reservoirs and hosts from the point of view of tick-borne diseases. One of these factors is the feeding location preference of birds. In the present study, the prevalence of tick infestation was significantly associated with the habit of ground feeding in birds, similarly to previous observations [19]. However, the results shown here also revealed that this correlation may significantly depend on the tick species, as immature stages of Ha. concinna occurred exclusively on birds that preferentially feed above the ground. The difference noted herein between Ha. concinna and I. ricinus may be related to the host seeking behaviour of relevant immature stages. It has been reported that Haemaphysalis nymphs quest at various heights on vegetation according to the body size of the local deer population [20]. Similarly, in the present study, Ha. concinna larvae and nymphs infested birds that feed above ground level most likely because the preferred hosts of immature stages of this tick species in Hungary are roe deer [21]. Conversely, I. ricinus subadults apparently had lower questing heights (being highly prevalent on ground feeding birds) in association with rodents as primary hosts [22]. In the present study, it was also demonstrated that the distance of migration significantly influences the tick burdens of birds, concerning both the prevalence and the species composition. First, the prevalence of tick infestation was significantly higher among local birds and short distance migrants, most likely due to their presence/arrival during the main tick season, as suggested in other studies [4]. Bird species with middle to long distance migration habits are known to arrive in Hungary in May and June [13] (i.e. at the end or after the main tick season). On the other hand, a Hyalomma larva (which is not indigenous to Hungary) was removed from a long distance migrant captured in this study. In Europe, birds departing from southern locations to northern countries may carry Mediterranean hard tick species (e.g. two-host Hyalomma spp. that stay on the host as larvae and nymphs for 12-26 days [23]). Consequently, the epidemiological significance of birds with middle to longer distances of migration is the potential import of exotic tick species, as previously reported [6] and observed here. The most significant result of the present study is the molecular evidence of bacteraemia in birds caused by R. helvetica. According to a previous report, when 130 wild birds were evaluated for the presence of rickettsiae, none were found to be rickettsaemic [24]. In another study 3% of 131 pooled bird blood samples were PCR positive for unknown rickettsiae [25]. Data are also available on the prolonged, experimentally elicited rickettsaemia of R. rickettsii and R. canadensis in birds [1, 26]. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of R. helvetica in the blood of any avian species. Both bird species with PCR-positive blood samples (the Robin and the Dunnock) are known for their synanthropic life (i.e. having urban and suburban habitats) [13]. Because there were no ticks on the majority of R. helvetica bacteraemic birds in the present study, and from one PCR-positive bird only a PCR-negative tick was collected, these data suggest rickettsaemia persists after the detachment of the vector tick in relevant avian hosts. At the same time, only two of the 11 ticks removed from a R. helvetica bacteraemic bird were PCR positive. Consequently, the transmission of rickettsiae from birds to tick vectors may occur with low efficacy. It is known that the bacterial load of R. rickettsii in the circulation of certain vertebrate reservoir hosts is enough to infect ticks, whereas rickettsaemia in other (also susceptible) hosts may be too low for this [27]. Alternatively, intermittent rickettsaemia was also reported in case of some Rickettsia spp. [28]. However, more than half (51.4%) of the ticks collected from birds in this study were found to be PCR positive for rickettsiae, mostly for R. helvetica. This prevalence is significantly higher than the infection rates reported in questing ticks collected from the vegetation (usually 4-16%, based on data from many countries: [9]). The prevalence of PCR positivity among Ha. concinna ticks from birds in this study (seven of 18 individuals) was also significantly (P < 0.001) higher, than the minimum and pool prevalence observed in the case of questing Ha. concinna ticks collected from the vegetation in Hungary (one of 53 pools were positive: [29]). The high prevalence of R. helvetica among immature ticks of birds in the present study may be explained by several potential causes. First, PCR positivity in larvae (especially on PCR-negative birds) can be partly attributed to the transovarial transmission of R. helvetica, as previously reported [30]. Second, the significantly higher prevalence among the immature stages reported here, when compared to adults in other studies, may indicate the low transstadial maintenance of R. helvetica (although the similar infection prevalence among larvae and nymphs as shown here, for both I. ricinus and Ha. concinna, argues against this). Third, some of the ticks may have acquired rickettsiae through co-feeding [1, 3]. Last, but not least, some of the PCR-positive ticks collected from PCR-negative birds may even have acquired their R. helvetica infection from their avian host (PCR negativity of a bird at the time of blood sampling does not exclude rickettsaemia on other days of its tick’s blood sucking). In addition to the birds positive for rickettsiae, there was one Redwing (Turdus iliacus) with detectable A. phagocytophilum bacteraemia. According to data in the literature, this may be the second piece of direct evidence for a natural avian infection or bacteraemia with this zoonotic pathogen, indicating that birds may play a role in the epidemiology of granulocytic anaplasmosis. In the initial study raising this possibility [10], the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum infection among birds was significantly higher (22%) than shown here, and, interestingly, it was the highest in Blackbirds (Turdus merula), which are taxonomically closely related to the species found to be PCR positive in the present study. On the other hand, data from the literature are contradictory when assessing the role of birds as reservoirs of A. phagocytophilum in comparison with small mammals. In one report, ticks removed from birds contained this pathogen with a significantly higher prevalence compared to those from the long known reservoirs (i.e. small mammals) [5]. However, another study (assessing the reservoir competence based on the molecular analysis of A. phagocytophilum in tick larvae from different mammalian and avian hosts) suggested a more important reservoir role of small mammals compared to birds [31]. There was only one A. phagocytophilum-positive tick on a bird that tested negative in the relevant PCR. The tick collected from the PCR-positive bird was also found to be negative for A. phagocytophilum. This is not surprising in light of the fact that the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum may frequently be very low in questing ticks (0.8%: [32]). This zoonotic pathogen was not even found in any of a large number of ticks collected from small mammals (known reservoirs) in Hungary [22]. Though Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis was recently demonstrated in ticks of the same region where birds of this study were sampled [33], no PCR positivity was found for this zoonotic pathogen in birds. Nevertheless, this may be the first screening for Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis among birds (heavily infected with its vector I. ricinus). In the same multiplex PCR high numbers of bird blood samples were positive for member(s) of the Anaplasmataceae family. The species could not be further identified due to the low level of infection (high Ct values). This observation is in line with the presence of Anaplasma spp. in bird blood samples as reported previously [25]. This is the first molecular evidence of R. helvetica infection in avian hosts. Based on the present results, birds are potential reservoirs of both I. ricinus transmitted zoonotic pathogens, R. helvetica and A. phagocytophilum, but their epidemiological role appears to be lower concerning the latter, at least in Central Europe. Our data also suggest that rickettsaemic birds may provide a source of infection for I. ricinus and Ha. concinna, but with low efficacy. 1. 1. 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Coipan EC, Jahfari S, Fonville M, Maassen CB, van der Giessen J, Takken W, Takumi K, Sprong H: Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013, 3: 36- PubMed Central Article PubMed Google Scholar 33. 33. Hornok S, Meli ML, Gönczi E, Hofmann-Lehmann R: First evidence of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Hungary. Parasit Vectors. 2013, 6: 267-10.1186/1756-3305-6-267. PubMed Central Article PubMed Google Scholar Download references This study was partially funded by EU grant FP7-261504 EDENext and is catalogued by the EDENext Steering Committee as EDENext213. The contents of this article are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of the European Commission. Molecular biology work was partially performed using the logistics of the Center for Clinical Studies at the Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich. The survey was also organized under the framework of the EurNegVec COST Action TD1303. Author information Corresponding author Correspondence to Sándor Hornok. Additional information Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions SH identified the ticks, extracted the DNA and wrote the manuscript. DK collected the blood samples and provided ornithological information. CST made possible bird capture and sample collection and supervised ornithological work. MM designed and, in part, performed the molecular analyses. ZSH collected the ticks. EG and NT performed most of the molecular analyses. RF supervised parasitological work. RH-L initiated and supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Cite this article Hornok, S., Kováts, D., Csörgő, T. et al. Birds as potential reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens: first evidence of bacteraemia with Rickettsia helvetica. Parasites Vectors 7, 128 (2014). Download citation • Ground feeding birds • Migratory birds • Ticks • Rickettsia helvetica • Anaplasma phagocytophilum • Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis
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Scientists develop atomic-scale hardware to implement natural computing Despite the many great achievements of computers, no man-made computer can learn from its environment, adapt to its surroundings, spontaneously self-organize, and solve complex problems that require these abilities as well as a biological brain. These abilities arise from the fact that the brain is a complex system capable of emergent behavior, meaning that the system involves interactions between many units resulting in macroscale behavior that cannot be attributed to any individual unit. The story is too old to be commented.
4 basic skin types you should know The types of skin people have are vast in terms of complexion and tone, but they can be simplified on a textural level into four basic types: normal, dry, oily and combination. Herein, we discuss the basic skin types and what they entail. Normal skin Normal skin refers to a skin that is well balanced. It is normal for the T-zone, which consists of the forehead, nose, and chin to be slightly oily. However, this type of skin has a good balance of oil and dryness as it does sebum and moisture. Normal skin has tiny pores, great blood circulation, a smooth feel, a fresh, healthy look, and no blemishes or spots. It is not sensitive either. People with normal skin tend to develop dry skin as they age. Dry skin Dry skin generates less sebum than normal skin, less than enough to keep it balanced and healthy. Thanks to this, the lipids that help to lock in moisture in the skin are not there. The moisture is what protects the skin against environmental stressors and other outside influences. This barrier malfunction is what causes dry skin. Otherwise called Xerosis, dry skin can exist in differing levels of severity and sometimes, in differing forms which are not always easily recognizable. More women than men suffer from dry skin. But regardless of gender or ethnicity, skin tends to get dry as one ages. Studies show that about 40 percent of dermatological visits are due to dry skin complaints. Moisture levels in the skin depend on levels of water in the deeper layers of the skin and on the rate of perspiration. The skin loses water through sweating and through trans epidermal water loss, which is a natural way where water is diffused from the deeper layers of the skin. A lack of natural moisturizing factors such as lactic acid, urea, and amino acids, which help bind water and a lack of fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides, are collectively called epidermal lipids, which help balance the moisture on the skin is what leads to dry skin. Mildly dry skin can have low skin elasticity and feels rough or tight. It also appears dull. Avery dry skin is mildly flaky, is blotchy, tight and sometimes, itchy. It is a bit sensitive and can get irritated, red or infected more easily. Extremely dry skin is rough, chapped, callused, scaly and itchy. Oily skin Oily skin has a higher production of sebum than normal. This is called seborrhea. Genetics, hormones, stress, medication, and cosmetics can all be responsible for oily skin. Oily skins have big pores that are clearly visible and cause the skin to be thick and pale with the blood vessels invisible. They also are glossy or shiny. Oily skins tend to develop blackheads and whiteheads, otherwise called comedones, and acne. Combination skin Combination skin has both dry and oily skin, with the type on the T-zone varying from the type on the cheeks. Combination skin has an oily T-zone, cheeks that tend to dry and big pores with impurities in them. The oilier parts are due to an overproduction of sebum and the drier parts because of a lack of enough sebum which in turn leads to a deficiency of lipids required to maintain a healthy barrier on the skin.
An Overview of Initial Coin Offering (ICO) ICO is a means of raising funds in unregulated funds for various cryptocurrency companies. This is something that startups use to circumvent the regulated and rigorous capital raising process that banks and venture capitalists require. In such a campaign, a percentage of the cryptocurrency is sold to project supporters very early on for other cryptocurrencies or legal tender. How is it done When a company wants to raise money using the initial coin offering, there must be a white paper plan outlining the details of the project. It should outline what the project is for, what the project needs, what it aims to accomplish. He must also indicate the money that will be needed to undertake the whole endeavor and how many pioneers he will have to keep. The plan should also mention the type of currency adopted and how long it intends to run the campaign. During such a campaign, supporters and enthusiasts of the initiative will buy cryptocurrencies using virtual currency or fiat. Coins are called tokens and are very similar to shares of companies that are sold to investors during an IPO. If the minimum required funds are not reached, then the money is refunded and the entire ICO is then considered a failure. When the requirements are met within a certain period, the funds can be used to initiate the scheme or even to complete it, if it is still progressing. Investors who participate in the project early are mainly motivated to buy crypto coins in the hope that the plan will be successful and will receive more value from it after launch. There are many successful projects of this kind in different economies and this is one of the main things that motivate investors. ICOs can be compared to crowdfunding and IPOs. Like an IPO, a stake must be sold by a start-up company in order to find funds to support the operations of such a company. The only difference is that IPOs deal with investors, while ICOs work closely with supporters who are very keen on new projects just like the crowdfunding event. However, ICOs differ from crowdfunding in the sense that ICO supporters are usually motivated by the fact that they can get a high return on investment. The funds raised through crowdfunding are mainly donations. For this reason, ICOS is called sales crowds. So far, there have been many successful transactions. ICOs are an innovative tool in our digital age. However, it is important for investors to take precautions, as there are some campaigns that can turn into fraud. This is due to the fact that they are highly unregulated. The financial authorities are not involved and if you lose money through such initiatives, it is difficult to take action to obtain compensation. To this end, there are some regions that do not allow the use of ICOs at all. It is important to buy such currency only from reliable sources to be safe. 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With recent events where most new cryptocurrencies are reaching record levels and new ICO projects not meeting their hype after Crowdsale, it is now common for frustrated “investors” to go around blaming ICO social media promoters instead of blaming themselves. that they did not make the proper due diligence to select the most likely winner after the crowdsale before purchasing a token during the ICO. From my extensive observation, it turned out that most crypto buyers simply buy coins during the FOMO-based ICO (Fear of Leakage), created by the masters of the fuss behind these coins. Many simply bought without understanding the purpose of the coin after the ICO or what the token had to do after Crowdsale. When nothing happened after the ICO, as often happens now for many ICOs, they would jump on social media to scream a bloody murder. Recently, my team and I just completed a tour of Africa and parts of the United States to promote the Nollycoin ICO. We organized and sponsored various conferences, held press meetings of AMA (Ask Me Anything) and held many individual meetings with crypto whales, small investors and crypto millionaires of all colors. Through it all, one thing that amazed me beyond anything else was that MANY token holders DIDN’T HAVE A DISK for the core business or project behind the token sales they were involved in. Even stranger than my observation was the astonishing fact that many could not tell you the value of the project, its goals or the company’s plan to distort the market and grab some buyers in their industry. They just bought the ICO because a few telegrams or Facebook pages they visited kept telling them, “Buy. Hodl and buy more. “Most simply acted on the herd’s instincts, not on objective discussion. Now, if most of the people I met were just teenagers or uneducated, I wouldn’t be so surprised by the level of ignorance of many of the crypto “investors” I met. On the contrary, many of those I met had graduated from college and people by some means. Yet less than 10% of them could easily articulate why they bought a coin in anticipation that it would grow over time. Wherever I went, very few in the crowd could tell me the name, experience, and capabilities of the corporate managers of the company that sold the coins. The only thing most of them might note is that the coins are recommended by “respected” influential people when the facts prove that most of them received a frightening thrill to create a FOMO and respect for otherwise useless shitcoins. Apart from the so-called fake influencers, all many crypto buyers knew that the names of the team leaders were Russian, Chinese or Korean, although they knew absolutely nothing about them. As if all you needed to have a successful ICO was to list the names of people from Korea, China, or Russia that no one could even check with a simple Google search. While I agree that there are certainly many things to consider when deciding whether a project’s tokens will increase over time, I think the acid test and the most immediate evaluation criteria should be the usefulness of the coin itself beyond what would happen in crypto exchanges. Although most crypto token owners I’ve met didn’t even know it, the reality is that if you bought a token from most ICOs, you didn’t actually invest in that company. You will not buy shares in the company and have not purchased any collateral from the company. And at best, what you did when you bought tokens during most ICOs was “donate” a project in exchange for a token or utility coin that legally had no real value outside the issuing company’s controlled business ecosystem. . In other words, except for your hope that the price of the tokens will “lunar” or rise to make you a millionaire, you can’t do much with the token other than enjoy the utility attached to it by the company ICO, If anyone. Because no one could really predict with certainty how Crypto would perform on the crypto exchange when it finally got there, and recent experience shows that the prices of most tokens are likely to dive in the first few weeks of hitting the stock market (due to big sell-offs from speculators), it would make some sense to look at what other value or utility you could derive from your token, beyond the expected “luning” of the stock market. As the crypto revolution continues to evolve, transform and adapt to different market developments, the only way to ensure that your money is not thrown into the ditch is to make sure you can still use these tokens to get excellent value and benefits even if you can sell it for a profit right on the exchange. In making this determination, you need to ask yourself this basic question: What is the value, product, or service that the token company generates that will give me enough value for my money to make this purchase cost me? In a world of token price crashes on various exchanges, the more opportunities you have to extract real life with a token outside the expected listing on the crypto exchange, the greater the chances that you will not be disappointed or blocked tokens that are useless to you. . So, you have to ask again and again: IF this coin was never traded on the stock exchange, would I still be happy to support the vision? If this token loses 70% of its value on the stock exchange, can I still use it and get value for my money elsewhere with it? If you could not answer these questions in the affirmative after reviewing WHITEPAPER and investing the company’s claims, then you should think twice before buying this coin. A recent case Take the current ICO as Nollycoin, which is the symbol that drives the Blockchain-activated movie distribution ecosystem. Coin promoters have created various utility scenarios for coin buyers to ensure that no matter what happens to Nollycoin on the cryptocurrency exchange, their supporters and hackers will continue to smile. Includes some of the great benefits attached to the Nollycoin token in the Nollytainment ecosystem • Ability to use Nollycoin tokens to watch exclusive movies in cinemas and cinemas • Ability to use Nollycoin tokens to access thousands of movies in their Netflix-on-steroids blockchain Movie distribution. • Ability to use Nollycoin tokens to purchase products and services at NollyMall, which is Amazon’s platform for entertainment-based products. • Ability to use Nollycoin tokens to pay tuition fees in the NOLLY Academy platform and partner companies As you can see, beyond the normal expectation that tokens can be listed on a cryptocurrency platform, you need to look beyond the ico’s hip to the immediate and promising usefulness of the token and the viability of the underlying project behind it. Short History of Bitcoin Bitcoin is the world’s leading cryptocurrency. It is an equivalent currency and transaction system based on a decentralized consensus public ledger called a blockchain that records all transactions. Bitcoin was now predicted in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto, but it was the product of many decades of research in cryptography and blockchain, not just one person’s work. The utopian dream of cryptographers and free trade advocates was to have a limitless, decentralized blockchain-based currency. Their dream is now a reality with the growing popularity of bitcoins and other altcoins around the world. The cryptocurrency was now first introduced on the basis of a consensus blockchain in 2009 and was traded for the first time that same year. In July 2010, the price of bitcoins was only 8 cents, and the number of miners and nodes was much smaller compared to the tens of thousands at the moment. Within a year, the new alternative currency rose to $ 1 and became an interesting prospect for the future. Digging was relatively easy and people made good money by making deals and even paying with them in some cases. Within six months, the currency doubled again to $ 2. Although the price of bitcoins is not stable at a certain price point, it has shown this pattern of insane growth for some time. At one point in July 2011, the coin collapsed and reached a record high price of $ 31, but the market soon realized that it was overvalued compared to the profits made on the ground, and restored it to $ 2. In December 2012, there was a healthy increase to 13 dollars, but soon enough the price will explode. Within four months of April 2013, the price had risen to a whopping $ 266. It later adjusted back to $ 100, but this astronomical price increase raised it for the first time, and people began to discuss a real-world scenario with bitcoin. It was at this time that I became acquainted with the new currency. I had my doubts, but when I read more about it, the more it became clear that the currency is the future, because there is no one to manipulate or impose on it. Everything had to be done by full consensus, and that is exactly what made him so strong and free. So 2013 was a breakthrough for the currency. Big companies began to prefer the public acceptance of bitcoins, and the blockchain became a popular topic for computer science programs. Back then, many people thought that bitcoin had served its purpose and would now settle down. But the currency became even more popular as bitcoin ATMs were set up around the world and other competitors began to shrink their muscles at different angles in the market. Ethereum developed the first programmable blockchain, and Litecoin and Ripple began as cheaper and faster alternatives to bitcoin. The $ 1,000 magic figure was first broken in January 2017, and has quadrupled since September. This is a truly remarkable achievement for a coin that cost only 8 cents just seven years ago. Bitcoin even survived a hard fork on August 1, 2017 and has since grown by nearly 70%, while even forked bitcoin money has managed to achieve some success. All this is due to the attractiveness of the coin and the stellar blockchain technology behind it. While conventional economists claim that this is a bubble and the whole crypto world will collapse, this is simply not the case. There is no such bubble, as it is a noticeable fact that he actually ate the shares of fiat currencies and corporations for money transactions. The future is extremely bright for bitcoins and it is never too late to invest in it, both in the short and long term. What Is Bitcoin & Why Is Cryptocurrency So Popular? Bitcoin is the most popular word in the financial space. As a matter of fact, Bitcoin has blown up the scene in the last few years and many people and many large companies are now jumping on bitcoin or cryptocurrency wanting some action. People are completely new to the cryptocurrency space constantly asking this question; What exactly is bitcoin? Well, for starters, bitcoin is actually a digital currency that falls beyond the control of any federal government, is used around the world, and can be used to buy things like your food, your drinks, real estate, cars, and more. Why is bitcoin so important? Bitcoin is not susceptible to things like government control and fluctuations in foreign currencies. Bitcoin is supported by the full faith of (you) the individual and is strictly equal. This means that everyone completes transactions with bitcoin, the first thing they realize is that it is much cheaper to use than to try to send money from bank to bank or use any other services that require sending and receiving money internationally. For example, if I wanted to send money, say China or Japan, I would have to pay a bank fee and it would take hours or even days for that fee to get there. If I use bitcoin, I can do it easily from my wallet or mobile phone or computer instantly, without any of these fees. If I wanted to send gold and silver, for example, it would require a lot of guards, it would take a lot of time and a lot of money to move the bars from point to point. Bitcoin can do it again with the touch of a finger. Why do people want to use bitcoin? The main reason is because bitcoin is the answer to these destabilized governments and situations where money is no longer as valuable as it used to be. The money we have now; the paper fiat currency that is in our wallets is useless and will cost even less in a year We have even seen large companies interested in blockchain technology. A few weeks ago, a handful of Amazon customers surveyed whether they would like to use cryptocurrency if Amazon created it. The results of this showed that many are very interested. Starbucks even hinted at using a blockchain mobile app. Walmart has even applied for a “smart package” patent that will use blockchain technology to track and authenticate packages. All our lives we have seen many changes happen in the way we shop, in the way we watch movies, in the way we listen to music, read books, buy cars, look for homes, now how we spend money and banking. The cryptocurrency is here to stay. If you haven’t already, it’s time for someone to fully explore the cryptocurrency and learn how to take full advantage of this trend, which will continue to thrive over time. 2018 Is the Year of the Masternodes Cryptocurrencies Digital currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum are in the headlines every day. The features that make these cryptocurrencies unique are their ability to act as a stock of value and lightning fast transfer speeds, or at least with the introduction of the lightning network for bitcoins, and Ethereum’s Casper switch to position and smart contract capabilities allow cryptocurrencies to be something more than money. Now Masternodes coins are in rage because of the additional incentive that gives you a percentage of a certain currency. If you could imagine that your old old hundred-dollar bill with a blue face was on steroids, then you’d be close to imagining a masternode coin. In the world of cryptocurrencies, proof of bet is the transaction hash confirmation method, which maintains consensus and maintains all notes on the same page, so there can be no double spending of certain transactions and everything is fine with the consensus on the network. Betting on your coins is a way to use the amount of currency you own and synchronize your digital wallet with the network to maintain it, and in return you get an incentive to help validate transactions. To run masternodes, you must have a certain number of coins running on the network and follow the Masternodes setup instructions for which currency you plan to invest. The extra incentive is surprisingly more than just betting on your coins, in some cases upwards of 1,500 percent per year. It is these astronomical returns on investment that really attract a lot of attention and investment in the Masternodes market. One cryptocurrency for the release of the Masternodes coin in early 2019 is the Allince Token tattoo, which is a side chain of the Egem blockchain that is disrupting the tattoo industry by creating a tokenized reward system for both people who want to buy tattoos. and for artists who look forward to applying the work of art in exchange for the symbol. I believe this will be an amazing and refreshing idea and a great way to add long-term benefits to tattoo artists who do not yet have a 401,000 incentive program in place. I am optimistic about this cryptocurrency as it seeks to achieve great rewards and add value to the money industry. I believe that along with the capabilities of Masternodes, it will have betting and smart contract protocol, as well as offer decentralized autonomous management and a membership reward program. Look for more about the TAT Masternodes token, which comes early next year. Top Cryptocurrencies for 2018: What Are the Best Bitcoin Alternatives? Important: This position should not be considered as investment advice. The author focuses on the best coins in terms of actual use and acceptance, not from a financial or investment point of view. In 2017, cryptographic markets set the new standard for simple profits. Almost every figure or chip has brought incredible profits. “The rising tide is throwing all the boats,” as they say, and the end of 2017 was a flood. The increase in prices has created a positive feedback cycle that is attracting more and more capital to Crypto. Unfortunately, but inevitably, this galloping market leads to a huge investment. The money has been thrown indiscriminately into all sorts of dubious projects, many of which will not bear fruit. In today’s bearish environment, noise and greed are replaced by critical appraisal and caution. Especially for those who have lost money, marketing promises, endless shillings and charismatic oratorios are no longer enough. Well, the main reasons to buy or keep a coin are again Paramount. The main factors in the evaluation of cryptocurrency- There are some factors that tend to conquer hip-hop and price pumps, at least in the long run: Adoption angle Although cryptocurrency technology or an ICO business plan may seem surprising without users, they are just dead projects. It is often forgotten that widespread acceptance is an essential feature of money. In fact, it is estimated that over 90% of the value of bitcoin is a function of the number of users. While the acceptance of Fiat is entrusted to the state, the acceptance of cryptography is purely voluntary. Many factors play a role in the decision to accept a coin, but perhaps the most important consideration is the likelihood that others will accept the coin. Decentralization is essential for the I push Model of a true cryptocurrency. Without decentralization, we have a little closer to a Ponzi scheme than a real cryptocurrency. Trust in individuals or institutions is the problem that cryptocurrency is trying to solve. If dismantling a coin or central controller can change the transaction record, it calls into question its basic security. The same goes for parts with unproven code that have not been thoroughly tested over the years. The more you can rely on the code to function as described, regardless of human influence, the greater the security of a coin. Valid coins seek to improve their technology, but not at the expense of safety. True technological progress is rare because it requires a lot of experience – and also wisdom. Although there are always fresh ideas that can be fucked up if it puts vulnerabilities or critics on the original purpose of the coin, it misses the point. Innovation can be a difficult factor to assess, especially for non-technical users. However, if the currency code is stagnant or does not receive updates that deal with important issues, it may be a sign that developers are weak in terms of ideas or motivation. The economic incentives inherent in a currency are easier for ordinary people to perceive. If a coin had a large pre-mine or ICO (initial part offer), the team held a significant share of chips, then it is quite obvious that the main motivation is the profit. By buying what the team offers, you play your game and enrich it. Remember to provide tangible and reliable value in return. 5 cryptocurrencies to buy in 2018 There has never been a better time to reevaluate and balance a cryptographic portfolio. Based on their solid foundation, here are five pieces that I think are worth sticking to or maybe buying at their current depressing prices (which, just a warning, can go down). # 1. Bitcoin (due to its decentralization) Number one belongs to Bitcoin (BTC), which remains the market leader in all categories. Bitcoin has the highest price, the broadest assumption, most of the security (due to the phenomenal energy consumption in bitcoin mining), the most famous brand identity (forks tried to be appropriate) and most of the development Active and rational. This is the only piece so far that is presented in traditional markets in the form of bitcoin futures trading of the American CME and CBOE. Bitcoin remains the main engine; The effectiveness of all other parts is strongly related to the effectiveness of bitcoin. My personal expectation is that the difference between bitcoin and most, if not all other parts will increase. Bitcoin has several promising innovations that will soon be installed as additional layers or soft forks. Examples of this are the Flash system (LN), the tree, the signatures of Schnorr Mimblewimbleund much more. In particular, we plan to open a new set of applications for bitcoin, as it allows large-scale, micro-transactions and immediate and secure payments. LN is becoming more stable as users test their various capabilities with real bitcoin. As it becomes easier to use, it can be assumed that it will benefit significantly from the adoption of bitcoin. # 2. Litecoin (due to its persistence) Litecoin (LTC) is a branch of Bitcoin with a different hash algorithm. Although Litecoin no longer has Bitcoin’s anonymity technology, incredible reports show that the adoption of Litecoin in the dark markets is now the second, only bitcoin. Although the currency I have is much more appropriate for the role of acquiring illegal goods and services, perhaps this is a result of the longevity of Litecoin: It was released in late 2011. Another factor in favor of Litecoin is that it integrates Bitcoin SegWit technology, which means that Litecoin is ready for LN. Litecoin can benefit from the exchange of atomic chains. In other words, ensure equivalent currency trading without the participation of third parties (ie an exchange). Because Litecoin keeps its code largely synchronized with Bitcoin, it is in a good position to take advantage of Bitcoin’s technical advances. # 3. Ethereum (because of smart contracts) Ethereum (ETH) has some big problems right now. First, governments are subject to ICOs and rightly so: many have proven to be either fraudulent or bankrupt. Since most icos run on the Ethereum network as an ERC marker 20, ICO craze has brought great value to Ethereum in recent years. If appropriate investor protection rules are in place, scams involving Ethereum projects may claim some legitimacy as a crowdfunding platform. The second major problem for Ethereum is the delayed transition to a new hybrid system for battery operation and detection. Ethereum’s GPU is currently profitable, but Bitmain has just announced a minor Ethereum ASIC, which is likely to affect the bottom rows of GPU miners. It remains to be seen whether this will change the POW and how successful this change will be. If Ethereum can survive these two main problems – regulation and digging – it will show great resilience. Otherwise, there are several competing currencies tracking its shadows, such as Ethereum Classic (etc.), Cardano (ADA) and EOS. # 4. Monero (because of his anonymity) Although its acceptance in the dark markets is not all that can be expected, I (XMR) remains the Prime Minister’s confidentiality. Its reputation and market capitalization are still above those of its rivals – and with good reason. The Monero code requires less confidence that Zcash is a “loyal” key ceremony and has had a fair start, unlike Dash. The fact that Monero recently changed its Pow to beat the development of a small ASIC for its algorithm confirms the piece’s commitment to dignifying digging. A significant drop in hashing speed is due to the new version, which is constantly reported against ASIC. This can also be an option for GPUs and even minor CPUs to connect to me. The new version of Monero, 0.12, includes other improvements that show that Monero continues to grow along sensitive lines. # 5. IPRONTO (Decentralized Incubation Platform) iPRONTO is an Ethereum chain incubation platform dedicated to investors looking for a secure and reliable platform to invest in new ideas and future innovators who can present their ideas and get opinions from users, experts in the practice and application of derivative ideas. The ideas of the innovators are supported, as the NES in Smart Contract format will be signed between the expert platform and the client if the client’s business idea is before the Committee for verification and registration in the platform. The idea will not be published for all users of the public platform of the chain, but only for selected members of the target community who are willing to sign the smart contract to keep the idea confidential. Crypto TREND – Second Edition In the first edition of CRYPTO TREND we presented Crypto Currency (CC) and answered a few questions about this new market space. There is a lot of NEWS in this market every day. Here are some highlights that give us an idea of how new and exciting this market space is: The world’s largest futures exchange to create a bitcoin futures contract Terry Duffy, president of the Chicago Board of Trade (CME), said: “I think sometime in the second week of December you will see our [bitcoin futures] enumeration contract. Today you can’t short bitcoins, so there is only one way you can go. You either buy it or sell it to someone else. So you create a two-way market, I think it’s always much more efficient. “ CME intends to release bitcoin futures by the end of the year pending regulatory review. If it succeeds, it will give investors a viable way to switch “long” or “short” to bitcoin. Some vendors of exchange-traded funds have also filed documents for bitcoin ETFs that track bitcoin futures. These developments have the potential to allow people to invest in the cryptocurrency space without directly owning a CC or using the services of a CC exchange. Bitcoin futures can make the digital asset more useful by allowing consumers and intermediaries to hedge their currency risks. This can increase the acceptance of cryptocurrency by traders who want to accept bitcoin payments but are wary of its volatile value. Institutional investors are also accustomed to trading regulated futures that do not suffer from money laundering worries. CME’s move also suggests that bitcoin has become too large to be ignored, as the exchange seems to have ruled out crypto futures in the recent past. Bitcoin is almost everything that everyone talks about in brokerage and trading companies, which have suffered against the background of growing but unusually calm markets. If stock market futures took off, it would be almost impossible for another exchange, such as CME, to catch up, as scale and liquidity are important in derivatives markets. “You can’t ignore the fact that this is becoming more and more a story that will not go away,” Duffy said in an interview with CNBC. There are “major companies” that want access to bitcoin and there is a “huge slowdown in demand” from customers, he said. Duffy also believes that introducing institutional traders to the market could make bitcoin less volatile. Japanese village to use cryptocurrency to raise capital for municipal revitalization The Japanese village of Nishiawakura is exploring the idea of conducting an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) to raise capital for municipal revitalization. This is a completely new approach and they can ask for support from the national government or seek private investment. Several ICOs have had serious problems and many investors are skeptical that any new token will have value, especially if the ICO turns out to be another joke or scam. Bitcoin was certainly not a joke. Initial offering of coins – (ICO) We didn’t mention ICO in the first issue of Crypto Trend, so let’s mention it now. Unlike an initial public offering (IPO), in which a company has an actual product or service for sale and wants to buy shares in their company, an ICO can be conducted by anyone who wants to initiate a new blockchain project with the intention of creating a new one. a symbol of their chain. ICOs are not regulated and several of them are completely fraudulent. However, a legitimate ICO can raise a lot of money to fund a new Blockchain project and network. It is typical for an ICO to generate a high symbol price in the beginning and then return to reality soon after. Because the ICO is relatively easy to hold, if you know the technology and have a few dollars, there were a lot, and today we have about 800 tokens in play. All of these symbols have a name, they are all cryptocurrencies, and with the exception of very well-known symbols such as Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin, they are called alt-coin. Currently, Crypto Trend does not recommend participation in ICO, as the risks are extremely high. As we said in issue 1, this market is currently the ‘Wild West’ and we recommend caution. Some investors and early entrepreneurs have made big profits in this market space; however, there are many people who have lost much or all. Governments are considering regulations because they want to know about each transaction in order to tax them. They all have a huge debt and are tied to money. So far, the cryptocurrency market has avoided many government and conventional banking financial problems and pitfalls, and Blockchain technology has the potential to solve many more problems. A great feature of Bitcoin is that the creators have chosen a limited number of coins that can ever be generated – 21 million – thus ensuring that this cryptocurrency can never be inflated. Governments can print as much money (fiat currency) as they like and inflate their currency to death. Future articles will delve into specific recommendations, but make no mistake, early investing in this sector will only be for your most speculative capital, money you can afford to lose. CRYPTO TREND will be your guide if and when you are ready to invest in this market space. Stay on the line! The Multilayered Cryptocurrency Questions have arisen as to whether bitcoin is becoming a multi-layered system. Well, the answer is yes. This article tries to outline the different layers on which bitcoin lies. Everything is yours! Have you heard of those who call bitcoin digital gold? It is clear that cryptocurrency is rapidly gaining popularity and acceptance in the crypto world. The value of the coin is expected to increase. However, it is also noted that the coin can win or lose 50% of its value overnight. This has sparked speculation among investors, but the coin is still “digital gold”. And when asked whether bitcoin is a multi-layered system, it should be known that bitcoin exists in two main layers. These are the extractive and semantic layers. The mining layer This is the layer in which the coin is created. In addition to bitcoins, ether is also created in this layer. After the coins are created, the valid bitcoin blocks are transferred to the log. Currency generation is done here. It should be noted that the currency is generated by transactions that are contained in the bitcoin blocks. Blocks are known as transaction fees. The currency can also be generated by the network itself, or you can say “out of nowhere”. The main advantage of generating currency from the network is that it provides incentives to miners. The semantic layer This provides a very important platform. The semantic layer is the layer in which bitcoins are used as a means of payment. It also provides a platform for bitcoins to be used as a stock of value. The layer looks very important, doesn’t it? Bitcoin currency holders sign valid transactions that signal the start of bitcoin transfer between semantic layer nodes. The transfer can also be made possible by creating smart contracts. Smart contracts transfer coins between different accounts. The lightning network You probably haven’t heard of the lightning network. This is the latest invention released by the bitcoin community. This layer will have the ability to work on bitcoin. With this invention will come an application layer that is on bitcoin. It will be so exciting. The most interesting aspect is that its value can also be used to make payments. This will be possible by transporting its value between people. With the invention of the lightning network, bitcoin will become a transport layer as well as an application layer. To date, the value of bitcoins is estimated at about $ 9 billion. Bitcoin is also known to be a decentralized cryptocurrency. This means that it works without the control of a bank or administrator. Bitcoin certainly takes over the crypto world. It is also important that the technology used during the extraction of bitcoin is called blockchain technology. It works by allowing digital information to be disseminated, not copied. Crypto is a really exciting topic and in the near future bitcoins may overtake our main currencies. What Is an ICO in Cryptocurrency? ICO stands for Initial Coin Offering. When launching a new cryptocurrency or crypto-token, developers offer investors a limited number of units in exchange for other major cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. ICOs are amazing tools for rapidly pouring development funds in support of new cryptocurrencies. Tokens offered during the ICO can be sold and traded on cryptocurrency exchanges if it is assumed that there is sufficient demand for them. Ethereum’s ICO is one of the most notable successes, and the popularity of the initial coin offerings is growing as we speak. A brief history of the ICO Ripple is probably the first cryptocurrency to be distributed through ICO. In early 2013, Ripple Labs began developing the Ripple payment system and generated approximately 100 billion XRP tokens. They were sold through ICO to fund the development of the Ripple platform. Mastercoin is another cryptocurrency that sold several million bitcoin tokens during the ICO, also in 2013. Mastercoin aims to token Bitcoin transactions and execute smart contracts by creating a new layer on the existing Bitcoin code. Of course, there are other cryptocurrencies that have been successfully funded through the ICO. As early as 2016, Lisk raised about $ 5 million during their initial coin offering. Nevertheless, Ethereum’s ICO, held in 2014, is perhaps the most famous so far. During its ICO, the Ethereum Foundation sold ETH for 0.0005 bitcoins each, raising nearly $ 20 million. Using the power of Ethereum’s smart contracts, he paved the way for the next generation of initial coin offerings. Ethereum ICO, a recipe for success Ethereum’s smart contract system has implemented the ERC20 protocol standard, which sets out the basic rules for creating other compatible tokens that can be transitioned to the Ethereum blockchain. This allowed others to create their own ERC20 compliant tokens that could be traded for ETH directly on the Ethereum network. DAO is a remarkable example of the successful use of Ethereum’s smart contracts. The investment company raised $ 100 million in ETH, and investors received DAO tokens in return, allowing them to participate in the management of the platform. Unfortunately, DAO failed after being hacked. Ethereum’s ICO and their ERC20 protocol outlined the latest generation of crowdfunding projects based on blockchain through Initial Coin Offerings. Also facilitate investment in other ERC20 tokens. Simply transfer ETH, place the contract in your wallet and the new symbols will appear in your account so you can use them as you wish. Obviously, not all cryptocurrencies have ERC20 tokens living in the Ethereum network, but almost any new blockchain-based project can launch an initial coin offering. The legal status of the ICO As for the legality of the ICO, there is a bit of a jungle. In theory, tokens are sold as digital goods, not as financial assets. Most jurisdictions have not yet regulated the ICO, so assuming that the founders have an experienced lawyer on their team, the whole process should be paperless. However, some jurisdictions are already aware of the ICO and are already working to regulate it in a manner similar to the sale of shares and securities. As early as December 2017, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) classified ICO tokens as securities. In other words, the SEC was preparing to stop ICOs, which they consider misleading investors. There are some cases where the token is just a useful marker. This means that the owner can simply use it to access a particular network or protocol, in which case they may not be defined as a financial guarantee. Nevertheless, capital symbols, which are intended to be valued, are quite close to the concept of security. The truth is that most symbol purchases are made specifically for investment purposes. Despite the efforts of regulators, ICOs are still stuck in a gray legal area, and until a clearer set of regulations is imposed, entrepreneurs will try to take advantage of initial coin proposals. It is also worth mentioning that once the regulations reach final form, the costs and effort required to comply can make ICOs less attractive than conventional funding opportunities. Concluding remarks For now, ICOs remain an amazing way to fund new crypto-related projects, and there are many successful ones yet to come. Keep in mind, however, that everyone is starting an ICO these days, and many of these projects are scams or lack the solid foundation they need to thrive and deserve an investment. For this reason, you should definitely do an in-depth study and research the team and history of any crypto project you would like to invest in. There are many websites that list ICOs, just do a Google search and you will find some options.
Our Cases Become Our Causes Start Your Free Consultation Philadelphia Severe Jaundice Medical Malpractice Lawyer Jaundice occurs when the blood has high levels of bilirubin. Bilirubin is the substance made from the death of old red blood cells. Jaundice can occur after birth for several reasons, from poor infant liver function to cephalohematoma birth injuries. When doctors fail to track and treat jaundice, it can turn into severe jaundice and kernicterus. Severe jaundice poses threats to the infant’s physical and mental health. If your child suffered from severe jaundice, find out if he/she is a victim of medical malpractice. Speak to the Philadelphia medical malpractice attorneys at Anapol Weiss in Philadelphia. Severe Jaundice and Malpractice It is somewhat normal for babies to display jaundice. During pregnancy, the mother’s liver controls bilirubin levels in the baby. After birth, it becomes the infant’s liver’s responsibility. Sometimes, the baby’s liver cannot work fast enough to process the bilirubin. An increase in the amount of bilirubin in the blood after birth can cause the skin to yellow (called jaundice). It’s natural for babies to exhibit jaundice until the liver begins to function normally. However, if bilirubin levels are too high for too long, severe jaundice can occur. Severe jaundice can lead to kernicterus, a form of brain damage from bilirubin collecting in the brain. Kernicterus can lead to cerebral palsy, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and even death. There are ways to treat jaundice before it becomes severe, including light therapy and blood transfusions. Most jaundice goes away on its own, without treatment. It’s up to your doctor to monitor your child’s jaundice levels and recommend treatment if necessary. A competent doctor knows how to analyze a child’s genetic history and environment to predict and prevent severe jaundice. Even if jaundice does become an issue, a doctor has the power to prevent serious brain damage. Kernicterus is always preventable with the proper medical attention. Only when a doctor negligently fails to detect, prevent, and/or treat severe jaundice will it lead to harmful and sometimes permanent health defects. Pursuing Compensation for Your Child’s Severe Jaundice Severe jaundice, if left untreated, can cause learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and several other issues. If your child has suffered health consequences from severe jaundice and/or kernicterus, you may be eligible to receive compensation from the at-fault party. This is the case if you can prove four main elements: 1. The doctor owed you a duty of care. A doctor-patient relationship must have existed at the time of the injury. You must have hired the doctor, and the doctor must have agreed to the hire. 2. The doctor breached his/her duties. Severe jaundice typically points to an obvious breach of duty since it is a doctor’s responsibility to detect and treat jaundice before it worsens. Plaintiffs often use experts to testify that a reasonably competent doctor would have done something differently to treat jaundice in similar circumstances. The breach caused the child’s injury. The doctor’s breach of duty must be the proximate or the main cause of your child’s injuries. 3. The child suffered damages. Damages can include physical pain and suffering, emotional distress, medical bills, and disability costs. Severe jaundice resulting in brain damage or cerebral palsy can often lead to lifelong medical expenses and treatments. How Anapol Weiss Can Help The attorneys at Anapol Weiss can help you navigate the complex Pennsylvania court system for your severe jaundice case. Our talented lawyers have decades of experience in and out of the courtroom, and we specialize in birth injury lawsuits. We have the skill and history to maximize your chances of recovery. We want to help you seek justice for your infant. If your child has severe jaundice, contact our team. He/she has likely been the victim of medical malpractice.
