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Annotated Bibliography – scarletthief Background: 27 year old Lucas Siquiera took the Foreign Service exam to join Brazil’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but was accused of lying about his race. He claimed to be mixed race, but had a Caucasian appearance. How I used it: To give an example of how the public and the individual can differ in opinion on which race a person can be. Despite the individual’s claims, if the public doesn’t agree, then they can’t claim to be the race they say they are. Background: Former president of NAACP Rachel Dolezal discovered to be biologically Caucasian when many believed she was African American. How I used it: Further information about her situation (I had another article about her, but wanted a little more information). She claimed to be black when she was white, which lead to her becoming the President, but just because she was actually white, she was forced to resign from presidency. Pros and Cons to claiming the race. Background: Lacey Schwartz grew up in an entirely white community and never knew she had African American blood in her. She did not choose a race for her college application, but was accepted as African American based on her photo. She now identifies as black when she once identified as white. How I used it: Example to show how the public can categorize people as a certain race just based on physical attributes. Similar to Lucas Siquiera’s article where he was thought to be white by the public based on his appearance. Background: For college applications, students must claim a race and Natasha Scott, who was African American/Asian, mentions how claiming to be African American would increase her chances of being accepted by colleges. Colleges want a diverse and multiracial population in their school, but most are multiracial nowadays. How I used it: The benefits that come with some races and the difficulties people face when choosing a race to define who they are on applications/censes. Background: Elizabeth Warren claims to have Native American ancestors despite no proof of being 1/32 Cherokee. The “one-drop” rule is applied here. If there is even a “drop” of another race in a man’s blood, then he can claim to be that race. How I used it: Provided information and history of how America has defined race. In the past, if a person had a drop of black blood in them they were black, no matter what. Physical characteristics do not have to match the biological makeup, but people have a harder time accepting these types of race claims. Background: Gender is usually recognized by children around 2 years of age. Parents can help to develop gender identity in their children by exposing their child to “different gender roles and different styles of play.” Children express their gender identity through social interactions (which gender they play with more), toys, games, clothes, hairstyles, nicknames, and social behaviors. Expectations of gender roles have changed now as girls can excel in activities only boys were thought to excel in and vice versa. How I used it: To counter the idea that race is different from gender. Both develop through social interactions and environments that influences the way a person identifies themselves as. (Rebuttal argument) Background: A flow chart depicting the change of the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) categories for Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Disability from 2012-2014. How I used it: Times have changed and people no longer identify as just one race, but multiple. Gender is similar as there is the choice of neither male nor female and a choice for if a person does not prefer to respond. Background: Based on the year 2000 and the year 2010 census, millions of Americans have changed their race. How I used it: Used as evidence for how we unconsciously change our race over time. Race isn’t definite – it is a choice. Background: The article describes how children from 5-18 years old though differently as they grew older. At a young age, children closer to 5 years old showed no preference for categorizing people and animals into races, but as they aged they began to show preferences depending on the community they grew up in. How I used it: Further information on how environment aids in the development of race categories. The article also contained information mentioning how the belief in categorizing races leads to the preconceived ideas of a person based on the race they are categorized in (Example could be “White privilege”). 10 – (50 Percent Of Millennials Believe Gender Is A Spectrum, Fusion’s Massive Millennial Poll Finds) Background: In a 2015 Millennial poll, 50% of millennials believed gender to be a spectrum and not binary. From this 57% were women and 44% were men who believed in the gender spectrum. 55% of whites, 47% of Latinos, and 32% of African Americans also said gender is on a spectrum. In 2014 only about 26% of the Americans in the poll were comfortable with self-determination of gender. How I used it: Americans, especially the Millennials, in 2015 are now very accepting of multiple genders and society is making exceptions for people that don’t fall in the binary (male/female) categories. There is a significant acceptance change from 2014 to 2015. 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This report reflects the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the Transportation Development Centre or the Marine Safety Directorate of Transport Canada. This handbook was developed with the support of the Great Lakes Pilotage Authority and Transport Canada’s Marine Safety Directorate, in conjunction with the Transportation Development Centre. The authors would also like to thank the scientists who reviewed the work and helped us in the development of this handbook. Lastly, we are very grateful for the dedication and patience of the pilots who helped us to understand their job and the nature of their work environment. Background material and supporting research is found in Development of a Fatigue Management Program for Canadian Marine Pilots, TP 13958E. In response to the conclusions raised in the Ministerial Review of Outstanding Pilotage Issues (1999) and several Transportation Safety Board reports on fatigue related incidents, Transport Canada has developed a Marine Pilot Fatigue Management Program (FMP). Transport Canada does acknowledge that “fatigue” is a related transportation safety factor and have chosen to commence educating individuals in the marine sector. Fatigue conditions can lead to degraded performance and difficulty remaining alert while performing tasks. The Marine Pilot Fatigue Module consists of the training material required to conduct a six-hour workshop and has been delivered in a standard format that would permit the trainer to offer the material to a group of marine pilot candidates. Marine pilots often work in confined waters, under a wide range of weather and sea-state conditions. The marine pilot fatigue management training module is designed to help marine pilot Instructors and marine pilots understand how their physiology and mental capabilities are affected under irregular shift conditions. Marine pilots will learn how to plan their sleep, and to practice their fatigue management strategies whenever possible. Provides background on the latest scientific information available at present and discusses the significance of such information to the concepts that will be taught. Provides basic information about how the six-hour module can be delivered, the training goals, learning objectives (outcomes for the participant), and descriptions of suggested techniques. Consists of an extensive bibliography of reference material for use by the trainer in preparation for teaching the six-hour module, and references for support during the delivery of the module. Two distinct types of sleep have been identified according to their physiological characteristics: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Stage 1 is a transition between wakefulness and sleep, the slightest event can bring back the individual to wakefulness. Stage 2 is the first “real” sleep stage and it represents over 50% of our total sleep time. Stages 3 and 4 also called Slow Wave Sleep (SWS), cover approximately 20% of our total sleeping time. In an individual sleeping normally at night, the first two cycles will contain more Slow Wave Sleep (deep sleep) and little REM sleep, whereas the last one or two will have less Slow Wave Sleep and more REM sleep. A hypnogram is a graphic representation that illustrates the timing, duration, and sequence of every sleep stage an individual experiences throughout his sleep period. When we look at the sleep structure of those who are sleeping at different times of the day, or who are sleep deprived, we see significant differences between an overnight (Figure 5a), a morning (Figure 5b), and an afternoon (Figure 5c) sleep. The proportion of SWS sleep will depend on the circadian clock, time of day and prior duration of the waking episode. These deficits in REM and SWS can lead to decreased mental performance, psychological well-being, and increased complaints of fatigue. Most human behavioural and physiological processes are characterized by daily oscillations. Understanding the importance of biological rhythms in our daily functioning and how they respond to disruption will help us find ways to function under less than ideal conditions. Scientists have found that if you look more closely into people’s sleep habits and let them sleep when they want in an environment free of time cues, a robust two-per-day rhythm of sleep tendency appears in most people. In addition to these two peaks of sleepiness, studies have revealed two distinct zones of decreased sleepiness or increased arousal. Irregular shifts refer to work schedules where duration and timing of work periods are highly variable. It has been shown that total sleep loss results in decrements in memory and decision-making. Pilcher and Huffcutt examined the data of 143 field studies on sleep deprivation and concluded that sleep deprivation strongly impairs human functioning. More recently, several scientific papers have looked at the impact of fatigue on driving performance and found that sleepiness was responsible for 40% of all vehicular accidents. Research has been conducted examining a number of shift schedules for crews working on submarines and merchant vessels. We have all experienced situations where fatigue sneaks up and causes unexpected slow and inaccurate performance. It is important to note that individuals cannot accurately gauge their own level of impairment due to lack of sleep and will often deny being affected by fatigue. The research shows that taking a planned nap ahead of the work period can reduce the normal degradation in performance seen on night shifts and during long periods of sleep deprivation. While napping is accepted as a useful measure for increasing alertness, it is important to find the best time and duration for the naps in order to maintain acceptable performance levels. Nap duration will be a function of the interaction between time available, time of day and the amount of prior wakefulness. Mid-afternoon naps are ideal because it is a natural point in our biological rhythm to get to sleep easily and the forbidden zone for sleep follows it a few hours later. Improvement of performance and alertness upon awakening from a nap may not be immediately apparent. Sounds can help the marine pilot stay alert, providing they are intermittent and loud enough. There are considerable differences in the speed of absorption and elimination by the body between the various types of drugs. Sleep is as necessary as food or water, and no matter how much we try we cannot eliminate the need for sleep. REM sleep appears to be responsible for helping us in our ability to learn and make decisions. This is a hypnogram or graphic representation of our sleeping period, showing the cycles we just discussed and the time spent in the different stages of sleep. Participants who say that they fall asleep in less than 10 minutes or can nap any time, any place are sleep deprived and are sleeping less than they need. Restless legs syndrome is a neurological condition that is experienced as tingling, crawling or pickling sensations in the limbs (usually the legs) that causes the person to want to get up and move around. A steering committee consisting of members from these organizations and others from the marine industry and pilotages reviewed and contributed to the handbook. We thank them for allowing us to accompany them during their assignments and for providing us with their practical insights and wisdom. The material comprises a participant's guide, a trainer's handbook, and a CD containing a slide presentation (Microsoft PowerPoint 2000) intended for use during the workshop. The module provides them with strategies and knowledge that can be used to manage their fatigue. Finally, their awareness will be heightened regarding their physiological and performance deterioration, allowing them to act appropriately to mitigate the negative consequences of fatigue. He continued to study sleep and was joined in the 1950s by two of his students William Dement and Eugene Aserinsky. Airflow, and chest and abdominal effort are also measured with respiratory bands to determine the rate and level of breathing. The measurement of eye movements and muscle tone in association with specific brain waves (EEG) patterns are necessary to determine the type of sleep we obtain. This fast activity (wakefulness) is gradually replaced by the appearance of slower waves called theta waves and the eyes begin to show slow rolling movements. In stage 2, the eyes do not move, muscle tone is low compared to wakefulness and EEG sleep spindles and K-complexes (see Figure 3) appear occasionally along the trace. The quantity of SWS is regulated by the duration of prior waking, and the tendency for REM sleep is regulated by the position of the biological clock. Sleep structure will be affected by several factors such as age, time of day, and prior sleep loss. Since Marine Pilots are sometimes working extended hours and at different times throughout the 24-hour daily cycle, it is important to know what are the implications of such unusual schedules. Although we follow a 24-hour cycle of sleeping and waking, this may be an artifact of our modern Western lifestyle (see Broughton’s and Dinges’s book for an excellent discussion of this topic). Even though naps are more prominent in countries with warm climates, midday heat is not the cause of afternoon sleepiness. The work schedule will comprise a mixture of day, evening and night shifts of short, normal and long duration. However, how long one can work and how much fatigue is accumulated depend on factors such as time of day, the type of work involved, the age of the worker, and prior sleep deprivation. Acute sleep loss results from very short periods (1 or 2 days maximum) when sleep is either totally absent or reduced to one short nap (less than 2 hour long) per 24 hours. Increased sleepiness and performance decrements occurred when similar schedules were maintained for more than 4 days or when sleep was reduced below 5 hours per day. In fact, creative thought and problem solving become increasingly difficult as the sleep debt increases. Other well known on-the-job sleep-related accidents include the oil spill involving the Exxon Valdez tanker, two nuclear power-plant incidents (Three Mile Island and Chernobyl), the Bhopal chemical release and the Challenger disaster. The majority of the current population of marine pilots are between 40 and 60 years of age. Indeed, our hormonal levels are reduced, our circadian rhythms are less flexible and do not adjust very quickly to changes, and we tend to be less fit than when we were younger. Generally, it begins by intermittent episodes of fatigue characterized by brief lapses of attention to the tasks during which details are missed and accuracy is impaired. These episodes usually start suddenly and disappear spontaneously or can be stopped by touching the person. Researchers have examined the condition of fatigue and have suggested a list of physical and mental characteristics that indicate when an individual is severely fatigued. In contrast, other studies did not find this trend among employees on certified sick leave, but add that long-term studies need to be done. The strong stimulating effects of caffeine peak within 30 minute to 1 hour, and it may take up to eight hours to clear the system. Caffeine consumption prior to sleep or in large doses increases awakenings, reduces slow wave sleep, and shortens the sleep period. However, exposure to bright light can have marked effects on the timing, duration, and quality of your sleep. Getting up and moving around when there is a break between job tasks can revive you for a short period of time, depending on how fatigued you are. Casual conversation can help keep people awake and on task providing that it is not too engaging. A large number of the drugs on the market today are absorbed relatively rapidly and are effective within 20 to 45 min. These depend on the dosage, duration of action and elimination, and the condition of the individual (age, liver or kidney problems, etc.). There is evidence that stage 3 and 4 play an important role in our mental and physical recuperation. Note that under usual conditions, we get most of Stage 3 and 4 sleep, the deepest sleep, during the first part of the sleep period. If you have a sleep disorder, even good sleep habits and practices are not enough to get the proper amount and quality of sleep. The sleeper stops breathing or his breathing efficiency is reduced and the level of oxygen in the blood drops. The sleep episodes typically last a few minutes, described as fully recuperative, and recur after several hours. Usually the symptoms peak at the end of the day or bedtime and can cause severe difficulty falling asleep. If you have difficulty going to sleep at night and you can only fall asleep in the early morning hours, you may be suffering from delayed sleep phase syndrome. Instructors will learn a greater level of depth and become more cognizant of the sources of information and rationale for the instruction. The handbook provides the background information needed to understand the basic concepts, presentation slides and narrative notes for delivery of the six-hour marine pilot fatigue management workshop, and an extensive bibliography of reference materials. Studies on small mammals have shown that sleep is vital to maintain body temperature, health and performance. This information is useful for detecting times when the sleeper stops breathing (central and obstructive apneas), and times when the sleeper’s breathing becomes shallow and strained (hypopneas). REM sleep is further characterized by bursts or rapid eye movements (after which this sleep stage was named) and extremely low muscle tone. SWS occurs predominantly during the first half of the sleep period, while longer periods of REM sleep occur during the latter part. Naps decrease in duration and frequency as an infant matures (a biological effect), and are decreased in frequency in older children and adults, as cultural, social pressures interfere with our sleep patterns. Rhythms with longer or shorter frequencies are called infradian and ultradian rhythms, respectively. In fact napping patterns at all ages, in shift workers and in different cultures strongly support the evidence that there is an afternoon increase in sleep propensity (or tendency). Studies show the same two peak periods of sleepiness in people living at the equator or in North America. The effects of acute sleep loss on performance are of short duration and are usually reversed by one good night of sleep (9 to 10 hours). By the 18th hour, a marine pilot will have great difficulty remembering things he has done or said a few moments ago (short-term memory) and his reaction time will have slowed (almost doubled in duration). It is obvious that the lack of sleep from working long shifts or through the night can lead to poor judgement, reduced alertness and concentration, and higher risks of accidents. This age group has more difficulty adjusting to irregular schedules, and will be more affected by the negative impact of sleep loss and fatigue. Researchers examined the medical and lifestyle factors affecting workers’ abilities to work irregular shifts. This disruption was manifested in shifts in the biological rhythms of various hormones and body temperature. As the shift continues we experience some short-term memory loss and increased difficulty in making decisions. Such studies would follow personnel who have worked irregular schedules, until either retirement or even after leaving their shiftwork job. The research supports the concept of napping in advance to ward off sleepiness or sleep loss before it builds up. This transitional period of confusion, impairment of performance, and inability to think clearly is called sleep inertia. Unpleasant mental and physical after effects from naps should not be considered a major reason for not napping since sleep inertia will give way to improved performance and mood. As a stimulant, caffeine must be used carefully since it increases heart rate, blood pressure and urination. Bright light can shift your body rhythms and the direction of the shift is dependent on the time of day of exposure. Stepping out into the cool air and taking a walk around the deck will help to shake off some of the sleepiness. However, it should be remember that the beneficial effect of these last countermeasures is often short lived and can give the false impression that alertness is better than it really is. Moreover, sleeping pills can be addictive and if used for longer than two to three weeks they can result in substantial withdrawal effects. The most common side effects of sleeping pills are anxiety, nausea, confusion, digestive upset, dizziness, frequent urination, and memory disturbances. If getting sleep continues to be a problem, you may need help to find the real causes of your poor sleep (medical, behavioural, or psychological) and start a treatment that will cure the problem. It is generally believed that sleeping pills will indirectly reorganize the schedule of exposure to light and darkness, which can then exert a synchronizing effect on the human circadian clock. It will disrupt your sleep by causing early morning or even middle of the night awakening and prevent you from getting the proper amounts of slow wave and REM sleep you need to function properly (Figure 9). Without sufficient sleep we can quickly become vulnerable to illnesses, errors, and accidents. In fact the time spent in stage 3 and 4 actually becomes shorter as the sleep period progresses, while the duration of each REM sleep periods gets longer towards the end of our total sleep period. The sleeper wakes up suddenly gasping or choking to take a breath and falls back to sleep immediately. In addition to sleep attacks, patients report sudden muscle weakness triggered by sudden emotion and lasting a few seconds. Delayed sleep phase syndrome is the most frequent disorder of the circadian system and is generally seen in adolescents and young adults who have difficulties waking up in the morning and attending school or work. Finally, the course heightens their awareness of their physiological and performance deterioration, allowing them to act appropriately to mitigate the negative consequences of fatigue, which may lead to a safer operating environment. The job requires a high level of concentration and an equally high level of decision-making ability. As technology progressed and more information was gathered the study of sleep became more sophisticated. Without sleep, body systems lose their stability, health is compromised, and ultimately death can occur. Often the oxygen content of the blood is measured using an oximeter, and heart rate will be monitored (electrocardiogram-EKG), to determine the impact of apnea events on the cardiovascular system. Delta waves appear initially on only 20 to 50% of the recording (stage 3) and they slowly dominate the entire recording (stage 4). This normal sleep structure will be disrupted in individuals sleeping during the day after a night shift and sometimes the tendency for Stage 3 + 4 sleep will be high at the same time as the tendency for REM sleep. Examples of circadian rhythms are body temperature and some hormonal cycles (melatonin, cortisol etc.). Despite the fact that the art of napping is not recognized as a useful practice in Western society and that many great people were nappers (Napoleon, Edison, Churchill, Leonardo da Vinci), most of us do feel the need to nap in the afternoon. This is the slowest time for the body’s metabolism; you feel cold, physically clumsy, mentally sluggish and inefficient. Even though afternoon sleepiness is often called the post-lunch dip, blaming lunch is a myth. Our awareness of these sleepiness peaks and forbidden zones can help us determine roughly the best times to try to sleep and the times when we can perform at peak levels. By the 24th hour his ability to think creatively and make decisions will be dangerously low. Various scientists have examined the impact of age on coping with irregular schedules and have all found that as we age, our ability to adjust and maintain performance degrades significantly. They saw age, medical problems and reduced fitness as being the main reasons for decreased tolerance of irregular shifts. Boring and monotonous tasks, like monitoring instruments (little change in regime) that would otherwise not be a problem to perform increase these feelings and symptoms of fatigue. Microsleeps will occur very easily in situations when we are doing routine and almost automatic tasks such as driving a vehicle. Interestingly, the workers were unaware of having slept, but were aware of their sleepiness. Naps taken in the afternoon after lunchtime or at night will provide maximum sleep efficiency and minimal sleep latency (time needed to fall asleep). Napping is highly recommended to marine pilots as a countermeasure for severe fatigue rather than fighting off waves of sleepiness. Smokers may take longer to fall asleep than non-smokers and their sleep duration is reduced by 30 min per night on average. If you stop taking pills after long-term usage be prepared for rebound insomnia because your body has been accustomed to relying on the pills to sleep. If sleeping pills are used, the normal ability to awaken during episodes of obstructive sleep apnea (brief interruptions of respiration during sleep) is reduced and the duration of these episodes is extended, placing the person at risk. Depriving ourselves of this sleep can cause us to suffer fatigue and reduced physical and mental performance. The result is that your body no longer functions smoothly and this may lead to sleep and vigilance problems. Weather conditions may require marine pilots to continue working for extended periods of time and may result in acute sleep deprivation. Research today focuses on questions about ageing and its effects on sleep, about the role of hormonal and immune changes on sleep, and on the clinical treatment of sleep disorders. We produce lower levels of hormones, our cell regeneration is slower, and our various systems do not work as efficiently. However, when an individual does not sleep or does not sleep enough, sleepiness is enhanced across all periods of the day and more so around the two natural peaks of the day. Note that there are some individual variations in the exact timing of the forbidden zones for sleep and the sleepiness peaks. Research by Dawson and colleagues (1998) has demonstrated that after a 12-hour shift, fatigue impairs responses, reaction times, logical reasoning, hand-eye co-ordination, and decision making in ways similar to having a blood alcohol content of 0.048%. They also found that these factors interacted and increased potential difficulties with working shifts. Often, though, because of the lack of opportunity to nap, older workers just continue to function on less sleep (see Hauri and Linde for a discussion of the relationship between age and insomnia). These episodes have been described by nurses, air traffic controllers, power plant operators, and various other individuals who sleep irregularly, change time zones or work shifts. More studies are needed to determine how long the sleep period must be, and what timing is best. Beneficial effects may be due to the fact that we can more easily sustain shorter periods of wakefulness than longer ones. Heavy users (more than four cups per day) may suffer withdrawal symptoms such as headaches, restlessness, and fatigue. After prolonged use, sleep induced by most sleeping pills is abnormal, usually involving less REM and slow wave sleep. As a result, people who suffer from sleep apnea are unaware of it and suffer from excessive sleepiness and fatigue. Conversely, advanced sleep phase syndrome is usually seen in older people who have trouble staying awake in the evening and wake up too early in the morning. Of course the effects are slightly different for each individual, and are related to the magnitude of the disruption to the rhythms. Such tasks as driving, piloting, or operating dangerous equipment require that you be alert. In fact, the greater the sleep pressure, the more likely the person will need to increase his or her effort to stay awake throughout the day, specifically in the mid-afternoon and early morning hours. If an individual was older and had health problems, he would be more likely to find the irregular schedule difficult to tolerate. Marine pilots, who are over 45 years of age, must consider taking naps to augment their main sleep period if they want to be fully prepared to take on a long shift on the bridge. Moreover, long hours of work overlapping with our “circadian night”, (the time when our bodies are used to going to sleep) lead to serious decrements in decision-making abilities, perception and, if fatigue is severe enough, some short-term memory loss. Finally, other signs of fatigue include phenomena known as “night shift paralysis” and “microsleeps”. Sleeping pills do not necessarily improve mental performance the following day and can even reduce performance if the duration of action exceeds the duration of the sleep episode (hangover effect). Cases of respiratory arrests and death have even been reported by the use of sleeping pills in apneic patients. People who snore heavily or have known respiratory problems should limit their ingestion and pay attention to the timing of their alcohol consumption to give time to their body to eliminate the alcohol before going to sleep. Age also affects how much sleep we can manage to get and whether we get most of our sleep in one single sleep period (young adult) or whether we need to nap (infants and elderly). They will fall asleep easily during routine, non-stimulating activities such as driving, watching TV or movies. The excessive daytime sleepiness is usually a lifetime condition while cataplexy often reoccurs within a few years. These patients can be described as extreme cases of morning larks (those who prefer to rise early each morning) and have tremendous difficulty adapting to evening or night shifts. There are evidences that stages 3 and 4 play an important role in mental and physical recuperation and regeneration. Under extreme circumstances where sleep cannot be achieved continuously, research on napping shows that 10- to 20-minute naps at regular intervals during the day can help relieve some of the sleep deprivation and thus maintain minimum levels of performance for several days. This effect can reduce the duration of our sleep, disrupt it by more awakenings, and reduce the amounts of SWS and REM sleep compared to when we were younger. Environmental cues or zeitgebers will synchronize our internal time-keeping system (clock) and biological rhythms to the environment. Although not quite as strong as the first peak of sleepiness, this increase is obviously dependent on our internal biological rhythm not on other factors such as heat or lunch. Splitting sleep during the 24-hour period will help the marine pilot stay more alert and awake than if sleep deprived. If caffeine is ingested as large quantities of coffee or tea, the tannins and acids may be harmful to the stomach, particularly during the night when digestion is slowed down. The hangover effect depends on the type of sleeping pills and on how rapidly your body gets rid of these drugs. Other symptoms include personality changes, headaches, poor memory, irritability, and decreased sex drive. The effects of fatigue and sleepiness on marine pilots potentially can result in loss of, or damage to, equipment and inefficient performance. Marine pilots can still do simple tasks and follow procedures but novel situations or having to respond quickly to a problem will be very difficult, and pilots are very susceptible to making errors. Cumulative effects of time of day and circadian disruption will result in greater performance decrements and increase the risks of errors. When a marine pilot is fatigued, such routine tasks can lead to loss of attention and sometimes microsleeps. Short naps at regular intervals can also help prevent the occurrence of night shift paralysis and microsleep events. Therefore, some planning is necessary to provide for caffeine beverages and at least a 5 to 20-minute recovery period, or if immediate response is required, support should be given to the individual waking up until sleep inertia has disappeared. Health and Welfare Canada recommends a maximum of 400 to 450 mg of caffeine per day, or approximately three to four cups of coffee. Elimination of the drug by the body will also depend on your health, age, the type of pill and dosage. Sleep apnea can be associated with serious health problems, such as heart failure and high blood pressure. Both of these syndromes are associated with difficulties adjusting to a socially acceptable schedule and are typically difficult to treat. Hence, there is a need to ensure that marine pilots are aware of the problems caused by sleep loss, and are equipped to apply effective strategies to obtain the best sleep possible. At this point the marine pilot has a higher probability of giving an incorrect command or misjudging distances and duration. With this understanding, practical knowledge of the effects of the time of day, and an appreciation for fatigue countermeasures will enable marine pilot to better maintain their performance on the job. Vigilance tasks such as monitoring radar and traffic will be more error prone when the marine pilot must continue to work for over 18 hours without sleep. Also, it should be emphasized that the present population of marine pilots is between the ages of 40 and 60. Tips for staying awake while driving at night Breathing exercises for sleep apnea Comments Shiftwork sleepiness and long distance driving 1. 113 Sleeping much better more complicated and. 2. Santa_Banta Tomorrow (nowadays) I will the most frequent medical remedy contain painful and frequent urination. The reason. 3. morello Legs Up the Wall runs a health legs Syndrome mostly concerns. 4. Baki_Ogrusu Greatest way to confirm diagnosis and treatment (even though also aimed to assess. 5. sex Adjustments in physiological states, which includes snoring The newest insomnia statistics.
Main Content engOutputBuffer (Fortran) Specify buffer for MATLAB output Fortran Syntax #include "engine.h" integer4 engOutputBuffer(ep, p) mwPointer ep charactern p engOutputBuffer defines a character buffer for engEvalString to return any output that ordinarily appears on the screen. Returns 1 if you pass it a NULL engine pointer. Otherwise, returns 0. The default behavior of engEvalString is to discard any standard output caused by the command it is executing. A call to engOutputBuffer with a buffer of nonzero length tells any subsequent calls to engEvalString to save output in the character buffer pointed to by p. To turn off output buffering in Fortran, use: engOutputBuffer(ep, '') The buffer returned by engEvalString is not NULL terminated. Input Arguments expand all Pointer to engine, specified as mwPointer. Pointer to character buffer, specified as character*n, where n is the length of the buffer. Introduced before R2006a
The Osprey is one of the largest birds of prey in North America and one of the most widespread birds in the world, found on all continents except Antarctica. Unique among North American raptors, their diets are predominately made up of live fish, which they dive, talons first, into water up to three feet deep to capture. To make it as aerodynamic as possible, the Osprey will carry a fish headfirst when returning to the nest. 1.375″ Hard enamel pin; nickel metal.
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) What is Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)? Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a group of fiber optic transmission rates that transport digital signals with different capacities. SDH technology enables low-bit rate data streams to combine with high-rate data streams. Furthermore, as the whole network is synchronous, it enables users to embed and extract individual bit streams from high-rate data streams relatively easily. SDH is the International Telecommunication Union's Telecommunication Standardization Sector version of the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) standard. Both technologies provide faster and cheaper network interconnections than traditional Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) equipment. SDH is used in transmission systems for broadband Integrated Services Digital Network and for transporting Asynchronous Transfer Mode cells, Ethernet aggregations, PDH signals, storage area network signals and other communication signals. SDH systems were developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s to replace PDH technology. The primary goal was to eliminate potential synchronization issues for bulk data and telephone exchanges. The data transfer rate also increased in a simple and more flexible optical fiber-based network infrastructure. In digital telephone transmission, synchronous means the bits from one call are carried within one transmission frame. Plesiochronous means almost -- but not -- synchronous or a call that is extracted from more than one transmission frame. the makings of a fiber optic cable What is the difference between PDH technology and SDH transmission? PDH technology came with complex multiplexing -- bit stuffing or interleaving -- where additional bits of data are stuffed into the data stream to achieve synchronicity. High transmission bandwidth costs also constrained PDH. By contrast, SDH technology ushered in an era of multiplexing and synchronization without bit stuffing. Instead, the telecommunications industry based SDH systems on byte interleaving that ensures exact timings, while providing a similar level of flexibility. SDH uses the following Synchronous Transport Modules (STMs) and rates: How does Synchronous Digital Hierarchy work? On a synchronously clocked network, SDH combines a bit rate of b with n signals to create data streams with bit rates of n x b. This differs significantly from PDH, as PDH comes with individual transmission paths that have minimal clock discrepancies. The synchronous mode in SDH enables low-order multiplex systems to be added and dropped from higher hierarchy levels. For example, this is how communication links in telephone systems operate. It achieves all this in accordance with the standard that recognizes different hierarchies, such as STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 or STM-64. The data is transparently transported over the SDH network in containers. In this scenario, users can reserve approximately 5% of the gross data rate for operations, administration and maintenance purposes. SDH basically works with the software running on the network. It often uses Transaction Language 1/Q3 protocols to transport network management data between the system terminal and SDH equipment. Finally, it transports network management data between SDH systems using dedicated embedded data communications channels. So, users can achieve SDH within the section and line overhead. SDH also uses connections based on fiber optic cables, copper lines, and satellite and directional radio links on the physical layer. Regenerators refresh muted or distorted signals, and the multiplexers combine the signals into high-bit rate data streams on the superior layer. However, users can also use virtual containers to transport individual containers of data. It enables the control mapping of the various signals of different bit rates as well. how organizations use containers What are key advantages of using SDH technology? SDH is more extensive and less expensive than traditional PDH technologies. Other benefits of using SDH systems include the following: • It consistently uses more simplified multiplexing and demultiplexing techniques. • The optical fiber bandwidth can increase without limit. • It has improved maintenance protocols with easy growth to higher bit rates. • Rings provide switching protection to data traffic. • It quickly interconnects with various networks. • It has a comprehensive network management system. • It has a flexible self-healing network. • It can transport existing PDH, broadband and broadcast signals. • It continues to remain popular within telecommunications networks and operators. • It enables rapid recovery from failure. • It offers network transmission services on local area networks for interactive multimedia, like video conferencing. • It supports multiple operators or vendors. • It supports multipoint networking. How bidirectional dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) works Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical fiber multiplexing technology. What are key disadvantages of using SDH technology? SDH also has a few drawbacks, and while pros far outweigh the cons, these include the following: • Complexity is increased by directly adding and dropping lower-rate signals that were archived using pointers. • It demands complicated SDH equipment to manage different traffic types and options. • It provides a lower bandwidth utilization ratio. • It does not carry E2 because the container is unavailable. • It is largely software-based and is vulnerable to cyber attacks. This was last updated in August 2021 Continue Reading About Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Dig Deeper on Telecommunication networking
What’s in a name? Names are important tools for writers. They can be obvious or subtle indications of a character’s role in the story. They can hint at a past, a social strata, an ethnicity or a personality. They also give your reader a starting point in the story. Disney is good at some of the obvious ones. In Beauty and the Beast the beautiful girl whose love frees the beast is named Belle. In Sleeping Beauty the evil sorceress is named Maleficent. Would the stories change if Belle was named Wanda and Maleficent was named Britney? Maybe or maybe not. Let’s start with someone a little less Disney-eque. How about James? James is a professor of literature. He has been teaching at a small university for fifteen years and is well known for his love the Romantics and can offer a quote from Lord Byron for any occasion. He is soft spoken, wears a suit and tie every day, with his concession to casual attire being a loosening of the tie. He rides his bike to campus every day and is unaware of how many of the ladies think he is dreamy and how many of the men think he might be gay. He is always invited to any faculty party, even those outside of his department as he can always be counted on to be a pleasant, undemanding guest. He moved to town fifteen years prior to take the job, has no family and spends most of his holidays alone at home. He is never called anything but James. Does everyone know who James is? Do you have a feel for him in your mind? How he walks and talks. Can you see him as he accepts the exams from the last of his class at midterm and then retreats to his office with the stack of papers, greeting other faculty as he goes? Can you picture how he moves or even what his office looks like? Sure, there will be grounding details to add, specific items that are either typical or atypical we might want to note for our readers as we begin to introduce plot elements (a limp a strange office keepsake), but as a preliminary sketch of a character you know who he is even if you don’t know his hair color, height and weight. Those important details can come later (or they may have already sprung to mind as you see James in your mind’s eye.) But for now…This is James. So let’s give James a story, or at least the start of one. James and his bike are heading across campus and he is hit by a car. He isn’t too badly damaged, we don’t want to kill him at the moment, we just want him to go to the hospital. It’s a large hospital. People are sent from all over the place to the specialist who work here. Doctors come from all over to work as the specialists the hospital is known for. (if we were to go into this story there would be a more details about the type of specialty this hospital is known for, but at the moment it doesn’t matter since our focus is on names) James is taken in for treatment. He has a few broken bones and a minor concussion. He will have to stay overnight to make certain there is no internal bleeding. And so just as we are settling James down to deal with his injuries we hear… “Jimmy? Is that you?” Now we all know that Jimmy is a derivative of James, but in this story we know him as James. No one in his present life calls him Jimmy. This tells us there was a time when he wasn’t James, he was Jimmy. It also tells us that someone who knew him then is about to arrive on the scene. And who it is that says the name is going to matter as well. It’s going to affect how your reader processes this information. “Jimmy? Is that you?” asked a small ancient looking lady asked, her voice quavering. “Jimmy? Is that you?” asked one of the newest doctors to be hired on the hospital’s staff. “Jimmy, is that you,” asked a happy go lucky guy holding a bouquet of roses. “Jimmy, is that you,” asked a convict flown in from the State penitentiary for emergency surgery and chained to the bed, the guard at the door watching his every move. Some of these people may have known him when he was too young to be known as James and was still little Jimmy from around the corner. Perhaps they knew him when he was a more casual person. Perhaps the whole point is to remind James that he once was a more casual person. The point is they know something we don’t. What they know is going to affect the story. How James reacts to what they know is going to affect the story. Does the little old lady know that his parents were killed by a serial killer while he hid in the attic? Did she meet him when he was sent to live with his grandmother? Is this a part of his life he never want’s mentioned and has thus buried so deeply he never thinks about it? Does the doctor know him because they were roommates as undergrads? Does he have embarrassing stories he likes to tell as jokes that could cause James trouble at work? Was Mr. Happy go-lucky his sworn enemy in high school? Was “Jimmy’ once married to the convict’s sister before she ran off with a stage magician? Whatever the reason, the name, and its change can add another dimension to the character or story or it can further the plot. It can explain motivation and actions. Say you need a tough attorney to decide to take on a pro bono case for an environmental group. You can name the attorney Ray and as the story progress you can find out that Ray was named Rainbow at birth by his parents. You can then go with nostalgia for a reason or blackmail even if he doesn’t want his past to get out. Names clearly aren’t the sole driving force of a character’s being, but they can be a tool for you to use. It can explain why your character is in a certain place at a certain time taking a certain action. It could also mark them as different from their surroundings. “John Michael Morton-Smythe the Fourth, stared at the muddy ground and the paw print his companion claimed was made by a puma and knew this was no place for a germaphobic investment banker.” They can help you set your character in a time as well. Albina from Caesarea and Bobby-Sue Lipinski were probably not born in the same year. They probably don’t have the same background or goals. They are going to speak and act differently. Their names gives the readers some idea of what to expect from them without you saying anything. Of course, if you put Bobby-Sue Lipinski in ancient Rome, you might have some explaining to do for your readers that you might not have planned. (Although if you put Ms. Lipinski in Ancient Rome chances are you planned to lead your readers down a certain path, and are again thus helped by the name.) Does it mean your story is going to fall apart if you go with characters whose names are unimportant to the story? Of course not. Admittedly finding names that carry no weight for the reader is hard. As I was typing this I was going to go with John Smith as a basic name. Then I realized that naming a character John Smith will almost guarantee that your readers think the name is an alias. Or he is going to have to constantly argue about his name actually being John Smith, which is going to affect his character and his relationship to other people in the story. The point isn’t to get the name to help carry your story, it is to get you thinking about how you can use the name as a tool in your writing. So take some time with the name and the different iterations of it you might want to use in the story. Visit on-line baby name sites. Google ‘popular Roman names for boys’. Look into the meaning of the names. Sure, in the end it might not matter that your main character’s name means ‘he who triumphs over adversity’ to anyone but you, but it might be something you can use later on, especially if you plan to put him through adversity and perhaps not let him triumph. Names matter so make yours count. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Optimize your body’s immunity year-round — here’s how It seems there is no shortage of commercials or ads talking about products that boost your body’s immune system, but it’s not easy to do for one main reason: It is a system and not a single entity. Our immune system requires balance amongst all of our moving parts, so to speak, so optimizing your immunity requires looking at your entire body. Researchers still have a lot to learn about how all of our body’s systems work together, and, according to Harvard Health, there are “no scientifically proven direct links between lifestyle and enhanced immune function.” That being said, they also agree that “healthy-living strategies are a good way to start giving your immune system the upper hand.” How can we make decisions for our bodies that give them a fighting chance to optimize our health and fight off viruses and disease? Eat a healthy, balanced diet Find a balanced eating plan that incorporates plenty of fruits, vegetables, and protein. Eat a variety of foods that provide nutrients like beta-carotene (sweet potatoes, spinach, carrots, mango, broccoli, and tomatoes), vitamin C (citrus fruits, berries, melons, bell peppers), vitamin D (tuna, salmon, eggs, dairy), and zinc (beef, seafood, beans, nuts, and tofu). This will help you maintain a healthy weight. If you’re cooking meat, it’s important to cook it throughout and thoroughly wash your hands if you’re handling raw chicken to avoid food-borne illnesses. woman sleeping on back Get some shut-eye Getting adequate sleep is a critical step in maintaining your overall health and avoiding illness. According to the Mayo Clinic, adults need seven to nine hours of sleep per night. If your sleep is frequently interrupted, that doesn’t count as quality sleep. The quality of your sleep is just as important as the number of hours you’re sleeping. If you struggle to sleep through the night, there are a few things you can try. Experts suggest minimizing light and sound in your room. “Darkness causes your brain to release melatonin for a calming, sleepy effect. As a result, it’s important to minimize your exposure to light before bedtime,” Mayo researchers say. This means shutting off your phone and laptop at least 30 minutes before you’re ready to sleep. If you find stress is the cause of your restlessness, try aromatherapy, deep breathing, or other relaxation techniques. woman meditating Manage your stress Stress occurs in everyone’s lives, but when it becomes more than you’re able to cope with, it can cause your body to produce greater levels of the stress hormone cortisol. In small doses, this isn’t a bad thing and can actually boost your immunity by lowering inflammation. But over time, your body gets used to it, and it can have an adverse effect, Dr. Calabrese told Cleveland Health Clinic. “Eliminating or modifying these [stress] factors in one’s life is vital to protect and augment the immune response,” he said. “It’s necessary to buffer the inevitability of the aging process.” In order to combat this and other disorders that can be caused by stress, try taking 10 to 30 minutes each day to decompress. Meditate, practice yoga, talk to a therapist, go for a walk — anything that allows your mind and body to relax and be mindful. Get rid of bad habits Everyone has bad habits. If they are done in small doses, things like drinking alcohol or having an occasional cigarette won’t bust your body’s immunity. But if you are partaking in them regularly, they can do damage to your health and your ability to fight infections. Alcohol can damage the barrier function of the gut, creating a “leaky” gut wall, which, over time, can allow bacteria to enter the blood circulation. These pass directly to the liver, which can cause inflammation. Excessive alcohol can also cause weight gain and interrupt sleep patterns, all of which have an impact on your health. Signs of a weakened immune system vary among people, but there are some common things you can look out for (most of which you probably already know about your body), including regularly getting sick, wounds that take longer to heal, getting stomach aches or digestive problems, or feeling tired and run down more days than not. The good news is that by incorporating some of the recommendations above, you will start to feel better, have more energy, and find you may not be feeling sick and tired as much as you have in the past. While science still has a way to go in understanding how these factors directly impact immunity, they are all practical ways to get your body feeling good. Editors' Recommendations
Posted by & filed under Accounting Principles, Advanced Accounting, All Articles, Auditing, Financial Accounting, Financial Reporting and Analysis, Financial Statement Analysis, Intermediate Accounting, Uncategorized. According to Accounting Today, the FASB is proposing changes in fair value measurement of equity securities that will improve comparability of financial information from companies with investments in equity securities that are subject to contractual restrictions and might prevent the sale of those securities. 1. Why did fair value measurement complicate things during the 2008-2009 financial crisis? 2. What is the FASB standard that governs fair value and what does it say? 3. What is the issue of conflicting guidance that some FASB member believe presents conflicting guidance about the sale of an equity security? Cohn, M. (2021). FASB proposes changes in fair value measurement of equity securities. Accounting Today, Sep. 15 (Retrievable online at
Sciatica and Leg Pain Pain of any kind, at any age, is a sign that something is wrong. Pain is the way your body signals that a limit has been reached or a problem has developed. Since we can adapt, minor aches and pains are often shrugged off. While they may go away, if the underlying problem remains unattended, the problem may slowly worsen until it becomes more difficult and expensive to resolve. Some people silence their symptoms with a pain reliever and ignore the message. But that would be like removing the battery to silence a smoke detector! Sciatica refers to pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the leg. It is caused by injury to or pressure on the sciatic nerve and can involve multiple lumbar spinal nerves that control the legs. Sciatica is a symptom of another problem usually related to abnormal curvature in the low back, osteoarthritis or spinal disc protrusions and herniations. Sciatica occurs when there is pressure or damage to the sciatic nerve. This nerve starts in the lower portion of the spine and runs down the back of both legs. This nerve controls the muscles at the back of the knee and lower leg and provides sensation to the back of the thigh, part of the lower leg and the sole of the foot. Call us for a free consultation Sciatica pain can vary widely. It may feel like a mild tingling, dull ache or a burning sensation. In some cases, the pain is sharp, shooting and sometimes debilitating. The pain most often occurs on one side. Some people experience sharp pain in one part of the leg or hip and numbness. The pain or numbness may also be felt on the back of the calf or on the sole of the foot. The affected leg may feel weak. The pain often starts slowly. Sciatica pain may get worse: • after standing or sitting • while sleeping • when sneezing, coughing or laughing. • when bending backwards or walking for more than a few minutes. Common causes Sport injury Text neck Lifling heavy boxes Driving for a long periods Car accident Working on computer for a long time Heavy work Throughout our lives, we have physical stress on our body, some acute such as falls, traumas, accidents and some chronic such as sitting for long periods, working at a desk for long periods, using computers or phones or standing for long periods. These physical stresses cause us to lose the normal alignment and put the spine in a weakened position. At first, this causes no pain but as it continues to abnormally load the spinal structures, it begins to break down the spinal structures leading to spinal damage and eventually the pain and functional loss to develop. Call us for a free consultation We focus on addressing the source of the pain and, by doing so, the symptoms can be alleviated. We develop specialised treatment tailored to the needs of the individual patient as we believe that every patient is uniquе. We’ve helped many people with the safe and natural American Spinal Clinic Treatment System. If you are having any type of pain, don’t wait, call today to schedule an appointment! X-rays of a patient with sciatica and pain down the leg. The patient came into the clinic with severe low back pain, radiating pain, stiffness, numbness, weakness down the leg and difficulties in walking. After the treatment course, the patient has significant improvement symptomatically, structurally and functionally. Call us for a free consultation
Forerunner, "Bible Study," April 25, 2007 Isaiah prophesied that Galilee would witness a major part of the blessings of the Messiah (Isaiah 9:1-2). Since foreigners dominated it for centuries, the region was called "Galilee of the Gentiles." The prophet also mentions "the way of the sea," the name of a major international highway running through this region. Assyrian soldiers used this route when they invaded the northern Kingdom of Israel. Isaiah predicts that from Galilee the Messiah would arise and wipe away the gloom brought on by Gentile control. In the account of Jesus' miracle of the great catch of fish (Luke 5:1-11), Luke calls the Sea of Galilee the "Lake of Gennesaret," a more ancient name that derives from the name of a small plain on its western shore. On this occasion, while standing in the boat in which Simon Peter had spent the whole—and very unsuccessful—night fishing, Jesus teaches those who wanted to hear the Word of God. Afterward, He tells Simon, "Launch out into the deep and let down your nets for a catch." The man's reply is typical of an experienced fisherman: "Master, we have toiled all night and caught nothing." Shortly afterward, however, he changes his tune. 1. Why is Peter reluctant to obey Jesus? Luke 5:4-5. Comment: Toiling for long hours trying to catch fish yet without results is especially exhausting and discouraging. Peter points out the obvious, but out of respect adds, "At Your word I will let down the net." Note that Jesus' command is for Peter to let down his "nets" (plural), yet he replies with "net" (singular). His obedience is half-hearted. Not completely understanding God's power in Jesus, he probably figures the result would be the same as his earlier lack of success. His unbelieving attitude exposes itself in poor-quality obedience. At this early stage, Peter is still learning about the power of the Creator to command His creation (John 1:3; Colossians 1:16). 2. Is this great catch really a miracle? Luke 5:6-7, 9. Comment: A large school of fish miraculously appears alongside Peter's boat just when Jesus says, "Let down your nets." Some may not view this by itself as a miracle . Yet, David writes: "You have made him to have dominion over the works of Your hands; You have put all thingsunder his feet, all sheep and oxen—even . . . the fish of the sea that pass through the paths of the seas" (Psalm 8:6-8). As Creator, Jesus knows where the fish are in the Lake of Gennesaret, a power Peter obviously lacks. Christ, as the sovereign Lord of the earth and its seas, could have commanded thousands of fish to leap onto shore, but He directs them into the man's net. The combination of the precise place, time, and mass of fish following Jesus' instructions qualifies this as a genuine miracle, one witnessed by many. Note that this first miracle of fish (Luke 5:1-11) happens at the beginning of Jesus' ministry, and the second occurs near the end (John 21:3-11). Both miracles take place on the Sea of Galilee after a night of fruitless work. 3. How do people react to the revelation of the glory of the Lord? Luke 5:8. 4. What is Jesus' intended message to His disciples? Luke 5:10-11. Comment: Jesus takes the opportunity of this miracle to call His disciples into a Teacher—student relationship with Him. He figuratively catches Peter in His net before commanding him to "catch men" for the Kingdom of God. Immediately, Peter, Andrew, James, and John leave their boats and nets behind and follow Him. They now understand that Jesus is more than capable of supplying their every need.
Why Is Childhood Obesity Such A Big Problem? Childhood obesity is becoming a huge issue in the United States. Over the past thirty years obesity in children has doubled and obesity in adolescents has quadrupled. One in every three children are considered overweight and one in every six children and adolescent s are considered to be obese. (Childhood Overweight and Obesity). Childhood obesity is becoming an epidemic that is sweeping the nation. What are some of the causes of childhood obesity? Obesity occurs when too many calories are taken in and not enough are expended. A lack of vital nutrients can also lead to obesity. This is where fast food comes in. Fast food has too many calories and not enough nutrients. Many parents rely on fast food to be one, if not two, of their child’s meals each day. So, with fast food being so calorie rich and nutrient poor, it is safe to say that it plays a major role in why so many children are overweight or obese. Why is childhood obesity such a big problem? It’s just some extra weight after all. Actually, it’s not. Overweight is simply carrying excess weight, whereas, obesity is carrying excess fat. When someone is overweight, it just means that the number that shows on the scale is larger than …show more content… Is it safe to have fast food a couple times a week? “Young adults who eat frequently at fast-food restaurants gain more weight and have a greater increase in insulin resistance in early middle age, according to a large multi-center study funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and published in the January 1 issue of The Lancet.” According to this study, those who ate fast food more than twice a week, rather than less than once a week, gained more weight and had a greater increase in insulin resistance. (Science News). By keeping your child’s fast food intake to a minimum you will decrease their risk of childhood obesity and, therefore, decrease their risk of contracting obesity related Related Documents
Main Content Stay At Home Blues? Houseplants Improve Mood And Clean The Air Stay At Home Blues? Research suggests that plants have a positive effect on stress reduction, pain tolerance, and physical discomfort — but environmental psychologists aren’t exactly sure why this happens. It could be that plants simply make a room more colorful and attractive. Keeping all those green guys alive is good for you, too. Houseplants improve mood and cleans the air. Nature’s Air Freshener The heat of summer means tightly closed windows, AC and stuffy quarters. Plants reduce stale air by producing oxygen and their beauty help cure the stay at home blues. But also, according to research done by NASA back in the late 1980s, certain plants will even filter harmful pollutants such as formaldehyde, benzene, and ammonia from the air. NASA recommends two or three plants in 8 to 10-inch pots for every 100 square feet. There are many other houseplants that have a positive impact on pollutants but we are focusing on the ones that are very easy to keep alive! Peace Lily Spathiphyllum Snake Plant Sanseveieria Aloe Vera Aloe Barabensis Boston Fern Nephrolepis Exaltata One of the most effective air purifiers on the NASA list. the Boston Fern loves humidity so it’s the perfect plant to place in the bathroom. These ferns help remove formaldehyde and xylene from the air. NOTE* You may want to reconsider air-purifying plants if you have pets such as cats and dogs. Many of these plants can be toxic to them. Ask the staff at your local garden center about pet-safe and allergy-safe houseplants that improve mood and cleans the air. You can also look up which plants are toxic to animals on the ASPCA Toxic and Non-Toxic Plants page.
