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Referenced from lesson Problem Decomposition Directions: Use the Design Recipe to write a function profit that calculates total profit from glasses sold, which is computed by subtracting the total cost from the total revenue. Contract and Purpose Statement Every contract has three parts… ; ______:_______->______ ; __________________________________________________________ Write some examples, then circle and label what changes… (EXAMPLE (______ __)_________________________) (EXAMPLE (______ __)_________________________) (define (______ ________)
Do Rabbits freeze in headlights? In a state or manner of paralyzing surprise, fear, or bewilderment. Likened to the tendency of rabbits to freeze in place in front of an oncoming vehicle. When she asked me to marry her, I could only stand there like a rabbit caught in headlights. Why do rabbits stop in headlights? Bunnies, being herbivores, and therefore prey animals, don’t have very good depth perception. Their eyes are on the sides of their heads, so they can survey an almost complete hemisphere around them for threats, but they don’t see in stereo and can’t triangulate distance. What does a rabbit caught in the headlights mean? said to mean that someone is so frightened or nervous that they do not know what to do. He just sat there, like a rabbit caught in the headlights. Why do animals freeze in headlights? Their activity peaks within an hour or so on either side of sunrise and sunset, so their vision is optimized for very low light. When a headlight beam strikes eyes that are fully dilated to capture as much light as possible, deer cannot see at all, and they freeze until the eyes can adjust. IT IS INTERESTING: How do you remove stains from a lampshade? Why do rabbits run out in front of cars? Rabbits will run in front of cars because they assume the vehicle is a large predator they have to avoid. Sometimes, the headlights can hinder their eyesight, making the situation that much grislier. Knowing your rabbit might engage in this behavior doesn’t mean you can’t ever take them outside again. Can rabbits see directly in front of them? “Rabbits can actually see 3-D objects, just not as well as us humans. Their vision field is almost 360 degrees due to the fact their eyes are located high on the sides of their head and slightly bulge out. They do have a blind spot of 10 degrees directly in front of their nose. Also, rabbits are farsighted. What does like a deer caught in the headlights mean? When people are in a state of extreme surprise, fear or confusion, we say they are like deer caught in headlights. They seem so frightened that they can not think clearly. They do not know what to do, so they do not do anything. Do high beams attract deer? Using high beams can help better illuminate deer and also make it easier to see the reflection in their eyes as discussed in tip #1. Be cautious with high beams though. If a deer does cross your path it may freeze in your headlights. Be sure to turn them off quickly and beep your horn to help scare the deer away. Why do animals freeze when scared? IT IS INTERESTING: How much brighter are LED headlights? Will deer attack humans? What does it mean if you kill a rabbit? (obsolete, idiomatic) To get a positive test result from an old-fashioned pregnancy test. “What about her?” “She killed the rabbit.” Is running over a bunny bad luck? Why do animals always run in front of cars? All they know is that they want to get to the other side of the road. In their mind, they may feel like they are running to safety!!! Will squirrels and birds probably don’t realize what is coming towards them. Cats and dogs are usually just running and it is an unfortunate accident when a vehicle hits them.
Global News Are fisheries the answer to global food security concerns? Google+ Pinterest LinkedIn Tumblr In recent years, food security has risen to the top of the global political agenda as one of the biggest challenges we face today. As Goal 2 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals states, the ambition is to “end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, making sure all people–especially children–have sufficient and nutritious food all year.” While significant progress has been made over the past two decades the focus remains, with almost 842 million people worldwide (as of 2017) who are estimated to suffer from chronic hunger, including 121 million children under the age of five. Almost one in nine people suffer from undernourishment and malnutrition, and climate change and a growing global population means these people, mostly from developing countries, face frequent food shortages that impact their ability to live an active life, preventing them from working and studying while at the same time exposing them to increased risk of illness. At the other end of the spectrum, in more developed nations, more than 1.5 billion people are overweight or obese, which exposes them to very different albeit equally life-threatening diseases and illnesses. And demand will only continue to increase, with UN predictions that the global population will hit 10 billion by 2050. Experts predict that by then, demand for food will be 60% higher than today, and this growing demand puts an additional pressure on already stretched and finite natural resources. If we are to address and tackle the issue of food security successfully, we need to promote the sustainable management of these resources. This is where the fisheries and aquaculture industries take on a significant role, harvesting the oceans in a more efficient and sustainable manner. Vera Agostini from the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) says: “We’re running out of options on land, there’s only so much we can take from the planet, so fisheries and aquaculture will be critical.” For millennia, the fisheries industry has been an important food source around the world and provided livelihoods and economic and social benefits for the communities engaged across the value chain, from fishing on the riverbanks, processing and then selling the catch at market. Around the world, we have never consumed fish more than we do today, and it provides the primary protein source of food to more than 3.3 billion people. Again though, there is a huge disparity between wants and needs, with 26 out of the 30 countries most dependent on fish for nutritional purposes, rather than tastes, coming from the developing world. The industry indirectly employs more than 250 million people, and around the world, between 9%-12% of the global population relies on it for their livelihoods. However, there are already serious concerns about overfishing and the sustainability of current fishing practices, which in turn have led to the implementation of policies designed to limit the exploitation of the worlds seas, oceans, and waterways. Another of the UN’s Sustainable development Goals focuses on Life Underwater, with an objective to Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources.” In the two-three decades since concerns about overfishing were first raised, governments, academia and civil society have united to establish international organisations tasked with monitoring, managing, and maintaining healthy fish stocks and promoting and protecting biodiversity. The industry has come a long way since then and there are many organisations around the world who can hold the industry and governments to account. That said, the current checks and balances in place only account for current fishing levels. If we start fishing in much greater quantities, we risk reverting back to the issues in the early 1990’s if sustainable practices aren’t employed. Norebo, Russia’s largest fishing concern, is leading the charge when it comes to employing sustainable practices in the North Atlantic. The company, that provides fish to the likes of household names such as McDonalds and Birdseye, has fully incorporated sustainability at the heart of its ethos. The company has publicly spoken about its three main priorities: efficiency of production, efficiency of consumption, and a better widespread understanding of marine ecosystems. Norebo’s portfolio includes 25 companies under its holding structure. These companies operate across every level of the value chain, from harvesting, processing, transporting, and trading. This allows for an unparalleled level of oversight which not only helps maximise efficiency and reduce waste, but also helping to monitor and track sustainable practices while feeding into the ever-increasing demand by consumers to trace their food from sea to shop. It is fundamental to maximise the efficiency of one’s production and minimising waste is the most important element. Norebo has spent many years researching and investing into technology that improves its fishing practices across its entire value chain, from harvesting at sea, processing the catch and trading across markets. The company also employs methods to eliminate waste by making full use of the whole fish. It is an industry leader in producing fishmeal and extracting oils, leading the industry in cod and whitefish efficiency, something the company is trying to expand and share with fisheries in the developing world who are the players most likely to suffer should sustainable methods fail to be employed on a global scale. To this end, as an industry leader in cod fishing, providing almost 15% of all cod eaten in the UK, Norebo works in association with WWF, as well as partnerships with other NGOs, scientists and researchers to develop and disseminate best practices in sustainability. In a recent profile in Yahoo Finance, founder and owner Vitaly Orlov spoke about his belief that the whole industry should strive towards better practices: “The whole fishery needs to work together if vulnerable habitats are to be protected. It’s no good saying we won’t trawl in a given area if another trawler is going to do so instead, so it’s important to come together as an industry and follow the latest scientific advice.” The company believes a truly holistic approach that considers the sustainability of fishing, global fish consumption and the health of fish habitats is needed in order to meet the urgent need for increased food production. Managed correctly and efficiently, the fisheries can help to not only provide nutritious food and generate sustainable livelihoods, supporting the commercial industry, and smaller community based rural developments but also, equally as important, protecting the environment. If government institutions, civil society and industrial business work together, the fisheries will continue to remain healthy for generations to come, because ultimately that’s what this is all about, fishing in a way that ensures an abundance of stock which will guarantee future generations can not only eat, but also thrive. Write A Comment
Authored by Irina Slav via, When GM earlier this year started recalling Bolts, it issued a warning to owners of the EV: don’t charge your car battery to 100 percent. Normally, this would be easy enough to do. But what if your charger got hacked? Last year, researchers from the Southwest Research Institute in Texas successfully hacked the most popular charging system used in North America. The hack limited the charging rate, then blocked charging, and then overcharged the battery. The reason for the hack: “This was an initiative designed to identify potential threats in common charging hardware as we prepare for widespread adoption of electric vehicles in the coming decade,” according to lead researcher Austin Dodson. Mission accomplished. Earlier this month, UK cybersecurity firm Pen Test Partners said that it had found cyber vulnerabilities in six home EV chargers and a large public charging network. Some of the vulnerabilities were no small potatoes. Among the findings of Pen Test Partners was a vulnerability that could potentially make possible the hacking of millions of EV chargers simultaneously and another that exposed user and charger data for the hacker to use. Perhaps the most dangerous vulnerability that the cybersecurity experts uncovered, however, was the possibility for a hacker to take control over millions of chargers. “As one could potentially switch all chargers on and off synchronously, there is potential to cause stability problems for the power grid, owing to the large swings in power demand as reserve capacity struggles to maintain grid frequency,” the firm said. EVs have been touted as the future of transportation. Governments in Europe and North America are allocating billions in financing that focuses precisely on public charging networks. Yet, there is little talk about the cybersecurity implications of having a huge network of hundreds of chargers that can be hacked. Public chargers are the riskiest, it seems. While one could hack a home charger, they would only gain access to that device and possibly the home network of that household. If they hack a public charger, they could gain access to the whole network, explains Baksheesh Singh Ghuman, Senior Director of Product and GTM Strategy at Finite State, a cybersecurity firm that specializes in connected devices. Gaining access to data is one risk associated with the vulnerabilities of EV chargers. Another is even more straightforward: electricity theft. If a hacker breaches a public charger, they could siphon electricity off it and make someone else pay, says Singh Ghuman. Attacks on home chargers can be serious, too, despite their much more limited focus. Since both EVs and EV chargers are connected devices, hacking the charger could grant the attacker access to things like passwords and other credentials. And that’s not even the worst that can happen. “Threat actors can also gain control of the electric vehicles themselves, which includes control over steering, brakes, acceleration, and other functions which could result in an accident,” Singh Ghuman told Oilprice. “They would have the ability to listen in on phone conversations held within the car and steal personal data from the vehicle’s connected network too.” Everything is hackable, cybersecurity experts have warned repeatedly, from a corporate computer system to a pacemaker. And cybercriminals are often ahead of their opponents in the game of cat and mouse, forcing governments and cybersecurity service providers to often catch up. Luckily, in the wake of the latest massive hack attacks in the U.S., action is being taken. A recent executive order by President Biden will oblige manufacturers of hackable equipment to start implementing more stringent cybersecurity standards, Singh Ghuman says. It is important to act preemptively and remove as many vulnerabilities as possible as early as possible. A lot of hopes are being pinned on electric vehicles as a crucial element of the low-carbon economy of the future. Automakers are spending billions on their shift to EVs, and one could only hope some of that money is being spent on guaranteeing the cybersecurity of the vehicles. It should be, given how much is at stake. And with carmakers already aware of the challenges they face in promoting their EV models as the better cars, they need to be exceptionally wary of the possibility that the hackability of an EV could very well become a monumental issue alongside range anxiety. Chargers are even more important. If a hacker can make several hundred chargers switch on and off when the hacker tells them to, that becomes a problem for the grid. And if a larger-scale attack can be launched, the situation would become a lot more serious. There are already concerns about the addition of millions of EVs to city grids that were not built for this sort of electricity demand. Investments in the upgrade of grids so it can take the additional demand are seen at between $1,630 and $5,380 per EV, according to Boston Consulting Group. And that’s for EV penetration rates of 10-20 percent. The more EVs are added, the more money will need to be spent to keep the grid stable. The EV revolution is becoming a challenging endeavor in more aspects than one. The cybersecurity theme needs to be at the center of the EV discourse. The threats might be potential for now but let’s remember: everything can be hacked.
Date of Graduation Document Type This comparative study investigated the effectiveness of two writing approaches, hand writing (using paper and pencil) and computer processing (using Microsoft Word), in improving the writing of English freshmen students at two colleges in Saudi Arabia. Three dependent variables: overall writing quality (OWQ), writing apprehension (WA), and attitudes toward writing with computer (ATWC) were measured based on two independent variables: gender and the medium used. The research was designed to assess whether students actually wrote better using word processing software than they did when writing with paper and pencil. One hundred college students studying English were selected from a population of approximately 1,000. Fifty male participants were selected from the Arrass Teacher's College and fifty female participants from the College of Education for Girls in Arrass City, Saudi Arabia. Selected students of both genders were divided into two groups of 25 each. One group was designated to write using Microsoft Word and the other wrote by hand using paper and pencil. Both groups wrote the same two topics of writing samples and received the same two types of surveys over a four week period in the middle of the academic semester. The results showed that: (a) in overall writing quality, there were significant differences based on gender and method, whereas in interaction there was not; (b) in writing apprehension there were significant differences in gender, and the interaction was significant only with the computer method but not in the hand writing method; (c) in attitudes toward writing with computer, there were no significant differences in gender and method, and no significant difference in interaction. Finally, the study includes several recommendations for further practice and further study.