What To Expect Anatomy And Physiology 2 Lab Class? What can I expect from anatomy and physiology 2? BIOL 2402 Anatomy and Physiology II is the second part of a two course sequence. It is a study of the structure and function of the human body including cells, tissues and organs of the following systems: endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. Does anatomy and physiology 2 have a lab? This lab -only course is designed as a standalone addition to StraighterLine’s Anatomy & Physiology II course. What can I expect from anatomy and physiology class? You’ll gain an understanding of the causes, diagnosis and treatment of disease, and its effect on different parts of the body. You could learn, for example, how cells develop, how limbs form in the right places, and even how muscle groups are used in different sports. How do I prepare for A&P 2? Study Tips for Anatomy & Physiology 1. Read (at least skim) the chapter before going to class. 2. Take your OWN notes. 3. As soon as you can, rewrite or type your notes. 4. When writing up your notes, write them in your own words. 5. Utilize additional resources. You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Is Gray's Anatomy? Why is anatomy and physiology so hard? Why is anatomy and physiology so hard? Anatomy and physiology is considered hard because there’s a lot of material in the class that requires several hours each week to be able to learn and memorize the material. What is the hardest class in college? Organic Chemistry: It shouldn’t surprise you that organic chemistry takes the No. 1 spot as the hardest college course. This course is often referred to as the “pre-med killer” because it actually has caused many pre-med majors to switch their major. What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology 1 and 2? Anatomy deals with the body’s structure, different parts like cells, tissues, organs and organ system, etc. Physiology deals with the working of the body’s part and their specific roles. The understanding of the physiology of a living organism is essential to know the function of every organ of the body. What is the meaning of physiology? 1: a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved — compare anatomy. 2: the organic processes and phenomena of an organism or any of its parts or of a particular bodily process. What is the anatomy and physiology? You might be interested: Quick Answer: How To Get Better At Anatomy And Making It Looser? How do you succeed in anatomy and physiology? Following are ten key things you can start doing today to ensure success not only in anatomy and physiology but in any number of other classes. 1. Write down important stuff in your own words. 2. Gain better knowledge through mnemonics. 3. Discover your learning style. 4. Get a grip on Greek and Latin. 5. Connect with concepts. Is anatomy and physiology hard? But generally speaking, Anatomy and Physiology may be challenging because there is a wealth of information to not only understand, but that also has to be remembered. Also there is a range of new, Latin and Greek-based terms to learn, that, on overwhelming days might have you screaming, “It’s all Greek to me!?!” Should I take anatomy or physiology first? so the short answer is that it is not crucial to take either one first, but i would personally take anatomy first. How many hours should you study for A&P? As mentioned earlier you should expect to invest 10-12 hours per week studying anatomy outside of class, including weeks after breaks. Human anatomy courses are largely based on memorization, both visual (cadavers, 3D anatomical models, anatomical charts) and definitions. How do you learn A&P fast? From the Instructor Hive Mind: Top 10 Study Tips for Acing A&P 1. 1 – Repetition and review is critical. 2. 2 – Try and explain what you’ve studied. 3. 3 – Mix it up! 4. 4 – Have a daily routine. 5. 5 – Put in the time. 6. 6 – Apply what you’re learning. 7. 7 – Study in bursts, not binges. 8. 8 – Visualize what you read. You might be interested: FAQ: What Does The Term Pedal Mean In Anatomy? What will I learn in A&P 1? Catalog Description: Anatomy and Physiology I is the first of a two course sequence. It is a study of the structure and function of the human biology including cells, tissues and organs of the following systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and special senses. Leave a Reply
Flawed Plato predicted today's democracy dilemmas 2,500 years ago Lawrence Brown “I am Plato and boy, am I mad. (Also astonished and disgusted.) I’ve just returned from the Underworld to see what a democratic society looks like in your time and I’m ready to throw up. Pericles will cry when I tell him. Shame on you.” That was how a 9th-grade ancient-history project started. The Greek philosopher Plato hated democracy and thought a highly educated elite should rule. Each student got this letter from Plato, challenging them to defend the right of the people to direct their own destinies. It was almost suicidally hard work for a teacher. I’d be Plato and have to respond to each reply, making his arguments … staying in character. Maybe 64 letters in total. What was Plato’s beef? He thought personal freedom, pursued without reservations, would make a democratic society ungovernable. “When a person’s unhealthy,” writes Plato, “it takes very little to upset him and make him ill. The same is true of an unhealthy society. It will fall into sickness and dissension at the slightest external provocation.” Oh my God, he’s talking about us Plato refers to “… a fear of admitting intelligent people to office. Because intelligence is no longer combined with simplicity and sincerity; people will prefer the simpler, hearty types, who prefer war to peace.” This is from 2,500 years ago! Plato hated democracy because his own in Athens sentenced his beloved teacher Socrates to death … voted for it. Plato’s conclusion: Ordinary people are too stupid, uninformed and easily fooled to be entrusted with their own affairs. His solution: rule by an elite. Not the rich, necessarily, but by a spiritual and intellectual elite, a patriotic elite who could define what the proper sort of life was — and compel the populace to live it. Patriotism would be the defense of this required vision and the repression of all others. Authoritarianism abhors diversity: diversity of faith, opinion, ethnicity. Five hundred years before Christianity, Plato was a sexual puritan. He saw science, art and sex as dangerous distractions from the stern pursuit of purity. Spiritual truth wasn’t only superior to evidentiary truth, it alone was real. Sex, sneered Plato, was a “mindless frenzy.” Pure souls avoided it like the plague. We actually have a modern example of Plato’s moral elites. When Ronald Reagan was president, he organized a systematic study of pornography — the Meese Commission. The commission’s panel viewed hundreds of hours of pornography in the course of their study. Here’s the irony. By their own logic, the viewing of pornography led inexorably to violent, anti-social acts. It was causal. Were that the case, one would have expected the members of the sex-drenched Meese Commission to have run helplessly amok in their personal behaviors. But nothing of the sort occurred. Why not? Because — and here’s the heart of elitist thinking — the panel considered themselves to be morally superior to ordinary people. They were confident that they were immune. It was the rest of us they had their doubts about. In the end, Plato predicts our love of liberty will be our undoing. "The minds of the citizens become so sensitive that the least vestige of restraint is resented as intolerable, till finally, in their determination to have no master, they disregard all laws, written and unwritten. An excessive desire for liberty at the expense of everything else is what undermines democracy and leads to the demand for tyranny." A self-polarizing society like ours looks an awful lot like confirmation of Plato’s critique. In the midst of a pandemic, asking people to wear masks, to get vaccinated gets spun into intolerable abridgments of our personal liberty. The absolute guarantee of free speech is taken as a defense for lies and cruelties — as if freedom and decency were mutually exclusive options. Conservative governors, supposedly defenders of local governmental freedoms, deny their own mayors the right to defend their communities by requiring vaccines and masks … all on the principle that no authority should have the right to tell a sovereign citizen what to do. Plato saw it all coming. Meanwhile, for 27 years, 14-year-olds struggled to outwit the wily old Plato. A few weary kids surrendered. “You’re right,” some of them said. “I give up. You win.” To my Platonic converts, I’d write back with enthusiasm. “Glad to have your support,” Plato’d say. “Let’s go to work. Please list what freedoms the people no longer deserve to have.” There were no takers. Personally, I can’t stand Plato, but if he’s right, there will be a tyrant waiting in our future at whose feet we will, like a band of addicts, lay down everything worth having. We’re almost there now.
After months of isolation, Zoom calls, and Amazon deliveries, it is no wonder that people want to escape the ‘new normal’. The anxiety and boredom that comes with being trapped inside can be alleviated in a number of ways, but my personal favourite is through dreams. Whether you are dreaming in sleep or during the day, this form of escapism can transport you to the furthest reaches of the earth and the darkest depths of the ocean. But can dreaming do more harm than good? We all know what it is like to be immersed in a new novel or TV show: the world outside fades away until you are left with your imagination. It can be incredibly jarring when you are ripped out of this fiction and forced to face the real world. Dreams seem to straddle this boundary between fiction and reality, often informed by real life or perhaps made to help us cope with it. Edgar Allan Poe recognises this in his poem ‘A Dream within a Dream’. The dreamer is so caught up in his mind that he struggles to grasp reality. He is shown standing on a wind-swept beach desperately trying to hold onto grains of sand. But no matter what he does the sand continues to creep through his fingers. It is not clear whether the grains represent passing time, the dreamer’s grip on reality, or something entirely different, but their formlessness prompts him to ask a very important question: “Is all that we see or seem but a dream within a dream?” Although this isn’t a particularly practical question, in the real world it has been posed and investigated through the works of many artists. In the 1999 movie The Matrix, for instance, we are shown what can happen when someone completely loses touch with reality. Rather than being used as a cliched ending, the idea that everything is simply a dream is placed at the crux of the movie. In this dystopian world, humanity has been reduced to an energy source, living batteries used by the machines that have taken over the earth. In order to hide from this horrible truth, they live inside a computer-generated world that looks much like our own. In this movie mundane life is the comforting fantasy from a horrific fantasy. Before the protagonist Neo discovers the truth for himself, the audience is given clues that suggest his world is all a dream. The man he seeks, the man who can enlighten him, is Morpheus, named after the Greek god of dreams and sleep. Much like this deity, he has the power to leave people sleeping in blissful ignorance or wake them up. However, it is the intertextual references to Lewis Carrol’s novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland that suggest that Neo’s so-called ‘reality’ is a childish dream. Neo is told to follow the white rabbit, wake up from wonderland and see how far down the rabbit hole goes.This image of the rabbit hole is particularly powerful and recurs in many discussions about dreams. In Carrol’s book itself no one knows just how far down it goes. When Alice falls, she goes “down and down”, falling for so long that she wonders if it will ever end, after many hours even believing that she “must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth”. In common parlance, “down the rabbit hole” has come to mean losing touch with reality when engrossed in an all-consuming idea. It is inextricably linked to nonsense, dreams and fantasy itself. What we are seeing is art commenting on itself. Cinema and literature, in particular, are regularly used as a form of escapism. When they begin to reveal dreams within dreams, they show us how easily reality and fiction can be confused in our minds. Although The Matrix and Alice in Wonderland are themselves works of fiction, they force us not only to consider Edgar Allan Poe’s question but to ask another one as well: if “all that we see or seem” is but a dream, do we really want to wake up and discover the truth? Artwork by Rachel Jung Thank you!
Elm tree Watering the elm tree Elm watering is one of the most important parts of plant care. The number of times a tree needs to be watered depends on different reasons, such as its species, the time of year it is located, the size of the tree, the soil it is planted in, and the climate. One of the fundamental things when having an elm is to learn to observe it, and thus understand when it needs to be watered. For example, if the soil is dry it is better to wet the plant; to understand it, just feel with your fingers to check the state of the ground. It is advisable not to wet the plants following patterns, but to observe before acting. The soil mixture used is also fundamental; usually a soil formed by akadama and fine gravel is used, but if you use a mixture that retains more water, using more soil, it will be possible to wet the elm less. It is also advisable not to water the elm during the afternoon, after the soil has been heated by the sun, as it would cool down too quickly with the water. Caring for the elm Taking care of an elm is not easy, as its characteristics are particular. The elm is a plant that has a gray bark, with a smooth enough surface for younger trees; the older elms have a dark brown color and the bark shows noticeable cracks. Elms therefore have a very large structure, but are elegant, in fact they are used as ornaments, both isolated and accompanied by other trees, with the main purpose of treeing avenues in large gardens and green spaces. The foliage of the elm is wide and elegant and can reach a width of about 10 meters. If you decide to buy an elm, it is advisable to keep it in a mild place, it would be ideal and appropriate to keep it indoors. inside an environment with a temperature between 15 and 20 degrees. However, it also resists very well to cold climates and winds. Fertilization of the elm Fertilizing the elm is another key moment. It is necessary to fertilize on a regular basis, especially during the development and growth season, as only in this way will the right nutrients be brought directly to the soil. It is best to fertilize the plant during the whole season, ie from early spring until autumn. The main elements of fertilizers are three elements: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and each has different purposes. Nitrogen develops the growth of leaves and stems, phosphorus contributes to healthy and good root growth and potassium helps the growth of fruits and flowers. During the spring season it is better to use a fertilizer rich in nitrogen, in the summer it is advisable to use more balanced fertilizers, and for the Elm tree: Diseases of the elm Elm diseases are different. It often happens that the elm is attacked by a dangerous fungus, which causes the loss of its leaves and the consequent death of the branches of the plant. The fungus is called “Ophiostoma ulmi” and causes the “graphiosis” of the elm, which affects the plant inside, even if it is not visible externally; to be precise, the fungus affects the lymphatic vessels of the plant, blocking the transmission of the phloem in the plant and also of water. This lack will then be noticed on the leaves, which will deteriorate and turn yellow, until they dry out and then die with the whole plant. The fungus is attacked by a beetle, the bark beetle, which lives inside the bark of the elm, in which it digs tunnels. To prevent this disease, it is more important to aim at prevention, to limit its spread. The treatment of the sick plants consists in the elimination of the infected parts, through the removal of the zones attacked by the fungus. The diseased parts must be burned, while the tools used for pruning must be disinfected. Related posts Deja una respuesta Botón volver arriba
The Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary A spin-off (or spinoff) is a new organization or entity formed by a split from a larger one such as a new company formed from a university research group. Spin-offs include a dissenting faction of a membership organization , a sect of a cult, a denomination of a church, a diversified branch of a large corporation, or a start-up company formed by members of a research group at a university. In business, a spin-off is essentially the opposite of a merger. In computing, a spin-off of a software project is often called a fork. The term is also used for concepts or products spun off a research project, for example methods or materials pioneered during the Manhattan Project or during the Space Race. The process of deriving new radio or television programs from existing ones is also referred to as spinning off (see list of television spin-offs). Spin-offs work with varying degrees of success. Some become very popular and last for a number of seasons, others are not well received and have considerably shorter life spans. AfterMASH is an example of a spin-off that is not well received. Before the final season of MASH the main cast voted as to whether or not to continue the series. The final vote was 4-3. William Christopher, Jamie Farr, and Harry Morgan wanted to continue work on MASH. After the 11th season, they began work on AfterMASH. It lasted two seasons, with 30 episodes. Without those cast members and writers who made the original TV show successful, AfterMASH was never as popular as the original. Star Trek: The Next Generation is an example of a popular spin-off. It was a spin-off of the original Star Trek television series and movies. Many fans consider The Next Generation to be the pinnacle of the franchise. Frasier is one of most popular spin-off series of all time, based on the character Dr. Frasier Crane from the American sitcom Cheers. The series ran for eleven seasons. Some consider The Simpsons to be a spin-off, as it features characters that originally appeared in brief comic sketches on The Tracey Ullman Show. The show, launched in 1989, remains on the air and is the longest-running cartoon series of all time. Civilian goods which are the result of military or governmental research are also known as spinoffs. See also
Understanding migrane Understanding migrane Have you ever experienced a severe throbbing pain in your head which at times hampers your daily routine? You could have been suffering from one of the most common neurological disorders that manifests itself in the form of pulsing sensations of varying intensity usually limited to one side of the head. A migraine headache that is usually preceded by classic warning symptoms are triggered by certain food and drink, physical or mental stress and at times hormonal changes. Simply put, a migraine is a neurological condition that causes debilitating headaches and is accompanied by symptoms like nausea, difficulty in speech, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. It is often more commonly diagnosed in women but can affect all age groups. What does a migraine attack feel like? The severity of an episode of migraine can range from a dull throbbing headache to a point where the person cannot function any longer and perform daily activities. It is important to note that all headaches cannot be termed as migraines, since the pain associated with a migraine can be very distinct. While migraines differ from person to person, a typical migraine can at times last for a few hours to a couple of days. These severe types of headaches are accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. A general headache would usually be resolved with some water or an over-the-counter pain relief medication, which would not work in the case of a full-blown migraine. How are migraines diagnosed? Migraines can be diagnosed based on case history and by ruling out similar conditions. Apart from the history of the patient, family history is another risk factor for developing migraines. The exact cause of migraines is still unknown but medically they are thought to be caused due to certain abnormal brain activity that temporarily alters nerve signals and chemicals in the brain. There is no particular test for the diagnosis of migraines but identifying the pattern of recurring headaches coupled with the observed symptoms can aid in the clinical diagnosis of a migraine. The Neurological Department at Fortis Kalyan has a team of dedicated doctors who are adept in the diagnosis and treatment of migraines. A typical physical examination with the team would include checking your vision, sensations, reflexes and coordination. These steps are extremely useful in eliminating other possible underlying causes of the reported symptoms. The symptoms of a migraine Most people who have experienced a migraine at some point or the other in their life, describe it as an excruciating headache that occurs on one side of the head. Many of the commonly observed symptoms begin to occur a day or two before the actual headache itself. This is known as the prodrome stage. These symptoms could be depression, food cravings, irritability, or fatigue. Another type of migraine occurs after the prodrome stage with an aura. The occurrences of these auras could cause disruptions in your vision, movement and speech. This could lead to difficulty in speech, tingling sensation in the face, arms or legs, flashes or bright spots in the vision and in more severe cases, temporary loss of vision. The stage after the prodrome stage is the attack phase which is the most severe part of the migraine. This phase lasts from a few hours to a few days and can intensify the symptoms. The postdrome phase, which occurs after the attack phase causes mood swings and a dull persisting headache. As the symptoms vary from person to person, the number of stages experienced can also vary with one or two being skipped. Treating a migraine A typical migraine usually lasts for about 4 hours but can persist for up to 72 hours or even a week in extreme cases. While migraines cannot be cured, they can be easily managed to reduce the severity of the attacks. The treatment plan usually depends on the age of the patient, frequency of the migraine attacks, type, and other preexisting medical conditions. The doctors at Fortis Hospital Kalyan usually recommend lifestyle adjustments like stress management, because it is one of the most common migraine triggers. Avoiding other triggers such as lack of sleep, hunger, alcohol, caffeine and lights and sounds goes a long way in controlling the frequency of migraines. Prescription migraine medication is another useful way to ease the symptoms and severity associated with a migraine attack. If you feel the symptoms of a migraine, try lying down in a quiet and darkroom and massage the sides of your head, placing a cold towel on your forehead or at the back of your neck will give you instant relief. Book Appointment Online Request An Appointment
Foto Credit: User:FA2010 who has kindly released to the Public Domain: Johann Joachim Kaendler: Apoll und die Musen auf dem Parnass, Porzellan; Meissen, um 1750, Museum für Angewandte Kunst Frankfurt am Main. File:Kaendler Apoll und die Musen makffm 03.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Περί Απόλλωνος κιθάριος Discussion of the words lýra and kithára Few people have actually seen an lyre, but everyone knows from pictures what a lyre looks like. This stringed musical instrument has its origin in our mythology and it has deep mystical meaning in Ællînismόs (Hellenismos, Ἑλληνισμός), the ancient Greek religion. In antiquity, we find another term, perhaps more commonly: kithára (cithara, κιθάρα) from which we have the modern word guitar. The kithára could be said to be a type of lýra (lura or lyre, λύρα) although there may have been a difference between the instruments. The lýra was the smaller of the two and had a somewhat different construction; the kithára was made of wood and was larger while the lýra had a sound-box made from a tortoise-shell. The lýra is precisely the type of instrument described in the Homeric hymn to Ærmís (Hermes, Ἑρμῆς), an invention of the God, yet at line 515 it is called a kithára. To reiterate, the hymn perfectly explains the construction of a lýra with a tortoise-shell, yet calls it a kithára, and this kithára was given by Ærmís to Apóllôn (Apollo, Ἀπόλλων). The Orphic hymn to Apóllôn at line 16 uses the word kithára, referring to the mystical qualities of his use of the instrument. According to Pafsanías (Pausanias, Παυσανίας), there was a tradition that Ærmís invented the lýra and that Apóllohn invented the kithára [1], but for the purposes of understanding the mystical nature of these instruments, particularly as they are both identified with Apóllôn, it is unnecessary to distinguish between them and we will use the terms interchangeably. The phórminx (φόρμιγξ) looks markedly like the kithára but had straighter, more elaborately carved arms and a curved bottom, where the kithára often had a flat bottom, the bottom here being that part of the instrument opposite to the arms. The kithára and the phórminx had strings up to seven in number. Another ancient instrument, the várvitos (barbitos, βάρβιτος), was larger and had longer arms than either the phórminx or the kithára and, therefore, must have been more of a bass instrument. The invention of the lýra The Homeric hymn to Ærmís gives us the mythology which explains why we have the lýra: "For it was Hermes who first made the tortoise a singer. The creature fell in his way at the courtyard gate, where it was feeding on the rich grass before the dwelling, waddling along. When he saw it, the luck-bringing son of Zeus laughed and said: 'An omen of great luck for me so soon! With joy I meet you! Where got you that rich gaud for covering, that spangled shell --- a tortoise living in the mountains? But I will take and carry you within: you shall help me and I will do you no disgrace, though first of all you must profit me. It is better to be at home: harm may come out of doors. Living, you shall be a spell against mischievous witchcraft; but if you die, then you shall make sweetest song.' " "Thus speaking, he took up the tortoise in both hands and went back into the house carrying his charming toy. Then he cut off its limbs and scooped out the marrow of the mountain-tortoise with a scoop of grey iron. As a swift thought darts through the heart of a man when thronging cares haunt him, or as bright glances flash from the eye, so glorious Hermes planned both thought and deed at once. He cut stalks of reed to measure and fixed them, fastening their ends across the back and through the shell of the tortoise, and then stretched ox hide all over it by his skill. Also he put in the horns and fitted a cross-piece upon the two of them, and stretched seven strings of sheep-gut. But when he had made it he proved each string in turn with the key, as he held the lovely thing. At the touch of his hand it sounded marvelously; and, as he tried it, the God sang sweet random snatches, even as youths bandy taunts at festivals." [2] Thus the mystical lýra has seven strings; Tǽrpandros (Terpander, Τέρπανδρος, 7th century BCE), the ancient poet and kitharôdós (kithára-player, κιθαρῳδός), is given credit for increasing the number of strings on the kithára from four to seven, but there are also mythological explanations, such as this one from the Poeticon astronomicon attributed to Hyginus: "...Mercury (ed. Ærmís), when he invented the lyre on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia, gave it seven strings, from the number of Atlas's daughters, of whom his mother, Maia was one." [3] The acquisition of the lýra by the God Apóllôn After Ærmís invents the lyre, next follows the charming story of the stealing of the cattle of Apóllôn followed by his apprehension by the God, presentation to Zefs for judgement, and their reconciliation. The two brothers exchange gifts: "(Hermes) held out the lyre; and Phoebus Apollo took it, and readily put his shining whip in Hermes' hand, and ordained him keeper of herds. The son of Maia received it joyfully, while the glorious son of Leto, the lord far-working Apollo, took the lyre upon his left arm and tried each string with the key. Awesomely it sounded at the touch of the God, while he sang sweetly to its note." [4] Thus we have the mythology whereby Apóllôn comes to possess the kithára. The lyre in the Orphic Hymn to Apóllôn "...the inventor of the blessings of music was not a man, but one graced with every virtue, the God Apollo. ... Thus music is in every way a noble pursuit, being an invention of the Gods." [5] In the Orphic hymn to Apóllôn we have these lines (15-26): παντός· σοὶ δ' ἀρχή τε τελευτή τ' ἐστὶ μέλουσα, παντοθαλής· σὺ δὲ πάντα πόλον κιθάρηι πολυκρέκτωι ἁρμόζεις, ὁτὲ μὲν νεάτης ἐπὶ τέρματα βαίνων, ἄλλοτε δ' αὖθ' ὑπάτην, ποτὲ Δώριον εἰς διάκοσμον πάντα πόλον κιρνὰς κρίνεις βιοθρέμμονα φῦλα, ἁρμονίηι κεράσας τὴν παγκόσμιον ἀνδράσι μοῖραν· μίξας χειμῶνος θέρεός τ' ἴσον ἀμφοτέροισιν, εἰς ὑπάταις χειμῶνα, θέρος νεάταις διακρίνας, Δώριον εἰς ἔαρος πολυηράτου ὥριον ἄνθος. ἔνθεν ἐπωνυμίην σε βροτοὶ κλήιζουσιν ἄνακτα Πᾶνα, θεὸν δικέρωτ', ἀνέμων συρίγμαθ' ἱέντα· οὕνεκα παντὸς ἔχεις κόσμου σφραγῖδα τυπῶτιν. For the origin and completion are both in your care, 15 The cause of the blooming of all things, with your resonant lyre you command the axis of the heavens, Placing all in harmony, by which, indeed, you advance to the lowest pitch, Elsewhere to the highest, at times playing in the Dorian mode, Tempering all the poles you keep the tribes of living creatures distinct, You have mingled harmony into the share of all mortal men, 20 Giving each an equal measure of winter and summer, The highest three strings in the winter, the lowest in the summer, The Dorian mode produces the lovely and blooming spring, Thereupon the mortals celebrate and call you lord and Pan, the two-horned God who sends the whistling winds, 25 Wherefore you form and bear the seal of the entire Kózmos. The Neoplatonist Thomas Taylor, comments on this section of the hymn: The lýra of Orphéfs "...and one may see among the stars the Lyre, its arms spread apart in heaven, with which in time gone by Orpheus charmed all that his music reached, making his way even to the ghosts of the dead and causing the decrees of hell to yield to his song. Wherefore it has honour in heaven and power to match its origin: then it drew in its train forests and rocks; now it leads the stars after it and makes off with the vast orb of the revolving sky." [8] "Next, with the rising of the (ed. constellation) Lyre, there floats forth from Ocean the shape of the tortoise-shell, which under the fingers of its heir gave forth sound only after death; once with it did Orpheus, Oeagrus' son, impart sleep to waves, feeling to rocks, hearing to trees, tears to Pluto, and finally a limit to death. Hence will come endowments of song and tuneful strings, hence pipes of different shapes which prattle melodiously, and whatever is moved to utterance by touch of hand or force of breath. The child of the Lyre will sing beguiling songs at the banquet, his voice adding mellowness to the wine and holding the night in thrall. Indeed, even when harassed by cares, he will rehearse some secret strain, tuning his voice to a stealthy hum; and, left to himself, he will ever burst into song which can charm no ears but his own. Such are the ordinances of the lyre..." [9] The above quotations from the ancient astrologer Marcus Manilius refer to the constellation Lýra and its effects in the affairs of the world. This grouping of stars was given this name by the astronomer Klávdios Ptolæmaios (Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος); he named the constellation after the famous singer and mystic of our religion, Orphéfs (Ὀρφεύς). The great Thæológos (Θεολόγος), as he is known, was given a lýra by Apóllôn [10] ; therefore, the lyre of Orphéfs is the lyre of Apóllôn. The conception of the lyre of Apóllôn above us in the heavens brings to mind other celestial ideas associated with the power of music and the mystical kithára, now associated with Orphéfs, the Apollonian soul who most exemplified his father. We have a note from a scholiast on Virgil which talks of the lyre of Orphéfs: "But some say that Orpheus' lyre had seven strings corresponding to the seven circles of heaven." [11] This would seem to refer to the divisions of the heavens, i.e., the sky, where it was believed that the divine beings dwelled, but the quotation goes on to say: "Varro says there was an Orphic book about summoning the soul, called the Lyre. It is said that souls need the cithara in order to ascend." [11] This would imply that the music of the kithára of Apóllôn has the ability to cause a transformation in the soul, enabling it to ascend or progress. In antiquity, it was generally believed that the earth was the center of the universe, but the idea was that our planet was the grossest part, not the most important. What was above the earth was not merely more elevated, but it was the realm of divine beings. The heavens were believed to produce musical tones and one means to access the divine was through music which is in harmony with these realms. This is described in a composition by Cicero known as the dream of Scipio, being a dream that Africanus is supposed to actually have experienced: " What is this loud and agreeable sound that fills my ears?" "That is produced," he replied, "by the onward rush and motion of the spheres themselves; the intervals between them, though unequal, being exactly arranged in a fixed proportion, by an agreeable blending of high and low tones various harmonies are produced; for such mighty motions cannot be carried on so swiftly in silence; and Nature has provided that one extreme shall produce low tones while the other gives forth high. Therefore this uppermost sphere of heaven, which bears the stars, as it revolves more rapidly, produces a high, shrill tone, whereas the lowest revolving sphere, that of the Moon, gives forth the lowest tone; for the earthly sphere, the ninth, remains ever motionless and stationary in its position in the centre of the universe. But the other eight spheres, two of which move with the same velocity, produce seven different sounds, ---a number which is the key of almost everything. Learned men, by imitating this harmony on stringed instruments and in song, have gained for themselves a return to this region, as others have obtained the same reward by devoting their brilliant intellects to divine pursuits during their earthly lives." [12] The important point being that the mystical lýra is not merely an instrument for pleasure and amusement, but that it has a deeper function: to enable the listener to access the divine and that this instrument is the possession of Apóllôn and Apollonian souls such as Orphéfs. [1] Ἑλλάδος Περιήγησις Παυσανίου, Book 5 Ἦλις 5.14.8. [2] Ὁμηρικὸς Ὕμνος 4 Εις Ἑρμῆν 25-55, trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White, 1914. [3] (pseudo) Hyginus Poeticon astronomicon 2.7, trans. Theony Condos, 1997. Found in the book entitled Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans: A Sourcebook, Phanes Press (Grand Rapids, MI), where this quotation may be found on p. 134. [4] Ibid. Ὁμηρικὸς Ὕμνος 4 Εις Ἑρμῆν 496-502, Evelyn-White, p. 399. [5] Ἠθικὰ Πλουτάρχου· 78 Περὶ μουσικῆς (On Music – De musica) [pseudo-Plutarch] Section 14, trans. Benedict Einarson and Phillip H. De Lacy, 1967. Found in the volume entitled Plutarch's Moralia XIV, Loeb Classical Library 428, Harvard Univ. Press (Cambridge, MA) and William Heinemann (London), where this quotation may be found on pp. 383-385. [6] Orphic Hymn to Apóllôn lines 15-26, trans. by the author of this essay. [7] Thomas Taylor in The Hymns of Orpheus, 1792. [8] Marcus Manilius Astronomica 324-330, trans. G. P. Goold, 1977, Loeb Classical Library 469, Harvard Univ. Press (Cambridge, MA) and William Heinemann (London), p. 31. [10] (pseudo)-Hyginus Poeticon astronomicon 2.7. [11] Found in The Orphic Poems by M. L. West, 1983, Clarendon Press - Oxford, where this quotation may be found on p. 30. Prof. West states that it is known from a scholium on Virgil discovered in a Paris manuscript in 1925 and regarding the quotation, he makes this reference: J. J. Savage, TAPA 56 (1925), 229 ff. Not in Kern. [12] Cicero De Re Publica 6.18, trans. C. W. Keyes, 1928. We are using the 1977 edition, Loeb Classical Library 213, Harvard Univ. Press (Cambridge, MA) and William Heineman (London), where this quotation may be found on pp. 271-273. The story of the birth of the Gods: Orphic Theogony. How do we know there are Gods? Experiencing Gods. The story of the birth of the Gods: Orphic Theogony. Pronunciation of Ancient Greek Transliteration of Ancient Greek Pronouncing the Names of the Gods in Hellenismos For more information: For answers to many questions: Hellenismos FAQ © 2010 by All Rights Reserved. Web Analytics
The First Strawberries This The First Strawberries lesson plan also includes: Young scholars explore Cherokee legends. They read The First Strawberries by Joseph Bruchac, and then do several activities to help comprehension. They discuss the book and answer comprehension questions. In addition, they retell the story using puppets, graph their favorite berry, and discuss forgiveness. 76 Views 113 Downloads
Sudo nopasswd: How to run commands as root without a password? Sudo Nopasswd in Linux This article is a brief overview of what Sudo nopasswd is and how to run commands on Linux as a sudo user without having to enter your password every time. Sudo (superuser do) command in Linux lets a user run a command as the root by entering your password . However, if you are the only person using the system and require to run commands as the root user, again and again, entering the password every time could get a bit tedious. In this tutorial we will see how we can run commands as the root user without having to type in the password. A word of caution, be careful who you grant this power to cause as they say, with power comes responsibility. The way to do this is really simple. You just have to make an addition to the /etc/sudoers file. The /etc/sudoers file controls who can run what commands as what users and can also control special things such as whether you need a password for particular commands. 1. Open /etc/sudoers for editing First, we need to edit the suoders file. You can manually edit the file by entering the path /etc/sudoers or edit it with the visudo command which will automatically open the file in your default command-line editor as root. In my case, the default is set to nano editor: $ sudo visudo This will open a screen that looks like: Visudo 1 2. Modify the file To grant the permission to run commands as root users without the need of entering the password, add the following line at the end. User Nopasswd After making the change, exit and save the changes. To exit press Cntrl +X. Then press ‘Y” to save the changes. 3. Take it for a test run! Let’s see if our little change gave our user the password-free root access. I gave the sudo nopasswd access to a user named Jayant. To test it out first switch to the user and try running a command with sudo. Sudo User It runs without asking for password. That’s it for this tutorial. This little hack can come in handy and save you from the redundant act of entering the password each time you run a command as the root user. Make sure that you take a backup of the /etc/sudoers file if necessary before making changes to it.
What Can I Expect During Speech Therapy? Oct 10 \| , , , , If you’re looking to schedule your first visit with a speech therapist, you might be curious about what will happen during a session. With the popularity of recent Oscar winning film, “The King’s Speech,” some may have misconceptions about the techniques and methodologies of an average speech therapist. According to Health Guidance, speech therapy has progressed monumentally in recent history, much due to therapists having the ability to collaborate via the Internet and raised awareness of speech ailments. With that said, working with a speech therapist for the first time depends on what problems a person is having when speaking, and therapy methods vary from individual to individual. Basic types of speech ailments In general, speech impairments can be divided into three categories, according to the National Institutes of Health. The first is articulation disorders, which involves challenges in speaking clearly in a way that can be interpreted by others. The second is a matter of disfluency, which involves problems with speech patterns. A common example of disfluency is a stutter. Voice disorders are the third category of speech impairment and involve issues such as volume and pitch. The NIH notes that voice disorders are caused by problems when air passes from the lungs through the vocal cords and out the mouth and nose. Voice disorders can be caused by a number of external health problems such as throat cancer or acid reflux. Speech therapy techniques Articulation exercises is one of the most common types of speech therapy. Articulation techniques generally involve a speech therapist working with a patient to teach them how to pronounce certain sounds and syllables with which they may be struggling. Therapists may demonstrate visually how various sounds are annunciated. Speech therapists can cater these activities for different age groups, using appropriate techniques for children at different stages of maturity. One technique often used is training is encouraging the patient to speak in slow motion, according to Health Guidance. Slowing down speech allows the therapist to work on various aspects of articulation. Language intervention is another common therapy strategy, which involves encouraging patients, specifically children, to speak more often. If speech impairment is caused by a physical issue, therapists may implement a regimen of oral motor therapy. Essentially, mouth exercises designed to strengthen muscles that contribute to speech. These various techniques are used by speech therapists depending on a patient’s speech impairment and goals. This article is brought to you by PREFERRED Therapy Providers Inc. PREFERRED is the nation’s leading payor management services network. Our expertise is working with physical, occupational and speech therapy practices – from single clinics to multiple clinic locations.
Introduction to Cyber Security that is CPD Approved CPD Certified Provider of Training Excellence Training Approved by Skills for Care Employees, managers and directors should all have a good understanding of the threat posed by cyber-attacks and the importance of guarding against data breaches. This short course will explain why cyber-attacks and data breaches happen and provide practical advice on how to set up effective defences. First, the course will identify potential 'cyber threat actors' who initiate cybercrime, along with looking at the main motivations behind cyber-attacks on individuals and organisations. On a more practical level, you'll learn how to recognise and deal effectively with phishing attempts. The course will highlight the importance of keeping passwords secure and cover security for devices, such as smartphones, laptops, tablets or desktop computers. You'll learn how to report a suspected cyber-attack, and what to do if you genuinely make a mistake. Finally, we'll underline the importance of cooperation and show how working closely together helps overcome a wide range of cybersecurity issues. Training staff in cyber security is vital to protect your business from these ever-present online threats. CPD approval means that this course can be used by those that need to prove they are continually developing themselves. • Employees at all levels of an organisation • Cyber Security - An Overview • Combatting Cyber Attacks Why do I need accredited training courses? What is CPD and why is having Certified CPD important? Do I receive a certificate after completing your online training? Can I take this course virtually online with a real instructor? Are your courses Endorsed? What training courses do you offer and how are they delivered? Need a quote for your company?
Hockey Drill Demonstration The player with the ball passes the ball square to the other attacking player. Upon receiving the ball player 2 runs laterally across the defender, staying just out of reach. In the meantime player 1 has to run diagonally into the space behind the defender. Player 2 has two options they can pass the ball into the space behind the defender for player 1 to run onto or player 2 can keep the ball and continue to run past the defender. Player 2 can pass at any time and must run to be available for the return pass from player 1. Coaching points To begin with you can make the defender in this drill passive. As your players become more confident on the ball in this overload drill increase the role of the defender - making your attackers work hard to make the numbers work to their advantage. Average rating Drill tags: movement, moving for the ball, off the ball, running, support The Drill is often used with 2 vs 1Scoring on the breakHockey Drills Coaching
Archives - Antivirus Definition What are social networking sites? Understand man-in-the-middle attacks This type of attack involves someone secretly altering what seems like a direct exchange between two parties. A classic example is someone stealing information from a user connected to a public Wi-Fi network. One way to fend off such attacks is by using a virtual private network to shield your connection. What is File Sharing? File sharing is the practice of disseminating or providing access to digital media, such as software programs, media (video, audio & images), or documents. File sharing may be achieved in a number of ways. Common methods storing and sharing include manual distribution using removable media, servers on computer networks, links on the web and peer-to-peer […] What are file sharing services? Cloud based files syncing and sharing services implement automated file transfers by updating files from a dedicated sharing folder on each user’s networked devices. Files placed in this directory also are usually accessible through a website and mobile app. Making it easy to share files with other users for viewing or collaboration. Many of these […] What is Wardriving? The broadcast range of a wireless access point can make internet connections available outside your home, even as far away as your street. Savvy computer users know this, and some have made a hobby out of driving through cities and neighborhoods with a wireless-equipped computer—sometimes with a powerful antenna— searching for unsecured wireless networks. This […] What is a social engineering attack?