What really forces currency markets and exchange rates to change? Why do exchange rates fluctuate, often dramatically? Ben Chu Economics Editor Monday 19 November 2018 11:06 What moves currency markets? The pound’s up, the pound’s down. The dollar’s soaring, the dollar’s plummeting. But why? What moves currency markets? Why do exchange rates fluctuate, often dramatically? The answer is supply and demand. If demand for a currency goes up its price will rise. If demand falls, its price will tend to fall. But what can determine supply and demand? First, expectations of national economic weakness. Think of things like war, or a natural catastrophe, or some other radical change of circumstances with economic implications. A good example is the impact of the Brexit referendum on sterling. So what’s going on? Bad macroeconomic news implies lower economic activity and less inward investment from abroad due to lower returns. That makes investing money in a currency less attractive to external investors, so there’s less demand for a currency from abroad. The result? The exchange rate goes down. Second, expectations of national economic strength. This works the other way. It can be sparked by unexpectedly good GDP figures. Perhaps a new oil or gas discovery. Sometimes it’s driven by political decisions. Think of US dollar currency’s response to Trump’s election victory, with him having promised tax cuts and an infrastructure spending splurge in the campaign. These were all expected to lift the growth rate, at least in the short term. Macroeconomic strength means interest rates likely to rise to head off domestic inflation. Rising domestic interest rates mean better returns which means more demand from abroad. The result? The exchange rate goes up. But it’s important to remember that the value of a currency is a relative measure. A nation’s currency is always valued in a foreign currency. So sterling is measured in dollars or euros or yen or rand or the Mongoloian togrog, you name it. If the value of another country’s currency rises that means yours can fall, even if nothing has really changed about the economic outlook for your country. When the dollar rises against the pound it can be because the US economy is doing well. It doesn’t necessarily mean the outlook for the UK economy has got any worse And a final word of caution. Don’t make the mistake of believing that currency moves are always based on rational and careful assessments by currency traders and investors of underlying economic conditions. In the short term – and possibly even the long term – there is a very large dose of knee-jerk sentiment, herding and, sometimes, blind panic involved. Join our new commenting forum View comments
Main content Current time:0:00Total duration:11:51 Video transcript so the job of our lungs in a pretty general level is to take blood that's without oxygen that our bodies have used up so I'm going to use blue here to represent that to take that blood and put oxygen in it and it comes out as oxygenated which is red blood I mean blood without oxygen gets a little darker that's why conventionally we think of it as blue versus red and from there the heart pumps this blood to the rest of the body so in a nutshell that's what the lungs do and to do that they grab oxygen from the atmosphere and take the carbon dioxide from the blood and blow it out co2 carbon dioxide and this exchange really is the full picture of what you do with every breath now in terms of how the lungs do this let's talk about the structure first for a bit I think it looks kind of like an upside down tree just because all these branches keep getting smaller and smaller as we reach the terminal branches I mean there's 20 or 30 levels here I can't draw them all but you get the idea they keep branching off and at the end we reach these units called alveoli let me write that word for you Elvia lie which is plural for alveolus and what that is is essentially an air sac let's blow that up down here so the alveolus looks kind of like a bulb is it air sac has very thin walls and lying along the walls almost almost in contact but not quite is the blood supply this is how things get from our blood to their lungs and back and forth so I'm going to draw a blue here to begin with because there's no oxygen to begin with as it travels and that the air goes back and forth between the blood supply and the alveolus it becomes red as it leaves because there's oxygen you can think of it as you know inhale oxygen goes in from here goes to the blood supply makes your exhale the carbon dioxide is going the opposite way and we exhale it can just leave the lungs and now the reason this exchange takes place is just a simple loss of air pressure in physics so if there's more oxygen in here relatively more compared to the blood supply then the oxygen wants to escape to the blood supply and if there's relatively more carbon dioxide in the blood then it also wants to escape to where there's less of it which is into the air sac so conveniently this allows us to take what we want and get rid of where don't want anymore okay so there's your bird eye view of how the lungs work in a nutshell and there are a lot of problems that can arise in this whole system but I think a better way to understand it is to break it down by the different players the different areas that can go wrong so we can think of lung problems as categories now the first woman the first problem I can think of is oxygen not coming in and so on the flipside of that number two would be carbon dioxide not escaping or to keep going let's go further into the lungs here at the alveolus I would say number three is something going on with this exchange process where between the air sac and the blood supply something is not working there so that's number three that's exchange and lastly if something is wrong with the blood supply blood cannot get to the lungs and come out that would be number four so I think these are the four big categories of lung diseases and let's go through them one by one now problems number one and two here we actually think of them as a pair of diseases there's restrictive and obstructive let's start with restrictive and this just describes the fact that the lungs which are supposed to expand when you take air in to make room for the air for some reason it's not expanding properly so this is an intake inspiration problem and since oxygen is the main point of taking air in in restrictive diseases we lack oxygen so what happens is the lungs for a variety of reasons becomes stiff and hard to blow up like a balloon that's been dipped in paper mache and it can't blow up properly so if you look at if this is supposed to be the size of the lung when it's blown up this smaller lung herein restrictive disease gives us a lot of wasted space all the space that could have had oxygen but is now not usable that just makes the whole system less efficient right so there's something wrong with the actual structure of the lungs that's making it hard to expand so let's think of some examples so there's fibrosis fibrosis just means laying down too much scar tissue so if the lungs are chronically injured or sometimes there's a genetic factor to it the tissue gets stiff just like a scar you would have on your hands except you have it all over your lungs so it's not no longer expandable there are also things that can affect the chest wall say if there's a muscular diseases that make it hard for the chest expand that also limits how big the lungs can get or sometimes there could be things that are deposited in the actual tissue of the lungs I can think of amyloidosis which is these protein particles that get studded into the lungs making it harder to expand so those are our examples of restrictive disease oxygen oxygen cannot get in now it's evil twin I guess they're both evil but its counterpart would be obstructive disease obstructive so if we said before that restrictive is about not getting air in then the opposite would be not getting air out in restricted diseases we're having trouble with expiration so instead of letting the lungs collapse back to its normal size at the end of an exhale it stays expanded like this let me just draw some of the branches here just to show you there are different reasons that obstructive diseases can occur sometimes let's say there's a mucous plug and air can get out or sometimes this Airways collapsed because the walls have lost its elastic quality structure so the area is essentially stuck in there let's think of all this extra air imagine how difficult it would be if you cannot exhale that's very uncomfortable so obstructive disease describes these large overinflated lungs now some examples would be something you've probably heard of as COPD which is actually a group of two different diseases one is emphysema which have to do with the lungs losing their elastic quality and the other one is chronic bronchitis which is just a lot of irritation day in and day out that makes a lot of mucus both of these result in these large inflated lungs something more common that a lot of people have is asthma which is when the Airways spasm and they close up blocking the air from getting out so restrictive and obstructive diseases kind of have to do with the global picture of the lung not to get into too much of the detail just think of restrictive as having trouble getting air in oxygen in and obstructive having trouble getting carbon dioxide out with the exhale so now let's zoom back into the alveoli what's going on down here that could give us lung disease so number three I said there's something wrong with exchange so let me just redraw this here we have our air sac so air has finally made it here to where it can make contact with the blood supply and one thing that we really mess up this process is let's say if this air sac is filled with fluid like that let's fill that in to make it yeah like that okay so what would happen to your oxygen so it's coming in here it wants to get to the blood and uh-oh it's stuck as you know it's much harder for air to diffuse through liquid than it is when it's empty space and then on the other hand carbon dioxide is here trying to get out and oh it's stuck in the fluid too so as you see this makes the whole exchange much less efficient so you have less oxygen going in and less carbon dioxide going out so that when I would say that this blue let's extend this a little further instead of turning red we're supposed to since it's so inefficient it eventually becomes this kind of weak red when it leaves so you have less oxygen in your blood and more to carbon dioxide than you would in a healthy lung so what could cause this to happen with the fluid one thing that's very common is an infection such as pneumonia see when our lungs are not doing well there's a lot of secretions mucus just fluid trying to flush out wash out what's there so pneumonia if there's bacteria or virus this fluid happens there's also edema edema kind of is just a general word for fluid being where it's not supposed to being pushed out so for some reason if there's too much blood in the blood supply let's say if your heart is not working well and all this blood is backed up then it will flow into the air sac where it does not belong and give us this picture of a wet inefficient lung then usually the lungs work best when they're dry because we're talking about air exchange here oh and I forgot to write a name for this category let's call this ventilation we're talking about the exchange here but ventilation technically means getting carbon dioxide out of here but I want to use this word to just describe the process of exchanging one gas for the other which is not working well here and talking about what versus dry lungs here kind of goes nicely into our fourth point so our fourth problem let's call it a problem with perfusion so it's it's funny it's kind of like the lungs are too dry so perfusion is the ability to get blood where it's supposed to go again let's draw our little alveolus singular it's alveolus so we have our blood supply coming in as usual and uh sometimes there can be a clot so our body can make clots and they can break off and float in the blood stream when they get to a place that's small enough to get stuck they get stuck here and stops the blood from flowing past this point so for the rest of the path there is no blood and the branches of blood supply that branches off past this point are also gone so as you can see in this scenario no matter how much oxygen we have in here we only have we don't have any blood supply to put it into so not having enough perfusion is a huge problem and we call it a pulmonary embolus so pulmonary means it's in the lungs in Villisca scribes a clot that forms somewhere else and it's traveled and if it gets lodged in the lungs and it's a pulmonary embolus now the severity of this really has to do with where in the blood supply gets stuck so let me just go back here up here and draw some blood vessels along these trees so if this embolus is all the way up here at a major branch and it shuts off this whole part of the lung then you have a huge problem people can die from this now if it's a very small branch like down here then it's still uncomfortable and you'll lose a portion of the lungs but it's not relatively not as big of a problem of course it will still compromise how well your lungs are working how much oxygen is getting in so on and so forth so here you have four very general categories of lung disease that I think provides a nice structure for okay what are the different players involved and what can go wrong to give us lung disease
SRI LANKA asks: Is the ITAK Constitution Federal or Confederal? Posted on August 3rd, 2014 Shenali D Waduge With the conclusive end to LTTE terror another obstacle has emerged. Shrouded in secrecy and hidden by verbal statements, there is an underlying need to make clear and establish what the ITAK Constitution is aiming to achieve. Though ITAK is using the English term ‘Federal’ what the general public and the Sri Lankan Government need to direct attention to is the 2008 amended Constitution of the ITAK – Illankai Tamil Arasu Katchchi. While implying it is for a federal solution, is the ITAK aiming for a confederal solution which is what ITAK’s amended constitution relates to. To put these misconceptions to rest, it is best that ITAK makes its position clear in a legal and binding way before any talks of solutions in the future. Dismembering nations has become the norm for the neocolonial West. Pakistan was created out of India. Bangladesh was carved out of Pakistan. The Soviet Union has been broken into bits as a result of perestroika and glasnost. Yugoslavia has been broken and even the broken states are being broken! Eritrea was created out of Ethiopia. The list is long and never ending. Self-determination originally used as a concept during decolonization has today become a political tool to carve out territories that are strategically and resource-rich revenue for Western politicians backed by global MNCs. Thus, creation of Kosovo, South Sudan and likely Kurdish self-determination are just a handful of examples. Illangai Thamil Arasu Katchi or ITAK as it is known was formed in 1949 the year after Ceylon gained independence. The meaning of ITAK in Tamil (a separate Tamil state) was shrewdly masked under the English name Federal Party. Deceit has been the foundation behind its name and meaning since. The formation of ITAK in 1949 should make people wonder under what ‘grievance’ was there a need to establish a party aiming to form a separate Tamil state when since 1815 the British were governing Ceylon. If the ITAK has ascribed for itself the English name Federal Party, is it just a name or does the ITAK conform to Federal ideology? If a political party or association has as one of its aims and objectives the goal of establishing a separate state in Sri Lanka isn’t there a provision in the Constitution of Sri Lanka to bring them before the Supreme Court? YES. There is the 6th amendment. However, the issue is that 6th amendment cannot be applicable for a party aiming for a federal solution though it can well be applied to a party aiming for a confederal solution. This is why it is extremely important to divert everyone’s attention to the ITAK constitution. The TNA is just an unregistered umbrella for numerous Tamil parties. It is the ITAK constitution that must get everyone’s attention. Shamasthi” or Innaipatchchi” In August 2008, months before the LTTE was conclusively eliminated the ITAK leadership amended its Constitution and substituted the word Shamasthi” with Innaipatchchi”. If Shamasthi” stood for ‘federalism’ why was there a need to substitute another word Innaipatchchi”? Could it be that while Shamasthi” stood for federalism, the newly inserted Innaipatchchi” is meant to imply that the ITAK is vying to create a Confederate? If the motive is to create a confederation, does that not make ITAK attempting to create a separate state? Many will now wonder (or should wonder) what a confederacy is. A confederacy is a union of independent and sovereign States. Some definitions: West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, There is an obvious clash with the 2 terminologies primarily because the majority people desire to ensure that Sri Lanka maintains its unitary status. Thus, even Federalism is viewed as being at conflict with the unitary status of Sri Lanka. ITAK’s leaders often refer to a solution within a unitary Sri Lanka. These are however only verbal exclamations and have nothing to do with the ITAK constitution amendment in 2008. The question we want answered is – Is the ITAK Constitution amendment of 2008 espousing a confederate set up? What is crucial to the amendment made by ITAK is that while there is no legal provision under Sri Lanka’s 6th amendment to take legal action, the possibility is open if ITAK is vying for a confederal solution. The most valid reason to object for a federal set up is the simple argument that Sri Lanka is just a small country while the federal system of government is required for countries as large as the US and India. Both countries have kept key rights within their realm and have the power to at any given time take over the State. Moreover, in a federal system the central government can reach direct to the citizens in a State or province. However, in a confederation, the central government can reach only upto the governments of the respective provinces/States that form the confederacy. The central government cannot directly reach the citizens. In a confederacy the Central Government can only reach upto the Governments of the confederation. The next alarming factor is that the government of a confederation can withdraw from the Union. We next have to wonder whether the ITAK amended their Constitution from ‘Federalism” to Confederalism” because under a federal set up unilateral secession is impossible while under confederalism unilateral secession is possible. Is it also possible that ITAK is building its argument towards their ultimate goal: First amending ITAK constitution and substituting the original word used to mean ‘federal’ – Shamasthi with confederal word innaipatchchi” and simultaneously referring to Tamil homeland” and quest for ‘self-determination” but claiming to desire to live in a united Sri Lanka” looks to be an obvious quest towards separation. The problematic issue here is that Tamils or ITAK have no means to show an exclusively held Tamil homeland which Sinhalese have not been living in. Sufficient archaeological and historical proof establishes the fact that Sinhalese had been very much living in the very areas that the claims to a Tamil homeland are being made. Given the meaning of confederation with the province/state Government offering rights to the people in the province/State and not the Central Government, we can next connect that with the ITAK constitution which claims to guarantee various rights (right to religion, language, culture etc). Reiterated again the rights given to the people in a confederacy is by the Government of the Province/State and not the Central Government. This is why it is important that the Sri Lankan Government and the general public should know exactly what the ITAK aims for vis a vis its Constitution. Verbal statements cannot be accepted as the position of the ITAK. The Constitutional provision of the ITAK is what is legally binding and showcases what the ITAK’s real intentions are. ITAK says it is guaranteeing religious and language rights but under a federal solution (which ITAK claims it wants) such rights cannot be given by the federal state government. Only the Central Government can provide fundamental rights. However, in a confederal set up the State Government has the ability to guarantee rights and this is where ITAK constitution keeps us in suspense. The people of Sri Lanka should know if the ITAK is fooling us by claiming it wants a federal solution while it is placing all the aspects of a confederal system in its 2008 amended Constitution. The people of Sri Lanka have every right to know the exact position of the ITAK is. The reason to demand ITAK make clear its intentions is all the more pressing given other clauses in its amended Constitution which says that the ITAK once creating a ‘homeland for Tamils’ would co-exist and collaborate with the Sinhala provinces. There are no Sinhala, Tamil or Muslim provinces in Sri Lanka. The people are living all over the island. The Tamils have chased out the Sinhalese and Muslims from the North but that cannot erase the fact that Sinhalese were not living in the North. As such if Tamils claim to have a right to the North, the Sinhalese have every right to stake claim to the North as well. More importantly, why is the ITAK pretending to plead for a federal set up and then talking about Tamil provinces and Sinhala provinces when such cannot exist in a federal set up because the Union is held not by the provinces/states but by the Central Government and the Central Governments Constitution? It is important that the ITAK be made to respond and to make official their stand because the amended Constitution is referring to words that are part of a confederal set up and these could not have been coincidental. Refer the confederal constitutions of the US when it experimented with the confederacy – here to co-existence and collaboration were words used. Coexistence and Collaboration may be two harmless and innocent meaning words but the essence of the issue is that in a confederacy the members of the union may suddenly decide they do not wish to live in co-existence or collaboration and when that happens the nightmare that we envisaged ITAK is dreaming of would happen – separation. A confederation falls apart when there is no co-existence or collaboration and when we know the intent is obviously to ensure there is neither we need to ensure ITAK is made to clarify its position in a binding form. The general reference to a ‘UNITED Sri Lanka’ places itself well within the coexistence/collaboration framework of a confederation. The ‘united’ becomes synonymous with the coexistence & collaboration and when one counts the people lining up nowadays to defend and promote a ‘UNITED SRI LANKA’ proposition, the patriots of Sri Lanka as well as the GOSL must immediately realize that these gestures are all pushing towards a confederal solution which would enable the North to secede by pushing the self-determination, Tamil Homeland and inability to coexist or collaborate scenario. The Sri Lankan Government and its legal advisors cannot be naïve enough not to look at the arrangement that ITAK is espousing and the language being used. These are not consistent with a federal solution at all. ITAK needs to make very clear in writing and with legal binding that it is not espousing a confederal solution which is a stepping stone towards unilateral secession. 6 Responses to “SRI LANKA asks: Is the ITAK Constitution Federal or Confederal?” 1. Lorenzo Says: BOTH federal and confederal is BAD. ANYTHING that deviates from UNITARY is bad and unacceptable. This should be the stand. Don’t be fooled by the language. Illankai Tamil Arasu Katchchi means Lanka Tamil Elam Party. 2. Lorenzo Says: We don’t want a bloody UNITED SL. To hell with it. We ONLY want a UNITARY SL. People can be united in a UNITARY SL. In 1981 ITAK came up with a federal manifesto. JR warned them NOT to do it. But the fools did it. Within 10 days Tamils burnt the Jaffna library and the govt. was unable to save Tamils from Tamils because of ITAK’s racist constitution which burned Tamils. A strong response is needed to teach ITAK a lesson. Otherwise they will continue to do these nonsense. 3. Lorenzo Says: So what is the solution? A legal solution CANNOT save SL from TNA because there is a MASSIVE LOOPHOLE in SL CON-STITUTION. MR doesn’t have 2/3 to change it the way it is good for SL. Then what is the solution? Here is something to think about. 1. Prominent Tamil lawyers like Amirthalingam, etc. tried to break up SL legally. They almost succeeded IF NOT for the LTTE which killed them all. LTTE did SL a favor by killing them. From 1983 to 2009 TNA didn’t have to rely on law and lawyers. They thought “liberation fighters” can deliver TE. Now they are back in legal business. 2. In 1987 Endian IPKF and other BS almost gave TE to Tamils. Thankfully LTTE disagreed. 3. Perumal ran away to Endia and collapsed the NE PC in 1990 thanks to the LTTE. 4. In 2000 CBK tried to do the same. Thankfully LTTE disrupted it by killing Thiruchelvam. 5. In 2003 Run-nil have ISGA but once again LTTE rejected it. 6. NPC could not become a reality when LTTE was around. We have to resurrect the “LTTE” and wipe out these separatists. Peaceful seperatists are the MOST DANGEROUS because ONLY SL is against them and the world LOVES them. We are alone in war against them. So we have to wipe them out by the “LTTE”. Unless this type of BOLD action can be taken we have no way out. 4. AnuD Says: Politicians are busy these days how to fool voters and how to get the power. See what the govt politicians and opposition politicians are doing. Sinhala – buddhists wants their rights. They talk only what do they do politically to achieve it. Mahinda Rajapakse wants another four years to do just one thing. 5. Lorenzo Says: Another DEFEAT for Tamil racists. The Supreme Court today ruled that only the Public Services Commission (PSC) can issue orders to the Provincial Council chief secretary and not the Chief Minister. The court gave the above ruling after examining the fundamental rights application filed by Chief Secretary of the Northern Province Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Ramesh alleging administrative interference by the Chief Minister of the Northern Province C. V. Wigneswaran. The petition was taken up before a judge bench comprising Chief Justice Mohan Peiris, and Justices K. Sri Pawan and Rohini Marasinghe. The FR petition states that there was an attempt to unlawfully remove Mrs. Ramesh from office and a circular according to which pubic servants of the North cannot travel out of the province without the Chief Minister’s permission; public servants cannot communicate with the government without permission from the Chief Minister. In March, the Supreme Court said that the impugned document by Northern Province Chief Minister pertaining to standing administrative orders issued to the Chief secretary of the Province appeared to encroach on the rights of the appointing authority of the Chief Secretary, the President, the National Public Services commission and the Provincial Public Service Commission. However, MP M.A. Sumanthiran, Attorney-at-Law, appearing on behalf of the CM stated that the Supreme Court today urged both parties to cooperate with one another to ensure an efficient provincial council. The court also decided to conclude hearing on the petition today.” – adaderana.lk 6. Lorenzo Says: Tamil Pee-illey’s investigation has begun. People can submit evidence by email. Bogus evidence should be supplied which will ERODE the credibility of the whole investigation. Then on a later date GOSL can challenge the credibility of the final report. There is NO punishment or anything for supplying bogus evidence as it is not a court. Use an appropriate email to send these. Here is my submission. “Kakusupillai Sakkilichelvam (26) from Udupiddi, Jaffna was a LTTE cadre. He disappeared on or around 2 May 2009. Please find him.” Remember, the whole UNHRC report on SL will be useless if ONE piece of wrong “evidence” is included as it suffers its credibility. Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment. Copyright © 2021 LankaWeb.com. All Rights Reserved. Powered by Wordpress
OECD Ocean Our data on the ocean The OECD Sustainable Ocean Economy database provides the international community with data and evidence to support decision-making, including on Sustainable Development Goal 14 to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources. New indicators will be added to the database as they become available. Access the database What do the latest data tell us? Fossil fuel support in the ocean economy is still widespread, reform is overdue Vizualize how does your country compare or download raw data on OECD.stat. Taxes can help speed up the transition to a sustainable ocean economy but their use remains limited Access our data The OECD Sustainable Ocean Economy Database brings relevant datasets from across the OECD and partner organisations together in a single place. The database will grow as new datasets and indicators are developed. As part of the Sustainable Ocean for All Initiative, the OECD Data Platform on Development Finance for the Sustainable Ocean Economy presents data on official development assistance and private finance mobilised for ocean-related activities in an interactive manner. Data can be accessed and downloaded at both an aggregate and a granular level. Read the key findings Environment at a Glance presents a digest of major environmental trends in areas such as sustainable ocean economy, climate change, biodiversity, water resources, air quality and circular economy. The report uses state-of the-art indicators developed at the OECD drawing on the latest comparable data from member countries and other international sources.
The Economy The economy, translating roughly from the Greek 'household management', is a broad term which covers all the operations and aspects of society which deal with production and consumption of money and moneymaking in individual countries, and in the world at large. It relies on the idea that people are 'economic agents', or creatures which create and consume products and resources via 'economic transactions', or exchanges of money for goods and services. It's a very difficult term to imagine because it also considers culture, the environment, the political structure of a given country, and technological innovations. Economies have existed since the beginning of human history, in a primitive form. The earliest form of economy is a barter system. A barter system is where people trade goods without using money. However, this system is inefficient, and was primarily used in ancient times before the invention of money. It can also be used by friends today. Using money is much more efficient, as it doesn't rely on both people in the 'transaction' to need each other's' goods like barter does. Money can be anything, but has historically used metals like gold and silver, and now relies on public trust. The exchange of goods for money is just the surface of an economy, which includes all actions by everyone in the country which either create or consume anything, as well as all a nation's natural resources, whether they're being used or not. There are different economies which operate differently. The market economy is one in which people buy and sell things in accordance with supply and demand, a theory which states that the more of something there is, the less it costs, and vice versa. In this economy, freedom of the 'market', or all the 'economic actors', to do business is most important. People who believe in a free market, which includes the founders of the United States of America, believe that natural supply and demand will result in the best prices and deals for everyone, and in the most growth. However, today, the US government aims for a mixture of market economy and command economy. The command economy is one in which the government controls all aspects of work by its citizens, including the creation of goods, how and to whom they're sold, and the prices of the goods. Basically, the government owns all jobs, and distributes them to citizens. The citizens produce goods, which are then also redistributed by the government. This is the type of economy which is idealized by Communist countries, but has proven historically to be much less efficient than the market economy, mostly due to human error and high levels of corruption in the command economy. Essentially, government agents wind up stealing the goods they're supposed to be distributing. The middle ground is a market economy which is steered by a government, and is the most common form in the world. In this middle ground, economists work with politicians to figure out how to best 'stimulate' an economy to grow. The government can grant a 'subsidy' to a certain group of people in one industry, which is basically a gift of money, which can allow those people to keep their products cheap for consumers. The government can print money-causing inflation, which means money is worth less. The government can issue tariffs-which are taxes on foreign goods, which make them more expensive than local goods. Through all these means, governments can affect the market economy. The ideal is to keep local goods cheap (but not too cheap), to keep as many people employed as possible. The government's effect on the economy has not always met this ideal, however, and the economy is an important issue in many elections worldwide every year, including those of the United States. A: The money people spend B: The goods people produce C: All national resources both used and unused D: All the above A: The use of money B: Trade of goods without the use of money C: A hybrid system which uses money sometimes D: A system of credit A: Gold B: Silver C: Anything agreed-upon by society and governments D: All the above A: People conduct 'economic transactions' freely B: The government controls all 'economic transactions' C: 'Economic transactions' are secondary to environmental concerns D: None of the above A: People conduct 'economic transactions' freely B: The government controls all 'economic transactions' C: 'Economic transactions' are secondary to environmental concerns D: None of the above A: Market economy B: Command economy C: A hybrid of the above D: None of the above To link to this The Economy page, copy the following code to your site:
Sunken tree Hi, I had a deck built around a flowering dogwood tree last year. The tree was previously at ground level but appears to have sunken a couple of inches. Is it possible to dig the tree out and raise it to the level of the deck or is there another course of action you can recommend? The tree was planted 3 years ago in amended sandy soil and has been growing well. Thank you for contacting the Toronto Master Gardeners. Could it be that your flowering dogwood had soil added around its base during construction of your deck ? It looks like it has either been planted too deeply, or soil has been added around it. To stay healthy, the root flare must be exposed. You should be able to see the top of the flare. If a tree is planted too deeply, it will slowly die, for several reasons. The bark at the soil line will rot, becoming subject to disease and insects. Trees have roots that grow horizontally, and most of them are in the top 6”-24” of soil. If the tree is planted too deeply, there will be less water and oxygen available to the roots. And planting too deeply is a common cause of girdling roots ( to which flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) is susceptible). The roots of trees that are planted too deeply tend to grow upwards towards the surface of the soil and circle the trunk, cutting off the flow of nutrients and water from the roots up the branches, and the flow of food produced in the leaves down to the roots. You could try brushing away the soil from the base of your tree, to see if the root flare can be left exposed. If not, you can dig it up and replant at the correct depth. Spring is the best time for tree planting, but you could also do this in the fall, when the air temperature is cool. If you are going to replant, make sure that the soil under the roots has been firmly tamped down before putting the tree into the hole, to minimize sinking and settling after planting. You should also ensure that the planting site will accommodate the tree at maturity, at its full size. For C. florida, full size is 15’ – 30’ tall and wide. (I can’t be sure from your photo which variety or cultivar you have). Here are some links with additional information that might be helpful : Planting a tree successfully requires the correct planting depth Girdling roots Tree Care: The Planting Hole Cornus florida Good luck with your flowering dogwood ! July 28, 2021
If you're mystified by the 3-digit ratio on fertilizer, don't worry! Each number represents a percentage of these 3 nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Since the amounts can vary by fertilizer type, it's really useful to know what you're getting when you pick up a product. The label also gives helpful information about how to apply the particular fertilizer, which can help your garden thrive. Method 1 Method 1 of 3: Decoding the Numbers 1. 1 Look at the first number to see the nitrogen percentage. Most balanced fertilizers contain a high percentage of nitrogen which helps plants make green growth. Adding nitrogen to the soil helps the leaves and shoots grow so it's great for establishing leafy vegetable plants.[1] • While a balanced fertilizer might be 10-10-10, a fertilizer high in nitrogen would be 6-2-1 or 10-5-5. 2. 2 Read the second number to find the phosphorus percentage. Plants need phosphorus to put on root growth and the nutrient also helps plants grow flowers or fruit. Phosphorus is great for balanced or all-purpose fertilizers because it allows plants to absorb and use other nutrients. 10-10-10 is a good all-purpose balanced fertilizer.[2] • Look for phosphorus-rich fertilizers if you're growing root vegetables like beets, carrots, and onions. 3. 3 Check the last number to see the potassium percentage. Think of potassium as a multi-vitamin for your soil. This nutrient is critical for plants' ability to photosynthesize and grow. It's also important for plants that develop fruit or create seeds.[3] • Potassium keeps your plants healthy and strong so they can tolerate diseases and pests better. Method 2 Method 2 of 3: Finding Other Useful Information 1. 1 Locate the brand and product name at the top of the label. There are a lot of companies that produce fertilizer and each brand makes several varieties, which is why the product name is important. Most product names tell you what the fertilizer is for. You might see "lawn restorer," "potted plants," or "flower and vegetables," for instance.[4] • If you keep a gardening journal, write down the fertilizer you choose to use during the season. If you are satisfied with it, you'll remember what to buy the next time you need to fertilize. 2. 2 Check the back of the label if you want to find a specific nutrient. In general, the N-P-K percentages are the most important part of the fertilizer, but if you're looking for a particular secondary nutrient or micronutrient for your plants or vegetables, read the back label. You'll see a list of:[5] • Secondary nutrients like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). • Micronutrients like chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), sodium (Na), cobalt (Co), silicon (Si), selenium (Se), and nickel (Ni). 3. 3 Read the directions for applying the fertilizer. The back of the fertilizer should tell you how to spread dry fertilizer or use liquid fertilizer. If you're fertilizing a yard, you'll probably have to measure the area so you know how much product to apply. To find the square footage of your yard, measure the length and the width. Multiply these 2 numbers to find the area that you need to fertilize. Always measure your fertilizer before you apply it to soil or grass.[6] • The directions will also tell you how long the nutrients are released and when you'll need to reapply more fertilizer. 4. 4 Look near the bottom of the label to find the weight of the package. Wet and dry fertilizers both give the weight of the package. You might need this information for when you apply the fertilizer.[7] • For example, if you need to distribute 25 pounds (11 kg) of dry fertilizer pellets over an area, but the bag contains 50 pounds (23 kg), you'll know to use half of the bag. Method 3 Method 3 of 3: Choosing a Fertilizer 1. 1 Test your soil to learn which nutrients it needs. To fertilize effectively, it's important to know what nutrients your soil is low on. To test the soil, send a sample to a local soil testing lab or buy a home test kit. Dry a cup of your soil for about 12 hours and then add a tiny spoonful to each of the beakers that came with your kit. Add solution to each tube and shake it well so you can compare the result with the chart in your kit.[8] • You might find that your soil is low in nitrogen, high in phosphorus, and has trace amounts of potassium, for instance. 2. 2 Choose high-nitrogen fertilizers to encourage lawn growth. You might see some fertilizers that have 0 nitrogen, but they contain phosphorus and potassium. Avoid these incomplete fertilizers and buy one that contains nitrogen. This nutrient is crucial for establishing growth in a healthy yard.[9] • If you don't want to include phosphorus or potassium in the fertilizer, buy an incomplete fertilizer that only lists a nitrogen number. 3. 3 Buy a balanced fertilizer if you're growing flowers or vegetables. If you're unsure where to begin or just want a good overall fertilizer, try a 10-10-10. This gives a plant nitrogen so it can put on green growth and phosphorus to establish roots. Ensure that the phosphorus percentage is the same or higher than the nitrogen percentage so the plant puts on flowers and fruit instead of just leaves.[10] • Balanced fertilizers are good for flowers with bulbs like irises, daffodils, and tulips. • Tomatoes grow well with a balanced fertilizer, since the phosphorus creates healthy roots and the nitrogen helps the plant put on green growth. 4. 4 Apply fertilizer with potassium to keep your plants healthy. If you've noticed yellowing leaves with curling edges or the plants are producing many root vegetables, it may not be healthy. Repair the cells of the plant by spreading fertilizer that has potassium into the soil. Potassium protects the plant cells from disease and strengthens them so they can put on new growth.[11] • If your plants have a potassium deficiency, you'll find the damaged leaves closer to the ground or root of the plant. 5. 5 Choose dry fertilizer to release nutrients over several weeks. The majority of fertilizers for sale are dry, which means you can scatter them over a lawn with a fertilizer spreader or mix them directly into soil. Since it takes longer for dry fertilizer to break down, it delivers nutrients to your soil for a longer period of time than liquid fertilizer does. If you only want to fertilize once or twice during a season, pick dry fertilizer.[12] • Some dry fertilizers are coated with a material that takes longer to break down so the nutrients are released even slower. 6. 6 Buy liquid fertilizer if you want to get nutrients to the soil right away. Follow the manufacturer's instructions to dilute the fertilizer either in a watering can or by attaching the canister to a hose. The soil absorbs the nutrients faster, so plants that need immediate nutrients can soak them up quickly.[13] • Unfortunately, because the soil absorbs the nutrients immediately, they don't last in the soil as long as dry fertilizer. Community Q&A Add New Question • Question Community Answer Community Answer • Question How does ammonium fertilizer affect soil pH? Community Answer Community Answer • Question Community Answer Community Answer • Question What does 30-0-8 mean? Community Answer Community Answer • Question What does the number in brackets represent? Community Answer Community Answer • Question Does one number represent the stem, flower, root? Community Answer Community Answer Ask a Question 200 characters left • Dry fertilizers take longer to break down and release nutrients. This means that they'll release nutrients over a longer period of time than liquid fertilizer.[14] Submit a Tip All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published Thanks for submitting a tip for review! 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Reader Success Stories • William Roberts William Roberts Apr 17, 2017 "My landscape person mentioned the components of fertilizer, so it made me curious to find out more information." Rated this article: Share your story Did this article help you?
Difference between revisions of "Greater Continent" From The Coursebooks Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search (Southern Reaches) Line 136: Line 136: [[Sandria Desert]] [[Sandria Desert]] [[Windheart Desert]] [[Windheart Desert]] [[Trinobar Grasslands]] [[Trinobar Grasslands]] Revision as of 02:46, 6 July 2021 Major Mountain Ranges Major Rivers and Lakes North of High Mountains The regions North of High Mountains. Agras Plains The Agras Plain is a large plains region south of the Stormreaver Range. It is home to Lake Bara and the Thenius River, and is one of the main flat-world population centers of the Alliance. Notable Cities Brutish Sea Modia is a region of the Greater Continent separated from the central mass by the Brutish Sea, and internally integrated by the Transverse River System. Its coast encompasses Grakest Bay and Shield Island. Northern Modia is a total-control-zone of the Gudersnipe Foundation, while the southern reaches see several jointly-administered regions. The Narano was a powerful culture of warrior-mages who existed for several centuries during the First Chaotic Period along the Nara River. Very little is known about the Narano, as they were later absorbed into (or more likely conquered by) the Marcon Alliance and the bulk of information comes through secondary sources. Eastern Tracks The Dragonlands At the height of the Dynastic Period, The Dragonlands covered nearly a quarter of the Greater Continent. Although quite literally in the Marcons' backyard, the interior of the lands enjoyed great peace and prosperity. The Interior The Interior refers to a region of the Greater Continent bounded on all sides by mountain ranges. It is a Plateau, and relatively level. During the Mage Wars, this became the central region for the Marcon Alliance, with capitols at Lake Bentika and Centered. The Interior is surrounded on all four sides by: The Northlands is a region of Aren separated from the Greater Continent by the Brutish Sea and the Gigi Sea. The region is extremely inhospitable; cold with very little vegetation, and remains largely unexplored. It consists of three major continents separated by a permanently ice-bound sea. While interest in exploitation of natural resources was common during the Alliance era, no permanent settlements were ever constructed, and no successful land-based expeditions were made past a few hundred miles from the coastline. The smallest body of water, the Straight of Gagiger, separating The Northlands from the Greater Continent is known for bad ice flows and horrific storms, such that coastal settlements even on the continental side were rare and sea-trade through the straight non-existent. Even in the modern era it was easier to sale around the Northlands than through the straights. Gigi Sea Southern Reaches The Southern Reaches is a region of the Greater Continent that includes the land mass of Iami as well as a large portion of the continent itself. The region saw a great deal of activity over a protracted period of time, more in some ways than the Agras Plain. Northeastern Sea Counterweize Region The Counterweize Region is an area to the extreme south of the Greater Continent. It is home to Ral'Parthia and Gorban. Serpentia Region The Serpentia Region on Aren consists of two continents: Serpentia and Storm Breach. The Storm Breach Dragon Flight is based there. • Serpentia • Gorbash - capitol city • Trisole - major city • Polaris - major city - together these three make up "the nuclear triad" as this region is central to the Alliance production of atomic weapons. • Collabria Historic Empires
"Recent advances and best practices to improve productivity and enhance market access for tropical fruits" Trade of tropical fruits has expanded from a previously narrower portfolio of fruits to include a wider preference of promising major and minor tropical fruits. Major tropical fruits such as mango, pineapple and avocado, and minor ones such as jackfruit, durian, lychee, longan, rambutan, mangosteen, passion fruit and guava are becoming increasingly popular as they add diversity to the total tropical fruit trade. At the same time, tropical fruits like avocado are now accepted as the ‘new staples’ of modern day diets, favored especially among the millennials and health conscious crowd. Present-day consumers are driven by the need for healthy diet, transparency, food safety and high valued products, in addition to adequate consideration for environment protection and sustainability, resulting in vast opportunities for the creation of new markets. The past decade has seen substantial strides in the development of new innovations in agriculture such as ‘AgriTech, ‘Smart Agriculture’ and ‘Precision Agriculture’, which involve integrating technology into farms and other components of the value chain to enhance productivity, reduce waste, improve pests and diseases management, maintain quality, prolong shelf life and to sustain consumer demand. Along with producing and adjusting to what the market dictates, this adoption is pertinent to the established narrative that food production has to complement global increase in population. Just around the corner are emerging technologies as depicted in Agriculture 4.0 such as blockchain technology and artificial intelligence (AI) which purportedly can boost the industry, are also available to be adopted by practitioners. Paradoxically, even with these innovations and technologies, there are challenges in particular for smallholders in developing nations. Developing nations account for about 98 percent of total production of tropical fruits, with production activities often undertaken within the context of smallholdings lacking capacity and facing a myriad of issues in terms of assets, resources, and knowledge. Generally new technologies are adopted by big commercial producers, as the high cost incurred is a limitation to smallholders. This has led to setbacks and barriers for meeting strict trade and market requirements, restricting market participation. Compounded by the impact of climate change and changes in regulatory contexts of trade, tropical fruit producing countries are facing great pressure to step up their game or risk being left out in the competitive global trade environment. However, besides ‘high tech’ solutions, there are also alternatives of innovations and best practices that are affordable and can be adopted by both big and small players. Improving infrastructure, strengthening capacities for new knowledge and compliance, wider adoption of GAP, supportive policies and increased investments, form the recipe for enhancing productivity and market accessibility. The existing knowledge and technological divide between big commercial players and smallholders should be minimized by encouraging the scaling up of best practices and advancements for transformation to take place. The International Symposium on Tropical Fruits (ISTF) 2019 aims to achieve this by assembling a quorum of experts from the two ends of the spectrum and other industry stakeholders for an intellectual discourse towards positioning the tropical fruit industry to embrace an ever-changing future. 1. Assemble the latest scientific research, technology developments, best practices, and product innovations; 2. Discuss how the latest research can contribute towards improving the market access of tropical fruits; 3. Assess the marketing opportunities of tropical fruits; 4. Discuss policies that affect the tropical fruit industry; and 5. Provide a venue for information sharing among participants from different countries Academia, research and development institutes, extension workers, government representatives, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, civil societies, producers and cooperatives, agri-entrepreneurs, and the private sector. 1. Focus and policies on tropical fruit development 2. Biotechnology and breeding 3. Pests and diseases management 4. Farm practices and recent developments to improve productivity 5. Markets and trade • All accepted papers will be published and indexed in the Symposium Proceedings • The Symposium Proceedings shall be submitted to CAB Abstracts for indexing • The Symposium Proceedings will be published with an e-ISBN • Organizers: International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) • Partners: Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute (FAVRI) and the Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI) 1. Mr. Yacob Ahmad (Head) - TFNet (Advisor/Board Expert, TFNet) 2. Dr. Hardiyanto (Director, Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research Development (ICHORD), Indonesia) 3. Mr. Shalendra Prasad (Principal Research Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fiji) 4. Mr. Bob Williams (External Expert, Australia) 5. Dr. Ellina Mansyah (Head, Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI), Indonesia) 6. Dr. Nguyen Quoc Hung (Director General, Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute (FAVRI), Vietnam) 7. Dr. Chunyu Li (Vice Director, Institute of Fruit Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China) 8. Prof. Dr. Jingtair Siriphanich (Kasetsart University, Thailand) 9. Dr. Annamalai Sivapragasam (Regional Director, CABI-Southeast Asia) International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) Serdang, Malaysia Tel: +603 89416589 Fax: +603 89416591 Email: info@itfnet.org / hariyatul@itfnet.org / noorsaid@itfnet.org Copyright © 2019. All rights reserved.
Weightlifting Belts: what do they do and should you be using one? posted in: XO Blog What do they do? Why do we use them? Weightlifting belts are designed to 1) prevent some lumbar flexion (bending of the lower back), 2) increase intra-abdominal pressure by preventing the abdomen from contracting/bulging forwards and forcing it to contract laterally, thus stabilising the spine (bracing before we lift), and 3) provide feedback and act as a ‘reminder’ to keep the abdominals contracted. When competing or doing workouts where high volumes/loads are being moved (such as 1RM testing), belts are worn as an extrinsic (outside) feedback mechanism to keep our core engaged throughout the movements. What don’t they do? • There is little evidence to suggest that weight belts prevent or decrease the risk of injury; in fact, wearing a belt for training regularly can actually increase the risk of injury in athletes when performing lifts without a belt. A lifter accustomed to using a belt who tries lifting without one may generate less intra-abdominal pressure than if he had trained regularly with no belt. Training with a belt may thus not reduce vulnerability to injury during lifts without a belt.” (Harman et al., 1988) • Keep good form or give you better lifting technique • Make you lift heavier Do you need one? Should you be wearing a belt? Before you feel like you need a weightlifting belt, or go out and buy one, answer the following questions: • Are you attempting to hit a one rep max lift? Are you performing this lift with good mechanics? • Are you performing a high volume of repetitions under load? • Are your mechanics appropriate for the movement being performed at the weight being used? • Are your mechanics appropriate for the movement being performed before using a weight belt? If you answered ‘no’ to any of the above questions, chances are, you do not require a weight belt. If the problem is an activation or mechanics issue, you will benefit greatly from dropping your weight and working on your technique. For example, if you are performing a high number of deadlifts and cannot maintain your technique while wearing a belt, the weight is too heavy for you – a belt will not make you stronger or maintain your form if you do not have the strength to maintain the mechanics of a movement at that intensity/volume- drop your weight and focus on your form. In the same bucket, if you are performing a 1RM movement, a weightlifting belt is not a foolproof method of injury prevention – proper technique and the appropriate level of strength is. As coaches, it is our responsibility to keep you safe, ensure you are performing movements correctly and make sure you are progressing at the appropriate level, if we ask you to slow down or scale back a movement, please do not be offended. We are trying to prevent injuries and help you get the most benefit out of your training sessions. *As with all things, there are exceptions, if you have been instructed by the relevant health professional to wear a weightlifting belt, please do so. Harman, E. A., Rosenstein, R. M., Frykman, P. N., & Nigro, G. A. (1988). Effects of a belt on intra-abdominal pressure during weight lifting. ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA. Matthews, M. (2018). 5 studies answer: should you use a weightlifting belt? https://www.muscleforlife.com/do-weightlifting-belts-work/?fbclid=IwAR1b6d1gUcMD36XRXQbPUTy1vQMsPU0NrfWnP1w_iGOUCYz7HOLF2wkV19M Leave a Reply
Switch to light mode Switch to dark mode icon-tint Contributing to the enrichment of Aruba's marine ecosystem. Coral reefs have been in danger for many years and only a small group of people have been working on monitoring, protecting and restoring threatened coral reefs. Many Islands have overlooked the importance of corals and the community is unaware of the current conditions of the coral reef surrounding their Island. There is more to learn about coral reefs than we know. They are living geological structures, which are home to over 4,000 species of fish, 700 species of corals, and thousands of other plants and animal life. By bringing the coral reefs to the surface you can experience their magnitude in biodiversity, fragileness and beauty, without having to harm their environment. From the comfort of your daily scrolling, you can learn about corals and the importance of having a healthy coral reef. With this newly obtained knowledge, you as the decision maker can make conscious decisions when the time comes.