Animal Size Sambar deer size: How big do they get? How big does a Sambar deer get? Here is an overview over the average adult age: A grown Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) reaches an average size of 2.04 meter (6′ 9″). When born, they have an average size of 0 cm (0′ 0″). During their lifetime of about 26.42 years, they grow from 10.3 kg (22.71 lbs) to 176 kg (388.01 lbs). A Sambar deer has 1 babies at once. The Sambar deer (genus: Cervus) is a member of the family Cervidae. As a reference: Humans reach an average body size of 1.65m (5′ 5″) while carrying 62 kg (137 lbs). A human woman is pregnant for 280 days (40 weeks) and on average become 75 years old. The average adult size of a Sambar deer is (6' 9 Animals of the same family as a Sambar deer We found other animals of the Cervidae family: Animals with the same size as a Sambar deer Not that size really matters, but it makes things comparable. So here are a couple of animals that are as big as Sambar deer: Animals with the same litter size as a Sambar deer Here is a list of animals that have the same number of babies per litter (1) as a Sambar deer: Animals with the same life expectancy as a Sambar deer Completely different animals, but becoming as old as a Sambar deer: Animals with the same weight as a Sambar deer As a comparison, here are some other animals that weight as much as the Cervus unicolor:
Question: Why Skip Tooth Chain Bicycle? What is skip tooth chain? A skip chain has fewer cutting teeth than a conventional chain which means it won’t be dragging as many teeth through the wood you’re cutting. Less drag on the chain means less power is needed to cut through the log. That means the motor on your saw runs faster which keeps it in a more efficient power curve. Can a bike work without a chain? Those who want to ride a bicycle to work can cast off their chains — but chainless bikes have pluses and minuses. Those who want to ride a bicycle to work can cast off their chains — but chainless bikes have pluses and minuses. Today’s hybrid bikes use composite drive belts similar to those found in a Maserati. Do bicycle chains matter? Your chain is at the heart of your drivetrain and is absolutely crucial to powering your bike forward and to shifting performance. Therefore, with chains, compatibility and durability are a must and mechanical serviceability and even mechanical friction are considerations as well. What is the purpose of a bike chain? A bicycle chain is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but some are nickel-plated to prevent rust, or simply for aesthetics. You might be interested: Quick Answer: How Remove Bicycle Spoke Guard? What is the benefit of a skip tooth chain? Skip tooth chainsaw chain thoughts “The primary advantage to semi or full skip is when cutting larger logs. The wood chips are carried out between the cutter teeth and having more room for those chips in a larger log allows the teeth to continue cutting until they exit the log and dump the chips. What’s better full chisel or semi chisel chain? Although the semi chainsaw chain cuts slower than a full chisel chain, a semi-chain will stay sharper longer even in rough sawing conditions. In most cases, this is the preferred chain for cutting softwood, dirtier wood, dry wood, and frozen wood. How often should I lube my bike chain? Bicycle Tutor recommends cleaning and lubricating your bike’s drive chain at least once every month to maintain optimal performance and protection. The chain and drivetrain are typically the dirtiest parts of your bike, and this dirt is bad news for bike longevity and performance. How long do bicycle chains last? How often should I change my bike chain? You might be interested: Question: When To Oil A Bicycle Chain? How do I know what chain I need for my bike? What is the difference between bicycle chains? Chains can vary in side plate shape, sizing, and height. Differences can cause variations in shifting performance between brands and models. Additionally, chains will vary in the quality of steel used. Better chains that are more durable and longer lasting tend to have harder rivets. Leave a Reply
COP26: Tensions loom over 12-day summit NEW YORK (NYTIMES) – The future is on the line. As presidents and prime ministers arrive in Glasgow, Scotland, this week for a pivotal climate summit, the outcome will determine, to a large extent, how the world’s 7 billion people will survive on a hotter planet and whether far worse levels of warming can be averted for future generations. Already, the failure to slow rising temperatures – brought on by the burning of oil, gas and coal – has led to deadly floods, fires, heat and drought around the world. It has exposed a gaping chasm between the scientific consensus, which says humanity must rapidly reduce the emissions of planet-warming greenhouse gases to avert climate catastrophe, and what political leaders and many corporate executives have been willing to do. “That we are now so perilously close to the edge for a number of countries is perhaps the tragedy of our times,” said Prime Minister Mia Mottle of Barbados. Tensions loom over the 12-day summit. Some poor countries hard hit by climate disasters are holding out for money promised, and yet to be delivered, by the industrialised nations that fuelled the crisis. Polluting countries are pressing each other to cut their emissions while jockeying for advantage and wrestling with the impacts on their own economies. Complicating matters, the need for collective action to tackle such an urgent, existential global threat comes at a time of rising nationalism. This makes the talks in Glasgow a test of whether global cooperation is even possible to confront a crisis that does not recognise national borders. “I don’t think you can solve the climate crisis on your own as a nationalist leader,” said Ms Rachel Kyte, a former United Nations official and now dean of the Fletcher School at Tufts University. “You depend on the actions of others.” The science is clear on what needs to be done. Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases driving up global temperatures need to be cut by nearly half by 2030, less than a decade. In fact, they are continuing to grow. The World Meteorological Organisation warned last week that the amount of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had reached a record high in 2020 despite the pandemic and is rising again this year. As a result, the average global temperature has risen by more than 1 deg C since the Industrial Revolution. The scientific consensus says that if it rises by 1.5 deg C ,it will significantly increase the likelihood of far worse climate catastrophes that could exacerbate hunger, disease and conflict. Limiting temperature rise to within the 1.5 deg C threshold has become something of a rallying cry for many powerful countries, including the United States. That is not within reach: Even if all countries achieve the targets they set for themselves at the 2015 Paris Agreement, average global temperatures are on track to rise by 2.7 deg C by the end of the century. The US climate envoy, John Kerry, who had recently described the summit as “the last best hope” last week tried to manage expectations. “Glasgow was never, ever going to get every country joining up in Glasgow or this year necessarily,” he said Thursday (Oct 28). “It was going to galvanise the raising of ambition on a global basis.” The goals of the summit are to have countries nudge each other to rein in their emissions, commit financial support to low-income countries to deal with the impacts, and iron out some of the rules of the Paris Agreement. The agreement stipulated that countries come together every five years to update their climate action plans and nudge each other to do more. The five-year mark was missed because of the pandemic. The climate summit was postponed. Climate disasters piled on. The pandemic is important in another sense. It offers a grim lesson on the prospects for collective action. Countries turned inward to protect their own citizens, and sometimes their own pharmaceutical industries, resulting in a starkly inequitable distribution of vaccines. Half the world’s population remains unvaccinated, mainly in countries of the global south. “We’ve just experienced the worst part of humanity’s response to a global crisis,” said executive director of Climate Action Network Tasneem Essop. “And if this is going to be the track record for addressing the global climate crisis, then we are in trouble. I’m hoping this is a moment of reflection and inflection.” Meanwhile, anger is mounting against official inaction. The streets of Glasgow are expected to fill with tens of thousands of protesters. The main battle lines shaping up at the Glasgow talks, known as the 26th session of the Conference of Parties, or COP26, have to do with who is responsible for the warming of the planet that is already underway, who should do what to keep it from getting worse and how to live with the damage already done. (BEGIN OPTIONAL TRIM.) The venue is itself a reminder. In the mid-19th century, Glasgow was a centre of heavy industry and shipbuilding. Its power and wealth rose as Britain conquered nations across Asia and Africa, extracting their riches and becoming the world’s leading industrial power, until the US took the mantle. The largest share of the emissions that have already heated the planet came mainly from the US and Europe, including Britain, while the largest share of emissions produced right now comes from China, the world’s factory. In some cases, the divisions in Glasgow pit advanced industrialised countries, including the US and Europe, against emerging economies, including China, India and South Africa. In other cases, they set large emerging polluters, like China and India, against small vulnerable countries, including low-lying island nations in the Pacific and Caribbean, which want more aggressive action against emissions. Tensions over money are so profound that they threaten to derail cooperation. In 2010, rich countries had promised to pay US$100 billion (S$135 billion) a year by 2020 to help poor countries address climate change. Some of that money has been paid but the full amount will not materialise until 2023, three years late, according to the latest plan announced by a group of industrialised countries. Even more fraught is the idea of industrialised countries also paying reparations to vulnerable nations to compensate for the damage already done. Known in diplomatic circles as a fund for loss and damage, discussions about this have been postponed for years because of opposition from countries like the US. Mr Kerry this week said he was “supportive” of the idea of assisting countries who can’t adapt their way out of climate change, but remained concerned about opening the floodgates of liability claims. Then there are tensions over whether countries are doing their fair share to reduce their emissions. The Biden administration has pledged that the US will slash emissions by about half by 2030, compared with 2005 levels. But President Joe Biden’s ability to reach that target is unclear, as legislation has been watered down and stalled in Congress, partly by a single Democratic lawmaker with ties to the fossil fuel industry. The US has been leaning hard on China to set more ambitious targets in Glasgow. But so far, Beijing has said only that its emissions will continue to grow and decline before 2030. China is wary of the US’ ability to fulfil its emissions and finance targets, a skepticism only fuelled by Mr Biden’s inability so far to get his climate agenda through Congress. Besides, the two countries are locked in bitter tensions over a host of other issues, from trade to defence to cybersecurity. While Mr Biden is in Glasgow, President Xi Jinping of China is likely to appear only by video, precluding any face-to-face discussions. President Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil also plans to stay home. President Vladimir Putin of Russia is not going, either, but may offer remarks remotely. India is unlikely to commit to phase out its heavy reliance on coal power to meet its growing energy needs, although it is quickly expanding solar power in its energy mix. The most optimistic diplomats say countries will be forced to come around and cooperate. “Because of the global nature of this threat,” the Danish environment minister, Mr Dan Jorgenson, said, “you will see countries, in their own interest, work with countries they see as their competitor.” No matter what happens at the summit, success in battling climate change will be measured by how quickly the global economy can pivot away from fossil fuels. Coal, oil and gas interests, and their political allies, are fighting that transition. But a transformation is visible. The global use of fossil fuels, which has been on a steady march upward for 150 years, is projected to peak by the middle of this decade, assuming that countries mostly hew to the promises they’ve made under the Paris accord, according to projections by the International Energy Agency. Wind and solar have become the cheapest source of electricity in some markets, coal use is set to decline sharply by mid-century, despite an uptick this year driven by increased industrial activity in China, and electric vehicles are projected to drive down global oil demand by the 2030s. Global temperature rise has also slowed since 2015, when the Paris Agreement was signed. Some see that as evidence that climate diplomacy is working. Most countries are doing what they signed up to do, which is to set their own climate targets and “egg each other on” to do better, said president of World Resources Institute Ani Dasgupta. The institute is a Washington-based research and advocacy group. “The ratcheting up of ambition, we do see it happening,” he said. “It’s not happening fast enough.” From her home in Barbados, PM Mottley sees another promising sign: Pressure on leaders of countries in the global north, as the dangers of climate change increasingly afflict their citizens. That includes the floods that killed nearly 200 people in Germany, Europe’s richest country, and the fires that scorched homes in California, America’s richest state. “It is the populations of the advanced countries coming to the recognition that this is a serious issue that is causing the needle to move,” she said. “It is that kind of domestic political pressure from ordinary people that is going to save the world in my view.” Source: Read Full Article
Mantid Madness It’s a common theme in history that invasive species were introduced to the United States either on accident or on purpose for a good purpose. Melaleuca or paper-bark trees (Melaleuca quinquenervia) were introduced to the Everglades to dry it up and stabilize the soil. Now massive stands of these trees outcompete native tree species in Florida. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) was introduced as an ornamental plant in the mid- to late-1800s and has since aggressively spread throughout the U.S. after being established in New York. Good gone wrong This same cycle of good-gone-wrong occurs in the animal kingdom as well. An example we can see in our front lawns is the Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis). Introduced from Asia by accident and further seen as a natural pest control measure, Chinese mantises have since run rampant across the United States, eating anything but what they were brought here to. These cryptic predators eat native insects such as bumblebees, grasshoppers, butterflies, and beetles. Some reports have shown they can sometimes ambush hummingbirds at feeders as well. Left: an ootheca laid in October by Welty’s current resident Chinese mantis (Right). Knowledge is power To combat these nuisance insects and protect native species, it is helpful to know a bit about the life cycle of a mantis. We’re all probably familiar with the seemingly innocent faces of adult mantids: their quiet, graceful dispositions fit the common name of “praying mantis.” Most species found in the United States are cannibalistic (i.e., females eat the males after mating, hatchlings eat each other), so most adult mantids that are found are likely female. It’s convenient for the females that they can reach up to 10-times heavier than males, so the females are more successful in overpowering their enemies. Since their arrival, Chinese mantises have run rampant across the US… Two weeks after mating, a female can lay over 100 eggs in an ootheca, which directly translates from Greek as “covered egg.” This foam-looking blob on a stem (see photo) is a massive indicator of mantid presence (the ootheca is one of the easier ways of identifying species as well). An ootheca is usually laid in the late fall and overwinters to later hatch in the spring. The problem, though, is native mantids such as the Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) are on the same laying and hatching timeline, but Chinese mantis oothecae are up to three times larger than Carolina mantis oothecae. When eggs hatch, the nymphs look like miniature adults as they undergo incomplete metamorphosis (complete metamorphosis would be a caterpillar changing to a butterfly). …eating anything but what they were brought here to eat. Humane ways to remove a Chinese mantis ootheca when you see one is to clip the stem where the ootheca is placed and bury it in the ground away from the garden. Possible lookalikes It’s important to note that not all mantis species are invasive. The Carolina mantis is native to the southern U.S., but the European mantis (Mantis religiosa) and narrow-winged mantis (Tenodera angustipennis) along with the Chinese mantis were introduced from Asia. The common denominator is their first introductions were all accidents: the narrow-winged mantis was first documented in the U.S. in 1933, the European mantis was introduced in 1899, and the Chinese mantis was introduced in 1896. Things to consider when you encounter a mantis: • All mantids have sharp spikes on their forelimbs to help attack prey (see photo; be careful of them when attempting to handle a mantid!) • The Chinese mantis is the largest species of mantis in the United States • Carolina mantises are much smaller than Chinese mantises • Chinese mantis antennae are closer together on their heads than other species (see photo) • Chinese mantises have noticeable stripes on their faces (see photo) • The spot between the front legs of a Chinese mantis is yellow (see photo) • European mantises will have orange between the front legs • Adult female Carolina mantises have short wings that do not extend past their bodies • Gravid (with eggs) female mantids will have distended abdomens Found a mantis and still not sure what kind it is? Bug Guide and iNaturalist are great resources! Further reading Darien Becker Environmental Educator, WEC