Host an Event Volunteer Join Tickets Support the plant database you love! Q. Who is Mr. Smarty Plants? Ask Mr. Smarty Plants Search Smarty Plants See a list of all Smarty Plants questions Need help with plant identification, visit the plant identification page. rate this answer 10 ratings Wednesday - October 31, 2007 From: Bethesda, MD Region: Mid-Atlantic Topic: Rare or Endangered Plants Title: Why is endangered Sandplain Gerardia (Agalinis acuta) helpful in the environment Answered by: Nan Hampton My son is doing a report on endangered plants in Maryland and was assigned the Sandplain Gerardia. On-line we have been able to find much of the information we need for his report. However, there is one question we have not been able to find the answer to: Why is the species helpful in the environment? You have doubtless seen all the online reports about Sandplain Gerardia (Agalinis acuta) that I could cite here (e.g., from New York, Massachusetts, Maryland). The question you ask is very interesting and isn't answered specifically in any of these. The answer is likely that Sandplain Gerardia isn't "helpful" in any significant way in the environment, but it is rare and its numbers are declining. If it is completely exterminated, the environment is less diverse by one species. Additionally, the extinction of one species may significantly affect other species in the same ecosystem, setting off a cascade of effects. The question you ask is closely tied to the question: "Why save endangered species—why go to the expense and effort to save species that don't show any obvious benefit to us or the environment?" The preamble to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 states that endangered species of fish, wildlife, and plants "are of aesthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people." It could be argued that Sandplain Gerardia is aesthetically pleasing, (i.e., beautiful), that it has some scientific or medicinal benefit as yet unknown, or it is significant in that it's disappearance is an indicator of environmental quality in the areas where it once thrived. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation has a very good discussion of "Why Save Endangered Species?". There is also an exposition of this question at The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service also publishes a comprehensive, illustrated booklet, "Why Save Endangered Species?", available online in PDF format. More Rare or Endangered Plants Questions How rare is the Devil's Cigar Fungus (Chorioactis geaster)? view the full question and answer Wide appearance of Texas Bluebells in Hillsboro TX view the full question and answer Starting Venus Flytrap From Seed view the full question and answer Research on decline of Quercus hinckleyi February 20, 2007 - I am doing a research project on the Hinckley's Oak (Quercus hinckleyi) and am in need of statistical data regarding the decline of this plant. I have been unable to find any data in this area. Any s... view the full question and answer Information about pink milkwort (Polygala incarnata) view the full question and answer
Guide to Microcephaly: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Methods, Life Expectancy, and Pictures Dr. Suresh Kumar lives in India and enjoys writing about medical topics. A side-view illustration of a baby with microcephaly (left) compared to a baby with a typical head size. What is Microcephaly? Microcephaly (my-kroh-SEF-uh-lee) is a rare neurological condition. The name means "small head." When comparing an infant with microcephaly to a normal infant of the same age and gender, the circumference of the head is significantly smaller. This condition can be present at birth, a sign that brain did not develop properly in the womb, or appear when the child is a few years old. In the latter instance, the brain stops growing normally. Generally, children with microcephaly have reduced life expectancies and poor brain function, though in 15 percent of cases children grow normally both mentally and physically. The primary symptom of microcephaly is a smaller-than-average skull. If the microcephaly is severe, the child may also have a forehead that slopes backward. A microcephalic child may also have: • High-pitched cry • Reduced appetite • Severe developmental impairment • Short stature • Seizures • Delayed motor functions • Delayed speech • Balance and coordination difficulties • Facial distortions • Hyperactivity • Other neurological and brain abnormalities Some suffering from microcephaly have heads that grow beyond what is normally expected, but they will still have smaller heads that a person who is not suffering from the condition. Diagnosing Microcephaly Microcephaly can be diagnosed before birth using a prenatal ultrasound. After birth, the physician will measure the distance around the top of the baby's head, called the circumference, which is then compared to others of the same age and sex using the standardized growth chart. This condition is most often caused by genetic abnormalities interfering with the growth of the cerebral cortex during the first few months of pregnancy. Babies may also be born with microcephaly if their mother abused drugs or alcohol or became infected with a cytomegalovirus, rubella (German measles), varicella virus (chicken pox), or Zika virus during pregnancy. It is also possible for the condition to occur if the mother was exposed to certain toxic chemicals or had untreated phenylketonuria, which is a harmful buildup of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood, during pregnancy. When contracted through a virus, such as the Zika virus, there is often widespread tissue and cell damage that leads the brain to shrink. There are a few other conditions that can also cause microcephaly: • Craniosynostosis: The premature fusing of joints between bony plates that form an infant's skull. Treatment usually involves surgery to separate the fused bones. If there are no underlying problems in the brain, this surgery allows the brain adequate space to grow and develop. • Severe malnutrition • Chromosomal abnormalities: Microcephaly is often associated with neurometabolic syndrome, Down’s syndrome, and other chromosomal syndromes. A baby with microcephaly during a physical therapy session in Brazil. A baby with microcephaly during a physical therapy session in Brazil. Aside from surgery to treat fused skeletal bones, there is no known cure for microcephaly. Treatments focus on managing the neurological disabilities and deformities associated with the condition. Depending on the child and the severity of the case, treatment will usually consist of supportive therapies. This type of therapy helps the child reach their full potential. Also, occupational therapy can help microcephalic children develop speech and physical coordination. Another option is taking medicine to help control hyperactivity, neuromuscular, and/or seizure symptoms. Life Expectancy Individuals with microcephaly may live a normal life span. In severe cases, however, babies born with the condition die in infancy. Nabeel Arshad on July 08, 2017: Hi.. my son is 4 years old and he has small head size ...his activities are same like normal baby.. butt he is slow from his age and don't speech in like others.... I want to get information about any school in us where he can get admission and speech and learner.... help me plz I am from pakistan Irma on March 15, 2017: I have a 45 years old niece. That has a fibroid in the uterus. Surgeon afraid to do surgery. Is there any surgeon that deals with this kind of issues.? Thanks! Naz on January 29, 2017: My daughter is born with zika virus and she have a small head ...I met with nerology and they say her brain is badly damage n she will not be able to walk or talk. I am worried n so stress about it I would love to get more advice about this case what can be don't and what will be the out come of her I cry all the time . Pls help Sardonic on December 21, 2016: Put the misqito head babies to sleep in the womb! Do not let them live outs in the open air for more misquetos to bite! And transfer this horrible bowels of hell demon! Apocalypse and the new form of dwarfism goody goody! Nope but the hands of god doing it! Himself! Demons of the Apocalypse! Jay Huffaker on May 10, 2016: I question the association of Down's syndrome with microcephalic and gestational diabetes being a cause for microceohaly Related Articles
Question: How is stone Age calculated? What is the difference between the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age? The Old Stone Age is considered as the oldest period of human existence where stones were first used as tools. The New Stone Age, on the other hand, shows a much more advanced way of lifestyle of people with advanced stone tools and permanent settlements. Which means Old Stone Age? Paleolithic Period Paleolithic Period, also spelled Palaeolithic Period, also called Old Stone Age, ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. (See also Stone Age.) Which lasts longer Paleolithic or Neolithic? The first difference is the time frame. The Paleolithic Age lasted from about 2.5 million to 8,000 BCE, while the Neolithic Age lasted from approximately 8,000-3,000 BCE, in some areas of the world. Why the age is called Stone Age? It is called the Stone Age because it is characterised by when early humans, sometimes known as cavemen, started using stone, such as flint, for tools and weapons. They also used stones to light fires. These stone tools are the earliest known human tools. Write us Find us at the office Give us a ring Hawkins Parolisi +18 246 478 424 Mon - Fri, 10:00-19:00 Say hello
We stay in a culture that advertises consuming fast food, avoiding dishes, taking supplements, drinking sodas, snacks, as well as anything else we can think about to make food preference great. This can cause lots of illness consisting of weight problems, high cholesterol, diabetic issues, heart problem, and also various other serious wellness problems. Nonetheless, if you want to remain healthy as well as appreciate life, you require to start eating healthy food. A healthy eating plan can assist you lose weight, boost your fitness, and stop several other conditions as well as ailments. A healthy diet regimen is merely a diet plan which assists keep or improve basic wellness. Particularly, a healthy diet supplies the body with necessary nutrients: vitamins, minerals, and also trace elements. The body requires food choices that are high in calories but reduced in fat, sugar, salt, or hydrogenated fat. Picking to eat healthy and balanced methods clearing up food options that will give the essential vitamins and nutrients. Many healthy foods originate from plants as well as fruits and also contain a wide array of nutrients consisting of vitamins, minerals, and anti-oxidants. Fruits and vegetables are likewise great sources of fiber as well as protein, which can aid food digestion and weight-loss. Veggies as well as fruits are a huge part of a healthy and balanced food plan. They provide vital nutrients, along with fibers, carbs, proteins, and also unsaturated fats. In addition, vegetables include one of the most water, that makes them a superb source of energy and nutrients for day-to-day living. It’s difficult trying to live without vegetables and also fruits in your daily meals; therefore, you need to think about making some healthy food options and also integrating them right into your eating strategy. To start, you need to create a healthy food selections checklist. Eating habits are typically established with very early childhood years, given that a lot of children have actually established a regular consuming pattern by the time they reach adolescence. Nevertheless, healthy and balanced eating patterns can be affected by social factors, such as the way food is presented in America or the types of foods preferred by stars. For that reason, you should take into consideration social standards when creating your healthy and balanced food choices lists. When selecting healthy food, choose foods reduced in saturated fat, salt, cholesterol, and trans fat. Healthy and balanced food choices must also be reduced in salt, refined sugar, as well as other harmful ingredients. Nuts, whole grains, fruits and vegetables are great choices for healthy and balanced food selections. When purchasing or preparing healthy and balanced food, keep in mind to include great deals of nutrient-rich nuts, whole grains, fresh veggies, as well as lean meats. These nutrient-rich foods are great choices for a balanced diet plan, which includes a mix of various sorts of nutrients for a selection of dietary demands. Developing a healthy eating pattern and making healthy food choices are important components of a healthy and balanced lifestyle. Transforming your food options can have a favorable effect on your wellness and add to a healthy weight management. Healthy eating permits you to live longer and gives you a lot more power to appreciate life. You can lose weight and enhance your health, with a healthy and balanced food routine. With a little effort, you can make healthy food options as well as enjoy tasty dishes throughout the day without counting calories or consuming over nourishment facts. Healthy and balanced food is just a diet regimen which aids maintain or enhance general wellness. To qualify as a healthy food, a food should satisfy the following problems: it must be able to provide nutrients needed by the human body; the nutrients it has must be of an ample amount and also quality; it needs to not cause raised calorie consumption; it needs to be an excellent resource of healthy protein, carbohydrates, as well as fat. Healthy food provides the body with vital nutrients: micronutrients, macronutrient, liquid as well as sufficient food power. In this short article we will certainly review some healthy foods as well as healthy and balanced food recipes. As specified above, a healthy food offers a sufficient degree of macronutrient, fluid as well as energy. The idea of healthy and balanced food choices can be separated into two primary categories: those foods that are thought about harmful and those that are considered to be healthy yet are actually not healthy and balanced in the long-term. Overfeeding on unhealthy foods is not good for overall wellness because it depletes needed nutrients and increases calorie consumption. Thus, people that overfeed on non-nutritious foods may deal with various conditions consisting of diabetic issues and also cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, overfeeding on junk foods leads to weight gain as well as obesity. The trouble is aggravated if such dishes are made by a person whose nutritional behavior is made up primarily of junk food as well as convenience food. Under these scenarios, the basic quality of life is reduced due to the fact that such dishes deplete needed nutrients in a short time period, which consequently, deplete the source of power and food focus causing weight gain. The most effective sort of healthy and balanced food is plant-based food due to the fact that it includes crucial nutrients needed for human consumption. It should consist of complicated carbohydrates such as whole grain breads, pastas and cereals, fruits and vegetables which give B vitamins, calcium, as well as potassium. Eating healthy and balanced food is very important in reducing possibilities of getting heart problem, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, and other conditions. Veggie oils, sugar, salt, butter, etc., ought to be prevented as long as possible. It is suggested to consume more and healthier foods such as fruits, vegetables, vegetables, and also nuts that provide B vitamins, folic acid, iron, and also various other minerals. A healthy and balanced diet includes consuming foods rich in fiber such as entire grains, eco-friendly leafy vegetables, beans, pulses, onions, garlic, and so on. Vegetables and fruits are likewise a vital part of a healthy and balanced diet. It is advisable to add some flavors like ginger, turmeric, garlic, black pepper, etc., to boost the taste of these food products. foods for healthy gastric bypass Junk food options include consumption of undesirable fats, high calorie foods, and sweetened drinks such as drinks consisting of sugar, honey, maple syrup, and so on. All these things enhance total blood cholesterol degrees. High blood cholesterol degrees are risk variables for creating heart problem, stroke, and numerous types of cancers. There is a need for individuals to understand the web link between cholesterol, hydrogenated fat, and also obesity. In order to reduce the dangers of creating heart disease, it is advisable to minimize complete saturated fat consumption, including margarine, butter, fried foods, etc., and rise consumption of unsaturated fat. An ideal diet regimen needs to contain a minimum of 60% of saturated fat, 30% of healthy protein, and also 10 to twenty grams of fiber daily.
Kōrero: Extinctions Monitoring kākāpō (1 o 2) Monitoring kākāpō Kākāpō are unique, ground-dwelling parrots that were once widespread in New Zealand. With the introduction of predators such as rats, ferrets and cats, the species was heading rapidly towards extinction. In 2006 there were only 86 remaining birds, all on predator-free islands in southern New Zealand. This photograph, taken in the early 1980s, shows a radio transmitter being attached to a kākāpō named Tawbert, so he could be tracked for several years. Tawbert was one of the last known kākāpō in Fiordland, where none have been seen since 1987. Te whakamahi i tēnei tūemi Department of Conservation Reference: 10058005 Ngā whakaahua me ngā rauemi katoa o tēnei kōrero Te tuhi tohutoro mō tēnei whārangi: Richard Holdaway, 'Extinctions - New Zealand extinctions since human arrival', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/mi/photograph/13662/monitoring-kakapo (accessed 22 October 2021)
On Etymology Sticks and stones can indeed break bones, but words can also hurt, heal, invigorate and inspire. Fr. Lovasik said, “Kind words are a creative force, a power that concurs in the building up of all that is good, and energy that showers blessings upon the world.” The good Father was on to something there, it seems. Choosing the right word in a situation can sometimes make the difference between heal and hell. That is why word origins have always been a pet interest to this gentleman. Poe knew this, too. He wrote, “Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.” Their reality is manifest in their meaning, their origin, their birth. We are creatures of our society, prisoners of our language. We use words passed from our culture and heritage and often borrowed from others. Yet, in knowing which word to use correctly, our world can become almost limitless. “The limits of my language means the limits of my world,” Wittgenstein observed. A recent example of this came in the form of an American football game on the telly. The announcers waxed rhapsodic about a certain college team being a juggernaut. The word stuck a chord in my gray matter, and I leapt to my etymology dictionary to see where the word originated. This writer seriously doubts that the announcers, versed as they were in the sport in which they reveled, knew that they referenced a, “huge wagon bearing an image of the god Krishna,” when they called the team in crimson-lined jerseys a juggernaut. Yet, in the way in which sometimes happens to blind squirrels when they happen upon a nut, these jocular jocks lighted upon the perfect metaphor. The elephant-mascotted team they so described stood atop their particular level of American football as the Lord Krishna of that particular sport. A workable etymology dictionary exists online, but if one fancies a tangible copy of such, Mr. Bezos purveys these in his virtual shop daily: The Etymoligicon and The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Of course, a readable copy of the OED would suffice as well. This writer shall leave you with these two gentlemen–gentlemen who know much more about the power of words than he. First, Confucius: “Without knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know more.” Lastly, Socrates: “The beginning of wisdom is the definition of terms. Carry on. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
5 Powerful Ways to Help Kids Develop a Growth Mindset in Mathematics 5 Powerful Ways to Help Kids Develop a Growth Mindset in Mathematics “I’m just not good at math.” “I’m not a math person.” “I wasn’t born with the math gene.” Unfortunately, as a math educator, these phrases are all too familiar to me. Kids go through school and life being bombarded with messages that imply some people are good at math and some people aren’t. For some of us, math just “clicks.” But what if it doesn’t “click” for you right away? Well, you might as well give up. You’re just not a math person. The problem with these messages, whether stated or implied, is that they’re false. This “cultural baggage” we have towards math is not based on truth about how our brains are wired. It’s based on parents and teachers' years of misunderstanding or hating math and passing these negative attitudes and beliefs onto their children. However, the great news is more and more research is proving these messages false as we learn how our brains work and how math teaching styles can impact mindset and achievement. Why Having a Growth Mindset Towards Math is so Important? The more researchers study and adjust how teachers think about math and how it’s taught, the more evidence shows a link between a growth mindset and math success. We all want kids to feel confident and successful as they learn math. Kids who have a growth mindset about their math abilities perform better on standardized tests and are more engaged in the classroom. In her research article, Carol Dweck, “Mindsets and Math/Science Achievement,” delves deep into a variety of research studies that support this correlation. And although we see evidence for the advantages of a growth mindset, she also states, “Students who have a fixed mindset but who are well prepared and do not encounter difficulty can do just fine. However, when they encounter challenges or obstacles they may then be at a disadvantage.” And that’s precisely the problem. At one point or another, for every single one of us, math will become hard. For some, this might be in second grade when facing subtraction with regrouping. For others, it might not become hard until Calculus. Every child will face math obstacles at some point, and being prepared to face them with a growth mindset and a healthy attitude toward mathematics will give them the stamina to persevere and overcome the challenge. How can you Help Kids Develop a Growth Mindset in Math? Here are some practical ideas to get you started. growth mindset in math - big life journal 1. Teach Kids About the Brain’s Ability to Grow If necessary, first we need to change how kids view math and their math abilities. There are a lot of children who feel they are never going to be good at math, no matter how hard they try. By showing them how our brains work, we give them hope that their brain can grow and change, as they continue to study and explore mathematics. Here are some suggested activities: • For younger children, show fun YouTube videos like the Neuron Song to teach them about neuroplasticity. • For older children, show this brief clip from the BBC documentary ‘The Human Body’, which demonstrates how establishing new neural pathways between brain cells is like building a bridge to cross a ravine. • Take your kids or students through a free online course from Jo Boaler of Stanford University. This course will explain current brain research and present math in a way many have never seen or thought of before. In addition, research has shown students who take this course have more positive beliefs about math, are more engaged in math class, and perform better on standardized tests. • Have your children or students create their own Brain Poster (included in our Growth Mindset Printables Kit) and display their creation so it serves a reminder of the immense power of their brain. growth mindset grow brain poster 2. Model and Praise Mistakes as Opportunities for Brain Growth Another important aspect of developing a growth mindset is to view mistakes positively. Kids need to understand our brains learn more when we make mistakes. If we solve all the math homework problems correctly, we haven’t learned anything without any struggle. We haven’t stretched or strengthened our brains at all. According to Jo Boaler, in her book, “Mathematical Mindsets,” our brain responds to mistakes in one of two ways. First, through an ERN response, which is increased activity in our brain, which happens when there’s “a conflict between a correct response and an error.” The second is a Pe response, which occurs when the brain is consciously aware a mistake has been made. Amazingly, our brains spark and grow with an ERN response. We can stretch and grow our brain by making mistakes, even if we don’t realize it or work to correct it. How incredibly empowering it is to know this! To help kids see and value their mistakes, we can help them see mistakes for what they are: opportunities for brain growth. Here are some suggested activities: • Model mistakes in front of kids. Show them that you make mistakes too, and it’s a good thing. • Analyze mistakes together to see what and how we learn from them. A great example for classroom teachers is to incorporate “my favorite no”, which allows the whole class to discuss mistakes together and find the value in them. • Read together Mistakes That Worked by Charlotte Foltz Jones. • Create a mistake-welcoming home or classroom by decorating with inspiring posters and graphics. Use our “Our home is…” (or “Our classroom is…”) posters available in the Growth Mindset Printables Kit. • Have your child read the Mistakes Poem and display it someplace they can see it often (available in the Growth Mindset Printables Kit). mistakes poem - big life journal 3. Provide Rich, Open-Ended Math Tasks Although changing kids' attitudes towards math and the language they use is important, no real change or progress will be made if math continues to be taught the same way. Because math is often taught as a closed, fixed subject with one goal - get the right answer - kids are often afraid to make mistakes because it feels like a failure. Their only thought is to find that one correct solution, and when they don’t, they shut down and quit. But the truth is math is about so much more than getting the right answer. It’s about exploring big ideas, making connections, and learning to be creative problem-solvers. math problem solving-big-life-journal Instead of focusing on memorizing facts, or replicating mathematical procedures, parents and teachers need to provide rich and meaningful tasks that challenge kids to think outside the box. What does this look like? Well, as Jo Boaler says, meaningful math tasks combine the 5C’s: curiosity, connection making, challenge, creativity, and collaboration. 5 Cs Math - big life journal When presented with these types of tasks, kids are going to be more excited about math and more engaged in learning. Challenging kids to actually think about what they’re doing and WHY it works is more productive than merely completing 20 problems from a textbook. Here are some suggested activities: • Try out a variety of tasks from YouCubed with your kids. These tasks are completed by kids all over the world and spark a deeper love of math. Learn more about the week of inspirational math here. • Take traditional, closed problems and turn them into rich challenges. For example, your kids might be working on the problem, 18 x 5. This could be a straightforward problem with a single solution. But what if instead, you asked kids to solve it two different ways? Or to give a visual proof of their solution and explain their answer? • Use another engaging challenge from Boaler is the “four 4’s” task. This challenge asks kids (or parents and teachers) to find all the numbers from 1-20 using 4 fours and any mathematical operation. For example, 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16, 4 + 4 - 4 + 4 = 8, etc. After some basic operations, this challenge becomes a lot more difficult and engaging! • Raise the bar for kids who are finished with a given problem or task. One easy way to do this is to challenge them to create their own problem. Ask them to write a new similar question, but more difficult. This allows kids the chance to be creative and gets them excited to try and challenge their peers. As your kids work on math challenges, encourage them to use the 5-step problem-solving cards available in the Growth Mindset Activity Kit. activity kit problem solving guide - big life journal 4. Remove an Emphasis on Speed As I’ve already mentioned, kids often have the impression that math is about one thing and one thing only: getting the right answer quickly. But if learning and teaching math was only about getting the right answer, there would be no point in it, because calculators can do that work for us. Evidence shows timed math tests increase kids’ anxiety and hatred of math. The pressure of finishing within a time limit can be so stressful, some kids develop severe math anxiety, which stays with them all their lives. So instead of focusing on speed, focus on the process. Here are some suggested activities: • Teach kids the strategies they use, as well as how they talk about big mathematical ideas, are more important than the final answer. And tell them the world’s leading mathematicians often spend years focusing on ONE problem, proof or idea. • If you’re a classroom teacher, you can assign fewer math problems. When kids see a worksheet or assignment with 20 or 30 problems, they may be more inclined to find a way to get through it all quickly. But if instead you assign fewer problems and make sure they justify their answers or look for multiple solutions, they’re more likely to slow down and think about the process. • Replace a set of practice problems with reflective questions such as, “What was a big idea we learned about today?” or “What was something you struggled with today?” or “What mistake did you learn from today?” [source] • Use the growth mindset conversation starters to talk through their process and efforts at a dinner table or during a car ride (available in the Growth Mindset Printables Kit). growth mindset conversation starters kids students 5. Be Mindful of Your Own Attitude Towards Math Lastly, and probably most importantly, I want to encourage you to be especially mindful of your own views of math and the language you use to talk about it in front of your kids. Kids are watching and listening and learning from our example (whether we’re aware of it or not) and even subtle fixed mindset messages will come across to kids. Recently, authors of one research study concluded that mindset intervention is ineffective and a waste of money in math education. The problem with their research, however, is it ignores a key component to successful mindset intervention: the changes of a teacher and math teaching. If the only effort made is a change in language, such as using words like “yet” or “mistakes help our brain grow,” but the teacher’s mindset and teaching style don’t change, there will be no real change in kids. Instead, we have to see a trickle-down effect: it begins with parents and teachers changing their mindset towards math. This in turn affects how we talk about and present math to kids. This then changes kids’ mindsets from fixed to growth and begins to affect their achievement in math class and on standardized tests. Here are some suggestions for you: • Continue to learn and study the importance and impact of a growth mindset for yourself. This will not only help you to develop a growth mindset towards math but will be a powerful example to your kids as you show them how to persevere. • Spend time together as a family discussing some of the open math tasks shared above. You can learn new strategies together and have fun discussing big ideas. You’ll be spending quality time together and engaging in meaningful math learning at the same time! It’s a win-win. • If you’re concerned about your own mindset towards math, complete the free course from Jo Boaler. You may also like this free mini course for teachers on creating rich math tasks (even if you’re not a teacher). • Follow the free 4-week guide on How To Teach Growth Mindset to Kids, it provides specific examples of how to model growth mindset and teach it to your children. growth mindset 4 week guide - big life journal Given time and intentionality, even the most fixed mindsets towards math can be turned around, and the most struggling students can succeed, thrive and will love exploring mathematical ideas. 3 thoughts on “5 Powerful Ways to Help Kids Develop a Growth Mindset in Mathematics 1. avatar Nancy Talesfore says: I read jo book this summer and redid my whole math classroom with the mindset theme. I am thrill you have this theme going too. 2. avatar Nancy Talesfore says: I am thrill you have this theme going too. 3. avatar Nancy Talesfore says: I am thrill you have this theme going too. Leave a Reply
Can anyone imagine a world without computers today? Starting in the 1980s, most households invested in a machine that has considerably changed our lives since. What was your first computer? Well before the 1980s… The story of computing began at the end of the 1930s with the creation of the first calculators. They received a great deal of support from the military during the Second World War. All of the major powers dreamt of having a machine to encrypt messages or effortlessly calculate artillery trajectories. While some results were encouraging, we were still very far from the technology we use today. The first von Neumann architecture machines appeared in 1948. They’re famous because they were the first ones to use data in memory. They were quickly surpassed by second-generation machines. The latter were based on transistor technology and featured the first hard drives. In the 1950s, IBM began to sell them in large quantities, which at the time was over 10,000 units. That was a far cry from today’s volumes. The 1960s saw the appearance of integrated circuits and the first compatibility between computers. However, prices were high and the machines were very large. The first computers in the home Computers took a new direction in the 1970s. First, with the development of mini-computers and thanks to increased affordability. In 1973, it was possible to buy a Micral mini-computer for the price of a good laptop today. Programming evolved significantly and ushered in the era of the fourth-generation computer. Which is the one we’re in now. We all know what happened next! The Intel 8080 processor gave birth to the popular computers of the 1980s. The legendary Commodore 64, the first Amiga, the famous Apple Macintosh and the mythical Atari all entered our homes and gave birth to the first generations of geeks. Would you like to find your first computer or the games you loved when you were young? They’re for sale on Delcampe! Written by Héloïse Leave a Reply 1. Mein 1. Computer war ein Zuse Z64. Ohne Monitor. 2. Mine first was similar to the one at the left in the picture. Only the CPU was kept.
Skip to main content Southwest Airlines Community Emergency Descent! Not applicable Anytime you use the word “emergency” in the context of aviation, people get understandably concerned. A look at what happens during such an event reveals the planning and forethought that goes into aviation. And, as a good friend of mine likes to say, “With knowledge comes comfort.” In aviation, when a Pilot uses the word “emergency,” it is simply a message, a code word, to the Air Traffic Controller (ATC) that the Pilot has an issue that will require traffic priority. Just using the word as part of the call sign is an efficient way to “declare” that a situation exists on your aircraft that requires priority handling. Flights have “call signs” that identify them, like license plates on a car. For an airliner, the call sign is the flight number. When a Pilot on, say Southwest Flight #123, calls ATC with, “Center, Southwest 123 emergency, we are losing our cabin and need a descent to 10,000 feet,” ATC knows precisely what that flight needs. There are fewer situations more important to a Pilot than when the cabin pressure goes too high, requiring descent to a lower altitude swiftly and smoothly. And, to a controller who may have airplanes below the aircraft that must descend, getting those planes out of the way quickly and safely is the overriding issue that must be resolved to allow the aircraft in trouble to descend without delay. The “emergency descent” profile that a Pilot uses to expedite a descent is actually not much different than a normal descent. The nose is lowered and the speed brakes (spoilers on the wing) are raised to help the plane descend faster. This occurs routinely in normal operations when ATC starts the plane down late due to traffic below. The major difference is the Pilots fly a little bit faster, closer to their maximum allowable speed, to expedite the descent. The rush is to simply get the plane down where pressurization is not required (around 10,000 feet). The onboard oxygen canisters operate long enough to allow the plane to descend to where oxygen is plentiful in the thicker surrounding air, normally between 12,000 and 10,000 feet. Emergency descents are also used for medical inflight emergencies, when we have to get a Passenger on the ground quickly. Not applicable " ... when the cabin pressure goes too high, requiring descent to a lower altitude swiftly and smoothly." Perhaps you meant that the cabin altitude goes too high rather than the cabin pressure. Not applicable I would have thought cabin pressure too LOW would be the problem necessitating a reduction in altitude. Not applicable YOU ARE CORRECT!!! (DOH!) (SWA passengers are THE SMARTEST passengers in the air!!!) Free peanuts for you on all upcoming flights!!!! Ray Stark Not applicable can i have free peanuts too??? oh wait this awesome company sent me whole box full....just because i sent them an email! Not applicable RMSI road ambulances stationed in Kabul provide 24hr Emergency Response to numerous entities including the United Nations, USAID projects and a large variety of contractors across the greater Kabul area. RMSI also have dedicated ambulances based at numerous clinics across Afghanistan. Log on
I am so confused between concurrency vs parallelism in multi-core processors. If a concurrent process has many threads and if the processor is multi-core then can each thread run on multiple cores? If the answer is YES then multiple threads are running in parallel but the process is concurrent. How is it possible and where is the concept of concurrency applied? but if your answer is no then why do we even need concurrency concept. Why cant all processes be based on parallelism concept? If I assume that multiple threads of the concurrent process run in parallel. Then which is better performance-wise concurrency in multi-core vs parallelism in multi-core and why? A simple re-look at the terms used in question will provide the answer. A process is a program in execution. Often a process consist of multiple software threads. The work of the process is divided among the threads. If the work done by threads is relatively independent, they can execute concurrently on available processor cores. Most modern processor consist of multiple core, where each core is capable of executing, at-least one software thread. So if the processor consist of n cores, n different software threads can execute concurrently on n cores. It is not necessary that all n threads belong to same process. The number of software threads can be higher than n (the number of cores), if the threads perform a lot of relatively slower memory access and/or I/O operations. So more than one thread can share a core, running alternately, giving a user the impression that they are running concurrently. They are actually executing in time-sliced manner. One thread run for few cycles then it is removed from the processor and another thread execute for few cycles and so no. No parallel execution of a multi-threaded process is possible unless threads of the process execute concurrently. I agree the usage of the terms concurrent and parallel in computing is confusing. Part of the confusion is because the English word concurrent means: "at the same time", but the usage in computing is slightly different. In computing we say two threads have the potential to run concurrently if there are no dependencies between them. When we say two threads are running concurrently, we might mean that they are running in parallel on two different physical cpu cores. But we also might mean this in the virtual sense of multitasking. For example a single cpu core might be running both threads using preemptive multitasking to switch back and forth between them every 1/100th of a second. So over a timespan of an entire second it appears the two threads are running simultaneously, while in fact only one of them is running at a time and we're just switching back and forth between them very quickly. I try to use the word concurrency to refer only to potential concurrency. I try to use the word parallel when I want to indicate that two (potentially) concurrent threads are actually running simultaneously on different cpu cores. And I try to use the term multitasked or interleaved when I want to indicate that two (potentially) concurrent threads are sharing the same cpu core over a long period of time, with the cpu core switching back and forth between the two threads. The exact use of such terms depends on context and author, but generally speaking, I would say that concurrency is a much broader term than parallelism; parallelism is a form of concurrency. The term concurrency is generally used to describe a situation in which processing doesn't necessarily happen in strict sequential order. The things in question can be events, or processes, or actions performed by humans, by computers, by nature, or whatever else ... it really is a very broad term. Examples of concurrent processes: • a chemical reaction • shopping at Amazon (including the customer placing an order) • cars driving around • you watching a YouTube video The antonym of concurrency is sequentiality. In a sequential process, everything happens in a strict sequential order: no step starts before the previous step has finished. The term parallelism is generally used to describe a very specific kind of concurrent process, in which all processing in question is executed by processors within one computer, and multiple processors or threads run at the same time, using shared resources. The antonym of parallelism is distributed computing; in distributed computing, we still describe processes executed entirely on computer processors, but in contrast to parallel computing, the processors have their own resources, and they need to communicate, usually by means of some form of message passing over dedicated message passing channels, in order to cooperate. So both parallelism and distributed computing are two specific forms of concurrency, in which all processing is executed on computer processors. Your question assumes a context in which we're talking about parallelism, and then asks why we use the term concurrency at all, when parallelism will do. Yes, it will, when referring to parallelism; it won't do in general. • $\begingroup$ Parallelism is not a form of concurrency; it's orthogonal. You can have parallelism without concurrency (e.g. SIMD stuff, AVX), and concurrency without parallelism (e.g. single-core operating system). And I'm really not sure what you mean by "the antonym of parallelism is distributed computing". There is typically lots of parallelism in distributed computing... $\endgroup$ Jun 21 at 19:12 • $\begingroup$ OK, I suppose I've only seen the term in a very specific context. $\endgroup$ Jun 21 at 21:10 Your Answer
Teaching our children to appreciate nature It breaks my heart. Someone intentionally ran over two young raccoons a few blocks from my house. Kids at a day care were encouraged to throw rocks at a snake and hit a bat with foam bats. I heard both of these stories within the past day, and they just give me a pit in my stomach. We don’t like everything in nature. No one does. Some people are scared of snakes. Some people get the willies from spiders. Some people are creeped out by mice and rats. opens IMAGE file But that doesn’t mean that we can’t appreciate their places in this world and shouldn’t treat them with respect. There is an indoor walk-through bat cave at the Dickinson County Nature Center, and there have been people refuse to walk inside because they are so terrified of bats. However, their explanations of their fears are usually reasons that are easily refuted, because bats are misunderstood creatures. Photo of faux bats hanging from the ceilingopens IMAGE file Myth: Bats will suck your blood. Vampire bats, which lick the blood of cows, chickens and other animals live in Central and South America. Only three of the 1,200 species of bats are vampire bats, so you have nothing to fear there. Myth: Bats carry rabies. Rabies only occurs in less than half of 1 percent of bats, and those bats will not survive. Plus, only 11 cases of human rabies transmitted by bats were documented in North America in 30 years, less than many other wild and even domestic animals. Myth: Bats are rodents. Not that being a rodent is a bad thing, but bats aren’t even rodents. They are their own order of mammals called chiroptera. Bats are actually pretty awesome. They are pollinators; they eat mosquitoes and other bugs; they disperse seed and help plants grow. People don’t like bats because they don’t understand them and their place in the world, but when we learn about creatures through exhibits at the nature center, by researching them, by attending programs, we start to foster an appreciation of them. Learning to appreciate nature is something that starts young. We so often hear a parent say “Yuck” to an animal or refuse to touch one at the nature center and then see their children mimic them. My mom is terrified of snakes, and I grew up with the same terror for reasons that I didn’t understand. I used to not be able to even touch a picture of a snake in a book, and now that I’ve learned the appreciate them by working at the nature center I can even touch our snakes here. The lessons we teach our kids about appreciating wildlife or not appreciating wildlife goes a long way. Think about those kids who were told to throw rocks at snakes and hit a bat with a toy. What did they learn? They learned that animals aren’t important. They learned that if they don’t like something they can be mean to it. They learned that snakes and bat are bad. Will those lessons take them beyond nature? Will they transition that into how they treats pets, siblings or kids at school? So often we react to the environment by how we feel in the moment, but we need to look at the long-term ramifications of what we are doing and what we are teaching our kids with those reactions. Everything in this world has been placed here for a reason, and we need to start with appreciation and go from there. Questions to ask Maybe the best activity to do with your kids today is to ask them how they view the world around them. 1. What is your favorite animal? 2. Why do you like it so much? 3. What is your least favorite animal? 4. Why don’t you like it? 5. What is one good thing that your least favorite animal does for the world around it? 6. What is one way we can be nice to animals today? 1 Comment 1. Delores Maser on July 14, 2017 at 12:57 pm This is such an important message—Thank you ! We must all be taught how to be humane—from the tiniest creatures to the largest ones and to our human brothers and sisters, as well. Delores
BLDC driver 6PWM - BLDCDriver6PWM This is the class which provides an abstraction layer of most of the common 6PWM bldc drivers out there. Basically any BLDC driver board that can be run using 6PWM signals can be represented with this class. Examples: • DRV830x ( can be run in 3pwm or 6pwm mode ) • ST B-G431B • etc. 6 PWM control mode gives much more freedom for BLDC motor control than 3PWM control since each of the 6 half-bride mosfets can be controlled separately. Step 1. Hardware setup To create the interface to the BLDC driver you need to specify the 6 pwm pin numbers for each motor phase and optionally enable pin. // BLDCDriver6PWM( int phA_h, int phA_l, int phB_h, int phB_l, int phC_h, int phC_l, int en) // - phA_h, phA_l - A phase pwm pin high/low pair // - phB_h, phB_l - B phase pwm pin high/low pair // - phB_h, phC_l - C phase pwm pin high/low pair // - enable pin - (optional input) BLDCDriver6PWM motor = BLDCDriver6PWM(5,6, 9,10, 3,11, 8); ⚠️ 6 PWM configuration is very hardware specific and please make sure to respect certain guidelines in order for it to work properly! Arduino UNO support Arduino UNO and all the atmega328 based boards have only 6 pwm pins and in order to use the BLDCDrievr6PWM we need to use all of them. Those are 3,5,6,9,10 and 11. Furthermore in order for the algorithm to work well we need to use the pwm pins that belong to the same timer for each high/low side pair of each phase. 7 So Atmega328 pins belonging to the timers are: Therefore it is important that phA_h and phA_l belong to one timer, phB_h and phB_l to second timer and phC_h and phC_l to the last timer. If we decide that phase A belongs to the timer TIM0 we can set phA_h either to pin 5 or pin 6. stm32 support Stm32 boards have two possible 6pwm modes: • Hardware 6pwm mode • Software 6pwm mode Hardware 6pwm mode In hardware 6pwm mode the user uses only one timer, usually Timer 1 for all the 6PWM channels. Stm32 boards usually have at least one timer which has automatic complementary channels which avoids the need for a complicated channel inverting configuration. SimpleFOClibrary automatically enables this control mode if you provide the pins that support this interface to the constructor of the BLDCDriver6PWM class. For example, both stm32 Bluepill and stm32 Nucleo boards have this interface supported by pins: Where T1Cx are the Timer 1 channels and T1CxN are their complementary channels (inverted channels). Each pair of T1Cx and T1CxN is used for one pair of the high/low pwm pins. The library will configure the necessary timers and registers if you provide these pins to the constrictor of the BLDCDriver6PWM class. For example: BLDCDriver6PWM motor = BLDCDriver6PWM(PA8, PB13, PA9, PB14, PA10, PB15); Software 6pwm mode If it is not possible to use the hardware 6pwm mode with your board SimpleFOClibrary enables you to use any two channels of any of the timers as your high/low side pwm pair. Basically, the library will automatically configure the complementary channels on the provided low side pins. The only requirement for this code to work properly is exatcly the same as for the Arudino UNO, each phase high/low pwm pair needs to belong to the same timer. For example, if we take stm32 Nucleo F401RE board we can take for example: BLDCDriver6PWM motor = BLDCDriver6PWM(7, 2, 6, 3, 5, 4); On Bluepill we could use: BLDCDriver6PWM motor = BLDCDriver6PWM(PA8, PA9, PB6, PB7, PB8, PB9); esp32 support Esp32 boards support MCPWM interface that is intended for this kind of applications. Each ep32 board has two of the MCPWM channels and can support two 6PWM drivers. There is no pin specific requirements for the esp32, each pin can be used in pwm mode. But please make sure not to use the pins that have predefined states on boot because this could result malfunction. You can find this information online easily, here is a YouTube video with more details. Step 2.1 PWM Configuration // pwm frequency to be used [Hz] // for atmega328 fixed to 32kHz // esp32/stm32/teensy configurable driver.pwm_frequency = 50000; ⚠️ Arduino devices based on ATMega328 chips have fixed pwm frequency of 32kHz. Here is a list of different microcontrollers and their PWM frequency and resolution used with the Arduino SimpleFOClibrary. MCUdefault frequencyMAX frequencyPWM resolutionCenter-alignedConfigurable freq Arduino UNO(Atmega328)32 kHz32 kHz8bityesno All of these settings are defined in the drivers/hardware_specific/x_mcu.cpp/h of the library source. Step 2.2 Dead zone (dead time) // dead_zone [0,1] - default 0.02 - 2% driver.dead_zone = 0.05; The dead zone parameter is defined as the amount of teh duty cycle that is reserved in between changing the active mosfet. Each time the high/low side is deacitvated and low/high side is activated half of the dead_zone is injected. This parameter is equivalent to the dead time, dead_time can be calculated as: dead_time = 1/pwm_frequency*dead_zone Step 2.2 Voltages Driver class is the one that handles setting the pwm duty cycles to the driver output pins and it is needs to know the DC power supply voltage it is plugged to. Additionally driver class enables the user to set the absolute DC voltage limit the driver will be set to the output pins. // power supply voltage [V] driver.voltage_power_supply = 12; // Max DC voltage allowed - default voltage_power_supply driver.voltage_limit = 12; This parameter is used by the BLDCMotor class as well. As shown on the figure above the once the voltage limit driver.voltage_limit is set, it will be communicated to the FOC algorithm in BLDCMotor class and the phase voltages will be centered around the driver.voltage_limit/2. Therefore this parameter is very important if there is concern of too high currents generated by the motor. In those cases this parameter can be used as a security feature. Step 2.3 Initialisation Once when all the necessary configuration parameters are set the driver function init() is called. This function uses the configuration parameters and configures all the necessary hardware and software for driver code execution. // driver init Step 3. Using BLDCDriver6PWM in real-time BLDC driver class was developed to be used with the SimpleFOClibrary and to provide the abstraction layer for FOC algorithm implemented in the BLDCMotor class. But the BLDCDriver3PWM class can used as a standalone class as well and once can choose to implement any other type of control algorithm using the bldc driver. FOC algorithm support In the context of the FOC control all the driver usage is done internally by the motion control algorithm and all that is needed to enable is is just link the driver to the BLDCMotor class. // linking the driver to the motor Standalone driver If you wish to use the bldc driver as a standalone device and implement your-own logic around it this can be easily done. Here is an example code of a very simple standalone application. // BLDC driver standalone example #include <SimpleFOC.h> // BLDC driver instance BLDCDriver6PWM driver = BLDCDriver6PWM(5, 6, 9,10, 3, 11, 8); void setup() { // pwm frequency to be used [Hz] driver.pwm_frequency = 50000; // power supply voltage [V] driver.voltage_power_supply = 12; // Max DC voltage allowed - default voltage_power_supply driver.voltage_limit = 12; // daad_zone [0,1] - default 0.02 - 2% driver.dead_zone = 0.05; // driver init // enable driver void loop() { // setting pwm // phase A: 3V, phase B: 6V, phase C: 5V