history of a disease For your second major essay, you will build on the material and themes of The Immortal Life of Henriette Lacks by researching the history of a disease or disorder and its treatment in the 20th or 21st century; you will be writing within the framework of medical humanities, so along with the broader history of the disease/disorder, you are going to explore the role of on individual within that history—it could be a particular researcher or scientist; it could also be a specific patient. Possible topics might include the development of the polio vaccine, the influenza epidemic of 1918, treatments for cancer, infertility treatments, AIDS/HIV, autism, ALS, and so Purpose and Key Elements The purpose of this essay is to develop research skills and to consider the human perspective of medical science. Your essay should be around 2,000 words, and the main body should include the following elements: History of the disease/treatment: Trace the medical history of the disease/disorder and the treatments that developed in the period you have chosen. Narrative of a specific individual: Tell the story of a specific individual within the broader history—a patient, a doctor, a research scientist, for example. Historical data: Include at least one table or figure that lays out key information related to the disease/disorder. You can use tables or figures found in sources (you don’t have to generate your Impact/Lessons learned/need for further research: Use the information you have found to draw conclusions regarding the development on medical science. How you handle this element will vary widely, but here are some possible ways to approach the closing: How did the treatment of this disease/disorder change medical practices? What were the broad social changes? What lessons were learned from the treatment of this disease/disorder? What are areas for further Calculate the price of your paper Total price:$26 Need a better grade? We've got you covered. Order your paper You cannot copy content of this page
Two Kirks, One Ship I recall as a child watching an episode of Star Trek where a malfunction in the transporter created two Captain Kirks. Although I was very young at the time, I recall wondering, if the transporter disassembled and then reassembled matter how could there be two full-sized Captain Kirks? Wouldn’t the best possible outcome be two 50% sized Captains Kirk? Okay, so I was a bit of a science nerd as a kid. Of course, we soon learned that these Kirk’s were not the same. One was the normal Kirk, the other, evil. Even these exact duplicates were not the same, although even then it was puzzling as to why all the evil aspects of a person would be confined to the duplicate. In reality, how do we know which Kirk was the original? It seemed puzzling, at least to me. And as it turns out, this puzzle was not limited to viewers of Star Trek. In ancient Greece, the man said to have founded the city of Athens was the legendary king named Theseus. Athens at the time was dependent upon the strength of its ships, and as you might have guessed, Theseus was a great naval tactician who fought, and won, a great many sea battles. As a result, and perhaps to capture the magic, the people honored the memory of their king by putting his great ship, afterwards known as the “Ship of Theseus” on display as a memorial. The ship, we are told, was there for hundreds of years. As time passed, the wooden ship began to deteriorate. Although Athens is in a very weather-stable area, rain and sun, and the progression of time began to weaken the planks and the substructure, at which time, workers would replace bits and pieces. Now, over a few hundred years, most of this ship of Theseus had to be replaced in order to keep it looking original. The question is, at what point does the ship stop being the Ship of Theseus, and start being just some other ship that was, more or less, LIKE the ship of Theseus? While the Ship of Theseus probably never actually existed, nevertheless, it has become a philosophical puzzle for thousands of years: the problem of identity. In looking at both Kirk and the ship, what can we truly know about a thing? How do these things change? If the thing changes, can we even agree on what exactly has changed? (After all, the two Kirks looked identical, acted identical, until the one started being evil). Concerning the ship, how many planks or other bits can be replaced before we no longer have the same ship? Let us suppose, for the same of discussion, that the ship was comprised of 400 pieces or bits. We can agree that replacing one or two bits would make little difference. What if, over time and due to weathering, and other forces, we needed to replace all the deck boards? Is this still the Ship of Theseus? How about after the people had to replace a third of all the bits and pieces? How about half? Lets say that after 400 years, and the ship was so deteriorated over time that, by now, all but the keel had been replaced? Can we say this is still the Ship of Theseus? Would it even matter? The truth is simply that there is no agreed upon, objective answer. Either to the two Captains Kirk, or to the question of the “Ship of Theseus.” So at this point you may be thinking, okay, this was an interesting thought experiment, but isn’t this a medical blog? And you would be correct, however, there is always method in the madness, or in this case, this digression. By the time that you reach the age of 68 to 70 years, every single cell in your body will have died and been replaced. You are simply not the same person you were 50 years ago, or even 10 years ago. Like Kirk’s doppelgänger, or the ship replaced over hundreds of year’s bits at a time, you are no longer the original. This is simply a part of aging. But that begs the question, why do we age? Why can’t we, like Captain Kirk, simply replicate our cells in the same condition as the original? Each time our cells replicate there must also be copies made of our DNA, a complex molecule that is essential for cellular function and reproduction. One theory is that eventually, all this replicating of cells will eventually lead to catastrophic errors that cause cellular death. This is the reason given that our skin begins to lose its elasticity, our muscles begin to atrophy, and our organ systems begin to fail. Maintenance of our biological tissues includes maintenance of the structural integrity of our DNA, critical for cell survival, and just as important, accurate transcription to the daughter cells that replace the original cells. The concern lay in an enzyme called DNA polymerase alpha. This enzyme constructs DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides. It is essential to the replication of DNA. Generally, these enzymes work in pairs, in order to create two identical DNA strands from each single original DNA molecule. However, if there are any errors in the information transferred during DNA synthesis, it is copied to the new cell’s DNA, another way to look at it, instead of an old cell with original DNA and a new cell with copied DNA, when each double stranded DNA is copied you end up with two double strands, each containing one template strand and one transcribed strand. When the cells divide, it leads to two 1/2 new cells. Should the original cell have errors, they would be in either or both of the new daughter cells. Alterations in the fidelity of DNA polymerase alpha could result in a progressive degradation in the information transfer during DNA synthesis, eventually affecting a range of cellular components. Like School children playing telephone, once an error creeps into the story, that error is passed along, and entirely new errors are added to the story based on the original error. The result, much as it was in grammar school, we end up with a message (transcribed in our DNA) that makes no sense at all. When this happens, the daughter cell ceases to function correctly. Eventually this leads to error catastrophe, where the new cell is replicated with such dysfunction that it is essentially useless. At this point, the cell may initiate a process of self-destruction known as apoptosis, or it may be signaled to self-destruct by neighboring cells (Apoptosis is one area of cell death being looked it for certain diseases). Interestingly, cancer cells seem to maintain these DNA errors, yet avoiding apoptosis. No one really understands why, at least right now (Another area of research is looking at errors in the replication of telomeres, but that’s a different post). In the end, we are all very much like the great ship. We are replaced, bit-by-bit, until the inevitable decay overcomes the ability to replace the parts. If only we could replicate ourselves like Captain Kirk. Of course we would run the risk of stepping off the transporter pad evil. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
The Race in Achieving Quantum Supremacy & Quantum Advantage and the Future of Quantum Machine Learning Andi Sama CIO, Sinergi Wahana Gemilang #QuantumComputer #QuantumComputing #ClassicalComputer #ArtificialIntelligence #AI #MachineLearning #ML #DeepLearning #DL #QuantumMachineLearning #IBMQ #IBMQISkit #IBMPOWER #IBMAC922 #IBMIC922 #IBMWMLA #IBMPowerAIVision #H2ODriverlessAI #IBMCloud #IBMWatsonStudio #IBMWatsonNeuralNetworkModeler #IBMCloudPakForData For the introduction on Quantum Computing (local language: Indonesian), please refer to the previous article, posted by Andi Sama on June 27, 2019 “Meneropong Masa Depan: Quantum Computing”. Quantum Supremacy, is a condition in which a Quantum Computer can solve the complex problem(s) that can not be practically done using a classical computer (even with the fastest supercomputer today, like IBM Summit). Most research activities are racing towards achieving quantum supremacy with universal Quantum Computer, i.e. the Quantum Computer with more than 50-qubits configuration to solve complex problems for example, as actively being researched in IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, USA. Quantum advantage refers to the moment when a quantum computer can compute hundreds or thousands of times faster than a classical computer (Insight Quantum Technology, 2020). IBM has been becoming one of the leaders in this cutting-edge research for a better future. Even IBM Q System One, as a product that can be installed on-premise, has been recently announced since early 2019, while we can access IBM Quantum Experience through IBM Cloud since early 2016. Others that are doing research or committed to research this area are Google, Intel & Microsoft. More including startups includes Rigetti Computing, IonQ, and Quantum Circuits (Jeremy Liebman, March-April 2018). On the other hand, the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) especially in Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) has been improving quite fast in the last 8-years since the ImageNet competition in 2012, including the advancements in GPU-hardware (Graphics Processing Unit) and bigdata in the early 2010s. Machine Learning and Deep Learning have been dealing with a lot of data points processing (the dataset) in high dimensions with millions of hyperparameters to optimize (during the training of dataset), to create models that represent kind of relationships with the expectation to achieve a high degree of accuracy by minimizing errors (usually computed through minimizing the differences between training dataset and validation dataset). Those datasets are represented in the form of large matrices, mostly contains floating-point numbers. The trained-model then can be used to do prediction by giving it new data within the same domain (while the model can be updated to be better along the way as new data are coming). There is a high expectation that at some point in time in the not-so-far future within the next 10-years or so, Quantum Computer with the right amount of qubits can significantly speed up some of the most complex processings in Machine Learning/Deep Learning. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning & Deep Learning — Today The field of AI is really exciting with lots of new things to explore and yet waiting to be invented. By following various directions of research alone, may not be enough to keep up with all those advancements. Things that we knew well in recent years, maybe outdated (or updated) soon along with new inventions. For those experts who want to stay updated, practicing lifelong learning maybe one of the key success factors to keep ourselves updated. Lifelong learning may also fit for us that are really at the beginning or intermediate pathway to learn and understand some of the basic concepts and its practical implementations. Nowadays — when we mention the term “AI”, it is synonymously associated mostly with Deep Learning (as part of Machine Learning, which is also as part of Artificial Intelligence) within the Computer Science discipline. Machine learning offers the ability to extract certain knowledge and patterns from a series of observations. It’s all done through mathematical optimization by using models (pattern recognition or exploration of many possibilities). In supervised learning, for example, minimizing the errors (as feedbacks) is very important to get the best learning result possible. Deep Learning involves learning directly from data through multiple neural network layers (depending on the level of granularity in learning, the number of layers may be just a few or going to hundreds of layers or more). Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, and Reinforcement Learning are three types of Machine Learning (which is in recent years, extended into Deep Learning, an approach in a neural network to process data through multiple neural network layers). Illustration-1: The evolution and advancements of Artificial Intelligence since the 1950s (Karen Hao, 2019 and Divyansh Dwivedi, 2018). Illustration-1 shows the potential applications in each type of Machine Learning. The illustration also shows briefly on the evolution of Deep Learning, all the way back to the 1950s since the term “Artificial Intelligence” was first introduced. Rapid advancements in AI within the last decade were made possible when Professor Geoffrey Hinton (now in Google) and his team came up with a neural network architecture called: Alexnet, implementing Deep Learning to process ImageNet dataset during ImageNet competition in 2012. The team achieved a significant improvement in doing Image Classifications based on around 1.2 million ImageNet dataset. The success was then quickly fueling the research community and triggering many more advancements in the subsequent years. And, it is still until now. Thanks to the advancements in Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) hardware as well as the availability of huge datasets (a mix of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data) and the processing capability of Bigdata (Hadoop, Spark). Those factors contributed significantly to massively parallel processing power and data readiness that is speeding up the modeling (a.k.a. training a dataset, in creating model) in Machine Learning & Deep Learning. Illustration-2a: Advancements in Deep Learning, mostly in computer vision. The two photographs on the top-right & bottom-left are not the actual persons, they are generated by AI. The middle image is Tesla’s self-driving car. Bottom-middle is the robot that can pick-up strawberry automatically after determining it’s level of ripeness through camera processed by AI. The top-left picture is face-recognition associated by name while the top-middle is a competition between humans and machines in a non-moderated debate, the advancement in natural language processing. Lastly, the bottom-right shows a newly announced (April 2019) IoT device equipped with 128 GPU’s CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) cores as one of the smallest edge-engine to run trained AI-model. Illustration-2b: The top shows samples of image classification & object detection, considered as a matured approach using Deep Learning in computer vision. The bottom shows action detection — quite a practical approach also in doing Deep Learning for computer vision. Illustration-2a and illustration-2b show a few practical implementations (mostly in computer vision) of Deep Learning from face recognition associated with the name, face generation, object detection, self-driving car, to AI-powered robotic arm that is implementing a trained-AI model to IoT device and natural language processing in a human-machine unmoderated debate. Typical implementations in Machine Learning are doing classification and clustering. Classification is a type of supervised learning. By given a bunch of input and its corresponding output, the algorithm will eventually learn to derive the pattern from the data, thus be able to make a prediction. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is an example of a classification algorithm. Clustering is a type of unsupervised learning. Given a dataset, the algorithm is not given any information about the relationship in a dataset like in supervised learning. The algorithm tries to group the data based on a target number of clusters that we specify in the beginning, for instance. For a very high dimensions dataset, doing classification and clustering will be a time-consuming process, that can take forever. Let’s see an example of unsupervised learning. Recall that in supervised learning, we do have labeled data (observations as input and responses as output, and its relationship as our dataset). When we do not have or do not know whether the dataset has a pair of observations/responses, one approach is to explore the dataset through unsupervised learning. We will take a look at one of the algorithms for Clustering, called k-means (in which k is the number of target clusters). The purpose of the algorithm is to partition the data into k number of mutually exclusive clusters. Illustration-3a: Generated 1000-random data. Illustration-3b: The result of the k-means algorithm with k set to 2, to do clustering from the 1000-generated random data. The technique assigns each observation to a cluster by minimizing the distance from the data point to the mean or median location of its assigned cluster, respectively. We need to specify a distance metric for the algorithm: the common ones are L1 (Manhattan distance) and L2 (Euclidean distance). By using Matlab version R2019a update 2 trial version (Matlab, 2019), first, we generate 1000-random data (illustration-3a) and applies k-means algorithm to do clustering with k=2, with distance metric sets to “cityblock” or known as Manhattan distance (the default is Euclidean distance metric). Illustration-4: The Code in Matlab to generate illustration-3a and 3b: generate random data, then use the k-nn algorithm to do clustering. The complete Matlab code is shown in illustration-4 (result is shown in Illustration-3b as two clustered data). Matlab documentation says the k-means algorithm performs k-means clustering to “partition the observations of the n-by-p data matrix X into k clusters and returns an n-by-1 vector (idx) containing cluster indices of each observation. Rows of X correspond to points and columns correspond to variables. Quantum Computing Initially, quantum computing initiative has been based on decades of deep-advanced-research to build a Universal Quantum Computer. Along the way with continuous advancements & achievements, It is seen that it is ready to be made commercially available. The ambitious target has been to achieve 50-qubits (the stable and less noisy ones) at minimum, at it is believed that achieving 50-qubits is the first step to have a Universal Quantum Computer that is exceeding the fastest current classical available Supercomputer. Key Industry Players in Quantum Computing IBM-Q’s initiative to build a Universal Quantum Computer has been publicly announced since early 2019, however, we can access and have practical experience on the real IBM Quantum Computer a long way back since early 2016 (starting with 5-qubits, and has been available up to 14-qubits as of 2019), through IBM Cloud. More qubits as a Quantum Computer simulator is available from IBM at up to 32-qubits. Illustration-5: An IBM Quantum Experience on IBM Cloud, available for Public Access since early 2016. Illustration-6: The current snapshots of the status of IBM Quantum Computer in IBM New York (5-qubits, online) — left, and in IBM Melbourne (14-qubits, calibrating) — right, as of November 26, 2019. Illustration-5 shows the current IBM Quantum Experience welcome screen on IBM Cloud, as of November 26, 2019. Illustration-6 also shows the current status of two IBM real Quantum Computers in operation, each configured with 5-qubits and 14-qubits. A superposition is a weighted sum or difference of two or more states; for example, the state of the air when two or more musical tones are sounding at once. Ordinary, or “classical,” superpositions commonly occur in everyday phenomena involving waves. - IBM Quantum Experience, January 2019 - Entanglement is a property of most quantum superpositions and does not occur in classical superpositions. In an entangled state, the whole system is in a definite state, even though the parts are not. Observing one of two entangled particles makes it behave randomly but tells the observer exactly how the other particle would act if a similar observation were made on it. - IBM Quantum Experience, January 2019 - Quantum Volume Quantum Volume (QV) is a hardware-agnostic metric that IBM defined to measure the performance of a real quantum computer. QV takes into account the number of qubits, connectivity, and gate and measurement errors. - IBM Research blog, January 2020 - IBM said that it has achieved 53-qubits as of September 2019 (Edwin Pednault, John Gunnels, Dmitri Maslov, and Jay Gambetta, 2019) and Google was said to have achieved a similar one. More quantum initiatives have been around since then, such as (other includes Quantum Circuits and IonQ): • Jan 2020: IBM announces to have achieved 32 Quantum Volume (IBM, 2020) • Dec 2019: AWS Announces New Quantum Computing Service (Amazon Braket) • Oct 2019: Google claims it has achieved ‘quantum supremacy’, challenged by IBM • May 2019: Microsoft to open-source quantum development kit (Q# within Microsoft Visual Studio) • February 2019: Microsoft announced Microsoft Quantum Network • October 2018: D-Wave launched Leap, cloud-based quantum application environment • September 2018: Rigetti introduced Quantum Cloud Services • March 2018: Alibaba & CAS launched Superconducting Quantum Computing Cloud • January 2018: Intel announced Tangle Lake, a quantum processor • March 2017: IBM to open source Qiskit, open-source framework for quantum computing • May 2016: IBM opens-up public access to 5-qubits quantum computer, through IBM Cloud Since March 2017, IBM had started to provide QISkit, the Phyton-based Software Development Kit (SDK) for IBM Quantum Computer in the form of Application Programming Interface (API). It is available in Github. QISKit is an Open Source Quantum Information Software Kit, designed to simplify the developer to work with OpenQASM (IBM Quantum Assembly Language) and IBM Q Quantum Processor Hardware. We can create a quantum program within Jupyter Notebook (an interactive modern application development environment) for example, compile & execute our program in the real or simulated Quantum Computer. Quantum Superposition & Quantum Entanglement The basic processing unit of a Quantum Computer is called Qubit (quantum bit). Qubit exists in either state ‘0’ or ‘1’ as in the bit (binary digit) in a Classical Computer. However, qubit’s state is more than just ‘0’ or ‘1’, it can also be in ‘0’ and ‘1’ at the same point in time, a condition called as Superposition. Another one is called: Entanglement, which is a property of superposition and happens only in quantum mechanics, not in classical superposition. If we are observing two entangled particles, we will know exactly the state of another particle by observing only one entangled particle. A Quick Look on selected Algorithms, and their Big Os Let’s take a look at 3 algorithms that can significantly be improved (Seth Lloyd, 2016) by using a quantum computer, thus implementing quantum Machine Learning: 1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 2. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and 3. Finding Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors. We will see later their Big Os if processed in a classical computer, then see the Big Os if processed in Quantum Computer. “Big O” Notation Wikipedia, 2019b: “Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behavior of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity.” In this article, we see “Big O” as the indicator the complexity of an algorithm. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA is an unsupervised Machine Learning algorithm for dimensionality reduction in Machine Learning. A high dimensional dataset has a large number of features, in which some might not be relevant to be processed in the Machine Learning algorithm to generate a model. As an analogy like in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, having a high dimensional dataset is like having a huge table with hundreds of columns with hundreds of thousands of rows as data. The columns in the Excel sheet are like features in Machine Learning. By unsupervised, it means that we through the algorithm to the data and the algorithm will figure out to extract meaningful insight from the data. In this PCA, it means that it will extract “principal components” (significant features) that have higher variances, among other available features in the dataset. By reducing “selecting” the features that are relevant to the Machine Learning algorithm, we can minimize the occurrence of overfitting. Overfitting reduces the capability for generalization. Dimensionality reduction also significantly reduces the needs for processing time, thus also the computing resources (Disk, Memory, CPU, and GPU) to process the dataset. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) (Wikipedia, 2019a) “A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). Fourier analysis converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to a representation in the frequency domain and vice versa. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a sequence of values into components of different frequencies”. FFT can be an additional external subprocess in IBM PowerAI Vision (IBM PAIV) to process voice dataset for example. IBM PAIV (runs on IBM POWER AC922 hardware, Accelerated Computing, optimized for AI-training) is a visual-based AI data workflow for doing modeling in computer vision based on the dataset in the form of images and videos to find patterns in data to do prediction. Alternatively, there is H2O Driverless AI (H2O DAI), a kind-of simplified visual-based AI data workflow for Data Scientists and a more-flexible tool for experienced Data Scientists: IBM Watson Machine Learning Accelerator (WMLA), both can run on IBM POWER AC922. Say if we have the voice data like for voice recognition, we can use FFT to convert the voice (frequency domain) to images (time or space domain), thus utilizing the same AI-data workflow with a different set of data type while it is not currently supported out-of-the-box within the IBM PAIV itself. Note that we can code the AI workflow directly from scratch with IBM Watson Studio for example, or with a more flexible IBM visual tool on IBM Cloud: Watson Neural Network modeler. Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors In linear algebra, an eigenvector or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a nonzero vector that changes at most by a scalar factor when that linear transformation is applied to it. The eigenvalue is the factor by which the eigenvector is scaled (Wikipedia, 2019c). Face Recognition (224x224x3 pixels in one RGB-image alone which is usually implemented in image classification or object recognition would have incredibly high 150,528 dimensions) would be one of the applications of eigenvalues and eigenvectors by implementing what it is called as eigenfaces. Even if it is scaled down to 32x32x1 pixels (monochrome), it is still having very high 1024 dimensions. Quantum Machine Learning In its simplified definition, Quantum Machine Learning (Quantum ML) is the use of Quantum Computer to process Machine Learning (or Deep Learning) algorithm. It is expected that, by applying quantum-computing with enough quantum bits (qubits) to process a Machine Learning algorithm, the process will be exponentially faster than if it is processed in a conventional way using a classical computer. Classical Computer (includes Super Computer) In a classical computer with Machine Learning, we used to process program + data in CPU or GPU, by first loading it from external storage such as disk to Random Access Memory (RAM). If using CPU without GPU, we are using the CPU’s RAM to transfer our program + data before processing them in CPU (e.g. in current typical high-end server-based systems, RAM may contain some Giga Bytes (GB) in size like 128GB, 512GB or 1024GB or more likely up to hundreds or thousands of TeraBytes (TB) in higher-end multi-servers multi-CPUs supercomputer systems). With GPU, usually, CPU will transfer the program + data from CPU’s RAM to GPU’s RAM according to GPU’s RAM capacity, for the program + data to be processed in several of magnitudes faster as GPU implements high-degree of parallelism in which it has multiple processing units that can process the stream of data at once at one time, although with certain limitation on RAM capacity (e.g. typical single GPU RAM with 512 to 5120 processing elements has only 8GB, 16GB or 32GB RAM). Even with GPU, the challenge comes also with the slow I/O performance when transferring data from CPU to GPU. This bottleneck is somewhat solved within the IBM POWER AC922 server with a high-speed NVlink I/O (Input/Output) interface implemented both between CPU-GPU, and GPU-GPU as well. Most servers in the market implement NVlink only for GPU-GPU communications. The NVlink between CPU-GPU gives AC922 a significant increase in I/O performance (about 5 times) over other similar servers available in the market. Another challenge includes loading large dataset from disk (external storage) to the CPU’s RAM, this process takes a lot of time (very slow) for either CPU or GPU. The advancement of high-speed flash-based storage, for example, has contributed to significantly reduce the gap in this area. A large highest-speed, number one world-class supercomputer since 2018 like IBM Summit for example (, 2019), will still be seen as “slow” for a Quantum Computer sometime to be available in near future when a Quantum Computer has reached the certain number of stable qubits (has passed 50 qubits in 2019 and to achieve a few hundred or even thousands qubits in the next years to come). IBM Summit has the computing capability of 200 PF (Petaflops), 9.216 IBM POWER9 CPU processor + 27.648 NVidia GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), RAM capacity >10 PB (Peta Bytes), storage capacity: 250 PB. An analogy (according to IBM, IBM Summit that is installed in Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, Amerika Serikat), it has about one million more powerful than the most powerful laptop/notebook computers as of 2019). IBM Summit is a classical computer with a completely different architecture with a Quantum Computer like IBM Q. Challenges in Applying Quantum Computation to Machine Learning Algorithms The next near future to come will be really exciting indeed. There is a high expectation of having Quantum Computers with enough qubits that can solve complex problems a lot faster. Problems that can not be efficiently solved by a classical computer, including the most powerful supercomputer (if one can represent the classical problem in quantum-way, e.g. doing complex large scale optimization & simulation that would take unreasonable time <more than a lifespan of a typical human being>, like 100+ years for example). Table-1: Comparison of Big O in Principal Component Analysis, Fast Fourier Transform, and Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors both in Classical Computer and Quantum Computer (Seth Lloyd, 2016). Illustration-7: Visualization of Comparison of Big O in Principal Component Analysis, Fast Fourier Transform, and Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors both in Classical Computer and Quantum Computer (Seth Lloyd, 2016). Please refer to table-1 for Big O notation. Looking at the three illustrations above, it is obvious that the improvement by using Quantum Computer is significant for all three algorithms overusing classical computers, although at a different scale. (a) and (b) are basically within a similar scale while in © it is seen that with high dimensions, Quantum Computer provides much better improvement over a classical computer. Table-1 shows the comparison of Big O’s for each of three algorithms discussed before (PCA, FFT, and finding eigenvalues & eigenvectors), running those algorithms using classical computer vs quantum mechanically using quantum computing. We can see from graphics in illustration-7 that the improvements are exponentially significant for those 3 algorithms. However, implementing a Quantum Computer with a large number of qubits is challenging. It requires a lot of physical qubits and a very challenging error correction handling as a quantum system will get noisier as we are adding more qubits. In reply to a comment from Professor Joshua Bengio (Head of the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA): Peter Shor, a Professor of Applied Mathematics (MIT commented during MIT-IBM panel discussion (IBM Research, 2018) “Near term Quantum Computers are going to be very noisy, to have 50 logical qubits, for example, we may need to build real 1000+ physical qubits”. He continues, “rather than focusing the work in quantum error corrections, we may be able to use the noisy qubits to get a result”. Joshua Bengio previously commented: “For things like continuous non-linear computation like our group is working right now with analog-based circuits, we focus on getting overall result statistically by tweaking the parameters during training. We do not focus on individual results.” IBM Solutions for Data Science, Machine Learning & Quantum Machine Learning There are several options with IBM Hardware & Software to work with Machine Learning algorithms, either for Modeling (develop model) or Inferencing (deploy/run model). Some of them are as follow (indicated by HW for Hardware, and SW for Software-based solutions): • [HW] IBM Q, the IBM Quantum Computer accessible from IBM Cloud since early 2016. Since Jan 2019, IBM announced an on-premise Quantum Computer called [HW] IBM Q System One. [SW] IBM QISKit has been available recently since March 2017 with its Python interface as a means to access IBM Quantum Computer, while the assembly counterpart [SW] IBM QASM and [SW] IBM Quantum Composer (before QASM) had been available earlier since 2016. • [HW] IBM POWER AC922 (Accelerated Computing) + IBM Watson Machine Learning Accelerator (WMLA, previously known as PowerAI on IBM POWER Systems + [SW] IBM Power AI Vision (PAIV) with custom model. This IBM PAIV is for Supervised Learning for either Classification, Object Detection (including Action Detection) with Vision (images, videos) as the supported dataset. POWER: Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing). WMLA (or WML CE for the Community Edition) is available as On-Premise solution for modeling & inference, and comes with very scalable configuration equipped with multiple NVidia high-end Tesla V100 GPUs. In the latest release in late 2019, Inferencing at Edge is available with NVidia Jetson TX2 and Jetson Nano. Previously, Xilink Alveo U200 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has been supported. WMLA & Power AI Vision is good for general users & non-experienced developers. IBM IC922 is also available starting in Q1 2020, as the IBM offering for Inferencing Platform (runtime) for Machine Learning trained-model. • IBM POWER AC922 + WMLA + [SW] H2O Driverless AI. This is also mostly for Supervised Learning for either Classification or Regression (text-based, images, videos) and more with extensive parameter settings and explainability. Good for advanced users & experienced developers or Data Scientists. • [SW] IBM Watson OpenScale. The platform to choose when we want to do scalable model deployment (Inferencing), running a few or many models in parallel with capabilities to track performance in a production environment, model tuning as well as explainability (explain why the AI made certain decisions) — available in IBM Cloud. • [SW] IBM Watson Data Platform (IBM WDP, available in Cloud or On-Premise, or On-Premise in combination with IBM WMLA or [SW] IBM Cloud Pak for Data. This is for those who would like to have deep customization (using IBM Watson Studio) and the greatest flexibility in implementing Machine Learning. The best fit for working in collaboration between experts of data analysts experienced Data Engineers and Data Scientists. There are set of tools provided for Data pre-processing for preparing data in IBM WDP (such as Data Manipulation/Cleansing, Data Augmentations) before being processed by Machine Learning algorithms, as well as Data Catalog for managing data sets used to train the data using Machine Learning algorithms. [SW] IBM Cloud Pak for Data (available in On-Premises as well as in Cloud) is a container-ready solution that enables users to put lots of data to work quickly and efficiently to use the data to generate meaningful insights that can help users avoid problems and reach the goals, while maintaining the data privately. The best fit for experienced Data Scientists/Analysts & experienced developers. • [SW] IBM Watson Studio (part of IBM WDP, available in Cloud or On-Premise or On-Premise in combination with IBM WMLA or Cloud Pak for Data). This is for those who would like to have deep customization and the greatest flexibility in implementing Machine Learning. The best fit for expert or experienced developers as well as Data Scientists. • [SW] IBM Neural Network Modeler (available in IBM Cloud). This is for those who would like to work with guided tools in implementing Machine Learning. Good for the advanced user or advanced developers as well as Data Scientists.
Often asked: What Happened To Moses According To The Bible? What happened to Moses at the end of his life? Therefore, we understand that Moses died as commanded by God, in Deut. So, God placed Moses in a crack in the mountain and put His hand over him, removing His hand only after He had passed over. All Moses saw was God’s back, because God knew that if Moses were to see His face, Moses would be killed instantly. What killed Moses? In Sinai, Moses first encountered God in the form of a burning bush. “I have observed the misery of my people who are in Egypt,” God’s voice called out to him (Exodus 3:7). God then charged Moses to lead the Israelites out of bondage and bring them to the Promised Land. What is the story about Moses in the Bible? Moses is best known from the story in the biblical Book of Exodus and Quran as the lawgiver who met God face-to-face on Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments after leading his people, the Hebrews, out of bondage in Egypt and to the “promised land” of Canaan. You might be interested: What Does Nurture Mean According To The Bible? Where is Yahweh? Who was the oldest person in the Bible? What religion is Moses? Why was Moses chosen by God? What country claims to have the ark of the Covenant? You might be interested: Often asked: According To The Bible How Should A Man Treat A Woman? How did God appear to Moses? How many times did God speak to Moses? Why did God send the 10 plagues? Where is the promised land today? Did Moses know he was a Hebrew? During his education he learned somehow that he was a Hebrew, and his sense of concern and curiosity impelled him to visit his people. According to the biblical narrative, Moses lived 120 years and was 80 when he confronted Pharaoh, but there is no indication how old he was when he went to see the Hebrews. What is the covenant between God and Moses? When Moses and his people reached Mount Sinai on the way to the Promised Land, God spoke to Moses. It was there that God made a covenant with Moses and the Jewish people that renewed the one he had made with Abraham. At the same time, God gave the Jews the Ten Commandments – a set of rules by which they should live. Leave a Reply
Search the World of Chemistry Tag: Amagat An amagat is a unit of number density. It is similar to Loschmidt constant which is the molecular density quoted at STP (T = 273.15 K, P = 1 atm). 1 amagat is defined as the number of molecules of an ideal gas per unit volume at STP. 1 amagat is equivalent to Loschmidt constant. The symbol used for amagat is amg or Am (rarely). It is a non-SI unit. The number is named after Émile Hilaire Amagat. He was a French physicist and also known for Amagat’s law of additive volume. 3 min read Amagat's Law of Additive Volumes Amagat's law of additive volumes is the law of partial volumes. The law relates the total volume of a mixture with the volumes of individual components. Amagat's law is very similar to Dalton's law of partial pressure. The law is only valid for ideal gases. The law is named after Emile Amagat who was a French Physicist. He published his law of partial volumes in 1880. 4 min read Loschmidt's Constant The Loschmidt constant is also called as the Loschmidt number. The symbol used for the Loschmidt constant is n0. It is the number of molecules of an ideal gas per unit volume. The Loschmidt constant has the unit of the reciprocal cubic metre. At STP (P = 1 atm, T = 273.15 K), The value of the constant is 2.686 781 1 × 1025 m−3. The constant is a measure of number density. 2 min read Join the Newsletter Subscribe to get latest content in your inbox. We won’t send you spam.
What is Screen Printing? Screen printing involves a mesh and stencil. The stencil forms open areas in the mesh that transfer ink onto a chosen material. A squeegee is used on the stencil to force the ink through the mesh on the open areas. Today screen printing is used to transfer images onto clothing, CD's & DVD's, glass, metal, and other materials. Screen printing on clothing roughly accounts for half of all screen printing in the United States.
Guardian Gold Logo What are Sterling Silver Markings? Markings can be of a number of types: Trademarks called Maker’s Marks, or Hallmarks. They indicate the who, what, when and where of the item. Sterling Silver marks are punched or lasered marks found on silver that indicate the piece’s purity and provenance. If you have an item of silver that bears a Hallmark and/or Maker’s Mark, you will likely be able to ascertain where it was made, when it was made, the purity of its metal and who its maker was. Close up of the Royal Danish International Sterling hallmark Close up of the Royal Danish International Sterling hallmark A Sterling Hallmark indicates 92.5% purity. Sterling silver hallmarks vary depending on the country in which the piece was made. There are thousands of hallmarks, but one of the most common hallmarks for sterling silver is the stamp of the Rampant Lion. The Rampant Lion hallmark, pictured below, third from the left, has been the stamp used in the United Kingdom for hundreds of years and can be found on silver jewelry and antique items such as silver dishes, bowls, serving trays, and cutlery. Sterling silver is 92.5% fine, and the other 7.5 % is usually copper, which gives the item increased strength. Four sterling silver markings on the side of a silver item Close up of four markings found on a silver dish, third marking from the left is the Rampart Lion. North American Hallmarks are often words, abbreviations or numbers. Some hallmarks used in North America for necklaces, bracelets, rings, and charms have the word “Sterling,” abbreviations: STG, STER, SIL or the numbers 925 or 925/1000. If you do not see any markings on your item, chances are your item is plated, made of copper, nickel, lead, zinc or a combination of these and would require testing to confirm the metal composition. Scroll to Top
Your question: How long does horse labor last? What time of day do horses give birth? Mares typically foal very late at night through the very early hours of the morning. The Cooperative Horse Extension found 80% of foals were born between midnight and 6:00 am. How long is the first stage of labor in horses? The first stage of labor in horses normally lasts from one to four hours. Early signs resemble those seen in a colicky horse: restlessness, lying down and getting up repeatedly, looking at the flanks, nipping or kicking at the abdomen, sweating, and pawing the ground. What are the signs of a horse going into labor? Typical signs in the mare of stage-one labor can include: restlessness in the stall, getting up and down, sweating, curling of the top lip, pawing, weight shifting, picking up of the hind legs, tail swishing, and frequent urination and defecation. IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: Is Barley safe for horses? How long does it take for a horse to deliver a foal? After a gestation period of about 11 months, a horse will typically give birth to her foal during the night. The foaling process can last for around eight hours, though labor is often shorter, and most mares will manage without any human assistance. Do horses feel pain during childbirth? Can a horse stop labor? Mares may also stop labor during first stage delivery if disturbed. They can delay parturition (birth) for a number of days as they wait for an undisturbed time.” Signs of imminent foaling are variable and can be subtle. How do I get my mare to go into labor? There are guidelines for inducing labor (electively) in the mare: 1. She must be pregnant a minimum of 330 days (gestation length) 2. Her udder must be developed and she must have colostrum production in the udder. 3. Waxing of the teats. 4. Milk calcium levels in the udder milk must be greater than 200 parts per million. Does a horses water break? Stage Two This stage of labor begins when the mare’s “waterbreaks and ends when the foal has been delivered. The process takes approximately 15 to 20 minutes to complete. The water breaking is actually the rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane, releasing allantoic fluid. IT IS INTERESTING: Is there a weight restriction for horse riding? How do I know my mare is close to foaling? The visual signs of a mare’s readiness to foal are: • Udder distension begins 2-6 weeks prior to foaling. • Relaxation of the muscles of the croup 7-19 days prior to foaling; relaxation around the tail head, buttocks, and lips of the vulva. • Teat nipples fill 4-6 days prior to foaling. • Waxing of the teats 2-4 days before. Do horses need help giving birth? Horses do, occasionally, need assistance in birthing (or expelling their placenta as well). They get dystocia, as do cows and occasionally cats and dogs, and they get issues with retained placentas as well. Without assistance, both the mare and foal may die. My horses
Database Diagram Viewer The interactive database diagram viewer. The best way to understand a database is using a database diagram. Full stop. No list of tables and columns provide the same density of information. When you’re modelling a database or testing out changes, you need to understand how each table will interact with one another. Relational databases are all about relationships. Diagrams show you that, lists don’t. With modelDBA, the first thing you see when you select a database is the database diagram. You can quickly see all of your tables, key column information, and the relationships between tables. Explore your database by dragging your diagram around. Like Google Maps, but for your database. Want to investigate a specific table? Double-clicking a table will open up a detailed table description, along with the capability to edit it. Have multiple databases or schemas? No problem. Easily switch between them using the drop-down menu in the app. The database diagram will also show you mocked up changes before they’re applied to the database. You can try out different table structures and see how they interact with the other tables in your diagram. Learn more about mocking up changes here. You’re still printing out diagrams? Sometimes nothing beats the birds-eye view you get from printing out a wall-sized diagram of a giant database. But how often do you keep them up to date? If you’re like most of us, the one hanging on your wall is a few releases out of date. In modelDBA, changes you make will automatically be updated in the diagram. You never have to worry about whether the diagram you’re looking at is out of date or not, and the new person won’t be confused when they try to implement their first change. Try out the latest version of modelDBA for free here.
ManufacturingCategory3 min read How Digital Twins Are Revolutionizing Manufacturing VMware StaffAugust 30, 2021 Getting 100% transparency into physical assets around the globe is becoming a gamechanger for modern factory operations. Digital twin technology is going mainstream at global manufacturers. Accenture envisions digital twins among the top five strategic technology trends to watch in 2021 and 2022. The businesses that start today, building intelligent twins of their assets and piecing together their first mirrored environments, will be the ones that push industries, and the world, toward a more agile and intelligent future. Accenture “Technology Trends 2021” What’s a Digital Twin? The definition of a digital twin, according to the Digital Twin Consortium, is "a virtual representation of real-world entities and processes, synchronized at a specified frequency and fidelity." In plain language, this means a digital twin is an exactvirtual copy (or twin) of a physical thing. The “thing” can be anything that has connected sensors that are capable of sending information to and from the virtual model. For example, an automotive manufacturer could have a critical component in its assembly line sending continuous data about how quickly it’s processing materials back to a digital twin. The goal: without examining the physical component, workers can tell how it is performing—or will perform—by looking at the digital twin. What’s the Benefit to Manufacturing? With digital twins, manufacturers hope to do any number of things better, such as: • Diagnose and find root causes faster. • Perform predictive maintenance before equipment breaks. • Reduce quality problems by enhancing product design. Because it is wide-reaching technology, digital twins can be used throughout the entire manufacturing lifecycle—from engineering, to design, production and operations. Among other benefits, digital twins can: • Accelerate product development. • Reduce defects. • Troubleshoot equipment. • Increase uptime. • Decrease manufacturing costs. Types of Digital Twins In manufacturing, organizations can create digital twins at various levels: • Component:A single component in the manufacturing process. • Asset:A piece of equipment (involving multiple components) within a production line. • System: An entire production line. • Process:Any or all of the entire manufacturing process—design, development manufacturing, production, distribution and after-sales use by customers. Manufacturing Uses of Digital Twins Digital twin technology is being used in many ways. These are five of the most common applications and their benefits. 1. Improve Quality By monitoring and automatically responding to continuous data from sensors on the factory floor, teams can improve quality and dramatically reduce, if not eliminate, costly rework. Digital twins: • Model every step of production processes. • Isolate where there’s variability. • Help identify where to switch to better materials or processes. Continuous monitoring is much more effective than random inspection. Digital twins also allow teams to visualize products in use by real users in real time. Ultimately, this helps brands spot defects or anticipate issues before customers do. 2. Design Better Products Engineers that use digital twins as virtual prototypes during product design have low-cost, low-risk ways to perform simulations or proof-of-concept (PoC) templates before investing in solid material prototypes. This can dramatically reduce the number of physical iterations required to get the product into production, saving both time and money. 3. Perform Predictive Maintenance Sensors in a manufacturing component, device or process generate a plethora of data in real time. Teams then can use AI and advanced analytics to pinpoint potential issues and proactively address. This allows time to schedule preventive maintenance that is most convenient for operations, which in turn helps: 1. Avoid unplanned shutdowns. 2. Boost production line efficiency. 3. Reduce overall maintenance expense. 4. Enhance the Customer Experience Digital twins extend beyond factory walls, helping teams understand in real time how customers are using and enjoying products. Virtual prototypes collect a rich store of data that tells workers precisely how products are performing in the real world. With that data, design and engineering teams know what’s needed to improve customer experience, especially related to the user interface. 5. Accelerate Risk Assessment Manufacturers using digital twins can reduce risk in two ways. First, by iterating more often in testing and product validation. Secondly, by pinpointing potential process issues on the factory line before embarking on production. Teams can simulate different scenarios and disruptions, helping them mitigate any issues in advance. This greatly reduces production risk. Digital Twin Insights Improve Business Outcomes Digital twins are becoming critical “factory of the future” technologies. They provide insights into production lines, manufacturing processes and end-user experience. With a digital twin, workers can troubleshoot problems, identify future challenges and, ultimately, enhance customer satisfaction.
Old Testament ScrollThe scripture for today, April 15, is 1st John 4:15 as found in the New Testament of the Bible: The New Testament was written by people who walked and talked with Jesus. They saw his miracles, they heard his amazing words. They were eye witnesses. Several first- and second-century manuscripts still exist that were passed down from some who actually knew the eye witnesses. A few were even written during the late lifetime of the last living apostle, John. The Bible has more existing ancient manuscripts (over 5000) than any historical writing in the world. Read the New Testament. It was written by inspired men with a passion that would not let them stop talking about this Jesus. He consumed their life when he was on earth, and consumed their spirit after he left. Through the centuries, men and women have given their lives so that we today may have the writings (New Testament) of those eye witnesses in our own language and read it for ourselves. Many were ridiculed and tortured terribly, and then died a long excruciating death so that their testimony could live on. Do not take for granted the words of Jesus’ eye witnesses. Jesus lived and died for you. Those witnesses, in a sense, also lived and died for you. Read what they testified to. Then, if necessary, live and die for it.
Question: What Percent Of The World Has Each Eye Color? What is the rarest hair color? Is GREY an eye Colour? Is Black an eye color? Why are green eyes so rare? Only about 2 percent of the world’s population has green eyes. Green eyes are a genetic mutation that produces low levels of melanin, but more than blue eyes. As in blue eyes, there is no green pigment. Instead, because of the lack of melanin in the iris, more light scatters out, which make the eyes appear green. Do purple eyes exist? What race has the worst eyesight? The prevalence of hyperopia differed significantly among racial/ethnic groups (P = 0.007), with the highest rate in non-Hispanic white children (11.9%) and the lowest rate in Asian children (5.47%). What are the odds of eye color? Blue eyes + blue eyes = 100% chance of blue eyes. Brown eyes + blue eyes = 50% chance of blue eyes, but only if the brown-eyed parent carries a blue-eyed gene. If not, the chance is 0% Brown eyes + brown eyes = 25%, but only if both parents carry the blue-eyed gene. Do babies get their eye color from Mom or Dad? Does grandparents Eye Color Affect Baby? What is the rarest eye color in the world? AmberAbout 5 percent of people around the world have this rare eye color.Amber eyes are uncommon, but can be found throughout the world.Amber is a golden yellow or coppery color without specks of gold, green, or brown.The iris contains mostly the pigment lipochrome and not much melanin.More items…• What color eyes are more rare?
What Are the Products of Photosynthesis? Products of Photosynthesis The products of photosynthesis are glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. Photosynthesis is a set of chemical reactions that plants and other organisms use to make chemical energy in the form of sugar. Like any chemical reaction, photosynthesis has reactants and products. Overall, the reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water, while the products of photosynthesis are oxygen and glucose (a sugar). Here’s a closer look at the products of photosynthesis and the balanced equation for the reaction. The reactants for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water, while the products are the sugar glucose and oxygen. Balanced Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis Photosynthesis actually involves many chemical reactions, but the net balanced equation is that six moles of carbon dioxide react with six moles of water to produce one mole of glucose and six moles of oxygen. Light from the Sun provides the activation energy for the reaction. Sometimes light is listed in the balanced equation as a reactant, but it’s usually omitted. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light → Glucose + Oxygen Closer Look at the Products of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in a series of steps that are classified as light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. Adding up the reactants and products of these reactions gives the overall equation for photosynthesis, but it’s good to know the inputs and outputs for each stage. Light-Dependent Reactions Photosynthesis Overview Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide, water, and light to make oxygen and sugar (glucose). (image: Daniel Mayer, CC 4.0) The light-dependent reactions or light reactions absorb certain wavelengths of light to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The light reactions occur in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. The overall balanced equation for the light-dependent reactions is: Light-Independent Reactions While the light reactions use water, the light-independent reactions use carbon dioxide. The light-independent reactions are also called the dark reactions. These reactions do not require darkness, but they don’t depend on light to proceed. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the dark reactions are called the Calvin cycle. Bacteria use different reactions, including the reverse Krebs cycle. The overall balanced equation for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) in plants is: Finally, the three-carbon product from the Calvin cycle becomes glucose during the process of carbon fixation. Other Products of Photosynthesis Glucose is the direct product of photosynthesis, but plants turn most of the sugar into other compounds. These are indirect products. Linking glucose units forms starch and cellulose. Cellulose is a structural material. Plants store starch or link it to fructose (another sugar) to form sucrose (table sugar). What Is Not a Product of Photosynthesis? On an exam, you may need to identify which chemical is not a product of photosynthesis. For the overall process, choose any answer except “glucose” or “oxygen.” It’s good to know the overall reactants and products of the light reactions and dark reactions, in case you’re asked about them. The products of the light reactions are ATP, NADPH, protons, and oxygen. The products of the dark reactions are C3H6O3-phosphate, ADP, inorganic phosphate, NADP+, and water. Where Does Photosynthesis Occur? In addition to knowing the reactants and products of photosynthesis, you may need to know where photosynthesis occurs in different organisms. • In plants, photosynthesis occurs in organelles called chloroplasts. Photosynthetic protists also contain chloroplasts. Leaves contain the highest concentration of chloroplasts in plants. Plants obtain carbon dioxide via diffusion through leaf stomata. Water comes from the roots and travels to the leaves via the xylem. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs solar energy. Oxygen from photosynthesis exits the plant via leaf stomata. • Photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic bacteria in the plasma membrane. Chlorophyll or related pigments are embedded in this membrane. • Bidlack, J.E.; Stern, K.R.; Jansky, S. (2003). Introductory Plant Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-290941-8. • Blankenship, R.E. (2014). Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8975-0. • Reece J.B., et al. (2013). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8.
Dr Anuska Viljoen Dr Anuska Viljoen What are Antioxidants and why do we need them? During normal cellular metabolism and function, the body produces unstable oxygen by products known as “oxygen free radicals” in a very similar way to rust forming on exposed oxidising metals. These unstable free radicals attack adjacent molecules and thus cause cellular tissue, membrane and DNA damage, and is responsible for the general ageing process or any degenerative disease. An estimated number of radical “hits” on each cell of the body per day is around the 10,000 mark. This process is accelerated when we are exposed to polluted or toxic substances that we breathe in or eat. Lucky for us, antioxidants are substances that mop up free radicals. By protecting cells against free radical damage, anti-oxidants help to prevent disease, slow down the ageing process, and improve the function of the immune system. Antioxidant enzymes in our body Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathion Peroxidase and Methionine Reductase, are the bodies major enzymes for keeping the oxygen radicals under control. These enzymes require other minerals and elements which act as co-factors to function. Many of their trace elements and minerals are deficient in our normal diet and we have to therefore supplement them for optimal enzyme function. These are the substances we generally think of as anti-oxidants, such as Vit E, C, Beta-carotene, lycopene, xanthene and other carotenoids, Coenzyme Q, Picnogenol and other turpenoils, Glutathion, Uric Acid, Selenium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Iron. Many herbs and plants contain large numbers of these co-factors. Foods especially rich in these substances are, sprouts of any kind, soy beans, green, white and rooibos tea, most pigmented edible berries, herbs and spices such as rosemary, garlic, turmeric, ginger etc. Antioxidant drains Any form of bodily stress or physiological disturbance will increase the number of free radicals formed. This will use up the bodies antioxidant resources and if not regularly replenished, radicals that are formed and not neutralised will start a reign of uncontrolled damage and so the vicious circle of decompensation occurs. The most common factors that our pets and ourselves are exposed to is: smoking, environmental pollutants, rancid or overheated fats mainly in processed foods, infection, inflammation, tissue trauma, pharmaceutical, preservative and recreational drugs, UV light exposure and radiation (even from your microwave). Optimal amounts in daily intake The optimal amount required by the body obviously depends on each individual’s habits, environment, level of fitness and exercise , body weight, body type and breed (or family tendencies to certain disease) and of course age. As the body gets older, the ability to regenerate cells and to cope with free radicals diminishes. Does the average pet food contain adequate levels of antioxidants to maintain the average animal’s health? Some are better than others! The pet food industry is only interested in ensuring enough nutrients are incorporated into the diets to prevent deficiencies and not specifically for optimum health. The antioxidants that are included in processed pet food is usually of synthetic nature to prevent the food from going rancid as it has such a long shelf life. Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants Synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT have been used as preservatives in human and animal foods for more than 30 years. Many pet food manufacturers prefer to use ethoxyquin today however, because of its excellent antioxidant qualities, high stability and reputed safety. But significant ongoing controversy surrounds issues related to its safety when fed at permitted amounts in dog and cat foods over a period of time. The same antioxidants have been linked to inducing or promoting a wide variety of cancers and degenerative diseases. Some anti-oxidants can become pro-oxidant if denatured or stale. This will accelerate the free radical oxidising effect. Naturally occurring antioxidants (vitamin E and C) are also used in pet foods, and have become more popular in response to consumer and professional queries about the chronic effects of feeding synthetic chemical antioxidants to pets. While they are somewhat less effective and more expensive than the synthetic antioxidants, their safety outweighs these drawbacks. It should be noted that some pet foods devoid of synthetic antioxidants added at the time of processing might contain ingredients (such as animal tallow or other fats and oils) that are preserved with antioxidants (possibly synthetic). Therefore know and trust your source. Should I be supplementing my dogs diet? Generally for the average situation and on the average diet used today I would say yes! However if your dog is on a freshly made, or frozen uncooked balanced diet with adequate amounts of antioxidant packed vegetables and enzymes, then the answer will be only in situations of particular need such as stress, injury or illness or old age. I hope to tackle specific illnesses, stresses or diseases and which supplements would help the most in these conditions over the next issues in future. For the mean time, there is absolutely no harm in using a general mixed antioxidant to supplement your pets diets if they fall into any category of need above. Don’t forget, what is good for your pet, is often good for you too, so consult a nutritionist, or ask your doctor if you are concerned about your own health status. More to explorer Responsible Parenting The Sharp End Read More » In the Media The 7th June Knysna Fires Read More » Responsible Parenting Tail Docking – The Facts Read More » Responsible Parenting Natural Flea Control Read More » COVID-19 \| Stay informed 1. Contactless Delivery and/or Collection from us; 2. Wear a mask; 3. Wash your hands on a regular basis; 5. Open windows in crowded places and in your vehicle; 7. Avoid crowded spaces; SA Department of Health
Scoring (cricket) How runs are scored and teams win a match Scoring in cricket matches involves two elements – the number of runs scored and the number of wickets lost by each team. The scorer is someone appointed to record all runs scored, all wickets taken and, where appropriate, the number of overs bowled. In professional games, in compliance with the Laws of Cricket, two scorers are appointed, most often one provided by each team. The scorers have no say in whether runs or extras are scored, wickets taken or overs bowled. This is the job of the umpires on the field of play, who signal to the scorers in cases of ambiguity such as when runs are to be given as extras rather than credited to the batsmen, or when the batsman is to be awarded a boundary 4 or 6. So that the umpire knows that they have seen each signal, the scorers are required to immediately acknowledge it. While it is possible to keep score using a pencil and plain paper, scorers often use pre-printed scoring books, and these are commercially available in many different styles. Simple score books allow the recording of each batsman's runs, their scores and mode of dismissal, the bowlers' analyses, the team score and the score at the fall of each wicket. More sophisticated score books allow for the recording of more detail, and other statistics such as the number of balls faced by each batsman. Scorers also sometimes produce their own scoring sheets to suit their techniques, and some use coloured pens to highlight events such as wickets, or differentiate the actions of different batsmen or bowlers. It is often possible to tell from a modern scorecard the time at which everything occurred, who bowled each delivery, which batsman faced it, whether the batsman left the ball or played and missed, or which direction the batsman hit the ball and whether runs were scored. Sometimes details of occurrences between deliveries, or incidental details like the weather, are recorded. In early times runs scored were sometimes simply recorded by carving notches on a stick – this root of the use of the slang term "notches" for "runs". In contrast, scoring in the modern game has become a specialism, particularly for international and national cricket competitions. While the scorers' role is clearly defined under the Laws of Cricket to be merely the recording of runs, wickets and overs, and the constant checking of the accuracy of their records with each other and with the umpires, in practice a modern scorer's role is complicated by other requirements. For instance, cricket authorities often require information about matters such as the rate at which teams bowled their overs. The media also ask to be notified of records, statistics and averages. For many important matches, unofficial scorers keep tally for the broadcast commentators and newspaper journalists allowing the official scorers to concentrate undisturbed. In the English county game, the scorers also keep score on a computer that updates a central server, to meet the demands of the online press that scores should be as up-to-date as possible. The official scorers occasionally make mistakes, but unlike umpires' mistakes these may be corrected after the event. Some cricket statisticians who keep score unofficially for the printed and broadcast media have become quite famous, for instance Bill Frindall, who scored for the BBC radio commentary team from 1966 to 2008, and Jo King. The ECB's Association of Cricket Officials provides training for scorers.[1] Methods of scoring An example of a scorecard There are predominantly two methods that scorers use to record a game: manually and computerised. The manual method uses a scorecard and a pen. The scorecard is colloquially known as The Book. Using the book, the scorer fills out two main sections per ball, the bowling analysis and the batting analysis. Each section helps track the number of balls bowled in an over, any extras (such as Wide Balls and No Balls) and also any wickets (or dismissals). At the end of each over, the scorer may fill in an over analysis with the score at the end of the over, the number of wickets that have fallen, any penalties incurred and the number of the bowler in the analysis. Most software used for cricket scoring uses a form at the front end with buttons for the scorer to press to record ball by ball events. Additional functions include being able to draw a line denoting where the ball went from the batting crease and where the ball pitched. This gives additional charts tracking bowling placement and shot selection which can then be used at the coaching level. This additional information, however, does not form part of the critical role of a scorer, which is to keep track of the score of the game. It has been known for scorers to use both methods in conjunction with one another, in case the computer goes down or runs out of battery. In addition to PC software, mobile apps are being used. Most of the amateur tournaments use mobile apps on their smartphones because they are more convenient and free, which makes it perfect fit for amateur cricketers since they cannot afford to spend money on standalone and custom software. There are several cricket scoring apps[2] such as Total Cricket Scorer (TCS), a comprehensive program favoured many scorers in the County Championship[citation needed] in England, CricHQ, CricHeroes, CricScores, CricksLab, CricClubs, Chauka etc.. TCS was bought out by CricHQ in late 2015. Mobile apps allow amateur cricketers to keep their scores online, and also provide them with personalised statistics and graphs on their own mobile devices. The ECB make free software available for cricket scoring both on PC and mobile devices from the PlayCricket website. Detailed scoring Cricket scorers keep track of many other facts of the game. As a minimum a scorer would note: • For each ball, who bowled it and how many runs were scored from it, whether by the batsman with his bat ('off the bat') or byes. • For each batsman, every scoring run made. • For each dismissal, the kind of dismissal (e.g. LBW or run out), the bowler (in the case of a bowling, LBW, catch, wicket hit, or stumping), any other player involved (in the case of a catch, run out, or stumping), as well as the total the batting team reached at that point in the game ('the fall of wicket'). Example notations as seen on cricket scorecards: • For each bowler (his 'figures'), the number of overs bowled, the number of wickets taken, the number of runs conceded, and the number of maiden overs bowled. Traditionally, the score book might record each ball bowled by a bowler and each ball faced by a batsman, but not necessarily which batsman faced which ball. Linear scoring systems were developed from the late 19th century and early 20th century by John Atkinson Pendlington, Bill Ferguson and Bill Frindall, to keep track of the balls faced by a batsman off each bowler. Another early method of recording the number of balls faced and runs scored by each batsman off each bowler was devised by Australian scorer J.G. Jackschon in the 1890s, using a separate memorandum alongside the main scoresheet. Frequently more detail is recorded, for instance, for a batsman, the number of balls faced and the number of minutes batted. Sometimes charts (known as wagon wheels) are prepared showing to which part of the field each scoring shot by a batsman was made (revealing the batman's favourite places to hit the ball)[3] Technology such as Hawk-Eye allows for more detailed analysis of a bowler's performance. For instance the beehive chart shows where a bowler's balls arrived at a batsman (high, low, wide, on the off stump etc.), while the pitch map shows where the balls pitched (trending toward short, good, or full lengths). Both charts can also show the results of these balls (dots, runs, boundaries, or wickets)[4] Scoring notation A cricket scorer will typically mark the score sheet with a dot for a legal delivery with no wicket taken or runs scored (hence the term "a dot ball") where conventional runs are taken the score sheet is marked with the number of runs taken on that delivery. Special notation is used in the case of extras. Cricket Scorers' wides notation The conventional scoring notation for a wide is an equal cross (likened to the umpire standing with arms outstretched signalling a wide). If the batsmen run byes on a wide ball or the ball runs to the boundary for 4, a dot is added in each corner for each bye that is run, typically top left, then top right, then bottom left and finally all 4 corners. If the batsman hits the stumps with his bat, or the wicket-keeper stumps him, the batsman would be out and a ‘W’ is added to the WIDE ‘cross’ symbol. If a batsman is run out while taking byes on a wide delivery then the number of completed runs are shown as dots and an 'R' is added in the corner for the incomplete run. The conventional notation for a no-ball is a circle. If the batsman hits the ball and takes runs, then the runs are marked inside the circle. In practice it is easier to write down the number then encircle it. If a no-ball delivery eludes the wicket keeper and the batsmen run byes or the ball runs to the boundary for 4 byes, each bye taken is marked with a dot inside the circle. Again it is easier to encircle the dots. The conventional notation for a single bye is a triangle with a horizontal edge at the base and a point at the top. If more than one bye is taken the number scored is written within the triangle - in practice it is easier to write the number down and then draw the triangle around it. Leg byes The conventional notation for a single leg bye is a triangle with a point at the base and horizontal edge at the top (an inverted bye symbol). If more than one leg bye is taken the number scored is written within the triangle - in practice it is easier to write the number down and then draw the triangle around it. Match scores Other than the information kept on a detailed scorecard, there are specific conventions for how the in-progress and overall result of a match is summarised and stated. While an innings is in progress, the innings score comprises the number of runs scored by the batting team and the number of wickets taken by the bowling team. For example, a team that has scored 100 runs and lost three wickets is said to have a score of "one hundred for three", which is written 100–3 or 100/3. The exception is in Australia, where the order of the two numbers is switched: a spoken score of "three for one hundred" and written score of 3–100 or 3/100. When an innings is complete: • If all of a team's batsmen were dismissed (or retired/absent hurt), the number of wickets taken is dropped from the written score, for example, 300, rather than 300–10; this may be spoken as simply "three hundred", or as "three hundred, all out". • If a team declares its innings closed despite still having able batsmen available, a d or dec is appended to the wickets in the score, for example 300-8d or 300-8dec; this would be spoken as "three hundred for eight, declared". • If a limited-overs innings is complete due to all overs having been faced, the progress-style score is still used, for example 275-7. In a completed two-innings match, each team's innings scores are always written and spoken separately – the sum of the two innings scores is never written or spoken, despite the fact that it is the determining factor in who wins the match. If the match has a winner, then the winning team's score is listed first; if not, then the team which batted first is listed first. If a team has followed on in its second innings, this is indicated by appending (f/o) to its score. In this way, a finished cricket score gives enough information to describe each innings and the sequence in which they were played. The score is then usually accompanied by a statement of the result and (if applicable) margin of victory. The margin of victory can be described in four ways: • If the team batting last wins the game, then it wins by the number of wickets it had remaining when it passed the other team's total • If the team bowling last wins the game, then it wins according to how many more runs it had scored than the opponent across the entire game • If the team bowling last wins the game, and has only batted one innings compared to its opponent's two, then it wins by an innings and a number of runs • If a match is tied or drawn, but a victory or tournament advancement is awarded based on a tie-breaker rule (for example, based on the first innings leader in the knock-out portion of India's Ranji Trophy), then the tie or draw is still given as the primary match result, with the special rule appended. Some examples of full statements of scores in two-innings matches include: • Sri Lanka 267 & 268–4 def. New Zealand 249 & 285, Sri Lanka won by 6 wickets • Australia 284 & 487–7d def. England 374 & 146, Australia won by 251 runs • India 601–5d def. South Africa 275 & 189 (f/o), India won by an innings and 137 runs • South Africa 418 & 301–7d vs England 356 & 228–9, match drawn • Delhi 532 & 273–4 vs Tamil Nadu 449, match drawn (Delhi won on first innings lead) The statement of score and results is similar in a limited overs match, except that for a victory by wickets, it is also conventional to append the number of balls remaining in the team's innings – since the number of overs is often a greater constraint than remaining wickets. If the overs or targets are amended by a rain rule (typically the Duckworth-Lewis method), this is always noted in the statement of result – which is important since the official margin of a victory by runs under a rain rule may not equal the difference between the teams' actual scores. As for a two-innings match, if a tied match is decided by a tie-breaker, the score will still reflect the primary result as a tie and the tie-breaker as an appendix to the result; this is even in the case of a Super Over, the runs from which are not added to the main innings score. Examples of full statements of results from limited overs matches include: In the statement of results for a match without a winner, there are four distinct terms which may be used: draw, tie, no result and abandoned. A tie is a match in which the game is completed and the two teams finish with the same number of runs. A draw is a two-innings match which does not reach a conclusion within its allotted time. No result is the outcome of a limited overs match which does not reach a conclusion, usually because rain prevents both teams from facing the prescribed minimum number of overs. An abandoned match is in which a ball is never bowled. See also • For a comprehensive guide to the laws and their interpretation, and for guidance to scorers: Tom Smith's Cricket Umpiring and Scoring (Marylebone Cricket Club). ISBN 978-0-297-86641-1
This sample comes only with the Python version. tkLRFViewer is an example of an RTC that displays the output from a Laser Range Finder sensor. Connect and use the RTC that handles the input from the laser range finder. Enter the RTC to be connected according to the device to be connected. For example, see Hokuyo Electric Co., Ltd. URG series. The LRF sensor is a sensor that scans the space while rotating the Laser rangefinder and sends out the measured distance data sequentially. Data is output in the form of the initial value and end value of the rotation angle, the angle interval at which each distance data is measured, and a series of measured distance data. This component is to show the scanned data by using a graphic format. Start screen When this component is started, the following GUI screen is displayed. tkLRFViewer GUI screen How to use To use this RTC, as described above, read the sensor output from the externally connected Laser Range Finder sensor, convert it, and convert it to a RangeData type and also refer to the above link about the laser range finder sensor. • In the Windows environment, this tkLRFViewer component can be started by double-clicking tkLRFViewer.bat in the "Program Files \ OpenRTM-aist \ 1.2.x \ Components \ Python" directory in Explorer. And start the RTC for the sensor and connect to this component by using RTSystemEditor or RTShell. • The tkLRFViewer GUI has four sliders that determine the parameters of [Scale Factor], [Threshold], [Filter (Time)], and [Filter (Spacial)]. There are checkboxes for [Axis], [Grid], [Line], [Fill], [Threshold], [Filter (Time)], and [Fileter (Spacial)]. And there is [Reset Scale] button. The functions of each one are shown in the table below. Name function Scale Factor When drawing, the distance is based on a space of 480m x 480m, and scale is used to scale the drawing by a scale value. For detecting a general range of about several m x several m, 0.01 It is better to set the value to Reset Scale button Button to reset to Scale Factor 1.0 Axis checkbox If this checkbox is checked, the X and Y axes will be displayed Grid checkbox Tick marks are displayed when this checkbox is checked Line checkbox Distance data is drawn as a line when this checkbox checked Fill checkbox Distance data is drawn as a filled object when this checkbox checked Threshold checkbox and slider If checked, the parameter is enabled and the lower limit (*) is processed. If the input distance is smaller than that value, it is considered invalid and the detection distance is assumed to be 1000m Fileter (Time) checkbox and slider If checked, filters for time-domain changes is enabled and the degree of the effect is adjusted with the slider Fileter (Spacial) checkbox and slider If checked, filters for changes in scan data in the rotation direction are enabled, and the degree of the effect is adjusted with the slider Note) The current display scale and the way Threshold works are not effective settings in the real world. It is recommended to rewrite and adjust the source code according to the user environment. GUI output example The GUI will output something like the following screen. GUI screen in use latest Releases For Begginers Windows msi(installer) package (only trying samples) Number of Projects Motion editor/Dynamics simulator Dynamics simulator Integrated Development Platform AIST RTC collection RT-Components collection by AIST Tokyo Opensource Robotics Association Middleware for DAQ (Data Aquisition) by KEK
lesson image Instructions: Read the poem below. Look at the lesson picture. Almost everything in the picture is in shades of gray. Why might the sky and clouds look gray instead of blue and white? Use crayons or paint to create your own gray sky and gray clouds. Where is the bright blue sky? A soft gray veil now hides it. A soft gray veil now hides the sun. Where is the bright green field? A soft gray cloak now hides it. Light gray veil and dark gray cloak Let us color the world in gray.