Zinc Supplements: What to Know if You're Thinking of Taking Them What is Zinc? - Zinc is an essential trace mineral that is important in maintaining cellular metabolism and gene expression. It is fundamental to the activity of the immune function; tissue growth, repair and wound healing; insulin signaling; vision and nerve function. What are its uses? - During pregnancy, infancy and childhood, the body needs zinc for proper growth and development. Zinc is also more commonly used to improve white blood cell function and increase T cell count which in turn enhances immune response to infection. Similarly, zinc greatly influences antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses and the common cold. What is Zinc sourced from and what is the suggested dose range? - Zinc is sourced from food items such as oysters, shellfish and red meat. The recommended supplemental dose range for men is 30-60 mg/day and for women, 30-45 mg/day of elemental zinc. Note that different forms of zinc supplements contain different amounts of active (elemental) zinc, therefore it is recommended to evaluate zinc dosage using the elemental dose. What are symptoms of Zinc deficiency? - Zinc is second only to iron in worldwide deficiency, though deficiency in US population is believed to be low. Symptoms of deficiency include poor appetite, growth retardation, impaired immune function, hair loss, impotence and eye/skin lesions. What are symptoms of Zinc excess? - Intake of >150 mg/day can depress immune function, reduce HDL cholesterol, lead to copper-deficient anemia and cause nausea, stomach upset or diarrhea. When might you need to use Zinc supplementation? - If you are a pregnant/lactating woman, have a vegetarian diet or have alcohol use disorder, sickle cell or GI disease you are more prone to zinc deficiency and should look into supplementation. Also, if you are looking to prevent viral infections or if you are treating poor wound healing, zinc may be helpful. Do’s and Don’ts for use of Zinc: - Zinc should be taken apart from high fiber foods for best absorption so separate administration from food by at least 1 hour before or 2-3 hours after meals. Also, avoid taking at the same time as some antibiotics. What to be aware of when searching for an effective zinc product? - The amino acid chelated form of zinc (e.g. zinc glycinate) offers enhanced absorption, optimal utilization and gastrointestinal comfort. It is important to supplement using the right form of zinc to maintain healthy levels within the body and compliance to a regiment. Pay attention to the elemental zinc content on a bottle and when in doubt, ask a professional. 66 views0 comments
Raising Anti-Racist Children: Special Tips for Immigrant Families Mudita Rastogi, PhD and Bahareh Sahebi, PsyD July 2020 Around the globe there is an urgency and growing awareness on the importance of embracing an anti-racist stance in our lives and communities. Mudita and Bahareh believe that a pro-social justice approach and anti-racist learning begins at home. Some immigrant families include their children early in their journey of reflection and self-awareness. Others are moved forward by the needs and ideas of their children. This list gives us many ways to incorporate anti-racist thinking and actions in our daily lives. We hope you will find that at least a few of these suggestions speak to you and your family. This post is a work in progress. We will keep adding to it and updating it with additional resources. Whether you are an accidental visitor to this website, or a parent who was searching for specific resources, we welcome you to join this critical conversation. Feel free to write back to us at muditarastogi@hotmail.com and sahebi.bahareh@gmail.com 1. Parents need to begin with self-reflection. Read. Join progressive support groups. Become an ally. Explore your implicit biases. Speak up. 2. Help your children understand what it means to be an immigrant and a minority. Use empowering language. Foster pride in their origins and ethnicity while remaining balanced and curious in their views about global cultural differences. 3. Find a balance between valuing your own culture/language/religion vs. believing that your community “is the best.” Avoid limiting your interactions ONLY to people who are just like you. 4. Discuss race and colorism. Talk about culture, ethnicity, and social class. Citizenship. And the differences between these. 5. Acknowledge the differences around us with tolerance, including religion, ability, social class, sexual orientation, language, body size, dialect, gender identity, etc. 6. Talk to your children daily about consciousness raising topics like BLM, ICE, and immigration. Depending on their age, use developmentally appropriate themes like fairness, kindness, human rights, ethics, morals, etc. 7. Acknowledge oppression within your own community. It could be based on skin color, social class, caste, region of origin, etc. 8. Broaden your circle of friends. Interact with people from many backgrounds. 9. Encourage children to befriend a diverse group of classmates and neighbors. Invite them over and encourage ongoing relationships beyond interactions at school. 10. Organize cultural and advocacy experiences for your family. Research venues like the Holocaust museum, Native American center, Bahai temple. Join or organize a protest march. Donate to a civil rights group and take time to learn and discuss their mission. 11. Read anti-racist books as a family and discuss them. Your local library will be a great resource. Do not hesitate to reach out and ask the librarian for their top picks. 12. Watch movies from many cultures/languages that are thought provoking. Discuss them over dinner. 13. Travel is a great eye-opener. When traveling, don’t limit yourself to beaches and all-inclusive resorts. Go to the “real” part of town. Do local activities and try to talk to average people about their lives. 14. During the pandemic when traveling may be limited at best, plan a stay home dinner and virtual travel day where you can learn about the migration history and politics of a place that interests you. Try new recipes from a country or region of the world and watch related travel documentaries together. Make it a fun day of activities filled with music, food, movies, and readings. 15. Encourage your children to do school projects on themes related to anti-racism. Any school subject can focus on this topic (bio, math, social studies). 16. Expose your children to role models from all walks of life who are BIPOC. 17. Ask the teachers, the school district, and the PTA to invest in ongoing anti-racist trainings for school staff, as well as speakers for kids’ events. 18. Encourage the use of anti-racist language at home. For example, discuss the origins of terms like “blacklist”, “Indian summer” and “rule of thumb.” Make learning fun and engaging. 19. Do not allow racist, sexist, homophobic jokes to be tolerated or repeated at home or outside. 20. Be an ally. Speak up on social media, with friends, at work. Model this behavior to your children. 21. Teach your kids to name racism when they see it and learn how to assert themselves. 22. Teach your kids to stay safe and assess situations where they could be harmed. Free Resources for Supporting Antiracist Education
The Ways of Samurai Honorifics guide [Rhobbhus] a part of “The Ways of Samurai”, a fictional universe by Skittle_Overlord. There are many ways to live one's life, even if you are a Samurai. And who is to say which way is right. Characters Settings Story This conversation is an Out Of Character (OOC) part of the roleplay, “The Ways of Samurai”. Discussions pertaining to roleplay on RPG. Honorifics guide [Rhobbhus] Tips: 0.00 INK Postby Skittle_Overlord on Mon Mar 23, 2015 11:23 am Robbhus wrote: San - The word San is the most commonly used of the Japanese honorific titles. It refers to a person as "Mr", "Ms", or "Mrs". Kun - Kun refers to either - A male of the same age, always male to male. - Superior talking to someone of a lower status. - Teacher talking to a male student. - Sometimes said to females in business settings. Chan - A subform of San. Has more or less the same meaning, but it adds a bit more familiarity to the picture. In other words, it would refer more to a person that you would already know quite well. It is also used for female family members, close friends, and lovers. Sensei - Sensei is the polite form of addressing a teacher or superior in an academic viewpoint. Some would switch from sensei to San if there is a strong familiarity, but it is not to be changed to Chan unless the two subjects are related. Köhai - Köhai means pretty much the opposite of Senpai, commonly used for upperclassmen referring to their juniors at schools. Senpai - Used when juniors are referring to Seniors at schools, something I don't really expect to see here. Sama - The more formal version of San, commonly used in situations like the one we sit with here, with inferiors and superiors. Sama would be the correct term for "Sir" or "Miss" in an hiring situation, like the viewpoint of most servants of the family are in. Using it in an opposite setting, even if just an accident, is counted as a social flaw and can take quite the hit on your social status. Shi - a very polite title used to a person that is either a complete stranger or one that the talker hardly knows. It is very common during meetings with strangers in them. The use of Shi let's the person that is spoken to know that the talker don't know anything about things the listener is weak to etc. and is therefor apologizing and warning in advance. Dono and Tono - Very uncommonly used titles. Dono and Tono refers to a person as "Lord" or similar titles. The title is uncommonly used even between business lords and the bottom of the system, since words like Sama etc. are more common. It is used by some extremists though. Ue - Ue basically means "up". It refers to someone above yourself in other words. Not very commonly used, though some might refer to their parents with the Hiragana version of Mother (Chichi, Chichi-ue) etc. Iemoto - Iemoto is an even more polite form of Sensei and is mainly used for masters of a specific art, mainly arts that are not commonly known, such as Tea Ceremonies or Calligraphy. Hikoku - Hikoku is the title used for convicted criminals, simple as that. Yögisha - Yögisha is the title using for a criminal that has yet to be convicted. Now, I left a couple titles out as their use is so uncommon I don't even see the need to. I hope this helps at least someone :) (Source: along with a few less used sources) User avatar Member for 12 years Promethean Conversation Starter Author Inspiration Conversationalist Completionist Lifegiver Post a reply Make a Donation Become a Patron! RPG relies exclusively on user donations to support the platform. Who is online Registered users: Google [Bot], Majestic-12 [Bot], phoenixheart, VindicatedPurpose, xXxCryptic-AngelxXx, Yvandír, ༼ つ ◕_◕ ༽つ*
The 6 Advantages of Windows 10 Over Older Operating Systems The 6 Advantages of Windows 10 Over Older Operating Systems Windows 10 was made available in 2015. Since then, it has become the most popular OS across the globe. This popularity is due to the various advantages the OS offers over other operating systems. The advantages of Windows 10 over older operating systems 1. The current OS is easier to use: Windows 10 is faster than any other OS. In some cases, it can beat even older operating systems like Windows 7 and Windows 8.2. You can even speed up Windows 10 to nearly 30% in just 10 minutes. 2. The user interface is fully customizable: Unlike older OS, Windows 10 has plenty of user interface customization options. You can use any colour you want on your Windows 10. Users are also encouraged to share their modifications with other Windows 10 users. 3. It’s highly secure: It offers anti-virus software like Windows Defender. Also, Windows 10 has limited program installation windows, which makes it harder for hackers to get into your computer. 4. Windows 10 is more intuitive When you are using a desktop OS, the users see a desktop or windowed interface and the graphical elements (like the mouse, keyboard etc) are displayed on the screen. On Windows 10, these elements are shown within the keyboard, and mouse controls are given an appearance that is similar to the graphical components. This results in a much more user-friendly interface and better usability. Widgets and the other useful elements are accessible on the desktop and the desktop design will allow you to have multiple windows that include widgets. There are more shortcuts and shortcuts available to help you use Windows 10 better. Windows 10 is more secure When it comes to keeping our personal information safe, one of the key advantages of Windows 10 is that it is more secure than any other OS. Windows 10 is based on secure technology, which makes it more secure than the other OS available. Windows 10 also uses 256-bit encryption, which is more than 100 times more secure than all the other OS available. Windows 10 is also more secure than other software tools Microsoft Windows 10 offers several security features. It enables us to keep our PC safe from viruses, malware, and other security risks. The built-in anti-virus software offered by the OS is also very safe. Microsoft Windows 10 offers several security features. It enables us to keep our PC safe from viruses, malware, and other security risks. Windows 10 is faster and more energy-efficient It’s faster than other operating systems, such as Windows 7 and Windows 8.1, since it is based on new technologies. Also, it can run across different types of systems, whereas previous operating systems need to be switched to Windows 10 in order to work optimally. Windows 10 offers a wide range of options Windows 10 has the ability to be more energy efficient. In Windows 7 and Windows 8.1, the default option is Boot Camp, which enables the OS to be run on a Mac or a PC, but this can be unreliable in terms of stability. Windows 10 on the other hand, has various ways to run on different types of systems. Windows 10 is highly customizable It comes with a wide range of customization options and various options in terms of customizing the look and feel of the OS. Windows 10 is a great operating system for gaming You can play games, browse the internet, and work on your PC with ease. The advantage of the OS lies in the fact that there are many gaming and office apps that you can use to make your computer a great gaming platform. The recently released Windows 10 Creator’s Update is another great factor, which can benefit you when you play games online. The update provides you with extra gaming features. It has a wide range of great apps to provide various types of work You can do a lot of things with Windows 10, including playing games and making office applications. This is one of the reasons why the OS is so popular in the corporate sector. You can perform a lot of tasks on Windows 10 without any inconvenience. Now, you must have come across various differences between Windows 10 and other OS before. The point of this article is to make you aware of the same and enlighten you about the main advantages and disadvantages of the operating system. We would also like to add that Microsoft is the only company to offer a free upgrade from Windows 7 to Windows 10. But, it is important to note that Windows 10 is currently available in three different editions: Home, Pro, and Enterprise. Home is free for individuals and Home and Pro are also free for small businesses. On the other hand, the Enterprise edition is a commercial edition that is also offered for free to a limited number of companies. In this article, we have discussed the benefits and advantages of Windows 10 over Windows 7. Leave a Reply
Dinosaur fossil from a supposed huge carnivore actually belongs to something else A dinosaur fossil footprint found about 50 years ago is from a plant-eating dinosaurnot a huge meat-eating dinosaur as previously thought, secondo un nuovo studio. The footprint, which dates back to the Triassic Period about 220 milioni di anni fa, was initially thought to have come from a large dinosaur from the Eubrontes family, said lead study author Anthony Romilio, a technical assistant in the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland in Australia, in una dichiarazione. He worked with a team of international researchers to reanalyze the fossil and found the footprint belonged to the Prosauropod, an herbivorous dinosaur. This would make the footprint the only physical evidence of any Triassic-age Prosauropod in Australia, Romilio said. The fossil was discovered in a coal mine in Ipswich, a city west of Brisbane, quasi 656 piedi (200 metri) metropolitana. Scientists at the time estimated the creature that made the footprint to have legs over 6 piedi (2 metri) tall, which would have made it the largest carnivorous dinosaur of the Triassic period, Egli ha detto. Romilio wasn’t buying itin part because of a lack of consistent data regarding the fossil. I knew about this fossil many years ago and was surprised there was no consensus on basic details such as the footprint length or even its shape,” Egli ha detto. Researchers looked at 3D images of the fossil footprint to determine what type of dinosaur made those tracks. One indication the footprint came from an herbivore like Prosauropod was the shape of the feet, Romilio said. Predatory dinosaurs had toes that were bunched together, but the fossil’s toes were spread apart. This long-necked animal had legs around 4.5 piedi (1.4 metri) tall and was nearly 20 piedi (6 metri) in lunghezza. The dinosaur likely had a small head and walked on two feet, Romilio added. Earlier scientists were not able to examine the fossil when conducting their research, which forced them to make their conclusions based on photographs and drawings, Romilio said in the statement. Geologists made plaster casts of the footprint in 1964, which were later turned into 3D models that the research team studied, said coauthor Hendrik Klein, in una dichiarazione. He is a fossil expert at Saurierwelt Paläontologisches Museum in Germany. The more we looked at the footprint and toe impression shapes and proportions, the less they resembled tracks made by predatory dinosaursthis monster dinosaur was definitely a much friendlier plant-eater,” Klein said. Iscriviti alla newsletter scientifica di Wonder Theory della CNN. Esplora l'universo con notizie su scoperte affascinanti, progressi scientifici e altro. Dinosaur enthusiasts can catch a glimpse of the dinosaur fossil at the Queensland Museum in Brisbane or take a look at the 3D model online. Romilio is investigating other dinosaur fossil footprints in China, South Korea and the United States to learn more about the creatures that made them. Each dinosaur created millions of tracks across its lifetime, so collectively they left significantly more fossil footprints than bones to research, Egli ha detto. Lo studio published Thursday in Historical Biology. I commenti sono chiusi.