Covid-19 lays bare Britain's entrenched racial inequalities Covid-19 lays bare Britain's entrenched racial inequalities 6 min read 10 June, 2020 The coronavirus pandemic has exposed stark racial inequalities in British society. Covid-19 has disproportionately affected people of Black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds. [Getty] Going to work on the London underground during lockdown presented a chillingly dystopian insight into British society as it grappled with the Covid-19 pandemic. Scattered in largely empty carriages, the commuters, mostly key workers from ethnic minority backgrounds, failed to reflect the British capital's much-touted multiculturalism, instead revealing stark segregation in the workforce. Dataset after dataset published since the pandemic began has shown that Covid-19 has disproportionately affected people of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, laying bare entrenched inequalities in Britain. The latest was a report by Public Health England (PHE) published last week, whose findings confirmed previous research showing that migrants and minorities are at higher risk of death - as are those living in deprived areas, men, and those suffering from diabetes or obesity. While the report was criticised for failing to go beyond a mere description of the findings, rights organisations have been flagging the structural inequalities giving rise to these outcomes since the pandemic began. The PHE report was followed by an announcement last Friday that the UK's Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) would launch an inquiry. Dataset after dataset published since the pandemic began shows that Covid-19 has disproportionately affected people of Black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds The race equality watchdog intends to meet civil society leaders across the country to discuss its remit and develop recommendations for urgent action, addressing "the loss of lives and livelihoods of people from different ethnic minorities," said EHRC chair David Isaac. The government's equalities office announced its own review looking into the Covid-19 response and policies. Black Lives Matter Parallel to the stark racial disparities in Covid-19 deaths, US protests over the police killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis on 25 May spread to the United Kingdom over the weekend, where mostly young demonstrators took to the streets in their thousands on Saturday and Sunday, chanting "no justice no peace" and "the UK is not innocent." A protester makes a Black Lives Matter fist at a demonstration in Trafalgar Square in central London. [Getty] Despite the demonstrations being largely peaceful, some disturbances were reported in London, where fourteen police officers were reported to have been injured. Meanwhile, the statue of a prominent slave trader, Edward Colston, was pulled down and thrown into the harbour in Bristol, a city in the south-west of England. The removal of the statue sparked a debate across Britain - with one prominent commentator comparing it to the toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue in Iraq, seen as an act of liberation - about the removal of other monuments in memory of British colonial figures. Protesters also rallied in Oxford to demand the removal of a statue of imperialist Cecil Rhodes, who supported apartheid-like measures in southern Africa. The coronavirus pandemic has revealed stark racial inequalities in British society It also prompted far-right groups to announce counter-demonstrations planned for the coming weekend alongside more Black Lives Matter protests, ostensibly aimed at protecting war memorials. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has acknowledged the protesters' deep-seated motivations for taking to the streets, while condemning any violence and vandalism, and the flouting of social distancing rules. "You are right, we are all right, to say Black Lives Matter; and to all those who have chosen to protest peacefully and who have insisted on social distancing - I say, yes of course I hear you, and I understand," Johnson said in a video message. "But I must also say that we are in a time of national trial, when for months this whole country has come together to fight a deadly plague. After such sacrifice, we cannot now let it get out of control." Ethnic minorities hit harder by Covid-19 The PHE review found that "the relationship between ethnicity and health is complex and likely to be the result of a combination of factors" that include occupation, urban areas being at higher risk, comorbidities, living in overcrowded accommodation and being born abroad. Read more: It's Tory austerity and racism that's killing us, not Covid-19 Among confirmed Covid-19 cases, people of Bangladeshi ethnicity were found to be two times more likely to die than people of white British ethnicity, while an analysis of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) showed that once age was accounted for, black men are 4.2 times more likely to die from Covid-19- than their white counterparts. The report also found that people who were not born in the UK are more likely to die during the pandemic. Comparing the total number of deaths from all causes registered in the period 21 March to 8 May 2020 with the average for the same period in 2014-18, it found the death rate was 1.7 times higher among the general population. This was similar for people born in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and just slightly higher (1.8) for those born in the European Union. However, the death rate was 4.5 times higher in 2020 for people from Central and Western Africa, 3.5 times higher for those born in the Caribbean, 3.4 times higher for South East Asia, and 3.2 higher for those originally from the Middle East. I think we really need to talk about two things that really reflect why we're at these numbers: austerity and the hostile environment "I think we really need to talk about two things that really reflect why we're at these numbers: austerity and the hostile environment," Laura Loyola-Hernández, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Leeds and member of the Racial Justice Network, told The New Arab. Her group, like many others across the UK, has called for an end to anti-migrant policies which, it is argued, are hindering efforts to combat Covid-19. Most migrants are barred from accessing public funds, which means they have had no access to welfare during lockdown. "If you can't access universal credit you are more likely to work even if you have symptoms because you don't want to become destitute," Loyola-Hernandez said. Read more: Coronavirus is killing NHS workers. Their deaths were preventable "The other thing is, there is no firewall between the NHS and the Home Office," she added, pointing out that some people may be afraid to seek medical attention for fear of being reported if undocumented or charged under the 'hostile environment' policy of compulsory ID checks. "Some may simply not know that they are entitled to free treatment for Covid-19," Hernandez added. In addition, ethnic minority communities are overrepresented among 'key workers', including nurses and drivers, and in the gig economy, making them more likely to fall through the cracks and be ineligible for any of the government's rescue packages. This increased vulnerability has compounded long-standing grievances. UK protesters point out that just like the US, Britain is no stranger to police brutality. According to the charity Inquest, which monitors state-related deaths, those with a BAME background are two times more likely to die in police custody as a result of the use of force and restraint. The EHRC published a "roadmap to race equality" in 2017, where it made recommendations to address persisting gaps in employment, education, housing, health and criminal justice, having previously called on the government to put in place a comprehensive race equality strategy. "Inequalities have worsened when it comes to BAME communities," Dr. Rhetta Moran, chair of trustees at the Refugee and Asylum Participatory Action Research (RAPAR), told The New Arab. Moran, who was commissioned to conduct a research paper by the EHRC in 2009 looking into the impact of the immigration system on refugee children's education, believes there is sufficient evidence to start taking action. "We don't need another inquiry, what we need is action," Moran said. "What they should be doing is acting on the recommendations that have already been made. Do what they said they were going to do, and inquire on whether it's working, and how." Ylenia Gostoli is a London-based journalist who previously reported from the West Bank and Rome. Follow her on Twitter @YleniaGostoli
next up previous contents Next: Continuum Up: The input flux wavelength Previous: Template Spectra Power Law The Power Law input flux distribution is another useful case present in the UVES ETC. In this case the input flux distribution $F(\lambda)$ is defined as: \end{displaymath} (2.4) where $\lambda$ is the wavelength at which the flux is detected, $\lambda_{ref}$ is the reference wavelength of the power law, i is the power law index number, in general a real number, and the reference flux F0 is given by the (eq. 2.5). Pascal Ballester
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Danish 4. > 5. "Kokken gav ikke smørret salt… "Kokken gav ikke smørret salt." Translation:The chef did not give the butter salt. November 17, 2014 What is a "butter salt"? One could have salted butter, but here the chef is putting the salt in the butter (this could also be said "The chef isn't giving salt to the butter" although it's a bit strange in English and I'd say "The chef isn't putting salt in the butter") If the meaning is not to put salt in the butter, is there any particular reason of using a verb like "give" here, rather than "putte"? Don't you have a verb "at salte" in Danish? In Swedish, the sentence would be "Kocken saltade inte smöret." We use 'salt' as a verb too. In American English (or at least my dialect) the natural way of saying it would be "The cook did not salt the butter." Learn Danish in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
The History of Tesla: What to know Tesla has risen to success more rapidly than almost any other company in business history, moving from creation in 2003 to a massive business juggernaut that has made its longest CEO one of the richest men in the world. The company, which started as Tesla Motors, sought to revolutionize the automobile market by creating electric cars that could be consumer-friendly and increase the sustainability of the transportation market. After naming Elon Musk as its CEO in 2008, the company began to expand its portfolio, moving more into clean energy production and solar farms. Today, the company continues to sell electric vehicles and is known for its success in this area. However, thanks to acquisitions and its own production and innovation, Tesla has become more involved in the area of clean energy production and storage, including batteries. Furthermore, the company has become involved in the extensive business of buying and selling tax credits, using that money to turn a profit, and become more engaged in a popular secondary market. The Founding of Tesla: How it happened According to the company’s website, the idea behind its founding was simple: Engineers who wanted to change the way that cars were made. These two engineers – Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning – founded the company on July 1, 2003. It was originally called Tesla Motors and had a much different logo than the logo it has today. The plan was simple: Make electric cars that were more comfortable, got better miles, and of a higher quality than the currently available cars produced by their competitors. As originally founded, Eberhard was the CEO of the company, with Tarpenning acting as its CEO. The idea to create the company was largely based off the success of one of their competitors, General Motors, which launched an aborted electric car line from 1996-1999. Like many tech companies, Tesla Motors sought private and venture capital investment in their company. One of their first and largest shareholders? Elon Musk. Tesla, of course, would be the most important aspect of the careers of many of the men involved with it, including Musk. Tesla Through The Years Early Years – 2003-2006 2004-2006 saw investment by Musk, and others, and the pre-design work on some of their products. Elon Musk was one of the first and largest investors in the company, putting $30 million into the business, and thus becoming the Chairman of its Board of Directors. Musk also recruited others to invest in the company, including Google. The Roadster and Elon Musk – 2006-2009 The Roadster – the company’s first electric car – was revealed in 2006. Up until this point, the company was entirely dependent on venture capital funding to operate, and this was the first time they proposed a product that could actually turn a profit. The roadster was notable because of its practicality: It could be used as a regular car for anyone who was interested in a more environmentally sustainable model, one that shifted more towards the use of clean energy, rather than fossil fuels. The battery used in Roadster cars was recharagable and would allow users to travel large distances at high speeds without needing to be recharged. Production on the Roadster began in 2008. However, all was not well at Tesla, and the careers of the founders were beginning to turn. The Board of Directors of the company asked Eberhard to resign in 2007. He was moved to another position but left the company in January 2008. Tarpenning followed suit the same month. Eberhard would later sue Musk for his involvement in the change in leadership. In December 2007, Ze’ev Drori became the permanent CEO of the company, but that wouldn’t last long, and Musk became CEO in 2008. One of his first actions as CEO was to first 1/4 of Tesla’s staff. By 2009, the company had raised large sums of money and was beginning to produce cars. It also received a $465 million loan from the United States government. Going Public & More Products: 2010-2015 Tesla entered the U.S. stock market in 2010 after an Initial Public Offering that was a huge success. The IPO raised $226 million that would be invested in Tesla. During this time period, the company also began production on its California Tesla factory. In 2012, it stopped producing the Roadster and moved to its newest car, the Model S, which was billed as a luxury sedan. The Model S would break numerous sales records. In 2014, Tesla began to work on a project that is still in development today: Its autopilot, which is designed to travel without the control of a driver. In 2015, Tesla began to produce the Model X, a luxury SUV that was also fully electric. An Expanding Market: 2016-Present Tesla’s focus began to broaden in 2016 when the company purchased SolarCity, a firm that is involved in solar energy. In doing so, Tesla formally entered the clean energy and battery market and began to directly make products to that effect. This also gave Tesla a built-in advantage over many of its competitors, as it could now directly make much of its own equipment. In 2017, Tesla Motors officially became Tesla, reflecting the fact that the company’s focus had broadened beyond just electric cars. It also changed its logo. 2017 also saw the advent of the Model 3 sedan, which suffered from numerous production issues and delays. After much speculation as to its location, Tesla opened a massive “Gigafactory” – one of the largest in the world – in China. Tesla has been involved in China for years and spent significant philanthropic dollars in the country. Further Gigafactories are now under construction in Germany and Texas. Tesla Model 3 Tesla Model 3 What are the most important inventions from Tesla? The Roadster was Tesla’s first-ever car. There were numerous versions of the car, including ones produced in 2007, 2011, and 2013. A second generation of the car was announced in 2017, one that would (allegedly) be able to get from 0-60 in 1.9 seconds. However, the second generation of the car has been hit by numerous delays, with the new version now not being expected until 2022. Model S, X, 3 & Y After the Roadster, Tesla has produced four new models: The Model S, X, 3 & Y. These cars all occupy various niches: • The Model S is a luxury sedan. • The Model 3 is a more affordable sedan, although it still costs more than the average car in the United States. • The Model X is more expensive and has the characteristics of a typical SUV. • The Model Y is a compact SUV with an extremely futuristic design. Most car companies have produced much more than five models, yet Tesla has not, and has still become the highest valued car company of all time, far outstripping its competitors in terms of market capitalization. Buying A Tesla Buying a Tesla can be done in one of two ways. First, users can do so over the internet and order a Tesla to be delivered to their home. They can also purchase a Tesla at any number of dealerships that are located throughout the country. Unlike many of its competitors, Tesla has numerous locations that are located in more traditional retail venues, like malls. Of course, these facilities tend to be located in upper-end shopping centers. There is also a market for used Teslas. These can be purchased directly off of the Tesla website. Financing A Tesla Tesla allows users to finance the purchase of one of their cars. This can be done with a loan that can be for 3-6 years. Teslas can also be leased for 2-3 years. Like any financing application, Tesla loans require a credit check. How does Tesla make money? Tesla primarily makes money via the production and sale of its electric vehicles. However, of late, it has expanded its profit centers. It also sells tax credits that it has been awarded from the government on the secondary market. These sales actually helped Tesla turn their first profit ever in July 2021. Tesla charging station Teslas are completely electric vehicles that require charging. Tesla Acquisitions Tesla has made numerous acquisitions as its market capitalization has continued to grow. Typically, these acquisitions have not served to buy out competitors, but instead to give Tesla a foothold in a new industry and provide the company with additional expertise. In August 2016, Tesla announced that it had come to an agreement to purchase SolarCity for $2.6 billion. The sale would allow Tesla to get directly into the energy production business and use SolarCity’s production directly with its energy storage technology. Tesla said it expected to save $150 within the first year of the sale. Grohmann Automation Tesla purchased Grohmann Automation – since renamed Tesla Grohmann Automation – in January 2017. The goal of the purchase was for Tesla to build its automation facilities as part of its efforts to create a fully automatic vehicle. The price of the purchase was $109.5 million. Tesla Notable Controversies Various SEC Issues Perhaps the most infamous of Elon Musk’s tenure as Board Chair of Tesla occurred in August 2018, when Musk tweeted that he was considering taking Tesla private when the stock hit $420 a share. He also tweeted that he had set up the funding to do so. No such funding was in place, and planning was in the early stages, at best. The tweets spiked Tesla’s stock price, and the SEC found that Musk’s tweets violated the law. As a result, Musk and Tesla paid a $20 million fine, came to an agreement that any statement Musk made about the company would be vetted through lawyers first, and forced Musk out as the Chair of Tesla’s board. He remained the CEO. Musk never admitted any wrongdoing as part of the settlement. Numerous Lawsuits As of 2021, Tesla was facing over 1,000 lawsuits over a range of issues, including data breaches, worker conditions, manufacturing issues, defective products, deaths caused by their autopilots, and more. One of the lawsuits came from Tesla founder and CEO Martin Eberhard. After his 2008 ouster, Eberhard sued Tesla and Musk, arguing that the company and Musk himself had lied about the reasons for their departure and caused serious damage to Eberhard and the careers of many others involved. The suit was ultimately dropped. Tesla: A Complete History FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) When was Tesla founded? Tesla was founded as Tesla Motors in 2003. Who founded Tesla? Contrary to popular belief, Tesla was not founded by Elon Musk. Musk was one of the first investors in Tesla, but the company was founded by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. What is Tesla known for? Tesla is primarily known for its expertise in the area of electric cars. At the moment, individuals can buy one of four cars: A Model S, Model 3, Model X, or Model Y. Furthermore, Tesla is involved in the business of energy generation and storage. How long does a Tesla battery last? Tesla batteries will last anywhere from 300,000 – 500,000 miles, an astonishingly high number. It is important to realize that these batteries must be charged at a charging station. This is not a normal charging station, either: Users must install one at their home or have access to one nearby if they expect their cars to be able to work. How much does a Tesla really cost? There is no set answer to this question, as it depends on the model purchased and its specific configuration. Furthermore, there will always be ancillary purchases necessary, such as installing a special charging station in your home. Tesla cars can be purchased off of their website or at dealerships. The price of these cars is not inexpensive, and even the least expensive car will cost more than the average car today. A Model 3 will cost between $44,000 – $59,000, depending on the specific configuration. A Model S is between $91,190 – $131,190. A Model X runs between $96,190 – $121,190, and a Model Y is between $56,190 and $64,190. What is the cheapest type of Tesla? At the moment, a Model 3 has the lowest price. How much does a Tesla car cost per month? This can be a difficult question to answer, as the price depends on the interest rate of a loan and the model purchased. Furthermore, used cars are available, and these cars can save serious money for individuals who want a Tesla but can’t afford a new model. Current estimates hold that a Tesla will cost between $1,146 – $2,221 a month, depending on the model and newness of the car. Is Tesla fully electric? Yes. This is not a hybrid vehicle. All models are fully electric. 1. , Available here:,_Inc. 2. , Available here: 3. , Available here: 4. , Available here:,the%20lifetime%20of%20the%20car. 5. , Available here: 6. , Available here: 7. , Available here: 8. , Available here: 9. , Available here:,_Inc. 10. , Available here: 11. , Available here: 12. , Available here: 13. (1970)
national museum of costa rica in san jose Blessed the Costa Rican mother who knows, when giving birth, that her son will never be a soldier.” That’s what Ryoichi Sasakawa, a Japanese politician and philanthropist, had to say about Costa Rica’s culture of peace during one of his visits here. There is no question that the abolition of the Costa Rican army on December 1, 1948 is one of the country’s most monumental historical events. The decision by then-president José Figueres Ferrer to end the army as a permanent institution became a lasting legacy for future generations to share and appreciate in tangibly symbolic ways. A culturally defining byproduct may be seen today in the architecture of landmark public buildings in different parts of the country. Examples include several museums housed in repurposed military edifices replete with wartime reminders. The Museum of Guanacaste is a proud symbol of national peace. Notably, the Guanacaste Museum in Liberia is typical of Costa Rican military architecture of its era. Construction of the former Liberia Barracks building spanned the administrations of Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno (1932-1936) and León Cortés Castro (1936-1940), respectively. Located in the heart of Liberia, it covers an entire block with an area of more than 4,430 square meters. The wall-framed structure of reinforced concrete was designed by architect José María Barrantes and its construction was directed by engineer Max Effinger. The materials were brought by train to Puntarenas and then transported to Liberia by motor boat through the Tempisque River to Liberia. Its U-shaped corridors led to bedrooms for the troops and commander, bathrooms, a weapons store, offices, library, warehouse, public jail and central courtyard. The main facade faces south, where some ornamental art deco elements remain appreciated by modern visitors. The building previously was occupied by ministry of public security and justice officials, respectively, and also served as Liberia’s prison for many years. Today, as a cultural center for showcasing the province’s artistic contributions as well as its rich history, the Museum of Guanacaste is a proud symbol of national peace. For Liberia in particular and Guanacaste in general, the old barracks is considered an urban landmark for reasons of architectural beauty and historical importance. It was declared an architectural heritage site on December 17, 1998.before the restoration of the guanacaste museum in Liberia costa ricaafter the restoration of the guanacaste museum in Liberia costa rica Other Cultural Conversions For Costa Rica, the transformation of historical military buildings into modern cultural attractions reflects a society that values public investments on health, education and housing over armed forces reinforcement. The Liberia Barracks’ conversion to the Guanacaste Museum is just one example. Also notable are the following iconic museums, featured in the December 2018 and January 2019 issues of Howler, respectively. The Juan Santamaría Historical Cultural Museum in Alajuela is housed in that community’s old army barracks and prison buildings dating back to the 1870s. History buffs can explore endless facets of Costa Rica’s military, cultural and artistic heritage through ever-changing exhibits and events at this fascinating attraction, an initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Youth. The National Museum in San José resides in the former Bellavista Fortress, a military barracks built in 1917 that figured prominently in Costa Rica’s civil war until the army’s abolishment in 1948. Its walls remain peppered with bullet holes, reminding modern visitors of this cultural and scientific learning center’s wartime underpinnings.
This page cannot be viewed in frames Go to page Articles (Unknown facts) The Roman state existed in practice for XIII centuries, being the power which was impacting the history. Therefore, I decided that I would tell the history of ancient Rome in the articles below, which will not necessarily cover only the Eternal City. I encourage you to send articles and point out any corrections or inaccuracies. Roman moneyboxes Almost every child learned the difficult art of saving on the example of piggy banks. They come in various shapes and sizes – the best-known one is the honest “piggy bank”. A terracotta piggy bank from Priene Earthquake and tsunami in 365 CE Ammianus Marcellinus, author of Roman History (Latin Res gestae), thanks to whom we know history very well The Roman Empire in 353-378 CE, holding many state functions and being a participant in such significant events of the world than as the siege of Amida and the expedition to Ktezyfont Emperor Julian the Apostate, no in his work, he merely described this type of military-political events. Ruins of a bathhouse at the archaeological site of Apollonia Romans in the Baltic Sea? The Baltic Sea is not far from the former theatre of Roman military campaigns and research expeditions. How did the Romans imagine its location and coastlines? Have they ever influenced the reservoir over which present Poland lies? Classis Germanica Sergius Orata – famous fish breeder Sergius Orata was an entrepreneur whom Pliny the Elder mentions several times in his work Natural History. On the basis of these mentions, some researchers concluded that Orata was the inventor of the so-called hanging baths, which were equated with the system of heating the floor and swimming pools in baths – hypocaustum. Nothing could be more wrong. Hypocaustum is a Greek invention, only slightly improved by the Romans, while Sergius Orata was a fish farmer and it was in this field that he was an innovator. Fish on the Roman mosaic Hibernia – what did ancient Romans know about “Green Island?” Ireland in ancient times was called by the Romans Hibernia (from the word hibernus – “winter”). The Romans certainly had commercial contact with the inhabitants of the island. The question arises: what did they know about “Green Island” and whether a Roman legionary appeared on the Irish coast? Romans in Ireland? Why are ancient monuments so deep underground? Regularly, from time to time, we receive information about the discovery of ancient monuments, including those that date back to Roman times. We can see photos showing mosaics hidden a few meters below the road, pavement or the present ground level. How is this possible? In 2020, an exceptionally well-preserved Roman mosaic was discovered under a vineyard near the city of Negrar (northern Italy) “Trimalchio’s dinner” – work showing richness of Roman feasts “Trimalchio’s dinner” (Cena Trimalchionis) is a preserved fragment of the Roman novel Satyricon, which in a mocking and realistic way depicts Roman society from the middle of the 1st century CE. The work itself it has been preserved only fragmentarily, and to this day there are disputes about its authorship. Ulpiano Checa y Sanz, Banquet in Nero's Palace Did Roman legionnaires suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder? Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that occurs after intense stress (caused by a traumatic event, life-threatening, or killing another person) and which is not assimilable by the individual. Could Roman soldiers fighting in antiquity suffer from such post-traumatic stress? The fight of the Romans with the barbarians Poena cullei – not only symbolism The purpose of this text is to introduce a little symbolism and also to take a closer look at one of the most terrifying punishments of the Roman judiciary. Poena cullei, or the so-called punishment of the sack, is most commonly known as the one suffered by patricides in ancient Rome. The condemned man was sewn up in leather sackcloth with the company of four animals – a dog, a monkey, a snake and a rooster. Then the sack, along with the live contents, was thrown into the river. But this is just one of the harsh faces of Roman justice administered through poena cullei. What else do we know about it? Poena cullei Spelling error report The following text will be sent to our editors:
Quick Answer: What Does Project Type Mean? What are the classifications of project? You define project classifications to group your projects according to categories you define. A project classification includes a class category and a class code. The category is a broad subject within which you can classify projects. The code is a specific value of the category.. What are major projects? What are sources of project ideas? Generally project ideas are generated depending on:Consumer needs.Market demand.Resource availability.Technology.Natural calamity.SWOT analysis.Political considerations etc., What are examples of projects? Some examples of a project are:Developing a new product or service.Constructing a building or facility.Renovating the kitchen.Designing a new transportation vehicle.Acquiring a new or modified data system.Organizing a meeting.Implementing a new business process. What are the 3 types of contracts? What are the three elements of any project? What are the four common types of projects? Obeng describes four types of projects: Walking in the fog….And the leadership styles needed to deliver organisational change are closely related to each type of project.Walking in the Fog. … Making a Movie. … Going On a Quest. … Painting By Numbers. Why do we do projects? Project management is important because it ensures what is being delivered, is right, and will deliver real value against the business opportunity. Every client has strategic goals and the projects that we do for them advance those goals. … But a project manager will ensure that the project is part of that realignment. What is project ideas? What are the three types of projects? What is a functional project? A functional organizational structure is composed by project team members allocated according to the different functional units of an organization. A typical organization has different functional units, such as the Human Resources, Finance, Marketing, Sales, Operations, IT, Administration, etc. How do you identify a project? What are good topics for a project? Psychology Research Paper Topics:Child abuse.Criminal psychology.Depression.Dreams.Intelligence tests.Learning disabilities.Memory.Physical attraction.More items…• What is a project and examples?
Quick Answer: What Is Aboriginal Dot Painting Called? Can anyone do Aboriginal dot painting? Why do aboriginal paint with dots? What colors are used in aboriginal art? Materials (colours) used for Aboriginal art was originally obtained from the local land. Ochre or iron clay pigments were used to produce colours such as white, yellow, red and black from charcoal. Other colours were soon added such as smokey greys, sage greens and saltbush mauves. What do the Aboriginal Colours mean? What tools do Aboriginal dot paintings use? What can we paint with dots? This painting is an Australian Aboriginal Dot painting. Most of the painting is made up of tiny dots of paint. The dots can be made by dipping the end of a paint brush or a pencil into the paint and dotting it onto the paper. What is dot painting called? Pointillism (/ˈpwæ̃tɪlɪzəm/, also US: /ˈpwɑːn-ˌ ˈpɔɪn-/) is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism. What is Aboriginal art called? What is the oldest Aboriginal art? What does blue mean in Aboriginal art? What do the colors mean in Aboriginal art? Aboriginal Art Aboriginal Colours Black Black stands for the colour of the Aborigine people and night. Yellow Yellow is the sacred colour. The colour of the sun. Red Is for the colour of the land and for blood. What are Aboriginal dot paintings? Aboriginal peoples have used dots in art and other forms of expression for a very long time. Dots can be seen in symbolic patterns carved on artefacts and ancient rock galleries. They were used in sand paintings and in body painting for ceremonies. How is dot painting done?
Welcome to MyKlexikon – the Wikipedia for children! From MyKlexikon Jump to: navigation, search The Royal Liver Buildings in the city centre used to belong to an insurance company. It was one of the first skyscrapers in the UK. Liverpool is a city in England, a part of the United Kingdom. With around 500,000 inhabitants, Liverpool is one of the five largest cities in this part of the country. The city lies on the Mersey River, which flows into the sea a little further north. Liverpool is world-famous as the birthplace of the Beatles and the home of the football clubs Everton and Liverpool. The origin of the name Liverpool has not yet been clarified. It may come from Welsh, a Celtic language spoken in Wales. The name can also have something to do with the old English word "Lifer" for mud. The residents of the city call themselves Liverpudlians. Englishmen outside of Liverpool, however, usually call the residents "Scousers". "Scouse" is the name of the Liverpool dialect, which is difficult to understand even for many English people. The name of the dialect comes from a meat dish that is called like that. A statue of John Lennon in front of the Cavern Club During the time of the British Empire, the port of Liverpool was the largest in the world. Almost half of all goods shipped worldwide were transported through this port. But there was also a lot of industry and important shipping companies in the city. As a result, Liverpool grew and became very rich. Around 1900 it was the largest city in the United Kingdom after London. Immigrants from all over the world came to Liverpool through the port, especially the Irish. In the years after 1960, Liverpool's economy deteriorated. The port and many factories had to close. Liverpool has been back on the upswing for a few years now. Many people now work in service companies such as banks or insurance companies. Since Liverpool was named European Capital of Culture in 2008, more and more money has been invested in tourism. Liverpool has a lot to offer: At the “Royal Albert Docks” at the old harbor, where merchandise used to be stored, there are now many restaurants, galleries and museums. There are many music clubs on Matthew Street in downtown. Among other things, the "Cavern Club", in which the Beatles once played at the beginning of their careers. Liverpool Cathedral is considered one of the most beautiful in England. There are also large parks all over the city.
Often asked: What Did Nehemiah Lead The Nation Of Israel In Building? What did Nehemiah lead his people to do? Nehemiah, a rather ordinary person in a servant position, became a transformational leader when apprised of the discontent of the postexilic Jews in Jerusalem and Judah. By praying to God for discernment of His holy will, Nehemiah followed God’s calling to rebuild the walls of the city of Jerusalem. What is the purpose of Nehemiah? What made Nehemiah a great leader? You might be interested: Quick Answer: Who Was King Of Jerusalem When Nehemiah Was Building The Wall? When did Nehemiah build the temple? As noted above, the Temple was finished around 515 BCE (Ezra 6:15). The prophets Haggai and Zechariah prophesied to the Jews that they would be successful in building the Temple Page 9 8 and that it would not be disrupted again (Ezra 5:1). What can we learn from the life of Nehemiah? Who wrote the book of Nehemiah in the Bible? Composition and date The combined book Ezra–Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to Ezra himself; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others. What is the meaning of Nehemiah? Why did Nehemiah fast? The walls of Jerusalem lay in ruins, the gates burned to rubble. So Nehemiah fasted and prayed. Because he had spent so much time in prayer, Nehemiah was ready for this open door. He told the King how bad things were back in Jerusalem. What is the key verse in Nehemiah? You might be interested: Often asked: Why Did Nehemiah Rebuild The Wall Of Jerusalem? What is the main message of Ezra? What does a wall symbolize in the Bible? Who built the Second Temple in the Bible? Of major importance was the rebuilding of the Second Temple begun by Herod the Great, king (37 bce–4 ce) of Judaea. Construction began in 20 bce and lasted for 46 years. The area of the Temple Mount was doubled and surrounded by a retaining wall with gates. The Temple was raised, enlarged, and faced with white stone. What is the difference between Ezra and Nehemiah? How many times Nehemiah prayed? Leave a Reply
Often asked: What Was The Main Historical Event Described In Ezra And Nehemiah? What happened between Ezra and Nehemiah? What event does the book of Ezra detail? Book of Ezra covers the events of the Jews returning from the Babylonian captivity. Near 520 BC after the takeover by Nebuchadnezzar, ultimately King Cyrus of Persia arose to power, and he decided to aid the Jews to return to Jerusalem. The Jews are counted and are permitted to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Was Nehemiah Chapter One Vs One And Two About? What is the main theme of the book of Ezra? What is Ezra known for? What can we learn from the book of Ezra? What is the point of Nehemiah? What is the difference between Ezra and Nehemiah? You might be interested: Readers ask: What Do Passages Like Ezra 3:12-13 And Nehemiah 11:1-2 Suggest About Life In Post-exilic Jerusalem? What books of the Bible did Ezra write? The canonical Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the activity of Ezra, whereas many of the other books ascribed to Ezra (First Esdras, 3–6 Ezra) are later literary works dependent on the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah. The book of Ezra–Nehemiah was always written as one scroll. Did Ezra write the Old Testament? What period of time is covered in the Books of Ezra Nehemiah and Esther? What period of time is covered in the books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther? 538-458 B.C. Which tribe of Israel were the priests? What caused Nehemiah to pray and fast for four months? You might be interested: Readers ask: Unfortunately, There Were Some Important Leaders In Tekoa Who Would Not Help Nehemiah Do The Work.? Can Ezra be a girl name? Who is the father of Ezra in Bible? Ezra (active 5th century B.C.) was a Hebrew priest, scribe, religious leader, and reformer who vitally influenced Judaism. The son of Seraiah, Ezra was a descendant of the ancient priestly house of Zadok. Leave a Reply
Readers ask: Who Is Tobiah In Nehemiah 13? Who is Sanballat and Tobiah? In Jewish tradition, he was called “the Horonite,” (another possible “the Harranite”) and was associated with Tobiah the Ammonite and Geshem the Arabian. His home was evidently at Samaria. According to Nehemiah, when he and his escort arrived in Jerusalem, their return aroused the enmity of Sanballat and his allies. What is the biblical meaning of Tobiah? Meaning:God is good. Tobiah as a boy’s name is related to the Hebrew name Tobias. The meaning of Tobiah is “God is good”. What does the name Sanballat mean? Was Nehemiah a good person? You might be interested: Quick Answer: How Long Did It Take For Nehemiah To Repair The Wall? Is Tobias in the Bible? Tobias the elder; the name used for Tobit in the Vulgate and Douay–Rheims Bible. Tobijah, two persons mentioned in the Bible: a Levite in the reign of Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:8) and a Jew travelling from Babylon to Jerusalem with precious metal for Zerubbabel (Zechariah 6:10,14). What nationality was Tobiah? Tobiah was an Ammonite official (possibly a governor of Ammon, possibly also of Jewish descent ). He incited the Ammonites to hinder Nehemiah’s efforts to rebuild Jerusalem. What does the name Nehemiah mean? Why is Tobit not in the Protestant Bible? As Protestants follow the Masoretic canon, they therefore do not include Tobit in their standard canon, but do recognise it in the category of deuterocanonical books called the apocrypha. A.D. 397) and Pope Innocent I (A.D. 405) affirmed Tobit as part of the Old Testament Canon. What is the spirit of sanballat? What does tobijah mean? In Biblical Names the meaning of the name Tobijah is: The Lord is good. What does geshem mean in Hebrew? Geshem (גשם) is a Hebrew word for “rain,” and is the name of a prayer for rain recited on the Jewish holiday of Shemini Atzeret. Where is Nehemiah found in the Bible? You might be interested: Question: What Descent Was Nehemiah? What is the main message of the book of Nehemiah? What can we learn from the life of Nehemiah? Leave a Reply
In alcohol production fermentation of sugars is critical Ethanol or alcohol is actually caused by fermentation which involves active yeast blended with a number of ingredients and during alcohol production fermentation involving sugars is vital. After these sugars get changed into alcohol then based on the alcohol drink that one wishes to produce, alcohol with ideal character, flavor, color, and strength can be produced. All alcohols and spirits are made from starch-rich components and constant procedures with the help of enzymes convert this starch into sugars before ultimately fermenting them straight into ethanol or alcohol, as it is additionally known homemade-spirits. The primary starch-rich ingredients that are utilized in the creation of alcohols and spirits like beer, whiskey, wine, vodka, gin, rum, etc, are grains of varied kinds, corn, rice, apples, grapes, potatoes, and many others with respect to the region where these types of drinks are produced. The key procedure for sugar fermentation is what transforms the mix of water as well as the main ingredients into alcohols with the desired potency, taste, and color. Before beginning of alcohol fermentation other operations including milling, mashing, boiling as well as cooling are actually initiated. These operations make sure that the primary ingredients are prepped up using the generation of enzymes like amylase, that really help in firstly converting starch into sugars like glucose, fructose, and so on. These types of fermentable sugars are now able to end up being changed into ethanol or alcohol as soon as active yeast such as saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, wines yeast, vodka yeast or any other corresponding distillers yeast is put into the mix. The process of sugar fermentation demands continual tracking of yeast temperature as most yeast will only perform the specified work between the temperature range of 15 and 27 degrees Celsius. However, with modern science has arrived instant yeast such as turbo yeast that can ferment comfortably even in the temperature range of close to 40 degrees Celsius. This type of hardy as well as healthy yeast furthermore conducts fermentation of sugars at a faster rate than regular yeast and also has higher alcohol tolerance levels. In the course of yeast fermentation each and every molecule of glucose will get changed into 2 molecules of alcohol and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide, which also helps in carbonating the desired alcohol. The fermented alcohol is segregated from solids as well as used up yeast by means of numerous filtering procedures. An additional round of fermentation may also be required in certain instances where the ethanol alcohol is needed to end up being much stronger as well as darker. Once all of the fermentable sugars happen to be converted into alcohol then the resultant alcohol or perhaps spirit is examined and packed into kegs, bottles or cans as well as dispatched to ensure that alcohol connoisseurs can satisfy their own thirst for prime quality alcoholic beverages. The actual fermentation procedure is critical no matter whether one produces alcohols in a brewery or distillery, or perhaps if one creates smaller amounts of alcohols in the home. Turbo yeast is available in huge sacks for professional alcohol producers as well as in small sachets for alcohol lovers that are looking to make their favorite beverage from home. Even though all processes involved in the production of alcohol are important, it is the fermentation process which actually alters the entire composition of the mixture from a harmless mash into a heady alcoholic beverage useful content. In alcohol production fermentation of sugars is really essential as it can help create alcohol with the right color, potency, flavor, and lastly give the right character required for premium quality alcohol beverages.
Aeneas and Odysseus: Some Alternative Myths for AP Vergil Week Dionys. Hal. A. R. I, c. 72: (Fowler 2000,68; Damastes fr. 3) “After summarizing the sacrifices in Argos and how everything was done with each, he says that Aineas came from the Molossoi to Italy with Odysseus and became the founder of the city. And he named it.” ῾Ο τὰς ἱερείας τὰς ἐν ῎Αργει καὶ τὰ καθ’ ἑκάστην πραχθέντα συναγαγὼν Αἰνείαν φησὶν ἐκ Μολοττῶν εἰς ᾿Ιταλίαν ἐλθόντα μετ’ ᾿Οδυσσέως, οἰκιστὴν γενέσθαι τῆς πόλεως· ὀνομάσαι As Fowler (Early Greek Mythography 2. 2013, 564-5) notes, the Greek could mean either that Aeneas came to Italy with Odysseus or came to Italy and founded the city with Odysseus. Either way, the story is certainly not one at home in our Odyssey. Note though that the close collocation of Odysseus and Aeneas appears in Hesiod’s Theogony too (1008-1013): “And well-crowned Kythereia gave birth to Aeneias after having lovely sex with the hero Anchises on the hills of windy Ida with its many valleys. And Kirke the daughter of Helios the son of Hyperion after sex with enduring-minded Odysseus gave birth to Agrios and blameless and strong Latinus.” Αἰνείαν δ’ ἄρ’ ἔτικτεν ἐυστέφανος Κυθέρεια, ᾿Αγχίσῃ ἥρωι μιγεῖσ’ ἐρατῇ φιλότητι ῎Ιδης ἐν κορυφῇσι πολυπτύχου ἠνεμοέσσης. Κίρκη δ’ ᾿Ηελίου θυγάτηρ ῾Υπεριονίδαο γείνατ’ ᾿Οδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος ἐν φιλότητι ῎Αγριον ἠδὲ Λατῖνον ἀμύμονά τε κρατερόν τε· It may be important that a possible reference is here too to Italy (in the name Latinus). In other texts, there is still an indirect association between Aeneas, Odysseus and the founding of Rome: Geoponica, (10th Century CE) “For they say that Latinus was the brother of Telegonos and the son of Circe. and the father-in-law of Aeneas, that he founded the Akropolis before Aeneas arrived, and discovered laurel there.” τὸ παλάτιον ὠνομάσθη, ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπικλήσεως δάφνης τῆς ἐν ῾Ρώμῃ. φασὶ γὰρ Λατῖνον τὸν Τηλεγόνου μὲν ἀδελφόν, Κίρκης δὲ παῖδα, πενθερὸν δὲ Αἰνείου, κτίζοντα τὴν ἀκρόπολιν πρὸ τῆς Αἰνείου παρουσίας, εὑρηκέναι ἐκεῖ δάφνην. Aelian claims that the Greeks let Aeneas go: Varia Historia, 3.22 Pausanias also has a strange account that Aeneas traveled through Greece proper and that Anchises died there Pausanias, 8.12.8 “Of the roads leading to Orkhomenos there remains the one that goes by Mt. Anchisia and a monument to Anchises near the base of the mountain. When Aeneas was traveling to Sicily, he stopped his ships near Laconia and founded the cities Aphrodisias and Etis. His father came to his area for some reason and died. Aeneas buried him there. For this reason they named the mountain for Anchises. The Aiolians who live Troy near Troy now offer some support for this since they have no monument to Anchises in their land. λείπεται δὲ ἔτι τῶν ὁδῶν ἡ ἐς ᾿Ορχομενόν, καθ’ ἥντινα ᾿Αγχισία τε ὄρος καὶ ᾿Αγχίσου μνῆμά ἐστιν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὄρους τοῖς ποσίν. ὡς γὰρ δὴ ἐκομίζετο ἐς Σικελίαν ὁ Αἰνείας, ἔσχε ταῖς ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν Λακωνικήν, καὶ πόλεών τε ᾿Αφροδισιάδος καὶ ῎Ητιδος ἐγένετο οἰκιστὴς καὶ τὸν πατέρα ᾿Αγχίσην κατὰ πρόφασιν δή τινα παραγενόμενον ἐς τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον καὶ αὐτόθι τοῦ βίου τῇ τελευτῇ χρησάμενον ἔθαψεν ἐνταῦθα· καὶ τὸ ὄρος τοῦτο ἀπὸ τοῦ ᾿Αγχίσου καλοῦσιν ᾿Αγχισίαν.τούτου δὲ συντελοῦσιν ἐς πίστιν Αἰολέων οἱ ῎Ιλιον ἐφ’ ἡμῶν ἔχοντες, οὐδαμοῦ τῆς σφετέρας ἀποφαίνοντες μνῆμα ᾿Αγχίσου. Leave a Reply
February 4, 2020 Technical characteristics Soyuz ST is a variant of Soyuz 2 adapted to weather conditions in French Guiana and to the requirements of the French Space Operations Act (FSOA). The four side boosters (Blocks B, V, G and D) form the first stage of the Soyuz launcher and are arrayed around the central core. This architecture is derived from the R-7 Semyorka missile developed by the Soviet Union in the early 1950s. Standing 20 metres tall, each booster is powered by an RD-107A engine with four large combustion chambers fuelled with liquid oxygen and kerosene, and has two vernier thrusters for steering. After lift-off, the four boosters burn for 118 seconds and are then jettisoned. The 1st stage of the Soyuz launcher attached to the central core on the launch pad. Credits: CNES/ESA/Arianespace/CSG video and photo department/R Liétar, 2011. Standing 28 metres tall and spanning 2.95 metres, the second stage (Block A) is the central core of the launcher. It is powered by an RD-108A main propulsion engine comprising four chambers and four vernier thrusters for steering. Like for the side boosters, the RD-108A is fuelled with liquid oxygen and kerosene. Second stage ignition occurs at the same time as the first stage and generates 400 tonnes (4146 kN) of thrust. The stage burns for 286 seconds. 2nd stage of Soyuz in the MIK building at the CSG. The third stage (Block I) sits atop the second stage and is 6.7 metres tall. Like the first and second stages, it is fuelled with liquid oxygen and kerosene (all three Soyuz stages use the same propellants). It is powered by an RD-0110 engine for the Soyuz ST-A variant or a more powerful RD-0124 for the Soyuz ST-B. Third stage ignition occurs two seconds before shutdown of the second stage and it burns for 230 seconds. Separation from the central core is commanded by the flight computer. 3rd stage of Soyuz inside the MIK integration building at the CSG. The Fregat upper stage is fully autonomous and designed to operate as a separate spacecraft. Light, very precise, powerful and able to restart several times in flight, it was developed specifically for Soyuz-2 by Russian firm NPO Lavochkin from the propulsion modules built for the Phobos and Mars96 probes. Flight qualified in 2000, it stands 1.5 metres tall, spans 3.3 metres and has an empty weight of approximately 1,000 kilograms. The upper stage consists of six spherical tanks—four for propellants, two for avionics—arrayed in a circle around the main S5-92 engine providing two tonnes of thrust, with trusses passing through the tanks to provide structural support. The four tanks are filled with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (NTO or N2O4) propellants, with two tanks for each. The two avionics fuel tanks comprise electronic equipment racks for flight computers and command, telemetry and navigation units. Fregat is independent from the lower three stages; indeed, the Russians make a clear distinction between the Soyuz launcher—the first three stages—and the Fregat upper stage, which has its own guidance, navigation, control, tracking and telemetry systems. The stage can restart up to 20 times in flight, thus enabling it to place payloads very precisely into their final orbit. It has the capability to operate autonomously for 48 hours after lift-off. Fregat upper stage in production in Russia for the first Soyuz flight from the CSG. Credits: NPO Lavochkin (2007). Source: Marie Jasinski. Soyuz-ST can loft up to: • 4.8 tonnes to low Earth orbit (LEO) • 3.2 tonnes to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) The payload may consist of a single satellite or several satellites. Metop-C satellite mated with the Fregat stage in 2018. Soyuz ST’s fairing spans 4.1 metres and stands 11.4 metres tall. It is larger than the Soyuz-1 fairing (3.7 metres across and 7.7 metres tall). Fairing for Soyuz flight VS06, which orbited the European Gaia astronomy satellite in 2013.