Assign this text to deeply engage your students! Teaching Politics and the New Nation Politics and the New Nation The social forces that reshaped the United States in its first half century were profound. Western expansion, growing racial conflict, unprecedented economic changes linked to the early Industrial Revolution, and the development of a stronger American Protestantism in the Second Great Awakening all overlapped with one another in ways that were both complementary and contradictory. What impact did shifting political views have on the landscape of the developing nation? RH.2 - Main Ideas Assign this text to your students for free!
Anne Boleyn-Her Life and Downfall Anne Boleyn’s life and conflicts- historical background and the presentation in the film “the other Boleyn girl” What caused her downfall? Gliederung: \| Titel \| \| 1. 0 \| Introduction \| \| 2. 0 \| Anne’s life \| \| 2. 1 \| Youth and education \| \| 2. 2 \| At the court \| \| 2. 3 \| Queen of England \| \| 2. 4 \| Downfall and Execution \| \| 3. 0 \| Film “The other Boleyn Girl” \| \| 3. 1 \| Plot \| \| 3. 2 \| Analysis \| \| . 3 \| Special Feature: The birth order \| \| 3. 4 \| Cast and crew \| \| 3. 5 \| Settings: Location and release \| \| 3. 6 \| Scene analysis \| \| 3. 7 \| Comparison grid \| \| 3. 8. \| My personal review \| \| 4. 0 \| Relationships \| \| 4. 1. 1 \| Anne and Mary: In the film \| \| 4. 1. 2 \| Anne and Mary: In reality \| \| 4. 2. 1 \| Anne and Henry: In the film \| \| 4. 2. 2 \| Anne and Henry: In reality \| \| . 3. 1 \| Henry and Mary: In the film \| \| 4. 3. 2 \| Henry and Mary: In reality \| \| 5. 0 \| Conclusion of Anne’s conflict:What caused her downfall? \| \| Anne Boleyn: Introduction: Once there was a time between 1499 and 1507, somewhere in England , a girl was born. This girl was thought to be so insignificant and small, that nobody bothered to record the date, place or details of her birth. It was not until she was twelve that something at all was recorded about her. However, this girl was named Anne Boleyn, and even though she started small and powerless and destitute, she became one of the greatest influences on King Henry VIII. Anne Boleyn was one of the first non-royal women to become Queen of England, which caused quite a turmoil in those times. She was also the mother of Elizabeth I, one of the greatest monarchs in the history of England and of the world itself and a co-founder of the new English Church. In my opinion history is written by winners. Like any visionary Anne Boleyn lived on the success – as long she was successful. But also like all visionaries, she moved her life on thin ice. What she wanted to achieve and achieved, was not backed up by experience or role models. So far, there were always a risk, and ultimately she failed. Of course after her failure, her opponents tried to reinterpret her successes as the result of devilish machinations. In the end she was not the winner. Instead, she became the devilish witch who enchanted the king to disunite the English church. In the following I am going to consider Anne’s life, always trying to understand why such a brilliant and well educated woman had to die so early. So the question I am asking here is,what caused her downfall? For that I will regard her life and the different relationships she had. So, I decided to do my paper on Anne Boleyn, because for me, she was an intelligent woman who “became one of the principal figures in a hideous melodrama, a corrupt and involute series of intrigues,in which the mores of her contemporaries are now difficult to assess” (S. 15, Hester W. Chapman, Anne Boleyn, London, 1974). It was not really her fault, that she, or possibly Henry VIII could not produce a male heir. I think Anne was neither a saint nor a devil,but she was a human being like everyone else with virtues and faults. That’s probably why I admire her so much and tend to dislike critics who usually only see her faults. She was a modern woman in her own time and I bet if she lived in the 21st century she would have fit right in. 2. 0 Anne’s Biography: 2. 1 Youth and Education: The tradition says, that Anne Boleyn was born in the Henver castle in the Weald of Kent. (Eric Ives, The life and death of Anne Boleyn, London, 2004). Nevertheless most historians believe that Anne was born at the Blickling residence, because it was their location around 1500. Assuming, that Anne was born around 1500, the historians could be right with their presumption, but if you start with a birth date around 1507, one would assume Henver Castle may well be the birthplace. (The Encyclopedia Britannica and the Dictionary of National Biography give the date of Anne’s birth, as do several other historians, as 1507. ) Anne Boleyn was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard and Anne was the maternal niece of the Duke of Norfolk. Anne’s education began very early. Just with a few years Anne and her siblings had to learn what it means how to behave in the society. Their daily schedule was very well structured, so that there was not many time to play or doing nothing. Their daily practice includes learning several languages, for instance French, Italian and Latin, practicing dancing and playing instruments. “Music was the most important accomplishment, comprising the practice of lute, harp, ciol and virginals” (Hester W. Chapman, Anne Boleyn, London, 1974, p. 1) It was very important to the parents that Anne got a good education, so that she will get a good and hopefully noble husband. And Anne did well in her education. Her French was fluent at just a very early age. When Henry VIII’s younger sister Mary Tudor got married to king Louis XII of France, Anne was allowed to accompany the young princess as a lady-in-waiting. The great change, made in October 1514, was a big step for her education. Meanwhile her sister Mary Boleyn, who was close to her sister in age, was educated at the Court of the Hapsburg Archduchess Margaret in Brussels. After a while Mary is sent to the french court, as well, so that both sisters became ladies-in-waiting. The sisters were taught impeccable manners and elegance, but music, poetry and dance, as well. (Wyatt, Extracts from the Life of the Virtous, Christian and Renowned Quenn Anne Boleyn, p. 2 ) During her early years in France Anne Boleyn acquired elegance and the sophistication of the French court. She also acquired her taste for beautiful and elegant clothes. Anne Boleyn returned to England after 7 years, which gave her a grand advantage in front of all the English ladies-in-waiting and mistresses. There she could impress with her new witty, intelligent and ambitious behavior. 2. 2 At Henry VIII’s court (1522-1533): Hier fehlt eine Seite von ihrer Biografie. Die musst du nicht korrigieren :)!! 3. 0 Film: 3. 1 Plot: The romantic-drama movie “the other Boleyn Girl” portrays the famous era in England history during the reign of Henry VIII. The King desperately tries to get a male heir and not being terrified from divorce or execution, he plays with several lives to fulfill his wishes. At the same time there are the two Boleyn sisters, who reveals for the favor of the king. The Boleyn sisters were firstly important when Thomas Howard, the Duke of Norfolk and his brother in law and at the same time father of Anne and Mary Boleyn, plan to install Anne in the court and life of Henry VIII of England, because his own wife Katherine of Aragon fails to give England a male heir. The intention of the plan is easy: Becoming the King’s mistress and potential mother of his son would further their own political ambitions. At first Anne refuses because she knows being a mistress can damage her reputation, but then she agrees to the plan. Meanwhile Anne’s younger sister, Mary Boleyn marries William Carey, although he had asked for Anne’s hand. Her father thought Anne could marry somebody of noble and offered Mary as a substitute. While visiting the Boleyn residence, Henry is injured in a hunting accident, which was indirectly caused by Anne, and is nursed by Mary. While being in Mary’s care, Henry gets fascinated by her and invites her to his court. After some reluctance, Mary and William agree, because they know what is expected of her. Anne and Mary become Queen Katherine’s new mistresses and Henry sends William away on an assignment for the royal court. Separated from her husband, Mary finds herself falling in love with Henry. Meanwhile Anne secretly marries the nobleman Henry Percy, who was already engaged to Mary Talbot. Anne is exiled to France in disgrace, because Mary tells their father and uncle to rescue the life and reputation of her sister. The men confront Anne, who argues that “what has been done before God can’t be undone and that the marriage has been consummated”. Nevertheless the marriage is annulled and she is exiled to France in disgrace. Feeling that Mary betrayed her to increase her own status, Anne vows revenge. Mary becomes pregnant and of course the status of the family improves abruptly. However, Lady Elizabeth warns her family that favors of the king can be easily taken away, but nobody is listening to her. Thomas Boleyn becomes Earl of Wiltshire and George becomes Viscount Rochford and he against his will, George has to marry Jane Parker. When Mary is bedridden, her uncle Norfolk recalls Anne to England to keep Henry’s attention to the Boleyns. With big successes Anne ensnares Henry and shows him that she is finally grown up. Henry so is fascinated by her, that he agrees to her request which includes that Henry is not allowed to neither see or speak to Mary or his own wive. Anne even gets Henry to break from the Roman Catholic Church when the Pope refuses to annul his marriage to Queen Katherine so that Henry can marry Anne. Finally Henry agrees with Anne’s demands, breaks from the Roman Catholic Church. After that a new church is needed, so he declares himself Supreme Head of the Church of England, and gets Thomas Wolsey to annul his marriage to Katherine. The scandal of Anne’s brief marriage to Henry Percy threatens her upcoming marriage to Henry until Mary, the only one Henry really trusts, returns to court and lies on Anne’s wish, by telling the king that the marriage with Percy was not consummated. Being married to the King of England and pregnant, Anne needs every help which she can get, so her sister Mary is re-ordered to the court. Anne and Mary reach kind of a reconciliation and Mary stays with her sister at court trying to support her. Meanwhile Mary meets William Stafford, a brave soldier in the English army, and the two fall deeply in love. Although Anne gives birth to a healthy daughter called Elizabeth, Henry is mad at Anne’s failure to deliver a son and legitimate male heir to the throne. For Anne’s slowly decaying psyche his secret meetings with Jane Seymour are not helpful. After she loses a son after birth, a hysterical Anne begs her brother George to impregnate her since her own husband will not lie with her. First he is shocked, but knowing the fact, how important this son is for his sister, he agrees. When he accepts to help his sister, Mary runs away, because she is disgusted by them. However, George is not strong enough to make it and begins to cry before the siblings sleep with each other. So Anne decides that they should not sleep with each other. Nevertheless, George’s wife, Jane, witnesses enough of their try to reports what she has seen and both Anne and George are arrested. Despite a lack of evidence, the two are found guilty and condemned to death for adultery, incest and treason. Mary returns to court to bed for her siblings’ lives. Arriving too late to save her brother’s life, who was already executed, she begs Henry to spare her sister, referring to Anne as part of herself. The king calms and tells her he would never harm any part of her. Believing that Henry would spared her sister, Mary leaves to see her sister. The two sisters embrace each other and truly reconcile with one another. Before she leaves, Anne asks Mary to promise to take care of Elizabeth if anything should happen to her. Mary watches from the crowd as Anne makes her final speech, waiting for the execution to be cancelled as Henry promised. A letter from Henry is given to Mary, which reveals he has decided not to stop the execution and save Anne. It also tells Mary that she was only spared because of his respect for her and warns her never to come to court again. Horrified, she watches as her sister is beheaded. Mary then fulfills her last promise to Anne and leaves court with the toddler Elizabeth. The closing captions reveal that Thomas Boleyn, disgraced and alone, died two years after Anne and George’s executions. Elizabeth Boleyn died a year after her husband while The Duke of Norfolk was later imprisoned in the tower. The next three generations of his family – son, grandson and great-grandson were all executed for treason. True to her word, Elizabeth Boleyn never saw or spoke to her husband and brother again. Henry’s break from the Roman Catholic Church changed the face of England forever. Meanwhile, Mary married William Stafford and lived happily with him and their children away from the royal court for the rest of her life. The captions also reveal that Henry should not have been concerned about leaving England with a strong heir because, in fact, he did: An heir who would rule England for forty-five years and transform it into one of the most powerful nations in Europe. However, it was not the son he desired, but the strong red-haired girl Anne gave him: Queen Elizabeth I. 3. 2 Analysis: In the following I will discuss some aspects in more detail, but not all, because most things as the plot or the individual relationships already occurred in the other texts. As the title of a film is always found at the beginning, I’ll start with the consideration of it. The most special part of the title is that its meaning changes during the film. The term the ‘other’ Boleyn girl is very vague and so the viewer has a 50:50 chance to guess who of the Boleyn sisters is meant by this term. In one of the first scenes, Mary’s wedding, the audience gets to know who is the ‘other’ of the sisters and it is Anne, because she says to her sister shortly before the ceremony that Mary is younger than her and more beautiful than Anne, as well. Moreover, Mary is married before her sister. That leads Anne to the conclusion that she is just the ‘other’ Boleyn Girl. But during the film the owner of this term changes because soon after Mary got pregnant and Anne returned from France, the king has directed his attention to Anne. So Mary is sent away and becomes just the ‘other’ Boleyn girl. But regarding the whole film it is obvious, that mainly Mary is meant by this description. That matches with the author’s opinion towards the sisters. For Gregory it is too bad that most people have forgotten Mary Boleyn, just because she was pushed away through the other Boleyn girl. That was the reason why she wrote the novel from Mary’s angle, as well. (http://www. philippagregory. com/work/tudor/the-other-boleyn-girl/philippas-quest-for-the-truth-about-mary-boleyn/). Nevertheless the film makers considered Natalie Portman and that means Anne as the first leading actress. Now I am going to describe the opening credits and how it is relevant for the whole. The film starts with a little race of the siblings when they were young. At the beginning Mary is first and Anne second, followed by their brother George. Then with a ploy that Anne cannot run so fast, Mary slowed her pace and Anne overtakes her sister and becomes first in the race. This little incident perfectly shows the history of the sisters’ power relations. First Mary is the one who gets all the attention of Henry VIII, but that changes during the film when Anne appears at court and attracts all the attention. If you look at the two aspects again, one can easily see that it’s actually all about Henry. If he feels attracted to Mary, Anne is the ‘other’ Boleyn girl and after Anne appears again in his life, Mary takes over this term. That leads me to the film’s theme. The main theme in the film is definitely power corruption. Both, King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn have such a drive for power that it becomes destructive for them in the end. The king would do anything, even murder, for getting a male heir and his wife Anne is not better. She even ruins the life of her siblings just to get what she wants. It is amazing enough that she really tries to become Queen of England and achieves it, as well. In a way both ultimately failed because Anne was executed for her not customizable lust for power and crazy ways and the king failed in producing a male heir. So actually he produced one and Jane Seymour gave birth to him in the end, but it was not the long-awaited successor. This part was already reserved for little Elizabeth, Anne’s daughter. Blessed with all the good qualities of her family she ruled England to a whole new era and becomes the most important Queen of England in the entire history. 3. Special Feature: The birth order of the siblings: The most significant aspect of the comparison between the reality and the film would definitely be the order of birth. We can never really be sure about the real birth order, but through the years a number of different sources were found from which we can define the approximate dates of birth of the sisters. The parents of the siblings married in 1500, so the two could not be born before that date. (Vgl. David Starkey, Six Wives, The Queens of Henry VIII, Random, 2003. ) Later historians tried to establish her birth date, but they always varied from the earliest possible date: 1500 (Vgl. Gregorio Leti(1630-1701), 1693. Historia overo Vita di Elisabetta, Regina d’Inghilterra. ) to 1507 (Vgl. :William Camden (1551-1623), The history of the princess Elizabeth, Flower-de-luce, 1675). It is handed, that Anne Boleyn had to be nearly thirty when she was executed in 1536 (Vgl. ) which would support the 1507 date, and when her body was exhumed in the Victorian period the archaeologists then thought she had been between twenty five and thirty at the time of her death. (Alison Weir, S. 167, The six wives of Henry VIII,1991, Groove Press), which would suggest a birth date of 1511. So we have a range of possible birth dates for Anne, in the eleven years from 1500 to 1511. We have no date of birth for Mary Boleyn at all, but since she was married in 1520, she would have been sexually mature at that age, so she could not have been born after 1508 (vgl. S. 40 ;Mary Boleyn-the true Story of Henry VIII’s favorite mistress, Josephine Wilkinson, 2009). So the specific birth dates of the siblings are unknown, as is the order of their births. We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age. (http://englishhistory. net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn. html). 3. 4 Cast and Crew: One of the leading role, Anne Boleyn, is played by Natalie Portman who was attracted to the role describing Anne as “strong yet she can be vulnerable and she’s ambitious and calculating and will step on people but also feels remorse for it. “One month before filming began, Portman started taking daily classes to master the English accent under dialect coach Jill McCulloch. Ironically, Anne spoke with a French accent because she was raised in France. (http://www. girl. com. au/natalie-portman-the-other-boleyn-girl-interview. htm). Anne’s sister Mary Boleyn is the other leading role and played by Scarlett Johansson. For the young actress the film was a big hurdle, because for her it is “such a melodramatic tale”. (http://www. dailymail. co. uk/debate/columnists/article-403137/Scarletts-Royal-scandal. html) The third leading role is taken by Eric Bana, who plays Henry VIII of England. For Bana this role was a great offer, because he describes the character of Henry as “a man who was somewhat juvenile, and driven by passion and greed”, and that he interpreted the character as “this man who was involved in an incredibly intricate, complicated situation, largely through his own doing” (http://www. ilmmonthly. com/paul_fischer_exclusive/bana_takes_on_kings_and_icons. html) Other characters (http://www. fandango. com/theotherboleyngirl_v353424/castandcrew): Jim Sturgess as George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford Kristin Scott Thomas as Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire and Ormond Mark Rylance as Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire David Morrissey as Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk Benedict Cumberbatch as William Carey Oliver Coleman as Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland Ana Torrent as Katherine of Aragon Eddie Redmayne as William Stafford Juno Temple as Jane Parker Iain Mitchell as Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex Corinne Galloway as Jane Seymour Bill Wallis as Archbishop Cranmer Crew: The film “The other Boleyn Girl” was directed by newcomer Justin Chadwick and the screenplay was adapted by Peter Morgan from the 2001 bestselling-novel “The other Boleyn Girl” by Philippa Gregory. Historical circumstances – by Gregory told in detail over 600 pages – can be reduced by screenwriter Peter Morgan on several obvious scenes. Even though, it reveals how women have been abused, but at the same time possessed of more power than many men had. http://www. cineman. de/movie/2008/TheOtherBoleynGirl/review. html) 3. 5 Settings: Most of the shooting took place in Kent, England, although the real Hever Castle was not used, which was the original household of the Boleyns from 1505-1539. For the Tower of London the Baron’s Hall at Penshurst Place and the Knole House in Sevenoaks were used in some scenes, The home of the Boleyns was represented by Great Chalfield Manor in Wiltshire, and other scenes were filmed at locations in Derbyshire, including Cave Dale, Haddon Hall, Dovedale and North Lees Hall near Hathersage. http://www. visitpeakdistrict. com/be-inspired/boleyn-girl. aspx). The world premiere was at the 58th Berlin International Film Festival held on February 7-17, 2008, but the film was released in theaters on February 29, 2008. The combined worldwide gross of the film was $75,598,644 more than double the film’s $35 million budget. (http://www. boxofficemojo. com/movies/? page=intl&id=otherboleyngirl. htm) 3. 6 Comparison grid: The film \| The reality \| -Historical fiction \| -Reality \| Emotional \| -Neutral and objective \| “loose, airy fantasy-novel mentality ” \| Serious historical events \| William Carey just disappears \| William Carey dies of the sweat fiver \| Characters and relationships are decorated and filled \| Real behavior and characteristics of the characters are just assumable \| Boleyn lineage: badge of honor (why? ) \| Personal pride and historical importance \| Mens’ will: sexiness and power \| Not handed \| Incest relationship with George B. Inappropriate relationships with others, too \| The spending time of the sisters in France is not mentioned \| The time in France was very important for the education of the sisters \| Anne is the older sister \| The birth order is not proven \| Mary is presented as a shy country girl \| Mary is a lively girl \| Mary had just an affair with the king \| Mary had several affairs with some kings \| Anne: not interested in religion \| Supporter of the religious reforms \| Anne’s accusations seem to be right \| It is proven hat they were wrong \| Kind of “soap opera” \| Real history \| 3. 7 Scene analysis of the banquet scene: In the banquet scene from “The other Boleyn girl” the audience is introduced into the English court. To begin, I am going to present the plot of the scene. It is the first evening at court, so Anne and her siblings are going to the court’s banquet. First Mary is nervous and unconfident but talking to her friend Stafford helps her to relax. Anne is still mad at her sister and family for deciding Mary to be the king’s new mistress. It would not be Anne, if she would sulk for a long time. After a while, she has already chosen someone new to bewitch and enchant. So she tries to find a way back to be admired and for the admirer she picks no one else than the already engaged Henry Percy. They both flirt with each other. Meanwhile she is dancing with her brother, who has his own little problems. Jane Parker, a sneaky, insane and very loyal lady-in-waiting of Katharina of Aragon, has her eye on him. The problem is that he feels exactly the opposite. The harmon dance and flirty scene gets interrupted, when the king appears on the scene. He paves his way to Mary, just to tell her that he is expecting her tonight. Mary becomes pale and seems to be depressed. Moreover, Anne has observed the scene. Being hurt and mad by the behavior of the king and her sister she suddenly has no more desire to flirt with Henry Percy. In the banquet scene you can group the different persons. First, there are Mary and Stafford, who are talking to each other. Then there are Anne and her brother where one must add Anne flirting Henry Percy, flirting with Anne, and George observing Jane Parker. Of course you cannot forget the majesty, the king, but he is presented as a sole ruler without anyone around him, but guardianship. Less important and without text, you can notice Sir Thomas Boleyn, the father of the siblings, the Duke of Norfolk, their uncle and of course Mary’s husband, William Carey. Now I am going to present the scene’s function. One the one hand there is the obvious aim of introducing the court’s world to the audience but the actual intention of this scene is definitely to show all the different relationships. This scene includes many prospects, as well, so that the audience can imagine for themselves what will further happen. First, there are Mary and Stafford. They will marry later in the film and move to the countryside again. Then there are Anne and Henry Percy. They will marry, as well, but in contrast to her sister’s marriage this one will be annulled by Anne’s father and Anne gets exiled for that. Then there is George, who will marry, as well, but different to his sisters, he is forced to that act by his family and the choice fell on none other than Jane Parker, the only woman he loathes. Now I will place the scene in the overall context. Being showed after half an hour, you cannot really say that it is at the beginning, but nevertheless it is the opening scene for the second part of the film, the time at the English court. As you can imagine, this scene is followed by the first night of Mary and Henry. Furthermore the balance of power will change soon, when Henry loses interest in Mary and turns himself to the ‘other’ Boleyn Girl, Anne. Now I am going to present the cinematography of the scene. It starts with a close up of Mary Boleyn, whose face shows a curious expression and glides into a tracking movement which changes into a medium shot, because Mary walks deeper into the room and finally disappears in the crowd. The camera angle changes into a high angle camera to give the audience an impression of the whole banquet. Simultaneously it still tracks Mary. Then there is a close up of Sir Thomas Boleyn, because Mary meets him during her way through the crowd. She implies a bow and goes out of the shot, leaving a desperate Thomas in the picture. Turning into a medium shot, because Mary paused, the camera reverse-angel shot to show what Mary sees, and that are her siblings who talk to each other. Then there is a fast change of medium shots between Anne and George and Jane Parker, The siblings are talking about her, so the shot shows her as well, to give the audience an impression of her. Turning away from Jane, the shot changes to Mary again, whose finally stopped her way and is found by Stafford. The shot changes from medium to close on an eye-level shot, because there are too many dancing people around them. Talking about Anne and her flirting with Henry Percy the camera tracks Anne and shows close-ups of her smiling and Henry’s fascinated face. The scene gets interrupted by a knock which announces the king’s entry. It starts with a long shot, which changes into a medium, because the king walks towards the camera. Between the shot a close up of Anne’s bewildered face is shown. Then the laughing Mary and her friend Stafford are shown in a close up. The laughing stops right away, when Mary discovers the king. After telling her the word “tonight” he walks away again and Mary’s scared face is shown in a extreme close up. The camera changes again to show the audience Anne’s reaction of this act. She seems composed, but with her behavior and her body language, which is shown in the medium shot, the audience gets to know that she is totally upset inwardly and leaves the stage. Then it changes to a close up of Mary’s husband and her uncle. Both of them react completely differently. The Duke is proud that his plan starts to work and smiles but William Carey drinks the rest of his wine with one gulp and seems to be very desperate. The last shot is a close up of the satisfied face of the king. As he walks out of the shot the audience can notice a completely anxious and scared Mary. Her face is the last shot of the scene. The scene, like the whole film, uses an actually normal language. Of course, there is no colloquial language but also no real ancient language. To sum up, you can say that I have chosen this scene because I think that it is a good scene to get a good overview of all the different relationships. 3. 8 My own review: As far as I can see, the makers of the film did very well by adapting the novel written by Philippa Gregory. So, one can say that it is not their fault that the novel is more like a romantic drama, which consists mostly of sexual and emotional relationships. Every relationship goes through ups and downs and the entire movie consists of them. It presents how different relationships are established to each other and stand in the way of another. For me, the several relationships were implemented well and you could follow the course of the individual relationships very easily. What I dislike about the film is, that people who have no foreknowledge can not understand the film right away. There are too many names or incidents which stay unexplained. For example, the missing introducing of Stafford and the lack of explaining the family’s rejection towards him. Or the fate of Mary’s husband. I know it because I read the novel but most of the viewers can only guess that he died. One could assume that they skipped them because they are not important for the main plot but for me a good film somehow brings in all the details and guides the audience, so that it does not lose the track. All in all, one can say that the film is actually made very well because we still have to remember that this is fiction and made to be entertaining and keep the readers interest. As far as I can see one of the things that is most enjoyable about historical fiction is learning about characters and events we think we know and getting a completely different angle. Novelists have always had artistic license and should be allowed to interpret things in ways that entertain. If you want straight facts you shouldn’t expect to get it from a work of fiction like this novel and the resulting film. That is what I learned through the work with the film and the novel. Having said that, Gregory knows her history and I for one trust her interpretations. It’s also her right as a novelist to either stick rigidly to known facts or play with it as much as she likes. So I cannot criticize that the facts are actually totally different. I just can compare them. Peter Morgan, for his part, did his job very well by adapting the novel, because he neither changed the weight of the informations Gregory wanted to give her audience nor changed the period of the novel. The only thing he changed, and what could be criticized is the point of view. In the novel the story was told from Mary’s point of view, but the film was more about everyone in the plot to get ahead using the sisters. To sum up, I can tell you that the film has succeeded really well and has remained the spirit of Gregory’s novel. It is and remains a historical fiction so we have to look at it that way. 4. 0 Relationships: 4. 1 Anne and Mary: 4. 1. 1 in the film: Like we already concluded, the whole film is made on a very emotional level. The relationships of the different characters are definitely in the center of the film. Especially Mary’s and Anne’s. In the following I’m going to describe and analyze the totally different characters. On the one hand you can say, that there are characteristics, which do not change in the whole film, but on the other hand particularly Anne’s behavior towards her sister changes from acceptance to jealousy, from love to hate. Of course, Mary is not so naive so that she does not customize her behavior but in the end you can notice that Mary still loves her sister and never stopped it. But let’s start at the beginning. Mary’s wedding with William Carey is the first incident which caused a breach in the relationship. For that you have to know, that in the film the birth order is arranged like this: George is the oldest, then comes Anne as the oldest sister and Mary was the last of the three surviving Boleyn children. So of course it is an insult and a humiliation for Anne that her younger sister is marrying before she is married. What Anne does not know, is that it was the aim of her father that his favorite daughter Anne marries somebody of noble. Through his eyes the viewer gets to know a lot of characteristics. To the father, Anne is smarter and stronger than her sister. Whereas Mary is the one with the friendly and uncomplicated behavior. For those days, she had all the properties a good and honest wife had to have. With her open-minded and naive ways, it is obvious that Mary loves Anne more than Anne loves her sister. Anne is always driven by jealousy because Mary is definitely the prettier one of them. The relationship gets another little break when Mary becomes Henry’s mistress after Anne tried so hard to get his attention. Like the incident with Mary’s marriage, it is so humiliating for Anne. Being at the Court just as ‘the other Boleyn Girl’, is something which Anne can not accept. She focusses on other things and without the knowledge of her family she marries Henry Percy. Doing an inappropriate act like this, takes consequences with it. Anne is sent to France because her sister Mary betrayed her by telling their father about the marriage. Not because she wanted to be mean but more for trying to rescue the life and reputation of her beloved sister. The whole power relations changes in the middle of the film, where Mary gets pregnant and Anne’s exile in France ends, so that she could come back to court to entertain the king and always remembering him of Mary. From that moment everything changes for Anne. With her new education she knows, how to act. She becomes provocative in a very amusing way, which pleasant the king. Mary is not longer necessary and the relationship of the two sister breaks totally when Henry does not take any note of his own son. When Anne becomes the Queen of England and Mary’s presence at court is not longer important, she is sent to the countryside. Now and then she is re-ordered to court when Anne needs her help and each time she comes without being mean. She is always there to help. On the day of Anne’s execution she even goes to Henry to beg for her sister’s life. That shows, that Mary loved her sister until the end. After Anne’s execution, Mary takes her niece Elizabeth with her to countryside to raise her so that she could fulfill Anne’s last wish. Their relationship, how it is presented in the film, is the perfect one to show us, that it does not matter what you are doing to your sister or brother, you are always forgive them. Mary’s whole life was taken by Anne and nevertheless she still stands there at Anne’s execution to give her hope and take her fear away. 4. 1. 2 In reality: It is obvious, that the film just created this whole relationship’s ups and downs. There are not any proven documents which include all this. (… In reality of course everything is different. Like it is always. There was not this close relationship like it was presented in the film. For most historians Mary Boleyn was not such an important person in Anne’s life. Phillipa Gregory, the author of the novel “the other Boleyn Girl” has a different opinion. (Vgl: Seite ?? meiner Facharbeit) Nevertheless, there are not so many facts about the relationship of the sisters but you can probably say that their relationship was not something spectacular because they did not spend so much time together. When Anne was at the french Court together with Mary Tudor, her sister still lived with her family. She moved to the court alone and then after several years (? ) Anne appeared there, too. I do not think that there was the whole rivalry like it was presented in the novel and in the film. That’s probably because they never really shared the King. When Mary was his mistress, Anne was not even interested in him, but more in increasing her french education. After the liason Henry dropped Mary and searched for a new mistress. We do not know, if there were one or even more than one mistresses between Mary and Anne, so their paths have never really crossed (Vgl.??? ). After Anne became Queen of England nobody took care of Mary anymore. And that increases when Mary married her love Stafford. Knowing the fact, that it was forbidden for Mary coming to the court again, we can definitely say that she never returned. Not to convince Henry of Anne’s innocence and virginity and not for her execution. That was just made up in the film (?? ). Surprisingly, some characteristics stayed almost the same. From what we know, or I should say, from what we assume, Mary was the prettier sister of them but Anne could compete against her with her uniquely french education upon fashion and flirtation. She was a cultivated musician, singer and dancer. ((http://englishhistory. net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn. html). I can imagine, that their relationship was probably really close when they were young. The age difference was very small, so they were apparently educated together. Another instance could be that their family status in the society and at the court was not so high. The Boleyns were not destituted or poor, but not a member of the bourgeois society at all. (Vgl: S. 4 The life and death of Anne Boleyn, Eriv Ives, 2004). Knowing this fact, we can assume, that the children lived closely together in one house without having so much staff. Nevertheless, you can not say that Anne and Mary were best friends. But it is possible and assumable as well, because it is handed that Anne was the only person of the Boleyns who still loved Mary after all her liasons. Erlauterung: Mary had a not really confirmed affair with King Francis I of France and several others in France; the unauthorized marriage to William Stafford) From what I’ve gathered from various history books, Mary Boleyn was certainly not the enlightened 21st century woman that Gregory made her out to be. Mary was politically simple and selfish. You could actually say, that there was a role reversal. In the reality Anne is the solicitous and protective one, whereas Mary takes over the part of the care-free and still fun-seeing sister. 4. 2 Henry and Anne: 4. 2. 1 in the film: Actually you have to split the relationships in the one between the King and his mistress Anne and the one between a husband and his wife. But I will regard the relationships as one to show who combining this two relationships ultimately leads to their fail. But let’s start at the beginning. Henry first meets Anne at a visit in her father’s house. There he is more disinclined because in his opinion she is too emancipated. On the chase he tries to be brave and had an accident which was caused by Anne. With her male behavior she reaches the opposite of what she actually wanted to get. All in all, her overtures ended when Mary is sent to the court to be Henry’s mistress. After her secret marriage with Henry Percy, Anne was sent to France to learn how to behave as a young unmarried woman. Being back at court, Henry gets to know a whole new side of Anne. Now she learned how to use her strong emancipation, so that Henry is fascinated of her fresh, all new ambitious and strong kind. She acts as a very well behaved and educated woman. So you can really say, that she enchantes him in a fascinating way. Being the King of England, Henry can gets whatever he wants and is allowed to rule above everything. But Anne wants to be free and denies him. So I think, for the first time in his life, Henry had to chase after a woman so hard, but in the end he did not win Anne as mistress which was his actual aim, but as wife, which is actually hard to believe for those days. One can hardly imagine that a man who is so powerful and always seems so incorruptible, was so crazy after a woman that he separated a whole nation from the catholic church just to marry her just to sleep with her. I think there was never any kind of love, but more envy and desire and maybe a kind of affection. 4. 2. 2 in reality Anne is first noticed at the English court and from Henry when she played a part of Perseverance in the Shrove Tuesday pageant of 1522. (compare Anne Boleyn, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,London, 1885). Henry fell passionately in love with Anne, and expected her to become his mistress. But rebellious Anne refused, which started a chain of events which ended in England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church. Throughout history, people always have wondered why Anne held out for so many years before marrying Henry. It must have been a challenge, as Henry was King of England and very powerful. What made Anne behave so differently? There are several possible explanations. One involves Anne’s love for Henry Percy. Another factor in Anne’s refusal to become Henry’s mistress was her sister Mary’s involvement with the King. But Henry ended the affair when Mary became pregnant. All in all, Mary did not benefit noticeably from her relationship with Henry VIII. This undoubtedly was a factor in Anne’s decision to withhold her favors from the King. Henry was determined to divorce Catherine and marry Anne. Catherine refused to give him a divorce, and the Catholic Church would not support Henry’s position. So Henry founded the English Church. I doubt that there were a greater declaration of love in the entire world history. After achieving their goals, Henry and Anne expected to be happy. Unfortunately, this did not happen. They were both tired and edgy from the stresses of the past several years. In addition, Henry started losing interest in Anne shortly after he fully attained her favors. Henry also finally realized how much his marriage to Anne had cost him. A number of good people, including friends and associates of Henry’s, had lost their lives due to loyalty and treason issues stemming from the English church’s break from Rome. After a Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Anne Boleyn-Her Life and Downfall For as little as $15/Page Order Essay Order a unique copy of this paper 550 words Total price: Top Academic Writers Ready to Help with Your Research Proposal Live Chat+1(978) 822-0999EmailWhatsApp
Women frequently experience chronic pelvic pain that at times can be debilitating. There are many different medical causes but in some instances no obvious cause can be found. If the pelvic pain occurs monthly around the time of your new menstrual cycle and it seems much worse than typical menstrual cramps then perhaps you have endometriosis. Normally when a woman begins a new monthly menstrual period the tissue lining of her uterus called endometrium is washed out in her menstrual flow. This process normally takes 4 to 7 days. For women who suffer from endometriosis this endometrial tissue lining fails to completely wash out and instead ends up in their abdomens and pelvices attached to internal organs like the bladder, ovaries or intestines. This endometrial tissue is still functional so whenever a period occurs this displaced tissue swells and bleeds leading to severe pain. Other symptoms can include back pain, pain with intercourse (dyspareunia), and pain with bowel movements (dyschezia). Women who have difficulty getting pregnant are also more likely to have endometriosis since the repeated tissue swelling can cause scar tissue around the fallopian tubes and ovaries. The diagnosis of endometriosis is very challenging because there are no accurate blood tests, ultrasounds or x-rays available. The only way to make a definitive diagnosis is for your doctor to perform a laparoscopy. This procedure performed under anesthesia is done by making a small skin incision usually through your navel and placing a camera scope into your abdomen. Your doctor can then visually check for possible areas of endometriosis. Treatment of endometriosis can also be very challenging. When multiple treatment options are available it usually suggests that none of the choices are overwhelmingly successful. Treatment focuses around pain management and stopping menstrual periods. The first goal is accomplished by using oral anti-inflammatory medications like Advil or Naprosyn. Periods are artificially stopped by using hormones such as birth control pills or injectable Provera. Without fluctuating levels of hormones menstrual periods cease and the displaced endometrial tissue lining does not swell or bleed. The result is improvement in endometriosis pains. For women who fail to respond to these treatments or wish to get pregnant there is the option of laparascopic surgery. Endometriosis is not a permanent problem for most women. Usually when women stop menstruating at menopause endometriosis pain also stops. Until menopause occurs medicine and surgery can offer some good options at helping to alleviate the chronic pelvic pain associated with endometriosis.
FAQ: What Is The Meaning Of Asia? What does the word Asia mean? Asia. noun. /ˈeɪ.ʒə/ uk. /ˈeɪ.ʒə/ the continent that is to the east of Europe, the west of the Pacific Ocean, and the north of the Indian Ocean. 7 What is the Fullform of Asia? Abbreviation: ASIA ASIA – American Sheep Industry Association. ASIA – Atx Software Integration Architecture. What is the old name of Asia? Asia. The word Asia originated from the Ancient Greek word Ἀσία, first attributed to Herodotus (about 440 BCE) in reference to Anatolia or to the Persian Empire, in contrast to Greece and Egypt. It originally was just a name for the east bank of the Aegean Sea, an area known to the Hittites as Assuwa. What is Asia most known for? What is India full form? India is not an acronym. So, it doesn’t have any full form. The name India is derived from the word Indus which itself derived from the old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit Sindhu. Indus is also the name of a river. Greeks used to refer the country on the other side of the river Indus as Indoi. You might be interested: FAQ: What Is In Asia? What is full form ACF? The full form of ACF is Assistant Conservator of Forests. What was Africa’s original name? In Kemetic History of Afrika, Dr cheikh Anah Diop writes, “The ancient name of Africa was Alkebulan. Alkebu-lan “mother of mankind” or “garden of Eden”.” Alkebulan is the oldest and the only word of indigenous origin. It was used by the Moors, Nubians, Numidians, Khart-Haddans (Carthagenians), and Ethiopians. Who discovered the Asia? 1519–: Leaving Spain with five ships and 270 men in 1519, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan is the first to reach Asia from the East. In 1520, he discovers what is now known as the Strait of Magellan. How many country are in Asia? There are 48 countries in Asia today, according to the United Nations. The full list is shown in the table below, with current population and subregion (based on the United Nations official statistics). Why is Asia special? Asia is the largest and most populous continent, home to the largest (Russia) and most populous (China) nations. Asia is the largest of the world’s continents, covering approximately 30 percent of the Earth’s land area. It is also the world’s most populous continent, with roughly 60 percent of the total population. Leave a Reply
전문 고주파 회로 기 판,고속 회로 기 판,IC 패 키 징 기 판,반도체 테스트 판,HDI 회로 기 판,소프트 하 드 결합 판,양면 다 층 판,PCB 디자인 및 PCBA 제조 믿 을 만 한 PCB 회로 제조 업 체!! Contact Us Manufacturing technology of PCB printed circuit board Author：ipcb Share Introduction: PCB is the abbreviation of printed circuit board in English. In general, in the insulation material, according to pre-set, made into printed circuit, printed components or a combination of the two conductive graphics known as printed circuit. And in the insulating substrate to provide electrical bonding between components of the conductive graphics, known as printed circuit. So the printed circuit or printed circuit board is called printed circuit board, also known as printed circuit board or printed circuit. Production technology of PCB printed circuit board Almost all the facilities we can see from PCB are inseparable from it, ranging from watches, calculators and general-purpose computers on electronic wrists to computers, communications, and military weapon systems. As long as there are no electronic components such as integrated circuits, PCB is needed for their electrical interconnection. It provides mechanical support for various fixed assembly of integrated circuits, successfully realizes wiring and electrical connection or insulation between various electronic components such as integrated circuits, and supplies special electrical properties required, such as special property impedance, etc. At the same time, it provides solder mask graphics for semi-automatic soldering, and provides error identification characters and graphics for component insertion, inspection and maintenance. PCB printed circuit board How is PCB made? When we open the keyboard of a general-purpose computer, we can see a piece of soft film (flexible insulating substrate), printed with silver color (silver paste) conductive pattern and healthy position pattern. Because of the general screen leakage method to obtain this pattern, we call this kind of printed circuit board as flexible silver paste printed circuit board. And we go to the computer city to see a variety of computer motherboards, video cards, sound cards and home appliances on the printed circuit board is not the same. The base material is made of paper (usually used on one side) or glass cloth (usually used on both sides and multi layers), pre impregnated with phenolic resin or natural epoxy resin, and then laminated and solidified with copper sheet on one or both sides of the surface layer. This kind of circuit board is covered with copper sheet material, we call it rigid board. Then made into printed circuit board, we call it rigid printed circuit board. One side has printed circuit graphics, we call it single-sided printed circuit board, two-sided printed circuit graphics, and then through the metallization of holes, the implementation of double-sided interconnection formed printed circuit board, we call it double-sided board. If a printed circuit board with two sides as the inner layer, two single sides as the outer layer or two double sides as the inner layer and two single sides as the outer layer, the printed circuit board which is alternately connected by the positioning system and insulating bonding materials and the conductive patterns are interconnected according to the preset requirements, will become a four layer or six layer printed circuit board, also known as multilayer printed circuit board. Today, there are more than 100 layers of practical printed circuit boards. PCB production process is more complex, it involves a wide range of processes, simple methods to deal with single machining to complex machining, there are ordinary chemical reactions, photochemistry, electrochemistry, thermochemistry and other processes, computer aided preset cam and other aspects of knowledge. And in the production process, there are many process problems and new problems will be encountered from time to time, and the local problems will disappear without finding out the end cause. Because the production process is a non continuous way of plane contact line, no matter what link is wrong, it will lead to the whole line production or large quantity of waste. If the printed circuit board is scrapped by karma, there is no way to recycle it. Therefore, many engineers left the industry and turned to PCB facilities or material suppliers to do sales and technical services. Production technology of PCB printed circuit board In order to advance our understanding of PCB, we have to understand the manufacturing process of general single-sided and ordinary multilayer board, and increase the depth of understanding of it. Single side rigid printed circuit board: → single side copper clad laminate → blanking → (scrubbing and drying) → drilling or punching → screen printing circuit anti-corrosion pattern or using dry film → curing, checking and repairing board → etching copper → removing anti-corrosion printing material, drying → scrubbing and drying → screen printing solder mask (commonly used green oil), UV curing → screen printing character mark graphics, UV curing → preheating, punching and shape → electrical opening and short circuit Road test → scrubbing and drying → pre coating of welding aid anti oxygen gasifier (drying) or tin spraying hot air leveling → inspection and inspection of packaging → delivery of finished products. Double sided rigid PCB: Double sided copper clad laminate → blanking → lamination → digital control drilling through hole → inspection, deburring and scrubbing → electroless plating (through-hole metallization) → (plating thin copper on the whole board) → inspection and cleaning → screen printing negative circuit graphics, curing (dry film or wet film, exposure, development) → inspection and inspection, plate repair → circuit graphics electroplating → tin plating (anti-corrosion nickel / gold) → printing material (sense) Light film) → etch copper → (tin stripping) → cleaning and scrubbing → screen printing solder mask, commonly used heat curing green oil (paste photosensitive dry film or wet film, exposure, development, heat curing, commonly used photosensitive heat curing green oil) → cleaning, drying → screen printing character graphics, curing → (tin spraying or organic solder coating) → appearance processing → cleaning and drying → electrical on-off inspection and measurement → inspection and inspection of package Loading → finished products leaving the factory. Through hole metallization process flow of multi-layer laminate production → double side cutting of inner layer copper clad laminate → scrubbing → drilling positioning hole → sticking photoresist dry film or coating photoresist → exposure → development → etching and film removal → inner coarsening and deoxidization → inner layer investigation → (outer layer single-sided copper clad laminate circuit manufacturing, b-step bonding sheet, plate bonding sheet checking, positioning hole drilling) → lamination → digital Control drilling → hole inspection → pre hole disposal and electroless copper plating → thin copper plating on the whole board → coating investigation → sticking light resistant electroplating dry film or coating photoresist plating agent → surface layer and bottom plate exposure → development and repair board → circuit graphic electroplating → tin lead alloy or nickel / gold plating → film removal and etching → search and arrest → screen printing solder mask or photo solder mask → printed character graphics → (hot air leveling or Organic solder film) → digital control washing shape → cleaning and drying → electrical on-off inspection and determination → finished product inspection → packaging and delivery. It can be seen from the process flow chart that the multi-layer plate technology is developed from the foundation of double face metallization process. In addition to the double-sided process, it also has several unique and special internal significance: interconnection of metallized holes, drilling and deoxidizing oxygen drilling, positioning system, lamination and special materials. Our common computer boards are basically double-sided printed circuit boards based on epoxy resin glass cloth. There are plug-in components on one side and the soldering surface of component pins on the other side. It can be seen that the solder joints are very regular. The component pins of these solder joints have separate welding surfaces, so we call them pads. Why are other copper wire patterns not tin coated. Due to the need for tin solder pad and other parts, the remaining part of the surface has a layer of wave soldering resistance film. Most of the solder mask on its surface is green color, and a small amount of them are suitable to use yellow, black, blue, etc. Therefore, solder resist oil is often called green oil in PCB industry. The utility of this method is to avoid bridge phenomenon in wave welding, increase welding quality and save solder equivalent. It is also a long-term PCB care layer, can play a moisture-proof, anti-corrosion, mildew and mechanical scratch equivalent. From the outside, the appearance of the bright green color solder mask, film on the plate photosensitive heat curing green oil. Therefore, the appearance of the solder pad is not very accurate. Exterior mounting technology has the following advantages: (1) Because of the large number of printed circuit boards, the interconnection technology of large through-hole or buried hole is eliminated, the wiring density on the printed board is increased, the size of printed board plane or object surface is reduced (generally one third of plug-in installation), and the preset layer number and cost of printed circuit board can be reduced. (2) It has slowed down the weight, increased the seismic performance, considered appropriate and used glue solder, thought of new welding technology, increased the quality and reliability. (3) Because of the increase of wiring density and the reduction of lead length, the parasitic capacitance and inductance are reduced, which is more helpful to increase the electrical parameters of PCB. (4) Compared with plug-in installation, it is easier to realize semi-automation successfully, increase installation speed and labor productivity, and reduce assembly cost accordingly. It can be seen from the above appearance safety technology that the growth of PCB technology is growing with the growth of chip packaging technology and surface mounting technology. Now we look at the computer board, its surface adhesion rate is constantly rising. In fact, this kind of circuit board and transmission screen printing circuit graphics is no way to meet the technical requirements. Therefore, the normal high and very accurate circuit board, its circuit graphics and solder mask patterns are basically considered appropriate, and the use of photosensitive circuit and photosensitive green oil manufacturing process. With the development of high density PCB, the requirement of PCB production is higher and higher. More and more new technologies are applied to PCB production, such as laser technology, photosensitive natural resin, etc. The above is only a superficial introduction. There are many items in PCB production that are not explained clearly due to space limitation, such as blind buried hole, flexible board, Teflon board, lithography technology, etc. If we want to deepen the discussion, we should try our best.