02923nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011900041210007000160300001200230490000700242520235400249653001202603653001702615653001502632653001502647653001602662100002102678856004202699 2021 eng d00aGarden birds at Rangiora, Christchurch, and Kaikōura, South Island, New Zealand: results from banding 1961–20160 aGarden birds at Rangiora Christchurch and Kaikōura South Island a208-2230 v683 a Birds were banded in gardens at Rangiora 1961–1977, Christchurch 1977–2000, and Kaikōura 2000–2016. In total, 21,565 birds of 14 species were captured in mist-nets or traps and banded; 3,213 individuals were recovered or recaptured. The most common species banded was silvereye (Zosterops lateralis lateralis) with 15,349, followed by house sparrow (Passer domesticus domesticus) with 4,497, and common starling (Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris) with 430; all other species were less than 300 birds banded which is less than five birds per year. Distance recoveries of note are: silvereyes - Kaikōura to Wellington (153.0 km), Rangiora to Greymouth (146.0 km), Rangiora to Otira (99.0 km), with two more birds over 25.0 km; house sparrow - Christchurch to Homebush (43.5 km), with two more over 25.0 km; common starling - Rangiora to Christchurch (27.8 km); dunnock (Prunella modularis) - local movement (5.1 km). The most significant recoveries from time of banding to recovery are: silvereye - 8.8 years; house sparrow - 8.7 years; starling - 8.0 years; dunnock - 5.3 years. Wing length and mass measurements of Kaikōura birds were generally within published ranges. 10abanding10ameasurements10apasserines10arecoveries10aresightings1 aRowe, Lindsay, K uhttp://notornis.osnz.org.nz/node/4560
Query: NC_007005:4515853 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a, complete genome Lineage: Pseudomonas syringae; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonadaceae; Pseudomonadales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: This strain is the causal agent of brown spot disease on beans. It was isolated from a snap bean leaflet in Wisconsin, USA. Plant pathogen. Bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas group are common inhabitants of soil and water and can also be found on the surfaces of plants and animals. Pseudomonas bacteria are found in nature in a biofilm or in planktonic form. Pseudomonas bacteria are renowned for their metabolic versatility as they can grow under a variety of growth conditions and do not need any organic growth factors. This species includes many plant pathogens of important crops, which makes it a model organism in plant pathology. Its natural environment is on the surface of plant leaves and it can withstand various stressful conditions, like rain, wind, UV radiation and drought. It can colonize plants in a non-pathogenic state and can rapidly take advantage of changing environmental conditions to induce disease in susceptible plants by shifting gene expression patterns. - hypothetical protein; - cds: hover for description BLASTP Alignment.txt Subject: NC_014153:3084356 Thiomonas intermedia K12 chromosome, complete genome Lineage: Thiomonas intermedia; Thiomonas; Comamonadaceae; Burkholderiales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: Country: Germany; Temp: Mesophile; Isolation: sewage pipe; Country: Germany, Hamburg. Thiomonas intermedia was isolated from a sewage pipe in Hamburg, Germany. This aerobic sulfur bacterium is a member of the beta-proteobacteria group. It oxidizes sulfur and is also able to fix carbon dioxide.
by Björn Renner, 2th semester supervising Professor Hermann Klöckner MirrorMe – The A.I.controlling system for your daily life Together forever 24/7 The most people live in two worlds: their job and their personal life. To manage both at the same time is often very difficult because the job and the privat times are usually not stricktly separated. Sometimes you have to work overtime or you got messages from your work at your vacation. But when you spend to much time with your job business, your personal life will suffer. Children do not get the attention they needed or your partner do not felt loved anymore. So far most times it is a hard time to keep your work and your personal life at balance. To manage these you need more time you do not have. So how could this situation be fixed to make it more comfortable. More comfortable for you, for your work and especially for your loved ones. This is the point where the MirrorMe-System comes into the game. The MirrorMe-System is a A.I.-controlling system with is especially designed to let you spend time with your family and also got all the time you need for your work. To make this possible you get an A.I.-counterpart on your side. The A.I. is part of an artificial body wich is modeld after your appearence. Even its artificial is almost not possible to distinguish from your human counterpart. The body itself is controlled (most times) by an A.I. wich is also programmed after yourself. This means it simulates your typical behaviour by analyzing your neuronal data. These data gets collected in the prozess of building your A.I.-counterpart my making an mirrorimage of your brain. With the combination of the artificial intelligence and the artificial body your counterpart is ready to work. Before going into detail lets make clear that the A.I. and the body, lets call it your mirror, is a detailed counterpart of yourself, but with boundaries. So the mirror is for example programmed to protect your children or your partner, but is not able to harm anyone physically nor harm his own body. Also the body is not built for any sexuall intercourses at all. The A.I. itself, designed after your thinking and knowledge, is especially programmed to work at your home and their surroundings, not to manage jobs and thinks you would not normally do by yourself. With that in mind lets show an example how the system works. Lets introduce Kristina, an 38 year old architect from Notthingham, England. Kristina is the senior art architect at an major company. Because of that she‘s got to spend alot of time at work and quite often several days a week at different places all around the world. Kristina got an husband, Shaun, who is also quite busy with his work as an banksalesman, and two daughters called Ash and Celeste. Ash is 8 years old visits the primary school, Celeste is 5 years old and visits kindergarten. Because Kristina realized its almost impossible to manage to spend enough time with her loved ones and be succesfull at her job, she joins the MirroMe programm. First step was to collect physically and psychology data to design her Mirror. Once this part is finished the Mirror can be integrated into her daily life. For example Kristina has to spend several days for work at Tokyo, Japan. At this time, her mirror steps in for her. To make the system work, Kristina should leave home as it would be an usual 8 hour work day with no emotional goodbyes. At around 6 o‘clock in the evening, while she just arrives at the Tokyo airport, her mirror steps into her home as it would be an normal day of work. Ash, Celeste and her husband, aware of that it is not the real Kristina, treats her as she would be real. The mirror-Kristina now prepares dinner, talks with „her“ children about school and with Shaun about his work. Because the mirror is programmed after Kristina, it feels not uncomfortable for them. She acts and reacts as Kristina would be used to, and her cooking skills where equal. At the meantime, Kristina who arrives at her hotel in Tokyo, got a few minutes before an business meeting. She uses the time to synchronise with her mirror. To connect with „herself“ at Nottingham, she uses an small electronic device especiallly designed for herself and her mirror. By synchronising, her mind switches into her mirror, becoming a ghost inside a shell of herself. She is now not anymore in Tokyo, she‘s in Nottingham. She sees the table full of food, with Ash and Celeste on her side and her husband in front of her. She hears her voices, talking about a new song they heard. She smells the bacon beans and the meat. She feels the draft of her airconditioner. While switching into her mirror, the thoughts, actions and conversations of the last houres of the mirror immediately synchronises with her mind. Everything done and felt by the mirror seems done and felt by herself. Within seconds, she knows that Ash got an B in mathe and that Shaun‘s business meeting this morning was succesfull. At this moment, there are no Kristina and no mirror, there is just one. Shaun and their daughters don‘t realize that the „user“ of the body switched. The synchronisation is fluent and their seems no difference in their actions. Kristina, while in the body of the mirror, is able to control the body functions of her counterpart just in certain ways. This limitation helps to not breake the illusion. But Kristina, know‘s everthing is fine, don‘t need to move and switches after a few minutes back to Tokyo. After leaving and synchronising, the mirror itself also knows what she‘s done and felt the last houres ago. She is now able to adjust her behaviour and talking to the real Kristina. Over the next few days, Kristina synchronises a few times a day into her mirror, feeling like home. When she arrives days later back in Nottingham, the change from mirror to the real kristina is again fluent ans also invisible. But it is no real arriving, because Kristina actuallly never really left home… An prototype of this concept was developed to let people experience this system. The visitor takes the role of the A.I. and his human counterpart at the same time. He takes a seat at an well-laid table, but with no other people aroun him. Hes got just an empty white board in front of him. On this board will be an video projection of „his“ family eating and taking at the same desk. A camera will capture the visitor and projects him in this scenario at real time an also with small time delay. So the visitor is the A.I. at the table and the human who switches into him a few seconds later at the same time. People should so experience how its feels to be at home but the same time to be somewhere else.