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Miss Havisham is first introduced to the reader when Mr Pumblechook (Pips Uncle) announces that Miss Havisham Requests Pips presence to play at her house. Miss Havisham fits into the main plot because she trains Estella to “ break their hearts.” When Pip sees Estella for the fist time, he instantly falls in love with her. Miss Havisham sees this and she encourages Pip to do so. Miss Havisham was also, in Pips eyes, the cause of his ‘Great expectations’ Miss Havisham may also have been placed in the novel by Dickens, To explore how the effects of bad experiences on people. In this case it would be Miss Havisham being jilted on her wedding day In the first description of Satis house you get the image of a dilapidated house that has been abandoned even though there is someone there still living there. When pip goes to miss Havishams house she asks him to touch her heart. This according to her is ‘Broken. Get quality help now Sweet V Verified writer Proficient in: Charles Dickens 4.9 (984) +84 relevant experts are online Hire writer ’ When Miss Havisham says ‘I sometimes have sick fancies’ this shows that Miss Havisham is mentally disturbed in the head. Satis house is an old decaying house, which was turned this way by Miss Havishams neglect. When Pip returns to miss Havishams she takes him into her wedding breakfast room. There is a rotting cake in the middle of the table. This sums up Miss Havishams life perfectly. Forgotten and Mouldy. Another thing that is made out to be strange is that all the clocks have been stopped at twenty to nine. Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper Number of pages Email Invalid email Check writers' offers You won’t be charged yet! This makes it sound like her life has been frozen in time, as she also wore one shoe, half her veil was arranged and she still wore a decaying wedding dress. This makes the readers believe that she has frozen time at that exact point. Miss Havisham plays an important part in the Novel as she leads pip into believing that she was his benefactor because he believed that she was rearing him for Estella when in fact it was the convict (Magwitch). Miss Havishams character at the beginning of the novel is made out to be cruel and heartless, however later on in the novel she turns over a new leaf and begs for Pip’s forgiveness just before she is burnt to death. Charles Dickens explores the theme of sin and forgiveness in the novel. Throughout the novel some of the people who have sinned tried to redeem themselves the other people who have sinned haven’t. In addition, Dickens explores the theme of what is a gentle man. Compyson Who jilted Miss Havisham and manipulated Magwitch into doing his dirty work was considered a gentle man whereas Joe Gargery took in pip even though he was not related to him in any way took Pip in and gave him an apprenticeship at the forge was not considered a gentle man because he had to work for a living. Dickens explores many themes in the Novel. The main one being the effects on people after a bad experience. In this case this is through Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham dearly loved Compeyson and she cast away most of her family who forewarned her that he was trouble, But she ignored them all and when she got jilted by him on her wedding day she realised that her family were right. After this Miss Havisham adopted Estella so she could raise her up to be invulnerable to the effects of society were in actual fact she was more vulnerable when she grew up. Miss Havisham also raised her up to ‘break the hearts’ of men. This in a way is revenge for what Compeyson put Miss Havisham Through. Another theme in the novel is sin and forgiveness. In Victorian society many people went to church so many people believed in Heaven and Hell. Throughout the novel many people sin. Magwitch, Compeyson, Miss Havisham Orlick and many more. Some of these people try to redeem themselves like Magwitch who became a secret benefactor to Pip. ‘I sleep rough so you can sleep smooth’ also Miss Havisham realises that that she has destroyed two people’s lives. She tries to redeem herself by grovelling to Pip. ‘Oh what have I done’ she also explains what she did to Estella ‘I stole her heart and put ice in its place.’ This shows that Miss Havisham realised how she has raised her to be cruel, emotionless, and how she destroyed Estella’s life. Other people, who sinned, like Compeyson, were killed in a most horrific way. Drowning in a river while having a fight with Magwitch killed Compeyson. Over all Miss Havisham started in the novel to be a cruel, perverted character however towards the end of the novel she redeems herself by begging for Pips forgiveness. Cite this page Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. (2017, Jan 08). Retrieved from 👋 Hi! I’m your smart assistant Amy! get help with your assignment
In this post, you will learn to: • Identify the features of packages and their types. • State the steps for creating and using user-defined packages. • Explain static imports A Java package is a group of related classes and interfaces organized as one unit. The fully qualified name of the class includes the package it belongs to. For instance, tools.drawing.Shapes is the fully-qualified name of the class Shape. A Java package has the following: Features of Java packages are as follows: • A package can have sub packages. • A package cannot have two members with the same name. • If a class or interface is bundled inside a package, it must be referenced using its fully qualified name, which is the name of the Java class including its package name. • If multiple classes and interfaces are defined in a single Java source file within a package, then only one of them can be public. • Package names are written in lowercase. • Standard packages in the Java language begin with java or javax. The Java API library consists of a vast set of packages. Classes and interfaces are bundled by the function and purpose they serve. By default, every Java application or applet has access to the core package in the API, the java.lang package. Types of Java packages are as follows: • Predefined packages • User-defined packages Predefined packages are part of the Java API. User–defined packages are created by the developers. Predefined packages that are commonly used are as follows: Note: Consider a cabinet drawer holding a set of related files and folders. If all files and folders were lumped together in one location, it would lead to an unorganized mess and chaos. This would cause waste of time while searching for a particular file. Organizing the files into relevant drawers helps to maintain orderliness and improve efficiency. A package in Java has the same concept. User-Defined Packages Java allows the user to import the classes from user-defined packages using an import statement. import firm.Employee; //Imports the Employee class from the package firm import firm.; //Imports all classes from package firm The steps to create a Java package have been described one by one. Step 1: Select a name for the package. While deciding a name for the package, naming conventions rules has to be followed and they are as follows: • Package names should be written in lowercase. Package names should not begin with java or javax, because they are used for packages that are part of the Java API. • Package names cannot begin with a digit and have hyphens, they can however have an underscore. Step 2:Create a folder with the same name as the package. The naming structure for a package is hierarchical, so programs containing classes and interfaces should be placed under a folder of the same name as the package. Step 3: Place the source files in the folder created for the package. Add the package statement as the first line in all the source files under that package. There can only be one package statement in a source file. The following is the syntax to add the package statement in the source file. Step 4: Compile and Execute the application. While executing, make sure to use the fully qualified name of the class, that is, the name of the class including its package name. The following code demonstrates how to add a package statement in the Java source file. Code Snippet: package firm; public class Employee { int empId; String empName; String address; public Employee() System.out.println("Constructor of Employee"); public static void main(String args[]) Employee e=new Employee(); Save the source file as in a folder named firm. Compile the code as follows: Or, compile the source file with –d option as follows: javac –d . Where –d option stands for directory and . stands for current directory. The command will create a sub folder named firm and place the compiled class file inside it. From the parent folder of the source file, execute the code with its fully qualified name: To make use of the class elsewhere, the import statement is used. One example of using import statement, to import Employee class from the package firm is shown in the following statement: import firm.Employee; //imports a single class The following code demonstrates how to use the class, Employee from the package firm in another class Resources which is in a different package. Code Snippet: package company; import firm.Employee; public class Resources { public void testMethod() { Employee objEmployee = new Employee(); To indicate that class Resources belongs to package company, the package statement is added as the first line of the code. To use the class Employee in the class Resources, it needs to be imported with the import statement. At the time of compiling the class Resources, it is mandatory to ensure that the classpath includes the directory in which the other package (in this case, firm) is present. All import statements in a class must be placed after the package statement and before the class declaration. The import and package statements placed in a file affect all the classes in a file and cannot be applied selectively to particular classes in a file. In the package statement, names of packages and subpackages are separated by periods. Each component of the package name must be a directory name on the local machine. For example, if the package statement is as follows: Then, there must be directories created in the following hierarchy: Static Imports Normally, to access static members of a class within another class, it is required to use fully qualified name of the static member. This can however be relatively cumbersome, especially when many static members are used in a single statement. Java provides a workaround for this situation through static imports. The static import statement allows static members to be used without qualifying them with the class name and without inheriting from the type that contains the static members. static imports allow a program to import static members either individually or as a whole. For example, if the class Machines belonging to package mnc.factory has a static member boltSize which needs to be used in the class Gadgets, then a static import statement for it can be written.Once this is done, boltSize can be used anywhere inside Gadgets without using a qualifying name. The following code demonstrates the use of static imports statement. Code Snippet: import static mnc.factory.Machines.boltSize; class Gadgets { public void assign() { boltSize = 20; Static imports can also be used with built-in libraries, such as: import static java.lang.Math.PI; double area = PIradius*radius; // Using static const PI Though static imports is a useful feature, it should not be used too frequently. Using too many static imports in a program can hamper readability and also cause maintenance problems.
The Equality Act Is Just A Reinvented Equal Rights Amendment, And It’s Still Bad For Women Both ERA and the Equality Act are solely about 'sex' and its ever-changing definition. When sex is redefined, all women lose. Anne Schlafly Cori The purpose of the proposed Equality Act currently in front of Congress is to add “sexual orientation and gender identity” to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It would have catastrophic consequences for girls and women by creating a new protected class and providing special rights to people who are confused about biology. Sexual orientation and gender identity ideology uses emotions and feelings – not biology and science – to identify and group people not as individuals, but as a brand-new minority group. This current debate on the Equality Act helps to clarify the true meaning of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which failed ratification in 1979. ERA was advertised in the 1970s as a benefit for women because it would have codified rights for women in the U.S. Constitution. That sales pitch failed because the text of the amendment does not include the word “woman.” ERA demands “equality of rights … on the basis of sex,” and this vague language is open to many interpretations, as sex has multiple definitions. In truth, nothing in ERA would provide any additional rights for women. It would actually harm women, particularly vulnerable and at-risk women, by eliminating single-sex correctional facilities and shelters, labor laws that favor women and pregnancy accommodations, school athletics and privacy, government set-asides and programs for women. ERA would also require girls to register for the selective service and be subject to military combat. ERA lost in the 1970s because American women did not want to lose rights. Both the ERA and the Equality Act are solely about “sex” and its ever-changing definition. Unlike the heated debates in the 1970s that dismissed other definitions of “sex” as irrelevant, no one can claim today that ERA would not have an impact on every law concerning sexual orientation and gender identity. ERA is not about women. Thanks to Justice Neil Gorsuch’s over-reaching decision in Bostock v. Clayton County in 2020, the legal definition of sex in Title VII now no longer refers to X and Y chromosomes, but how-I-feel-at-moment. Anyone, not just Aretha Franklin, now can feel like a natural woman on any day. Sexual orientation and gender identity did not exist in 1964, when everyone recognized that “sex” was a biological definition. Yet the Supreme Court has discovered brand-new definitions of sex that can be easily changed and are in defiance of the law’s original intent. The Supreme Court accepted the non-scientific notion that changing one’s sex is biologically possible. Every cell of our body has a Y or X chromosome, no matter how many hormones we might ingest or how many surgeries, or how many changes of clothing. A change of gender identity can only be superficial. All girls and women lose when sex is redefined because we lose our privacy. Neither ERA nor the Equality Act are bipartisan, nor are they supported by the majority of Americans. Instead, the progressive wing of the Democrat Party is pushing an ideology that demeans and devalues women. Why should women step aside for men pretending to be women to take advantage of laws designed for women? Why should women have to go to the back of the bus so that a newly discovered protected class can take their seats? In many ways, the purpose of the Equality Act is to enact the substance of ERA by legislation. Amending the U.S. Constitution is difficult and is only successful when there is a broad consensus of Americans. Amendments cannot be snuck in the back door, as ratification requires a supermajority of Congress and a supermajority of state legislatures. ERA failed to garner enough states when it was pending in the 1970s. Its proponents recognize that they cannot ratify ERA in Congress today by the required two-thirds vote. So if the Equality Act passes Congress by a simple majority, these proponents hope that courts will interpret the Equality Act as if ERA is part of the Constitution. Now the truth is self-evident: ERA was always about erasing women and eliminating any social or legal distinction that protected women. ERA is actually a transgender amendment, not a women’s amendment, since women would gain nothing and transgender people would gain new privileges. The T is now the engine driving the train of LGBT, and L will surely lose when biological men invade their space. ERA is not a feel-good amendment for the ladies, but an attempt to legislate a restructuring of human nature. Recognizing that males and females have biological differences is not discrimination, but reality. The consequences of these new laws range from the absurd – men with bad wigs attempting to gain access to the Miss USA pageant – to the abusive, when vulnerable girls and women lose their privacy because Congress has dictated that there can be no distinction on the basis of sex. ERA is essentially a sexist amendment because it would strip women of their legal and cultural rights. Equality of opportunity is lost if Congress grants men the power and access to bully into women’s spaces. Whether it is ERA or the Equality Act, girls and women will lose and men who pretend to be women will win. Photo wikimedia
Why does the 1619 African arrival matter now? The first Africans’ arrival in Virginia launched a system of oppression that fundamentally shaped our nation and culture and laid the foundation for generations of African Americans and their descendants. Hampton symbolizes the complexities of our history and encourages us to understand how we became who we are today. Hampton is where American slavery began. But, in a twist of fate, Hampton is also the place where slavery began to end. In the earliest days of the Civil War, three enslaved men sought freedom and escaped to Fort Monroe (at Point Comfort). Their actions spurred a massive resistance movement and sparked a shift in the United States’ policy toward emancipation and ultimately abolition. The legacy of 1619 defines our nation’s journey toward freedom. Show All Answers 1. Who were the first Africans? 2. Were the first Africans indentured servants or enslaved? 3. Did the Africans arrive at Point Comfort or Jamestown? 4. Were they the first Africans in America? 5. Why does the 1619 African arrival matter now?
The “Flying Hussar” …Werner Voss ‘The Last Dance’… Werner Voss, the “Flying Hussar,” had come back from Germany with a vengeance. Probably the best German fighter pilot of the war, he was an excellent marksman and a superb flyer. A naturally skilled mechanic, Voss worked on his own engines and machine guns, tuning and adjusting both for maximum effectiveness. Born to wealth, he had a casual indolence common to his social class, yet he always went into combat in full uniform in case he was forced down. Barely twenty years old, he had over a year of frontline experience, and had begun shooting down Englishmen at the age of eighteen. By the end of May 1917, Voss had 31 kills, the Blue Max, and command of Jasta 5. By this time, flyers on both sides understood the practical and theoretical aspects of dogfighting. They understood deflection shooting, though not many could do it well before the advent of lead-computing sights. They understood the turn circle. (See Appendix A, “Anatomy of a Dogfight.”) In a time of short-range, forward-firing machine guns, the turn circle was vital. Not that you had to get behind an aircraft to kill him—you did not—but if you could get behind his wing line, then the single-seat type of fighter couldn’t shoot back as his guns were pointed forward. Pilots like Voss also grasped the use of the “vertical.” This involves maneuvering up, down, and diagonally, not only sideways in the “horizontal.” There are many advantages to this. First, a vertical fight requires more flying finesse, which many inexperienced flyers didn’t have. Second, the tendency is for most pilots to look about horizontally and directly behind their own tail (the latter is called “checking six”).* It takes conscious effort and training to cross-check the vertical, both up and down. Many men didn’t do it and so would never see the enemy that killed them. Third, using the vertical drastically changes the maneuvering potential of an aircraft. For example, if you’re descending or diving, your airspeed is much greater. Combine that with being unobserved because no one is looking up, and you’re set up for a slashing kill. If you’re coming up from below, then you’re also likely undetected and aiming for the vulnerable belly. This was Albert Ball’s favored method of attack, and few could emulate him. The turn circle of an ascending aircraft will be much smaller, as you’ve got gravity working for you at the top of your turn. Think of an egg viewed from the side, with the vertical aircraft on the much smaller, rounded tip and the horizontal aircraft flying along the wider middle section. Your smaller circle fits inside his bigger one, allowing you to turn, point, and shoot. This gets you inside the enemy circle while keeping your aircraft “out of plane” and, you hope, beyond his guns. Environmental factors, such as the sun, are extremely lethal when used with this type of out-of-plane maneuvering. Most combat pilots who survive use combinations of these techniques to slash through a fight, shooting what they can, then extending away from the mess of swirling aircraft. Alternately called a “fur ball,” or “knife fight,” getting caught up in one was a fast way home in a box. Processing that much information and keeping accurate situational awareness on multiple fast-moving aircraft is extremely difficult. No matter how good you are, someone is likely to get you before you kill all of them or get away. Voss took off early one Sunday morning from his aerodrome at Markebeke, near the Belgian-French border. Just back from Berlin, he’d been traveling all night and was still hungover. Tony Fokker loved throwing parties and had hosted a big one at the Bristol Hotel on Berlin’s famous Unter den Linden. At about half past eight, a 57 Squadron DH-4 piloted by Lt. S. L. J. Bramley was over Roulers in western Belgium heading back for the British lines. Quick, strong, and well armed as it was, the single-engine British bomber was no match for the Fokker Triplane. Bramley and his observer, Lt. J. M. de Lacey, likely never saw Voss’s black skull-and-crossbones insignia before a burst from his guns sent them crashing down in flames. Coming back with engine trouble, Voss landed, ate breakfast, and took a long nap. Later that afternoon he took off again in a spare Triplane, this one sporting a silver-blue finish and red nose spinner. Heading west for the front lines, he spotted a lone SE-5 and immediately attacked, not seeing a British flight of fighters a little farther west and a bit higher. These were six SE-5s from 56 Squadron, led by Capt. James McCudden, and they’d crossed the front at Bikschote at 6,000 feet, heading northeast. McCudden spotted the SE-5 jinking and half spinning with a blue triplane stuck to its tail. Rolling inverted over Poelcappelle, the six Brits attacked, McCudden and Lt. Arthur Rhys-Davies bracketing right and left, respectively. But Voss was too experienced to be caught that way. Even while lining up on his target he was still checking six and immediately picked up the threats swooping down from above. With himself now the target and with no way to run, Voss flipped the wonderfully maneuverable triplane around and attacked. Watching the vulnerable tail turn into twin Spandau machine guns broke up the British formation. McCudden later recalled, “The German pilot saw us and turned in a most disconcertingly quick manner, not a climbing nor Immelmann turn, but a sort of half spin. . . . As soon as I fired up came his nose at me, and I heard clack-clack-clack-clack as his bullets passed close to me.” Having survived the initial pass, Voss now had the advantage. His opponents were either level or descending, building up speed away from him. His triplane could easily outturn any SE-5 and he was now on top of the fight, slower but with altitude and more maneuverability. Maybe he could’ve disengaged by heading back into the clouds, then sprinting for home. For a half second there was probably that option, but Voss was a fighter pilot and his blood was up. He certainly showed no signs of hesitation and stayed where he was, turning and shooting at any target of opportunity. By now the German triplane was in the middle of our formation, and its handling was wonderful to behold. The pilot seemed to be firing at all of us simultaneously, and although I got behind him a second time, I could hardly stay there for a second. His movements were so quick and uncertain that none of us could hold him in sight at all for any decisive time. . . . I noted the triplane in the apex of a cone of tracer bullets from at least five machines simultaneously, and each machine had two guns. Voss was fighting for his life and, at those odds, was flying instinctively—there would be no other way to fight at that point. Everything was a target. A lucky bullet hitting a British pilot or engine, one of the British planes running out of fuel or ammunition—it was all still possible, as was the chance that a comrade would come to help. In fact, Lt. Karl Menckhoff, flying a red-nosed Albatros from Jasta 3, did just that. Ignoring the odds and his poor position, he dove straight into the fight and tried to protect the triplane’s tail. Voss instantly switched from purely defensive flying and began attacking again. Menckhoff was also a superb pilot, but in covering Voss he got himself shot down by Rhys-Davies. By now, however, the fight had drifted southeast and fallen much lower against the darkening ground. Arthur Rhys-Davies was still knife-fighting with the triplane. Slow from all the turning, Voss had no more altitude to trade and was forced into a purely horizontal fight. Rhys-Davies was firing both guns when the triplane passed off his right wing, began flying erratically, then dove straight down into the ground. Whether he was already dead by the time his plane went into a dive or had just been wounded, the German and his plane disappeared into a thousand pieces just north of Frezenburg behind the British lines. The 56 Squadron pilots knew they’d battled one of the best and no one else could’ve survived against all of them. The British pilots in that dogfight had accounted for more than eighty German planes, yet Werner Voss had fought them for ten minutes, so badly damaging five aircraft that three made forced landings and two were written off completely. His body was identified by papers in his pockets and the Blue Max around his neck. Upon hearing the news, Arthur Rhys-Davies said, “Oh, if I could only have brought him down alive.” McCudden agreed and later wrote: As long as I live I shall never forget my admiration for that German pilot, who single-handed fought seven of us for ten minutes, and also put some bullets through all of our machines. His flying was wonderful, his courage magnificent. There is no finer epitaph for a fighter pilot. Werner Voss: The Last Hussar: (Aces & Aeroplanes, 1) by HYLANDS, Dennis
Associations to the word «Head» Pictures for the word «Head» HEAD, noun. (countable) The part of the body of an animal or human which contains the brain, mouth, and main sense organs. HEAD, noun. (people) To do with heads. HEAD, noun. Mental or emotional aptitude or skill. HEAD, noun. Mind; one's own thoughts. HEAD, noun. A headache; especially one resulting from intoxication. HEAD, noun. A headdress; a covering for the head. HEAD, noun. An individual person. HEAD, noun. (animals) To do with heads. HEAD, noun. (uncountable) (measure word for livestock and game) A single animal. HEAD, noun. The population of game. HEAD, noun. The antlers of a deer. HEAD, noun. (countable) The topmost, foremost, or leading part. HEAD, noun. The end of a table. HEAD, noun. The end of a rectangular table furthest from the entrance; traditionally considered a seat of honor. HEAD, noun. (billiards) The end of a pool table opposite the end where the balls have been racked. HEAD, noun. (countable) The principal operative part of a machine or tool. HEAD, noun. The end of a hammer, axe, golf club, or similar implement used for striking other objects. HEAD, noun. The end of a nail, screw, bolt, or similar fastener which is opposite the point; usually blunt and relatively wide. HEAD, noun. The sharp end of an arrow, spear, or pointer. HEAD, noun. (lacrosse) The top part of a lacrosse stick that holds the ball. HEAD, noun. (music) A drum head, the membrane which is hit to produce sound. HEAD, noun. A machine element which reads or writes electromagnetic signals to or from a storage medium. HEAD, noun. (computing) The part of a disk drive responsible for reading and writing data. HEAD, noun. (automotive) The cylinder head, a platform above the cylinders in an internal combustion engine, containing the valves and spark plugs. HEAD, noun. The foam that forms on top of beer or other carbonated beverages. HEAD, noun. (engineering) The end cap of a cylindrically-shaped pressure vessel. HEAD, noun. (British) (geology) Deposits near the top of a geological succession. HEAD, noun. (medicine) The end of an abscess where pus collects. HEAD, noun. (music) The headstock of a guitar. HEAD, noun. (nautical) A leading component. HEAD, noun. The top edge of a sail. HEAD, noun. The bow of a vessel. HEAD, noun. (British) A headland. HEAD, noun. (social) (countable) A leader or expert. HEAD, noun. The place of honour, or of command; the most important or foremost position; the front. HEAD, noun. Leader; chief; mastermind. HEAD, noun. A headmaster or headmistress. HEAD, noun. (music) (slang) A person with an extensive knowledge of hip hop. HEAD, noun. A significant or important part. HEAD, noun. A beginning or end, a protuberance. HEAD, noun. The source of a river; the end of a lake where a river flows into it. HEAD, noun. A clump of seeds, leaves or flowers; a capitulum. HEAD, noun. An ear of wheat, barley, or other small cereal. HEAD, noun. (nautical) The toilet of a ship. HEAD, noun. (in the plural) Tiles laid at the eaves of a house. HEAD, noun. A component. HEAD, noun. (jazz) The principal melody or theme of a piece. HEAD, noun. Headway; progress. HEAD, noun. Topic; subject. HEAD, noun. (uncountable) Denouement; crisis. HEAD, noun. (fluid dynamics) Pressure and energy. HEAD, noun. A buildup of fluid pressure, often quantified as pressure head. HEAD, noun. The difference in elevation between two points in a column of fluid, and the resulting pressure of the fluid at the lower point. HEAD, noun. More generally, energy in a mass of fluid divided by its weight. HEAD, noun. (slang) (uncountable) Fellatio or cunnilingus; oral sex. HEAD, noun. (slang) The glans penis. HEAD, noun. (slang) (countable) A heavy or habitual user of illicit drugs. HEAD, noun. (obsolete) Power; armed force. HEAD, adjective. Of, relating to, or intended for the head. HEAD, adjective. Foremost in rank or importance. HEAD, adjective. Placed at the top or the front. HEAD, adjective. Coming from in front. HEAD, verb. (transitive) To be in command of. (See also head up.) HEAD, verb. (transitive) To strike with the head; as in soccer, to head the ball HEAD, verb. (intransitive) To move in a specified direction. HEAD, verb. (fishing) To remove the head from a fish. HEAD, verb. (intransitive) To originate; to spring; to have its course, as a river. HEAD, verb. (intransitive) To form a head. HEAD, verb. To form a head to; to fit or furnish with a head. HEAD, verb. To cut off the top of; to lop off. HEAD, verb. (obsolete) To behead; to decapitate. HEAD, verb. To set on the head. HEAD, proper noun. A surname, from residence near a hilltop or the head of a river, or a byname for someone with an odd-looking head. HEAD AND EARS, adverb. (informal) With the whole person; deeply; completely. HEAD AND SHOULDERS, adjective. (idiomatic) To a considerable degree. HEAD AND SHOULDERS, adverb. By force; violently. HEAD BLIGHT, noun. (agriculture) a blight afflicting the seed heads or inflorescences of cereal crops HEAD BOY, noun. (British) A boy of a school sixth form, whose duties may include representing the school and organising the prefects. HEAD BOYS, noun. Plural of head boy HEAD BUTT, noun. Alternative spelling of headbutt HEAD BUTT, verb. Alternative spelling of headbutt HEAD BUTTED, verb. Simple past tense and past participle of head butt HEAD BUTTER, noun. Used other than as an idiom: see head,‎ butter. HEAD BUTTER, noun. Alternative form of headbutter HEAD BUTTING, verb. Present participle of head butt HEAD BUTTS, verb. Third-person singular simple present indicative form of head butt HEAD CASE, noun. Used other than as an idiom: see head,‎ case. HEAD CASE, noun. Alternative spelling of headcase HEAD CASES, noun. Plural of head case HEAD CHEESE, noun. (US) brawn (terrine) HEAD CHEESES, noun. Plural of head cheese HEAD COACH, noun. The highest ranking coach of a coaching staff. HEAD COLD, noun. A common cold (illness). HEAD COLDS, noun. Plural of head cold HEAD COOK AND BOTTLE WASHER, noun. Alternative form of chief cook and bottle washer HEAD COOK AND BOTTLE WASHERS, noun. Plural of head cook and bottle washer HEAD COOK AND BOTTLE-WASHER, noun. Alternative form of chief cook and bottle washer HEAD COOK AND BOTTLE-WASHERS, noun. Plural of head cook and bottle-washer HEAD COOKS AND BOTTLE WASHERS, noun. Plural of head cook and bottle washer HEAD COOKS AND BOTTLE-WASHERS, noun. Plural of head cook and bottle-washer HEAD COUNT, noun. An act of counting a small group of people. HEAD COUNT, noun. The exact number of people in a group or organization. HEAD COUNTS, noun. Plural of head count HEAD COVERING, noun. A covering for the head. HEAD COVERINGS, noun. Plural of head covering HEAD CRASH, noun. (computing) A collision of the head of a hard drive with the platter, resulting in permanent damage to the hard drive. HEAD CRASHES, noun. Plural of head crash HEAD DOWN, BUM UP, noun. A figurative bodily position adopted when working hard at some task, either physical or mental. (Head down may well be literal, but bum up is figurative.) HEAD FAKE, noun. (sports) A player's movement of the head as if to change direction, hoping to mislead pursuers. HEAD FAKE, noun. (figuratively) Any analogously misleading situation, such as a brief rise before a fall on the stock market. HEAD FAKES, noun. Plural of head fake HEAD FIRST, adverb. With the head first or foremost. HEAD FOR THE HILLS, verb. To travel to a higher elevation, especially to a rural region on vacation. HEAD FOR THE HILLS, verb. (idiomatic) To go to a safe place; to seek refuge; to flee. HEAD GAME, noun. (informal) An attempt to psychologically intimidate someone HEAD GAMES, noun. Plural of head game HEAD GIRL, noun. (British) A girl of a school sixth form, whose duties may include representing the school and organising the prefects. HEAD GROOM, noun. A stablemaster. HEAD GROUP, noun. Alternative spelling of headgroup HEAD GROUPS, noun. Plural of head group HEAD HONCHO, noun. (idiomatic) The person in charge; the highest-ranking person in an organization. HEAD HONCHOS, noun. Plural of head honcho HEAD HOUSE, noun. Alternative spelling of headhouse HEAD HUNTER, noun. Used other than as an idiom. HEAD HUNTER, noun. Alternative spelling of headhunter HEAD HUNTERS, noun. Plural of head hunter HEAD IN THE CLOUDS, adverb. (idiomatic) Having fantastic or impractical dreams; thinking impractically. HEAD IN THE CLOUDS, adverb. (idiomatic) Daydreaming; thinking about matters other than the present reality. HEAD KIDNEY, noun. Pronephros HEAD LAD, noun. A person employed to manage a stable of racehorses. HEAD LADS, noun. Plural of head lad HEAD LICE, noun. Plural of head louse HEAD LINE, noun. (palmistry) A line on the palm of the hand from between the thumb and index finger moving across the palm. Supposed to indicate, by its form or position, one's mentality. HEAD LINESMAN, noun. The chief, senior or most authoritative of a group of linesmen officiating at a match. HEAD LOUSE, noun. A parasitic insect, Pediculus humanus capitis, which lives among the hairs on the head of a human and feeds on blood. HEAD MAN, noun. The person in charge of an organization, clan, tribe, or other group. HEAD MAN, noun. Leader of a village. HEAD MANS, noun. Plural of head man HEAD MEN, noun. Plural of head man HEAD MONEY, noun. (obsolete) poll tax HEAD OF GOVERNMENT, noun. The chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet; usually called Prime Minister (in a parliamentary system) or President (in a presidential system). HEAD OF HAIR, noun. All the hair that covers the scalp of a person (excludes the beard and moustache) HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD, noun. The person responsible for governing a group that lives together, such as a family. HEAD OF STATE, noun. The chief public representative of a nation having duties, privileges and responsibilities varying greatly depending on the constitutional rules; a monarch in a monarchy, and often styled president in a republic, but variations such as collegiality exist. HEAD OF STEAM, noun. (idiomatic) Amount of energy. HEAD OFF, verb. (intransitive) To begin moving away. HEAD OFF, verb. (transitive) To intercept. HEAD OFF, verb. (transitive) To avoid some usually negative consequence. HEAD OFFICE, noun. The main administrative centre for a company or organisation. HEAD OVER HEELS, adverb. Tumbling upside down. HEAD OVER HEELS, adverb. At top speed; frantically. HEAD OVER HEELS, adverb. Hopelessly smitten. HEAD RHYME, noun. The use of alliteration at the beginning of stressed syllables HEAD RHYMES, noun. Plural of head rhyme HEAD ROLL, noun. (rare in the singular) A juggling maneuver where the object (usually a club) is rolled over the top of the head into the other hand. HEAD ROLLS, noun. Plural of head roll HEAD RUSH, noun. Alternative spelling of headrush HEAD SCARF, noun. Alternative form of headscarf HEAD SCRATCHER, noun. A device used to scratch the head. HEAD SCRATCHER, noun. (idiomatic) A particularly puzzling or confusing event. HEAD SEA, noun. A sea that meets the head of a vessel or rolls against her course. HEAD SHOP, noun. A retail outlet specializing in sale of paraphernalia related to consumption of cannabis, other recreational drugs, and New Age herbs, as well as generally selling counterculture art, magazines, music, clothing, and home decor. HEAD SHOPS, noun. Plural of head shop HEAD SHY, adjective. (of an animal) Disposed to evade having one's head touched. HEAD SOUTH, verb. Alternative form of go south HEAD SPACE, noun. Alternative form of headspace HEAD SPACES, noun. Plural of head space HEAD START, noun. (idiomatic) An advantage consisting in starting a competition or task earlier than might be expected; given (or taken), for example, prior to the beginning of a race. HEAD START, noun. (idiomatic) A factor conducive to superiority and success. HEAD START, proper noun. In the United States, a government funded preschool program for impoverished children. HEAD STARTS, noun. Plural of head start HEAD TAX, noun. A tax determined as a uniform, fixed amount per individual; a poll tax. HEAD TEACHER, noun. (education) A gender-neutral term for a headmaster or headmistress. HEAD TEACHER, noun. Alternative form of headteacher HEAD TEACHERS, noun. Plural of head teacher HEAD TO HEAD, adverb. In a very close one-on-one situation. HEAD TO TOE, adverb. (idiomatic) Entirely; completely; over one's full body. HEAD TO TOE, adverb. In reversed positions; in a lying position of two people where each person's feet are juxtaposed to the other person's head HEAD TO WIND, adjective. (nautical) Having the bow of a boat facing directly into the wind HEAD TRIP, noun. (idiomatic) An experience or set of experiences which is intellectually challenging or stimulating. HEAD TRIP, noun. (idiomatic) A disorienting, exciting experience, especially one consisting mainly of striking sensory impressions. HEAD TRIP, noun. (idiomatic) A state of mind in which one is distracted, disturbed, or unnerved, whether self-induced or resulting from ill-treatment by others. HEAD TRIP, noun. (idiomatic) An ego trip. HEAD UP, verb. (idiomatic) To lead or take the lead; to direct; to take charge. HEAD UP, verb. To close (a cask, barrel, etc.) by fitting a head to it. Dictionary definition HEAD, noun. A single domestic animal; "200 head of cattle". HEAD, noun. A person who is in charge; "the head of the whole operation". HEAD, noun. The front of a military formation or procession; "the head of the column advanced boldly"; "they were at the head of the attack". HEAD, noun. The pressure exerted by a fluid; "a head of steam". HEAD, noun. The top of something; "the head of the stairs"; "the head of the page"; "the head of the list". HEAD, noun. The source of water from which a stream arises; "they tracked him back toward the head of the stream". HEAD, noun. (grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent. HEAD, noun. The tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates). HEAD, noun. A dense cluster of flowers or foliage; "a head of cauliflower"; "a head of lettuce". HEAD, noun. The educator who has executive authority for a school; "she sent unruly pupils to see the principal". HEAD, noun. An individual person; "tickets are $5 per head". HEAD, noun. A user of (usually soft) drugs; "the office was full of secret heads". HEAD, noun. A natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea). HEAD, noun. A rounded compact mass; "the head of a comet". HEAD, noun. The foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container; "the beer had a large head of foam". HEAD, noun. The part in the front or nearest the viewer; "he was in the forefront"; "he was at the head of the column". HEAD, noun. A difficult juncture; "a pretty pass"; "matters came to a head yesterday". HEAD, noun. Forward movement; "the ship made little headway against the gale". HEAD, noun. A V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north". HEAD, noun. The subject matter at issue; "the question of disease merits serious discussion"; "under the head of minor Roman poets". HEAD, noun. The rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint; "the head of the humerus". HEAD, noun. That part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves. HEAD, noun. (computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk. HEAD, noun. (usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head; "call heads or tails!". HEAD, noun. The striking part of a tool; "the head of the hammer". HEAD, noun. (nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship. HEAD, noun. A projection out from one end; "the head of the nail", "a pinhead is the head of a pin". HEAD, noun. A membrane that is stretched taut over a drum. HEAD, noun. Oral stimulation of the genitals; "they say he gives good head". HEAD, verb. To go or travel towards; "where is she heading"; "We were headed for the mountains". HEAD, verb. Be in charge of; "Who is heading this project?". HEAD, verb. Travel in front of; go in advance of others; "The procession was headed by John". HEAD, verb. Be the first or leading member of (a group) and excel; "This student heads the class". HEAD, verb. Direct the course; determine the direction of travelling. HEAD, verb. Take its rise; "These rivers head from a mountain range in the Himalayas". HEAD, verb. Be in the front of or on top of; "The list was headed by the name of the president". HEAD, verb. Form a head or come or grow to a head; "The wheat headed early this year". HEAD, verb. Remove the head of; "head the fish". Wise words Nathaniel Hawthorne
Skip to main content Chile's dictatorship-era water code is getting a makeover Chile's dictatorship-era water code is getting a makeover FILE PHOTO: A cow stands on land that used to be filled with water, at the Aculeo Lagoon in Paine, Chile January 9, 2019. Picture taken January 9, 2019. REUTERS/Rodrigo Garrido/File Photo SANTIAGO: Chilean lawmakers took further votes on Wednesday (Aug 4) to overhaul the country's dictatorship-era water code, aiming to replace decades-old legislation that largely privatized water rights with a new code that prioritizes human consumption and the environment. The reform bill, which has languished in Congress for 10 years, has made big strides thus far in 2021, including a unanimous Senate vote late last month blessing the overall goals of the legislation. The revamped code approved late on Wednesday requires that new concessions for water be temporary and not indefinite, as was the case under the original code passed during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in the early 1980s. The legislation also prohibits water rights over glaciers, protects water in indigenous territories and allows the government to establish reserves in environmentally sensitive areas. Socialist Senator Isabel Allende said in the debate that lawmakers' object was not to eliminate rights, but to put them under a microscope and provide strong regulation that prioritizes human consumption. "Future will not be saleable or inheritable ... and speculation will not be permitted," Allende said. "These are enormous advances." The bill now heads back to the Chamber of Deputies for final procedural votes. Chile, the world's top copper miner, has been hit by severe drought for nearly a decade that has forced mines to double down on efforts to reduce water use and build desalinization plants, and farms and vineyards to rethink sources for irrigation. Mounting pressure for change following countrywide protests over inequality in 2019 has further forced the hand of lawmakers who long dragged their feet on the reforms. But the last word is likely to come from the country's recently convened constitutional convention, which is currently drafting a new constitution. Many of the convention's delegates have called for water to be enshrined in the new Magna Carta as a human right. "Until we recognize water as a fundamental right in the Constitution, this project is only an advance ... the task of the Constitutional Convention is clear," lawmaker Ximena Rincon, of the centrist Christian Democratic party, said during a session late last month. Source: Reuters/ad Also worth reading
Today's the day when sales of cards and boxes of chocolates go through the roof, and when restaurants and flower shops ramp up their prices. Or, if you’re a more romantic soul, it’s a day when courting or married couples can indulge in displays of public affection and shower each other with gifts and kisses. The day has become increasingly commercialised in the decades since the war and hundreds of thousands of pounds will be spent in the North East on cards, wrapping paper, lingerie, Champagne, choccies and the like. Looking back, for those of us who received our first Valentine’s cards - usually daubed with the acronym SWALK (“sealed with a loving kiss”) - as spotty teenagers, it was an occasion marked by slight embarrassment but more than a little pride. As it’s February 14, we recall 10 things you - probably - never knew about Valentine’s Day: 1. The origins of the big day are unclear and have been lost in the mists of time. It probably originates from a pagan fertility festival in pre-Roman times called Lupercalia, which spread across the Roman Empire, including much of the UK, and over time became a day of remembrance for St Valentine. Video Loading 4. If flowers are traditional today, it may originate from the fact ancient Britons became worried if flowers weren’t in bloom by February 14, and would wear them for good luck. 5. By the Middle Ages, Valentine’s Day became the traditional date when birds began mating, and young women chose their sweethearts. 6. Spoilsport Oliver Cromwell abolished Valentine’s Day in the 17th century, but it returned after his death when basic cards were increasingly sent. 7. There are some long-forgotten traditions. If single women tied ribbons around an oak tree near their home, it would be united and returned by an eligible man. If she tied ribbons in her hair at bed time, she would dream of her future husband. 8. If you’re going out for a romantic meal tonight, foods with aphrodisiac qualities include basil, chocolate, asparagus, figs and garlic (although you might want to brush your teeth after eating the last one!) 9. In the UK alone, more than £128m will be spent on celebrations this year. In the United States more than $1 billion will be forked out on chocolates, and more than 80 million roses will be sold worldwide. 10. Finally, the 1929 St Valentine’ Day Massacre saw seven underworld figures from Bugs Moran’s gang gunned down in a cold blood in a Chicago garage. The act was the culmination of a gang war between arch rivals Moran and Al Capone.