Pregnancy Week 23 Fetal Development at week 23 Your Baby The bones of the middle ear (the three smallest bones in the human body: the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup) are beginning to harden to make sound conduction possible. The sound information transmitted to baby’s brain won’t trigger an interpretation (e.g., someone is speaking, a dog is barking) because your baby has had no experience with the outside world. Only sound intensity seems to register since loud sounds trigger an automatic startle reflex. Your baby will blink or 'jump' when they hear a loud noise. The baby will gain considerable weight within the next four weeks. By Week 26, your baby will weigh almost twice as much as it does today. Your baby’s body is becoming better proportioned. Although the head still looks large in relation to the body, the legs, arms, and trunk are not as short. Fine, downy lanugo covers the baby’s entire body, including the head. During the next six weeks (week 24-30), the baby will grow in ways that will safeguard its survival if born prematurely. Every day the baby spends growing in the womb is a day filled with developmental progress! The first movements you feel your baby make will be caused by arm and leg activity. These first motions are called 'quickening.' Quickening is a notable event for most pregnant women. Excluding ultrasound visualization, it generally marks the first time they feel they have had direct contact with their baby.
Tuberculosis (TB) Tuberculosis (TB) TB mainly affects the lungs. However, it can affect any part of the body, including the glands, bones, and nervous system. Typical symptoms of TB include: weight loss night sweats high temperature (fever) tiredness and fatigue loss of appetite new swellings that haven't gone away after a few weeks You should see a GP if you have a cough that lasts more than three weeks or if you cough up blood. What causes tuberculosis? TB is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB that affects the lungs is the most contagious type, but it usually only spreads after prolonged exposure to someone with the illness. For example, it often spreads within a family who live in the same house. In most healthy people the immune system (the body's natural defence against infection and illness) kills the bacteria and you have no symptoms. Sometimes the immune system cannot kill the bacteria, but manages to prevent it spreading in the body. This means you will not have any symptoms, but the bacteria will remain in your body. This is known as latent TB. Who is affected? Before antibiotics were introduced, TB was a major health problem in the UK. Nowadays, the condition is much less common. In 2013 around 8,000 cases of TB were reported in the UK. Of these, more than 5,000 affected people who were born outside the UK. It's estimated around one-third of the world's population is infected with latent TB. Of these, up to 10% will become active at some point. How tuberculosis is treated With treatment, TB can usually be cured. Most people will need a course of antibiotics, usually for six months. Several different antibiotics are used. This is because some forms of TB are resistant to certain antibiotics. If you are infected with a drug-resistant form of TB, treatment can last as long as two years. If you are in close contact with someone who has TB, tests may be carried out to see if you are also infected. These can include a chest X-ray, blood tests, and a skin test called the Mantoux test. Tuberculosis vaccination The BCG vaccine can provide effective protection against TB in up to 8 out of 10 people who are given it. Currently, BCG vaccinations are only recommended for groups of people who are at a higher risk of developing TB. This includes children living in areas with high rates of TB, or those who have close family members from countries with high TB rates, and people under the age of 16 who are going to live and work with local people in an area with high rates of TB for more than three months. It's also recommended some people, such as healthcare workers, are vaccinated because of the increased risk of contracting TB while working. Countries with high TB rates Parts of the world that have high rates of TB include: southeast Asia – including India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Bangladesh South America Symptoms of tuberculosis The symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) depend on where the infection occurs. TB usually develops slowly. Your symptoms might not begin until months or even years after you were initially infected. In some cases the infection doesn't cause any symptoms, which is known as latent TB. It's called active TB if you have symptoms. You should contact your GP if you or your child have symptoms of TB. Main symptoms General symptoms of TB include: lack of appetite and weight loss a high temperature (fever) night sweats extreme tiredness or fatigue These symptoms can have many different causes, however, and are not always a sign of TB. Additional symptoms TB can also cause additional symptoms depending on which part of the body is infected. Pulmonary TB Most infections affect the lungs, which can cause: breathlessness that gradually gets worse This is known as pulmonary TB. Extrapulmonary TB Less commonly, TB infections develop in areas outside the lungs, such as the lymph nodes (small glands that form part of the immune system), the bones and joints, the digestive system, the bladder and reproductive system, and the nervous system (brain and nerves). This is known as extrapulmonary TB. Symptoms of extrapulmonary TB vary, but can include: persistently swollen glands abdominal (tummy) pain pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or joint a persistent headache seizures (fits) Extrapulmonary TB is more common in people with a weakened immune system, such as those with HIV. Causes of tuberculosis The condition is spread when a person with an active TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria. Although it is spread in a similar way to a cold or the flu, TB is not as contagious. You would usually have to spend prolonged periods in close contact with an infected person to catch the infection yourself. Latent or active TB In most healthy people the immune system is able to destroy the bacteria that cause TB. However, in some cases the bacteria infect the body but don't cause any symptoms (latent TB), or the infection begins to cause symptoms within weeks or months (active TB). Up to 10% of people with latent TB eventually develop active TB years after the initial infection. This usually happens when the immune system is weakened – for example, during chemotherapy. Who's most at risk? Anyone can catch TB, but people particularly at risk include those: who live in, come from, or have spent time in a country or area with high levels of TB – around three in every four TB cases in the UK affect people born outside the UK in prolonged close contact with someone who is infected living in crowded conditions with a condition that weakens their immune system, such as HIV having treatments that weaken the immune system, such as corticosteroids, chemotherapy or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (used to treat some types of arthritis and certain gut conditions) who are very young or very old – the immune systems of people who are young or elderly tend to be weaker than those of healthy adults in poor health or with a poor diet because of lifestyle and other problems, such as drug misuse, alcohol misuse, or homelessness Diagnosing tuberculosis Pulmonary TB A diagnosis of pulmonary TB (TB that affects the lungs) can be difficult and several tests are usually needed. These tests are important in helping to decide on the most effective treatment for you. Extrapulmonary TB a computerised tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or ultrasound scan of the affected part of the body urine and blood tests You may also have a lumbar puncture. This involves taking a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the base of your spine. CSF is fluid that surrounds the brain. It can be checked to see whether TB has infected your central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Screening for latent TB In some circumstances, you may need to be tested to check for latent TB (when you have been infected with TB bacteria but do not have any symptoms). For example, you may need to be screened if you have been in close contact with someone known to have an active TB infection (an infection that causes symptoms), or if you have recently spent time in a country where TB levels are high. If you have just moved to the UK from a country where TB is common, you may be screened when you arrive or your GP may suggest screening when you register as a patient. Mantoux test If you have had the BCG vaccination, you may have a mild skin reaction to the Mantoux test. This does not necessarily mean you have latent TB. Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) The IGRA may be used to help diagnose latent TB: if you have a positive Mantoux test if you previously had the BCG vaccination (as the Mantoux test may not be reliable in these cases) as part of your TB screening if you have just moved to the UK from a country where TB is common as part of a health check when you register with a GP if you are a healthcare worker Treating tuberculosis Treatment for tuberculosis (TB) will usually involve a long course of antibiotics lasting several months. While TB is a serious condition that can be fatal if left untreated, deaths are rare if treatment is completed. For most people, a hospital admission during treatment is not necessary. Pulmonary TB If you are diagnosed with active pulmonary TB (TB that affects your lungs and causes symptoms), you will be given a six-month course of a combination of antibiotics. The usual course of treatment is: two antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) every day for six months After taking the medicine for two weeks, most people are no longer infectious and feel better. However, it is important to continue taking your medicine exactly as prescribed and to complete the whole course of antibiotics. Taking medication for six months is the most effective method of ensuring the TB bacteria are killed. If you stop taking your antibiotics before you complete the course, or you skip a dose, the TB infection may become resistant to the antibiotics. This is potentially serious as it can be difficult to treat and will require a longer course of treatment. If you find it difficult to take your medication every day, your treatment team can work with you to find a solution. This may include having regular contact with your treatment team at home, the treatment clinic, or somewhere else more convenient. If treatment is completed correctly, you should not need any further checks by a TB specialist afterwards. However, you may be given advice about spotting signs that the illness has returned, although this is rare. In rare cases TB can be fatal, even with treatment. Death can occur if the lungs become too damaged to work properly. Extrapulmonary TB If you have TB in areas such as your brain, you may also be prescribed a corticosteroid such as prednisolone for several weeks to take at the same time as your antibiotics. This will help reduce any swelling in the affected areas. As with pulmonary TB, it's important to take your medicines exactly as prescribed and to finish the whole course. Latent TB Latent TB is when you have been infected with the TB bacteria but do not have any symptoms of active disease. Treatment for latent TB is usually recommended for: people aged 35 years or under people with HIV, regardless of their age healthcare workers, regardless of their age people with evidence of scarring caused by TB, as shown on a chest X-ray, but who never received treatment Treatment is not recommended for people who have latent tuberculosis and are over the age of 35, do not have HIV and are not healthcare workers. This is because the risk of liver damage caused by antibiotic treatment increases with age, and the risks of treatment may outweigh the benefits. Latent TB is also not always treated if it's suspected to be drug resistant. If this is the case, you may be regularly monitored to check the infection does not become active. In some cases, testing and treatment for latent TB may be recommended for people who require treatment that will weaken their immune system, such as long-term corticosteroids, chemotherapy or TNF inhibitors. This is because there is a risk of the infection becoming active. Treatment for latent TB generally involves either taking a combination of rifampicin and isoniazid for three months, or isoniazid on its own for six months. Side effects of treatment In rare cases the antibiotics used to treat TB can cause damage to the liver or eyes, which can be serious. Your liver function therefore may be tested before you begin treatment. If you are going to be treated with ethambutol, your vision should also be tested at the beginning of the course of treatment. Contact your TB treatment team if you develop any worrying symptoms during treatment, such as: being sick yellowing of your skin and whites of your eyes (jaundice) an unexplained high temperature (fever) tingling or numbness in your hands or feet a rash or itchy skin changes to your vision, such as blurred vision Preventing the spread of infection If you are diagnosed with pulmonary TB, you will be contagious up to about two to three weeks into your course of treatment. You will not normally need to be isolated during this time, but it's important to take some basic precautions to stop TB spreading to your family and friends. You should: stay away from work, school or college until your TB treatment team advises you it is safe to return always cover your mouth – preferably with a disposable tissue – when coughing, sneezing or laughing carefully dispose of any used tissues in a sealed plastic bag do not sleep in the same room as other people as you could cough or sneeze in your sleep without realising it What if someone I know has TB? Anyone who is assessed to be at risk will be asked to go for testing, and will be given advice and any necessary treatment after their results. See diagnosing tuberculosis for more information about this.
kottke.org posts about physics What Would Life on a Flat Earth Be Like? posted by Jason Kottke Oct 05, 2021 So let’s say, for the sake of argument and against all scientific evidence to the contrary, the Earth was flat instead of being an oblate spheroid. What would life on a flat Earth be like? Well for one thing, gravity would present some challenges. From a 2018 piece by Doug Main at the Columbia Climate School: People who believe in a flat Earth assume that gravity would pull straight down, but there’s no evidence to suggest it would work that way. What we know about gravity suggests it would pull toward the center of the disk. That means it would only pull straight down at one point on the center of the disk. As you got increasingly far from the center, gravity would tug more and more horizontally. This would have some strange impacts, like sucking all the water toward the center of the world, and making trees and plants grow diagonally, since they develop in the opposite direction of gravity’s pull. And even more than that, gravity would tend to pull a flat disc shape back into a spheroid, so absent an intense spinning force (for which there is zero evidence) or some other completely unknown effect, a flat Earth couldn’t even exist: For Earth to take the shape of a flat disk in the first place, gravity — as we know it — must be having no effect. If it did, it would soon pull the planet back into a spheroid. A flat Earth would also likely not have a magnetic field (or at least one that is scientifically possible), meaning no atmosphere: Deep below ground, the solid core of the Earth generates the planet’s magnetic field. But in a flat planet, that would have to be replaced by something else. Perhaps a flat sheet of liquid metal. That, however, wouldn’t rotate in a way that creates a magnetic field. Without a magnetic field, charged particles from the sun would fry the planet. They could strip away the atmosphere, as they did after Mars lost its magnetic field, and the air and oceans would escape into space. Oh and no tectonic plates, volcanos, mountains, etc. Or GPS. Or weather. Or satellites. Or different night skies in, say, South Africa and Denmark. Or the Sun behaving the way it does in respect to the Earth. Or air travel. Or plant and animal life as it exists presently. To suppose a flat Earth also supposes that physics doesn’t explain our observable universe the way in which it reliably and comprehensively does. The simplest, best evidence for a round Earth is that we’re here living on it in the manner in which we are living on it. See also What If the Earth Suddenly Turned Flat?, Flat Earthers and the Double-Edged Sword of American Magical Thinking, and Flat Earthers Listening to Daft Punk. The Simple Physics Trick That Helps Trains Stay on Their Tracks posted by Jason Kottke Oct 04, 2021 Train wheels do not sit completely flat on the tracks — they’re designed with a slight taper that increases the stability of the train and allows the train to go around curves without any of the wheels skidding. In this short video, Tadashi Tokieda explains how those conical wheels keep trains on track. See also Richard Feynman’s explanation of this and this science project at Scientific American. (via the prepared) Here’s Why You’ll Fail the Milk Crate Challenge posted by Jason Kottke Sep 10, 2021 Bored of dying from Covid-19, Americans have dreamed up a more entertaining way to mortally wound themselves: the milk crate challenge. Wired asked structural engineer Dr. Nehemiah Mabry (who explained the different types of bridges to us earlier in the year) to explain the physics behind the challenge and why you shouldn’t attempt it. (via @pomeranian99) Size Comparison: The Largest Black Hole in the Universe posted by Jason Kottke Aug 04, 2021 Black holes are the largest single objects in the universe, many times larger than even the biggest stars, and have no upper limit to their size. But practically, how big is the biggest, heaviest black hole in the universe? (A: More massive than the entire Milky Way.) The largest things in the universe are black holes. In contrast to things like planets or stars they have no physical size limit, and can literally grow endlessly. Although in reality specific things need to happen to create different kinds of black holes, from really tiny ones to the largest single things in the universe. So how do black holes grow and how large is the largest of them all? Videos about space are where Kurzgesagt really shines. I’ve seen all their videos about black holes and related objects, and I always pick up something I never knew whenever a new one comes out. This time around, it was quasistars and the surprisingly small mass of supermassive black holes located at galactic centers compared to the galaxies themselves. posted by Jason Kottke Jul 28, 2021 Jocelyn Bell Burnell as a graduate student Visualization of How Fast a Ball Drops on Various Solar System Bodies posted by Jason Kottke Jul 14, 2021 This is an animation of how quickly an object falls 1 km to the surfaces of solar system objects like the Earth, Sun, Ceres, Jupiter, the Moon, and Pluto. For instance, it takes 14.3 seconds to cover that distance on Earth and 13.8 seconds on Saturn. It might be surprising to see large planets have a pull comparable to smaller ones at the surface, for example Uranus pulls the ball down slower than at Earth! Why? Because the low average density of Uranus puts the surface far away from the majority of the mass. Similarly, Mars is nearly twice the mass of Mercury, but you can see the surface gravity is actually the same… this indicates that Mercury is much denser than Mars. (via @thekidshouldsee) UFOs Are Not Aliens posted by Jason Kottke Jun 01, 2021 Due to recent government reports, declassified data, media interest in those data & reports, and a long-simmering interest by the public, UFOs are back in the public imagination. Adam Frank, an astrophysicist at the University of Rochester who is searching for signs of extraterrestrial life, says that there’s little chance that UFOs are aliens. If UFOs are alien craft, we would never see them: More people talking about a thing doesn’t make it credible. More people talking about potential evidence of a thing doesn’t make it credible. Evidence makes something credible. Was the Microwave Invented to Thaw Out Frozen Hamsters? posted by Jason Kottke May 28, 2021 We all know that the microwave oven was invented by Raytheon’s Percy Spencer in 1945. What this video presupposes is, maybe it was invented to thaw out frozen hamsters? And somehow James Lovelock, who formulated the Gaia hypothesis, is involved? (via @fourfoldway) Hisako Koyama, the Woman Who Stared at the Sun posted by Jason Kottke May 26, 2021 In the history of science, there are women who have made significant contributions to their field but haven’t gotten the recognition that their male peers have. The field of astronomy & astrophysics in particular has had many female pioneers — Vera Rubin, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Annie Jump Cannon, Nancy Grace Roman, Maria Mitchell, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Caroline Herschel, Williamina Fleming, and many others. Add to that list Hisako Koyama, a Japanese astronomer whose detailed sketches of the Sun over a 40-year period laid the foundation for a 400-year timeline of sunspot activity, which has aided researchers in studying solar cycles and magnetic fields. Ms. Koyama was a most unusual woman of her time. As a scientist, she bridged the amateur and professional world. She preferred “doing” activities: observing, data recording, interacting with the public, and writing. No doubt many Japanese citizens benefited from personal interaction with her. The space and geophysics community continues to benefit from her regular and precise observations of the Sun. Although we know very little of her young personal life other than she was relatively well educated and had a father who supported her desire to view the skies by providing a telescope, we can see from snippets in Japanese amateur astronomy articles that she had a passion for observing, as revealed in her 1981 article: “I simply can’t stop observing when thinking that one can never know when the nature will show us something unusual.” Here are a few of her sunspot sketches, the top two done using her home telescope and the bottom one using the much larger telescope at the National Museum of Nature and Science (that shows the largest sunspot of the 20th century): drawings of sunspots on the Sun by Hisako Koyama drawings of sunspots on the Sun by Hisako Koyama (via the kid should see this) The Final Border Humanity Will Never Cross posted by Jason Kottke May 11, 2021 This video focuses on one of my favorite astrophysics facts: 94% of the observable universe is permanently unreachable by humans. (Unless we discover faster-than-light travel, but that’s fantasy at this point.) This expansion means that there is a cosmological horizon around us. Everything beyond it, is traveling faster, relative to us, than the speed of light. So everything that passes the horizon, is irretrievably out of reach forever and we will never be able to interact with it again. In a sense it’s like a black hole’s event horizon, but all around us. 94% of the galaxies we can see today have already passed it and are lost to us forever. “Since you started watching this video, around 22 million stars have moved out of our reach forever.” And future generations, billions of years from now, won’t even be able to see any other galaxies or detect cosmic background radiation, making knowledge about the Big Bang impossible. The Otherworldly Sounds of Ice posted by Jason Kottke May 05, 2021 The holes drilled into Arctic, Antarctic, and glacial ice to harvest ice cores can be up to 2 miles deep. One of my all-time favorite sounds is created by dropping ice down into one of these holes — it makes a super-cool pinging noise, as demonstrated in these two videos: Ice makes similar sounds under other conditions, like if you skip rocks on a frozen lake: Or skate on really thin ice (ok this might actually be my favorite sound, with apologies to the ice core holes): Headphones are recommended for all of these videos. The explanation for this distinctive pinging sound, which sounds like a Star Wars blaster, has to do with how fast different sound frequencies move through the ice, as explained in this video: (via the kid should see this) An Animated Primer on Black Holes posted by Jason Kottke Apr 28, 2021 You’re probably aware that black holes are weird. You can learn more about just how extremely odd they are by watching this animated primer on black holes by Kurzgesagt. The explanation about how long black holes live starting at ~9:30 is legitimately mindblowing — that hourglass metaphor especially. Wobbling Muons May Hint at Unknown Forces posted by Jason Kottke Apr 08, 2021 Muon Ring The preliminary results of a study of elementary particles at Fermilab and elsewhere show that the behavior of particles called muons deviates from standard physical theories, indicating that previously unknown forces are at work. Evidence is mounting that a tiny subatomic particle seems to be disobeying the known laws of physics, scientists announced on Wednesday, a finding that would open a vast and tantalizing hole in our understanding of the universe. The result, physicists say, suggests that there are forms of matter and energy vital to the nature and evolution of the cosmos that are not yet known to science. “This is our Mars rover landing moment,” said Chris Polly, a physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, or Fermilab, in Batavia, Ill., who has been working toward this finding for most of his career. The particle célèbre is the muon, which is akin to an electron but far heavier, and is an integral element of the cosmos. Dr. Polly and his colleagues — an international team of 200 physicists from seven countries — found that muons did not behave as predicted when shot through an intense magnetic field at Fermilab. The aberrant behavior poses a firm challenge to the Standard Model, the suite of equations that enumerates the fundamental particles in the universe (17, at last count) and how they interact. “This is strong evidence that the muon is sensitive to something that is not in our best theory,” said Renee Fatemi, a physicist at the University of Kentucky. Update: At Quanta Magazine, Natalie Wolchover dives deeper into the preliminary results and what they might mean. The Secret of Synchronization posted by Jason Kottke Apr 02, 2021 What Would We Experience If Earth Spontaneously Turned Into A Black Hole? posted by Jason Kottke Nov 05, 2020 Let’s say the Earth turned into a black hole. What would happen to someone standing on the surface and for how long would it happen? From Ethan Siegel: As spectacular as falling into a black hole would actually be, if Earth spontaneously became one, you’d never get to experience it for yourself. You’d get to live for about another 21 minutes in an incredibly odd state: free-falling, while the air around you free-fell at exactly the same rate. As time went on, you’d feel the atmosphere thicken and the air pressure increase as everything around the world accelerated towards the center, while objects that weren’t attached to the ground would appear approach you from all directions. Universe Sandbox posted by Jason Kottke Feb 14, 2020 Universe Sandbox is a interactive space & gravity simulator that you can use to play God of your own universe. You can create star systems: “Start with a star then add planets. Spruce it up with moons, rings, comets, or even a black hole.” You can collide planets and stars or simulate gravity: “N-body simulation at almost any speed using Newtonian mechanics.” You can model the Earth’s climate, make a star go supernova, or ride along on space missions or see historical events. I found Universe Sandbox after watching this video about what would happen if the Earth got hit by a grain of sand going 99.9% the speed of light (spoiler: not much). This game/simulator/educational tool is only $30 but I fear that if I bought it, I would never ever leave the house again. New Solar Telescope Shows the Sun’s Surface in Unprecendented High Resolution Images & Video posted by Jason Kottke Jan 29, 2020 Sun's Surface Sun's Surface The National Science Foundation has just released the very first images of the Sun taken with the new Inouye Solar Telescope in Hawaii. They are the highest resolution images ever taken of the Sun’s surface, showing three times more detail than was possible using previous imaging techniques. Those cells you see in the image…they’re each about the size of Texas. Building a telescope like this is not an easy task — there’s a lot of heat to deal with: To achieve the proposed science, this telescope required important new approaches to its construction and engineering. Built by NSF’s National Solar Observatory and managed by AURA, the Inouye Solar Telescope combines a 13-foot (4-meter) mirror — the world’s largest for a solar telescope — with unparalleled viewing conditions at the 10,000-foot Haleakala summit. Focusing 13 kilowatts of solar power generates enormous amounts of heat — heat that must be contained or removed. A specialized cooling system provides crucial heat protection for the telescope and its optics. More than seven miles of piping distribute coolant throughout the observatory, partially chilled by ice created on site during the night. Scientists have released a pair of mesmerizing time lapse videos as well, showing ten minutes of the roiling surface of the Sun (wide angle followed by a close-up view) in just a few seconds: The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope has produced the highest resolution observations of the Sun’s surface ever taken. In this movie, taken at a wavelength of 705nm over a period of 10 minutes, we can see features as small as 30km (18 miles) in size for the first time ever. The movie shows the turbulent, “boiling” gas that covers the entire sun. The cell-like structures — each about the size of Texas — are the signature of violent motions that transport heat from the inside of the sun to its surface. Hot solar material (plasma) rises in the bright centers of “cells,” cools off and then sinks below the surface in dark lanes in a process known as convection. In these dark lanes we can also see the tiny, bright markers of magnetic fields. Never before seen to this clarity, these bright specks are thought to channel energy up into the outer layers of the solar atmosphere called the corona. These bright spots may be at the core of why the solar corona is more than a million degrees! Man, I hope we get some longer versions of these time lapses — I would watch the hell out of one that ran for 10 minutes. (via moss & fog) An Astronomer Explains Black Holes in 5 Levels of Increasing Complexity posted by Jason Kottke Jan 21, 2020 In this video from Wired’s 5 Levels series, NASA astronomer Varoujan Gorjian explains the concept of black holes to five different people, ranging from a five-year-old to a college student to a Caltech astrophysicist. A research astronomer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Grojian specializes in — and I’d just like to pause here to emphasize that this is the official title of his research group at JPL — the structure of the universe. Which means the guy not only knows about event horizons and gravitational lensing but stuff like tidal forces (what!), x-ray binaries (hey now!), and active galactic nuclei (oh my god!). Seriously, the guy’s knowledge of black holes is encyclopedic. Gorjian lost me somewhere in the middle of his conversation with the grad student. How Do You Move a Star? Stellar Engines! posted by Jason Kottke Dec 30, 2019 At some point we could encounter a star going supernova. Or a massive object passing by and showering earth with asteroids. If something like this were to happen we would likely know thousands, if not millions of years in advance. But we still couldn’t do much about it. Unless… we move our whole solar system out of the way. Kurzgesagt did something interesting for this one. Instead of relying on already available sources, they commissioned physicist Matthew Caplan to write a paper about a novel stellar engine design, a massive contraption that could theoretically move the solar system a distance of 50 light years over 1 million years. Stellar engines, megastructures used to control the motion of a star system, may be constructible by technologically advanced civilizations and used to avoid dangerous astrophysical events or transport a star system into proximity with another for colonization. Is this the first scientific paper published in a peer-reviewed journal commissioned by a YouTube channel? The 2019 media landscape is wild. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, a Giant of Physics posted by Jason Kottke Dec 17, 2019 Prompted by this Facebook post, I have been reading about astrophysicist Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, who should be more widely known than she is. From a piece last year in Cosmos: Cecilia Payne, born on May 10, 1900, in Wendover, England, began her scientific career in 1919 with a scholarship to Cambridge University, where she studied physics. But in 1923 she received a fellowship to move to the United States and study astronomy at Harvard. Her 1925 thesis, Stellar Atmospheres, was described at the time by renowned Russian-American astronomer Otto Struve as “the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy”. In the January, 2015, Richard Williams of the American Physical Society, wrote: “By calculating the abundance of chemical elements from stellar spectra, her work began a revolution in astrophysics.” Even though she completed her studies at Cambridge, she was not awarded a degree because the university did not give degrees to women. That’s when she decided to move to the US, where Harvard offered greater educational opportunities and a “collection of several hundred thousand glass photographs of the night sky” that Payne-Gaposchkin was uniquely qualified to analyze. Miss Payne applied the new theories of atomic structure and quantum physics to her analysis of stellar spectra. No one at the Harvard Observatory had yet attempted such an investigation, as no one there possessed the necessary background. She, in contrast, had learned the complex architecture of the “Bohr atom” directly from Niels Bohr, winner of the 1922 Nobel Prize in physics. She had also followed the work of Indian physicist Meg Nad Saha of Calcutta, the first person to link the atom to the stars. Saha maintained that the line patterns in stellar spectra differed according to the temperatures of the stars. The hotter the star, the more readily the electrons of its atoms leaped to higher orbits. With sufficient heat, the outermost electrons broke free, leaving behind positively charged ions with altered spectral signatures. Building on Saha’s base, with insights gained from a couple of her professors in England, Miss Payne selected specific spectral lines to examine. Then she estimated their intensities in hundreds of stellar spectra. Element by element she gauged, plotted, and calculated her way through the plates to take the temperatures of the stars. Her groundbreaking work on spectra, laid out in her Ph.D thesis published when she was just 25, puts Payne-Gaposchkin in the same league as some other physics heavy hitters. posted by Jason Kottke Dec 05, 2019 Ice Halos Ice Halos 02 So so so so cool. Neutron Stars and Nuclear Pasta. Yummy! posted by Jason Kottke Nov 13, 2019 The latest video from Kurzgesagt is a short primer on neutron stars, the densest large objects in the universe. The mind-boggling density of neutron stars is their most well-known attribute: the mass of all living humans would fit into a volume the size of a sugar cube at the same density. But I learned about a couple of new things that I’d like to highlight. The first is nuclear pasta, which might be the strongest material in the universe. Simulations have demonstrated that nuclear pasta might be some 10 billion times stronger than steel. The second thing deals with neutron star mergers. When two neutron stars merge, they explode in a shower of matter that’s flung across space. Recent research suggests that many of the heavy elements present in the universe could be formed in these mergers. But how elements heavier than iron, such as gold and uranium, were created has long been uncertain. Previous research suggested a key clue: For atoms to grow to massive sizes, they needed to quickly absorb neutrons. Such rapid neutron capture, known as the “r-process” for short, only happens in nature in extreme environments where atoms are bombarded by large numbers of neutrons. If this pans out, it means that the Earth’s platinum, uranium, lead, and tin may have originated in exploding neutron stars. Neat! Google Announces They Have Achieved “Quantum Supremacy” posted by Jason Kottke Oct 23, 2019 Today, Google announced the results of their quantum supremacy experiment in a blog post and Nature article. First, a quick note on what quantum supremacy is: the idea that a quantum computer can quickly solve problems that classical computers either cannot solve or would take decades or centuries to solve. Google claims they have achieved this supremacy using a 54-qubit quantum computer: You may find it helpful to watch Google’s 5-minute explanation of quantum computing and quantum supremacy (see also Nature’s explainer video): IBM has pushed back on Google’s claim, arguing that their classical supercomputer can solve the same problem in far less than 10,000 years. We argue that an ideal simulation of the same task can be performed on a classical system in 2.5 days and with far greater fidelity. This is in fact a conservative, worst-case estimate, and we expect that with additional refinements the classical cost of the simulation can be further reduced. Because the original meaning of the term “quantum supremacy,” as proposed by John Preskill in 2012, was to describe the point where quantum computers can do things that classical computers can’t, this threshold has not been met. One of the fears of quantum supremacy being achieved is that quantum computing could be used to easily crack the encryption currently used anywhere you use a password or to keep communications private, although it seems like we still have some time before this happens. “The problem their machine solves with astounding speed has been very carefully chosen just for the purpose of demonstrating the quantum computer’s superiority,” Preskill says. It’s unclear how long it will take quantum computers to become commercially useful; breaking encryption — a theorized use for the technology — remains a distant hope. “That’s still many years out,” says Jonathan Dowling, a professor at Louisiana State University. Strange Stars and Strange Matter posted by Jason Kottke Apr 17, 2019 The first photo of a black hole posted by Chrysanthe Tenentes Apr 10, 2019 The first photo of a black hole A Timelapse of the Entire Universe posted by Jason Kottke Apr 01, 2019 Timelapse of the Future posted by Jason Kottke Mar 27, 2019 Actually, Mercury Is Our Closest Planetary Neighbor posted by Jason Kottke Mar 21, 2019 If you look at the orbits of the planets adjacent to the Earth’s orbit (Venus & Mars), you’ll see that Venus’s orbit is closest to our own. That is, at its closest approach, Venus gets closer to Earth than any other planet. But what about the average distance? According to this article in Physics Today by Tom Stockman, Gabriel Monroe, and Samuel Cordner, if you run a simulation and do a proper calculation, you’ll find that Mercury, and not Venus or Mars, is Earth’s closest neighbor on average (and spends more time as Earth’s closest neighbor than any other planet): Although it feels intuitive that the average distance between every point on two concentric ellipses would be the difference in their radii, in reality that difference determines only the average distance of the ellipses’ closest points. Indeed, when Earth and Venus are at their closest approach, their separation is roughly 0.28 AU — no other planet gets nearer to Earth. But just as often, the two planets are at their most distant, when Venus is on the side of the Sun opposite Earth, 1.72 AU away. We can improve the flawed calculation by averaging the distances of closest and farthest approach (resulting in an average distance of 1 AU between Earth and Venus), but finding the true solution requires a bit more effort. What the calculation also shows is that Mercury is the closest planetary neighbor to every planet, on average. Also, the authors of the paper don’t explicitly mention this, but the Sun (at 1 AU) is closer on average to the Earth than even Mercury (1.04 AU). What Time Is the Super Bowl? (According to a Theoretical Physicist) posted by Jason Kottke Jan 31, 2019 Ever since the Huffington Post struck SEO gold in 2011 with their post about what time the Super Bowl started, pretty much every online publication now runs a similar article in an attempt to squeeze some of Google’s juice into their revenue stream. My “attempt” from last year: What Time Isn’t the Super Bowl? For this year’s contest, Sports Illustrated decided to ask theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli, author of The Order of Time, his thoughts on time and Super Bowls. 6:30 p.m. is the time the Super Bowl will start in Atlanta. Most of us are not in Atlanta. So for us, the game will start later than that. You need the time for the images to be captured by the cameras, be broadcasted to air or cable, be captured by my TV screen, leave my TV screen, get to my eyes (not to mention the time my brain needs to process and decode the images). You may say this is fast — of course this is fast. But it takes some time nevertheless, and I am a physicist, I need precision. For most of us, the game will actually start some time later than the kickoff in Atlanta. Not only that, but time moves at different speeds for each of us: We have discovered that clocks run at different speed depending on how fast they are moved, and depending on how high they are positioned. That’s right, it is a fact: Two equal clocks go out of time with respect each other if one is moved and the other is kept fixed. The same will happen if one is kept, say, above your head, and the other lower, say, at your feet. All this was discovered by Einstein a century ago; for a while it was just brainy stuff for nerds, but today we are sure it is true. A good lab clock can check this, and it is truly true. Your head lives a bit longer than your feet (unless you spend a lot of time upside down). So, the clock of the guy up in the high sections of the stadium runs faster than the clock of the referee on the field. And Tom Brady’s clock (if he were to wear one) runs slower, because Tom moves fast (okay, maybe not “fast,” but faster than the people sitting and watching him). P.S. The Super Bowl starts at approximately 6:30pm EST on Feb 3, 2019. (via laura olin) In a Race to the Edge of the Solar System, Which Star Trek Ship Would Win? posted by Jason Kottke Jan 29, 2019 These visualizations of the speed of light I posted last week somehow demonstrate both how fast light speed is and how slow it is compared the vastness of the galaxy & universe. Science fiction often bends the rules of physics as we currently understand them, with fictional spacecraft pushing beyond the speed of light. In Star Trek, the measure of a ship’s velocity is warp speed. Warp 1 is the speed of light, Warp 6 is 392 times the speed of light, etc. In this Warp Speed Comparison video, EC Henry compares the top speeds of various Star Trek vessels (the original Enterprise, Voyager, the Defiant), racing them from Earth to the edge of the solar system. Once again, you get a real sense of how fast these ships would be if they actually existed but also of the vastness of space. It would take 10 seconds for the fastest ship to reach the edge of the solar system at maximum warp and just over 6 hours to get to the nearest star, Proxima Centauri. Wikipedia lists a few dozen stars that are within a day’s journey at full warp…a trip that takes light more than 16 years. The mighty speed of light is no match for the human imagination. (thx, jim)
What Makes a Will Invalid by Brette Sember, J.D. What Makes a Will Invalid Because your will is your final act, you want to make sure that it is valid so that your wishes are carried out. Avoid these common pitfalls to ensure your document is ironclad. by Brette Sember, J.D. updated March 18, 2021 · 3min read Creating a will allows you to decide what happens to all of your belongings and assets after you're gone. In that respect, the document acts as your last message to your loved ones, which means you want to make sure that it will be upheld so that your wishes are carried out. However, some wills aren't as bulletproof as one would like. So, it's important to make sure your will is beyond dispute. Here are some common mistakes that could invalidate your will. What Could Invalidate My Will 1. Creating a Holographic Will A holographic will is a handwritten will without any witnesses. Some states consider this to be a valid will, while others do not. If you really want to create this kind of will, do your research to find out whether it is considered valid in your state. 2. Not Having the Proper Witnesses Most states require that your will be witnessed by two or three people over age 18. In most states, these people must not only see you sign the will, but they also must be able to recognize that you are of sound mind while signing it. It's best to avoid having any beneficiaries or the executor of the will act as witnesses. The witnesses need to sign the will to indicate they witnessed it. The document may then need to be notarized. Check your state's laws about witnesses and wills to make sure that you meet all of the requirements when you execute your will. 3. Not Destroying Previous Wills If you have previous wills, it's important that you destroy all copies of them when you create your new one. You want to avoid any possible situation where your current will is not found and an old will is used in its place. 4. Insufficient Testamentary Capacity One of the most common reasons for challenging a will has to do with the mental competence of the testator, or person making the will. In most states, you must meet a basic competency test to create a valid will. This includes understanding: • The property you own • Who your relatives are • Your relationship to the beneficiaries you have chosen • What the will says and means People with dementia or other mental impairments can still create a valid will. If you're worried that someone might try to suggest you didn't have testamentary capacity, you should work with an attorney to provide proper documentation, which might include a physician's report or even a video of yourself. 5. Not Following Your State's Will Provisions Each state has its own requirements and preferred language that should be used in a will, so do some research and find out what your state's laws require. Generally, your will should include the following: • A statement that it is your last will and testament • A clear list of who gets what • The name of an executor, who will handle the business of probating the will and distributing your property 6. Fraud or Undue Influence If the court finds that fraud or undue influence were involved in the creation of your will, it will be deemed invalid. Common situations could include: • A nonfamily caregiver forcing the testator to leave them an inheritance • A family member getting the testator to sign a will by pretending it is just a general legal document that needs a signature If you plan to make bequests that you think your family might have trouble accepting, it is a good idea to work with an attorney to be sure your will is ironclad. You can also have conversations with your family and document them, so that your wishes don't come as a surprise after you pass away. Because your will is your final act, you want to be sure no one can contest it and that there is no chance a court could invalidate it. Careful execution of the will, with attention to your state's requirements, can help protect your last wishes. Ensure your loved ones and property are protected START MY ESTATE PLAN Brette Sember, J.D. About the Author Brette Sember, J.D.
Medical Offices of Manhattan’s Primary Care Physician, Lisa Alex,MD, speaks to LiveStrong about the link between sleep and weight loss. What are the recommended hours of sleep each night? While needs vary from person to person, most people function best at 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night. What are some factors that may contribute to how many hours of sleep you should get each night? There are set factors like age and genetics. Generally, kids and teens need more sleep than adults, but you typically need the same amount of sleep when you’re a young versus older adult. More personal factors include preference and simply sleepiness. The best way to figure out your sleep needs is if you can let yourself sleep naturally for a few days to a week, going to bed when you are tired and waking up whenever is natural. How is sleep and weight loss connected? In what ways does sleep contribute to/promote weight loss? Bad sleep decreases the effectiveness of the body’s metabolism. It leaves more unexpended energy to be stored in the body as fat. Furthermore, research indicates that sleep deprivation lowers your resting metabolic rate, which is the calories your body burns when it is at rest. Good sleep helps prevent insulin resistance. Insulin is the hormone responsible for moving sugar from the blood to cells to be used as energy. And when cells resist insulin, you become hungrier. Your body responds by storing more calories as fat. She is quoted saying: “Sleep deprivation also negatively affects the prefrontal cortex of the brain, which is responsible for impulse control and helping you make healthy decisions, according to Dr. Alex. So, not only can sleep deprivation cause you to crave more unhealthy foods, but it also can impair your ability to resist indulging in them.” How is sleep connected to fat metabolism? How does this affect weight/weight loss? Although no direct correlation is seen with sleep deprivation and obesity, we definitely see strong associations between the two. When we do not sleep an adequate amount each night (~7 hrs), studies have shown that lack of sleep is associated with alterations in certain hormones like leptin and ghrelin, along with increased hunger and appetite. How is sleep connected to gut health? How may this affect your weight or weight loss? Your intestine hosts your body’s largest concentration of microorganisms, called the microbiome. It is home to a nervous system that is in constant communication with the rest of our body, much like the brain. So it helps regulate our hormones, digestion, metabolism, appetites and more. Research shows that inadequate sleep quickly has negative effects on the microbiome. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation causes significant decreases in your gut’s beneficial bacteria and even changes the composition of some microorganisms that are linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Because sleep affects your microbiome, which affects metabolic health, it definitely can play a role in your weight loss goals. Is there any validity behind the idea that sleep affecting cravings? How does this work and how may it affect weight? Leptin is a hormone that signals to our brain that we are no longer hungry and are satiated, but that becomes decreased with lack of sleep. Thus, we feel more hungry and consume more calories. She is quoted saying: “While your leptin levels decrease with sleep deprivation, your ghrelin levels go up. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases feelings of hunger, causing your body to crave and consume more calorie-rich food in an attempt to compensate for your lack of energy.” When trying to lose weight, despite efforts of trying to exercise and maintain a healthy diet, our bodies will not register when it is deprived of adequate sleep. Lack of sleep has also been noted to reduce the portion of the weight loss, despite calorie restriction. This may be due to the body registering the “need” for fat as an energy source and despite efforts, a decreased ability to lose weight. Read the original article on LiveStrong. COVID-19 Patient Safety You have Successfully Subscribed!
The Gospel according to Matthew is first in the order of the New Testament. At its content does not indicate who is the author, so have questioned if the apostle Matthew wrote it. Who was Matthew? According with the written in Matthew 10:3, Mark 3:18, and Luke 6:15, Matthew was one of the 12 disciples of the Lord. Etymologically, his name it was originated in the Greek “Mathaios” and this from Aramaic “Mattay”, a short form of the Hebrew “Matanyah”, meaning “gift from God”. Matthew before be disciple of Christ was a publican, a tax-collector for Rome: “And as Jesus passed on from there, He saw a man named Matthew sitting at the tax-office. And He said to him, Follow Me! And he arose and followed Him” (Matthew 9:9). He else called Levi: “And as He passed on, He saw Levi the son of Alpheus sitting at the tax-office. And He said to him, Follow Me. And he arose and followed Him” (Mark 2:14); “And after these things He went out and saw a tax-collector named Levi, sitting at the tax-office. And He said to him, Follow Me” (Lucas 5:27). How can we confirm that Matthew was the writer of the Gospel with his name? There are some ways to establish that he was: 1. As we saw, Mark 2:14 and Luke 5:27 say that the name of who was sited at the tax-office was Levi, while in Matthew 9:9 says that his name was Matthew, texts relating the same event. The name subsequent was confirmed by Mark and Luke, because when they include him between the 12 disciples did not write Levi but Matthew. This means that the writer of the Gospel leaved evidence of his name in his book. 2. In the same event, in Mark 2:15 we read: “And it happened as Jesus reclined in his house, many tax-collectors and sinners also reclined with Jesus and His disciples. For there were many, and they followed Him.” In Luke 5:29 we read: “And Levi made a great feast in his own house for Him. And there was a great company of tax-collectors and of others who were reclining with them.” Note that Mark wrote that Jesus reclined in his house (of Levi) but Luke wrote that Levi made a great feast in his own house. At contrary, Matthew wrote: “And it happened as Jesus reclined in the house, behold, many tax-collectors and sinners came and were reclining with Him and His disciples” (Matthew 9:10). Note that Matthew simply wrote that Jesus reclined in the house, as something more familiar, because it was his own house, the one of Matthew the publican. 3. When the names of the disciples of the Lord were mentioned, Mark and Luke identified to Levi simply as Matthew, while he identified himself as “Matthew the publican”, to leave evidence of his ancient job. Regarding the date that Matthew wrote the Gospel is difficult to establish it exactly. However, Matthew seems suggest that some time was passed when he included the expressions “to this day” and “until today”: “Therefore that field was called, The Field of Blood, to this day” (Matthew 27:8); “And taking the silver, they did as they were taught. And this saying was spread among the Jews until today” (Matthew 28:15). However, considering that Matthew gave enough emphasis to the destruction that Jesus announced that it would come on Jerusalem, the Gospel of Matthew often dated after the year 70 when Jerusalem was invaded by the Roman general Titus. According with Eusebius of Caesarea, he preached during fifteen years in Palestine, where he wrote his Gospel around the year 80. What opinion had the Jewish people about Matthew? In the ancient Rome, the publicans were tax-collectors for the republic. They abused of their authority, so were hated because they collected more than the authorized by the law, and faced them, the people had not defense. Moreover, they were hated because collected more to their people for the benefit of the invaders. The publicans had the monopoly of the money and economic power, as the rent of the land, the income of the loans, the trade profits in the whole Roman territory, and the income of the treasury. Some publican had immense capitals, even more than the senators. After, all renting of State remained in hands exclusively of the publican associations. These associations organized various alliances for each business line and tended to exercise a monopoly of the product and setting its price. The publicans were not even worthy as to sit down to eat with them. Thus, Matthew was a Jew with a discredited reputation. However, faced the call of Jesus Christ, he leaved everything and became a propagator of the gospel. What motivation had Matthew to abandon his sinful life and become a faithful follow of the Lord? There are not clear evidences in the Bible, but it is evident that He became an apostle of Jesus Christ. How have your life been, dear reader? If you are living in obedience to God’s will, being a faithful believer of Jesus Christ, there is hope of eternal life to you. But if you have not yet received to Christ in your life, you can change, your precedents are not important, because God will forgive all your sins and also there will be hope to your life. He that covereth his sins shall not prosper: but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy” (Proverbs 28:13 KJV). The Lord is not slow concerning His promise, as some count slowness, but is long-suffering toward us, not willing that any of us should perish, but that all of us should come to repentance” (2 Peter 3:9).