If The Earth Is Spinning 1000 mph, Why Don't We Fly Off? tennis ball at high rotation If the earth is spinning at 460 meters per second, or roughly 1,000 miles per hour, and gravity is a weak force, when why don't we fly off the surface of the earth? There are a number of youtube videos on the internet where people show a tennis ball spinning and water flinging off of it. This is said to represent what would happen the water on the earth if it were spinning. Unfortunately many of the most ridiculous videos have been pulled because the creators have realized that they were in error. Here is one that is still up on youtube. The reason why they assume the water would fly off is because gravity (over all) is a relatively weak force but a globe spinning at close to 1000 mph is moving very fast.... right? Sadly, this is just another method of obscuring the truth with large sounding numbers. The spin of the earth is quite slow. Saying that it's spinning 1000 mph is a bit of a misdirection. It only sounds fast. It sounds fast because the metric is difficult to imagine in our everyday lives. Going 1000 mph in a car around a turn is insanely fast. However, 1000 mph on a turn that has a radius of thousands of miles will exert next to no force on an object. Allow me to explain. Rotate a tennis ball at the same rotational speed as the earth and see if the water flies off. That is one revolution per 24 hours. That's correct. One revolution for each day. That is how fast the earth spins. I am willing to wager a bet that no water flies off the ball. This is because rotational speed is different than tangential speed. Rotational speed is a measure of object spinning on an axis. It is the number of revolutions in a given time. Tangential speed is how fast an object on that sphere is moving through space. The larger the sphere, the higher the tangential speed is on the surface, even if the speed of the rotation is unchanged. Tangential speed on a spinning basketball is higher than a tennis ball, even when they are rotating at the same speed. To demonstrate this principle you can take a yard stick (or anything long like a broom, etc.) and hold it out. Now start slowly spinning. The tip of the object that is furthest from your body will be moving substantially faster than any particular part of your body. If we assume that the tips of the fingers are 3ft from the center of rotation and the end of the yard stick is another 3ft(ish) from the center of rotation, then the tip of the yard stick is now traveling at twice the tangential speed of the finger tips, even though it's rotational speed is identical. The longer the object in your hand is, the higher the tangential speed is, even though it is clear to the observer that both objects are rotating at the same speed. Perspective - Tangential Speed of the Earth But there is more to the story. Tangential speed is not equal to a force. Speed and force are correlated but not equal. Thee harder the sphere is that's rotating, the less force is being exerted on the object on the surface. It's the same principle that is at play when we use a long breaker bar to get leverage on a rusty bolt. The further away from the center of rotation, the more force we can exert on the bolt. The inverse is true when calculating centrifugal force being placed on an object that is on/in a rotating system. The further away the from center of rotation, the less centrifugal force is placed on the object. A prime example of this principle is when we drive a car around a turn. Taking a long country turn at 35 mph is completely different than a turn in the city at 35 mph. The radius of the turn is where the force is generated. This happens because an object in motion wants to stay in motion, in a straight line. This, going around a curve exerts a force on us because our bodies are traveling in one direction but the vehicle is moving is in a slightly different direction. The more divergent that direction is, the more force is placed on us to be in that continuous change on direction. In conclusion, the earth rotates very slowly. If all the spinning ball demonstrations had the balls spinning at the same actual rate as the earth then they would be embarrassed and would have never posted the video. However, most videos show people spinning balls at a rate 100x or 1000x faster than the earth's rotation. If the earth was spinning 100 times a minute and not once per day, naturally everything on it would overcome gravity and fly off. If we want to be scientific about it, we can even calculate the amount of force placed on an object based on rotation and mass. The formula for finding centrifugal force (how much for is being applied by the rotation) is F = m * v^2 / r, or Force = mass * velocity^2 / radius. For my own weight of 175 lbs, the rotational force applied to my body should make me feel roughly .6 pounds lighter than I really am. This is assuming that the radius of the earth is 3958.8 miles, and a tangential speed of 1037 mph. Centrifugal Force Calculator The earth does not spin fast enough to fling anything off of it. It only sounds fast because people are not aware of what the 1000 mph is referring to. A much better demonstration can be seen below.
Almost everyone has been faced with this trouble – you want to make a hearty breakfast in the morning to stay active for the day, but when you put the egg in the pot and discover that the egg is bad and affects other ingredients. How bad a thing it is! So you should know how to tell if eggs are bad when you reach into the fridge for eggs which you don’t know how long they have been sitting there. The bad egg is very harmful to our body because it contains a lot of bacteria or mold. With the passage of time, the quality of eggs begins to decline, the protective effect of the eggshell decreases, the air sac inside the shell becomes larger, the egg white becomes thinner, leading to the proliferation of microorganisms, and thus the egg deteriorates. Below, you will be introduced to four methods that you can use to easily check if your eggs are bad. We’ve included detailed instructions on how to try these techniques to ensure you’re eating fresh eggs, getting your money’s worth, and avoiding a stinky refrigerator. 1: Floating judgment To test freshness, put the egg in water to see if it floats. There is a small air chamber inside the egg. Over time, air slowly enters the egg through a hole in the shell. The more air that goes into the egg, the bigger the air chamber in the egg, and the easier it is to float. If the egg sinks horizontally to the bottom of the bowl, the egg is at its freshest. If the egg stands up but one end is still in contact with the bottom of the bowl, the egg is past its freshest point but still edible. If the egg floats, it’s no longer fresh. But that doesn’t mean it’s spoiled or uneatable. You still have to knock it open and see or smell it to see if it’s spoiled. 2: Auditory inspection Hold the egg to your ear and shake it to see if it makes a sound. As the egg ages and becomes damp, the carbon dioxide in the egg seeps out of the shell. The yolk and white slowly contract and dry out, and the air chamber becomes larger and larger. The bigger the air chamber, the more room there is in the egg, so when you shake the egg, the more noise there is. Fresh eggs should not make any noise, or if they do, not much. Shaking an egg makes a loud noise, which means the egg is no longer fresh. 3: Lighting method: Hold the egg gently with your hand and observe the light. The egg white is clear and translucent. There is a small empty room at one end, while the bad egg is gray and the empty room is larger. Some eggs have blotches, which are old or spoiled. 4: Visual and Sniff Tests: The most accurate way to tell if an egg has gone bad is to crack it open and smell it. Bad eggs have a pungent smell that can be detected the moment you open them. You should throw it away immediately. Some stale eggs have no taste, you can look at the shape of the yolk and the white. The longer it takes, the less complete the egg becomes. See if the eggs are spread out over a large area, or if they are well together. A scattered egg, or rather runny looking egg, has less protein and is no longer fresh. Observe the color of the protein. If the egg whites are cloudy, the egg is fresh. By learning the above methods, you can accurately determine whether an egg is bad. Meanwhile, it’s important to fully cook it to a safe temperature before you eat it. Leave a Reply
Biomimicry, Butterflies, and Bank Fraud From cocklebur-inspired Velcro® to robotic lobsters, scientists are increasingly looking to imitate the wonders of life. In the field of biomimicry (derived from the Greek words bios, meaning “life,” and mimesis, meaning “to imitate”) scientists, researchers, and engineers worldwide turn their attention to God’s creation to inspire new, intricately designed, man-made products to improve human life and solve various dilemmas. Recently, professors Mathias Kolle and Ullrich Baumberg of the University of Cambridge studied the microscopic structures in the wing scales of the Swallowtail butterfly in hopes of mimicking its magnificent colors (see “Vivid…,” 2010). The colors of these tropical butterflies are strikingly bright because of the shape of the microscopic structures and because “they are made up of alternate layers of cuticle and air” (“Vivid…”). Amazingly, Kolle and Baumberg have been successful at making “structurally identical copies of the butterfly scales,” purportedly even with “the same vivid colours as the butterflies’ wings.” How exactly do Kolle and Baumberg believe these “color copies” could be used for the benefit of mankind? They believe the artificial structures “could be used to encrypt information in optical signatures on bank notes or other valuable items to protect them against forgery…. [W]e could see structures based on butterflies’ wings shining from a…note or even our passports.” It is entirely appropriate for scientists to look to nature for the inspiration of their inventions. After all, “the whole Earth is full of His [God’s] glory” (Isaiah 6:3, emp. added). The infinite, omniscient Creator made marvelous, living creatures, including butterflies, for man to use, study, and learn from in this life (Genesis 1:28). Sadly, many scientists today refuse to consider the most important thing to be learned from all of the animals and plants they study and seek to imitate: they all declare the glory of God. Nature did not assemble itself (as Kolle proposed in his discussion of the Swallowtail butterfly). Mindless matter and the random, chance processes of evolution fail on every account to explain the intricate design of even the smallest of living creatures. The designs in nature that intelligent human beings seek to copy demand an adequate explanation; they demand a grand Designer. For every house is built by someone, but He who built all things is God (Hebrews 3:4). For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse (Romans 1:20). “Vivid Colours of Butterflies Could Help Cut Bank Fraud” (2010), The Economic Times, May 31, A copied sheet of paper Reproduction Stipulations→
This Year Will Be The Year of Art. Art involves a selection of human activities that are planned to communicate conceptual ideas and also psychological power. It includes the development of music, theater, paint, sculpture, and also various other artworks. It likewise includes making use of technological proficiency, innovative imagination, as well as the discussion of elegance. While some kinds of art are thought about more legit than others, it is very important to keep in mind that the majority of types of art are not necessarily works of excellent quality. Despite the sort of art, there is a broad series of expressions in different media. A meaning of art can be as basic as this: Z and also Y must be non-empty disjunctions. To put it simply, Y can not entail Z. Therefore, to qualify as an art form, Y has to instantiate Z, yet not the other way around. A straightforward affirmation of either Z or Y is adequate. Nonetheless, the third problem avoids collapse right into classical meanings. Consequently, art is a category that does not require any sort of denotation to be art. In other words, the principle of art is an anthropomorphic thing. The historical concept of art shows the cultural context in which it was created. Hence, it is essential to understand the partnership in between both concepts in order to determine which is more appropriate for our times. It is necessary to comprehend that there is a deep link between art and life which it can be understood in numerous methods. It is not a coincidence that art as well as life share similar attributes. The definition of art is a philosophically suspicious one. The key job of science is to describe perceptual processes that result in pleasure. According to Danto, the term “art experience” is a limiting presumption, as it restricts the series of human experiences. On the other hand, the meaning of art has evolved into a whole system, with each sort of art incorporating different aspects. It is crucial to identify that an artist has to have the ability to reveal a specific kind of aesthetic experience in order to create a great piece of art. Socrates inquired about the definition of art: “Art is the imitation of appearance and truth of points. This is a generalized interpretation of art, which he claimed was a sort of art.” But a meaning of art isn’t limited to beauty. It can also be an efficient device for developing understanding and also promoting tranquility. By doing this, it can help us develop bridges in between people. But specifying it is a difficult task. Although the meaning of art is arbitrary, the idea of art has an essential function: to interact concepts. By definition, art is the expression of feeling as well as suggestions. Its duty is a component of culture. It additionally has many various other features, consisting of social, economic, as well as therapeutic. It is a component of society. In addition to aesthetic and also functional values, art is a way of communicating as well as expressing. Simply put, it mirrors the society and the economy. While art can motivate the visitor to really feel many different emotions, some people are driven to produce their own works of art as a result of their own internal innovative drive. It may be a lot more attracting someone than to an additional, however it is not the exact same for every person. It can impact individuals differently. A person that is motivated to create art is more likely to develop masterpieces than a person who does not. And also this holds true in a lot of cases, yet as a whole, the two types of art are various. Some kinds of art are developed for specific purposes, while others are suggested to evoke an emotional response in customers. There is no one interpretation of art. A kind of art may be watched by an audience as a method to connect a spiritual experience. Various other types of art are more probable to injure people. Sometimes, art shows a visual worth. For example, a musician might produce an installation in a public place. An artist might make use of a medium to reveal a message. When it comes to a piece of music, the vocalist might play music to get the interest of the target market. Generally, works of art are categorized according to their origin as well as the nature of the medium. For instance, the language used by a musician in a paint can be a representation of a person’s sensations and also point of views. It can be executed or shown in any area. Typically, an art piece is a combination of various types. The intent of art is to appeal to its visual value. This is not a comprehensive list. The visual arts are a subset of the imaginative techniques. In the aesthetic arts, it includes art as well as various other types of culture. For instance, a person can reveal himself through painting. She or he can also share their sensations by using pictures and also other media. These masterpieces are called “visual arts”. They usually include pictures, music, as well as sculpture. To put it simply, they are “art”. They are developed with using shades. This is a kind of imagination that is used to share one’s identification. It is a method of revealing one’s creative imagination. The musician can use the artistic ability to share the feelings of others. This type of art is not just gorgeous, but it can likewise break social barriers. It is taken into consideration used arts. One of the most common kinds of art are digital photography, style, and also fashion design. The goal of a musician is to create a work that individuals really feel great about. It is a form of expression. Some artists also share their creative imagination with the use of shades. The word art has numerous collotypal significances. It is additionally called a skill. The term belongs to “creative”. A master of this skill is an artist, that can produce a work of art that has a specific significance. The function of an artist is to share the emotion in a picture. This technique is a wonderful way to share a message and also communicate concepts. The objective is to communicate the feeling in the form of a photo. In the past, art has been specified as a skill or ability that has actually been produced by human beings. Throughout the Renaissance, musicians were deemed very knowledgeable craftsmens as well as aspired to be like them. The concept of art is various from that of today’s age. There are many sorts of art. It can be therapeutic, or can simply be decorative. It can be described as anything that mixes the feelings of an individual. In the contemporary globe, the word “art” was utilized to suggest any type of kind of artwork that is developed by somebody. artist acrylic paint In addition to being a tool, art can be a method to share feelings. There are several forms of art that reveal the emotion of a musician. It can be a picture or a book. It can additionally be a dance. These types of art are not only crucial because they are a mirror of the sensations of a person. The role of art has evolved from a tool to a medium to promote health in a culture. Leave a Reply