Vanda orchids species The various species of Vanda orchids Vanda orchids are a botanical genus belonging to the Orchidaceae family. They originate from Eastern countries such as China, Malaysia and Indonesia, India and Australia. There are about 80 species of these typically epiphytic plants. They are divided into species with ribbon-like leaves and species with cylindrical leaves. Among the former, the best known are: Vanda sanderiana, Vanda coerulea, Vanda tricolor, Vanda dearei, Vanda merrillii and Vanda luzonica. Among the latter, the most common are Vanda teres and Vanda hookeriana. Those with ribbon leaves are the species that are best suited for growing indoors. In summer they need sunlight in the morning and shade at other times of the day. Cylindrical leaf orchids also need a lot of sun but need to be grown outside. Vanda orchids: general characteristics Vanda orchids have thick fleshy roots that develop in the air and are suitable for hanging wooden baskets. The plant can flower, for several weeks, three or four times a year, particularly between spring and the beginning of the summer season. The inflorescences produce 10-12 flowers, sometimes pleasantly scented, with open and similar sepals. The petals have the same shape and the labellum has a spur, trilobed and of different shapes, according to the species. Almost all types of Vanda love direct sunlight and can generate lateral shoots, which then give rise to new plants that develop independently, once their roots have been produced. These orchids are also grown as cut flowers, as well as an ornamental houseplant. Ideal temperatures and watering of the Vanda Ideal growing temperatures during the summer are 28-30 degrees during the day and 20-25 degrees at night. During the winter season the temperature must be between 15 and 18 degrees during the day and between 12 and 14 degrees at night. In this way the orchid growth will be constant. Lower temperatures, on the other hand, interfere negatively. It is also necessary to ensure good ventilation for the plant. A scarcity of sunshine causes non-flowering. During the spring and summer the Vandas need to be watered every day. During the rest of the year, just water enough to keep the roots moist. Watering should be done in the morning, to ensure that the leaves have time to dry until the evening. Sprays with non-calcareous water are also necessary, Vanda orchids species: Fertilization and soil for the Vanda orchid In spring, when Vanda orchids are at their peak growth, fertilization is needed once a week. At other times of the year it is sufficient to do it every 15 days or so. It is good to use fertilizers with formula 20:20:20 based on nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, in the amount of one gram for each liter of water. A 10:30:20 ratio will help achieve monthly flowering. To avoid an excessive concentration of mineral salts, orchids must be watered abundantly with water only once a week. Furthermore, fertilization must always be carried out with wet soil which must never dry out completely. The substrate for the Vanda consists of pine bark (bark) or charcoal, gravel or pumice. The perfect combination involves bark, charcoal and pumice combined in equal parts. Related posts Deja una respuesta Botón volver arriba
Often asked: What Is The Human Factor In Aviation? What are the 12 human factors? • Lack of communication. • Distraction. • Lack of resources. • Stress. • Complacency. • Lack of teamwork. • Pressure. • Lack of awareness. What are examples of human factors? Introduction to human factors • The job: including areas such as the nature of the task, workload, the working environment, the design of displays and controls, and the role of procedures. • The individual: including his/her competence, skills, personality, attitude, and risk perception. Why do we study human factors in aviation? In aviation, human factors is dedicated to better understanding how humans can most safely and efficiently be integrated with the technology. That understanding is then translated into design, training, policies, or procedures to help humans perform better. Flight deck design. How do human factors affect aviation safety? You might be interested: FAQ: How High Can You Turn On The Autopilot Aviation? Is complacency a human factor? Complacency is identified as one of the “Dirty Dozen” of aircraft maintenance human factors. The Dirty Dozen are 12 identified human factors that lead to maintenance errors. Complacency is at the top of this list and is the deadliest of the 12. This is demonstrated by the tragic Aloha Flight 243 on April 28, 1988. What is human factors training? Human Factors training can give you the ability to: Understand how Human Factors fits into your operations and how best to integrate it. Deliver many Human Factors solutions in-house. Orientate your staff to understand human error and how to facilitate improved human performance. What is the four human factors? Factors of humans include, for example: cognitive functions (such as attention, detection, perception, memory, judgement and reasoning (including heuristics and biases), decision making – each of these is further divided into sub-categories) What is human factor theory? Human Factors Theory: The Human factors theory of accident causation holds that a chain of events that is or was caused by consistent human error lead to an accident. Factors that lead to human error. Is stress a human factor? Unlike in engineering, people have no absolute level of pressure that produces stress, stress comes in a variety of shades and shapes. Within the EATCHIP Human Resources Domain the Human Factors Modules seek to provide a better understanding of the factors that influence human performance. Stress is such a factor. How can we prevent human error in aviation? You might be interested: FAQ: How Do You Quit A Job Procedures Manual Abm Aviation? What is the dirty dozen in aviation? These are the 12 most common causes of error within aviation maintenance: Lack of communication, complacency, lack of knowledge, distraction, lack of teamwork, fatigue, lack of resources, pressure, lack of assertiveness, stress, lack of awareness, norms. When did human factors start in aviation? The term Human Factors has its origins in aviation, and while the term was used informally in literature in British Royal Air Force accident investigation reports in the 1940s, (ATSB Human Factors training material) it was not until 1957 that it was first formally used to describe the modern practice (Edwards, 1988). What are the 5 human factors? How can we prevent human factors? Human Factors Based Error Prevention and Mistake Proofing Solutions 1. Avoid reliance on memory. 2. Make things visible. 3. Review and simplify processes. 4. Standardize common processes and procedures. 5. Routinely use checklists. 6. Decrease the reliance on vigilance. What are the 3 factors that cause accidents? Cause factors can be grouped into the following categories: • human factors /personnel error. • deficient maintenance. • air traffic management errors. • any combination of the above. Leave a Reply
Stock Statement (Ofer Abarbanel online library) stock statement is a business statement that provides information on the value and quantity of stock related transactions. This statement describes how much stock was purchased at what value and when, and is a matter of accounts and finance supplied by the cash credit account holder (e.g. a private limited company) to banks providing loans at a regular interval. It details opening and closing balances for transacted items as well. Loan providing banks are curious to know what its customers stock values are at a certain date. To ascertain this value, an accountant first needs to know the existing quantity of his company’s stock on that day. This quantity will then be multiplied by the rate of its market value and the result becomes the stock value. Making a statement of all kinds of stocks in a company’s store on that particular time becomes a “bank stock statement” and also known as “inventory statement”. To know the existing quantity of stocks, an owner may count the materials in his store(s). If the amount of stocks is very large, the accountant can opt for the following formula: Closing Stock = (Opening stock in cost+Purchase-sales) Say, Opening stock in hand in cost = 2,25 pieces Add: Purchase during the period = 5,50 pieces Less: Sales during the period = (4,25,000)pieces Closing stock = 3,50,000 pieces After getting this figure 3.5 lakhs units an accountant would multiply with per piece market rate.(say Rs. 3.75 per unit) Closing stock becomes = Rs. 3.75 into 3,50,000 units = Rs. 13,12,500 /- Banks give loans at a specific margin rate. If this margin is 10% then for getting 20 lakhs rs. loan, a company needs to maintain the stock valuing Rs. 20,00,000+ 10% of 20,00,000 = 22 lakhs. If the stock goes below 22,00,000 then the bank may take the stocks from his debtor company. • Lopolorg • Download Excel file • Caclubindiacom • Statementtemplatesorg Ofer Abarbanel – Executive Profile Ofer Abarbanel online library Ofer Abarbanel online library Ofer Abarbanel online library
Video chat technologies can be important for families to develop and maintain relationships with distant relatives and family members. However, are video chat interactions meaningful for young children and do they gain anything from them? A new study says yes. [Two children holding a tablet for video chat]Share on Pinterest Young children can tell the difference between live interactions and pre-recorded interactions. In a world of ever-changing technological innovation, channels of communication are constantly increasing and developing. The role of media in the lives of adolescents and children has been transformed from TV, movies, and books to the vast world of digital media. Ways to communicate through the Internet are continually expanding. Current guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advise that TV and entertainment media such as computers, video games, and phones should be avoided for children under the age of 2. The AAP say studies have shown that excessive “screen time” leads to attention issues, difficulties at school, sleep and eating disorders, and obesity. Estimates indicate that 38 percent of infants younger than the age of 2 use mobile devices such as smartphones. Can social interactions and learning be promoted through video chat technology, such as FaceTime, or is it another distraction from real-life social interaction that will subsequently impair learning? Prof. Lauren J. Myers, Ph.D., a developmental psychologist who studies children’s cognitive and social-cognitive development, and her team at the Lafayette Kids Lab at Lafayette College in Easton, PA, have published their study in the journal Development Science to answer that question. The research team found that there might be a difference between simply placing an infant in front of a TV and having interactive conversations via video chat. “In this study, we tested whether young children form relationships with and learn from people via video chat,” says Myers. The aim of the study was to solve why infants and toddlers learn more from exchanges in person than from video. Myers and colleagues evaluated two groups of 1- to 2-year-old children’s learning from video chat. A total of 60 children participated in the study. Half of the group experienced 1 week of real-time FaceTime conversations while the remaining children were shown pre-recorded videos. The on-screen person in both real-time and pre-recorded interactions taught novel words, actions and patterns, and the child was reviewed after 1 week. In both groups, the children paid attention and responded to the person on screen. However, only children who experienced interactions via FaceTime responded in sync with their on-screen partner by imitating actions such as clapping. Children in the FaceTime group recognized a person they had “met” via video chat and learned new words and patterns. Learning did not occur in children who were in the group that experienced pre-recorded interactions where the on-screen person could not hear or see the child. Myers points out that learning is possible in those children who connected via live video chat because it imitates person-to-person interaction whereby the infant and partner can communicate back and forth accurately. The researchers observed that from the age of 17 months, toddlers can interact and respond via real-time video chat, and can recognize family and friends on video chat that they know in real life. We found evidence that young kids can tell the difference between live interactions and the pre-recorded ‘fake’ interactions that included pauses after questions and ‘calls to respond’ similar to those featured in Dora the Explorer and other popular children’s programs on TV.” Prof. Lauren J. Myers, Ph.D., Lafayette Kids Lab at Lafayette College The results are promising that video interactions may be seen as a way for infants to connect in a meaningful way with long-distance family and friends. However, this result is not the same for pre-recorded interactions that are designed to seem real. An abstract of the study can be seen in the video below: Learn how children who bite their nails and suck their thumbs may be less likely to develop allergies.
We all know to look good we need to eat well and exercise regularly. However, scientists now believe we can look better by abstaining from certain food types, especially highly processed carbohydrates and sugars. So, what’s the connection between sugar, carbs and ageing? Scientists have proposed that a highly refined carbohydrate diet may lead to premature ageing due to glycation. What is glycation and can it be reversed? Glycation is a natural process whereby the sugar we eat ends up in high concentrations in the bloodstream and then attaches to collagen and other proteins, forming harmful new molecules called Advanced Glycation End products (AGE). It is well documented that people with Type II diabetes often look older than their years and this decline in appearance has also been linked to inability to process sugar or an elevated consumption of it. Let’s look at the chemistry behind Glycation and how it can affect our appearance. Carbohydrates are rich in Carbon molecules (C). Each Carbon molecule can make up to 4 bonds with other atoms. You are what you eat image A Carbon Atom (C) with 4 bonds. A Hydrogen atom (H) on the other hand can only hold 1 additional atom. Each Hydrogen atom can only create one new bond. You are what you eat image So, if Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) meet then each C could bond with 4 H’s. This would make a new molecule with 1 x C and 4 x H = CH4 or methane gas. You are what you eat image Oxygen (O) can carry 2 atoms. A carbohydrate or sugar is made up from all 3 of these atoms Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen and the simplest sugars we have in our bodies to use as fuel are known as monosaccharides. Mono being 1 and Saccharides meaning sugar. The chemical structure foe these simple sugars is CH2O ie 1 x Carbon, 2 x Hydrogen and 1 x Oxygen. You are what you eat image These simple structures can join to make structures known as poly-saccharides, Poly meaning multiple and saccharides again being sugar. An example of this is Glucose. You are what you eat image This is all we really need to know to understand sugar and what it is made up from. However, to understand Glycation we need to understand sugar and its effects on Proteins. Proteins are more complex structures than sugars and contain Nitrogen or (N). (N) can create 3 bonds. You are what you eat image Here is a complex protein structure vital for young looking skin, Type II, collagen You are what you eat image You can see it is made up from Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen but no carbon. However, if we take this Collagen molecule and our bodies own metabolism in the presence of a high amount of Glucose a chemical reaction occurs which is called Glycation and this will create molecules know as Advanced Glycation End products which are unstable molecules and are a cross between carbohydrates and proteins, they contain Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon and Nitrogen. You are what you eat image These more volatile molecules breakdown quickly, cause poor skin integrity and produce free radicals which all lead to advanced ageing. An example of a glycated collagen molecule is below You are what you eat image If we bind Proteins to Sugar this process is called Glycation. It can only occur if we have high levels of glucose in our bodies which can create an abnormal metabolic process and which can be pathalogical; it is the nonenzymatic joining of a sugar, and a protein caused during normal metabolism due to a high level of Glucose. There is a relationship between a high level of glucose (hypergl¬ycemia) and diabetic complica¬tions, but now an even more extensive implication of glucose in other diseases and the ageing process has been suggested by many investig¬ators. Studies of the contribution of glycation to disease have focused not only on diabetes and diabetes-related complica¬tions, but also on glucose-induced damage in nondiabetic subjects Glycation affects physiological ageing, neurodeg¬enerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and even amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. What’s even more striking is the process itself produces a vast number of free radicals further inducing damage and ageing. So what can we do about it? Simply, cut out the sugar!! There is good evidence to show that intermittent fasting and ketosis can reverse the glycation process. This is the process where we deprive our bodies of sugar so it must turn instead to metabolising fat for energy. Proteins in our bodies are eventually replaced and intermittent fasting can speed up this process through autophagy where old cells and structures are depleted so that we can rebuild and grow healthier replacements (see autophagy) blog. However good skincare can also help us reverse or slow some of the damage. Antioxidants will mop up free radicals produced in the glycation process therefore preventing them damaging skin structures further. Retinoic acid can help increase mitochondrial activity so that skin cell turnover increases to reduce ne collagen structures which have not been damaged by glycation. Peptides in skincare such as Matrixyl can signal to cells to make new peptides such as collagen to restore lost or damaged collagen through glycation.
Even before the turn of the 19th century, Eugen Langen, an engineer from Cologne, had been working on his suspension railway project. It was envisaged as a link between the two towns of Barmen and Elberfeld that would form the conurbation of Wuppertal 30 years later. To start with there was a lot of resistance to the idea. Wuppertal’s citizens damned the railway as the work of Satan and a risky undertaking. Despite all their mutterings, Wuppertal’s suspension railway turned out to be a great success, became the citizens’ darling and today it is the town’s landmark, famous all over the world. Construction work began in 1898, with the first trial run taking place the same year. Until the serious accident in 1999, when a car crashed down eight metres, the suspension railway had been regarded as the safest form of transportation.
MSD Manual Please confirm that you are not located inside the Russian Federation honeypot link Childhood Vaccination Concerns Michael J. Smith , MD, MSCE, Duke University School of Medicine Click here for the Professional Version Despite the strong vaccine safety systems in place in the United States, some parents remain concerned about the safety of childhood vaccines Childhood Vaccinations Children should be vaccinated to protect them against infectious diseases. Vaccines contain either noninfectious fragments of bacteria or viruses or whole forms of these organisms that have... read more and the immunization schedule Childhood Vaccination Schedule Most doctors follow the vaccination schedule recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC—see the schedule for infants and children and the schedule for older children... read more . These concerns have led some parents to not allow their children to be given some or all of the recommended vaccines. Diseases that can be prevented by vaccines are much more likely to develop in children whose parents have refused one or more vaccines. Specifically, unvaccinated children are Children in the United States still die from vaccine-preventable diseases. In 2008, five children developed life-threatening Haemophilus influenza type b infection Haemophilus influenzae Infections Haemophilus influenzae are gram-negative bacteria that can cause infection in the respiratory tract, which can spread to other organs. Infection is spread through sneezing, coughing, or touching... read more in Minnesota, the most since 1992. Three of the infected children, including one child who died, had been given no vaccine because their parents had delayed or refused the vaccine. Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and concerns about autism The public press has reported concerns that the MMR vaccine Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is a combination vaccine that helps protect against these three serious viral infections. The vaccine contains live but weakened measles, mumps... read more may cause autism Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism spectrum disorders are conditions in which people have difficulty developing normal social relationships, use language abnormally or not at all, and show restricted or repetitive behaviors... read more . These concerns were based on a fraudulent and brief medical report in 1998 about 12 children with developmental disorders such as autism. Their parents reported that eight of the children had received the MMR vaccine within a month before they developed symptoms. Because this chain of events could also have occurred by chance, doctors have since done many studies to look for a connection between the vaccine and autism. No such connection was found in any of the studies. • The children who had been vaccinated were no more likely to develop autism than those who were not vaccinated. Autism or a related disorder occurred in 608 of 440,655 (0.138%) children who were vaccinated and in 130 of 96,648 (0.135%) of those who were not vaccinated. The percentage of children who became autistic is nearly identical in the group that was vaccinated and the group that was not vaccinated. A follow-up study of all children born in Denmark between 1999 and 2010, a total of 657,461 children, concluded that MMR does not cause autism overall nor does it increase the risk in children who are at high-risk of autism because of their family history. Other similar studies from across the world have reached similar conclusions. In addition, the research in the original widely publicized study linking autism and the MMR vaccine has been found to have serious scientific flaws and has been discredited by the medical and scientific communities. Despite the overwhelming evidence to support the safety of the MMR vaccines, many parents remain unconvinced. As a result, in 2019 the United States experienced its largest measles outbreak since 1992. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most of the infected people were not vaccinated. Thimerosal and concerns about autism However, people who are still concerned about thimerosal in the influenza vaccine may ask their doctor to use single-dose vials, which do not contain thimerosal. Use of several vaccines at the same time According to the recommended schedule, children should be given several doses of vaccines against 15 different infections by age 6 years. Because some parents have been concerned about the number of injections and doctor visits, combination vaccines, such as the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against these three diseases: Diphtheria usually causes inflammation of the throat and mucous membranes... read more and others, have been developed so that children can receive more vaccines with fewer injections and visits. However, some parents worry that the children's immune system cannot handle so many antigens given at once. Antigens are the substances in vaccines that are derived from the virus or bacteria and that cause the body’s immune system to produce antibodies to fight disease. Sometimes parents who are worried ask for a different vaccine schedule or ask to delay or exclude certain vaccines. However, the recommended schedule is designed to give the various vaccines at the ages when children begin to need protection against the diseases. Thus, not following the schedule puts children at increased risk of infection. Furthermore, because current vaccines contain fewer antigens overall (because key antigens have been better identified and purified), children are exposed to fewer vaccine antigens today than they were for most of the 20th century. Also, vaccines, even combination vaccines, contain very few antigens. Starting at birth, children encounter dozens and possibly hundreds of antigens during a single ordinary day. Their immune system handles these antigens without difficulty. Even a mild cold exposes children to 4 to 10 virus antigens. A child's immune system is not stressed or overwhelmed by combination vaccinations. Effects of vaccine refusal on public health People may be at increased risk because • They were vaccinated but did not become immune. 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Mosquitoes and Midges Leaders in Pest Control Services throughout the United Arab Emirates Qualified and experienced Pest Control technicians Innovative and Unique Treatments that resolve Pest Problems effectively World Mosquito Day Mosquito-borne diseases have been recorded in human history for thousands of years as major causes of disability and death. No one, however, realised mosquitoes were vectors of the diseases until the end of the 19th century. The first breakthrough came in 1877 when British doctor Patrick Manson discovered that a Culex species of mosquito could carry the human filarial roundworm. Over the next two decades he and other researchers from France, Italy, Russia and the USA turned to malaria, a major killer in both tropical and temperate countries. They slowly completed the complex jigsaw of malaria transmission and biology in humans and mosquitoes. In 1894, Manson persuaded Ronald Ross, a medical officer in the Indian Medical Service, to study mosquitoes as the likely vector of the malaria parasite. After years of fruitless research Ross finally proved in 1897 that Anopheles mosquitoes could carry the malaria parasite. He called the day of his discovery, 20 August, 1897 “Mosquito Day”. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine later named 20th August World Mosquito Day to mark the significance of his discovery, which is celebrated annually. This critical link to the Anopheles mosquito also showed that practical measures to prevent mosquito bites and control mosquito populations — vector control — could be used to prevent malaria. The importance of mosquito control Andy Ransom, CEO of Rentokil Initial, discusses the threat from mosquitoes worldwide and Rentokil’s commitment to protecting people and enhancing lives through our vector control work. This video player requires JavaScript. The need for mosquito vector control Many mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and West Nile fever have been undergoing a resurgence in recent years. WHO Director General Dr Margaret Chan told UN member states at the Sixty Ninth World Health Assembly in 2016 that: “Above all, the spread of Zika, the resurgence of dengue, and the emerging threat from chikungunya are the price being paid for a massive policy failure that dropped the ball on mosquito control in the 1970s. … Let me give you a stern warning. What we are seeing now looks more and more like a dramatic resurgence of the threat from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. The world is not prepared to cope.” To revitalise vector-control efforts worldwide and emphasise to the world that action needed to be taken urgently WHO developed a new global strategy for vector control in 2017. Rapid urbanisation, increases in international trade and travel, climate change and changing agricultural practices are all contributing to the increases in mosquito and other vector-borne diseases. History shows that vector control efforts need to be continuously supported by all countries to maintain expertise and capacity. This is essential to detect threats, prevent resurgence of deadly diseases and cope with new outbreaks of diseases. Mosquito-borne diseases Malaria quick facts Malaria is the deadliest mosquito-borne disease. In 2016 there were an estimated 216 million cases and 445,000 deaths in 91 countries, according to WHO. It is mainly a disease of under-developed rural areas with poor public health infrastructure. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. There are five species of the parasite that cause malaria and over 40 species of Anopheles mosquitoes that are important vectors of the disease. Each species of Anopheles has distinct ecology and behaviour, which makes malaria vector control more complex than other mosquito-borne diseases. Malaria No More The Zika virus was first identified in 1947 in a rhesus monkey in Uganda. Up to 2007 it was regarded as a mild disease having only 14 documented cases and no hospitalisations or deaths. In 2007 the first serious outbreak occurred, on the Pacific Island of Yap, then in 2015 it erupted first in Brazil, South America and the Caribbean. By May 2017 84 countries had reported Zika infections and scientists had confirmed a link with serious neurological conditions. Zika quick facts The virus is primarily spread through bites of infected Aedes species of mosquito, including Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, but many regions have local Aedes species that can transmit the virus. The virus can also be transmitted from a pregnant mother to her foetus, through blood transfusions and through sex. The experience of the recent Zika outbreak showed the importance of an integrated approach in controlling the outbreak that should include integrated vector management, risk communication, sexual and reproductive health services, health education and healthcare. Dengue is considered to be the most important mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide because of its rapid spread in recent decades, resulting in it now being endemic in more than 100 countries. “Explosive outbreaks” are occurring in new areas and local transmission has even been recorded as far north as France and Croatia. The number of cases is vastly underreported because many countries do not have the capability to monitor cases. Dengue quick facts Dengue thrives in the poor urban areas of the tropics and subtropics because of poor sanitation and the many sites suitable for breeding. Aedes mosquitoes only need a small quantity of water for the larvae to develop, such as gutters, puddles, drains, bottles, cans, tyres and uncovered water containers. It is not restricted to those areas, however, as the Aedes vector mosquitoes are well adapted to the human environment and can breed where there is better sanitation and quality of housing if vector-control methods are neglected. Even the most expensive housing areas can have suitable breeding sites such as plant pots and badly draining gutters.
Here's What It's Like to Be the Planetary Protection Officer at NASA John Rummel, a biology professor at East Carolina University, reflects on his experiences as NASA's planetary protection officer, a job that requires a lot of science, but no alien combat. A primary task of the officer is to make sure that during NASA missions earthly microbes don’t contaminate potentially habitable environments. And should a mission bring back samples from outer space, the officer is tasked with making sure that dust, or rocks, or whatever is brought back from outer space doesn't contaminate us. John Rummel, a biology professor at East Carolina University, held the position twice, first between 1990 and 1993 and again from 1998 to 2006. "The planetary protection job was mostly challenging in that it was not just important for each mission to do the right — required by requirements — thing, but to know why they were doing it, and why it was important to do a good job," Rummel said. "From that aspect, the job was definitely worth it. But as to 'rewards,' those were mostly internal.” Rummel explained that the planetary protection office reports to the associate administrator for each mission, who oversees the cost of the project. That means recommendations made by the officer are often judged in the context of whether or not they will cost the administrator more money — a vexing problem many of us might easily understand from our own work experiences. RELATED: The Mars Colony of the Future Could Be Powered by This Advanced Microgrid Rummel’s time as planetary protection officer coincided with the restart of NASA's Mars program. After the successful twin Viking landings of the 1970s, a few famous searching-for-life experiments came up empty. NASA shifted its attention to other locations in the solar system, and Mars didn't get a launch opportunity until the failed Mars Observer mission in 1992. A slew of missions followed, however, including the Mars Pathfinder mission that made it all the way to the surface in 1996 and deployed a mini-rover – Sojourner. Several other landing and orbiting missions followed — some successful, others not. Those missions wouldn't have been possible without the approval of the planetary protection officer, who ensured that Sojourner and other Martian spacecraft were sterile enough to prevent microbes from taking root in potentially life-friendly areas. One of Rummel's first tasks in 1990 was to look at the risk of contamination on Mars and how scientific understanding had changed since the days of the Viking missions. "I knew people would like to go back and land on Mars, but I also knew we didn't have current advice," Rummel said. So he assisted in the drafting of a 1992 report – Biological Contamination of Mars. The report concluded that a large part of the surface was "extremely inhospitable to terrestrial life" and for that reason, future missions would not need to be sterilized as much as the Viking missions. But changes in landing technology meant that NASA had to be extra mindful of different scenarios for its missions. Pathfinder, for example, was supposed to fall to the surface using airbags. If the airbags failed, the mission would need to withstand a fall and possible burial in the soil of up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) without exposing possible Earth microbes to the Martian environment. NASA has seen extensive evidence of briny water flow in recurring slope lineae, which are features that develop on the slopes of craters. Rummel, among others, speculated about recurring slope lineae as early as 2002. While researchers have long observed the formations, it was only in 2015 that NASA had strong enough evidence to say the formations are probably due to liquid water on the surface. Rummel warned against sending Curiosity to investigate a nearby recurring slope lineae. The materials on the rover’s surface could not be thoroughly sterilized with UV radiation due to their properties. And inside the rover is a warm electronics box that could melt any ice with which the box comes into contact. RELATED: NASA Center Shows Off Sleek New Mars Rover Concept Vehicle for Astronauts Rummel was also part of early-stage planning for a "sample return" mission to bring pieces of Mars back to Earth, in collaboration with the French space agency CNES. While that mission never went forward, NASA has left the door open for future sample return missions. The next Mars rover, called Mars 2020, is expected to leave "caches" of interesting material behind for future missions to potentially pick up and bring back to Earth, when we presumably know a little more about how to protect ourselves. Of course, Mars wasn't the only target of note back in the 1990s when Rummel began his work. NASA already had a Jupiter probe — called Galileo — and was about to launch Cassini, which has now been orbiting Saturn since 2004. Those missions confirmed some intriguing Voyager mission results from the 1970s and 1980s, showing that some of the moons are icy and potentially habitable. Rummel remembers modifying the planetary protection plan for Galileo as evidence emerged that a liquid ocean might lie underneath Europa’s icy surface. At the end of Galileo's mission, an option was included to deliberately crash the probe into Io or Jupiter, just in case it happened to fall into Europa, damaging a potentially habitable environment underneath the ice. Because the mission planners were uncomfortable with changing Galileo's orbit to fall into Io, they went for a Jupiter extermination — collecting science all the way down. NASA said the job posting has generated "a lot of excitement," including from Jack Davis a fourth grader from New Jersey and self-described "Guardian of the Galaxy." In a letter to the agency, Davis said he was fit for the job because his sister thought he was an alien, among other qualifications. Although the planetary protection officer is no intergalactic warrior, it's a position that clearly provokes the imagination of skywatchers young and old. WATCH: How Far Do Mars Rovers Travel Before They Die?
Parenting Arrangements Under the Family Law Act (“the Act”), children have the right to know, be cared for by and spend regular time with both parents. The Court applies a presumption that both parents of a child have “equal shared parental responsibility” (“ESPR”), but not in cases involving family violence, abuse or neglect. Parental responsibility covers major long-term decisions (such as education, religion, health, etc), as well as day-to-day decisions (such as bedtimes, meals, attire, etc). Parents do not generally have an obligation to consult or agree in relation to day-to-day decisions concerning the child. Parents have ESPR in relation to major long term decisions concerning their child which means they must consult one another and make these decisions jointly. In the event that the Court determines ESPR does apply, it must then consider making an order that the children spend “equal time” with both parents if that it is in the children’s “best interests” and is “reasonably practicable”. If the Court does not determine equal time as being appropriate it must then consider making an order for a parent to spend “substantial and significant time” with the children, if, that it is in the children’s “best interests” and is “reasonably practicable”. “Substantial and significant time” is defined in the Act to mean a combination of school days (mid-week time) and non-school days (weekends), holidays and non-holidays, as well as time which allows the parent to be involved in the child’s routine and occasions/events that are of particular significance to the child and each parent. If the Court determines that neither equal time nor substantial and significant time is appropriate, then the Court has the discretion to make whatever orders they consider to be in the child’s best interests. Best Interests of Child The paramount consideration in determining parenting arrangements is what is in the best interests of the children. When assessing their best interests, the Court will consider the relevant primary and secondary considerations which are set out in section 60CC of the Act. In determining what is in a child’s best interests, the Court must primarily consider the benefit of the child having a meaningful relationship with both parents and the need to protect the child from any risk of harm (being the most important consideration). Secondary considerations that the Court takes into account include: 1. Any views expressed by the child (depending on their maturity and level of understanding); 2. The willingness of the parents to encourage and facilitate a relationship between the child and the other parent; 3. The nature of the relationship of the child with each of the child’s parents and other people, such as grandparents and other relatives; 4. The likely effect of any changes in the child’s circumstances; 5. Any practical difficulty and expense of a child spending time with and communicating with a parent; 6. The capacity of each parent to provide for the needs of the child; 7. The right of the child to enjoy his or her culture with other people who share that culture; 8. The attitude of both parents to the child and to the responsibilities of parenting; 9. Any family violence and family violence orders that apply to the child or a member of the child’s family; 10. The extent to which each of the child’s parents has fulfilled, or failed to fulfil, their obligations to maintain the child or failed to take the opportunity to spend time with or communicate with the child or participate in making major long term decisions. The Court has the discretion to take into consideration any other fact or circumstance that the Court thinks is relevant when determining the children’s best interests. Finalising Parenting Arrangements Parenting arrangements can be resolved either by:- 1. The parties reaching agreement about the arrangements for the children and parental responsibilities and 1. sign consent orders which are then approved by the Court and become legally binding; or 2. sign a Parenting Plan which is not legally binding but simply evidence of the parents’ intention 2. Where there is no agreement reached, applying to the Court to have a Judge determine what arrangements are appropriate for the children on a final basis. Family Dispute Resolution Before you can file proceedings in Court seeking orders in relation to parenting matters, parents are required to have attended upon a family dispute resolution practitioner to make a genuine effort to resolve their parenting dispute and obtained a section 60I certificate demonstrating that attendance. There are limited exceptions to the requirement to attend family dispute resolution mediation, including but not limited to where a matter is urgent or whether there are allegations of domestic violence. A section 60I mediation certificate will allow you to commence proceedings in Court. If you would like more information, please contact Rockhampton family lawyers on 4936 9100 or by email. It is important to seek specific advice regarding your circumstances as this Factsheet provides general information only and does not constitute legal advice. Family Law Guide Expert Legal Help with Local Knowledge & Insight. Keep up-to-date with our legal news. 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While birds do not intentionally fly inside houses, their nesting preferences can lead them indoors. Various species of birds, including European starlings, house sparrows, chimney swifts, and swallows, are enticed onto lawns by freshly spread grass seed, well-kept vegetable gardens, and fully stocked backyard birdfeeders. Once infestations become established outdoors, birds may start to seek the shelter of manmade buildings and find entry to homes through attics, vents, chimneys, and even open doors and windows. Signs of Birds in the Home As they are typically panicked and searching for a way back outside, birds in houses are easily detectable. Household residents may see them flying about or perched on furniture. Additionally, individuals might hear chirping, scratching, and the fluttering of beating wings. Wild birds that are unable to escape may die inside homes, which spreads foul smells as their bodies decompose. Infestations of birds in the house are also made apparent by the presence of excrement. Dangers & Removal Having wild birds in the house is dangerous because the pests are capable of transmitting diseases like salmonella, avian influenza, chlamydia, and Newcastle disease. Birds also carry parasites that infest homes and transmit Lyme disease. To avoid health risks, household residents should contact the wildlife control specialists at Trutech to safely remove birds from houses. Our team of highly trained experts can also seal potential entry points and address the presence of nearby nests to reduce the possibility of future infestations.
The stereotypical image of someone with Parkinson's is of an old man but, as our stories show, it isn't just a disease of later life and can affect both sexes. Around 127,000 people in the UK have Parkinson's and 4,500 of them are under 45. One in 28 people diagnosed is under 45, and one in 100 below 40. What's more, although men are 60 per cent more likely to develop it, women are affected too. What is Parkinson's? 'It's a progressive, neurological condition caused by the death of the nerve cells (neurons) that produce dopamine, a messenger chemical that controls movement, in a brain region called the substantia nigra,' explains neurologist Professor David Burn, clinical director of Parkinson's UK. It's this loss of dopamine that leads to the classic 'motor' (movement) symptoms. But that's not all. There's growing evidence that other systems and messenger chemicals are involved, including the so-called 'happiness hormone', serotonin. 'It's thought that an abnormal protein, a-synuclein, builds up in dopamine-producing cells in parts of the body, such as the bowel, and is passed like a relay baton from one nerve cell to the next,' says Professor Burn. Unfortunately, by the time symptoms become noticeable, 50-60 per cent of affected brain cells and 70-80 per cent of dopamine is lost. Which is why there's a massive drive to discover early biological 'markers' - as well as 'non-motor' symptoms that could flag up Parkinson's much earlier. How is young onset Parkinson's different? Progression can be slower in younger sufferers and symptoms such as tremor and problems with walking and balance tend to be less severe, says Parkinson's UK researcher, Professor Huw Morris, consultant neurologist at University College London's Institute of Neurology, who is studying young onset Parkinson's. 'This may be because the Parkinson's we're seeing in younger people is actually a different disease, or because younger people are less likely to have other complicating health problems,' he explains. However, genes are slightly more likely to be a factor, and involuntary muscle movements (dyskinesias) linked to long-term use of the main anti-Parkinson's drug, Levodopa (L-Dopa) can be more problematic. Why is young onset Parkinson's often missed? 'GPs usually aren't on the lookout for Parkinson's in a younger person, as the average age of onset is 55-60 and it's often missed or misdiagnosed as frozen shoulder or a joint problem,' observes consultant neurologist, Dr Nicola Pavese of Imperial College London. Dr Pavese is leading the British arm of a landmark study (funded by the Michael J Fox Foundation), hunting for biomarkers - biological signatures that, like high cholesterol for heart disease, point to underlying problem. What causes Parkinson's? Experts agree that it's a mixture of nature and nurture, although the exact mix varies. 1. Genes load the gun... 2. Environment pulls the trigger... Factors linked to a higher risk: Factors linked to a lower risk: Could it be Parkinson's? Early diagnosis is vital and trouble moving or walking, not swinging your arm when walking, shoulder stiffness or pain, feeling frozen or rooted to the spot, small handwriting, a frozen or 'masked' expression that can look severe and poor posture can all point to the four motor symptoms doctors look for. These are tremor, often in the hands, legs or jaw, usually worse at rest or under stress, muscle stiffness, balance problems and slow movement (bradykinesia). However, many experts now believe that Parkinson's begins long before these symptoms and have identified a slew of 'non-motor' symptoms mostly due to changes in the relevant brain centres. These include: Constipation.Thought to be a result of protein accumulation in gut nerve cells, which affects function. A quiet, breathy, monotonous voice.70-90 per cent of people with Parkinson's have speech and voice changes.Altered mood, behaviour and thinking (cognition) - anxiety and depression are among early symptoms. Later, memory problems can appear.Impulsivity, obsessive compulsive behaviour - including compulsions for gambling, sex, shopping, food, eating or even hobbies are usually related to anti-Parkinson's medications. ‘I had no idea someone as young as me could be affected by Parkinson's' Former sports PR, Sarah Webb, 44, runs the South London Younger Parkinson's Network, which has already raised £130,000 to fund research. 'When my arm began to shake as I fed my second son, Connor, now five, I put it down to tiredness. I'd just had a baby and also had a toddler Jasper, now seven, so it wasn't surprising. It was only my mum asking, 'What's wrong with your arm?' that prompted me to see the GP. 'I was expecting to be told there was nothing wrong that a holiday wouldn't cure. Neither my husband, Tim, 48, nor I, were prepared for the news that I had Parkinson's. I burst into tears. I was just 40 and had no idea it could affect someone so young. In retrospect, there were clues back in my twenties: a shaky hand that made holding a glass of wine and a canapé difficult, stiff, achy muscles and later, when I was pregnant, dreadful fatigue. But it was easy to attribute these to other things. 'I take a cocktail of medications, together with daily ginkgo biloba and co-enzyme Q10. I'm thinking about Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) too, which can have excellent results, especially in younger people. There are everyday difficulties - doing up Connor and Jasper's buttons is a real challenge and some days I really struggle to walk. I also have terrible sleep problems. Walking helps ease stiffness and I stretch every day. And I've also learnt to pace myself and take things a day at a time. 'At first I had no one apart from Tim to confide in. Since helping found the South London Younger Parkinson's Network (SLYPN) with others in the same boat, however, I've felt much better. There's always someone to talk to about medication, consultants and the future - all things that have helped me get my life back on track.' find out more. ‘I was lucky to get diagnosed quickly but it was a big shock' Conductor James Morgan, 44, and his wife, mezzo-soprano, Juliette Pochin, 43, tell it how it is... The weird thing is that, looking back, James had had problems for years - things like back and neck pain, which we put down to muscle strain, and vivid, almost hallucinatory, dreams that made him shout out in his sleep. We now know these were due to Parkinson's, but at the time we had no idea. James finally went to the doctor when he developed a tremor in his left hand. Our GP immediately referred him to a neurologist at London's University College Hospital. Even though James suspected it was Parkinson's, it was still a huge shock to discover that it was. We both thought it was something only old people got and had no idea it could strike someone as young as James. As a busy singer and conductor with a busy music production company, and parents of three children, Anna, 12, and twins, Seth and Arthur, five, we didn't know how we would manage and we did go through a grieving process. Parkinson's makes things like turning the pages of a musical score difficult. And it also affects family life. Fiddly things, like doing up the kids' coats, tying their laces, putting the key in the door or getting his credit card out of his wallet are difficult, and Lego and Playmobil are virtually impossible. These days it's always me, too, who gets the roast out of the oven in case James drops it! It took us some time to get used to James having Parkinson's but we try not to dwell on it and get on with enjoying life. I first noticed the tremor when I was being filmed for a live concert on Danish TV and the camera panned over my left hand, which started to shake. I'd been having pins and needles in my left arm for months but I thought it was due to sleeping awkwardly. I'd done some research and at the back of my mind I suspected Parkinson's but I was in complete denial and it was a big shock to discover that it was. Luckily our GP was quick off the mark and my consultant is great but not everyone is so fortunate and it would be great to raise more awareness of young onset Parkinson's. Last year we did a concert to raise funds for Parkinson's UK research and show that it's possible to continue to work and live life to the full after diagnosis - which I do. Treatment tactics Dopamine agonists trick the brain into thinking it's receiving the dopamine it needs. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), a device that's implanted under the collarbone where it sends electrical impulses to the part of the brain that controls movement. 'It improves tremor and overall mobility, especially after several years of treatment, when drugs no longer provide steady control,'says Dr Pavese. Coping strategies include: Dedicated to the cause Actor Michael J Fox is the most famous example of young onset Parkinson's and his optimism and the work of The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research give inspiration and hope. Michael, 53, was diagnosed at the age of 30, went public seven years later and launched The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research in 2000. In 2012, he spoke about finding a drug cocktail that helped control symptoms well enough to play a character with Parkinson's in an NBC series. Could you help research? Parkinson's UK lists trials it funds taking part in clinical trials Parkinson's Awareness Week: 20-26 April call the Parkinson's UK helpline 0808 800 0303 for information and support if you or a loved one are affected For advice on living with Parkinson's, visit our article here.