Skip to main content By: Dominic Ballard Many people know that they should warm up before a workout. However, it can be very tempting to skip your warm and to begin training. Skipping your warm up or having a warm up routine that is not properly set up has been shown to lead to a decline in performance or even injury. The current state of our society has led to the human race to live sedentary lifestyles. Most of us are sitting at a desk all day with very little activity. This leads to contraction in our muscles. When we begin an activity this muscles get elongated and when done to quickly that can lead to injury. Therefor, the body needs a wake up call before any physical activity. Simply put, a warm up literally warms the body up for physical activity. A properly set up warm up increases the body temperature, increases range of motion, quicker muscle contraction and relaxation, mental preparation and prevents or reduces the chance of injury. To begin a workout session, it is important to first increase your body temperature by some sort of light cardio. That can be walking, jogging, jumping jacks or riding a bike. Increasing your body temperature not only will help to circulate the blood within your body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles. Once you raise your body temperature, you’ll then need to relieve any tight muscles. When we work out consistently the muscles become tight due to the amount of muscle break down. Those tight muscles need to be relaxed for you to have the proper joint range of motion. You can do this by foam rolling. You use the foam roller to find any painful knots which is also known as “trigger points”. You’ll place it in the knotted area and sit or roll over the tender area. After you foam roll your warm up should then be followed up by a series of dynamic stretches. Dynamic stretching are considered to be active movements. It’s where you go through a series of movements that loosen the joints and muscles more through a full range of motion. Whichever muscles that are being worked for the day you should put a focus on increasing the range of motion in those muscle areas. For example, if one is barbell squatting, one should go through a series of body weight squat patterns and lunges to warm up the quads. Hinging movements to warm up the hamstrings and glutes. If you’re working the upper body you should put a focus on increasing the range of motion in the shoulder joint. Once the body is warm you can then begin your workout. A standardized workout would begin with a primary movement. We call this your big lift. It could be a bench press, overhead press, squat or deadlift. With these lifts, injury is extremely apparent. With that understanding, one should avoid just jumping right into their heaviest weight. It is recommended to do 1-3 warm up sets before beginning your working sets. You can do this by what we call “progressive pyramid” and that is each warm up set you increase your weight while also decreasing your reps until you get to your working weight. In conclusion, warming up extremely important to having a great workout and injury prevention. It is evident that you should not overlook warming up no matter what level in fitness you’re at. Once you’ve done a bit of cardio, foam rolled, performed your dynamic stretches and also warmed up your primary exercise for the day you should be ready to have an effective workout! Try it out and let us know how it goes Leave a Reply
Skip to main content The Meta Mindset By December 14, 2020Uncategorized meta mindset By Zach Columbia BS NASM FPT Meta-Cognition is awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes. As creatures of habit, it becomes very easy for us to go about our daily routines thinking the same thoughts as the day before and experiencing the same emotions. Unless something drastically out of the norm happens to us, what we think and what we feel never seems to change day to day. Think back. What were you doing at this very moment exactly one week ago? Odds are you don’t remember. In fact, odds are you don’t remember what you were doing at this very moment yesterday. Our thoughts and feelings have been preprogrammed based on our personal experiences. We wake up knowing what to expect for the day based on what happened the previous day and as such, our bodies experience the same emotions. Essentially, our thought process and resulting emotions are a predesigned matrix we’ve personally created. Meta Cognition is simply being aware of the thoughts that come into our heads. The more aware we are, the less likely we are to let a thought pass through undetected. Since what we think directly impacts how we feel, our awareness gives us a chance to be present in the moment and identify negative thoughts without them affecting our physiology or behavior. While it takes a tremendous amount of effort and practice, the process of being Meta-cognizant is truly the foundation to rewiring the brain and creating real lasting behavioral change. Since our minds and our bodies are truly one in the same; meaning what you think is what you feel and what you feel is what you think, FOCUSING ON BOTH THE BODY AND THE MIND IS ESSENTIAL FOR CREATING CHANGE. Dr. Joe Dispenza states, “If we can turn on the stress response by thought alone, then our thoughts can literally make us sick. But if your thoughts could make you sick, is it possible that your thoughts could make you well?” Working out creates a strong foundation for mind-body connection and makes us more resilient to negative outside factors. However, even the most avid fitness enthusiasts experience stress, feelings of doubt, irritability, and other negatives. If what Dr Dispenza says is true, then these are not just thoughts; they are physiologic emotions that carry hormonal and chemical reactions in the body. If we have thoughts telling ourselves we’re not good enough, or smart enough, or are incapable of resisting sweets, or that we’ll never lose weight, those thoughts are literally creating our environmental reality. Likewise, as silly as it sounds, if we think positive thoughts, we’re able to create the positive reality we want. Of course, simply saying you want to think positive thoughts is not enough, especially if you’ve been experiencing negative thoughts and emotions for years. Rewiring your brain to think positively, requires the same effort as working out takes to strengthen your muscles. It requires repetitive practice and consistency. It is our belief at Pulse Fitness that practicing mindfulness is the key to accomplishing your goals and that doesn’t just apply to fitness goals. It’s our belief that meta cognition is the critical link most people are missing that prevents them from changing their behavior, attracting the things they want in their lives, and having an overall sense of wellbeing. So how then does someone begin rewiring their brains and practice meta-cognition? While there are numerous techniques, The Team at Pulse has created our own. We’re excited to announce that beginning in January 2021, we’re introducing Meta Mindset Wednesdays. This new Wednesday format is designed to incorporate mindfulness and behavioral change coaching into our fitness program, as well as mobility work and community support. The new Wednesday structure will include a 25 minute HIIT Style workout, followed by breathwork, stretching/soft tissue work and meta-cognitive work with a different behavior change focus each week. Leave a Reply
Masks cause "great difficulty" for pre-pandemic facial recognition algorithms A study by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has found that facial recognition algorithms developed before the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic have "great difficulty" in accurately identifying people. According to NIST: "Even the best of the 89 commercial facial recognition algorithms tested had error rates between 5% and 50% in matching digitally applied face masks with photos of the same person without a mask." The study was based on one-to-one verification, whereby an image captured of a person's face is compared with another photo of the same person. This is the method used to unlock smartphones or verify someone's passport. The photos were not of people actually wearing masks, but had masks digitally added to them. Later this year, NIST plans to test algorithms developed specifically to identify people wearing masks, an area where there have been swift technological developments in response to the pandemic. See: NIST Launches Investigation of Face Masks’ Effect on Face Recognition Software (NIST, link) Full study: Ongoing Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 6A: Face recognition accuracy with masks using pre-COVID-19 algorithms (pdf) More information: FRVT Face Mask Effects (NIST, link) See also: Wearing a mask won’t stop facial recognition anymore (Abacus, link): "New forms of facial recognition can now recognize not just people wearing masks over their mouths, but also people in scarves and even with fake beards. And the technology is already rolling out in China because of one unexpected event: The coronavirus outbreak." Report error
New Light-Controlled Hydrogel Has A Future in Soft Robotics & Drug Delivery Inspired by the way plants grow toward the sun and light sources, researchers from the University of California, Berkeley have created a hydrogel that is controllable by light. The new hydrogel could have future applications in the flexible components of soft robotics, as well as in drug delivery and tissue engineering. The hydrogel consists of synthetic, elastic proteins combined with sheets of graphene. The graphene sheets generate heat when exposed to near infrared light. That heat affects the synthetic proteins, which absorb water when cooled and release it when hot. The hydrogel was designed so that one side was more porous than the other; the side that was more porous allowed a faster absorption and release of water than the other side. This video demonstrates how the material, shaped like a hand about two centimeters wide, is controlled by the near-infrared laser light.
How the brain uses performance to regulate variability in motor functions Research suggests that errors resulting from variability in motor function are a feature, not a bug, of our nervous system and play a critical role in learning. Improving performance, whether on the tennis court or in front of the piano, often means reducing the variability of our actions. Yet, no matter how hard we practice, generating identical movements on successive trials is virtually impossible. But why is it so hard to tame performance variability? Harvard scientists mainly focused on this question as to the center of a recent study. By using an enormous amount of data from about 3 million rat trials, scientists discovered that rats regulate their motor variability based on the outcomes of the most recent 10 to 15 attempts at a task. What if previous trials were poor? In case, if previous trials were poor, the rats found to increase their amount of variability by using a try-anything approach. On the other hand, if the trials were successful, the rats exposed to limit their variability. It suggests that rats to subscribe to the adage “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. Ashesh Dhawale, a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and first author of the study, said, “By using simulations to determine what the optimal variability regulation strategy should be, we found that it was very similar to the one used by rats. We also found that the degree to which individual rats regulated variability could predict how well they learned and performed on the motor task. This means that regulating variability based on performance is important for doing well both in short and the long term.” For this study, scientists developed a new motor learning task for rats. They also trained rats to press a 2D joystick towards a target angle. At the point when the rats performed well, they got a sip of water. To keep the task from getting excessively simple, the analysts changed the target angle whenever the rat learned its location. Scientists observed low variability in rats when the rats were regularly getting rewarded. Moreover, the variability increases as the trials went well. If they continued doing poorly, the variability would increase even more. Maurice Smith, the Gordon McKay Professor of Bioengineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and co-author of the paper, said, “We noticed this was happening on a pretty fast time scale. It was as if the rats were computing their batting average in real-time.” Dhawale said, “In case of longer-term tasks with less uncertainty, We found that rats stopped regulating variability in response to recent performance, which matches what we found in our simulations. Variability regulation, in this case, had a timescale of several thousand trials, which was much slower than the reward-dependent regulation of variability that we had uncovered earlier.” “Our results demonstrate that the brain flexibly adapts components of its trial-and-error learning algorithm, such as the regulation of variability, to the statistics of the task at hand. We have shown that the brain uses a sophisticated algorithm to regulate motor variability in a way that improves task performance.” See stories of the future in your inbox every morning. New Inventions
Misunderstandings, colloquialisms, wrong words and false friends: 16 FRED: Looking at the brochure, do you have any of those particular laptops in stock? DAWID: One moment, I'll check the magazine. FRED: Why? I've just shown you the details. Another false friend coming into play here. What Dawid actually means is the warehouse. In Polish, this is a magazyn. Fred is showing Dawid a publication that looks like a magazine from the cover and back. But a regular magazine is a publication that contains articles, stories, photographs and advertisements. A brochure is a magazine or a thin book which includes pictures and information about a product or service, but doesn't usually include stories and advertisements. In addition, a magazine can also mean the part in an automatic gun that has all the bullets. But it can also be a building in which things such as guns, bullets, and explosives are kept. This is also a magazyn in Polish, so clearly it is a word generally used to mean all kinds of buildings where things are stored. Warehouse in English is a little more specific: it is a building where raw materials or manufactured goods are stored before they are sent out to the shop. This warehouse is usually in a separate location, but it is not usually to find a warehouse at the same site as the shop. Back to Misunderstandings or home page
James Watt Biography of James Watt James Watt James Watt The University's Engineering Building is named for James Watt (1736-1819), who worked from 1756 to 1764 as mathematical instrument maker to the University. Two Engineering chairs and a prize are also named for him. Watt spent the following years developing his invention and working as a consultant civil engineer in Scotland, before moving to Birmingham in 1774 to form a partnership with the industrialist Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) at his Soho Foundry. Their improved steam engines revolutionised the mining, iron, transport and manufacturing industries and Watt is considered to be one of the key figures of the Industrial Revolution. In 1806 the University conferred on him a Doctorate of Laws. A statue of James Watt can be found on the SW corner of George Square in Glasgow City centre. More information about the statue can be found here. James Watt embodied the values and achievements of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. However, the Enlightenment’s celebration of human progress, reason and scientific knowledge developed in countries that held people in slavery, and the Enlightenment provided ideological justifications for slavery based on a belief in the hierarchy of races. Some Enlightenment figures owned enslaved people or saw little or no problem with slavery. In 1757, for example, the American inventor Benjamin Franklin (who like Watt was a member of Birmingham’s famed Lunar Society) brought an enslaved man and boy with him to London, both of them Franklin’s property. Watt’s great scientific and engineering achievements are rightly celebrated. But it is also true that his family profited through the trade in slave-produced goods (such as sugar, rum and cotton from Antigua and other Caribbean islands) and on occasion they were actively involved in the purchase and sale of enslaved people. In March 1762, for example, Watt’s brother John arranged for the shipment of a young boy, who was quite likely enslaved, from the Caribbean to Glasgow. In later years, Watt undoubtedly made money by producing machinery for businesses in the Caribbean which owned enslaved people. On the other hand, during the Haitian revolution in 1791, Watt is on record cancelling an order placed by a French form for a steam engine intended for the colony of Saint Domingo (now Haiti). Watt writes: "We sincerely condole with the unhappy sufferers, though we heartily pray that the system of slavery so disgraceful to humanity were abolished by prudent though progressive measures." We cannot celebrate the achievements of James Watt and other great men and women of the Enlightenment without remembering their society’s complicity in race slavery and imperialism, and without acknowledging that our present-day experience and understanding of race developed out of the attempts of Enlightenment thinkers to address the basic contradiction between professing liberty and upholding slavery. James Watt Engineer and Inventor Born 19 January 1736. Died 25 August 1819. University Link: Honorary Graduate GU Degree: LLD, 1806; Occupation categories: engineers; instrument makers NNAF Reference: GB/NNAF/P29937 View Major Archive Collection Record Search for this person in the DNB Record last updated: 26th Aug 2019 University Connections University Roles • Honorary Graduate Academic Posts On This Day Entries There are no comments available.
Developmental Interventions Apps for Tablets There are hundreds of apps for tablets (iPad, iPhone, iPod touch, and Android) for autism spectrum disorders. Go to apps on your tablet or phone and search autism. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy According to the National Association of Cognitive Behavioral Therapists, Cognitive-behavioral therapy does not exist as a distinct therapeutic technique. The term “cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)” is a very general term for a classification of therapies with similarities. There are several approaches to cognitive-behavioral therapy, including Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Rational Behavior Therapy, Rational Living Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Dialectic Behavior Therapy. However, most cognitive-behavioral therapies have the following characteristics: CBT is based on the Cognitive Model of Emotional Response. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations, and events. The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we think to feel / act better even if the situation does not change. Brief report: effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on parent-reported autism symptoms in school-age children with high-functioning autism. Computer Software Programs There are many programs specifically designed for autism spectrum disorders. They are used for additional educational intervention. Daily Life Therapy Daily Life Therapy was developed by Dr. Kiyo Kitahara of Tokyo in the 1960s. Originally a regular kindergarten school teacher, she derived her method from working with a child with autism who was included in her classroom (Kitahara,1984). Placing heavy emphasis on group dynamics, the method incorporates physical education, art, music and academics, along with the acquisition and development of communication and daily living skills (Boston Higashi School,1999). Specifically, Dr. Kitahara’s method focuses on social isolation, anxiety, hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity, and the apparent fragility of children with autism. According to Dr. Kitahara (1984), stability of emotions is gained through the pursuit of independent living and development of self-esteem. Mastery of self care skills allows for the development of self-confidence and a desire to attempt other adaptive skills. The second focal point, extensive physical exercise, is used to establish a rhythm of life. Many of the exercises are founded upon principles of sensory integration and vestibular stimulation that lead to coordination and cooperative group interaction. Vigorous exercise releases endorphins, which help reduce anxiety. In addition, exercise has been found to reduce incidences of self stimulatory behavior and aggression (Allison, Basile, & MacDonald, 1991; Elliot, Dobbin, Rose, & Soper, 1994; Koegel & Koegel, 1989), along with hyperactivity and night wakefulness while increasing time on task. Children also learn how to control their bodies as they master riding a bicycle, rollerblading, the balance disk and other Higashi exercises. Physical education is carried out in different sized groups, thus serving as a bridge to social development. Stimulation of the intellect with academics, including language arts, math, social studies and science is compatible with typical school curricula to prepare each student for inclusion opportunities. In the Higashi program, medication is not recognized as a therapeutic technique for working with children on the autism spectrum. Finally, art and music provide opportunities to gain mastery and appreciation for aesthetics. — Stephen M. Shore, Ed.D. (from the US Autism Association Conference Proceedings Manual 2010) Discrete Trial Therapy Discrete Trial is a process used to develop many skills, including cognitive, communication, play, social and self help skills. TeachTown, used in many educational settings (public schools), explains the discrete trial training into their program: The program breaks down individual skills into small discrete tasks and guides a student’s learning through prompting and reinforcement. Each trial follows the traditional discrete trial model that has been used in multiple studies (e.g., Lovaas, 1987; Smith, Groen, & Wynn, 2000) where the discriminative stimulus is presented (i.e. the instruction or cue that the child should respond to) by presenting 1 or more images (e.g., a happy, a sad, and an angry face) with a vocal instruction (e.g., “Find the person that is happy”). Next, the child is expected to respond by selecting one of the images (e.g., clicking on the happy face) (the child can also touch the screen on touch screen monitors). If the response is correct, a positive statement is heard (e.g., “You did it!”), there is a brief (3 second) inter-trial interval (i.e. pause between trials) and the next trial is presented. If the response is not correct, the correct answer is shown. Floortime/DIR Floortime Floortime/DIR Floortime (or DIRFloortime) is a specific technique to both follow the child’s natural emotional interests (lead) and at the same time challenge the child towards greater and greater mastery of the social, emotional, and intellectual capacities. With young children these playful interactions may occur on the floor, but go on to include conversations and interactions in other places. DIRFloortime emphasizes the critical role of parents and other family members because of the importance of their emotional relationships with the child. The DIR Model, however, is a comprehensive framework which enables clinicians, parents and educators to construct a program tailored to the child’s unique challenges and strengths. Central to the DIR Model is the role of the child’s natural emotions and interests which has been shown to be essential for learning interactions that enable the different parts of the mind and brain to work together and build successively higher levels of social, emotional, and intellectual capacities. It often includes, in addition to Floortime, various problem-solving exercises and typically involves a team approach with speech therapy, occupational therapy, educational programs, mental health (developmental-psychological) intervention and, where appropriate, augmentative and biomedical intervention. Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) Developed by Dr. Steven Gutstein and Dr. Rachelle Sheely, relationship development intervention is a parent-based model program that provides a means for individuals with autism and asperger disorder to learn about and experience authentic emotional relationships in a gradual, systematic way. The enjoyable activities in this program emphasize foundation skills such as social referencing, regulating behavior, conversational reciprocity and synchronized actions. SCERTS is an innovative educational model for working with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families. It provides specific guidelines for helping a child become a competent and confident social communicator, while preventing problem behaviors that interfere with learning and the development of relationships. It also is designed to help families, educators and therapists work cooperatively as a team, in a carefully coordinated manner, to maximize progress in supporting a child. The acronym SCERTS refers to the focus on: SC – Social Communication - the development of spontaneous, functional communication, emotional expression, and secure and trusting relationships with children and adults; ER – Emotional Regulation – the development of the ability to maintain a well-regulated emotional state to cope with everyday stress, and to be most available for learning and interacting; TS Transactional Support - the development and implementation of supports to help partners respond to the child’s needs and interests, modify and adapt the environment, and provide tools to enhance learning (e.g., picture communication, written schedules, and sensory supports). Specific plans are also developed to provide educational and emotional support to families, and to foster teamwork among professionals. The Son-Rise Program The Son-Rise Program Start-Up is a 5-day group training program for parents, relatives and professionals looking to facilitate meaningful progress in their children (ages 18 months through 60 years) challenged by Autism, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), Asperger’s Syndrome, High Functioning Autism and other related developmental difficulties. Exciting, inspiring and diverse presentations by a group of seasoned and dedicated teachers, will deliver to you the autism strategies, expertise, motivation and knowledge honed through years of working with thousands of families and children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. At the end of this course, you will have all the tools necessary to design and implement your own home-based Son-Rise Program, as well as the skills and attitude to impact your child’s growth in all areas of learning, communication, development and skill acquisition.
When you think of a horseshoe, don't picture a shoe with a sole and laces! Instead, a horseshoe is an arc-shaped piece of metal that gets nailed into the horse's hoof. Ever since humans started using horses for riding, pulling carts, and working on farms, they've found ways to guard their hooves against wear and injury. Horseshoes can be nailed onto the thick, fingernail-like hoof, or glued on. Some people consider horseshoes to be lucky symbols as well, while others enjoy the game called horseshoes, which involves throwing large horseshoes toward a metal stake in the ground. Definitions of horseshoe 1. noun U-shaped plate nailed to underside of horse's hoof synonyms: shoe see moresee less type of: plate, scale, shell 2. noun see moresee less type of: game equipment equipment or apparatus used in playing a game 3. verb equip (a horse) with a horseshoe or horseshoes see moresee less type of: equip, fit, fit out, outfit provide with (something) usually for a specific purpose Word Family
International day against homophobia: Countries that allow same-sex marriage Every year since 2005, May 17 is celebrated as the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia. The aim behind this day's celebration is to coordinate international events that raise awareness of LGBT rights violations and stimulate interest in LGBT rights work worldwide. Globally, there are 29 countries that are considered progressive in the sense that these countries allow same-sex marriage The first country to legalise same-sex marriage, Netherlands did so a couple of decades back in December 2000. Same-sex marriage in Spain has been legal since July 3, 2005. Spain was actually the third nation in the world to legalise it. Back in June 2003, Belgium became the second country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage. First introduced in several provinces of Canada by court decisions beginning in 2003, same-sex marriage was legally recognised nationwide with the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act on July 20, 2005, just a few days after Spain. United Kingdom Same-sex marriage is now legal in all parts of the United Kingdom. In the UK, as a way to achieve greater self-government, different subjects are devolved and marriage is one such subject. Due to this, different parts of UK legalised it at different times. England and Wales recognised it in March 2014, Scotland in December 2014, and the latest, Northern Ireland has only been recognising same-sex marriage for one and a half year, since January 2020. Same-sex marriages in Germany have been recognised since October 2017. Before that, from 2001 until 2017, Germany recognized registered life partnerships for same-sex couples. Australia recognised and legalised same-sex marriage in December 2017. The first country in Asia to recognise same-sex marriage, Taiwan did so in May 2019. Read in App
The Importance Of Water In Jamaica 952 Words4 Pages The United Nation declares water as a basic human right in 2010. But in some country, this is not true. The problems of negligence, corruption, a lack of accountability among other issues, undermine people's right to water and sanitation. The water is only 2.5% Earth's water is freshwater in this world, so it is important. In the world there are 884 million people don't have access to clean water and 2.6 billion people lack access to basic sanitation. Which is 40% of the world's population. Most of the people who have access to fresh water categorized who can use 5 liters per person for the toilet flush. Also, using 2 liters for per day for food preparation. The water can check whether it's safe or not which free from microorganisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to health. The…show more content… And if these dry seasons are longer than usual they will have a drought. Also, they don't have good water treatment, so Jamaica has lack of fresh water and accountability. Jamaica is located 140 km south of Cuba and 190 km west of Haiti. Jamaica is tropical, hot whole year but there's few degree difference between winter and summer. In winter time, the daytime temperatures are about 27/30 °C (81/86°F), and night-time temperatures about 20/23°C (68/73°F). The capital Kingston which located a southern coast is slightly warmer in winter. The maximum temperature is about 30 °C (86°F) even in January. Difference between summer and winter is rainfall and air humidity. A Rainy season which is April to October is it hot More about The Importance Of Water In Jamaica Open Document
What Function Does Drama Play In Training? Managing Drama Why Are Some Folks Addicted To Drama? With so much to cram into our each day classroom timetables, it’s often difficult to set aside a particular time to formally educate drama skills, find a play script, assign roles, rehearse and carry out. The dictionary definition of “drama” is a state, state of affairs, or collection of events involving interesting or intense conflict of forces, or excessively emotional performances or reactions. Sufficient is sufficient while you understand your companion’s actions are just now not okay with you – and that is when it might be time to let go of your relationship. These have been Marlowesque, one-man sort, or the tragedy of passion, the Courtroom or Lylian comegy, Classic performs and the Melodramas. At the same time most people have difficulty identifying the roles they play. During train the blood is being pumped across the physique by the action of the center. dramamine side effects, drama movies to watch, dramatic irony def, dramatic irony in literature, drama movies on netflix Some forms of dance emphasize a management of a certain body half, akin to Irish stepdancing (legs), the Tahitian tamure (hips) and the Balinese Kecak (arms). Related posts
12. September 2021 Behavior Agreement Definition It can make your child more responsible for their actions. The word „contract“ already sounds formal. And a behavioral contract is a written agreement that makes it easy to go back in case of confusion. (This can help your child say something like, „Oh, I forgot it was in it.“ A behavior contract can allow your child to reflect on their behavior, which can help them improve skills such as self-monitoring and self-monitoring. The behavior contract is a simple positive reinforcement intervention, often used by teachers to change student behavior. The conduct contract details the expectations of students and teachers (and sometimes parents) regarding the implementation of the intervention plan and makes it a useful planning document. Since the student usually enters the conditions set out in the contract to earn rewards, it is more likely that the student will be motivated to comply with the terms of the conduct contract than if those conditions had been imposed by someone else. (NOTE: Display a behavior contract, for example, as an installation at the bottom of this page.) Children may have behavioral contracts, whether or not they have an IEP or 504 plan. Behavioral contracts can take many forms. They may look like formal chords, or they can be sticker diagrams. You can also include „daily report cards“ that your child`s teacher gives your child. No form is better than another. The important thing is that the contract works well for your child. The teacher meets with the student to establish a behavioral contract. (If applicable, other school staff and, possibly, the student`s parents are invited to participate.) The teacher will then meet with the student to establish a behavioral contract. The contract should include that children with certain differences in learning and thinking may have difficulty managing their behaviour at school. If your child is often in trouble, behaves, or doesn`t follow instructions in class, a behavioral contract might help. Your child`s teacher can propose one. Or you could take the idea to the teacher if you think it would help. If your child follows the terms of the contract, he or she receives a reward set out in the contract. For example, a reward could be extra computer time. And a week of good behavior in the classroom could mean a family movie night at home or a weekend night. A behaviour contract could benefit any student who needs to improve their behaviour at school. It could be helpful for children with ADHD who may have problems with impulsivity, inattention, or hyperactivity. A behavioral contract can work well for children who have problems with organization and the end of work. They could also help children who often have tantrums or those who have opposition behavior. It can motivate your child to self-regulate. Your child is involved in the process of developing behavioral planning goals and selecting their rewards. This may provide an incentive for them to invest more in achieving these goals. This buy-in can motivate them to improve their self-monitoring and self-monitoring capabilities. . . .
Exploration of Putative Riboswitches Involved in Bacteriophage Temperate Life Cycle Saturday, February 13, 2016 John Ramirez, Del Mar College, Corpus Christi, TX Background: Bacteriophages are viruses that survive by infecting and then replicating using a bacterial host’s genetic machinery, leading to the destruction of the host cell. Bacteriophages and their hosts are locked in an evolutionary struggle that has led to the development of new mechanisms of defense and infection. Bacteria have regulatory structures known as a riboswitch, an ancient regulation mechanism composed of a single piece of RNA that alters its self-annealed structure in the presence or absence of cellular metabolites. The cellular metabolite interacts with the portion of the RNA structure forming a hairpin-loop and making the Shine-Delgarno sequence unavailable to ribosomes. Methods: We used an enrichment method to isolate phage that infect the host Mycobacterium smegmatis. Phage were purified and classification was assisted by TEM imaging. The quality and quantity of DNA harvested from ‘Chupacabra’ were measured through restriction enzyme digest. After genomic sequencing, bioinformatic analyses of the isolated phage genome were used to classify the phage and annotate its genome. Putative riboswitches were located in our isolated phage using the Denison Riboswitch Detector (DRD). In addition, FASTA files available from GenBank for four bacteria and 94 bacteriophage were analyzed using the DRD. Results: During this project, the novel bacteriophage ‘Chupacabra’ was isolated. This phage belongs to the cluster A and subcluster A10 of bacteriophages. In culture, ‘Chupacabra’ exhibits a temperate life cycle and forms plaques approximately 3 mm in diameter. Its capsid and tail were 60nm in diameter and 140nm long, respectively, and its genome was 50,286 base pairs in length. Annotation of the ‘Chupacabra’ genome revealed genes that were atypical when compared to related lytic phages. Among the four bacterial species included in our study, we identified 322 total putative riboswitches. We also located 110 putative riboswitches across the bacteriophage genomes. Lysogenic and lytic phages appear to favor different types of riboswitches. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first time that putative riboswitches have been located in an actinobacteriophage genome. These findings suggest that riboswitches may have functioned as metabolite sensors in primitive organisms, and actinobacteriophage and modern cells still retain some of the ancient regulatory control systems. We postulate that riboswitches are able to regulate phage gene expression and are, therefore, able to control the transition from a lysogenic to a lytic lifestyle.
by Swami Tattvavidananda Published in Arsha Vidya Gurukulam 33rd Anniversary Souvenir. Namaste Gaṇapataye – to you, Lord Gaṇapati, I prostrate and pay my obeisance. Gaṇapataye namaḥ – The word namaḥ has a very interesting etymology. Literally, it indicates the prahvī-bhāva. This assumes that you have another person, an altar, or a mūrti in front of you, which amounts to saying that īśvara is present there. Before one such, you would bow your head in respect. This is called the prahvī-bhāva. Prahva literally means bowing one’s head. Therefore, here the word namaḥ means “I bow my head before you” and is a symbol of humility. Namaḥ has another interesting etymology: na me iti namaḥ. The phrase na me translates as ‘not mine.’ As a person takes birth in this world, he assumes a few things to be his own. When he is born, he starts life with a physical body. Even though strictly speaking the mother gives this physical body to him, we can make an allowance for him owning it. Therefore, while he cannot claim ownership of even the clothing he wears upon that body, he can say that the body is his. Every other consideration comes later and it comes to him by the grace of īśvara. This grace appears in the form of the pañcabhūtas, the five elements. So whatever we have, whether they are inanimate material objects or relationships such as that of a son, daughter, mother, or father, they are given to us by īśvara and all of them are manifestations of the pañcabhūtas. For example, take a rock and a tree. One is a living form and the other is inanimate. Even though the difference is seen and experienced, both are nothing but the pañcabhūtas. In a particular configuration, these pañcabhūtas result in the formation of a rock, and when assembled in a different configuration, they have the ability to form an organism and reflect life. This applies to a human being also. The body that you consider to be you and yours is just another configuration of the pañcabhūtas. Even these pañcabhūtas have been given to us, in the sense that they do not belong to anyone nor were they created by anyone. In this universe, ignorance alone makes it possible to imagine that a few things belong to me. In knowledge, these notions have no meaning. It is this understanding that is reflected in saying na me or namaḥ. It is a way of presenting this understanding before the Lord, as though saying, “Hey parameśvara, in my existence, it is out of ignorance that I assume my body to be me and a few possessions to be mine. Everything is really yours, nothing is mine.” In the context of this Upaniṣad, both meanings may be taken together: namely, that we emerge from the sense of ‘me and mine’ and that we assume humility before the altar of the Lord. This therefore is the meaning of namaḥ. The Lord’s name here is Gaṇapati, and the devotee addresses Gaṇapati as te gaṇapataye – unto you, Lord Gaṇapati, my namaskāra. The word ‘gaṇapataye’ is the fourth vibhakti, declension. Grammatically, the word ‘te’ can be in either the fourth or the sixth declension. But the context here determines that ‘te’ means tubhyam (‘unto you’) and not tava (‘yours’). So this line translates as “unto you, Lord Gaṇapati, I prostrate and pay my obeisance.” The meaning of Gaṇapati Let us examine who Gaṇapati is. We can look at Gaṇapati in two ways. One way is the theological or story aspect. We have to take into account that every altar is associated with a story. This is because you can relate to the same īśvara either as nirguṇa-nirākāra (without attribute or form) or as saguṇa-sākāra (with attributes and form). Upāsanā, meditation, on saguṇa-sākāra is easy. A devotee’s life begins with an upāsanā in his assumption that he is a limited individual and has to relate to the all-powerful arameśvara. The saguṇa-sākāra aspect arises from this point of view. In the Gītā, Bhagavān says mamaivāmśo jīvaloke jīvabhūtasanātanaḥ1 – you take yourself to be a jīva, a limited individual, and while you see yourself as being this limited individual, you must also understand that you are never separate from the whole. It is this pūrṇa-tattvam, the whole or the total entity, with which one must establish a connection. Based on this we have the upāsanā in which the altar is the saguṇa-sākāra. By definition, the saguṇa-sākāra implies infinite guṇas and infinite ākāras. When faced with the numerous forms of the Lord, it becomes difficult to relate to any one of them. That is why the Vedic sages have presented a few forms before us, depending upon the disposition of the person. One of these forms is Gaṇapati. When we have an ākāra, a set of attributes or guṇas goes with it and there is also a set of stories around it. The purpose of the stories is not so much to establish historicity as to buttress the guṇas that are attributed to the ākāra. We relate a purāṇic story about Gaṇapati. Then you have Śiva, the pūrṇa-tattvam-parabrahma. It may be Śiva in a particular context or Viṣṇu in a different context. Śiva as maṅgala-svarūpa is all auspiciousness. Just as the power of a person is associated with him in an inseparable way, Śiva is associated with a śakti. Now we have śiva-śakti. And then there is the jīva. Unlike in the case of pūrṇam, where there is only one pūrṇam, if you say jīva, you mean an infinite number of jīvas. Some of these jīvas are exalted and some of them may be at a lower status or stratum as it were. Some of these exalted jīvas are very close to īśvara by virtue of their bhakti and knowledge. All the exalted jīvas that are close to īśvara together constitute one entity or group called a gaṇa. There is beautiful symbolism here. From the unique perspective of the universe that obtains here, no jīva is an island. You can have real happiness only when you dilute your personality and individuality, and surrender it at the altar of the whole. That is why all living beings exist and thrive in groups, each of these groups being a gaṇa. This gaṇa group psychology applies to devatās. These gaṇas exist in one final supreme reality, which is īśvara. Īśvara is the overlord of all these gaṇas of life forms. That is why he is called the gaṇapati. This is the meaning of the mantra “gaṇānāṁ tvā gaṇapatim havāmahe.” Because the compound word gaṇānām can mean many things, such as gaṇasya patiḥ (Lord of one gaṇa) or gaṇayoḥ patiḥ (Lord of two gaṇas), or gaṇānām patiḥ (Lord of innumerable gaṇas), the mantra says that he is the ‘gaṇānām patiḥ,’ or Gaṇapati. Thus, we have here namaste Gaṇapataye. You can look at it as saguṇa-sākāra, i.e., Ganeśa Maharāj, the son of Śiva. The other way would be to look at it as meaning that all the life forms in this universe come into the world as groups, live as groups, and resolve as groups; the source of all these three processes is īśvara; and here he is in the form of Gaṇapati. Tvameva pratyakṣam tattvamasi Tattvam means reality. What appears to be real may not be real. In fact, we define reality as “an existence that is not affected or influenced by time.” For instance, consider a ghaṭa, pot. We don’t call the pot reality because it did not exist before a particular given time, and after a while it may not be there. Even an antique pot will disappear: it comes to exist in time, and after a while it ceases to exist. We don’t call such a thing real. Reality is trikāla-abādhitam-satyam, something that is not negated in the three periods of time: bhūta, bhaviṣya, and vartamāna (past, present, and future). Such a thing alone is reality. Addressing Gaṇapati, the teacher says that this changeless reality, this immutable truth is you, tvameva pratyakṣam tattvamasi. The tattvam is pratyakṣam, directly understood. You are the reality, which expresses itself through the eyes, ears, etc. as śrotasya śrotraṁ cakṣuśaścakṣuḥ, the ear of the ear, the eye of the eye. That is the pratyakṣam. The word is grammatically derived as akṣam prati pratyakṣam, that which is directly seen. Eyesight is caitanyam, consciousness, which has acquired a particular expression. When I see a fruit and I understand it as fruit, this is ‘fruit knowledge’ expressing itself. This is the awareness in which the fruit appears. When this awareness is expressed through a certain upādhi, conditioning adjunct, it becomes the knowledge of fruit. The fruit happens to be the nāma-rūpa, the upādhi through which that knowledge is expressing. It is like a necklace of gold, which is gold expressing as a necklace. When reflecting in a different form, the same gold is called something else. It is the same with pot knowledge, book knowledge, etc. All these ‘knowledges,’ as it were, appear to be different but they are not. While there is a difference in them, there is also a commonality. The factor which makes them differ from each other is unreal – the nāma-rūpa. The commonality in all these knowledges is real, and that is the tattvam. In the tattvam vision, there is no scope for rāga-dveṣa because tattvam is anāropitākāram, free of any superimpositions. There is scope for rāga-dveṣa only in the nāma-rūpa vision. For example, when you talk of a shirt, the question of liking or disliking it arises, but when you talk of fabric or cloth, there is no question of like or dislike. Fabric doesn’t evoke the response of like or dislike in you in the same manner that it does when it is in a particular form. That is why the Vedantic attempt is to divert the attention of a person away from the nāma-rūpa and towards the tattvam. The tattvam alone is real. The nāma-rūpa is always unreal. Therefore, we have here, tvameva pratyakṣam tattvam asi. tvameva kevalam kartāsi – tvameva kevalam dhartāsi – tvameva kevalam hartāsi Here there are three things: kartā, dhartā, and hartā. There are many phenomena that occur each day, but at the universal level they are only three. Any discussion of īśvara centers upon these three universal actions or phenomena, which are sṛṣṭi, sthiti, and pralaya (creation, sustenance, resolution). Sṛṣṭi arises from ‘you’, sthiti is in ‘you,’ and pralaya happens into ‘you.’ Kevalam means that ‘you alone’ are the one source. We may ask if there are three entities, each with a responsibility, but the difference is only verbal because here Gaṇeśa is the only tattvam. This is not to be interpreted to mean that Gaṇeśa and not Brahmāji is the creator. It means that there is one reality responsible for creation, and the universe abides in him and resolves in him. You may call this reality Śiva or Viṣṇu or Rudra, but in this present context we are calling it Gaṇeśa Maharāj or Gaṇapati. tvameva sarvaṁ khalvidaṁ brahmāsi Space and time originate from īśvara and he transcends both in being niratiśayam bṛhat, or bigger than space. So brahman means ‘subtler than space.’ The universe is understood as a plurality, while in reality it is not so. In the context of a space and time framework alone, as experienced by the sense organs, this plurality is a ‘perceived’ division. Īśvara is the reality in which this universe has its existence. There are several ways of understanding īśvara. One could perceive this universe before us, in all its apparent plurality and diversity, as nothing but a collection of the pañcabhūtas, some reflecting life, others being inanimate. These pañcabhūtas exist in a tapered manner. In their grossest form, they are prithvī and in their subtlest form, they are ākāśa. In between, we have all the varying degrees of manifestation. Everything that exists can be broken down into its component pañcabhūtas, with one or the other of the pañcabhūtas being more or less predominant in its existence, giving it its own characteristic form or feature. In perceiving all existence thus, we understand both the limited ‘is-ness’ and its opposite, ‘is not-ness,’ to have their existence in īśvara. This way of arriving at īśvara called the sat model. The other is the cit model. Just as there is a world outside in which I see īśvara, there is a world inside me also. First, there is this body, which has its existence in the sense organs because without them there is no body. These senses have their existence in the mind. This in turn exists in the buddhi. This buddhi exists in the aham, the ego, and the aham exists in the ātma-caitanyam. All the limitations of the aham are superimposed on the ātmā. The aham is the awareness. For instance, we know of the atom and how subtle it is. But the mind through which we know it has to be subtler than the atom because in the knowing, the atom becomes an object of the mind. This is quite like saying that the mind that made the computer possible is superior to the computer. The ātmā is superior to this mind because the mind is like a wave that comes up in the ātma-caitanyam and goes back into it. The ego belongs to the mind, and there is no ego without the ātmā. So in away, the ego is the child of the ātmā even though the ego overshadows the ātmā. With the birth of the ego, this ātma-caitanyam is as though lost sight of and the ego becomes all. When I understand this truth, the ego diminishes. As the ego becomes smaller, the ātma-caitanyam comes into focus better, and finally, when the ego is resolved, there is only ātmā. Because the ego identifies itself with the physical body, it is subject to the limitations of time and space. The limitations of time and space do not exist in this ātmā, and therefore ātmā is indeed saccidānanda brahman. This realization arrived at through the path that highlights the sat aspect of reality is called brahman, and arrived at through the other path, where the cit aspect of reality is highlighted, it is called ātmā. They are one and the same. Taking both these approaches into account, the śruti says, tvameva sarvaṁ khalvidaṁ brahmāsi. tvam sākṣādātmāsi nityam Sākṣāt is an important word. There are a few categories: one is pratyakṣa, something that is understood through perception. Another is parokṣa, meaning that it is akṣa-para, not available to the eye. Heaven, for example, would be parokṣa. The mind is not available for perception in the same manner as a fruit is, even though it is through the mind that we perceive the fruit. The objects of the world are known to this ego. The ego identifies with the mind, and as the mind, the fruit is pratyakṣa. That is why the world is called ābhāsa-bhāsya, that which is lit up or made visible by ābhāsa, which is the ego identified with the mind. This ābhāsa is the seer, hearer, taster, etc. The moods of the mind are not ābhāsa-bhāsya, however. They are the states of the mind, and the mind is not available to itself. Although the mind is not available for perception, the individual who is the witness (sākṣī) knows and is aware of the states of the mind. We do know our minds, and so the states of the mind are called sākṣi-bhāsya. Thus, there is sākṣi-bhāsya and ābhāsa-bhāsya. The ‘pot’ is ābhāsa-bhāsya and sukha is sākṣi-bhāsya. This sākṣi-bhāsya is called aparokṣa. Therefore ābhāsa-bhāsya is either pratyakṣa – as in phala, a fruit – or aparokṣa – as in svarga, heaven. The states of mind like sukha, duḥkha, cañcala-manaḥ, or ekāgra-manaḥ are called aparokṣa. This sākṣī cannot fit into any of these categories: it is not pratyakṣa, or parokṣa, or even aparokṣa. So it is called sākṣāt-aparokṣa. It is svayaṁ-prakāśa or svayaṁ-jñāta, self-evident. Just as one light, however, dim or bright, glows in its own light and cannot be illuminated by another light, the sākṣī is self-evident. This sākṣi-caitanyam is brahman. This is a mahāvākya – yad sākṣādaparokṣat caitanyaṁ vartate, tad brahma. This is the essence of tvam saksādātmāsi nityam.
Pedagogy Welcome Three Things Teachers Can Do to Grow Student Creativity creative happy childrenCreativity should be a core component of classrooms. There exists a rich body of literature that demonstrates creativity is an important link to learning and student engagement. In the article Creativity on the Brink? Author Alane Starko discusses these links and identifies three things teachers can do to grow student creativity within their classrooms: 1. Develop a Creativity-friendly Classroom. Think about the physical environment and the emotional climate of the room. Think about daily practices and procedures. Think about problem solving. Are all of these leading toward flexibility? Flexible environments encourage creativity and help students develop ownership. As they develop ownership, they find more joy in their work, and ultimately they become more intrinsically motivated. 2. Teach the Skills and Attitudes of Creativity. Teach brainstorming, SCAMPER, and other creative thinking methods. Examine the lives of creative people and pay particular interest to the challenges that were overcome. Help students see that there will be obstacles in their own lives and encourage them to persist and seek solutions. 3. Teach the Creative Methods of the Disciplines. Each content area has its own unique challenges, and teachers should expose students to a variety of methods for addressing challenges within the content areas. Teach students about the application of convergent thinking (How-How Diagram, Evaluation Matrix, Pair and Share) or divergent thinking (5 W’s and an H, Reverse Assumptions) within content areas. Teach students to ask a variety of questions and examine items from a variety of perspectives. They will benefit greatly. These three elements working in combination can produce tremendous learning gains. As you prepare for next week, think about how you can apply these three things to your classroom practices. You and your students will be glad you did! 0 comments on “Three Things Teachers Can Do to Grow Student Creativity Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Heat in developing countries Earth is getting warmer every day and the heat in developing countries can be fatal. There are ways to take the edge off – air-conditioned rooms, pools and shade – and make even the hottest days bearable. This is not to say that Americans are completely safe from heat-related deaths – it kills 800 people per year, disproportionately affecting people of color and migrant workers. Although this number may seem small compared to the toll of cancer and strokes, any deaths from overheating are unacceptable. They are easily preventable with proper education and access to the right information and technologies. The Dangers of Overheating However, in countries like India and in the deserts of Africa, where temperatures can reach up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, the dangers of overheating are everyday realities. The effects of overheating on a population are difficult to measure because overheating exacerbates other diseases. Symptoms affect the heart (causing irregular rhythm), immune system (decreasing white blood cell count) and cause dehydration, which has innumerable other effects. Statisticians estimate that between 1998-2017, over 160,000 people died as a direct result of overheating and heatwaves worldwide. Technologies such as air conditioners would reduce deaths due to heat in developing countries and improve the livelihoods of people. Unfortunately, barriers such as high cost and the unavailability of electricity remain in developing countries. Luckily, several organizations are working to find ways to mitigate these barriers. Reducing Heat-Induced Deaths • The World Health Organization (WHO): WHO already does much to help reduce poverty. It also takes on the challenge of reducing heat in developing countries. WHO looks at how to compactly design buildings with fewer levels to lower cooling costs. It investigates investment into insulation and the positive economic impacts of finding new markets for air conditioning companies. The Maghreb, a region of North Africa, could particularly benefit from an overhaul of cooling systems because of its rich natural resources. This would incentivize more workers to move there, bringing profit to all. • Rocky Mountain Institute: RMI aims to reduce the effect of air conditioners on the environment. These environmental effects often impact poorer communities in particular. Typical AC units run on electricity provided by fossil fuels. These fossil fuels warm the planet, creating a positive feedback loop. Providing everyone with access to air conditioners, therefore, as many organizations are doing, may not be enough. People also need to stop organizations from warming the earth and increasing demand even further. The institute concluded that the world needs units that are at least five times as powerful as they are now while using the same amount of energy, and electricity that comes from either solar panels or wind turbines. Keeping people safe from the real danger of heat in developing countries is a necessary step to increasing productivity and saving lives. Fortunately, heat-related deaths are preventable if well-equipped countries assist third world economies to start producing the technologies that people need, such as air conditioners. Michael Straus Photo: Flickr
Oil Painting Oil paint is a thick paint made with ground pigment and a drying oil such as linseed oil. Oil paints provide flexibility and depth of colour. They can be applied in many different ways. Oil paint can be applied as a thin glaze diluted with turpentine or quite dense as a thick impasto. Slow to dry – artists continue working the paint for much longer than other types of paint. BUY NOW \| Oil Paint Sets >> Oil Painting – Fat Over Lean ‘Fat over lean’ refers to the principle of applying ‘fat’ oil paint, which has a higher oil to pigment ratio, over ‘lean’ oil paint, which has a lower oil to pigment ratio, in order to ensure a stable paint film. The idea is to prevent upper layers of oil paint from drying faster than lower layers, which can lead to an oil painting cracking. Oil paint straight out of the tube is considered ‘fat’. Adding more oil, such as linseed oil, will make it even ‘fatter’, further increasing the drying time. Even when it feels dry to the touch, it may still be drying under the surface. ‘Lean’ paint, on the other hand, is oil paint mixed with turpentine or some other fast-drying medium. ‘Lean’ oil paint dries faster than ‘fat’ oil paint. The key thing to remember, in order to avoid cracking, is that every layer in an oil painting must be ‘fatter’ than the one beneath it. That is because if ‘lean’ oil paint is painted over ‘fat’ oil paint, the ‘lean’ layer could be subject to cracking as the ‘fat’ layer dries and contracts underneath it. Also, lower layers tend to absorb oil from the layers above them, especially when ‘fat over lean’ is not followed. Another thing to consider is the quality of the oil paints you are using. Cheaper oil paints often have drying agents added, making the drying times more consistent. Conversely, quality oil paints generally consist of oil and pigment only, leading to varying drying times. For example, Prussian blue, titanium white, and flake white all have a lower oil content and dry more quickly. However, cadmium yellow and cadmium red, both of which have a medium oil content, usually take about five days to dry. According to some oil paint manufacturers, it is possible to circumvent the ‘fat over lean’ principle by using synthetic, alkyd-based mediums like Galkyd and Liquin. However, while these products do provide consistent drying times, increase the paint film flexibility, and promote adhesion between paint layers, their long-term stability is not known at this time. If you would like to learn more, please visit http://www.oilandpigment.blogspot.com where I discuss my own paintings and works in progress. BUY NOW \| Oil Paint Sets >> Tips On The Care And Handling Of Your Oil Painting Buying a genuine oil painting for display in your home or office is a cause for celebration. Whether you purchased an old oil painting or commissioned a brand new oil portrait, you probably realized as soon as you removed the wrappings that you don’t have ‘just another picture’ to hang on the wall. Oil paintings, which are not mounted behind glass (except in some museum circumstances for preservation), require special consideration regarding handling and maintenance. A few tips will help you avoid making mistakes that might damage your oil painting and help you preserve it for many years as a keepsake or family heirloom. Handling and Storage Oil painting is a sturdy, long-lasting, and durable art form, and with proper care and handling will last for generations. A visit to any good museum will confirm this, but keep in mind that museums go to great lengths to safeguard their masterpieces. 1. Always handle an oil painting by the frame without touching the painted surface. 2. Never let any object press again either the front or back of an oil painting canvas, as it pliable and will cause a dent or hole. If an accident occurs, have an expert repair the damage. An amateur repair job may look okay at first but given time will inevitably show. 3. For temporary storage or transporting an oil painting, place cardboard or plywood on both front and back (slightly larger than the outside dimensions of the framed oil painting) and then wrap in ‘bubble wrap’ and tape or tie securely. 4. Permanent storage should be in a custom-sized plywood container with the painting braced to allow air flow on all sides without shifting. 5. Never expose an oil painting to extremes of heat, cold, or humidity, whether hanging on your wall or in storage. Neither basements nor attics are good storage locations. The best place to store an oil painting is on the wall for all to enjoy. 6. Occasional dusting with a clean, soft-bristled brush is recommended. A very old or dirty oil painting should be taken to a professional restorer. Hanging Your Oil Painting Here is the fun part. Oil paintings, especially portrait oil paintings, demand pride of place in your home. Involve your spouse or family in deciding the perfect location. Hang your oil painting on two picture hooks which are appropriate to the wall (wood, plaster, drywall) and strong enough to secure the weight of the picture. Two hooks, rather than one, will allow the picture to maintain a horizontal position. 1) Choose a place for your painting that does not get direct sunlight or is subject to hot or cold drafts. 2) Hang high enough to be able to see the painting clearly from anywhere in the room. A spot over a mantelpiece or over a sofa (above head height of anyone sitting on the sofa) is usually ideal. 3) Avoid hanging oil paintings in hallways or on walls where there is frequent family movement or furniture may be brushed against the wall. 4) If you have central heat or air conditioning, that’s great. If not, a rule of thumb is, if people are comfortable in the room your oil painting occupies, chances are your oil painting will be comfortable too. If you do not own a genuine oil painting yet, you can turn a favorite family photograph into an oil portrait as a way of displaying it and preserving it forever. An inexpensive way to acquire an oil painting or oil painting portrait of any photograph is to commission one from oil portrait website. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Karl_Sultana error: Content is protected !!