Apache > HTTP Server > Documentation > Version 2.0 > Modules Please note Apache Module mod_dir Available Languages: en \| ja \| ko \| tr Description:Provides for "trailing slash" redirects and serving directory index files Module Identifier:dir_module Source File:mod_dir.c The index of a directory can come from one of two sources: The two functions are separated so that you can completely remove (or replace) automatic index generation should you want to. DirectoryIndex Directive Description:List of resources to look for when the client requests a directory Syntax:DirectoryIndex local-url [local-url] ... Default:DirectoryIndex index.html Context:server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess The DirectoryIndex directive sets the list of resources to look for, when the client requests an index of the directory by specifying a / at the end of the directory name. Local-url is the (%-encoded) URL of a document on the server relative to the requested directory; it is usually the name of a file in the directory. Several URLs may be given, in which case the server will return the first one that it finds. If none of the resources exist and the Indexes option is set, the server will generate its own listing of the directory. DirectoryIndex index.html then a request for http://myserver/docs/ would return http://myserver/docs/index.html if it exists, or would list the directory if it did not. Note that the documents do not need to be relative to the directory; DirectoryIndex index.html index.txt /cgi-bin/index.pl would cause the CGI script /cgi-bin/index.pl to be executed if neither index.html or index.txt existed in a directory. DirectorySlash Directive Description:Toggle trailing slash redirects on or off Syntax:DirectorySlash On\|Off Default:DirectorySlash On Context:server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess Compatibility:Available in version 2.0.51 and later The DirectorySlash directive determines, whether mod_dir should fixup URLs pointing to a directory or not. Well, if you don't want this effect and the reasons above don't apply to you, you can turn off the redirect with: # see security warning below! <Location /some/path> DirectorySlash Off SetHandler some-handler Security Warning Turning off the trailing slash redirect may result in an information disclosure. Consider a situation where mod_autoindex is active (Options +Indexes) and DirectoryIndex is set to a valid resource (say, index.html) and there's no other special handler defined for that URL. In this case a request with a trailing slash would show the index.html file. But a request without trailing slash would list the directory contents. Available Languages: en \| ja \| ko \| tr
Give Now » Noon Edition Under the Big Top: Ether Game From Bouffons to Pierrot to Pagliacci to Les Comedians, we become classical clowns this week with a quiz about the circus arts in classical music. Antonín Dvorák (1841-1904) Carnival Overture, Op. 92 When Antonin Dvorak was fifty years old, he had a grand idea: to create a triptych of overtures dedicated to a trio of lofty concepts—Nature, Life, and Love. Eventually, the idea for one large opus was abandoned and he separated these into three separate opus numbers, with different titles. “Nature” became his op. 91 overture called In Nature's Realm. “Life” became this overture, the “Carnival Overture,” a work that explores the communion of people in celebration and merriment. “Love,” the final overture, became known as Othello, named after the tragic Shakespearean character who “loved not wisely, but too well.” Today, the exuberant “Carnival Overture” is the only one that’s performed with any frequency. Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857-1919) I Pagliacci: Vesti la giubba Pagliacci is often considered the consummate example of verismo, a late-nineteenth century style of opera that emphasized extreme realism. The characters in verismo are of lowly social position, in particular students, actors, and prostitutes, and they react to crises in an irrational and often violent manner. Leoncavallo went so far as to assert that his 1892 opera about a clown, who murders his unfaithful wife in mid-performance, was based on a real-life crime trial in his home town of Montalto, Italy. This claim is not necessarily untrue, but should also be taken with a grain of salt. Plots about lowlifes and violent revenge were very popular in the late-nineteenth century. In the opera’s climactic moments, Canio, the clown, stabs Nedda, his real-life wife, and Silvio, her real-life lover, to death before crying out that the comedy is ended. Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936) Feste romane [Roman Festivals] Although the great tradition of Italian opera tends to dominate the country’s musical life, the city of Rome has always served as an important center for an alternate tradition of Italian instrumental music, such as the three “Roman” tone poems of Ottorino Respighi. While the first two works are more pastoral, depicting FOUNTAINS and landscapes with pine trees, the final work is both more boisterous and more brutal. This section depicts the “gaming” center of the ancient world: the Circus Maximus, home of the famed gladiatorial sports, where man fought man, beast fought beast, and more than a few social “undesirables” were turned into lion food. The pomp and pageantry of works like this probably attracted the admiration of one of Respighi’s most high-placed admirers, Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) The Snow Maiden: Dance of the Tumblers The Fairy Tale was a literary genre that Rimsky-Korsakov returned to several times during his career. For his 1882 opera “The Snow Maiden,” the composer set the work of popular playwright Alexander Ostrovsky. Ostrovsky’s play was an attractive musical source, as several songs and dances were specifically written into the text. Nearly a decade earlier, Tchaikovsky had written incidental music for a production. Rimsky-Korsakov, on the other hand, condensed the plot, but otherwise used Ostrovsky’s text unaltered. The opera is full of colorful spectacle and musical experimentation, as well as several instrumental interludes which the composer later assembled into a suite, including the well-known Dance of the Tumblers. At the opera’s St. Petersburg premiere, the allegorical role of Grandfather Frost was sung by Fyodor Stravinsky, father of Igor Stravinksy, and a famous musician in his own right. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Circus Polka for a Young Elephant Igor Stravinsky’s “Circus Polka” is subtitled, “For a Young Elephant.” What could this mean? Well, in 1942, the Barnum and Bailey Circus asked choreographer George Balanchine to create a dance for a corps of elephants and ballet dancers. They gave Balanchine his choice of composers to write the music, and he chose Stravinsky. When the composer asked the choreographer if he thought this unusual idea would work, Stravinsky reportedly said, quote, “Only if they are very young elephants!” unquote. The work premiered at Madison Square Garden, with a solo by the circus’ star pachyderm performer, an elephant named Modoc. Later, Stravinsky arranged his music into a suite to make it more appropriate for the concert stage. Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957) Songs of the Clown, Op. 29 Erich Korngold composed two sets of art songs to the English texts of William Shakespeare. The songs we just heard draw their texts from “Twelfth Night,” one of the bard’s most song-rich plays. Both sets were written in 1937 at the request of Max Reinhardt, the great German theatrical pioneer. Reinhardt had recent immigrated to Hollywood, where he made his film of “A Midsummer Night’s Dream,” incorporating the music of Felix Mendelssohn. In 1937, still on a Shakespeare kick, Reinhardt asked Korngold for songs for a Shakespeare-themed revue he was planning. While Korngold was in America scoring “The Adventures of Robin Hood,” however, Austria was annexed, and his Shakespeare songs, along with several other manuscripts, were confiscated and destroyed. Fortunately, the brilliant Korngold was able to reconstruct them from memory for a 1941 performance, almost four years after writing them. Nino Rota (1911-1979) Giulietta degli Spiriti - Rosa Aurata, La Ballerina Del Circo Snap Equally successful at composing art music and film music in the neo-Romantic style. Nino Rota is probably best known for his music to Francis Ford Coppola’s “Godfather” films and for his long collaboration with director Federico Fellini. Rota’s mastery of jazz, lyricism and vibrant color made him the ideal collaborator for Fellini’s circus-like aesthetic in the 1960s and 70s, made especially apparent in the drama “Juliette of the Spirits.” In a narrative filled with dream imagery and subconscious symbolism, the heroine Juliette is able to communicate with spirits in surreal visions that help her reconcile with her past and find independence from her philandering husband. References to the circus appear many times in the score and on screen. Fellini was clearly very taken with the idea of the circus as a metaphor for life itself, full of magic and mystery, but also as a comment on the decadence of Italian society, with its overly-pompous and clownish characters. René Dupéré (b. 1946) Alegria: Jeux D'enfants With its eclectic blend of cabaret, classical, popular and world music, Canadian composer Rene Dupèré is largely responsible for defining the musical ascetic of Cirque du Soleil. The popular performance group grew out of a Quebecois theatre troupe in 1984, and has since grown into one of the leading international circus acts operating today. As part of the cirque nouveau genre, Cirque du Soleil differs from a traditional circus in that it excludes the use of animals and relies on characters, thematic narrative and dance alongside traditional circus arts to create a show. There is also an emphasis on live musical performance, which is often required to give the show continuity and a loose plotline. In 1995, the album of music Dupèré composed to accompany the Cirque du Soleil show Alegria was nominated for a Grammy. The music of several other recent shows have also charted. Willia Dean Parker and Homer Banks (1966) Ain't that a lot of Love In 1968 rock n’ roll superstar Mick Jagger approached British film producer Michael Lindsay-Hogg with an idea for a television special featuring rock and pop acts performing alongside circus performers, all under a seedy circus big top. The result was the Rolling Stones Rock n’ Roll Circus, originally meant to be aired on the BBC. Other than The Rolling Stones, The Who, Jethro Tull, Marianne Faithfull, and Taj Mahal all performed in front of a live audience, who were decked out in colorful ponchos. John Lennon and Eric Clapton also performed as part of a supergroup specifically created for the film. Circus performers provided entertainment in between each set, with Mick Jagger playing the ringleader. Unfortunately the film was ultimately withheld due to the Stones’ belief that they were upstaged by the other acts, and was not commercially released until 1996. Regardless of its late release, it plays an important role in rock music history as it captures live performances by many legendary musicians. The Rock n’ Roll Circus is also notable for being the last time Rolling Stones founding guitarist Brian Jones was seen playing with the band before he would drown in a swimming pool seven months later. Music Heard On This Episode Support For Indiana Public Media Comes From About Ether Game
At 300mm will the magnification of a 28-300mm lens be the same as a 70-300mm lens? • Are you asking about two different lenses on the same body, or on different bodies? In the latter case we'll need specific information on the bodies in question. If on the same body, they should be at least close, although with the typical rounding off by various vendors, "300mm" may mean "297mm" or "305mm", which would give some minor differences. – twalberg Jan 12 '18 at 21:44 • I think that the field of view should be the same, but in terms of the "look", the field of focus could be different. I've been meaning to go through lensrentals.com/blog/2016/09/fun-with-field-of-focus-part-1 – Calyth Jan 12 '18 at 21:52 • Which two lenses? – walther Jan 12 '18 at 22:02 • Which two specific lenses? On the same body? Focused at what distances? – Michael C Jan 13 '18 at 3:50 Nominally, on the same camera (same crop factor), it should be the same, if focused at infinity. But most lenses exhibit an effect called focus breathing, i.e. they change their focal length when focused at a shorter distance. The nominal values (28-300 or 70-300) are only true at infinity. How much focus breathing a given lens exhibits can only be found in test reports, maybe, it's not data given by the lens manufacurer in the data sheet. The job of the camera lens is to project an image of the outside world onto the surface of film or digital image sensor. The size and shape of this light sensitive surface defines the camera’s format. The focal length of the camera lens is the fundamental property of lens. This value the key factor we use to gauge the resulting image as to its angular filed. In other words, “normal”, “wide-angle” or telephoto. The focal length tells us about the power of the lens. We are talking about how big or how small (magnification) an object will image. Magnification is linear. If an object’s images 1mm height with a 50mm lens mounted, a 100mm lens magnifies 2X more so the project image will be 2mm. mount a 200mm lens and the image height expands to 4mm. How does a 300mm lens relate to a 50mm. We divide 300/50 = 6. This translates to: a 300mm projects an image 6X larger than a 50mm. Thus the same object is now projected as an image 6mm in height. Focal length is a distance measurement. Provided we use the same unit, such as millimeters, this fundamental lens property is universal. In other words a 300mm projects an image that be the same size as any other 300mm lens. Yes there may be minor differences because of accidental or deliberate misstatement of the focal length. This slight variation is of no significance and likey comes from finding the exact location of the rear nodal or intentional rounding of the actual value. In addition to “focus breathing”, stated focal lengths are rarely accurate and are usually rounded up or down. Popular Photography tests each lens for focal length accuracy in their reviews and show both the specified and tested focal lengths. Here are some examples from Popular Photography: Canon 70–200mm (68.72–193.94mm tested) Nikon 70–200mm (69.41–200.02mm tested) Tamron 70–200mm (68.68–196.11mm tested) Sigma 70–200mm (70.01–200.08mm tested) Tokina 70–200mm: (71.21–200.02mm tested) Tamron 28-300mm (28.89-297.11mm tested) Nikon 28–300mm (27.99–290.65mm tested) The field of view should be the same given that the lenses are used on a camera with the same size of sensor. Although most lenses that reach a certain round focal-length (300mm) are rounded so the actual focal-length may be 292mm or 301mm. More so many lenses change focal-length slightly as they focus. Manufacturers usually specify the focal-length assuming infinity focus. So even if a 300mm is actually 302mm at infinity, it may become 288mm at 2m (random numbers for illustration). Magnification is something related but usually refers to the minimum size of an object that it can image covering the whole field-of-view. This is impacted by the minimum focus-distance of the lens and its field-of-view (determined by focal-length and sensor-size). So two 300mm lenses, even if they actually are 300mm may have entirely different magnification depending on their optics. If one focuses down to 2m while the other to 1m, magnification will be about twice as much on the one that focuses to 1m. Your Answer
+1 (208) 254-6996 [email protected] When responding to peers, you should strive to first understand the reasons they are offering before challenging or critiquing those reasons. One good way of doing this is by summarizing their argument before offering a critique or evaluation. Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Peer Response 1 Just from $13/Page Order Essay In the video episode, it states that European countries classify animals as Sentient, which means that they are individuals that can express feelings and emotions such as fear, pain, stress, boredom, frustration, happiness, excitement, optimism, contentment, and empathy. Such classification of animals compels us to treat them in an ethical manner. Accepting that these animals are not just mindless beings, but are much more like us obligates us to treat them in a conscientious manner. If we realize that these animals have feelings, how could we morally disregard that we are to care for them properly and without neglect to their needs. I agree with the presentation in the video that animals deserve a pleasurable life, and require care from their owners to assure that they are comfortable. As presented in the video, animals that are living a comfortable life provide a better stock. I own three dogs, and we treat these individuals as important parts of our family. One of my dogs is currently sick from heart disease and we have been advised by our veterinarian that it would be best to put him down to reduce his current suffering. We are really heartbroken about this. The video presentation mentions that animals in some European countries are classified as individuals, and Utilitarian Theory states that, a crucial feature of utilitarianism is an emphasis on equal consideration: Any particular person’s happiness or suffering is no more important or less important than that of anyone else; both are to be counted equally (Thames 2018, sect. 3.3). The definition of equal consideration in the text is, “The principle that each particular individual’s happiness, suffering, preferences, welfare, or other interests should be accorded equal weight when determining the best outcomes of an action; that is, no one’s interests should figure more or less than anyone else’s” (Thames 2018, Ch. 3 summary). I agree that happiness is important to these animals and understand that they deserve to be treated with respect. I also disagree that these animals are not cognitive, I have been around these types of animals as a young man and have witnessed their actions and intellectual ways. Not to say they are as intellectually adept as humans, but they do show intellect. Compassion in World Farming. (2014, January 14). What is animal welfare? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1-sd9JUoIE&feature=youtu.be (Links to an external site.) Thames, B. (2018). How should one live? An introduction to ethics and moral reasoning (3rd ed.). Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu (Links to an external site.) Order your essay today and save 10% with the discount code ESSAYHELP