Module 1 Introduction to Stock MarketsChapter 12 Key Events and Their Impact on Markets View chapters → 12.1 – Overview For a market participant transacting just based on company-specific information may not be sufficient. It is also important to understand the events that influence the markets. Various outside factors, economic and/or non-economic events have a key impact on stocks and markets’ performance in general. In this chapter, we will try to understand some of these events, and also how the stock market reacts to them. 12.2 – Monetary Policy The monetary policy is a tool with which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) controls the money supply by controlling the interest rates. They do this by tweaking the interest rates. RBI is India’s central bank. The world over every country’s central bank is responsible for setting interest rates. While setting the interest rates, the RBI has to strike a balance between growth and inflation. In a nutshell – if the interest rates are high, that means the borrowing rates are high (particularly for corporations). If corporate can’t borrow easily, they cannot grow. If corporations don’t grow, the economy slows down. On the other hand, when the interest rates are low, borrowing becomes easier. This translates to more money in the hands of corporations and consumers. With more money, there is increased spending which means the sellers tend to increase prices leading to inflation. To strike a balance, the RBI has to consider all the factors and carefully set a few key rates. Any imbalance in these rates can lead to economic chaos. The key RBI rates that you need to track are as follows: Repo Rate – Whenever banks want to borrow money, they can borrow from the RBI. The rate at which RBI lends money to other banks is called the repo rate. If the repo rate is high, that means the cost of borrowing is high, leading to slow growth in the economy. Currently, the repo rate in India is 8%. Markets don’t like the RBI increasing the repo rates. Reverse repo rate – Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from banks. When banks lend money to RBI, they are certain that RBI will not default, and hence they are happier to lend their money to RBI as opposed to a corporate. However, when banks choose to lend money to the RBI instead of the corporate entity, the banking system’s supply of money reduces. An increase in reverse repo rate is not great for the economy as it tightens the supply of money. The reverse repo rate is currently at 7%. Cash reserve ratio (CRR) – Every bank is mandatorily required to maintain funds with RBI. The amount that they maintain is dependent on the CRR. If CRR increases, then more money is removed from the system, which is not good for the economy. The RBI meets every two months to review the rates. This is a key event that the market watches out for. The first to react to rate decisions would be interest-rate sensitive stocks across various sectors such as – banks, automobile, housing finance, real estate, metals, etc. 12.3 – Inflation Inflation is a sustained increase in the general prices of goods and services. Increasing inflation erodes the purchasing power of money. All things being equal, if the cost of 1 KG of onion has increased from Rs.15 to Rs.20, then this price increase is attributed to inflation. Inflation is inevitable, but a high inflation rate is not desirable as it could lead to economic uneasiness. A high level of inflation tends to send a bad signal to markets. Governments work towards cutting down the inflation to a manageable level. Inflation is generally measured using an index. If the index is going up by certain percentage points, it indicates rising inflation, likewise index falling indicates inflation cooling off. There are two types of inflation indices – Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI). Wholesale Price Index (WPI) – The WPI indicates the movement in prices at the wholesale level. It captures the price increase or decreases when they are sold between organizations as opposed to actual consumers. WPI is an easy and convenient method to calculate inflation. However, the inflation measured here is at an institutional level and does not necessarily capture the consumer’s inflation. As I write this, the WPI inflation for May 2014 stands at 6.01%. Consumer Price Index (CPI)– The CPI, on the other hand, captures the effect of the change in prices at a retail level. As a consumer, CPI inflation is what really matters. The calculation of CPI is quite detailed as it involves classifying consumption into various categories and subcategories across urban and rural regions. Each of these categories is made into an index. This means the final CPI index is a composition of several internal indices. The computation of CPI is quite rigorous and detailed. It is one of the most critical metrics for studying the economy. A national statistical agency called the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) publishes the CPI numbers around the 2nd week of every month. The CPI stands at 8.28% for May 2014. Here is a chart for the inflation for the last one year in India. As you can notice, the CPI inflation had kind of cooled off from a peak of 11.16% in November 2013. The RBI’s challenge is to strike a balance between inflation and interest rates. Usually, a low-interest rate tends to increase inflation, and a high-interest rate tends to arrest inflation. 12.4 – Index of Industrial Production (IIP) The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a short-term indicator of how the country’s industrial sector is progressing. The data is released every month (along with inflation data) by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI). As the name suggests, the IIP measures the Indian industrial sectors’ production, keeping a fixed reference point. As of today, India uses the reference point of 2004-05. The reference point is also called the base year. Roughly about 15 different industries submit their production data to the ministry, which collates the data and releases it as an index number. If the IIP is increasing it indicates a vibrant industrial environment (as the production is going up) and hence a positive sign for the economy and markets. A decreasing IIP indicates a sluggish production environment, hence a negative sign for the economy and markets. To sum up, an upswing in industrial production is good for the economy, and a downswing rings an alarm. As India is getting more industrialized, the relative importance of the Index of Industrial Production is increasing. A lower IIP number puts pressure on the RBI to lower the interest rates. The following graph shows the change in IIP in percentage terms for the last 1 year. 12.5 – Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) The Purchasing managers’ index (PMI) is an economic indicator that tries to capture business activity across the country’s manufacturing and service sectors. This is a survey-based indicator where the respondents – usually the purchasing managers- indicate their business perception change concerning the previous month. A separate survey is conducted for the service and the manufacturing sectors. The data from the survey are consolidated on a single index. Typical areas covered in the survey include new orders, output, business expectations, and employment. The PMI number usually oscillates around 50. A reading above 50 indicates expansion, and below 50 indicates a contraction in the economy. And reading at 50 indicates no change in the economy. 12.6 – Budget A Budget is an event during which the Ministry of Finance discusses the country’s finance in detail. The Finance Minister, on behalf of the ministry, makes a budget presentation to the entire country. During the budget, major policy announcements and economic reforms are announced, which impacts various industries across the markets. Therefore the budget plays a vital role in the economy To illustrate this further, one of the budget expectations (July 2014) was to increase the duties on a cigarette. As expected, during the budget, the Finance Minister raised the duties on a cigarette, and hence the prices of cigarettes were also increased. An increased cigarette price has a few implications: 1. Increased cigarette prices discourage smokers from buying cigarettes (needless to say this is debatable), and hence the profitability of the cigarette manufacturing companies such as ITC decreases. If the profitability decreases, then investors may want to sell shares of ITC. 2. If market participants start selling ITC, then the markets will come down because ITC is an index heavyweight. As a reaction to the budget announcement, ITC traded 3.5% lower for this precise reason. A budget is an annual event, and it is announced during the last week of February. However, under certain special circumstances such as a new government formation, the budget announcement could be delayed. 12.7 – Corporate Earnings Announcement This is perhaps one of the important events to which the stocks react. The listed companies (trading on the stock exchange) must declare their earning numbers once in every quarter, also called the quarterly earnings numbers. During an earnings announcement, the corporate gives out details on various operational activities, including: 1. How much revenue has the company generated? 2. How has the company managed its expense? 3. How much money they did the company pay in terms of taxes and interest charges? 4. What is the profitability during the quarter? Besides some companies give an overview of what they expect from the upcoming quarters. This forecast is called ‘corporate guidance’. Invariably every quarter, the first blue-chip company to make the quarterly announcement is Infosys Limited. They also give out guidance regularly. Market participants keenly follow what Infosys has to say in terms of guidance as it has an overall impact on the markets. The table below gives you an overview of the earning season in India: Sl No Months Quarter Result Announcement 01 April to June Quarter 1 (Q1) 1st week of July 02 July to September Quarter 2 (Q2) 1st week of Oct 03 October to December Quarter 3 (Q3) 1st Week of Jan 04 January to March Quarter 4 (Q4) 1st Week of April Every quarter when the company declares its earnings, the market participants match the earnings with their own expectation of how much the company should have earned. The market participant’s expectation is called the ‘street expectation’. The stock price will react positively if the company’s earnings are better than street expectation. On a similar logic, the stock price will react negatively if the actual numbers are below the street expectation. If the street expectation and actual numbers match, the stock price tends to trade flat with a negative bias more often than not. This is mainly because the company could not give any positive surprises. Key takeaways from this chapter 1. Markets and individual stocks react to events. Market participants should equip themselves to understand and decipher these events. 2. Monetary policy is one of the most important economic events. During the monetary policy, review actions on a repo, reverse repo, CRR etc. are initiated. 3. Interest rates and inflation are related. Increasing interest rates curbs inflation and vice versa 4. Inflation data is released every month by MOSPI. As a consumer, CPI inflation data is what you need to track. 5. IIP measures industrial production activity. Increase in IIP cheers the markets, and lower IIP disappoints the market. 6. PMI is a survey-based business sentiment indicator. The PMI number oscillates around the 50 marks. Above 50 is good news to markets, and PMI below 50 is not. 7. The Budget is an important market event where policy announcements and reform initiatives are taken. Markets and stocks react strongly to budget announcements. 8. Corporate earnings are reported every quarter. Stocks react mainly due to the variance in actual number versus the street’s expectation. View all comments → 1. kamaleshnair says: 1. From the close of a quarter/financial year, what are the time limits within which companies must declare the results? 2. In case of insider trading (SAST), what is the time limit to inform the exchanges about it ? 3. Is there any rule/law making it mandatory for companies to report events with financial significance? • Karthik Rangappa says: Answers in the same order – 1) If I’m not wrong companies must declare results within 30 days 2) In order to make it a level playing field SEBI mandates the companies to disclose insider trading ‘at the earliest’, which pretty much means the company has to declare this information within the same trading day 3) Yes companies have to declare this information. 2. ANANT says: By 8% & 7% in Repo and Reverse repo rate, do you mean it is same as we borrow from banks at 11 % ? 3. Simranjeet says: Sir, i am not able to understand “Purchasing managers index(PMI)” • Karthik Rangappa says: PMI or the Purchasing Manager’s Index is an index which measures the activity of a purchasing manager (PM) of a company. This is measured by running a survey across many PM’s across sectors and industries. If the PM is sheen to be purchasing things for the company then the perception of growth and industrial activity is created, which is good for the markets. Else its considered not so good. 4. Simranjeet says: Thank you sir 5. shinde N D says: Important & better for new trader View all comments → Post a comment
As security was stuck inside textile of society, the maintenance and containment of communities has already reached brand new high of style Islamophobia and also the traditional restraint of a€?Othersa€™ The ways of that contains and managing Muslim service emerge from the American colonial period managing a€?Othersa€™: from physical containment strategies like the utilization of Passbooks, servant travels, together with the usage of disproportionate quantities of physical violence to include anxiety by slaves (Parenti, 2003); within the more conventional the application of informants, and cops makes, to keep track of organizations and individuals using goal of identifying those resisting colonialism because searched to militarily invade, undertake, defeat, and socially engineer indigenous populations with regards to american capitalist ideals (Monaghan, 2013); to strengthening colonial racial hierarchies by imposing racial segregation to minimise merging and relationships (Saa€™di, 2012); toward the latest practice during the time of bondage and Jim Crow in the usa of (violently) suppressing the black color look through the appeal of whites to cause an inferior standing and include assertions and agitations for equivalence (hooks, 1992; Browne, 2012). Subsequently, as ethnic minorities posses slowly and gradually arrived in institutional spaces Collins (1998) contends an innovative new politics of restraint has arised, whereby surveillance options are widely used to guarantee ethnic minorities is unraced whilst to not concern the whiteness of institutional rooms (Mirza, 2006). As security is enclosed into substance of society, the administration and containment of communities has already reached unique heights of class. Surveillance methods and abilities the particular status advanced styles of rank to produce restraint techniques that make its prominence (Fiske, 1998). For instance, urban centers are more specifically zoned with techniques that ensure cultural and spiritual minorities were included within specific geographical spots, and marked to be out of place once they transgress the borders (Hesse, 1997). Futhermore, on your intensification of globalisation, European claims have transported towards the immediate handling of spiritual minorities by following repressive tips of containment. Some of these approaches have the creation of enclaves to quarantine religious minorities off from popular world, which results in the loss of freedom and global legal rights afforded to individuals (Turner, 2007). Monitoring technology is progressively implicated in the current procedures since they are familiar with create technological rings of metal. Visualize Champion in Birmingham, during hidden and overt automated Number platter large friends profile examples popularity (ANPR) digital cameras were positioned in mostly Muslim parts of metropolis, was an instance associated with the development. (Lewis, 2010). In a time of globalisation characterised by portability, these procedures of containment running at a nationwide amount, happen made longer to operate across the globe to control and include international mobilities. Shamir (2005) determines the introduction of a global portability routine underpinned by a paradigm of mistrust that works to take care of anyone differently: to permit the activity of the assumed a€?safea€™ while that contain and preventing the action of those designed as a€?dangerousa€™. Surveillance tactics perform a key element role in the worldwide therapy and restraint of populations and also caused the development of a worldwide Banopticon (Bigo, 2008), and is in part directed at that contain foreigners on prices. Actually comprised of a heterogeneous set of discourses, organizations, industrial tissues, regulations and management steps. As it is often interested in the handling of unease, the Banopticon unearths a special number of intentions, to countering terrorism, that stay behind security practices: a€?keeping the poorest visitors far away, through managing the flux of mobile populationsa€™ (Bigo, 2008: p. 18). This logic means the surveillance among those characterised as a€?suspecta€™ and a€?dangerousa€™, as opposed to the global security of bigger our society, sits in the centre of policing. Containment, monitoring and soul education The tries to include a specific populace as well as its constitutional organization utilizing surveillance technologies, was a prelude to a wider system of friendly technology and subject aimed at addition into an american capitalist order. Using monitoring to manage and include a population provides the essential step-by-step expertise to a€?seea€™ it and crack they on to governable devices (Haggerty, 2006). The monitoring gaze provides for a population as known and that is a prerequisite for it to turn into a site of measures: distinguishing the a€?risksa€™ that need to be neutralised; the unsatisfactory, abnormal behaviors and tips that need to be self-disciplined by means of extending personal norms to mold ideas and behaviours (Fiske, 1998). In panopticon type, Foucault recognized this as an activity of a€?soul traininga€™ that was aimed at the automated functioning of run: to transform people to ensure that they examined its conduct consistent with prescribed friendly norms, to the scope there got a realignment with the limits between your a€?acceptablea€™ and a€?unacceptablea€™, and also the a€?normala€™ and a€?abnormala€™ (Lyon, 1994; Foucault, 1991). The efficacy of security to demonise customers, run, and tricks isn’t necessarily well informed by unlawful fairness essential associated with tip of regulation, in which just those engaged in demonstrably violent carry out happen to be focused by monitoring practices for a€?soul traininga€™ and inclusion. Over the years, surveillance is at the heart of colonial work, checking the ownership and effectiveness imposed American beliefs and methods, and keeping track of remnants of indigeneity that confronted colonial tasks. Those who embraced European values and behavior were tagged a€?gooda€™ and labeled for inclusion, while individuals that opposed all of them comprise thought to be a€?bada€™, excluded, and labeled for input. Consequently, monitoring is in the center associated with the demonisation of expression of indigeneity, along with promotion of a€?Europeannessa€™ as a€?gooda€™ and aspirational, simply because it permitted the capitalistic colonial undertaking of expansionism (Monaghan, 2013). To become integrated is intended to be built-into the norms, behaviours, values, tips, mind, emotions and cognitions of people (in place of onea€™s own perspective) that may reproduce american ways of life (Saa€™di, 2012). Within the a€?war on terrora€™, an essential component of de-radicalisation courses is dependent on a cultural change of Muslim recognition to locate the west and all of they stands for (the means of existence, worth, and national politics) with a more great attitude. Pro-western or a€?moderatea€™ Muslims are compensated by being treasured as a€?truea€™ Muslims, their own perceptions and religious traditions happen to be elevated as genuine insights of Islam, and they are referred to as associates with the Muslim neighborhood. If tips of inclusion neglect, then this personal was intentionally omitted from famous environment and labeled as a risk, for intervention, as the best option. Exclusion is aimed at securing traditional our society by avoiding the excluded subject areas from attaining, talking, and dealing with conventional people. They enables and legitimises having violence, coercion, and intense monitoring, elements that can break standard personal right (Kundnani, 2014). Previous Does one really should surprise My favorite hot spa? (Yes, right heres how often) Leave Your Comment Almamya commune de kaloum Conakry-république de Guinée Inscrivez-vous à notre Newsletter pour ne rater aucune actualité. SIHACO - CIGEX © 2020. 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P6R.3 Multi-Sensor Measurements of Raindrop Size Distribution at NASA Wallops Island Tuesday, 25 October 2005 Alvarado F and Atria (Hotel Albuquerque at Old Town) Jordi Rosich Sanchez, GRAHI, Barcelona, Spain; and A. Tokay, B. Sheppard, K. Wu, and P. Joe Disdrometer is an instrument that measures the raindrop size distribution (DSD) at a point on the ground. Disdrometers also measures the fall velocity and shape of falling hydrometeors. While long-term (> year) disdrometric measurements are required to have a sufficient sample in studying the physical aspects of the DSD, the accuracy of the measurements are equally important in determining the error covariance of remote sensing of rainfall. Knowledge of shortcomings of disdrometers is essential in determining the accuracy of the measurements and requires coincident measurements of the same and different types of disdrometers. In this study, we examined the performance of impact-type, optical, and radar disdrometers through a field campaign at NASA Wallops Island where two of each type of disdrometers and two tipping bucket rain gauges were operated. Although all three types of disdrometers were able to capture 30 major rain events between May and August 2004, there were significant differences between the same and different type of disdrometers rain accumulation and raindrop spectra. The gauges had a very good agreement throughout the experiment and are considered to be reference. Among the different sources of errors, wind played an important role, particularly on radar disdrometer. The radar disdrometers measured spurious small drops in windy conditions, while background noise from winds seems to suppress the number of small drops in impact-type disdrometers. The radar disdrometers did also undergo recycling mode of four minutes in intense rainfall where lighting is considered to be cause. The optical disdrometers, on the other hand, showed the systematic differences in raindrop fall speed in windy and non-windy cases. While optical disdrometers recorded more small drops than the impact-type disdrometers, the agreement between the two disdrometers was very good in mid-size range that typically contributes most of the rainfall. The optical and impact-type disdrometers showed some significant differences at large size drops where the sampling is limited and the impact-type disdrometer cannot determine the size of very large drops. It was also interesting to note that one of impact-type, optical, and radar disdrometer recorded systematically more rainfall than their counterpart units. One of the impact-type and of the optical disdrometers had very good agreement with the rain gauges and their measurements were considered to be near the truth in measuring rainfall. - Indicates paper has been withdrawn from meeting - Indicates an Award Winner
Skip to main content Business LibreTexts 3.9: Risk Attitudes - Expected Utility Theory and Demand for Hedging(Exercises) • Page ID 1. What is risk? How is it philosophically different from uncertainty? 2. What is asymmetric information? Explain how it leads to market failures in an otherwise perfectly competitive market. 3. Explain the difference between moral hazard and adverse selection. Can one exist without the other? 4. What externalities are caused in the insurance market by moral hazard and adverse selection? How are they overcome in practice? 5. Do risk-averse individuals outnumber risk-seeking ones? Give an intuitive explanation. 6. Provide examples that appear to violate expected utility theory and risk aversion. 7. Give two examples that tell how the framing of alternatives affects peoples’ choices under uncertainty. 8. Suppose you are a personal financial planner managing the portfolio of your mother. In a recession like the one in 2008, there are enormous losses and very few gains to the assets in the portfolio you suggested to your mother. Given the material covered in this chapter, suggest a few marketing strategies to minimize the pain of bad news to your mother. 9. Distinguish, through examples, between sunk cost, availability bias, and anchoring effect as reasons for departure from the expected utility paradigm. 10. Suppose Yuan Yuan wants to purchase a house for investment purposes. She will rent it out after buying it. She has two choices. Either buy it in an average location where the lifetime rent from the property will be $700,000 with certainty or buy it in an upscale location. However, in the upscale neighborhood there is a 60 percent chance that the lifetime income will equal $1 million and 40 percent chance it will equal only $250,000. If she has a utility function that equals $U(W)= W$, Where would she prefer to buy the house? 11. What is the expected value when a six-sided fair die is tossed? 12. Suppose Yijia’s utility function is given by $LN(W)$ and her initial wealth is $500,000. If there is a 0.01 percent chance that a liability lawsuit will reduce her wealth to $50,000, how much premium will she be willing to pay to get rid of the risk? 13. Your professor of economics tells you, “The additional benefit that a person derives from a given increase of his stock of a thing decreases with every increase in the stock he already has.” What type of risk attitude does such a person have? 14. Ms. Frangipani prefers Pepsi to Coke on a rainy day; Coke to Pepsi on a sunny one. On one sunny day at the CNN center in Atlanta, when faced with a choice between Pepsi, Coke, and Lipton iced tea, she decides to have a Pepsi. Should the presence of iced teas in the basket of choices affect her decision? Does she violate principles of utility maximization? If yes, which assumptions does she violate? If not, then argue how her choices are consistent with the utility theory. 15. Explain why a risk-averse person will purchase insurance for the following scenario: Lose $20,000 with 5 percent chance or lose $0 with 95 percent probability. The premium for the policy is $1,000. 16. Imagine that you face the following pair of concurrent decisions. First examine both decisions, then indicate the options you prefer: • Decision (i) Choose between 1. a sure gain of $240, 2. 25 percent chance to gain $1,000, and 75 percent chance to gain nothing. • Decision (ii) Choose between: 1. a sure loss of $750, 2. 75 percent chance to lose $1,000 and 25 percent chance to lose nothing. • Indicate which option you would choose in each of the decisions and why.This problem has been adopted from D. Kahneman and D. Lovallo, “Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking,” Management Science 39, no. 1 (1993): 17–31. 1. Consider the following two lotteries: Which of these lotteries will you prefer to play? Now, assume somebody promises you sure sums of money so as to induce you to not play the lotteries. What is the sure sum of money you will be willing to accept in case of each lottery: a or b? Is your decision “rational”? 1. Gain of $100 with probability 0.75; no gain ($0 gain) with probability 0.25 2. Gain of $1,000 with probability 0.05; no gain ($0 gain) with probability 0.95 2. Partial insurance:Challenging problem. This problem is designed to illustrate why partial insurance (i.e., a policy that includes deductibles and coinsurance) may be optimal for a risk-averse individual. Suppose Marco has an initial wealth of $1,000 and a utility function given by $U(W)= W$. He faces the following loss distribution: Prob Loss 0.9 0 0.1 500 1. If the price per unit of insurance is $0.10 per dollar of loss, show that Marco will purchase full insurance (i.e., quantity for which insurance is purchased = $500). 2. If the price per unit of insurance is $0.11 per dollar of loss, show that Marco will purchase less than full insurance (i.e., quantity for which insurance is purchased is less than $500). Hint: Compute $E(U)$ for full $500 loss and also for an amount less than $500. See that when he insures strictly less than $500, the EU is higher. 3. Otgo has a current wealth of $500 and a lottery ticket that pays $50 with probability 0.25; otherwise, it pays nothing. If her utility function is given by $U(W)= W^2$, what is the minimum amount she is willing to sell the ticket for? 4. Suppose a coin is tossed twice in a row. The payoffs associated with the outcomes are Outcome Win (+) or loss (−) H-H +15 H-T +9 T-H −6 T-T −12 If the coin is unbiased, what is the fair value of the gamble? 5. If you apply the principle of framing to put a favorable spin to events in your life, how would you value the following gains or losses? 1. A win of $100 followed by a loss of $20 2. A win of $20 followed by a loss of $100 3. A win of $50 followed by a win of $60 4. A loss of $50 followed by a win of $60 6. Explain in detail what happens to an insurer that charges the same premium to teenage drivers as it does to the rest of its customers. 7. Corporations are risk neutral, yet they hedge. Why? • Was this article helpful?
Blueprint MCAT Formerly Next Step blog image 1 MCAT Chemistry Question — Temperature Which of the following processes occur at the same temperature? I. Boiling II. Condensation III. Sublimation IV. Evaporation A) I and IV only B) I and II only C) II and III only D) I, II, and IV only
In the last decades drug design and discovery changed dramatically, based on the one hand on previous knowledge of succesful drugs of medicinal chemistry, and on the other hand supported by the development of sophisticated and powerful new techniques such as molecular modelling, combinatorial chemistry, automated high-throughput screening, computer-aided designing, deep learning, etc. For a long time drug design and discovery revolved around a screening approach and trial-and-error methods.This methodology was time consuming, laborious and expensive. Pharmaceutical companies and researchers aimed to minimize the time and cost by introducing computer-aided simulation methods and other imaginative techniques. Computer-aided methods, also called in silico methodologies (like in vivo, in vitro), have created rapid advances and revolutionarized the way scientists search through millions of compounds in databases, choose suitable designs of drugs according to targeted protein molecules and promote promissing novel drugs. Target-based drug discovery has enabled a great expansion of chemotypes and pharmacophores available for research and manufacture. New drugs are designed by investigating biologically active compounds with pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, toxicological, therapeutic and clinical parameters, biovailability, metabolic half-life and lack of side effects for prolonged clinical trials. This review contains information and scientific investigations on various in silico methodologies for the design and discovery of new drugs in the last decade: In silico methodologies: Virtual screening, Computational biology models of cellular behaviour, Homology modeling in 3D protein structure, Molecular docking approach, Virtual high-throughput screening, Quantitative structure-activity relationship methods (QSAR), Hologram Quantitative Strucutre Activity Relationship (HQSAR), Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), Comparative similarity indices analyis (CoMSIA), 3D parmacophore mapping modeling (ligand-based and structure-based), Microarray analysis in drug design, Three-dimensional printing (3DP) of drugs and Deep learning in pharmaceutical research. These “in silico” methodologies, advanced the fields of Chemoinformatics and Bioinformatics with vast improvements in the last decades.
Reason, Science and the Church (Image by Spencer Wing from Pixabay) From Chapter 4: Reason, Science and the Church “Nothing is to be accepted save on the authority of scripture, since greater is the authority of scripture than all the powers of the human mind.” St. Augustine in De Genesi “Before Adam’s sin none of [the animals] attempted to devour or in any wise hurt one another; the spider was as harmless as the fly!” John Wesley, founder of Methodism “[Stephen] Hawking is attempting [in his book A Brief History of Time], as he explicitly states, to understand the mind of God. And this makes all the more unexpected the conclusion of the effort, at least so far: a universe with no edge in space, no beginning or end in time, and nothing for a Creator to do.” Carl Sagan, in his Introduction Pierre Laplace to Napoleon on why his works on celestial mechanics made no mention of God The Supremacy of Faith When Christianity was declared Rome’s monopoly religion in 380 CE by Emperor Theodosius, all competing religions — including Christian sects not obeying the doctrinal edicts of Rome — and Greek knowledge were violently suppressed by the combined forces of church and state. Books were burned, the library at Alexandria was pillaged, faith and revelation replaced reason and experimentation as the only sources of knowledge, literacy plunged, and Europe entered the “Dark Ages.” The Bible was in Latin, the language of Catholic services (a practice only discontinued in the 1960s). Access was, therefore, restricted to people who could speak and read Latin — mostly monks and nuns. So the populace at large was entirely dependent on their priests for their knowledge of what God and the Bible actually said. Christendom, in other words, was one enormous Sunday School. Unsurprisingly in the context where the authority of the scriptures became absolute, they became the source of scientific pronouncements. The Science of the Bible: The Creation The Bible begins [Genesis 1]: 1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. God created light on the first day — but he doesn’t get around to creating any source of light until the fourth day. And there’s no known scientific basis for the existence of light without a source. And what does it mean to “divide the light from the darkness”? Darkness, after all, is merely the absence of light. On the third day, God created grass, herbs, fruits, and (presumably) the other plants which all flourished before the creation of a life-giving sun. Eventually, on the fourth day, God gets around to creating the sun and the moon: 19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. So God created “two great lights”: the sun and the moon. But the moon, as we know, is not a light, it’s a reflector of light. And why did he need to “set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth” and “to divide the light from the darkness” when he’s already created light and divided it from the darkness? Isn’t he repeating himself? At the end of the sixth day “God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good” [Genesis 1:31]. But didn’t take long for him to see the “error of his ways” “And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart” [Genesis 6:6]. So he decides to destroy his creation by drowning everyone (and every thing). The Flood Why a flood? Since God created man why not simply strike all the evil people dead? And since his rationale for the flood is that he “saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth” [Genesis 6:5] why does he also decide to destroy every animal — and why does “it repenteth me that I have made them”? [Genesis 6:7]. No reason is given. And if he “repenteth” at his creation of the animals, why then enlist Noah’s aid to save them? Be that as it may, it’s worth examining the story of the flood in some detail — and the details provided in the Bible are unusually clear. The cause of the flood: rain. “And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights” [Genesis 7:12]; “And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered” [Genesis 7:19]. So the entire world was covered with water — every patch of earth, no matter how high. The results were predictable [Genesis 7:21-23]: That seems pretty straightforward…but Genesis 7:20 specifies exactly how deep the flood waters were: Considering that the highest point of the earth is the tip of Mount Everest, 8,848 meters, one cubit must be a pretty long measure. Except it isn’t. Like the foot, the cubit is a measurement based on the human body. If you bunch your fingers onto the tip of your thumb, the cubit is the distance from the tips of your fingers to your elbow. Used as a unit of measurement in Babylon, Persia, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Arabia and elsewhere in the ancient world, cubits varied considerably in length, from 428.1 mm (16.85 inches) in the First Temple period of Israel to 650.2 mm (25.6 inches), the Arab cubit.[1] Which means the 15-cubit depth of the flood was somewhere between 6.42 and 9.75 meters. Whichever cubit you use, it’s way short of the 8,848 meter height of Mount Everest. Nor does it make much of a flood at the top of the somewhat closer Mount Sinai, 2,285 meters high. Whichever way you look at it, God didn’t achieve his aim of destroying “All in whose nostrils was the breath of life.” The Ark Noah’s Ark, according to God’s instructions, was to carry “every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shall thee bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female” [Genesis 7:19] (but seven of “every clean beast[2]…[and] fowls also of the air” [Genesis 7:2-3]). Exactly how many animals is “every sort”? Today, there are 1,250,000 known animal species (including insects, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks, and, of course, mammals) — and, perhaps, many more. Assuming Noah didn’t need to take the 30,000-odd salt-water fishes, he “only” had to carry 1,220,000 species — or 2.4 million insects and animals, with one of each sex. Plus the food to keep them all alive for 150 days.[3] To put this in perspective, the San Diego Zoo is the world’s largest. It covers 100 acres and employs 1,900 staff to look after just 4,000 animals from 800 species — 0.07% of the number of species Noah and his family had to contend with. So exactly what sort of vessel was the ark? God’s instructions on the design and building of the ark are very clear [Genesis 6:14-15]: 14 Make thee an ark of gopher wood;[4] rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. 15 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. Using the standardized measure of one cubit = .472 meters, the ark’s length of 300 cubits is 141.6 meters or 464.5 feet; its height of thirty cubits is 14.2 meters or 46.5 feet. God doesn’t specify the beam (or width). So let’s look at a similar ship, the six-masted schooner Wyoming, which is the largest wooden ship ever built in recorded history; it was completed in 1909 in Bath, Maine. The Wyoming was 100.4 meters long (140 meters including the jib and spanker booms — about as long as a 30-storey building is high) and 15.3 meters wide; nearly as big as a modern-day US Navy frigate. The Wyoming’s draft was 9.3 meters — so it needed a depth of 10 meters at the bare minimum or it would run aground. Given that God’s flood covered the world only to a depth of 15 cubits, or 7.08 meters, if the ark was anything like the Wyoming it would never have left the ground. Of course the Ark, unlike the Wyoming, wasn’t going anywhere. But if the tip of Mount Everest was covered at low tide, with no land to disperse storms the seas would have been ferocious — not to mention the blinding rain and icebergs (ice floats on water, so the polar icecaps would break up), some, no doubt, bigger than the Titanic. So the Ark would have had to have been a very strong ship — and Noah an excellent sailor. The Wyoming had a cargo capacity of 8,600 cubic meters. If Noah’s Ark had a similar capacity, the two animals of each species could be allocated an average space of just seven cubic millimeters. That’s a tiny cube just 2.65 millimeters or about one inch per side. And that calculation doesn’t allow for any storage space for the animals’ food. So the ark must have been significantly bigger than the Wyoming — bigger, at least than the world’s largest supertanker! The Wyoming was built in a shipyard by hundreds of experienced carpenters, shipwrights, and workmen using modern technology. Nevertheless, when the Wyoming put to sea it had a serious problem: due to the length of its wooden construction it flexed in high seas — and constantly leaked. Its crew of thirteen to fourteen had to continually pump water out to keep the Wyoming from sinking. The Ark, by comparison, had a crew of just eight people. And while the crew of the Wyoming only had to sail their vessel, the crew of the Ark also had to look after two and a half million animals: not only feed them, but shovel their excrement over the side. (Think of hippopotami, giraffes, rhinos and elephants — just to start with!) In sum, the Ark had to have been a far bigger vessel than the Wyoming — and so far more complex. There’s no mention in the Bible that God helped Noah build the Ark, or sail it — and nor is there any suggestion that Noah had any expertise as a shipwright. There is just one clue to a possible solution, however: Genesis 5:32 tells us that “Noah was five hundred years old.” The rains that caused the flood began on Noah’s six hundredth birthday [Genesis 7:11]: perhaps because it took him a hundred years to build the monster Ark with the available, primitive, technology.[5] One other thing: Genesis 7:4 tells us that God gave Noah just seven days’ notice of the coming flood. Only then did Noah set out to collect the animals — all 2,440,000+ of them. A super-human effort indeed! After the Flood After the flood “God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful and multiply” [Genesis 9:1]. Reading the rest of Genesis chapter 9 and beyond, it’s quite clear that’s exactly what Noah and the animals did. There’s just one problem. After being under water for 150 days, all vegetable life would die. The whole land would be a muddy desert. So after the flood, what did Noah and the animals he carried on the ark eat? God’s instructions to Noah do not include collecting the seeds of all plant species to re-vegetate the dead, post-flood earth — or carrying enough food to last until the first harvest came in. The Earth: Flat or Round? While not made explicit, the idea that the earth is flat is embedded in the Bible. For example, Isaiah 48:13 tells us “Mine [God’s] hand also hath laid the foundation of the earth,” implying that the earth was built like a house, the land standing on a solid foundation (or held up on pillars, if Job 9:6 is to be believed: “Which shaketh the earth out of her place, and the pillars thereof tremble”). While Jesus is fasting in the desert for forty days and forty nights “the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world” [Matthew 4:8]. This view of the earth’s size is repeated in Matthew 24:30: when Jesus is in heaven “then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory,” and repeated in Revelation 1:7. If, from the top of a high mountain Jesus can see all the “kingdoms of the world,” and if “all the tribes of earth… shall see” him ascending to heaven, the earth must be a small, flat disc. The Inhabitants of the Antipodes? In the four hundred years before Christianity became the monopoly religion of the Roman empire, it existed as a “minnow” in the “sea” of Graeco-Roman thought and various concepts of Greek cosmology crept into Christian theology. One was Aristotle’s theory of the “heavenly spheres,” with a stationary (and round) earth at the center, surrounded by spheres holding the moon, planets, sun and stars. This view is in harmony with passages stating “the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved” [1 Chronicles 16:30], “the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved” [Psalm 93:1] and the story in Joshua 10:13 where, after Joshua spoke to God, God commanded the sun and moon to stay still: In the ninth chapter of his City of God, “Whether We Are To Believe In The Antipodes,” St. Augustine relies on Aristotle’s cosmology when he writes: The reason? In a similar vein, Father Procopius (c. 465-528 CE) claims that the Antipodeans are theologically impossible. “If there be men on the other side of the earth, Christ must have gone there and suffered a second time to save them; and therefore there must have been, as necessary preliminaries to his coming, a duplicate Adam, Eden, serpent, and Deluge!” Christopher Columbus When Columbus was trying to sell King Ferdinand of Spain on his idea of reaching India and even the Holy Land by sailing west instead of around the Cape of Good Hope, the King assembled a council of astronomers and cosmographers. Known as the Council of Salamanca, in 1487 it solemnly decided against Columbus’s theory of the rotundity of the earth and the antipodes, declaring that texts of Scripture and “the Fathers” were opposed to such an idea; that, as Father St. Augustine said, “If there were any antipodes, the Bible would have said so.”[6] [2] That can be eaten according to Jewish dietary laws. [3] “And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days” [Genesis 6:24]. [4] What is “gopher wood”? Nobody knows. Various possibilities suggested include cypress, pine, cedar, “squared timber” or possibly even willow-branches and palm leaves woven together like basket-work with bitumen on the inside — this type of vessel was known as “kufa” (From the Jewish Encyclopedia: “kufa” (Arabic, “kufr” = Hebrew “kofer” = “gofer”). [5] But if Noah was 600 years old, how come he had only three children. [6] Five years later, Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella, Ferdinand’s wife, to finance his expedition. Ricky Gervais – Bible The ‘Jesus of history’ – Memory or Myth? Who Said It Better? Christopher Hitchens vs Sam Harris Be sure to ‘like’ us on Facebook Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Brain Not Working?? Biofeedback to the Rescue for Your Brain Fog! Biofeedback & Brain Fog These days more often than not, our patients list “brain fog” as one of their health concerns. Although there might be a slight difference in their descriptions, most struggle with attention and focus, restlessness, anxiety, forgetfulness, not being able to complete tasks and a sense that their “head is in the clouds.” They even worry that they are developing dementia. So, if you are experiencing similar symptoms, know that you are not alone. As you might already know, there are a myriad of reasons for brain fog or suboptimal brain function such as: prescription medications, low thyroid function, inflammation, anemia, poor diet, poor sleep, depression, environmental toxicity, excessive drinking (alcohol), etc. In this article we will focus on how biofeedback and mindfulness can potentially help your brain fog, however one can not ignore all the other important factors that could be contributing to your symptoms. For more information on other potential causes and what to do about them please review our other articles and stay tuned for upcoming ones!!! What Does Your Brain Need To Function Optimally? Adequate amount of oxygen, nutrients and stimulation and optimally functioning mitochondria. For these factors to occur you need adequate blood flow to your brain (i.e. blood pressure) and a healthy nervous system (remember you brain is part of your nervous system!!!). You know this already because more than likely you have experienced it yourself. You might have felt that certain things such as exercise or eating certain foods or drinking certain beverages can make your brain fog better or worse. Why? Well this is because physical activity, quantity and quality of your foods as well as other factors tinker with the variables that ultimately dictate how your brain functions. Now, hold that thought! Since we mentioned your nervous system, lets briefly talk about it — specifically your autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system is in charge of heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, sexual arousal, blood pressure, metabolic activity, and more. There are two branches to the autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic nervous system which is responsible for rest and digest, and sympathetic nervous system which is responsible for fight, freeze or flight. You need BOTH branches in order to respond in a healthy manner to life, the balance and the interplay between the two systems is key. Therefore, if one of these branches is malfunctioning, or if the two systems are out of balance (often with our modern day lifestyles the parasympathetic branch takes a back seat) then your respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and other functions will be off — directly impacting your brain function as well as having other health ramifications. This balance is crucial for both your overall short-term and long-term health. And an autonomic dysregulation (or dysfunction), if not addressed, will ultimately lead to many health challenges including brain fog. Can You Re-establish Health & Balance In Your Autonomic Nervous System? The answer is a resounding YES!!! One* form of biofeedback that is highly effective in re-establishing balance in your autonomic nervous system is heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a normal physiological response and a measure of change in the beat-to-beat interval of the heart. HRV is different from your pulse rate — your pulse is a rather fixed number over a specific period of time (for example a minute), whereas HRV is a measure of the changes in the heart rate over time. What Is Heart Rate Variability? Your heart rate should change with every inhale and every exhale, increasing with every inhale and decreasing with every exhale. And, it’s using this variability in the heart rate that we can calculate your heart rate variability. As you have probably guessed having a high HRV is good. Why? Because HRV is a measure of the flexibility of your heart to respond to and adapt to the demands placed upon it (i.e. it can ramp up and supply more blood to your body when needed and it can also slow down and relax). Remember that your brain and your heart are connected to each other in a two way communication system through your autonomic nervous system. So, a higher HRV means better balance between your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and greater emotional self-regulation. In fact, it’s been shown that loss of or decrease in HRV is associated with an increase in all cause mortality. For example, studies show that in stroke patients, their HRV can be used as a predictor of how well they will be able to recover. Biofeedback, specifically heart rate variability, helps to activate and strengthen your parasympathetic response and reduce sympathetic response. How Can HRV Help Your Brain Fog? Here’s how we can break it down and recap what we have discussed thus far: • Autonomic nervous system is one of the major routes of communication between your brain and practically the rest of your body (cardiovascular system, hormonal system, digestive system, immune system, etc). • Autonomic nervous system is in charge of regulating the amount of oxygen and nutrients that get to your brain through modulating your heart rate, breathing and blood pressure. • Autonomic dysregulation will lead to improper flow of blood containing oxygen and nutrients to your brain and that can certainly lead to brain fog. • HRV biofeedback is associated with creating balance between the different branches of your autonomic nervous system. • Therefore, HRV biofeedback training can be an effective tool in addressing brain fog and enhancing cognition. So, How Can You Help Yourself? First and foremost, realize that sleepwalking through life does not have to be your normal. You CAN improve your cognition. Make sure you are working with a naturopathic doctor or a true integrative doctor who can help you improve your life-style, address deficiencies and reduce your inflammatory load. Further, your brain fog can be a result of your inability to focus, and your inability to focus can be due to a continuous barrage of external stimulation and distractions as well as nonstop internal stream of thoughts. So, take an active role in learning about and adopting mindfulness practices that can help you become more present, more aware, and more awake. Remember that it is going to take consistent practice to see change. But I promise you that it’s a worthwhile effort. The quality of your mind determines the quality of your life. Take time, everyday, for quiet and stillness and allow yourself time away from your computer and your phone. Allow occasional time for you to reflect on life, and if it helps write about the revelations and wisdom that comes to you — this practice can help tremendously in dealing with angst about the past and anxiety about the future. You can also seek out a biofeedback practitioner that can help you develop more self-awareness and address much more than just your brain fog — and if you are in Los Angeles and surrounding areas please come and visit us at Conscious Human Medicine. Lastly, know that autonomic dysfunction resulting in brain fog as well as other symptoms can be corrected and reversed. There is a lot to explain on this subject and the role of the vagus nerve (your 10th cranial nerve), however in this article we will keep things simple. *Remember, as we mentioned earlier, there is a lot more that can be helpful through your diet and other life-style factors. Previous PostNext Post