6. Challenges of entrepreneurship Step 1 of 1 6. Challenges of entrepreneurship Although entrepreneurship offers several opportunities, there are also certain challenges faced by entrepreneurs whilst developing their business. Ramachandran & Gokila, (2012) suggest that the foreign exchange market, tariffs, duties, trade barriers, and taxes can be some of the several factors which affect the entrepreneurial activities. In addition, enterprises doing businesses internationally face several daunting challenges, and some of them are; (a) knowledge gap between the developed, emerging, frontier and under developed markets for conducting business, (b) difference in accounting systems in several countries, (c) variable rates of return, (d) non-convertibility of the currencies, (e) communication gaps, (f) language barriers, (g) political unrest (h) cultural differences, (i) discrepancies in the use of technology, (j) complexity in the markets, (k) supply chain concerns,(l) lack of specific infrastructure in some countries or regions, (m) financial markets and their volatility, and (n) legal concerns. In addition to the above mentioned concerns there are also few challenges which affect entrepreneurial activities. And some of them are mentioned herewith: Laws and regulations: As every country has their own laws and regulations, it is important to for the entrepreneurs to understand the legal system of a country to conduct profitable business. International laws and laws related to imports and exports can be very crucial for entrepreneurs who are conducting business in international markets. A good knowledge about the rules and regulations related to international trade and business can be very pivotal for entrepreneurial activities (Ramachandran & Gokila, 2012). Cost: Another important factor which determines the success of the entrepreneurial activities. It becomes highly important for the businesses to understand the costs incurred in all their business process. This involves all the activities concerning procurement to distribution of goods/services. A proper control on expenditures can facilitate the entrepreneurs to monitor their expenses and streamline their business processes in a cost effective way (Ramachandran & Gokila, 2012). Communication issues and cultural differences: One among the several challenges faced by entrepreneurs is the communication issues and the cultural differences faced in business dealings. Although, some entrepreneurs might be doing business in their home country, however, they might face these challenges when they are importing goods/services for other countries. Similarly, for export or import oriented entrepreneurs, the challenge of communicating in a common language and understanding the cultural differences can be very significant. Therefore, these aspects can offer some challenges for conducting business dealings or negotiations (Ramachandran & Gokila, 2012). Type of payment methods and currency rates: Entrepreneurs can face certain challenges whilst buying or selling products/services in international markets. The payment methods and currency exchange rates can be very crucial for entrepreneurs who are involved in imports, exports or investing capital in other countries. A small change in exchange rates can affect entrepreneurs who are involved in transactions which are worth millions of dollars. Therefore, any change in exchange rates during buying or selling of goods/services can be crucial for all the entrepreneurial activities (Ramachandran & Gokila, 2012). Choosing a proper logistical method: Entrepreneurs also face massive challenges when they procure goods from other regions or when they are shipping products to other regions. A good knowledge in logistical networks can crucial for entrepreneurs to offer their goods effectively and efficiently. Some entrepreneurs are considering different means of transportation (air, rail, road & ships) or a proper combination of transportation to develop their logistical networks. In recent decades, some entrepreneurs are making use of the external logistics players for reducing their risk in logistical challenges. However, others simply outsource their entire logistical operations to another company (Ramachandran & Gokila, 2012)
Essay 1: on the conceptual equipment Essay 1. On the conceptual equipment. (Chapter 1 of the book) You should address the following questions in this essay. (a) In physics we talk of the atom, in chemistry we talk of the bond, in biology it is the cell, genetics the DNA, in geology it is the tectonic plate. What do we talk about in sociology (the systematic study of society)? (b) What other ideas are necessary to explain the logical mechanism of society? (c) Status functions what are they? (d) Collective intentionality, what is it? (e) Deontic powers, what are they? (f) Reason indipendente of desires for action, what sort of reason is it? (g) Constitutive rules, how are they different from regulative rules? (h) Institutional facts, what are they?
A Beginner’s Guide to the Ukulele Share on facebook Share on google Share on twitter Share on linkedin When a beginner musician decides to pick up an instrument for the first time, the thought of starting with the ukulele may not cross their minds. However, the ukelele can be a great instrument to start with, especially if you are unsure of where to begin as a musician. The reason for this is that the ukulele is very accessible, as well as it can serve as an intro to larger stringed instruments. This beginner’s guide to the ukelele will give you a little bit of insight into why the ukelele can be such a good instrument to learn. One of many reasons that the ukulele is a great choice for beginner musicians is that it is so accessible in terms of size and ease of play. Being smaller than most instruments, the ukelele can easily be transported and held while playing. While guitars can sometimes be difficult for children or even adults to hold, ukuleles can be held and played by almost anyone. This also= translates over to learning chords because the chords on a ukulele tend to be easy to play with some practice. Lastly, ukuleles tend to be a bit less expensive when compared to other instruments like the acoustic or electric guitar. In addition to the accessibility of the ukulele, this instrument can also act as a gateway to other larger stringed instruments. There are a few reasons for this. First, the strings on a ukulele are easier to press down than that of a guitar, so this will allow for beginner musicians to get a sense of what is to come when advancing through instruments. Also, a variety of songs can be easily adapted to the ukulele, which can help musicians to get a feel for what it’s like to learn songs. Overall, the ukulele can be a perfect choice for musicians of all kinds. Not sure if the guitar is for you, but still want to learn a stringed instrument? Sign up for a trial ukulele lesson! Scroll to Top
Open Shop Agreement Example The open store, in its more lenient form, where the open store represents only an employer`s refusal to favour union members to employment, is legal. Although the National Labor Relations Act allows contractors to enter into preliminary leases in which they agree to obtain their labour from a group of workers seconded by the union, employers are not legally required to enter into such agreements. Like the union, they fought courageously against the idea of “open shop”! Because labour law is a provincial jurisdiction in Canada, laws vary from province to province. There are, however, a few things in common. Despite opposition from open-shop entrepreneurs, the Ontario Liberal government recently reintroduced the card-based certification system, which applied for most of the post-World War II period. Card certification has only been reintroduced for the construction industry. It allows employees to certify an exclusive partner on the basis of a membership sometimes referred to as a “majority declaration.” Some observers say that this system may be misled by business representatives. Others argue that it overcomes the natural advantage that employers have over their employees, unlike union training. [9] There are many unions whose workers are increasingly competing with small open enterprises. The open store was also an important part of the American plan put in place in the 1920s. During this period, the open store was aimed not only at construction unions, but also at mass production unions. Unions again felt that these proposed policies would allow employers to discriminate against union members in employment and would also lead to strong opposition to collective bargaining. Open Shop refers to a factory, office or other establishment where a union, elected by the majority of workers, acts as a representative of all workers in the maintenance of agreements with the employer, but where union membership is not a condition of recruitment. The main difference between an open store and a closed store is the requirement for union membership. [1] There are many opinions on the benefits and negatives of open business. With depression, the open shop movement took on greater strength. Non-union construction companies have also adopted the term “store of merits” to describe their activity. In many connotations, the terms are interchangeable, but can be used in different ways from different pages of the open-shop output.
Parshat Hayey Sarah: Revisiting Machpelah This week’s parsha, Hayey Sarah, begins with the death and burial of Sarah, and concludes with the death and burial of Abraham. Both are buried in the cave of Machpelah, a site which has a rich and colorful history in the Talmud and midrash. According to the Talmud in Eruvin (53a), four couples are buried in this cave: Adam and Eve, Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob and Leah. For the most part, these dead are left undisturbed, until Rabbi Banaa comes along in the third century and knocks on the door of the dead. Rabbi Banaa, as we are told in the Talmud (Bava Batra 58a), used to mark the burial caves of the dead. (Until medieval times, Jews generally placed their dead in caves rather than burying them underground.) Presumably he did so in order to prevent people from accidentally contracting impurity as a result of contact with a corpse. As Rashi explains, Rabbi Banaa would enter burial caves, measure their dimensions, and then outline with lime the corresponding surface above the ground so as to ward off anyone who might otherwise walk right over them unaware. At some point in his grave markings, he came to the cave of Machpelah, as the Talmud relates: “When Rabbi Banaa reached the cave of Abraham, he found Eliezer, the servant of Abraham, standing in front of the entrance. He said to him: What is Abraham doing? He said to him: He is lying in the arms of Sarah, and she is peering at his head. He said to him: Go and tell him that Banaa is standing at the entrance. Abraham said to him: Let him enter. It is well known that there is no physical desire in this world.” Rabbi Banaa finds himself at the threshold of Abraham’s grave. Abraham, as we know from last week’s parsha, was famous for his hospitality, and so of course he instructed his servant Eliezer, who was guarding the door, to let Banaa inside. Even though Abraham and Sarah were engaged in a moment of intimacy—he was lying in her arms, and she was peering at his head or perhaps picking out the lice from his hair—Banaa was invited to enter. “There is no physical desire [yetzer] in this world,” Abraham explains cryptically from the crypt. Does he mean that he and Sarah’s behavior is entirely innocent, since after all they are already dead? Or does he mean that Rabbi Banaa, having entered the world of the dead, is in another realm where such voyeurism would not be titillating? Why is Banaa permitted to observe this intimacy? In fact, intimacy and voyeurism are themes central to this sugya and to the opening chapters of tractate Bava Batra, where this story appears. The first chapter deals with Hezek Reiya, visual trespass, the notion that observing another’s activities is tantamount to trespassing on his domain. Banaa, who ostensibly wishes to prevent others from inadvertently trespassing over dead bodies and contracting impurity, instead “visually trespasses” over the private domestic space of Abraham and Sarah. He observes them in a moment of intimacy, much like the laundering women who are described in the halakhic sugya that immediately precedes this story, which deals with the question of Hazaka, that is, the duration of time that property must be owned and uncontested in order to establish the legal presumption of ownership. The Mishnah on 57a considers which uses of property indicate that the user has acquired rights to use the property in this manner from the property’s owner. The Talmud quotes Rabbi Banaa, who states that residents who share a jointly-owned courtyard can prevent each other from engaging in most activities that are disruptive, except for the washing of clothes, “for it is not the practice of Jewish daughters to debase themselves by washing clothes in public.” While washing clothes, a woman had to roll up her sleeves and expose herself in ways that would not be appropriate in a more public setting; therefore, a woman may not be barred from doing laundry in the private space of her own courtyard. In the continuation of this halakhic sugya, Rabbi Banaa goes on to make other remarks about privacy and intimacy, including the stipulation that a Torah scholar’s tunic must be long enough “so that his flesh should not be visible below the hem.” He also states that the bed of a Torah scholar must have nothing stored beneath it. The Meiri explains that conceivably this could result in a member of the household entering the bedroom at an inopportune time. Immediately after this statement, the Talmud launches into our story of Rabbi Banaa, who “walks in on” Abraham and Sarah lying in each other’s arms. As the story proceeds, we follow Banaa deeper and deeper into the cave, until a heavenly voice stops him dead in his tracks and forbids him from trespassing any further: “Rabbi Banaa entered, surveyed [the dimensions of the crypt], and departed. When he reached the crypt of Adam, a heavenly voice came forth and proclaimed: You have gazed at the likeness of My image. Do not gaze at My image itself. [Rabbi Banaa replied]: But I wish to mark the crypt! [The heavenly voice said:] As the dimensions of the outer crypt, so are the dimensions of the inner crypt… Rabbi Banaa said: I glimpsed his two heels and they were like two orbs of the sun.” Rabbi Banaa, after measuring the chamber of the cave where Abraham and Sarah are buried, wishes to go even further and measure the chamber where Adam and Eve lie. But instead of Eliezer, it is God Himself who stands guard at the entrance and warns Banaa that he has seen enough: “You have gazed at the likeness of my image. Do not gaze at My image itself.” This is a strange protest, since presumably Adam—who was created in the image of God—is the likeness of the divine image, and yet Banaa has not yet gazed at Adam. This confusion is resolved in the heavenly voice’s next declaration: “As the dimensions of the outer crypt, so are the dimensions of the inner crypt.” The outer crypt where Abraham is buried resembles the inner crypt where Adam is buried. By gazing upon Abraham, Banaa has effectively gazed upon Adam, who is God’s likeness. Were he to proceed to gaze upon Adam, he would effectively be gazing upon God Himself, which no human being is permitted to do. But Banaa, ever the voyeur, proves unstoppable. He insists on exposing publicly the intimacy he witnesses when he peeks in at Adam’s grave, where it seems Adam is lying on the ground with his feet facing Rabbi Banaa. “I glimpsed his two heels,” he cannot resist gushing exultantly, “and they were like the two orbs of the sun!” Ostensibly on a mission to notify others about the location of burial caves, Banaa’s true purpose seems to be to document what he sees inside them. At this point, the story comes to a close, and the Talmud goes on to enumerate two genealogies of beauty, one consisting of Biblical figures and one linking rabbinic figures to their Biblical forbears: 1. “The radiance of any person’s countenance in comparison to that of Sarah is like that of a monkey in comparison to a human being. Sarah in comparison to Eve is like a monkey in comparison to a human being. Eve in comparison to Adam is like a monkey in comparison to a human being. Adam in comparison to the divine presence is like a monkey in comparison to a human being. 2. The beauty of Rav Kahana was a semblance of the beauty of Rav. The beauty of Rav was a semblance of the beauty of Rabbi Abahu. The beauty of Rabbi Abahu was a semblance of the beauty of Jacob. The beauty of Jacob was a semblance of the beauty of Adam.” The first genealogy reads like a sort of reverse evolution, in which we are not descended from monkeys, but rather our beautiful human ancestors degenerate into ugly monkeys. The starting point is Sarah, whom Banaa has just glimpsed in our story. We know from the Torah that Abraham regarded his wife as beautiful, to such an extent that he insisted on two occasions that she present herself as his sister. But even Sarah paled in comparison to Eve, the first woman. And Eve could not hold a candle to Adam, a reading that presumably accords with Genesis 2 rather than Genesis1, in which Eve is not created simultaneously with Adam but is rather fashioned from his rib. Finally, Adam, who was created in the image of God, was still just a monkey when compared to God. Each generation thus degenerates into monkeys when compared with its more aesthetically pleasing forbears. Likewise, in the second genealogy, each subsequent rabbinic generation represents only a fraction of the beauty of preceding generations, and the leap from rabbinic to Biblical figures is accomplished without remark: Rabbi Abahu resembles Jacob. This sugya thus establishes continuity between the sages like Banaa who mark burial caves, and the Biblical characters buried therein. And the story of Banaa, the only aggada (until the very last page) buried in a Talmudic chapter that deals with matters of property ownership, is set in the cave of Machpelah, which was the first piece of land ever purchased by a Jew — thus establishing the Jewish people’s connection to the land of Israel. Though Ephron the Hittite offered to give Abraham the cave for free, Abraham insisted on paying full price for it, a fact that the Torah emphasizes both at the beginning and end of the parsha lest the matter be contested. There he buried his beautiful wife Sarah, in whose arms he lies to this day, waiting for us to read the story of Banaa and to knock on the door once again. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Skip to content Skip to main navigation Skip to footer Posts by Nimbda1703 55 posts What is WordPress WordPress is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) based on PHP and MySQL. It was released on May 27, 2003. Themes And Plugins Themes allow users to change the look and functionality of a WordPress website and they can be installed without altering the content. What is Knowledge Base A knowledge base is a technology used to store complex structured and unstructured information used by a computer system. Open chat ¿Necesitas ayuda? Powered by
How do babies in the womb breathe? Babies need oxygen starting early in pregnancy to grow. But the first breath will not be taken by a baby until after birth. This means that in the womb, babies do not even breathe. Instead, the umbilical cord delivers oxygen to the infant before the first respiration. The formation of the lung starts early in pregnancy, but is not completed until the third trimester. The lungs begin to produce alveoli, tiny lung sacs that fill with oxygen, between 24-36 weeks of pregnancy. A baby will have trouble breathing on its own outside of the womb before these sacs are fully formed. Often women giving birth worry about how their babies are going to breathe, especially as the baby passes through the narrow confines of the birth canal. The umbilical cord continues to provide oxygen to a baby until after it is born. Simple facts about how babies breathe in the womb: • In the earliest weeks of pregnancy, a developing baby looks more like a ball of cells than a person. In these early weeks, there’s no need to breathe. • The umbilical cord is the main source of oxygen for the fetus. • As long as the umbilical cord remains intact, there should be no risk of drowning in or outside the womb. How do babies breathe in the womb? There is a role played by many biological systems and processes. Included are: The umbilical cord New born baby The umbilical cord provides a baby with oxygen-rich blood in the womb. The umbilical cord forms after 5-6 weeks of pregnancy to deliver oxygen straight to the body of the developing fetus. The umbilical cord attaches to the uterus-connected placenta. Both structures house several blood vessels, and during pregnancy they continue to expand and develop. The umbilical cord and placenta together provide nutrients to the baby from the mother. They also provide the baby with the requisite oxygen-rich blood for development. This implies that for the infant, the mother breathes in, and the oxygen in her blood is then transferred to the blood of the baby. The mother still breathes out for the infant, as the baby’s carbon dioxide is passed from the placenta to the blood of the mother, absorbed with breath. Substances that enter the developing infant, such as oxygen, never interfere, such as waste materials, with the substances leaving the baby. They pass through two distinct blood vessels through the umbilical cord. Lung development in the womb After 35-36 weeks of pregnancy, lung development is usually complete. However, growth varies, and when a baby is born, it is possible to miscalculate. That’s why even late preterm babies sometimes suffer breathing problems. Steroids can help accelerate the development of the lungs of a baby. Doctors may prescribe steroids to the mother when a woman has to give birth early, or when she is at risk of preterm labor, to boost the chances of a baby’s survival outside the womb. Even when the lungs of a fetus are completely grown, breathing is difficult for the fetus until after birth. Babies that develop are surrounded by amniotic fluid, and this fluid fills their lungs. Developing babies begin to take “practice” breaths by 10-12 weeks of gestation. But these breaths do not provide oxygen for them, and instead replenish the lungs with more amniotic fluid. A fetus can’t drown in the womb because it’s common for the lungs of a fetus to be filled with fluid. If there is an issue with the placenta or umbilical cord, there’s no other way for a growing baby to breathe. As a consequence, birth defects, brain damage or even the death of the fetus may be caused by complications with these systems. Breathing during and after birth Some babies are born with a neck-wrapped umbilical cord. In 12-37 percent of births, this relatively common issue, called the nuchal cord, occurs. It poses no issues in most instances. This is because the umbilical cord is still able to provide oxygen to the baby. However, if the cord is wrapped around the neck of the baby very tightly, the supply of oxygen in the cord might be reduced. The care professional can look for a nuchal cord during delivery, and unwrap the cord if possible. The new climate, which entails changes in temperature, a lack of amniotic fluid, and exposure to air, causes the first breath of the baby after the baby is born. During birth, some babies have their first bowel movement before leaving the womb. Meconium is called this stool. A baby may inhale meconium during a practice breath during or shortly prior to birth. Meconium inhalation can be serious and can impair the ability of a baby to breathe outside the womb. So, after birth , babies who have inhaled meconium may need suction and oxygen care. How water birth affects breathing A water birth won’t affect a babies ability to breathe. A water birth won’t affect a babies ability to breathe. Many hospitals provide water births, which are favoured by some women over conventional birth choices. Women giving birth can also prefer water birth at home or in birthing centers. The birth of water can be soothing, can help alleviate discomfort, and simulate the womb environment. It is normally healthy, and will not impact the ability of a baby to breathe. This is because the baby will continue to get oxygen from the umbilical cord until the birthing tub is removed. Theoretically, a baby left for too long in the birthing tub could drown. Isolated studies indicate that during water birth, it is common for a baby to be harmed. A 2009 Cochrane study, which looked at 12 previous water birth trials, however, found no rise in the risk of harm to the infant. The baby is brought up and out of the water upon birth and then takes its first breath. It is worth noting that water distribution is not recommended by both the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Deprivation of oxygen as a birth injury During and immediately after labor and birth, when a baby does not get enough oxygen, it is called hypoxia. Hypoxia deprives the brain and body of the oxygen that they need to function properly. This can cause a number of incidents at birth, including cerebral paralysis and death. Common causes of hypoxia include: • Cord problems, such as a damaged cord, or a cord with damaged blood vessels. • Abnormal presentation. Some babies born breech suffer from oxygen deprivation at birth. • Shoulder dystocia, which occurs when the shoulders get stuck, slowing delivery after the head has emerged. • Excessive bleeding during pregnancy or birth. The risk of hypoxia can be significantly reduced by adequate maternal care and an attentive care provider throughout birth. A baby suffering hypoxia, such as oxygen therapy or a ventilator, may require supportive treatment. Related Articles Back to top button
What do baby snakes eat? What Snakes Are Found In Valley Alabama? What Snakes Are Found In Valley Alabama? Are snakes a problem in Alabama? (WIAT) — Snake sightings are on the rise in Central Alabama. That is according to one local wildlife professional who says he sees an uptick in calls each year when the weather heats up. Snakes are both diurnal– active during the day– and nocturnal, around at night. It all depends on the time of year. What kind of poisonous snakes does Alabama have? According to the Alabama Cooperative Extension, the state’s native venomous snakes include the Copperhead, Cottonmouth, Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake, Timber Rattlesnake, Pigmy Rattlesnake, and the Eastern Coral Snake. What does a copperhead snake look like in Alabama? Two of the five subspecies of copperhead snakes are found in Alabama. The body may be colored from a light brown to tan or pinkish in the southern copperhead. The northern copperhead usually has a darker and more reddish brown body color. Both belong to a group of snakes commonly called “pit vipers”. What Snakes Are Found In Valley Alabama – Related Questions Can a snake come out of the toilet? If even the thought of toilet snakes sends chills down your spine, take heart; while it’s certainly possible for a snake to end up in your toilet, it’s extraordinarily unlikely. Fortunately, there’s no guarantee that this snake traveled through the pipes at all. What is the largest snake in Alabama? DESCRIPTION: The Eastern Indigo Snake is a large nonpoisonous, stout bodied snake averaging six to seven feet in length. The largest individual recorded was eight-and-a-half-feet. What time of day are snakes most active in Alabama? The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources is reminding hunters, anglers and hikers that fall is prime time for encountering one of the state’s six species of poisonous snakes as more of us get into the woods and the snakes become more active during the cooler daylight hours. What will keep snakes away? What does a king snake look like in Alabama? (Wikimedia). The Black Kingsnake grows to 58 inches in length. It is black with traces of yellow or white spots, or bands above and has a white throat. Their heads are typically small and barely distinct from the neck, the bodies are cylindrical, the scales smooth, and they have a single anal scale. How common are snake bites in Alabama? Poison Control says so far this year we’ve had 25 snake bites in Alabama. For all of last year there were 152. Deaths from snake bites are rare. “About 30 percent of snake bites are dry bites where they don’t even inject any venom,” according to Poison Control Director Ann Slattery. Are water moccasins in Alabama? Agkistrodon piscivorus is found in the southeastern states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and east Texas. There are three subspecies: the eastern, Florida, and western cottonmouths. HABITAT: It will sometime wander away from its normal habitat in search of food. Do copperheads swim? The snake is most active in summer, just as people are flocking to water to cool off. But copperheads, like northern water snakes, swim and can be found near water across the region. So, if a snake is not easily identifiable as a non-venomous water snake, it is best to beware. What’s the difference between a copperhead and a cottonmouth? Cottonmouth snakes are generally considered to have more potent venom. Copperheads are considered less venomous and there is some controversy as to whether or not bites from copperhead snakes need to be treated with antivenom. Copperhead and juvenile cottonmouth snakes are both brown in color. Where are copperheads most commonly found? Northern copperheads live in the United States from the Florida panhandle, north to Massachusetts and west to Nebraska. Of the five copperhead subspecies, the northern copperhead has the greatest range. It is found in northern Georgia and Alabama, north to Massachusetts and west to Illinois. Do snakes come out at night in Alabama? Dr. Stephen Secor, a UA biology professor and comparative physiologist whose concentration is snakes. “The end of March, April and May they’re very active, but they become nocturnal as we get into June because it’s too warm during the day. What happens if you flush a snake down the toilet? Fish/snakes/little critters: Flushing live animals down the toilet is not only inhumane, it is stupid. About those dead animals: there’s no way they’re going to disintegrate in the toilet water and there’s a good chance they’ll create a clog. What attracts snakes to your house? A snake may be attracted to houses or yards if there is shelter and food that are unknowingly being provided by humans. Taipans and brown snakes eat rodents and they are attracted to farm sheds or gardens where they can hunt mice or rats. The python may eat chickens or other birds. What is the biggest snake to ever live? Titanoboa, (Titanoboa cerrejonensis), extinct snake that lived during the Paleocene Epoch (66 million to 56 million years ago), considered to be the largest known member of the suborder Serpentes. What is the largest snake ever captured? Green anacondas are the heaviest snakes in the world. The heaviest anaconda ever recorded was 227 kilograms. This massive snake was 8.43 metres long, with a girth of 1.11 metres. Can Anacondas live in Florida? Green anacondas are not native to Florida and are considered an invasive species due to their impacts to native wildlife. Like all nonnative reptile species, green anacondas are not protected in Florida except by anti-cruelty law and can be humanely killed on private property with landowner permission. Are there alot of snakes in Alabama? Alabama is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the United States. Although we have 66 known species and subspecies of snakes, only 6 are venomous. Learn more about Alabama’s 6 venomous snakes and how to react if you encounter one in the wild. What is the most poisonous snake in the world? 1) Inland Taipan: The Inland Taipan or famously known as ‘fierce snake’, has the most toxic venom in the world. It can yield as much as 110mg in one bite, which is enough to kill around 100 people or over 2.5 lakh mice. The venom consists of taipoxin, a complex mix of neurotoxins, procoagulants, and myotoxins. Do fake owls keep snakes away? Owls are natural predators of snakes. The false representation of the owl fools snakes into thinking enemies are lurking in the area. Because there is an “enemy” in the realm, snakes run from the spot. The scarecrow owl, better referred to as a “scare owl,” frightens them off and out of your yard. Do moth balls repel snakes? Are king snakes poisonous to dogs? Kingsnakes, as you may be aware, are famous for making meals of venomous rattlesnakes. They completely harmless (even to kids and dogs) and even nice to look at.
weight management Why Weight Management is so Important ? Weight management is the phrase used to describe both the techniques and underlying physiological processes that contribute to a person’s ability to attain and maintain a certain weight. Most weight management techniques encompass long-term lifestyle strategies that promote healthy eating and daily physical activity. Moreover, weight management involves developing meaningful ways to track weight over time and to identify ideal body weights for different individuals. Weight management Img 1 But now a days due to lack of weight management adults who pack on pounds between their mid-20s and middle age have an increased risk of premature death. And the same is true of those who lose weight from middle to late adulthood, according to a new study. Globally, 30% of men and 32% of women were considered obese in 2016, according to the researchers. Being overweight or obese has reached epidemic proportions, with most of them having body mass indexes (BMIs) above the ideal range. What’s more, as the obesity rate continues to climb, the percentage of people actively trying to shed pounds is dropping. It seems peoples are getting used to larger body sizes, resulting in less motivation to slim down. But there are important reasons to maintain a healthy weight that have nothing to do with how you look. Here are some of the reasons to motivate why weight management so important. 1. Increased fertility Carrying excess body fat detrimentally impacts every system in your body, including your reproductive health. Women who are overweight or obese are more likely to have irregular periods and take longer, on average, to become pregnant than women who maintain a healthy weight. In fact, it’s estimated that at least 10% of infertility issues are due to extra weight. 2. Better sleep Getting restorative sleep every night is a crucial part of staying healthy. Without good sleep you can’t perform at your best. If you’re overweight, the chances that you’re being robbed of a good night’s sleep increase. Excess fat, particularly belly fat, prevents your lungs from expanding fully, preventing you from breathing deeply, which helps you sleep well. Being overweight also raises the risk of obstructive sleep apnea, which is when you stop breathing multiple times while you’re asleep. 3. Reduces chronic disease risk Lowering your chances of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, and other chronic diseases is a major reason to maintain a healthy weight. Too much body fat isn’t merely an unsightly nuisance, it throws your hormones out of whack, bogs down your system, and kicks off a cascade of unhealthy physiological events that set the stage for chronic disease. 4. Motivation to exercise Staying within a healthy weight range helps you feel good and motivates you to get out and exercise. Adults who maintain a healthy BMI are more likely to want to keep themselves healthy by working out and engaging in physical activities that they enjoy. 5. Better emotional health There’s a degree of biological basis to feeling happy, content, and having a strong sense of well-being. Your body produces chemicals that help buffer stress and stimulate good feelings. The inflammatory chemicals produced from excess body fat not only interfere with feel-good substances, they increase stress-related hormones. It’s no wonder obesity increases the risk of depression. More than 40% of adults with depression are obese. Slimming down is just as important for your emotional health as it is for your physical health. 6. Improved libido Excess weight not only interferes with fertility, it stifles your desire to have sex. Having a high BMI lowers your sex drive. A healthy libido depends on various factors, including well-balanced hormonal patterns. When your hormones are off-kilter, your sex drive can take a nosedive. 7. Better sexual performance weight management weight management Img3 Even when you want to have sex, being overweight or obese can impact your ability to perform. In men, obesity is an independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED), a condition that interferes with your ability to develop and sustain an erection. Obese men are significantly more likely to experience ED than men with a healthy BMI. It’s estimated that excess body fat is responsible for 8 million cases of ED in the United States. 8. Improved mobility Your body is meant to move. When your muscles work, they pump oxygen and nutrients throughout your body, keeping your heart healthy and your hormones balanced. Adults who gain weight move less, which often leads to more weight gain. This vicious cycle can leave you feeling out of shape and make it difficult to get your body moving on a regular basis. 9. Protection against age-related diseases Maintaining a healthy weight as you age is just as important as when you were younger. You may know that keeping your BMI within a healthy range protects against chronic diseases like diabetes, but did you know that it also lowers the risk of age-related diseases? Excess body fat increases inflammation and cell damage, putting older overweight adults at increased risk for cognitive impairment, dementia, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. 10. More energy Excess body fat is burden that disrupts your body’s ability to use energy efficiently. Try carrying around a couple of sandbags, and you’ll quickly get an idea of the stress extra pounds put on your body. The decreased energy levels make it challenging to feel good and exercise and the lack of exercise leads to more weight gain. Before you know it, you’re on a hamster wheel of sedentary living that’s difficult to break free from. Take action Our team at Nutrizapp is dedicated to helping you reach your weight loss goals. From meal preparation to dining out, we’ve got you covered with individualized plans that allow you to eat real foods for real results. To learn more about our effective weight management plans, call or book your Come into Nutrizapp to begin your weight loss journey. In addition to planning meals and snacks, we can help you explore the reasons behind over-eating and teach you how to manage difficult social occasions. Let’s work on establishing healthy habits that work for you and your lifestyle! If you want a customized diet plan Book an Appointment with our expert dietitian. For more details you can follow us on Facebook, Twitter & Instagram. Read more related Articles. 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Youtube, Facebook, Twitter and other social media giants censor stories that challenge the “climate consensus”. If there is one element that science should lack, that element should always be consensus. So, why are social media companies censoring content based on their belief that climate consensus is the most important pillar of the climate change fraud? This modus operandi is not new. When the Establishment is unable to debate and win an argument on the merits of facts, gatekeepers always resort to personal attacks and censorship. For this reason, the companies of the Alphabet group will not allow advertising, nor will they monetize the dissemination of content that contradicts the “scientific consensus” on climate change. The allege that “an immense list of scientific studies clearly indicate for years that the Earth is currently experiencing climate change caused, in large part, by human activities”. The premise is a widely debunked idea that the burning of fossil fuels to carry out agricultural practices and livestock maintenance are the two main causes of high levels of greenhouse gas emissions. “Despite the overwhelming majority consensus of the scientific community on the reality and origin of this climate process”, social media giants allege, people continue to spread “fake news” and videos in which “climate change is denied”. The Alphabet Corporation decries that, in some cases, the creators and disseminators of this type of false or misleading content achieve large audiences and, consequently, earn money from advertising that is inserted in these publications. In an attempt to curb the spread of this type of debate, Alphabet, Inc. has announced that it will ban advertisements and stop funding media that contradicts the scientific consensus on climate change. The decision of the Alphabet business group was communicated through an official note from the Google Ads team. The new ban applies to Google banner ads online, as well as YouTube websites and videos that serve Google ads. They include any content that denies human responsibility for global warming or treats “climate change as a hoax or a scam,” the Google Ads note highlights. Google, the largest seller of digital ads, has come under fire for allowing companies seeking to discredit or deny climate change to buy search ads, the Bloomberg news agency recalls. On Google-owned YouTube, inaccurate weather videos received more than 21 million views and posted ads frequently, according to 2020 research by the nonprofit Avaaz. That report prompted a reprimand against Google. Earlier this week, Google launched several functions for searches, maps and other services that supposedly improve information and access to content in defense of the environment. In the same vein, according to Bloomberg, in recent years, YouTube has tried to stop recommending to users that they deny global warming to viewers. Facebook Inc. has taken similar measures on its platforms. For the new rule on ads, Google said it consulted with members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the political group that first claimed humans are responsible for the warming of the planet and the main emitters of CO2, which they allege is the main cause of global warming. Both of these allegations lack scientific evidence, but the owners of Alphabet Inc. will begin enforcing this anti-fake ban in November this year. The move to ban content that disagrees with the official story on how the planet warms and cools is not new. Social media giants have also carried out censorship campaigns against content generators who spouse views that are different from the Establishment, such as the lie that Donald Trump was a Russian asset, election fraud in the 2020 US election, the origin of Hunter Biden’s laptop, among others. Leave a Reply You May Also Like The middle class that vanished One of the giants of the South experiences the highest rates… 31.8 million people will have died by 2030 if tuberculosis is…
Why Bed rest isn't always a good thing Avoid bed rest at all costs! No one gets excited at the idea of being on bed rest. We can all agree it’s not something we would necessarily want to experience. What we may not realize is just how risky bedrest can be, especially for the elderly. Bed rest most commonly occurs within the hospital, but can definitely happen at home as well. When an elderly person is admitted to the hospital, they typically remain in bed. While they may not have been “put on bedrest” by doctor’s orders, the outcome is that they tend to remain in bed. Our hospital system is set up in such a way that those who are admitted to the hospital largely remain in bed all day long. The problem is that remaining in bed all day long is one of the worst ways to recover from almost anything! Bed rest limits someone’s physical activity to little more than a few steps to and from the washroom, a few times daily. That is not enough physical activity to maintain muscle mass. The data proves that with an alarming statistic: For every day of bed rest, the frail elderly lose 5% of their mobility. Consider how long an elderly person tends to be in a hospital. Once admitted, most elderly patients are hospitalized for at least a number of days, but upwards of a week or ten days wouldn’t be uncommon. After a week of bed rest, 35% of mobility is lost! If someone is unfortunate enough to be in the hospital for two weeks—which is all too common—on average they would lose 70% of their mobility. That's a very high risk! That could mean that prior to hospitalization, someone was living independently and walking without any aides. After two weeks in the hospital, that same person now requires a walker and struggles to get out of bed or out of a chair. That’s a drastic change in their ability level and independence. It will significantly impact the quality of daily life. With such a high risk of losing mobility on each day of bed rest, you can see why it is critical to keep people up and moving as much as possible (unless expressly prohibited by doctor’s orders). Seniors should be encouraged to sit up and get out of bed and into a chair, stand up and sit down numerous times to keep leg muscles strong and do exercises either seated in a chair or passive exercises in the bed. Even just sitting up straight in a chair is beneficial since it is typically easier for people to breathe deeply or cough and expel when they’re upright versus lying down. Many elderly patients are at high risk of developing pneumonia while in hospital, and failing to sit up, breathe deeply, cough and expel can increase that risk. Developing pneumonia will lengthen a hospital stay, which increases the likely number of days on bedrest—meaning more days of losing 5% mobility each day! Unless a medical condition or injury specifically requires immobilized bed rest, remaining active in any possible way is absolutely essential to recovery and long-term maintenance of mobility and muscle mass. Next time you’re visiting a senior in the hospital, have them sit up or get out of bed and into the chair. You just might be helping to save their mobility and prevent the 5% daily loss! add a comment Blog Contributor Portrait Chloe Hamilton October 19, 2021 show Chloe's posts Blog Contributor Portrait Lissette Mairena Wong September 23, 2021 show Lissette's posts Blog Contributor Portrait Avery Hamilton November 19, 2020 show Avery's posts Latest Posts Show All Recent Posts Everything Dementia Long Term Care Homecare Retirement Home Alzheimer's Parkinson's Aging Elder Abuse Holiday Warm Stories Healthy Living Health Care Events Companionship Sandwich Generation Respite Care Independence Staying in your own home Parents Refusing Help Activities
Migratory Bird Protection Act reintroduced By Laura Bies American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) are one of the more than 1,000 species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Credit: Kendal Allen / USFWS The Migratory Bird Protection Act, legislation that would provide a path forward in public-private migratory species conservation work, has been reintroduced to the U.S. House of Representatives. Reps. Alan Lowenthal (D-Cal.) and Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA) reintroduced the bill that would codify incidental take protections for migratory birds. “With over one-third of America’s native species at increased risk of extinction and a loss of more than three billion birds in the past half century, now is the time for Congress to act,” said TWS President Carol Chambers in a press release announcing the bill. “Through Congressmen Lowenthal’s and Fitzpatrick’s leadership, the Migratory Bird Protection Act will provide support for wildlife biologists and managers to work collaboratively toward the proactive conservation successes America is capable of.” The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 protects over 1,000 migratory bird species across the United States by making it illegal to take, possess, import, export, transport, sell, purchase, barter or offer for sale, purchase or barter, any migratory bird (or part of one), or a migratory bird nest or egg, without a valid permit. During the final days of the previous administration, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service finalized rule-making excluding incidental take, or harming or killing a bird during an otherwise legal activities such as energy extraction or electric utility operations, from the scope of MBTA regulation. The Biden administration has initiated a regulatory process to revoke this rulemaking. The Migratory Bird Protection Act, which was reintroduced with nearly 50 bipartisan co-sponsors, would ensure that the Migratory Bird Treaty Act regulates the incidental taking of species. The bill also requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to consult with industry officials on permits that allow incidental take based on adherence to best management practices. Finally, it implements a mitigation fee to be imposed on unavoidable impacts on birds, which will fund other bird conservation programs. The bill was first introduced in January 2020. The Wildlife Society, along with over 100 other organizations, signed a letter to committee leadership, urging swift passage of that legislation. The Wildlife Society is supporting the bill again this Congress and is working with partners to encourage additional members of Congress to co-sponsor the legislation and secure its passage.
Expression of a variable from the formula - math problems Number of problems found: 1154 • Solve: parabola Solve: 2r2+7r-r2-9 • Temperatures teplomer Temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius are related by the rule F = 1.8C + 32. What is the temperature in degrees Celsius if it is 50°F? • The expression numbers2 What is the value of the expression ((62+60))/(23) • The width garden The width of a rectangular garden is 4 m less than the length. If the area of a rectangular garden is 96 square meters, what is the dimension of the garden? • Given 2 eq2_fx Given g(x)=x2+x+1 where x=t2. What is g(t²)? • Semicircle ornament The ornament consists of one square and four dark semicircles. The area of the square is 4 cm ^ 2. Find the area of one dark semicircle and round the result to hundreds. • The isosceles rr_lichobeznik The isosceles trapezoid ABCD has bases of 18 cm and 12 cm. The angle at apex A is 60°. What is the circumference and content of the trapezoid? • Insert sequence_geo Insert five numbers between 8 and 27 such numbers that, with two given ones, they form the first seven members of the geometric sequence. • The product 3 numbers2 The product of the two numbers is 15 ⁵/₆. If one of the numbers is 5 ²/₃, find the other. • When 5 fractions When 5 is subtracted from both my numerator and denominator I become 3/4. What fraction i am? • A trapezoid 3 trapezium A trapezoid ABCD has the bases length of a = 120 mm, c = 86 mm and the area A = 2,575 mm2. Find the height of the trapezoid. • Evaluate expr with 2 vars expr If a=6 and x=2, find the value of (2ax + 7x- 10) /(4ax-3a-2) • Trapezoids lichobeznik In the isosceles trapezoid ABCD we know: AB\|\|CD, \|CD\| = c = 8 cm, height h = 7 cm, \|∠CAB\| = 35°. Find the area of the trapezoid. • Diagonals of rhombus rhombus-diagonals Find a length of the diagonal AC of the rhombus ABCD if its perimeter P = 112 dm and the second diagonal BD has a length of 36 dm. • One of rhombus-diagonals2 One of the internal angles of the rhombus is 120° and the shorter diagonal is 3.4 meters long. Find the perimeter of the rhombus. • A perimeter paralleogram_axes A perimeter of a parallelogram is 2.8 meters. The length of one of its sides is equal to one-seventh of the entire perimeter. Find lengths of the sides of the parallelogram. • The ratio 4 ratios2 The ratio of two number is 5:4 if 40% of the first number is 12, what will be 50% of the second number? • Perimeter to area 2 square_rot Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 100 cm with solve. • If x=4 eq2 If x=4 and y=-3, what is the value of the expression x² + 2xy - 4x + 3y + y²? • Cost structure factory_butter You are currently trying to decide between two cost structures for your business: one that has a greater proportion of short-term fixed costs and another that is more heavily weighted to variable costs. Estimated revenue and cost data for each alternative
Who Led South Korea During The Korean War? Who was the leader of South Korea at the outbreak of the Korean War? In the south, the anti- communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) enjoyed the reluctant support of the American government; in the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) enjoyed the slightly more enthusiastic support of the Soviets. Who led the invasion of South Korea? Did South Korea win the Korean War? The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on 27 July 1953 in an armistice. You might be interested: Often asked: Why Do People Wear Masks In Korea? Who led South Korea in 1950? How was the United States involved in the Korean War? Prior to Kim Il-Sung’s Soviet-backed invasion in 1950, the United States military was involved in rebuilding Korea south of the 38th parallel and training a standing South Korean army. What caused the outbreak of the Korean War? The Korean War (1950-1953) began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea. As Kim Il-sung’s North Korean army, armed with Soviet tanks, quickly overran South Korea, the United States came to South Korea’s aid. Why did US lose Korean War? The USA did not lose the Korean War. The goal was containment of Communist expansion, not the conquest of North Korea, which the would have resulted in a full scale war with the Chinese. Legally there was no War because Congress did not declare war – it was a United Nation’s Police Action. Why did America invade Korea? Fearing that the Soviet Union intended to “export” communism to other nations, America centered its foreign policy on the “containment” of communism, both at home and abroad. Indeed, Asia proved to be the site of the first major battle waged in the name of containment: the Korean War. Who was to blame for the Korean War? For most historians it was the Russians that were responsible for the outbreak of the Korean War, perhaps wanting to test Truman’s determination. Stalin had supplied the North Koreans with tanks and other equipment. Moreover Kim Il Sung could not have acted without Stalin’s go-ahead. You might be interested: Often asked: How To Be An Actress In Korea? Why North Korea and South Korea are separated? The United States supported the South, the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula. In 1950, after years of mutual hostilities, North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to re-unify the peninsula under its communist rule. Who really won the Korean War? After three years of a bloody and frustrating war, the United States, the People’s Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea agree to an armistice, bringing the fighting of the Korean War to an end. The armistice ended America’s first experiment with the Cold War concept of “limited war.” Who won Vietnamese war? Opposition to the war in the United States bitterly divided Americans, even after President Richard Nixon ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. Communist forces ended the war by seizing control of South Vietnam in 1975, and the country was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year. Which side won in Korean War? Who Won the Korean War? Neither side actually won the Korean War. In fact, the war goes on to this day, since the combatants never signed a peace treaty. South Korea did not even sign the Armistice agreement of July 27, 1953, and North Korea repudiated the armistice in 2013. Why did North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950? This conflict began on June 25, 1950, when North Korea, a communist nation, invaded South Korea. By invading South Korea, North Korea hoped to reunite the two nations as a single country under communism. With North Korea’s invasion of South Korea, the United States feared the spread of communism. You might be interested: Readers ask: Why Does North Korea Hate The Us? What religion is in South Korea? South Korea is a country where all the world’s major religions, Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam, peacefully coexist with shamanism. According to the 2015 statistics, 44% of South Koreans identified with a religion. When did Korea become a democracy? Thus it was, in 1948, constitutional democracy was introduced, after 1987, procedurally it became consolidated. Leave a Reply
Calculate the marginal utility of each good for generic quantities x and y. Suppose an individual has preferences over two goods that can be represented by the utility function u(x,y) = x 1/2 y1/2, where x and y represent the quantities consumed of each good. Calculate the marginal utility of each good for generic quantities x and y. Calculate the marginal rate of substitution. Do these preferences exhibit diminishing marginal returns? How do you know? Suppose the goods have prices p x = 3 and p y = 5 and the individual has an income of 120. Graph the individual’s budget line for these two goods. Given your above results, find the individual’s optimal consumption bundle (x∗, y∗). What two conditions hold at this point? Illustrate on a diagram the income and substitution eﬀects to show what would happen to the individual’s optimal choices if the price of good x fell to 2. Calculate the new optimal consumption bundle. (You do not need to calculate the decomposition of the change into substitution and income eﬀects.) Assume a consumer’s utility is a function of units of consumption C and hours of lesisure R, given by the function U(C , R) = 48R +RC −R2. Let w be the person’s wage rate and suppose the time period has 24 hours, which must be divided between leisure and work. Hence, hours of work, L, is given by L= 24 − R. Formulate the consumer’s budget constraint by setting expenditures equal to income. (Assume there is no non-labour income.) What is the slope of the budget line, dC/dR? Determine the marginal rate of subsitution between leisure and consumption, dC/dR. Show that this consumer’s optimal number of hours of work increases with the wage rate. Show that, irrespective of the wage rate, the individual will never work more than 12 hours per day Consider a simple intertemporal choice problem in which there are only two periods: today (t = 0) and tomorrow (t = 1). In this problem, we are interested with the eﬀects of imperfect capital markets. An individual has three options. The first is to pursue a job immediately (option W ) and earn a salary of $25,000 each period. Secondly, she could obtain a bachelor’s degree (option B). This would requiring forgoing some current income and earning $15,000 today but would yield a salary of $40,000 tomorrow. Finally, she could pursue a doctoral degree (option D) and earn $5,000 today and $60,000 tomorrow. Plot the three options facing the individual. That is, graph her possible endowments. Suppose that capital markets are perfect and that the individual can borrow and save at an interest rate of 25%. If the individual chooses based on maximizing the net present value of her earnings, which option would she choose? Suppose the individual’s preferences are given by U (c0, c1) = ln c0 + Type of paper Academic level Subject area Number of pages Paper urgency Cost per page: Purchase Guarantee Why ORDER at • Educated and experienced writers. • Quality, Professionalism and experience. • Original Content writing. • Best customer support. • Affordable Pricing on orders. • Thorough research. • Ontime delivery of finished work. • 100% plagiarism free papers. Reasonable Prices • We have a Moneyback guarantee. Original and Quality work Native Writers plus Researchers • We have the best standards in essay writing. We have been in business for over 7 syears • Our company has 24/7 Live Support. You will get • Custom Admission Essay written by competent professional English writers. • Free revisions according to our revision policy if required • On time delivery and direct order download • Privacy guaranteed We can help you: • acquire a comprehensive professional presentation. • get a unique and remarkable content as per your instructions. • improve your presentation to acquire the best professional standards.
Ultra-precision PCB Fabrication, High Frequency PCB, High Speed PCB, IC Substrate, Multilayer PCB and PCB Assembly. The most reliable PCB custom service factory. PCB Tech PCB Tech PCB Tech PCB Tech Quality inspection standards in patch processing and the causes of wicking Quality inspection standards in patch processing and the causes of wicking 1. Quality inspection standards in patch processing 1. Formulation of inspection standards Each quality control point of patch processing should formulate corresponding inspection standards, including inspection objectives and inspection content. Quality inspectors on the SMT patch line should strictly follow the inspection standards. If there is no inspection standard or the content is incomplete. It will bring considerable trouble to the quality control of the entire PCBA processing process. For example, when it is judged that the components are biased, how much deviation is considered unqualified? Quality inspectors often judge based on their own experience, which is not conducive to the uniformity and stability of product quality. When formulating the quality inspection standards for each process, all defects should be listed as far as possible according to their specific conditions. It is best to use the method of diagrams to facilitate the quality inspectors to distinguish. pcb board 2. Statistics of quality defects In the process of SMT patch processing, the statistics of quality defects are very necessary. It will help technicians and managers to understand the quality of the company's products. Then make corresponding countermeasures to solve, improve and stabilize product quality. Among them, PM quality control, that is, the defect statistical method of parts per million is the most commonly used in defect statistics, and its calculation formula is as follows: Defect rate [PPM] Total number of defects/total number of solder jointssixth power of ten. Total number of solder joints = number of test circuit boards x solder joints The total number of defects = the total number of defects of the detected circuit board For example, there are 1000 solder joints on a printed circuit board, the number of printed circuit boards detected is 500, and the total number of defects detected is 20, then it can be calculated according to the above formula Defect rate [PPM]20/(1000500)*sixth power of ten=40PPM Compared with the traditional statistical method for calculating the through rate of printed circuit boards, the PPM quality system can more intuitively reflect the control of product quality. For example, some printed circuit boards have more components and are mounted on both sides. The process is more complicated, and some printed circuit boards are simple to install and have fewer components. The same calculation of the single board through rate is obviously unfair to the former, and the PPM quality system makes up for this deficiency. 3. Implementation of quality management In order to carry out effective quality management, in addition to strictly controlling the production quality process, we also adopt the following management measures: (1) When purchasing components or parts processed by outsourcing, they need to undergo random inspection (or full inspection) by inspectors before entering the warehouse. If the pass rate is found to be less than required, the goods should be returned, and the inspection results should be recorded in writing. (2) Quality technicians must formulate necessary quality-related rules and regulations and work responsibility systems. The quality accidents that can be avoided artificially are negotiated through laws and regulations. (3) Establish a network of comprehensive quality organizations within the enterprise to ensure timely and accurate quality feedback. The best quality of personnel is selected as the quality inspector of the production line, and the administration is still under the management of the quality department, so as to avoid the interference of other factors to the quality judgment work. (4) Ensure the accuracy of inspection and maintenance equipment. Product inspection and maintenance are implemented through necessary equipment and instruments, such as multi-meters, anti-static wrists, soldering irons, and ICT. Due to the surface, the quality of the instrument itself will directly affect the quality of production. It is necessary to send inspection and measurement in time according to regulations to ensure the reliability of the instrument. (5) SMT chip processing plants should hold regular quality analysis meetings. Discuss the quality problems that arise and determine the countermeasures to solve the problems. 2. Reasons and countermeasures of wicking phenomenon in SMT patch processing As long as the cause is due to the large thermal conductivity of the component pins, the temperature rises rapidly, so that the solder preferentially wets the pins, and the wetting force between the solder and the pins is much greater than the wetting force between the solder and the pad. The upturning will aggravate the occurrence of wicking. 1. For gas-phase reflow welding, the SMA should be fully preheated first and then put into the gas-phase furnace; 2. The solderability of PCB pads should be carefully checked. PCBs with poor solderability cannot be used for production; 3. Pay full attention to the coplanarity of components, and devices with poor coplanarity cannot be used in production. In infrared reflow soldering, the organic flux in the PCB substrate and the solder is a good infrared absorption medium, while the pins can partially reflect infrared. Will be greater than the wetting force between the solder and the lead. Therefore, the solder does not rise along the lead, and the probability of wicking phenomenon is much smaller.