Humanity is heading towards an “information disaster” Humanity is heading towards an "information disaster" If we continue to produce digital information in this way, then Earth will contain as many bits as the number of atoms within 150 years. Mankind is converting solid matter (raw materials and energy) into hypothetical matter at such a rapid rate that it is heading towards an “information disaster”. This is what British physicist Melvin Fobson argues in a trade journal AIP progress. Of all the bits of information currently stored (in data centers, on hard drives, and in phones), 90 percent were produced in the past 10 years. If it continues to grow in this fashion, digitalization will require a great deal of energy in a century and a half of the energy produced annually around the world. Then there was nothing left for transportation, heating and cooling. 1 billion grains Vopson is a physicist who considers information to be the fifth state in which matter can be (besides solid, liquid, gas, and plasma). In that theory, information also has weight. All digital information produced so far weighs a trillion grains of wheat. But if digitization continues its exponential growth, within two centuries, half of everything on Earth will have entered the state of information. It is a horror scenario in which humans have actually exchanged the real world for a virtual copy. But this information theory has not yet been proven. And there is a glimmer of hope: if information already has weight and belongs to normal physics, then it can also be converted back into energy and matter. In principle. Read also: Verlinde solves gravitational problems He actually called it the new Einstein, the man turning physics on its head with his theory of gravity. But that goes too far, Eric Verlinde. See also The United States is sending "airborne devices" to help search for a missing Indonesian submarine Leave a Reply
TARTAN CALENDAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TARTAN CALENDAR Click the tartan to view its entry in The Scottish Registers of Tartans which includes registration details, restrictions, and registrant information. Unregistered tartans may link to one of the web's online design environments for similar information. For any questions about reproduction of designs or weaving of these tartans, please contact the registrant directly or via this website. Peach Pie Day "The ripest peach is highest on the tree." ~ James Whitcomb Riley (1849-1916) For three centuries English-speakers have been using "peach" and "peachy" to describe things that they considered really good, desirable and attractive, including attractive young ladies. The soft protective peach fuzz which inhibits insects and rot marks the only significant difference between peaches and their close cousin the nectarine, and is a is a result of a single gene variant. A "peacherine" is a variant between the two, more like a large brightly coloured red peach, and even has a namesake piano composition by the King of Ragtime, Scott Joplin, "Peacherine Rag" (1901)! It's "peachy keen"! 🍑🍑🍑🥧 Aug 24 The peach (Prunus persica) is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Shan mountains, where it was first domesticated and cultivated. It bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach or a nectarine. The peach belongs to the genus Prunus which includes the cherryapricotalmond and plum, in the rose family. Peach and nectarines are the same species, even though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. In contrast to peaches, whose fruits present the characteristic fuzz on the skin, nectarines are the result of a recessive genetic allele, whereas peaches are produced from a dominant allele for fuzzy skin. Peach blossoms are highly prized in Chinese culture. The ancient Chinese believed the peach to possess more vitality than any other tree because their blossoms appear before leaves sprout. When early rulers of China visited their territories, they were preceded by sorcerers armed with peach rods to protect them from spectral evils. On New Year's Eve, local magistrates would cut peach wood branches and place them over their doors to protect against evil influences. By designer Carol A.L. Martin, this tartan uses the rich colours of ripe peaches in season. For a recipe for Brown Sugar Peach Pie from Sally's Baking Addiction, click the peaches. Even the picture of the pie slice itself (a la mode) is delicious!
How to create database in MySQL Before we look at what MySQL is, let us first discuss what a database is and its use. In a modern setting, databases are common, and they are a standard way of storing data/information. For instance, when you upload a photo to your social media account, your photo gallery acts as a database. Another instance of database use is when you go to websites, for example, online e-commerce shops, to buy an electronic device. The database, in this case, is the shopping cart where the items you are buying are temporarily stored. Therefore, it is evident that a database is a storage mechanism that we all have encountered in our day-to-day lives. Note: In summary, a database is a structured collection of data. If you are familiar with databases, you might have come across the term “relational database.” A relational database is a data that relates to one another. For instance, in a school, a teacher is related to a student in various ways. From the subjects being taught, we can confidently say a teacher is related to a student and vice versa. Hence a relational database is also used to showcase data that relates to each other in one way or another. A database has various features that we will look at. One of the most common features is a table. A table merely refers to a drawing consisting of rows and columns, just like a spreadsheet. A table in a database contains several relationships that the user should be conversant with. Some of the most notable relationships are: • A one-to-one relationship • A one-to-many relationship • A many-to-many relationship While dealing with huge tracts of data, the user should have an enhanced way to define databases, tables, and data. This will help in the efficient processing of data. We will require SQL to convert data (Raw information) into information (Useful data). SQL is the standardized language used in the database. SQL is an abbreviation for Standard Query Language. The language consists of three parts: 1. Data definition language that comprises statements to help you define the database and its objects, such as views, tables, procedures, and many more. 2. Data control language that allows you to access specific data in the database. 3. Data manipulation, which contains statements to allow you to update and query data. Since you have a glimpse of databases, it’s time to dive in and look at “What is MySQL.” MySQL is an open-source database management system categorized as a relational DBMS (Database Management System). Michael Widenius’s daughter “My” was the co-founder of MySQL, thus the name MySQL. The name combines two terms; the co-founder “My” and “SQL,” an abbreviation for Structured Query Language. MySQL is a database service that is used to deploy cloud-native applications. It is also used for various purposes, including data warehousing, e-commerce, and logging applications. Commonly, MySQL is used in creating, editing, and querying data in a database. Additionally, MySQL is a database management system that grants the user the opportunity to manage a relational database. Being open-source software, MySQL’s initial source code can be modified and edited for free. Note: MySQL is offered both as an open-source server edition and as an enterprise server edition. To get the enterprise server edition, you have to buy a commercial license from Oracle. MySQL is well customized, making it easy to use compared to other databases such as the Oracle Database and the Microsoft SQL Server. MySQL is compatible with several major Operating Systems such as UNIX, Linux, and Windows. Therefore, we have two procedural options to install this application. The first is to use the server download method, while the other is to use the desktop installation method. After successfully installing the MySQL program, now let us learn how to create a database. In our case, we will use the server download procedure. You can refer to this article “How to install MySQL on Windows” to get a clear understanding of how to install MySQL onto your Windows operating system. Have you been inquiring about how to create a database in MySQL? Don’t worry and trouble yourself anymore since this article will go through all the steps required to create a database in MySQL. All you need to do is spare your time and read through this article. Creating a database in MySQL In simple terms, creating a database in MySQL is simply the first step towards storing data in a well-structured way. There are useful syntaxes that are used to create databases, as we shall see in this article. CREATE DATABASE statement is the most important and valuable syntax in this section as it creates a new database in SQL. In a database creation, the “CREATE” keyword is used in developing or creating. For instance, there are two main create statements in SQL: CREATE DATABASE database_name; Note: database_name is the name of the database. There are two ways one can use to create a database: • Using MySQL Command Line Client • Using MySQL Workbench Creating database using MySQL command-line client First, you have to specify CREATE DATABASE statement followed by the database name to create a database. A point to note: the database name must be unique within the MySQL server instance. If you don’t provide a unique name to your database, an error alert will pop up from MySQL. When such situations occur, then you need to provide a different name to your database. For instance, a common error is when you use an already existing name to create a database, you will get a pop-up error. To create a new database in MySQL (Command Line Client) using the name foss_linux use the following syntax: MySQL create database using commandline MySQL create a database using command line If you accidentally used the same name, you can easily create another database; hence you should not freak out if you get the error since it is normal. Alternatively, you can drop the database and create a new one. While creating the database, you don’t need to worry about character set and collation since MySQL, by default, applies character sets and collates while setting up the database. To create a new database with the aid of the MySQL command-line client, as shown above, you should stick to the following guidelines: • First, log in using the provided root user credentials you created while installing MySQL on your operating system. • Use the CREATE DATABASE statement to create a new database • Use the SHOW DATABASES statement to return a list of existing databases to the current server. To check the newly created database, run the SHOW CREATE DATABASE. MySQL Checking for newly created database MySQL Checking for the newly created database After running that command, MySQL returns the DB’s name, character set, and collation together, as shown in the image above. Upon completion, you can now create tables and other database-related objects within the newly created foss_linux database. You can now exit the Command line client using the “quit” command. This statement is useful when you want to quit and exit the MySQL program. To exit, type the exit command. Those are the crucial steps you need to acquaint yourself to successfully create, query, manipulate, and edit data in a database. This is one way one can use to create a database in MySQL. Another common method that we shall cover in this article is creating a database using MySQL workbench. Follow the steps mentioned below to create a database using MySQL workbench successfully. Creating a database using the MySQL Workbench There are two ways to create a database using MySQL workbench: Method 1 First, launch the MySQL workbench application and click the button written “+” as displayed below to set up a new connection. MySQL Workbench Screen MySQL Workbench Screen Secondly, type the name for the connections and then click the Test connection button. MySQL Set Connection Name MySQL Set Connection Name After clicking that button, the bench will run and display a dialog box that asks you to enter the password of the “root” user: In this section, you need to first type in the password for the root user; after that, click the “check box” in the Save password in vault, then click the “OK” button at the bottom to proceed with the process. MySQL Enter Password to connect to MySQL Server MySQL Enter Password to connect to MySQL Server Once the previous step is complete, double-click the connection name “Foss Linux Tuts” to connect to the MySQL server, as seen in the sample below. MySQL Click Foss Linux Tuts Connection name MySQL Click Foss Linux Tuts Connection name After that, MySQL Workbench fires up with the following window containing four sections: Navigator, Query, Information, and output. MySQL Query editor screen MySQL Query editor screen Click on the “create a new schema in the connected server” button from the toolbar, as shown by the screenshot below. MySQL Create new schema foss_linux MySQL Create new schema foss_linux Note: In MySQL, there are terms that you need to also acquaint yourself with, such as the schema, which in other words means database. So, when told to create a new schema, in other words, you are being told to create a new database. The character set and collation are set by default as you create the database or schema; hence you don’t need to change anything. Once you are done, click the “Apply” button at the bottom of the window. Additionally, a revert button is at the bottom that aids you in undoing all the specifications or settings you have accidentally made before setting up your database. MySQL Revert button MySQL Revert button After doing that, a window pops up on MySQL Workbench displaying the SQL script to be applied to the database. Note that the CREATE SCHEMA command is the same as the CREATE DATABASE statement. Therefore, you can use any that suits you to create the database. Once you are done, you will see the newly created database in the schemas tab. Method 2: To create a database with the name fosslinux_tuts, we shall use the following syntax: CREATE SCHEMA fosslinux_tuts Note: When using method 2, you have to execute the query using the first button after the save button. This syntax will create a database “fosslinux_tuts.” MySQL Create Schema fosslinux_tuts MySQL Create Schema fosslinux_tuts We now hope you are fully acquainted with all you need to know about creating a database in MySQL using both methods (creating a database using MySQL program and creating a database using MySQL bench). To sum it up, this tutorial has summarized how to create a new database from the MySQL program using the MySQL “CREATE DATABASE” statement and from MySQL workbench using the “CREATE SCHEMA” statement. In addition, the article has also partially covered the installation of MySQL on windows operating systems. With the aid of this article tutorial, you can create a database from scratch using both the methods mentioned above. Have you ever tried using MySQL? Why and how do you feel when using it? Please share with us in the comment section below. Thanks for reading. Related Articles Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here Latest Articles How to install and run Powershell on Fedora Linux PowerShell built upon the .NET Core framework is a powerful open-source command-line shell developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is a cross-platform (Windows, macOS, and Linux) automation and configuration tool that works well with your existing tools. It includes a command-line shell and an associated scripting language. More Articles Like This
%A Kesberg,Rebekka %A Keller,Johannes %D 2018 %J Frontiers in Psychology %C %F %G English %K Human Values,situation perception,8 DIAMONDS,Day reconstruction method,daily life %Q %R 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01676 %W %L %N 1676 %M %P %7 %8 2018-September-13 %9 Original Research %# %! Human values and situation characteristics %* %< %T The Relation Between Human Values and Perceived Situation Characteristics in Everyday Life %U https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01676 %V 9 %0 JOURNAL ARTICLE %@ 1664-1078 %X Values refer to abstract beliefs which serve as guidelines in peoples’ life and affect the way people and events are evaluated. Simultaneously, unlike attitudes, values transcend specific actions, and situations. While recent research showed that values are related to the attention and interpretation of situational information in standardized laboratory settings, up to date hardly any empirical work investigated how values relate to situation perception in daily life. In our study, we assessed the relation between the endorsement of human values and situation characteristics (i.e., the 8 DIAMONDS). Using the Day Reconstruction Method in two samples (German and US-American), we found that especially variance in the experience of negatively connoted situation characteristics were due to individual differences. Power was related to experiencing more deceptive situations, while the reversed pattern emerged for universalism and benevolence. Tradition was related to experiencing more aversive situations while self-direction was related to experiencing less situations high in adversity. Although, our results might provide some initial evidence for a relation between personal values and subjective situations experiences in everyday life, no clear pattern emerged and further investigation of the relation is necessary.