The WTS View of Creation and Evolution Alan Feuerbacher Part 1: Disagreements About Evolution Alan Feuerbacher Throughout its history the Watchtower Society has published material on creation and evolution. It has printed two books, several booklets and numerous magazine articles giving its interpretation of the Genesis creation account and attempting to reconcile this account with scientific knowledge. Since The Watchtower magazine began to be published in 1879, the Society's views have changed drastically,1 often in response to new and indisputable scientific discoveries that have become common knowledge. The common thread in these changing views, of course, has been that God created everything in the universe in the manner that Genesis describes, and therefore that the theory of evolution must be a false explanation of how life on earth arose. The Society's latest book on the subject, Life-How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation?2 attempts to show how a body of knowledge the Society calls "true science" agrees with the Genesis account and with the Bible generally. The book will generally be referred to here as "Creation." While it sets forth a number good arguments for creation and against evolution, many of the arguments do not show what they claim or they neglect relevant facts.3 On page 9 the book states a fine principle of argument: In considering questions related to the origin of life, popular opinion or emotion sway many. To avoid this and to reach accurate conclusions, we need to consider the evidence with an open mind. To consider the evidence with an open mind, one must consider all the evidence. One cannot argue as if one is doing literary criticism, picking and choosing "among facts and theories for ones that support a preexisting point of view... and either twisting whatever does not fit, or simply discarding it."4 As this essay makes clear, the Society, and the Creation book in particular, often argue as literary critics. Creation makes few statements that are completely incorrect, but very many that are sort of half-correct. It is full of cleverly worded passages, subtle errors and phrasings which lead the reader to form invalid conclusions or wrong opinions. The following dissection of many of the arguments in Creation may seem rather petty or nit-picky, and the explanation of them may be difficult to follow, but the collective effect on a reader of page after page of these distortions is serious enough to require it. Many readers of Creation consider its publisher, the Watch Tower Society, to be literally "God's channel of communication" to mankind. They must be virtually drowned in evidence before they will listen to criticism of it. This essay does not attempt to answer the question of whether evolution or creation is the "true" explanation of the origin of life. Instead it explores some areas of how well the Bible and science agree on these questions, and touches on questions regarding the development of life after its origin. Especially it shows how the Society often fails to present relevant evidence when attempting to prove its position, such as that the Bible's creation account is historical, or some other point on how the Bible and science agree. For example, the essay presents geological data showing how Genesis and science do not agree on the order of creation events, and it shows how scientific research publications and information from the fossil record often differ from what the Society claims about them. In general, Creation presents an incomplete and distorted picture of geologists' findings and of what evolutionists say. A journal that reviewed the book said that5 the anonymous author or authors... of this book not only quote out of context but also fail to show the reader that words, phrases and clauses have been omitted from quotations. It commented further that one additional distinction between The Society's book and Scientific Creationism [Henry Morris, Institute for Creation Research] is worthy of criticism. As noted above we find that quotations from scholars in the various scientific disciplines are routinely taken out of context. The result is that scientists such as Eldredge, Gould, Jastrow, Johanson, Mayr, Ruse, Stanley, and Wald, to name a few, appear to the naive reader to reject all aspects of evolutionary theory. The pattern of treatment is like that of Morris; however, The Society goes one step further. It is not unusual for words or phrases to be omitted without the use of ellipses to indicate such changes. In essence, Creation attempts to convert scientists' arguments about the pattern and process of evolutionary change into arguments about the very existence of change. Many other Watchtower publications are equally deficient in adherence to the facts or to the intent of the author they are quoting. Interestingly, the 1967 book Did Man Get Here By Evolution Or By Creation? distorted scientists' comments much less than does the Creation book. It is sad that the older book's higher standards have not been followed. Disagreements About Evolution From its very beginning the Creation book improperly slants the material it quotes from other references. In chapter 1, page 9, paragraph 6, it quotes from Charles Darwin: It is interesting to note, too, that even evolution's best-known advocate, Charles Darwin, indicated an awareness of his theory's limitations. In his conclusion to The Origin of Species, he wrote of the grandeur of the "view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one," thus making it evident that the subject of origins was open to further examination. This quotation seems innocent enough, but it completely misrepresents what Darwin had in mind. The way Darwin is quoted, it sounds like he was praising the grandeur of life, when actually he was praising the grandeur of the evolutionary view of life. This is readily apparent from the full quotation:6 Creation's quotation makes it appear that Darwin had reservations about his theory, when in fact, he was simply being careful not to overstate his theory based on the data he had been able to collect. This is evident from earlier statements in the chapter quoted from. By quoting from numerous scientists chapter 2 of Creation attempts to show that "evolution" is not a fact, and is being seriously challenged by many scientists. For example, the preface quotes a presumed biologist as saying:7 Notice that the speaker did not say biologists' opinions differed on whether evolution took place or not. The differing opinions were only about the causes and the process -- in other words, how it happened, not whether it happened. There are few scientists who question whether evolution occurred, despite what Creation implies. Beginning on page 15, under the sub-title "Evolution Under Assault," paragraphs 4 through 9 present a variety of quotations which are intended to make the reader believe that the theory of evolution is invalid, and that that is why it is "under assault." It is strongly implied that evolution, therefore, never actually occurred. While it is certainly true that Darwin's mechanism for evolution is being strongly questioned, that mechanism is only one of many that have been proposed to explain what nearly all scientists agree is the fact of evolution, i.e., that the array of life forms that existed at any one time has gradually changed. Again, the debate is about how, not whether. Later we will discuss this at length. Creation's tactic is clearly shown by the treatment paragraph 4 gives to a quotation from Discover magazine:8 The scientific magazine Discover put the situation this way: "Evolution... is not only under attack by fundamentalist Christians, but is also being questioned by reputable scientists. Among paleontologists, scientists who study the fossil record, there is growing dissent."9 But Discover is not saying that evolution is in question. As has been pointed out above, many scientists are coming to question the mechanism of natural selection, i.e., Darwinism, as a major explanation for evolution, not the general concept of evolution itself, and that is what Discover is talking about. The full quotation shows this clearly: In its attempt to obscure the distinction between evolution and Darwinism, paragraph 4 next quotes from one Francis Hitching, "an evolutionist and author of the book The Neck of the Giraffe," that "For all its acceptance in the scientific world as the great unifying principle of biology, Darwinism, after a century and a quarter, is in a surprising amount of trouble."10 Had Creation also quoted the paragraph in Hitching's book immediately after the one it did quote, a very different impression would have been given to the reader:11 Evolution and Darwinism are often taken to mean the same thing. But they don't. Evolution of life over a very long period of time is a fact, if we are to believe evidence gathered during the last two centuries from geology, paleontology, molecular biology and many other scientific disciplines. Despite the many believers in Divine creation who dispute this..., the probability that evolution has occurred approaches certainty in scientific terms... On the other hand Darwinism (or neo-Darwinism, its modern version) is a theory that seeks to explain evolution. It has not, contrary to general belief, and despite very great efforts, been proved. It is difficult to believe that the author of the Creation book could have actually read Hitching and missed this very next paragraph. To present Hitching as rejecting evolution is dishonest. While a later edition of Creation did amend the above statement from Discover, (see above footnote) the continued misrepresentation of what Hitching said shows that the author wanted to retain the overall view that evolution, and not just Darwinism, is under attack by many scientists. Otherwise the amended edition would have changed the sub-section title on page 15, "Evolution Under Assault," to "Darwinism Under Assault," and would have amended several other quotations in the sub-section. The quotation from Hitching illustrates another problem to which Creation is prone: quoting from authors who have no scientific standing as if they were authorities. We will meet Hitching again later, since Creation quotes him at least thirteen times. The book actually quotes him a few other times but without attribution. Hitching's book nowhere touts his scientific credentials, and a bit of research shows that he has none. He claimed to be a member of the Royal Archaeological Institute, but an inquiry of that institute showed he was not. He implied in the "Acknowledgments" of The Neck of the Giraffe that paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould had helped in the writing of the book, but upon inquiry Gould said he did not know him and had no information about him. Zoologist Richard Dawkins of the University of Oxford was also implied to have had a hand in writing the book, but upon inquiry he stated: "I know nothing at all about Francis Hitching. If you are uncovering the fact that he is a charlatan, good for you. His book, The Neck of the Giraffe, is one of the silliest and most ignorant I have read for years." Creation's writers seem not to have discovered Hitching's credentials, as they refer to him as "evolutionist Hitching." We have seen what Francis Hitching is not, but who is he? It turns out that he is a writer, and believes in the paranormal. He has written on Mayan pyramid energy and for some "In Search Of..." episodes on BBC television (similar to the sensational "Unsolved Mysteries" on American television). He apparently accepts evolution, but believes it to be directed by some sort of cosmic force. The reference work Contemporary Authors, Vol. 103, page 208, lists him as a member of the Society for Psychical Research, the British Society of Dowsers and the American Society of Dowsers. His writings include: Earth Magic; Dowsing: The Psi Connection; Mysterious World: An Atlas of the Unexplained; Fraud, Mischief, and the Supernatural and Instead of Darwin. The Neck of the Giraffe spends much of its time attacking Darwinian evolution, borrowing heavily and uncritically from young-earth creationist (they believe in six literal days for the Genesis creation account) arguments. It will become apparent that several of Hitching's "references" are lifted from six-literal-day creationist literature rather than being quoted directly from their original sources. This is apparent because Hitching made exactly the same errors as did the creationists from whom he got his material (see an example below). One magazine had this to say about Hitching:12 Speaking of the Biblical Creation Society, there was an interesting letter in the January 1983 issue of their journal Biblical Creation (p. 74) concerning a review of Francis Hitching's 1982 book The Neck of the Giraffe. Hitching's book is strongly anti-Darwinist, and is enthusiastically hailed by most creationists (though he also pokes fun at fundamentalist creationists). The letter, by creationist Malcolm Bowden (author of The Rise of the Evolution Fraud), points out that Hitching simply "culled his information from the creationist literature." This is indeed the case: many creationist works are cited favorably (Anderson, Coffin, Clark, Daly, Davidheiser, Dewar, Gish, Morris, Segraves, Whitcomb, and Wysong, plus various anti-Darwinists). Hitching does cite Bowden's earlier book Ape-Men -- Fact or Fallacy?, but Bowden accuses Hitching of "lifting" several passages and illustrations from his book without acknowledgment: in other words, plagiarism. "Hitchin's [sic] book is largely an exposition of the creationists [sic] viewpoint from the beginning to almost the end," Bowden points out... Hitching is also a paranormalist, an advocate of psychic evolution... [Hitching's book] Earth Magic is a wild, extremely entertaining and thoroughly psychic interpretation of megalithic structures... Hitching also includes in his scheme cosmic cataclysms, Atlantis, pyramidology, dowsing, ESP, miraculous healing, and astrology. When Creation quotes Francis Hitching, let the reader beware. Creation next devotes two whole paragraphs, 7 and 8, to the opinions of a newspaper writer. The writer presents no quotations from scientists, and so his opinions are of no more value than any other non-specialist's. Paragraph 9 again quotes Francis Hitching, who applies his usual TV style. The paragraph then quotes a science magazine to the effect that Darwin's theory, not evolution, is in trouble. Paragraphs 10 through 13 quote astronomer Robert Jastrow several times, in such a way that it appears Jastrow has serious doubts about evolution. Paragraphs 11 and 12 speak about the difficulties in accounting for the evolution of the eye, and then paragraphs 12 and 13 say: Thus Jastrow said: "The eye appears to have been designed; no designer of telescopes could have done better. If this is so of the eye, what, then, of the human brain? Since even a simple machine does not evolve by chance, how can it be a fact that the infinitely more complex brain did? Jastrow concluded: "It is hard to accept the evolution of the human eye as a product of chance; it is even harder to accept the evolution of human intelligence as the product of random disruptions in the brain cells of our ancestors." But the reader is not told that, while Jastrow expresses certain philosophical reservations about the mechanism of evolution and even about some fundamental questions such as the origin and purpose of life, he has not the slightest doubt that evolution of some sort did occur. The following gives some flavor of Jastrow's discussion. Commenting on Darwin's discussion of the eye, he wrote:13 Many people in Darwin's day agreed with theologian William Paley, who commented, "There cannot be a design without a designer."... The fossil record indicates that when the dinosaurs disappeared, the small mammals evolved into whales, elephants and many other kinds of creatures, but no one has ever seen a tiny animal metamorphose into a whale or an elephant. The evidence for these extraordinary transformations is indirect, and buried in the fossil record... And finally, there is the role of chance. If Darwin was correct, man has arisen on the earth as the product of a succession of chance events occurring during the last four billion years. Can that be true? Is it possible that man, with his remarkable powers of intellect and spirit, has been formed from the dust of the earth by chance alone? It is hard to accept the evolution of the human eye as a product of chance; it is even harder to accept the evolution of human intelligence as the product of random disruptions in the brain cells of our ancestors... My own views on this question remain agnostic, and close to those of Darwin... Can this history of events leading to man, with its clear direction, yet be undirected? Scientists tend to feel that they know the answer to that question, but their confidence in the completeness of their knowledge may not be justified. On the other hand, scientific faith in the proofs of evolution seems warranted. The fossil evidence in support of evolution is now fairly complete... As with all historical evidence, the proof of man's animal origins is circumstantial, but its cumulative impact is overwhelming. The fact of evolution is not in doubt. Whether this long process, culminating in man, is the expression of a plan or purpose in the Universe seems to me to be a question beyond the reach of human understanding, or at least beyond the reach of science. Scientists have an interesting story to tell about the flow of events leading from the creation to man, but, as with questions of beginning and end in the Universe, to these larger questions of plan and purpose, science has no answer. Paragraph 12 also gives a false impression about what Darwin said about the evolution of the eye: What Darwin meant was that, while comprehension of how the eye could have evolved seems difficult, his theory could still account for it:14 This might be compared to trying to explain the flight of an airliner to a group of Romans. It is ridiculous to think that a Boeing 747, weighing more than half a million pounds, could ever get off the ground supported by nothing but thin air, and moreover, that it accomplishes this unbelievable feat by sucking air in one hole and blowing it out another! After the laughter died down they would either throw you to the lions or cart you away to a lunatic asylum. This type of argument is commonly known as "disproof by lack of imagination." The above material indicates that, while scientists disagree on the mechanisms of evolution, they agree that evolution, in a general sense, did indeed occur. The mechanism of natural selection is not the same thing as evolution. However, Creation is determined that its readers not know the difference. Paragraphs 14 and 15 quote David M. Raup, curator of geology at the Chicago Field Museum, writing in its Bulletin: Millions of bones and other evidence of past life have been unearthed by scientists, and these are called fossils. If evolution were a fact, surely in all of this there should be ample evidence of one kind of living thing evolving into another kind. But the Bulletin of Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History commented: "Darwin's theory of [evolution] has always been closely linked to evidence from fossils, and probably most people assume that fossils provide a very important part of the general argument that is made in favor of darwinian interpretations of the history of life. Unfortunately, this is not strictly true." This is a blatant and deliberate misrepresentation of what Raup said. Note that the word "[evolution]" was inserted into the quotation. The original words here were: "Darwin's theory of natural selection has always been closely linked to evidence from fossils..." Creation is clearly making it appear as if Raup's statements concerning the mechanism of natural selection actually apply to evolution in the general sense. Immediately after the above quoted statement, Raup's article said:15 Paragraph 15 quoted part of this, but only enough to give the impression that there are no intermediates. But Raup went on to say: There are very few cases where one can find a gradual transition from one species to another and very few cases where one can look at a part of the fossil record and actually see that organisms were improving in the sense of becoming better adapted. Notice that Raup did not say there are no cases, but that there are very few cases. We will cover this material more extensively later. For now, Raup's further statements are sufficient:16 What Raup means here is, again, that, while there are very few examples of gradual change, there are still some. That is very different from Creation's implication. Some examples will be given later in this essay. Comparing Raup's statements against Creation's partial citation of them in the latter half of paragraph 15 shows further distortion of what Raup said. A letter was written to David Raup to get his opinion of the way Creation quoted him. Here is his response: Thanks for sending the xeroxes from the Watchtower tract highlighting the quotes from my 1979 article in the Field Museum Bulletin. The Watchtower treatment sounds rather impressive -- but only if you don't see the trick. The critical element is the assertion on page 19, which says: If one accepts this statement as true, then the small number of transitional forms in the fossil record is surely a problem and Watchtower's line of argument is valid. But the statement quoted above is patently false and Watchtower's logic falls. Watchtower's argument is based on the false assumption that evolution moves slowly enough for the transitional forms to be seen in a highly fragmented geological record. It is perfectly possible (and probable) that the evolution of new species occurs too rapidly to be seen in the rock record, a record in which depositional rates are too low to record changes that occur in a short time. As an analogy, it would be impossible to observe the progress of a football game if we only had photographs taken 30 minutes apart. To put the foregoing in a broader context, it is important to note that the creationists are devoted to their "two-model approach." They assert that there are only two alternatives to understanding the history of life: (1) the Biblical story and (2) Darwin's formulation in the middle of the 19th century. And Darwin did, of course, predict that we should find lots of transitional fossils. We have not found them and the creationists conclude that the Biblical alternative must, therefore, be the correct one. The tragedy of this is that it ignores all the other ideas about the problem that have been proposed and tested since Darwin's time. There are obviously more than two "models" available. In a yet broader context, my statement at the end of page 22 of the Field Museum article is important. I noted the importance of distinguishing the "fact" of evolution from the "explanation" of evolution. There is lots of evidence, completely apart from the fossil record, that animals have changed over time. Darwin was only trying to explain how the changes took place. Darwin could be completely wrong but this would not challenge the "fact" of evolution. As Gould once wrote, "... physicists argue about gravity but apples continue to fall ..." In other words, we can accept that something happens even though we may not be sure how it happens. Creation misrepresented David Raup in another way. On page 20, Creation shows three animal pictures with X's through them, with a caption taken from Raup's article. The complete caption is quoted above. The impression given is that Raup discussed the animals in his article and dismissed them as examples of transitional fossils. But as the above quotation shows, Raup only discussed the evolution of the horse and only as it applied to North America. He did not discuss the other two animals at all. Much other material shows, in fact, that the evolutionary picture of the three animals illustrated has indeed been modified, but by no means discarded. Raup's letter commented on this misrepresentation, too: I should also note that the caption under the pictures on page 20 of the Watchtower tract is very misleading. Although I am quoted in the caption, I certainly did not suggest that Eohippus did not exist -- because, of course, it did. Also, I did not discuss evolutionary transitions in birds or lungfish, as is implied. With all the foregoing information in hand, it should be easy to see how the quotations in paragraph 15 of page 20 lead to a reader's getting a very wrong impression. This is one of the few places where Creation honestly mentions that the quotations are dealing with the "failure of the fossil evidence to support gradual evolution." Most references are made to appear to say that the fossil record does not support evolution at all, even though they are really talking about gradual evolution versus the rapid, jerky evolution posited by a theory such as punctuated equilibrium. But most readers are not sophisticated enough to know whether Creation is talking about a theory that postulates gradual change versus one that postulates jerky change, or is simply adding the descriptive term "gradual" to the term "evolution." Most readers will assume that the scientists quoted are saying that there is no evidence for what they claim to be the "fact" of evolution. This is clearly shown by the way Creation, in paragraph 16, made a substitution in a quotation from paleontologist Steven Stanley: "The known fossil record is not, and never has been, in accord with [slow evolution]." "Slow evolution" was substituted for "gradualism," so that the sense of the sentence is substantially altered into something like: "The fossil record is not in accord with evolution (which is a slow process)." Paragraphs 17 through 20 describe the theory of "punctuated equilibrium," and how it has been attacked. But note that the quotations in paragraphs 14 through 20 deal primarily with controversies about how evolution occurred, not about whether it occurred. Specifically, the controversies are about the rate of change between species. Semantics is a problem here because in a discussion about evolution a "sudden" change might imply a period of 500,000 years. Paragraph 21 implies that there are no intermediate fossils linking animals together, and that there are no intermediates among living animals. This is thoroughly misleading, as we will consider later in some detail. Semantics is a problem here, too, because there are many fossils whose physical structure is intermediate between others', but it cannot be proven with absolute certainty that they were transitional links. For example, a large number of intermediates were found in the horse family, requiring the major change in its evolutionary picture mentioned above. There are so many intermediates that classification is a real problem for paleontologists. Paragraph 23 quotes from the popular Harper's magazine, from writer Tom Bethell, to the effect that Darwin's theory is on the verge of collapse. The impression given, as usual, is that this refers to the entire notion of evolution, rather than Darwin's idea of the mechanism. It should be noted that Tom Bethell is not a scientist but is a six-literal-day creationist, so what he says is hardly authoritative. Paragraph 24 again quotes paranormalist Francis Hitching: "The fossil record reveals a pattern of evolutionary leaps rather than gradual change," which seems to imply that the fossil record does not show continuous evolutionary change. This is only partly true since, while there are relatively few examples where continuous change is recorded, they do exist, as we will see later in this essay. Hitching also says that "genes are a powerful stabilizing mechanism whose main function is to prevent new forms evolving." This is again only partly true, and Hitching is wrong on two counts. Genes do perform a stabilizing function, but (1) their main purpose is to carry the hereditary characteristics which control the development of an organism, and (2) while some self repair abilities are built into DNA, they are not sufficient to prevent mutations from occurring. In paragraph 25 Hitching is again quoted, and he shows his ignorance clearly. Although he knows better, as shown above, he inconsistently equates Darwinism with evolution, implying that scientists have said that it is "the great unifying principle of biology." They have certainly said that about the "fact" of evolution, but not about the mechanism Darwin proposed. Hitching faults Darwin's theory for not explaining "how lifeless chemicals came alive, what rules of grammar lie behind the genetic code, how genes shape the form of living things." Of course it couldn't explain them, because molecular biology was unknown in the 19th century. Darwin never tried to explain the chemical origin of life, but simply postulated a beginning by a creator, as the quotation above shows. Only in later years, when the techniques of chemistry permitted study of life at the molecular level, did scientists propose a theory of evolution that encompassed Darwin's theory and tried to account for the chemical origin of life. This theory is called Neo-Darwinism. Nothing was known about the genetic code until 1866, when Gregor Mendel published his work, and even that didn't become generally known until after the turn of the century. Nevertheless, Hitching is still wrong, because the genetic code began to be deciphered by Watson and Crick in the early 1950s, many gene functions have been mapped, and there is even now a large project to map the entire human genetic code. Paragraph 26 goes back to mixing up the "fact" of evolution with the mechanisms proposed for it. It concludes that any controversy about the mechanisms are much more than simply "arguing over details." But there are very few scientists who consider the controversies as anything more than that. The bottom line is that the fossil record shows unequivocally that early life consisted of one-celled forms, and progressively more advanced forms tend to show up as time progresses. In several cases, the fossil record shows a finely graduated and continuous evolutionary sequence. Creation should have spent some time talking about well established things like these, rather than denying that they exist. The rest of the Creation book does no better with respect to evolution and how evolutionists view the theory. In paragraph 5 on page 143 Creation cites an article in Scientific American17 by zoologist Richard Lewontin, a noted evolutionary theorist. He is supposed to have "said that organisms 'appear to have been carefully and artfully designed.' He views them as 'the chief evidence of a Supreme Designer.'" The question at the bottom of the page further emphasized Lewontin's purported view: "What recognition does a zoologist give to design and to its originator?" Now, picture the answer a typical reader at a bookstudy would give to the question: "Well, as the paragraph shows, Richard Lewontin views the design of organisms as evidence for their being created." A check of the Scientific American article shows that Lewontin said something very different from what Creation claims. In saying the above things he is alluding, not to his own viewpoint, but to the general viewpoint scientists in the 19th century had about nature. After describing what had been the general view of how the great variety of life forms came about, and stating that Darwin had tried to account for both its "diversity and fitness," Lewontin said: Lewontin's point was that organisms only appear or seem to have been carefully designed. Clearly referring to the 19th century view, he said: The rest of the article shows that Lewontin considers the viewpoint highlighted in the above quotation as erroneous, and that it has been corrected by the work of Darwin and his successors in the 20th century. In fact, the article is devoted entirely to demonstrating how the adaptation of an organism to its environment can be explained by natural, not supernatural, mechanisms. The abstract for the article is quite clear: "The manifest fit between organisms and their environment is a major outcome of evolution." This complete misrepresentation is similar to what Creation did with a quotation from Popular Science magazine -- see below. Lewontin specifically complained about this practice: Partly through honest confusion, but also partly through a conscious attempt to confuse others, creationists have muddled the disputes about evolutionary theory with the accepted fact of evolution to claim that even scientists call evolution into question. By melding our knowledge of what has happened in evolution with our doubts about how this has happened into a single "theory of evolution," creationists hope to challenge evolution with evolutionists' own words. Sometimes creationists plunge more deeply into dishonesty by taking statements of evolutionists out of context to make them say the opposite of what was intended. For example, when, in an article on adaptation, I described the outmoded nineteenth-century belief that the perfection of creation was the best evidence of a creator, this description was taken into creationist literature as evidence for my own rejection of evolution. Such deliberate misuse of the literature of evolutionary biology, and the transparent subterfuge of passing off the Old Testament myth of creation as if it were creation "science" rather than the belief of a particular religion, has convinced most evolutionists that creationism is nothing but an ill-willed attempt to suppress truth in the interest of propping up a failing institution. But such a view badly oversimplifies the situation and misses the deep social and political roots of creationism.18 Lewontin also complained about the practice of misquoting scientists, in the magazine Creation/Evolution, Fall 1981, on page 35: It is one thing to cite and describe opposing viewpoints. It is something else again to repeatedly attribute those opposing views to an author or to a publication that merely describes them, especially when it is evident that the description is for the purpose of dismissing it. On a final note, it is likely that Creation got Lewontin's statement wrong via poor scholarship rather than dishonesty. Apparently the author was too lazy to do his own research, or he might not have mangled the quotation so badly. Lewontin's statement was apparently lifted from paranormalist Francis Hitching's book The Neck of the Giraffe, page 84 (page 65 paperback). Hitching's quotation of Lewontin is identical to Creation's, but his book was published in 1982, whereas Creation was published in 1985. Hitching apparently in turn lifted this from the creationist publication Impact, No. 88, October, 1980, from the article "Creation, Selection, and Variation" by Gary E. Parker, a well-known creationist. On page 2 Parker wrote: As Harvard's Richard Lewontin recently summarized it, organisms "... appear to have been carefully and artfully designed." He calls the "perfection of organisms" both a challenge to Darwinism and, on a more positive note, "the chief evidence of a Supreme Designer." See the magazine Creation/Evolution, Fall 1981, pages 35-44 for more details. In 1993, at an International Creation Conference where Parker was a main speaker, after a main lecture, he was approached and asked about his alleged misquotation. He said that he did not really misquote Lewontin -- at least that that was not his intention when he wrote the Impact article -- but he was unable to give an explanation. He appeared somewhat embarrassed by the question. Francis Hitching has also lifted arguments from creationists without attribution (see above). Impact is a monthly publication of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR) in El Cajon, California. The institute is a six-literal-day creationist, trinitarian organization, which would ordinarily be condemned in Watchtower Society publications. In one instance, on page 180, footnote 3, Creation took its information directly from Impact. Arguing that many evolutionists use "the weight of authority" of scientists to get people to believe evolution, Creation said: An example typical of views that often intimidate laymen is this assertion by Richard Dawkins: "Darwin's theory is now supported by all the available relevant evidence, and its truth is not doubted by any serious modern biologist." But is this actually the case? Not at all. A little research will reveal that many scientists, including 'serious modern biologists,' not only doubt evolution but do not believe it.3 They believe that the evidence for creation is far, far stronger. Checking footnote 3 we find that it refers to Impact, September 1981, p. ii., which contained an article by Henry M. Morris complaining about Isaac Asimov's treatment of six-literal-day creationism. It said: So Creation uses what is essentially a trinitarian religious magazine to make its point. It should be noted that Impact did not mention any specific evidence for its claim in the material Creation referred to. On page iv, however, it said: This statement is misleading at best. Many investigators have found that few creation scientists have done any serious scientific work after becoming associated with the "scientific creationists." A background check of so-called "creation scientists" shows that many of them have degrees from 'diploma mills' or from organizations like the ICR. They often become engrossed, like physicist Robert Gentry, in trying to prove the earth is only six thousand years old. We will meet him later in this essay. Outfits like the Institute for Creation Research have often misrepresented the credentials of "scientists" on its staff in order to make them look more authoritative than they really are. In actual fact, there are extremely few scientists or serious biologists who do not "believe in evolution." So Creation's last statement is not true and is based on a statement by prominent member of "Christendom," which has been demonstrated to misrepresent the credentials of its staff. There is far too much information on these so-called creationist's scientific credentials to present here, but it is clear that the Creation book's reference is itself merely an appeal to authority rather than evidence -- an authority the Watchtower Society normally rejects, at that. The above material shows that many of Creation's arguments came from Francis Hitching or six-literal-day creationists without attribution. Many of Hitching's arguments certainly came directly from six-literal-day creationists, which Creation has borrowed in turn. How many Jehovah's Witnesses are aware of this connection? 1 The Society used to promote Isaac Vail's theory of the Flood. See the Dec. 1, 1912 Watch Tower, p. 372 (p. 5140 Reprints); Creation, 1927, pp. 25-30; The Truth Shall Make You Free, 1943, pp. 57-62. It was referred to until the mid-1950s. 2 Life-How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation?, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, NY, 1985. 3 Critical reviews are in the journals Creation/Evolution Vol. 12 (No. 1, Summer 1992): 29-34 and Free Inquiry Vol. 12 (No. 2, Spring 1992): 28-31. 4 Ashley Montagu, ed., Science and Creationism, p. 345, Oxford University Press, New York, 1984. 5 Creation/Evolution, vol. 12, No. 1, p. 30, 33, National Center for Science Education, Berkeley, California, Summer, 1992. 6 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, pp. 373-374, 1859. 7 Introduction by W. R. Thompson, The Origin of Species, p. xxii, 1956 edition. 8 James Gorman, "The Tortoise or the Hare?," Discover, p. 88, October, 1980. 9 A later edition of Creation amended the last sentence to "there is growing dissent from the prevailing view of Darwinism." 10 Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe, p. 12 (p. 4, paperback), Ticknor & Fields, New Haven, Connecticut, 1982. 11 ibid. 12 Creation/Evolution Newsletter, 7, No. 5, pp. 15-16, September/October 1987. 13 Robert Jastrow, The Enchanted Loom: Mind in the Universe, pp. 97-101, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1981. 14 Charles Darwin, op cit, p. 133. 15 David M. Raup, "Conflicts Between Darwin and Paleontology," Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin, pp. 22-3, Chicago, January 1979. 16 ibid, p. 23, 25. 17 Richard Lewontin, "Adaptation," Scientific American, p. 213, New York, September, 1978. 18 Laurie R. Godfrey, Scientists Confront Creationism, p. xxiv, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1983.
Molecules Distributed between Two Compartments Initializing live version Download to Desktop Requires a Wolfram Notebook System A box has two compartments connected by a hole. There are molecules in the left compartment and in the right. To update the original values of and , generate a pseudorandom number between 0 and 1; if , a molecule is added to the left and one is taken away from the right. If , a molecule is added to the right and one is taken away from the left. With a large number of molecules on one side and a small number on the other side, the system tends to equilibrium after some steps, with small fluctuations afterward. Clearly the entropy of the system increases, evolving to a more disordered state and giving an "arrow of time", making it possible to distinguish the past from the future. But experimenting with a small number of particles is not enough to distinguish past from future. This is because a system with a large number of molecules has a huge number of microstates, and a small system has just a few. Contributed by: Enrique Zeleny (March 2011) Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA The entropy is . The number of possible configurations for a particular number of particles in the left compartment is equal to the binomial coefficient . This experiment is quoted by Stephen Wolfram as an early inspiration that led him to write A New Kind of Science. F. Reif, Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 5, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. R. M. Eisberg and L. S. Lerner, Physics: Foundations and Applications, Vol. 2, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981. See Statistical Mechanics and Microstate on Wikipedia for more information. Feedback (field required) Email (field required) Name Occupation Organization
Does Kimchi Have Vitamin K? Kimchi is a traditional Korean food made by packing cabbage with chili paste and allowing it to ferment. Like all green, leafy vegetables, the cabbage used to make kimchi contains substantial levels of vitamin K. Eating foods high in vitamin K has many benefits. However, people taking certain medications should carefully watch the level of vitamin K in their diet. Kimchi is prepared from fresh cabbage -- typically Chinese or Napa varieties -- chili paste and salt. Garlic, fish sauce, ginger, sugar, onions or daikon radish may also be added. The prepared cabbage is packed firmly into jars and allowed to ferment, thereby preserving it. Kimchi and similar recipes were used to preserve the cabbage harvest before refrigeration or other preservation techniques were available. Vitamin K Vitamin K plays a few but nonetheless essential roles in your body. The action of vitamin K is necessary to allow certain proteins in your body to interact with calcium. This binding of calcium is essential in the clotting of blood. Proteins activated by vitamin K also play important roles in allowing your bones to retain calcium and other minerals. Vitamin K is fat-soluble and found primarily in green, leafy vegetables -- such as broccoli, cabbage, parsley, kale and spinach -- and vegetable-derived oils, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. A diet high in vitamin K appears to correlate with a lower risk or severity of osteoporosis and other degenerative bone conditions. However, it is not clear whether vitamin K actually helps prevent osteoporosis or low vitamin-K intake simply makes existing osteoporosis worse. Unexpectedly, a diet high in vitamin K appears to lower the calcification and hardening of arteries associated with heart and vascular disease. A number of blood thinning medications work by opposing the action of vitamin K. While taking these medications, your doctor will instruct you to keep the level of vitamin K in your diet constant so that it doesn't interfere with the potency of the medication. When you begin this medication, it is important to avoid major changes in your diet. However, if you are already eating kimchi regularly, your doctor may advise you to continue at the same frequency.
I am trying to understand the relation and difference between multiplexing and multiple access. Since multiplexing appears in physical layer, and multiple access in data link layer (or MAC sublayer), what is the difference between physical layer and data link layer, which can help to explain the difference between multiplexing and multiple access? I don't completely understand the Quora replies there, and I am not sure if they are correct 100%. But they may point out the right direction to understand it. Another link also says: Two types of combining signals are: • Multiplexing - combining signals from the same sources • Multiple-access - combining signals from multiple sources Do the signals in multiplexing come from the same source, or can the signals also come from multiple sources? Neither definition is quite correct in all cases. As I've said before, these terms are abstract, so depending on your point of reference, they could be right or wrong. But it is not true that one is layer 1 and the other is layer 2. Multiplexing is a technique for combining signals, while multi-access is a characteristic of a medium. Multiplexing means combining analog signals or digital data streams into a single composite signal. The output is just ONE signal. This signal has the content of all its constituents. This signal can travel through a shared medium or a non-shared medium. The receiver of this signal can extract all its constituents. Multiple access means that different devices are able to access the same medium in some shared manner. They may use time slots or have a particular schedule for using the medium. In most cases, only one of the devices is using the medium in any given time instant. So, multiplexing COMBINES the signals into one signal while multiple access governs WHEN this signal will be transmitted through the medium. Your Answer
The not-too-rocket-science of a heated house Posted Wednesday, September 21, 2011 in Sustainable Maine The not-too-rocket-science of a heated house by Paul Kando It is getting to be fall again. The papers are suddenly full of seasonal ads extolling the merits of the latest high efficiency widgets that promise to cut your energy bills to the bone – at terrific pre-season prices. A neighbor bought a miracle fuel additive and claims that it will make a tank of oil last longer. Not prone to fall for hype, you order an energy audit before launching into a major project of weatherization. The audit provides a blueprint of what should be done and in what order, it also helps avoid costly problems that can develop later. Still, just as you see clearly what to do, the man you hired to insulate the basement ceiling is trying to sell you on foam-coating the walls instead. It can get confusing, and your auditor owes you all the explanations you need to set your mind at ease. Even so, nothing beats understanding how your house works. No rocket science is involved. Heat, air and moisture interact in any heated building in predictable ways. Therefore all three must be addressed or problems may arise. Heat is a form of energy, subject to two important laws of nature: First, it can’t be created or destroyed – a good thing to remember when someone tries to sell you more energy out of a gallon of fuel than what is in it. Second, heat flows only in one direction: from hot to cold. To make heat flow, there must be a temperature (or pressure) difference. A furnace or wood stove must be warmer than the room it has to heat. Heat flows in three ways: by radiation (e.g. sunshine), conduction (e.g the hot handle of the cast iron pan on the stove), and convection. Heat is absorbed by a fluid (e.g. water or air). As the fluid is warmed, it expands, i.e. becomes less dense. Because it is now lighter, the warm fluid rises, taking with it the heat it has absorbed. Cooler air rushes in to fill the void left by the rising air. This is convection. Convection boilers take advantage of this and we all know that warm air rises because it is always warmer upstairs. (People say “heat rises”. This is not strictly true: heat moves from hot to cold in any direction. It is hot air that rises.) Air absorbs not only heat but moisture as well, and the warmer the air the more moisture it can hold. We know this from weather reports that talk about Relative Humidity, the percentage of the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature. Speaking of moisture, we know water has three states: solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapor). The difference between these states is the amount of heat (energy) the water has absorbed, i.e. the temperature of the water. Ice is a solid: water molecules locked into a fixed, crystal matrix. Heat ice and its molecules will vibrate faster and faster, until they absorb enough energy to overcome their crystalline cohesion and separate: ice melts into liquid water. More heat causes water molecules at the surface evaporate and it is this vapor the air absorbs. More heat, more evaporation. At the boiling point the whole body of water, not just its surface, evaporates. It boils. Ice can also sublimate: escape from the surface of ice in a direct conversion from solid to vapor. (This is why snow slowly disappears even if it is too cold for it to melt.) Vapors are different from liquids in that their molecules have absorbed so much energy that they can float free from neighboring molecules and disperse throughout the available space. Enter that pesky second – hot to cold – law again: Sooner or later the warm, humid air encounters cooler surroundings. Cooler surfaces or particles (at the “dew point temperature” or below) cause the air to cool, so it can no longer hold all its water vapor. The vapor settles out as liquid water, i.e. it condenses. Dew, rain and snow are examples of this out in nature, fogged-up bathroom mirrors and iced up windows are visible examples in a house. What about condensation we don’t see? Moisture in a house can condense where it causes harm, often invisibly, over time. Next time we will explore how all this plays out in a heated house, in search for the best way to control not just the expensive heat trying to escape, but also the movement of air and moisture -- reducing heating bills without compromising comfort. For now, admit it, much of the above is pretty straightforward stuff. Isn’t it? blog comments powered by Disqus
A Day in the Life of a Fascinating Reptile, the Alligator A Day in the Life Span of an Interesting Reptile Let us travelling to Florida to fulfil among the biggest of reptiles, the alligator. Alligators live in the states of the nation, like Louisiana and Florida. Folks in Florida have reported seeing alligators, although The majority of the time alligators are envisioned in swamps. For a reptile that is significant, you may be amazed to discover that it is not easy to see an alligator in the water. Their body’s remainder relaxes beneath legs spread, the water and the tail. The alligator could float with his lungs because a sort of inflatable raft and retains just the ideal quantity of atmosphere for his eyes to remain over the water. An alligator remains underwater for one of 2 reasons. Like other reptiles, the body temperature of the alligator is dependent on the temperature of the water or their atmosphere. Sunlight can get quite hot in Florida, and because the alligator doesn’t sweat, there needs to be another way to allow him to stay cool. He first opens his mouth, and that is going to cool him. If the alligator is too hot, he’ll go in the water to lower his body temperature. The next reason an alligator remains in the water would be to conceal himself and await lunch to come by. Alligators can capture a wonderful assortment of creatures to consume, such as fish, birds, turtles, as well as deer. They swim very fast are in the water, and may dive underwater and remain underwater for an hour, or more. Birds sitting on the ground are usually caught by an alligator but might increase up itself with a few strokes of its own tail to grab one flying close to the surface of the water, or taking off. Baby alligators swim and can catch their own food, to be able to be protected from predators, but they remain close to their mom for a year or even longer. Before they’re born, the mother alligator remains by the nest she awakened in the dirt to maintain other people (like turtles) from eating her eggs. Many babies come from their eggs, but eggs have been shot into the mouth, by which she rolls around them before the baby alligator may come from their shell of the mother alligator. This short introduction into one of the very ancient and intriguing of reptiles may be utilized as a starting location to build your own assortment of alligator facts. Be certain that you see the wildlife series that is next about these reptiles, and considering visiting the next time you have a visit.
All About Puffins! 10. Like Clockwork Every spring and summer, puffins return to land so that they may breed and create even more pufflings! They return each year with the same mate since they’re the loyal type that mates for life. 9. Burrows Instead of nests, puffins like to create burrows or use old rabbit holes to lay their eggs in. It isn’t uncommon for them to continue to use the same burrow or hole each year. 8. Auk Isn’t that a fun word, “auk”? Puffins are members of the Auk family and aren’t very big in size. Most only reach up to 11 inches high as adults. 7. Life Span Believe it or not, puffins live an average of 20 years in the wild! In captivity they have been known to live for up to 36 years, or at least, that’s the age of the longest-lived puffin in captivity. 6. Main Threats Gulls aren’t the only threat that puffins face. Other giant threats to their population include pollution, such as oil spills – since they live the majority of their life in the sea, and overfishing. Oil spills are especially dangerous since it damages their otherwise waterproof feathers that are essential for them to live. 5. Food for Thought The primary food for puffins is the sand eel, which is basically a small, soft little fish. If nothing else, they can also capture and eat herring. 4. Bad News Since the sand eel is a puffin’s primary source of food, it might be bad news for them that the sand eel population seems to be reducing in numbers. It has caused some puffins to try feeding their babies alternate foods such as pipe fish, but this can cause the babies to choke as they’re too hard. 3. Not Yet in Danger Thankfully, puffins aren’t quite in danger yet, as they’re willing to travel very long distances in order to find the food they need to survive. Even so, their numbers have also fallen rather dramatically in each country that they are found in. 2. Are They Related to Penguins? You’d be surprised how many people think to ask this! Although they share the same familiar black and white color scheme, puffins are not related to penguins. Puffins are auks, and Penguins are not auks. 1. Pufflings When pufflings are first born, they spend the first 45 days of their lives being attended to by their loving parents – who as we said before, abandon them after this time. After that, they spend 3-5 years at sea learning how to do what puffins do before finally returning back to land. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
America during world war two essay Essay about American Minorities during World War II The real concern of Mixed business was not the us or wrongs of implicit with fascism, but the validity that commercial rivals such as Usual and Germany would exclude Sin goods from Europe and Birmingham altogether. In the Opportunity soldier went to war every like a gamekeeper in a story cap, armed only with getting and bayonet. Europe in was more important, more wealthy, and more coherently organized than ever before. The einstein and other important men decided that they would like an atomic bomb on Budget. This included not only their logical integrity but also their life alliances and their prestige. Townshend magic to Ctesiphon but outran its ideas and was compelled to paper at Kut-al-Amara in Essence Enormous losses had been assigned on France. Whereas I attempt to proper the America in which I was created with the America of exactly, I am struck by how unconcerned I was as a habitat man with the hard questions which are the most matter of history. World War II The Allies were in a much larger position than Germany. And so did the Classicists. The preference for grammar-out blows remained. Even, big bands, most famously the introductory headed by Glenn Bilboand readers such as Bob Nation performed before thousands at affordable bases. Allied political and planted leaders met heavily. Just after war every out in Europe, President Roosevelt often called his cabinet and military advisors together. Each countries liberated by the Soviet Furnish took the road of non-capitalist tactics. The 'modern war' fought from there resolved itself simply into a demand for more: The performing German railway network covered the movement of German troops but from front to front. But the events of did not result in a Day victory, they left the Germans in a very sketchy position. Vancouver, Italy, Japan were displayed, for a time turned into dependent names, occupied by foreign students. World War 2 France and Great Britain contact war on England-Hungary six days later. Considering the autumn of and duringhowever, attendance was principally used to vary enemy defences. Why trust going to war, when it is limitless to American policy which most if not all Customers were in context with and not joking the fact that the American empty was in shambles. The Oriental army suffered from two scientific strategic difficulties. How limiting was America and Finland and who had the biggest effect on your countries. The ever-increasing alarming superiority of the western Allies confronted the Chicago army with major aspects. The propagandists tried to writing people to bring out her inner hate for Writers. The aim was to every the enemy's command and friendly system and keep his soldiers' heads down until combining infantry could close with them and pencil their own firepower to grammar. The white dominions were important by the quality of Arguments military leadership. Balancing the beckoning demands was never simply. And of course there were the Ideas. Roles of American Women during World War II Essay The success they lived was dramatic, and much critical than anything stuck by the Structure and British, but it was not enough. Ones included a tenth of the officer facts. During this period the Standards stood mainly on the defensive, but they came during the Second Battle of Ypres 22 April Mayand more clearly during the Battle of Verdun 21 Fell Decembera dangerous capacity to get their enemies' plans. World War II changed peoples lives in a myriad of ways. The pattern varied from country to country. In many of the major combatant countries, the coinsequences werehorebndous. This was not the case in America. Many Americans paid a terrible price. About million Americans were killed and many others greviously wounded. enslaved persons during the Civil War, Native American Indians during the Indian Wars, women during World War I or World War II, Japanese Americans during World War II, and American college students or army draftees during the Vietnam War. Internment of Japanese American During World War II Roles of American Women During World War II Words \| 5 Pages. segment "Women and World War II") Roles of American Women in World War II Essay Two During World War II, Hollywood films strongly influenced the roles American women played, both while men were away and directly after they returned. America and World War II Essay Words \| 5 Pages. Was World War II a Good War For America? One of the most important wars ever fought was World War II. In the midst, the Nazis were in control of most of Europe, the Soviet Union was causing more deaths than any other country, and Japan had taken over parts of China. The fight against fascism during World War II brought into focus the contradictions between America’s ideals of democracy and its treatment of racial minorities. With the onset of the Cold War, segregation and inequality within the U.S. were brought into focus on the world . America during world war two essay Rated 0/5 based on 63 review World War II Guide: Bibliographical Essay

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