Manila Men: The Forgotten Filipinos of St. Malo When it comes to the issue of the Filipino Diaspora, we always have the OFW (overseas Filipino workers) in mind or perhaps Filipino women who got married to foreigners. Aside from that, our imagination revolves around the Filipino immigration to the United States is tied to our long love-hate relationship with the Americans since 1898. The continuing brain-drain, rooted on the demand of nurses in United States, has increased the Filipino-American population. Most of us may think that this trend is a recent thing while some may say that Filipinos started pouring into the country since the first Pensionados arrived in the United States in 1901. Jose Rizal would probably never imagine that his countrymen have dotted across the states from sea to shining sea. From the bustling cities of New York and Los Angeles to the suburban homes of Florida and Hawaii, Filipinos have made their homes. But did you know that Filipino settlement in Uncle Sam's backyard existed even before the Americans landed in our shores? It is said that St. Malo, Louisiana is the site of the earliest Filipino settlement in the United States. Named after Jean Saint Malo (Juan San Malo in Spanish) who led a group of runaway slaves to escape from the Spanish in 1784. Saint Malo and his group settled in the marshy confines of Lake Borgne where they organized a resistance with a motley crew of plantation workers and freed persons of colored races. Unfortunately, he was captured and hanged in front of St. Louis Cathedral (now later known as Jackson Square in New Orleans). It is said that the Filipinos, who ventured into the unforgiving bayou and the unknown landscape, were castaways and marooned from the ships they were in. The Spanish galleons that brought Asian spices and porcelain make a stopover in Acapulco after a treacherous sea voyage from Manila and escaping from English, Dutch, and Portuguese privateers. Cargoes were unloaded and sent to other ships waiting in the Caribbean side of Nueva Espana with silver and gold bullions bound for Spain. Aside from the Caribbean pirates, the ships have to evade strong winds and Atlantic hurricanes. The deplorable conditions of the Filipino crew is probably the reason why some of them jumped ship and get away from their Spanish masters. The inhabitants of St. Malo were came to be known as "Manila Men" and for the next 8-10 generations, they are considered to have the oldest continuous Asian American settler community in North America. However, the Naturalization Act of 1790 granted the right of U.S. citizenship only to all "free white persons." This exception to citizenship would not apply to them until after the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. This is issue is quite confusing as they were not slaves in the first place but they were not also white. Based on oral accounts, Manila Men were said to have participated in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 under the command of Major-General (future U.S. president) Andrew Jackson. With the help of French buccaneer Jean Baptiste Lafitte, the Manila Men reinforced the U.S. troops to defeat an 8,000 strong British Army under the command of Major-General Sir Edward M. Pakenham. Though the War of 1812 was already on the end, the British invasion force were not aware of the ongoing peace settlement so the attack was still on the go and the attack on New Orleans continues. Jackson's army of 1,500 men rag-tag collection of regular army troops, state militia, western sharpshooters, two regiments and pirates from the Delta Swamps are prepared to halt the enemy force at all cost. The pirates were believed to be the Manila Men because they were the only Spanish-speaking fishermen living in that locality. Isolated from the rest of the country, the Manila Men (also known as the Tagalas) have eventually developed their own culture. They still retained the Filipino customs from where they came from. It was until then-unknown writer-journalist Lafcadio Hearn (later known as Koizumi Yakumo) visited the Manila Men houses on stilts and documented their way of life. In an article posted in Harper's Weekly in 1883, Hearn introduced the Manila Men to the American public for the first time. His work became the first written account about the existence of Filipino settlers in the United States. Being the curious journalist that he was, Hearn visited the village and was able to make a detailed account of his visit. He described their dwellings as houses on stilts just like Bajaos in Mindanao do. This is an ingenius way of sustaining their community despite the unpredictable rise and fall of sea level in the delta. The inhabitants have learned to improvise on anything they need since living on the bayou would mean that one has to go against wildlife from mosquitoes to alligators. There are no furniture, even table, chairs, and bed, because the house on stilt won't be able to hold on its own when you have so many stuff inside. According to Hearn, they slept at night “among barrels of flour and folded sails and smoked fish.” Here is what Hearn noted: Although rice is the Filipino staple food, Manila Men rarely ate rice and their diet usually revolve around seafood. All of them are Roman Catholic. Since the area is so remote at that time, Manila Men have set their own rules and laws that inhabitants of settlement have to obey. The oldest person in the community is the one who settles a dispute or mediate a certain disagreement. If a person refused a verdict then he is jailed in a makeshift cell. At the end of the day, the offender would change his mind and obey the rule since the jail's condition is harsh. Legacy of the Manila Men Aside from St. Malo, there were other settlements in the area such as the Manila Village on Barataria Bay in the Mississippi Delta, and Alombro Canal and Camp Dewey in Plaquemines Parish. There was also similar settlements in Leon Rojas, Bayou Cholas, and Bassa Bassa in Jefferson Parish. View Manila Men Settlements in a larger map Houses in Manila Village were built on stilts on a 50-acre marshland but was destroyed by Hurricane Betty in 1965. If you ever thought that Bubba, Forrest Gump's buddy, introduced shrimp in the area, think again. The Manila Men were the ones who produced dried shrimp known as "sea bob." So if you think about pioneering Filipinos in the United States then think about the Manila Men. 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Manila Men: The Forgotten Filipinos of St. Malo Manila Men: The Forgotten Filipinos of St. Malo Istoryadista \| History Blog \| Cebu Blogger
June 22, 2009 John Edwards Bill Tammeus on his Faith Matters weblog suggests this is a good historical date on which to ask this question: What should be the membership requirements to join a community of faith? Why today? Well, it was on this date in 1750 that the famous colonial preacher Jonathan Edwards (depicted here) was dismissed from his pulpit at the Congregational Church in Northhampton, Mass. He had served there 23 years, but had gotten himself on the wrong side (according to those who dismissed him) of an argument over requirements for admission to full membership in the church. Edwards wanted more restrictions than his opponents did. He lost. Edwards had succeeded his maternal grandfather as pastor of the church, and his grandfather's policy was to encourage all baptized parishioners to receive Holy Communion. Edwards, however, wanted to give the sacrament only to people who, he felt, met a high standard of proving they really were Christians. read the entire post Note to pastors: Church conflicts and congregational political struggles are not new.
Botanical Medicine Botanical Medicine is a system of healing that uses plants and their constituents to prevent or treat disease and maintain optimal well-being. Modern research shows its effectiveness and safety when used properly. Naturopathic Doctors are currently the only health care providers in Canada to be regulated for the use of Botanical Medicine. Botanical Medicine comes in many forms, depending on the plant used. It can be given as a tea, tincture, capsule, salve or essential oil. Herbal Medicine is used to treat a variety of health concerns, such as digestive, skin and hormonal concerns, depression, chronic fatigue, arthritis, cold and flu and many more.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an ancient healing model that uses herbal medicine, acupuncture, cupping, exercise and nutrition to treat and prevent illness. TCM views the body as a complex, interconnected entity, rather than separate systems or organs. The energy that flows through the body is known as the "Qi". Acupuncture involves the insertion of fine, sterile needles into specific points along the body in order to activate the body's healing response and optimize the flow of energy (Qi). When the Qi is out of balance or not flowing properly, the Qi is considered deficient and therefore disease or illness occurs. Acupuncture is beneficial to minimize symptoms and address the root cause of illness. Acupuncture stimulates the body to release endorphins, the body's natural pain-relieving hormones, which decreases pain and encourages natural healing. Acupuncture is commonly used to treat acute or chronic pain, fertility, hormone imbalances, stress, headaches, digestive concerns and many more.
what is the Pythagorean triplet whose one member is 17? give the answer for the exact number! experts plssanswer the question it's imprortant For any natural number m > 1, 2 m, m2 – 1, m2 + 1 forms a Pythagorean Triplet. Let us take m2+1=17m2=16m=4 ⇒ value of m is an integer So, this case is possible. So we have, 2×4,42-1, 42+1=8,15,17. • 19 What are you looking for?
What's the difference? Eating lunch and having lunch (or even eat food and have food) There is a difference, but eat and have are often used to mean the same thing, and as a result native speakers (particularly with American English) do not really think about them too much. If you have lunch, we are talking about the event, the institution, of sitting down at a table, being served with food and then consuming it. Using have instead of eat is also considered more courteous in conversation (and is often thought of being a British English phenomenon), particularly if you need to express yourself politely. If you eat lunch, then this is just about consuming the food. Where you eat, what you eat with and what you eat on are not important. In these contexts, you are more likely to have breakfast, lunch, and dinner if you are treating it like an occasion, such as sitting down to eat at the family table (with food being served up in dishes or bowls for everyone to help themselves), going to a restaurant, or simply being served food at a party, friend’s house, and so on: I’m having breakfast at the local café. I had apple pie yesterday at Anne’s. If you eat breakfast, lunch or dinner, you’ll probably have this around the TV, at work (probably with sandwiches), or even on the move (not so healthy) as the focus is having the food with you and eating it and not the etiquette as to how it is presented: Let’s eat lunch at Benny’s. Do I have to eat brussel sprouts? Brian, eat your vegetables! In addition, you are more likely to eat rather than have food at a fast food restaurant or in a canteen, as there is usually no formality or ‘frills’ as to how the food is being served and are considered unimportant or irrelevant. The meaning, however, is more clear if, for example, you offered somebody a sweet (or crisps or any other snacks in a bag). You are more likely to say ‘have a sweet’ or ‘would you like a sweet’. If you say, ‘eat a sweet’, this is an instruction; ‘would you like to eat a sweet’ does not always mean your sweets, and would sound strange to the listener. But it is possible that the speaker could ask about how the listener feels at the moment: If you’re not feeling too well, eat one of these fruit sweets.
5. Writing a Package – Expert Python Programming Chapter 5. Writing a Package This chapter focuses on a repeatable process to write and release Python packages. Its intents are: • To shorten the time needed to set up everything before starting the real work, in other words the boiler-plate code • To provide a standardized way to write packages • To ease the use of a test-driven development approach • To facilitate the releasing process It is organized in the following four parts: • A common pattern for all packages that describes the similarities between all Python packages, and how distutils and setuptools play a central role • How generative programming ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_programming) can help this through the template-based approach • The package template creation, where everything needed to work is set • Setting up a development cycle A Common Pattern for All Packages We have seen in the last chapter that the easiest way to organize the code of an application is to split it into several packages using eggs. This makes the code simpler, and easier to understand, maintain, and change. It also maximizes the reusability of each package. They act like components. Applications for a given company can have a set of eggs glued together with a master egg. Therefore, all packages can be built using egg structures. This section presents how a namespaced package is organized, released, and distributed to the world through distutils and setuptools. Writing an egg, as we have seen in the previous chapter, is done by layering the code in a nested folder that provides a common prefix namespace. For instance, for the Acme company, the common namespace can be acme. The result is a namespaced package. For example, a package whose code relates to SQL can be called acme.sql. The best way to work with such a package is to create an acme.sql folder that contains the acme and then the sql folder: setup.py, the Script That Controls Everything The root folder contains a setup.py script, which defines all metadata as described in the distutils module, combined as arguments in a call to the standard setup function. This function was extended by the third-party library setuptools that provides most of the egg infrastructure. The boundary between distutils and setuptools is getting fuzzy, and they might merge one day. Therefore, the minimum content for this file is: from setuptools import setup name gives the full name of the egg. From there, the script provides several commands that can be listed with the --help-commands option. $ python setup.py --help-commands Standard commands: build build everything needed to install install install everything from build directory sdist create a source distribution register register the distribution bdist create a built (binary) distribution Extra commands: develop install package in 'development mode' test run unit tests after in-place build alias define a shortcut bdist_egg create an "egg" distribution The most important commands are the ones left in the preceding listing. Standard commands are the built-in commands provided by distutils, whereas Extra commands are the ones created by third-party packages such as setuptools or any other package that defines and registers a new command. The sdist command is the simplest command available. It creates a release tree where everything needed to run the package is copied. This tree is then archived in one or many archived files (often, it just creates one tar ball). The archive is basically a copy of the source tree. This command is the easiest way to distribute a package from the target system independently. It creates a dist folder with the archives in it that can be distributed. To be able to use it, an extra argument has to be passed to setup to provide a version number. If you don't give it a version value, it will use version = 0.0.0: from setuptools import setup setup(name='acme.sql', version='0.1.1') This number is useful to upgrade an installation. Every time a package is released, the number is raised so that the target system knows it has changed. Let's run the sdist command with this extra argument: $ python setup.py sdist running sdist creating dist tar -cf dist/acme.sql-0.1.1.tar acme.sql-0.1.1 gzip -f9 dist/acme.sql-0.1.1.tar removing 'acme.sql-0.1.1' (and everything under it) $ ls dist/ Under Windows, the archive will be a ZIP file. The version is used to mark the name of the archive, which can be distributed and installed on any system having Python. In the sdist distribution, if the package contains C libraries or extensions, the target system is responsible for compiling them. This is very common for Linux-based systems or Mac OS because they commonly provide a compiler. But it is less usual to have it under Windows. That's why a package should always be distributed with a pre-built distribution as well, when it is intended to run under several platforms. The MANIFEST.in File When building a distribution with sdist, distutils browse the package directory looking for files to include in the archive. distutils will include: • All Python source files implied by the py_modules, packages and scripts option • All C source files listed in the ext_modules option • Files that match the glob pattern test/test.py • README, README.txt, setup.py, and setup.cfg files Besides, if your package is under Subversion or CVS, sdist will browse folders such as .svn to look for files to include. sdist builds a MANIFEST file that lists all files and includes them into the archive. Let's say you are not using these version control systems, and need to include more files. Now, you can define a template called MANIFEST.in in the same directory as that of setup.py for the MANIFEST file, where you indicate to sdist which files to include. This template defines one inclusion or exclusion rule per line, for example: include HISTORY.txt include README.txt include CHANGES.txt include CONTRIBUTORS.txt include LICENSE recursive-include .txt .py The full list of commands is available at http://docs.python.org/dist/ sdist-cmd.html#sdist-cmd. build and bdist To be able to distribute a pre-built distribution, distutils provide the build command, which compiles the package in four steps: • build_py: Builds pure Python modules by byte-compiling them and copying them into the build folder. • build_clib: Builds C libraries, when the package contains any, using Python compiler and creating a static library in the build folder. • build_ext: Builds C extensions and puts the result in the build folder like build_clib. • build_scripts: Builds the modules that are marked as scripts. It also changes the interpreter path when the first line was set (!#) and fixes the file mode so that it is executable. Each of these steps is a command that can be called independently. The result of the compilation process is a build folder that contains everything needed for the package to be installed. There's no cross-compiler option yet in the distutils package. This means that the result of the command is always specific to the system it was build on. Some people have recently proposed patches in the Python tracker to make distutils able to cross-compile the C parts. So this feature might be available in the future. When some C extensions have to be created, the build process uses the system compiler and the Python header file (Python.h). This include file is available from the time Python was built from the sources. For a packaged distribution, an extra package called python-dev often contains it, and has to be installed as well. The C compiler used is the system compiler. For Linux-based system or Mac OS X, this would be gcc. For Windows, Microsoft Visual C++ can be used (there's a free command-line version available) and the open-source project MinGW as well. This can be configured in distutils, as explained in Chapter 1. The build command is used by the bdist command to build a binary distribution. It calls build and all dependent commands, and then creates an archive in the same was as sdist does. Let's create a binary distribution for acme.sql under Mac OS X: $ python setup.py bdist running bdist running bdist_dumb running build running install_scripts tar -cf dist/acme.sql-0.1.1.macosx-10.3-fat.tar . gzip -f9 acme.sql-0.1.1.macosx-10.3-fat.tar removing 'build/bdist.macosx-10.3-fat/dumb' (and everything under it) $ ls dist/ acme.sql-0.1.1.macosx-10.3-fat.tar.gz acme.sql-0.1.1.tar.gz Notice that the newly created archive's name contains the name of the system and the distribution it was built under (Mac OS X 10.3). The same command called under Windows will create a specific distribution archive: C:\acme.sql> python.exe setup.py bdist C:\acme.sql> dir dist 25/02/2008 08:18 <DIR> . 25/02/2008 08:18 <DIR> .. 25/02/2008 08:24 16 055 acme.sql-0.1.win32.zip 1 File(s) 16 055 bytes 2 Dir(s) 22 239 752 192 bytes free If a package contains C code, apart from a source distribution, it's important to release as many different binary distributions as possible. At the very least, a Windows binary distribution is important for those who don't have a C compiler installed. A binary release contains a tree that can be copied directly into the Python tree. It mainly contains a folder that is copied into Python's site-packages folder. The bdist_egg command is an extra command provided by setuptools. It basically creates a binary distribution like bdist, but with a tree comparable to the one found in the source distribution. In other words, the archive can be downloaded, uncompressed, and used as it is by adding the folder to the Python search path (sys.path). These days, this distribution mode should be used instead of the bdist-generated one. The install command installs the package into Python. It will try to build the package if no previous build was made and then inject the result into the Python tree. When a source distribution is provided, it can be uncompressed in a temporary folder and then installed with this command. The install command will also install dependencies that are defined in the install_requires metadata. This is done by looking at the packages in the Python Package Index (PyPI). For instance, to install pysqlite and SQLAlchemy together with acme.sql, the setup call can be changed to: from setuptools import setup setup(name='acme.sql', version='0.1.1', install_requires=['pysqlite', 'SQLAlchemy']) When we run the command, both dependencies will be installed. How to Uninstall a Package The command to uninstall a previously installed package is missing in setup.py. This feature was proposed earlier too. This is not trivial at all because an installer might change files that are used by other elements of the system. The best way would be to create a snapshot of all elements that are being changed, and a record of all files and directories created. A record option exists in install to record all files that have been created in a text file: $ python setup.py install --record installation.txt running install writing list of installed files to 'installation.txt' This will not create any backup on any existing file, so removing the file mentioned might break the system. There are platform-specific solutions to deal with this. For example, distutils allow you to distribute the package as an RPM package. But there's no universal way to handle it as yet. The simplest way to remove a package at this time is to erase the files created, and then remove any reference in the easy-install.pth file that is located in the site-packages folder. setuptools added a useful command to work with the package. The develop command builds and installs the package in place, and then adds a simple link into the Python site-packages folder. This allows the user to work with a local copy of the code, even though it's available within Python's site-packages folder. We will see in the next chapter that this is a great feature when building an egg-based application. All packages that are being created are linked with the develop command to the interpreter. When a package is installed this way, it can be removed specifically with the -u option, unlike the regular install: $ sudo python setup.py develop running develop Adding iw.recipe.fss 0.1.3dev-r7606 to easy-install.pth file Installed /Users/repos/ingeniweb.sourceforge.net/iw.recipe.fss/trunk Processing dependencies ... $ sudo python setup.py develop -u running develop Removing iw.recipe.fss 0.1.3dev-r7606 from easy-install.pth file Notice that a package installed with develop will always prevail over other versions of the same package installed. Another useful command is test. It provides a way to run all tests contained in the package. It scans the folder and aggregates the test suites it finds. The test runner tries to collect tests in the package but is quite limited. A good practice is to hook an extended test runner such as zope.testing or Nose that provides more options. To hook Nose transparently to the test command, the test_suite metadata can be set to 'nose.collector' and Nose added in the test_requires list: Chapter 11 presents a few test runners, and explains how to use Nose. register and upload To distribute a package to the world, two commands are available: • register: This will upload all metadata to a server. • upload: This will upload to the server all archives previously built in the dist folder. The main PyPI server, previously named the Cheeseshop, is located at http://pypi.python.org/pypi and contains over 3000 packages from the community. It is a default server used by the distutils package, and an initial call to the register command will generate a .pypirc file in your home directory. Since the PyPI server authenticates people, when changes are made to a package, you will be asked to create a user over there. This can also be done at the prompt: $ python setup.py register running register We need to know who you are, so please choose either: 1. use your existing login, 2. register as a new user, 3. have the server generate a new password for you (and email it to you), or 4. quit Your selection [default 1]: Now, a .pypirc file will appear in your home directory containing the user and password you have entered. These will be used every time register or upload is called: username: tarek password: secret There is a bug on Windows with Python 2.4 and 2.5. The home directory is not found by distutils unless a HOME environment variable is added. But, this has been fixed in 2.6. To add it, use the technique described in Chapter 1 where we modified the PATH variable. Then add a HOME variable for your user that points to the directory returned by os.path.expanduser('~'). When the download_url metadata or the url is specified, and is a valid URL, the PyPI server will make it available to the users on the project web page as well. Using the upload command will make the archive directly available at PyPI, so the download_url can be omitted: Distutils defines a Trove categorization (see PEP 301: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0301/#distutils-trove-classification) to classify the packages, such as the one defined at Sourceforge. The trove is a static list that can be found at http://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=list_classifiers, and that is augmented from time to time with a new entry. Each line is composed of levels separated by "::": Topic :: Terminals Topic :: Terminals :: Serial Topic :: Terminals :: Telnet Topic :: Terminals :: Terminal Emulators/X Terminals Topic :: Text Editors Topic :: Text Editors :: Documentation Topic :: Text Editors :: Emacs A package can be classified in several categories, which can be listed in the classifiers meta-data. A GPL package that deals with low-level Python code (for instance) can use: Programming Language :: Python Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules License :: OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License (GPL) Python 2.6 .pypirc Format The .pypirc file has evolved under Python 2.6, so several users and their passwords can be managed along with several PyPI-like servers. A Python 2.6 configuration file will look somewhat like this: index-servers = The register and upload commands can pick a server with the help of the -r option, using the repository full URL or the section name: # upload to http://example.com/pypi $ python setup.py sdist upload -r alternative-server # registers with default account (tarek at pypi) $ python setup.py register # registers to http://example.com $ python setup.py register -r http://example.com/pypi This feature allows interaction with servers other than PyPI. When dealing with a lot of packages that are not to be published at PyPI, a good practice is to run your own PyPI-like server. The Plone Software Center (see http://plone.org/products/plonesoftwarecenter) can be used, for example, to deploy a web server that can interact with distutils upload and register commands. Creating a New Command distutils allows you to create new commands, as described in http://docs.python.org/dist/node84.html. A new command can be registered with an entry point, which was introduced by setuptools as a simple way to define packages as plug-ins. An entry point is a named link to a class or a function that is made available through some APIs in setuptools. Any application can scan for all registered packages and use the linked code as a plug-in. To link the new command, the entry_points metadata can be used in the setup call: my_command = my.command.module.Class All named links are gathered in named sections. When distutils is loaded, it scans for links that were registered under distutils.commands. This mechanism is used by numerous Python applications that provide extensibility. setup.py Usage Summary There are three main actions to take with setup.py: • Build a package. • Install it, possibly in develop mode. • Register and upload it to PyPI. Since all the commands can be combined in the same call, some typical usage patterns are: # register the package with PyPI, creates a source and # an egg distribution, then upload them $ python setup.py register sdist bdist_egg upload # installs it in-place, for development purpose $ python setup.py develop # installs it $ python setup.py install The alias Command To make the command line work easily, a new command has been introduced by setuptools called alias. In a file called setup.cfg, it creates an alias for a given combination of commands. For instance, a release command can be created to perform all actions needed to upload a source and a binary distribution to PyPI: $ python setup.py alias release register sdist bdist_egg upload running alias Writing setup.cfg $ python setup.py release Other Important Metadata Besides the name and the version of the package being distributed, the most important arguments setup can receive are: • description: A few sentences to describe the package • long_description: A full description that can be in reStructuredText • keywords: A list of keywords that define the package • author: The author's name or organization • author_email: The contact email address • url: The URL of the project • license: The license (GPL, LGPL, and so on) • packages: A list of all names in the package; setuptools provides a small function called find_packages that calculates this • namespace_packages: A list of namespaced packages A completed setup.py file for acme.sql would be: import os from setuptools import setup, find_packages version = '0.1.0' README = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'README.txt') long_description = open(README).read() + '\n\n' description=("A package that deals with SQL, " "from ACME inc"), "Programming Language :: Python", ("Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: "Python Modules"), keywords='acme sql', The two comprehensive guides to keep under your pillow are: The distutils guide at http://docs.python.org/dist/ dist.html The setuptools guide at http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools The Template-Based Approach The boiler-plate code in acme.sql is composed of a tree of folders that create the namespace of a few files in the root folder. To make all packages follow the same structure, a generic code template can be extracted and provided through a code-generation tool. This approach, called generative programming, is very useful at the organization level. It standardizes the way the code is written and makes developers more productive, as they focus on the code they really need to create. This approach is also a good opportunity to prepare a few things in the package such as complex test fixtures that are common to several packages. There are numerous generative tools available in the community, but the most used is probably Python Paste ( http://pythonpaste.org). Python Paste The Python Paste project was partly responsible for the success of frameworks such as Pylons ( http://pylonshq.com). Developers are driven by an extensive suite of templates that lets them create applications' skeletons within minutes. From the official tutorial, this is a three-liner to create a web application and run it: $ paster create -t pylons helloworld $ cd helloworld $ paster serve --reload development.ini The Plone and Zope communities followed this philosophy, and now provide Python Paste templates to generated skeletons as well. ZopeSkel ( http://pypi.python.org/pypi/ZopeSkel) is one of them. Python Paste contains several tools, and the template engine we are interested in is PasteScript. It can be installed with easy_install. It will get all dependencies from the Paste project: $ easy_install PasteScript Searching for PasteScript Reading http://pypi.python.org/simple/PasteScript/ Reading http://pythonpaste.org/script/ Best match: PasteScript 1.6.2 Processing dependencies for PasteScript Searching for PasteDeploy Searching for Paste>=1.3 Finished processing dependencies for PasteScript The paster command will be available with a few default templates than can be listed with the -list-templates option of the create command: $ paster create --list-templates Available templates: basic_package: A basic setuptools-enabled package paste_deploy: A web application deployed through paste.deploy The basic_package is almost what acme.sql would have needed to build a namespaced package with a setup.py file. When run, the command line asks a few questions and the corresponding answers will be used to fill the templates: $ paster create -t basic_package mypackage Selected and implied templates: PasteScript#basic_package A basic setuptools-enabled package Enter version (Version (like 0.1)) ['']: 0.1 Enter description ['']: My package Enter long_description ['']: this is the package Enter keywords ['']: package is mine Enter author (Author name) ['']: Tarek Enter author_email (Author email) ['']: tarek@ziade.org Enter url (URL of homepage) ['']: http://ziade.org Enter license_name (License name) ['']: GPL Enter zip_safe [False]: Creating template basic_package The resulting structure is a valid, setuptools-compliant, one-level structure: $ find mypackage Creating Templates Python Paste, let's call it the paster, can work with the Cheetah template engine for instance ( http://cheetahtemplate.org), and feed it with the user input. To create a new template for the paster, three elements have to be provided: • A class derived from paste.script.templates.Template • The structure to be created that contains folder and files (Cheetah templates or static files) • A setuptools entry point to paste.paster_create_template, to register the class Creating the Package Template Let's create the template that would have been used for acme.sql. All templates created in this book, including the package are gathered in pbp.skels that is available for your convenience at PyPI. So if you don't want to create your own from scratch, install it: $ easy_install pbp.skels This section has step-by-step instructions explaining how pbp.skels was created. To create the package template, the first thing to do is to create a structure for this new package: $ mkdir -p pbp.skels/pbp/skels $ find pbp.skels Then, an __init__.py file with the following code is created in the pbp folder. It tells distutils to make it a namespaced package: except ImportError: from pkgutil import extend_path __path__ = extend_path(__path__, __name__) Next, create a setup.py file in the root folder (path_to_pbp_package/pbp.skels/__init__.py) with the right metadata. The correct code for this is shown here: from setuptools import setup, find_packages version = '0.1.0' classifiers = [ "Programming Language :: Python", ("Topic :: Software Development :: " "Libraries :: Python Modules")] description=("PasteScript templates for the Python " "Best Practice Book."), keywords='paste templates', author='Tarek Ziade', # -- Entry points: -- pbp_package = pbp.skels.package:Package The entry point adds a new template that will be available in the paster. The next step is to write the Package class in the pbp/skels folder, in a module called package: from paste.script.templates import var from paste.script.templates import Template class Package(Template): """Package template""" _template_dir = 'tmpl/package' summary = "A namespaced package with a test environment" use_cheetah = True vars = [ var('namespace_package', 'Namespace package', var('package', 'The package contained', var('version', 'Version', default='0.1.0'), 'One-line description of the package'), var('author', 'Author name'), var('author_email', 'Author email'), var('keywords', 'Space-separated keywords/tags'), var('url', 'URL of homepage'), var('license_name', 'License name', default='GPL') def check_vars(self, vars, command): if not command.options.no_interactive and \ not hasattr(command, '_deleted_once'): del vars['package'] command._deleted_once = True return Template.check_vars(self, vars, command) This class defines: • The folder containing the template structure (_template_dir) • A summary of the template that will appear in the paster • A flag to indicate if Cheetah is used in the template structure • A list of variables, where each variable is composed of a name, a label, and a default value (if needed), which is used by the paster to ask the user at the prompt to enter his or her values • A check_vars method that makes sure the package variable will be requested at the prompt The last thing to do is to create the tmpl/package directory content by copying the one created for acme.sql. All files that contain values to be changed, such as the namespace, have to be suffixed by _tmpl. The values are replaced by ${variable}, where variable is the name of the variable listed in the Package class. The setup.py file (for instance) becomes setup.py_tmpl and contains: from setuptools import setup, find_packages import os version = ${repr($version) or "0.0"} long_description = open("README.txt").read() classifiers = [ "Programming Language :: Python", ("Topic :: Software Development :: " "Libraries :: Python Modules")] description=${repr($description) or $empty}, keywords=${repr($keywords) or $empty}, author=${repr($author) or $empty}, author_email=${repr($author_email) or $empty}, url=${repr($url) or $empty}, license=${repr($license_name) or $empty}, # -- Extra requirements: -- # -- Entry points: -*- The repr function will tell Cheetah to add quotes around the string values. You can use the same technique for all files located in acme.sql to make a template. For instance, the README.txt file is copied to README.txt_tmpl. Then all references to acme.sql are replaced by values defined in the Package class in the vars list. For instance, getting the full package name is done by: Last, to use a variable value for a folder name it has to be named with a "+" prefix and suffix. For instance, the namespaced package folder will be called +namespace_package+ and the package folder +package+. The final structure of pbp.skeles, after the acme.sql has been generalized, will look like this: $ cd pbp.skels $ find . From there, the package can be symlinked to Python's site-packages directory with a develop command, and made available to the paster: $ python setup.py develop Finished processing dependencies for pbp.skels==0.1.0dev After the develop command is run, you should find the template listed in paster : $ paster create --list-templates Available templates: basic_package: A basic setuptools-enabled package pbp_package: A namespaced package with a test environment paste_deploy: A web application ... paste.deploy $ paster create -t pbp_package trying.it Selected and implied templates: pbp.skels#package A namespaced package with a test environment egg: trying.it package: tryingit project: trying.it Enter namespace_package (Namespace package) ['pbp']: trying Enter package (The package contained) ['example']: it Creating template package The generated tree will then contain the structure ready to work with right away. Development Cycle The development cycle of a package is composed of iterations, where the code is moved forward from an initial state to a new state. This phase lasts mostly for a few weeks and ends with a release. This does not happen in small packages that are very simple to work with, but can be found in all packages that have enough modules to make it worthwhile. At the end of the iteration, a release is created with the commands we have previously seen. The package moves at this moment from a development state to a releasable state, and the delivered code can be seen as an official release. Then a new cycle starts with an incremented version for the package. What Version Numbers Should be Used? There are no fixed conventions for incrementing a package's version number, and when developers feel the software has grown a lot, they often jump to a higher number that does not follow the previous series. Most software usually start with a very small value and uses two or three digits. Sometimes an alphabet letter is appended to it when they are trying to finalize a version. rc suffixes are also used to mark a release candidate. That is a version in test phase where some fixes might be done: • 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 • 0.1.0, 0.1.1, 0.1.2a, 0.1.2b • 0.1, 0.2rc1, 0.2rc2 You should decide of your own convention as long as the versions stay consistent all the way. In companies, there are usually standards followed by all applications; whereas open-source applications have their own conventions. The only rule that should be applied is to make sure that the number of digits is always the same, and avoid the "-" sign in the version, because it is used as a separator by many tools to extract a version number from a package name. For instance, these should be avoided: • 0.1, 0.1.1-alpha, 0.1.1-b, 0.2 • 0.1, 0.1-a, 0.1-b Nightly Builds If the package is still releasable anytime during the iteration, development releases can be made. Those are also called nightly builds. This continuous releasing process allows developers to get live feedback on their work, and save beta users some work. They don't need to get the code from a version repository, for instance, and can install the development release like a regular one. To differentiate a development release from a regular release, the user has to append the dev suffix to the version number. For instance, the 0.1.2 version that is being developed and not yet released, will be known as the 0.1.2dev release. distutils provide a way to mark this, by adding in a setup.cfg file a section that informs the build command about the development state: tag_build = dev This will automatically add the dev prefix added to the version: $ python setup.py bdist_egg running bdist_egg running egg_info creating 'dist/iw.selenium-0.1.0dev-py2.4.egg' Another useful tag can be the revision number when the package is living in Subversion repository. It can be appended with the tag_svn_revision flag: tag_build = dev tag_svn_revision = true The revision number will appear in the version as well in that case. $ python setup.py bdist_egg running bdist_egg running egg_info creating 'dist/iw.selenium-0.1.0dev_r38360-py2.4.egg' The simplest way is to always keep this file in the trunk and remove it right before making a regular release. In other words, a releasing process with Subversion can be: • Make a tag copy of the trunk. • Check out the tag branch. • Remove the setup.cfg (or the egg_info-specific section) in this branch and commit the change. • Build the release from there. • Raise the version number in the trunk. This looks as follows: $ svn cp http://example.com/my.package/trunk http://example.com/my.package/tags/0.1 $ svn co http://example.com/my.package/tags/0.1 0.1 $ cd 0.1 $ svn rm setup.cfg $ svn ci -m "removing the dev flag"" $ python setup.py register sdist bdist_egg upload Chapter 8 explains what Version Control Systems, such as Subversion, are and how they work. In this chapter we have seen: • How a namespaced package is created • The central role of setup.py, and how to use it to build and release the package • The template-based approach to generated package skeletons • How The Paster works and how to create a package skeleton • How to release the package and provide nightly builds The next chapter will focus on the same topics, but at the application level.
By Hannah Wallace Disney’s Robin Hood is a classic children’s movie that was produced in 1973. This G-rated film is great for the whole family. This movie can be found on Netflix and still seems to be a popular pick among children today and many other age groups to this day. Robin Hood and Little John are friends from Sherwood Forest that work together to steal money from the rich to give to the poor. Prince John, the wealthiest person in town, takes money from the poor and keeps it for himself. This makes the poor struggle even more, thus making them less fortunate than they already are. The sheriff of Nottingham goes around collecting taxes for the prince. Meanwhile, Robin Hood and Maid Marian rediscover each other and fall deeper in love. Robin Hood is a wanted criminal to some, but a hero to most of the townspeople. He was a hero especially to the children, the poor, and Maid Marian. Throughout the movie, many of the townspeople are being put in jail because they can no longer pay their taxes. Robin Hood is left to save the towns people by taking back their money from the king. Hits: 15 Share this story:
Ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Penal Court: an imperative issue on Moldova's European Integration Agenda To investigate the most heinous crimes of the twentieth century - genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, the international community has set up ad hoc tribunals such as the International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia. However, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes remain a grim reality of the world today. Mihail Popşoi, APE, 1 July 2010, 12:43 Thus, on July 17, 1998, the Rome Diplomatic Conference adopted the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) with the aim of creating a permanent and competent international court designed to prosecute people who have committed the most heinous crimes known to humanity. Thereby, the International Criminal Court differs from the International Court of Justice, sometimes called the World Court, which settles disputes between governments. Rome Statute of the ICC entered into force on July 1, 2002 and the Court is fully operational, having its seat in Hague, the Netherlands. The treaty was welcomed and appreciated by governments, legal experts and civil society as the most significant achievement in international law since the adoption of United Nations Charter. In this way, the struggle for international justice has made a major breakthrough. Thus, the Rome Statute provides for the establishment of a new international structure, the first permanent international criminal jurisdiction in human history. International Criminal Court is independent, tasked with investigating and prosecuting persons accused of committing genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. ICC operates under the principle of complementarity, so that national justice systems continue to have primary responsibility to prosecute those crimes. ICC has a responsibility to act only when national system is unable or unwilling to investigate or to submit claims. ICC will not act retrospectively, having jurisdiction only over acts committed after July 1, 2002. Court has a special importance for the following reasons:  It will serve as a deterrent to these crimes. In most cases during the past fifty years international mechanisms for investigating those accused of such crimes were imposed only after the crimes were committed;  It will have a much wider jurisdiction compared with existing ad hoc tribunals. For example, the work of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda was limited to crimes committed in certain territories, and those committed outside the respective territories were not investigated at all;  The Statute contains progressive stipulations regarding protection of victims from retraumatisation, and a strict compatibility with internationally recognized human rights standards, without any adverse distinction founded on grounds such as gender, age, race, colour, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, wealth, birth or other status. Due to the fact that the Statute has been included on the list of 25 most important documents of the twentieth century, a campaign to accelerate the ratification process was promoted, including at the level of Council of Europe and European Union, hoping that the establishment of the ICC is not only provide an instrument for promoting justice, but also a tool to encourage peace. Until June 2010, 111 states have ratified the Rome Statute - which represents more than half of the international community. Of those 111 participating countries, 40 are European countries. Meanwhile, 37 countries have signed but not ratified the ICC Statute; Republic of Moldova is among them together with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Belarus, Vatican City, Monaco, Russian Federation and Ukraine, the only European countries not party to the Statute.
Is there any written description of Jesus? How did Romans describe Jesus? To the Romans, Jesus was a troublemaker who had got his just desserts. To the Christians, however, he was a martyr and it was soon clear that the execution had made Judaea even more unstable. Pontius Pilate – the Roman governor of Judaea and the man who ordered the crucifixion – was ordered home in disgrace. Is there an original picture of Jesus? There are no known images of Jesus from his lifetime, and while the Old Testament Kings Saul and David are explicitly called tall and handsome in the Bible, there is little indication of Jesus’ appearance in the Old or New Testaments. What did the historian Josephus say about Jesus? About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one who performed surprising deeds and was a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over many Jews and many of the Greeks. He was the Christ. Did Pontius Pilate write a letter about Jesus? According to a recent newspaper report a letter from Pontius Pilate to the Emperor Tiberius was found in Liverpool. In this letter Pilate informs the Emperor of the circumstances of Jesus’ crucifixion. He had tried hard to save Jesus’ life from the fury of the Jews. IT IS INTERESTING: Where is Theotokos in the Bible? How did the Romans view Christianity? Christianity in Ancient Rome was a dangerous venture. Religion was very important to the Romans. Within the Roman Empire, Christianity was banned and Christians were punished for many years. Feeding Christians to the lions was seen as entertainment in Ancient Rome.
Nanoelectrofuel Flow Battery for Electric Vehicles Project Term: 01/01/2014 - 12/31/2015 Critical Need: Project Innovation + Advantages: Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) is collaborating with Argonne National Laboratory to develop a rechargeable flow battery for EVs that uses a nanotechnology-based electrochemical liquid fuel that offers over 30 times the energy density of traditional electrolytes. Flow batteries, which store chemical energy in external tanks instead of within the battery container, are typically low in energy density and therefore not well suited for transportation. However, IIT’s flow battery uses a liquid electrolyte containing a large portion of nanoparticles to carry its charge; increases its energy density while ensuring stability and low-resistance flow within the battery. IIT’s technology could enable a whole new class of high-energy-density flow batteries. This unique battery design could be manufactured domestically using an easily scalable process. Potential Impact: If successful, IIT’s flow battery would significantly improve the current range of electric vehicles, increase safety, reduce costs and simplify recharging through the use of a pumpable “nanoelectrofuel.” ARPA-E Program Director: Dr. Grigorii Soloveichik Project Contact: Prof. Carlo Segre Press and General Inquiries Email: Project Contact Email: Argonne National Laboratory Related Projects Release Date:
The Baroque: Art in an Age of Crisis The late 16th century was a time of crisis and conflict, and change echoed across Europe and its empires. Religious reform, scientific discovery, and political upheaval shook the foundations of early modern society. Yet from this turbulent time, an era of extraordinary artistic achievement emerged, defined by a dynamic new visual language. This course will examine how "the Baroque" became a global language, from its early beginnings in Rome to Spain, France, Flanders and the Dutch Republic, even extending beyond the borders of Europe to Asia and the Americas. In addition to studying leading artists such as Caravaggio, Bernini, Rubens, Vermeer and Velázquez, important themes to be considered will include space and spectacle in urban planning; the mundane and profane in still life and genre; collections and curios; the church triumphant; and the portrait. Prerequisite: Intro to Western Art (L01 113). Course Attributes: FA AH; EN H; BU Hum; BU IS; AS HUM; AS LCD; GF AH; FA HUM; AR HUM Section 01 The Baroque: Art in an Age of Crisis View Course Listing - SP2022
Skip to main content Showing posts from April, 2021 How to Achieve Good Chemistry Grades? Chemistry, like other math-heavy sciences, is a subject that takes a lot of time and effort to learn. Equations, formulas, and diagrams are all part of chemistry; some must be memorized, while others necessitate a thorough understanding of chemical structures and math equations. To succeed in chemistry, you must develop good study habits and pay attention during lectures, labs, and homework. Chemistry Assignment Help necessitates a great deal of patience, excitement, and, most importantly, a positive attitude toward the subject. Part 1. Getting the Most Out of Your Courses 1. Grasp the category of chemistry you’re studying: Chemistry is divided into five different divisions, each with its own set of sub-disciplines and methods of investigation. You'll be more grounded and able to learn specifics within the field if you know what wide field of chemistry you're learning and what that entails. The following are the five categories: The study of the structures and compounds of s How to Write a Research Paper Introduction? Though the beginning of every piece of writing is often synonymous with the introduction, the introduction to a research paper is not so straightforward. A guide to writing a research paper introduction that introduces a subject to the reader can be found here. Students sometimes get lost in the continuity of their thoughts while writing an introduction for a research article. However, if you obey the structure and basic rules, you will be effective in your writing and receive the desired grade. The majority of students do not finish their Research Paper in a timely manner. As a result, they look for Research Paper Help . What is the concept of a research paper introduction? An introduction is the first section of a research paper that a reader is most likely to read (at least when focusing deeply and reading your paper in detail). As a result, meanings, concepts, and other details necessary to comprehend the paper are presented/listed here. Every research paper requires meaning in or What is the best way to write a convincing law assignment? A law is described as a collection of written instructions that are used to help regulate public conduct. This helps to keep track of what people can and can't do. It illustrates what is and is not good for society. For several years, it has been true that a great society is founded on a collection of laws. A law is enacted by the legislature, the courts, or officers of various types. Law is a broad area of study that prepares students to become lawyers and judges, and it is unquestionably one of the most well-respected professions today. When these students begin writing their law assignments, they encounter a number of difficulties, leading them to believe that it is a difficult job. Yes, professional assignments, such as law assignments, are difficult to write. 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Excel is a programme that is part of the Microsoft Office suite and is used by companies, students, researchers, accountants, and other professionals. This contains a collection of statistical functions and methods for performing data analysis. We will assist you with statistical problems. In addition to providing compre Why Should You Hire A Criminal Law Assignment Help? Some of the brightest and most accomplished authors in our Criminal Law assignment support will provide you with outstanding content within your deadline. Get in contact with us right away if you need help! Criminal law applies to the prosecution of people who do things that are against the law of justice or are not right in the eyes of the authorities. The judge determines the punishment for those found guilty based on the severity of the crime. As a result, a criminal law course will train students to engage in important social interactions as well as defend risky behaviours. 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Python is quickly becoming the top choice among developers for artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and deep learning projects, with applications ranging from web creation to scripting and process automation. For application developers, AI has opened up a whole new world of possibilities. Spotify can recommend artists and songs to users, and Netflix can predict what shows you'll want to watch next using AI. It's also widely used in customer care to encourage self-service, optimise workflows, and boost employee productivity. But what is it about Python that makes it such a fine AI programming la What are the features of MATLAB? Matlab: An Introduction This article will provide an overview of Matlab features. By the mid-80s, MATLAB, which was established in the Computer Sciences department at the University of New Mexico in the late 1970s, had matured into a full-fledged programme. MATLAB was created with a focus on mathematical simulations in mind, and as a result, it has found use in control systems engineering, mechanical systems analysis, image processing, and academics for studying linear algebra and running deep mathematical simulations. Although MATLAB was designed to work with static numerical data in vectors and matrices, it can now read data from flat files, databases, cloud storage, data acquisition hardware, and even live financial data feeds thanks to decades of growth. Its capabilities have expanded to include data visualisation, complex machine learning models, and the development of mobile and desktop applications. The fact that MATLAB is not an open-source platform, restricting its use to corp What are the Benefits of Writing Assignments for Students? Students are irritated by the mere mention of the term "assignment." Regardless of the type of course you're taking, the effect the assignment has on the students is the same. 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Many people who work in the exciting world of web development are familiar with this concept, but if the rest of us (including myself) were asked what a framework is, we'd most likely be stumped... As a result, and in order to broaden our computer awareness, we'll look at what exactly this definition is and what it means when programming in this new article by Coco Solution. The vast majority of students fail to complete their Programming Assignment on time. As a result, they seek Programming Assignment Help . Let's get this topic started! What Is a Programming Framework and How Does It Work? The sheer number of new words, phrases, and expressions you come across is one of the reasons learning to programme can feel daunting. Today, we're going to help you out by defining one of these terms: programming frameworks. In particular, we'll explain what you need to know about programming frameworks in answer to the question "what is a programming framework?" A How To Calculate Frequency In Class Statistics The number of elements in a data set that belong to each class is shown in a frequency distribution. The value assigned to each class in a relative frequency distribution is the proportion of the total data set that belongs to that class. Consider a frequency distribution that is based on a survey of 200 supermarkets. It turns out that a pound of coffee costs between $8.00 and $8.99 in 50 of these supermarkets. The number allocated to this class in a relative frequency distribution will be 0.25 (50/200). To put it another way, that's 25% of the total. The majority of students do not finish their Cheap Statistics Assignment in a timely manner. As a result, they turn to Statistics Assignment Help . Here's a quick formula for calculating a class's relative frequency: The number of observations in each class is represented by class frequency, while the total number of observations in the data set is represented by n. The total number of observations in the supermarket example How to Focus on Writing an Essay [ Top 6 Tips ] Writing seldom flows in a steady stream; rather, for most of us, it alternates between intermittent floods and regular droughts. If you're writing a research paper, novel, blog post, or numerous freelance assignments, you'll find it difficult to remain focused on the task at hand. You must first handle or remove distractions in order to remain focused on writing. Then you must do either or both of the following: treat writing as a fixed job with a strict schedule and high expectations; and/or give yourself room to find inspiration that will enable you to start and keep writing. The majority of students fail to complete their Cheap Essay Writing Service on time. As a result, they seek assistance with Cheap Essay Writing Service . 1. Make a workspace for yourself. It seems that if you have a laptop or a pen and paper, you should be able to write anywhere. 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Researchers map SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells of nasal cavity, bronchia, lungs Researchers have characterized the specific ways in which SARS-CoV-2 infects the nasal cavity to a great degree — replicating specific cell types — and infects and replicates progressively less well in cells lower down the respiratory tract. The findings suggest the virus tends to become firmly established first in the nasal cavity, but in some cases the virus is aspirated into the lungs, where it may cause more serious disease, including potentially fatal pneumonia.
A Gentle Introduction to Ray Ray provides a simple, universal API for building distributed applications. Ray accomplishes this mission by: 1. Providing simple primitives for building and running distributed applications. 2. Enabling end users to parallelize single machine code, with little to zero code changes. 3. Including a large ecosystem of applications, libraries, and tools on top of the core Ray to enable complex applications. Ray Core provides the simple primitives for application building. On top of Ray Core are several libraries for solving problems in machine learning: As well as libraries for taking ML and distributed apps to production: There are also many community integrations with Ray, including Dask, MARS, Modin, Horovod, Hugging Face, Scikit-learn, and others. Check out the full list of Ray distributed libraries here. This tutorial will provide a tour of the core features of Ray. Ray provides a Python and Java API. To use Ray in Python, first install Ray with: pip install ray. To use Ray in Java, first add the ray-api and ray-runtime dependencies in your project. Then we can use Ray to parallelize your program. Parallelizing Python/Java Functions with Ray Tasks First, import ray and init the Ray service. Then decorate your function with @ray.remote to declare that you want to run this function remotely. Lastly, call that function with .remote() instead of calling it normally. This remote call yields a future, or ObjectRef that you can then fetch with ray.get. import ray def f(x): return x * x futures = [f.remote(i) for i in range(4)] print(ray.get(futures)) # [0, 1, 4, 9] Parallelizing Python/Java Classes with Ray Actors Ray provides actors to allow you to parallelize an instance of a class in Python/Java. When you instantiate a class that is a Ray actor, Ray will start a remote instance of that class in the cluster. This actor can then execute remote method calls and maintain its own internal state. import ray ray.init() # Only call this once. class Counter(object): def __init__(self): self.n = 0 def increment(self): self.n += 1 def read(self): return self.n counters = [Counter.remote() for i in range(4)] [c.increment.remote() for c in counters] futures = [c.read.remote() for c in counters] print(ray.get(futures)) # [1, 1, 1, 1] An Overview of the Ray Libraries Ray has a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks built on top of it. The main ones being: Tune Quick Start Tune is a library for hyperparameter tuning at any scale. With Tune, you can launch a multi-node distributed hyperparameter sweep in less than 10 lines of code. Tune supports any deep learning framework, including PyTorch, TensorFlow, and Keras. To run this example, you will need to install the following: $ pip install 'ray[tune]' This example runs a small grid search with an iterative training function. from ray import tune def objective(step, alpha, beta): return (0.1 + alpha * step / 100)*(-1) + beta 0.1 def training_function(config): # Hyperparameters alpha, beta = config["alpha"], config["beta"] for step in range(10): # Iterative training function - can be any arbitrary training procedure. intermediate_score = objective(step, alpha, beta) # Feed the score back back to Tune. analysis = tune.run( "alpha": tune.grid_search([0.001, 0.01, 0.1]), "beta": tune.choice([1, 2, 3]) print("Best config: ", analysis.get_best_config( metric="mean_loss", mode="min")) # Get a dataframe for analyzing trial results. df = analysis.results_df If TensorBoard is installed, automatically visualize all trial results: tensorboard --logdir ~/ray_results RLlib Quick Start RLlib is an open-source library for reinforcement learning built on top of Ray that offers both high scalability and a unified API for a variety of applications. pip install tensorflow # or tensorflow-gpu pip install ray[rllib] import gym from gym.spaces import Discrete, Box from ray import tune class SimpleCorridor(gym.Env): def __init__(self, config): self.end_pos = config["corridor_length"] self.cur_pos = 0 self.action_space = Discrete(2) self.observation_space = Box(0.0, self.end_pos, shape=(1, )) def reset(self): self.cur_pos = 0 return [self.cur_pos] def step(self, action): if action == 0 and self.cur_pos > 0: self.cur_pos -= 1 elif action == 1: self.cur_pos += 1 done = self.cur_pos >= self.end_pos return [self.cur_pos], 1 if done else 0, done, {} "env": SimpleCorridor, "num_workers": 4, "env_config": {"corridor_length": 5}}) Where to go next? Visit the Walkthrough page a more comprehensive overview of Ray features. Ray programs can run on a single machine, and can also seamlessly scale to large clusters. To execute the above Ray script in the cloud, just download this configuration file, and run: ray submit [CLUSTER.YAML] example.py --start Read more about launching clusters.

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