Archaeologists have used cutting edge technology to discover historic sites across Colchester, without leaving their homes. Lockdown and social distancing has meant many archaeological sites have not been able to work as normal. However, the Colchester Archaeological Group was determined to continue its work, even if members couldn’t venture outside. The group has been using data from a new technique called Lidar, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging. It can measure small variations in ground level from an aircraft, which can then be plotted on a map using shades of grey or colour to denote different ground levels. The technique uses a low power laser which is fired millions of times per second as it rakes the ground below, and is normally done in the winter months when there are few leaves on the trees. The data has been made available by the UK Environment Department. Dr Tim Dennis, who worked in computer science at Essex University, has developed a range of image processing software to enhance the images for his fellow group members. The data can also be used to create a 3D model which can be rotated and viewed in minute detail from all angles. The team has so far located several unknown or forgotten prehistoric, Roman, medieval and even recent earthworks, together with sections of Roman road in Colchester. They intend to investigate them once lockdown measures are eased. Dr Jess Tipper, archaeological advisor for Colchester Council, said: “These are unique and valuable sites, which further our understanding of Colchester’s rich heritage. “I look forward to adding them to the Colchester Historical Environment Record.” To find out more visit
In computing, a loader is a program that performs the functions of a linker program and then immediately schedules the executable for action, without necessarily creating an executable file as an output. Loader programs are useful for prototyping, testing, and one-off applications. One such program was an integral part of Gene Amdahl's original OS/360 operating system, and the facility is continued through its descendants including MVT, MVS and z/OS. In heavy engineering equipment, a Loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, that uses a bucket-like shovel in order to dig dirt and load it onto trucks. The loader is capable of doing both small carrying tasks (moving cement blocks or earth) and small bulldozing tasks. Large loaders, such as the Caterpillar 966G, usually have only a front shovel (then called Front Loaders), whereas small loader tractors are often equipped with a small backhoe (then called Backhoe Loaders). See also: Bulldozer, Excavator, Caterpillar Tracks, tractor.
What is eco synthetic leather? Eco-friendly synthetic leather, also called green synthetic leather, refers to the use of raw materials that are harmless to the surrounding environment and is processed through clean production processes to form functional emerging polymer fabrics, which are widely used in all aspects of people’s daily lives. Its characteristics are to save energy and reduce environmental impact, and can give products new ecological and green environmental protection functions, including water-based polyurethane synthetic leather, solvent-free synthetic leather, and microfiber synthetic leather. Therefore, the ecologicalization of the synthetic leather industry is also the direction of the industry. The mainstream is to apply environmentally friendly green materials, promote clean process production, achieve high-efficiency production, reduce consumption and emission reduction, and follow the production method of circular economy development. When the indicators of the four chemicals that are easily present in the leather and closely related to the ecology are lower than the limit requirements, such leather can be accepted by the EU countries, and it is also known as the real “ecological leather” (ie, environmentally friendly leather) . The four chemical indicators are: 1) Hexavalent chromium: Chromium plays an important role in tanning leather. It can make the leather soft and elastic, so it is an indispensable tanning agent. 2) Prohibited azo dyes: Azo is a synthetic dye, which is widely used in leather and textiles. The harmful way of azo is to produce an aromatic amine through contact with the skin. After the skin absorbs the aromatic amine, it causes cancer, so The use of such synthetic dyes should be prohibited. There are more than 2,000 azo dyes produced, and about 150 are classified as prohibited azo dyes. At present, there are more than 20 kinds of banned azo that are detectable and harmful to humans listed in international regulations, and they are generally found in dyes. 3) Pentachlorophenol: Pentachlorophenol is an invisible and intangible substance, and it is also a component that needs to be added during leather making. It generally plays a role of anti-corrosion. If it is not completely treated after the anti-corrosion process , It will remain in leather products and bring harm to people’s lives and bodies. 4) Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is widely used as preservatives and leather additives. If the removal is not complete, free formaldehyde will cause many diseases. For example, when the concentration is 0.25ppm, it will irritate the eyes and affect the nasal mucosa. Long-term contact with formaldehyde can easily lead to blindness and throat cancer. WINIW Microfiber Leather is No irritating smell, Eco-friendly, free of heavy metals, Cadmium, Phthalates free, EU REACH compliant.For the leather products that our body comes into contact with, it is best to choose high-end materials. Usually high-end microfiber leather is harmless. Many artificial blood vessels in the human body are made of polyurethane, which is harmful and cannot be used. Some of the ones we often come into contact with, such as WINWI microfiber leather, are safe for our skin. If you want to know more about faux suede, our website: www.MicrofiberLeather.com WINIW Microfiber Leather-the best Leather Substitute Material! Share this post
Dec 9, 2016 Pronounce the word “art”, to conjure up the image of an intellectual and sensitive practice reserved only to the upper class and aristocracy. A sacred aura still attaches to the word. Yet the notion of art as elitist is decades out of date. So out of date, in fact, that a new paradigm is emerging, and has been since about the turn of the millennium. The essential nature of art and the importance of creative expression have not changed though, it has just begun to expand and become more accessible and more democratic. As a result, the process by which art is now been commercialized results in a legitimate questioning regarding the massive offer and the necessity of trustworthy art advisors. Pablo Helguera, Untitled (2008) This paper examines the art market consequences resulting from art’s democratization and responds to the research leveled by Deloitte’s Art and Finance Report 2016 which states that “The art market is opening up to new audiences –this is the biggest challenge, but is also the biggest opportunity. Democratization of art does not mean dumbing won; it means increasing access. But at the same time, the increase in the offer makes more difficult to find trustworthy expertise. To tackle this situation, first, we need to briefly analyze, how we got to this point? The conception of democratized art is at least as old as the French Revolution of 1789. By the mid-1800s, an understanding of museums as educational institutions was attracting increased attention both as a means of countering the social impacts of industrialization and urbanization, and of fostering positive and progressive social change; resulting in the introduction of free admission and open-evenings. The social potential and even moral virtue of engaging with art and museums during the 19th century became more popular between 1895 and 1905 when the narrative of “bringing art to the people” or the democratization of culture emerged in France. Once again, these ideas were embraced, but this time by the artists themselves during the mid-1900s; though contemporary manifestations of art’s social mission only emerged during the post-World War II economic boom. The growth of the middle class, in conjunction with postwar immigration and emerging patterns of social exclusion, obliged the state to play a key role in the pursuit of culture’s social mission. Furthermore, artists began inserting themselves into pop-culture and mass media formats for disseminating information and accessing wider audiences, beginning to revolutionize the idea of the art inserted in the everyday life. The artwork’s unlimited visual exposure given by the museum and Internet’s democratic access maximizes the number of potential buyers, whose ownership desire over the masterpieces raises considerably their price tag. The expanded competition among buyers, the multitudinous offer, and the vastly increased speed of the art market, has led to many of the most active collectors to employ professional art advisors to help them sort out the opportunities and help them to make a decision. The tradition of advising art collectors is actually quite long and distinguished. Some great art advisors include no only famous connoisseurs like Bernard Berenson, but also great artists like Marcel Duchamp, who helped to build some of the greatest collections such as the Peggy Guggenheim Collection. First row: Stanley William Hayder, Leonora Carrington, Frederic Kiesler, Kurt Seligmann. Second row: Max Ernst, Amadee Ozenfant, Andre Breton, Fernand Leger, Berenice Abbott. Third row: Jimmy Ernst, Peggy Guggenheim, John Ferren, Marcel Duchamp, Piet Mondrian. Photo by Man Ray. Nevertheless, not everything in life is like a bowl of cherries. Since there is no necessity of a degree or license to operate, the art advisory practice is being saturated with unqualified practitioners. As long as good jobs remain scarce, it is likely that more and more people with talent and connoisseurship –and some with the lack of both– will find their calling as art advisors. Occasionally, the art advisor is also an art dealer with whom the collector has a close relationship. There is a growing bank of professional art market advisors, some of whom are former professors, auction house staffers, or even people without any real qualifications except the ability to get along with socialites and millionaires. In Georgina Adam’s book Big Bucks, she quotes “Anybody with an iPhone and a pair of Louboutin’s can call themselves an advisor. The multiplicity in the art advisory offer has complicated the identification of a trustworthy expertise, which can lead to serious danger to the art investor and collector. One of the biggest menaces of an unqualified art advisor is the possibility of lacking a code of ethics, which might result into information trafficking, or being implicated in a situation with conflict of interest. With this in mind, price manipulation in the art market is easy. A collector can never be sure whether the work is being recommended on its merits, or because of the gallery bonus. And if advisers with a conflict of interest do not disclose it to their clients, they can be legally liable of breaching their fiduciary duty. With the essentially conflicted nature of the marketplace better understood, as well as the many potential pitfalls of doing business in such an environment, the potential investor should search for a more institutionalized third-party with proven track record and impeccable reputation such as Artemundi, facilitating the identification of trustworthy art advisory. Reliable and professional art advisory enables fresh consumers to navigate the murky waters with more confidence. Connoisseurship is developed by seeing as much art as possible, good and bad. It involves a tremendous effort to keep moving around the world through the art fairs, auctions, museum and gallery exhibitions to keep up with the market and keep sharpening one’s connoisseurship. Art connoisseurship eventually becomes not just a profession, but a way of life. If you are building a collection and require support of an advisor to understand the complexities of the art market, contact Artemundi here.
Perils of Bullying Kyros Echaporia is a 9th grade student studying in Vibgyor High school in Pune. He listens to music and reads in his spare time. He loves putting his thoughts down on paper. Currently, he is a member of the Vibgyor High Student Social Responsibility Cell and the Vibgyor High Greaders Club. Perils of Bullying Why does it happen? No matter who people are, or where we reside, most people have either seen bullying, been bullied, or have been bullies. It is a norm that is prevalent everywhere. However, it is widely ignored. Many people claim not to have observed bullying any time in their lives. I believe they are either lying or have had an extremely fortunate childhood. Bullying and ragging may take place due to a variety of reasons. People may say they are troubling you because you are fat, thin, dark-skinned, bad in studies, or even too good in studies. The truth is that they are worried about their own insecurities and need an outlet to vent their emotions. They may not believe in themselves, but, contrary to working to overcome it and better themselves, they prefer to make others feel bad. Bullying has various effects, both physical and psychological. It causes people to worry even more about one’s own insecurities and in extreme cases, causes them to turn to self-harm. It may cause anorexia, anxiety, shy away from people and become antisocial. It causes depression and may lead to deeper trust issues. It has effects that last for the rest of your life. It causes loss of interest in activities one may have enjoyed causes increased feelings of sadness and loneliness. It causes changes in eating and sleeping patterns. It causes long-term damage to self-esteem and self-worth. People may not realize what they were doing. They may have thought it was all fun and games when they called people names, took their stuff and irritated them until they couldn’t ignore it. They had no idea of the consequences of their actions. This ignorant bullying is the main problem. If one doesn’t know why he/she is being bullied, he/she cannot do anything to stop it. They may be able to stop a certain person bullying them but it does not solve the problem indefinitely. Schools can be more observant and take note of any changes in the children’s academic, social and personal life that may be uncharacteristic or abrupt. They must educate students about bullying and its effects on a regular basis and inculcate feeling of brotherhood and make sure the lectures do not reach deaf ears. Parents and colleagues can keep an eye on the students if they believe any case of bullying to take place. The people being bullied themselves can report to a trusted elder or their parents. They need not be scared nor afraid talking about the issue at hand and potential repercussions from the bullies. Report bullying and put an end to this insufferable culture. Opinions are of the writer.
A bike that mimics multiple sclerosis presents the disease on a new level. A clever campaign just might help someone you know. What do you see in this image? All images via Grey Australia/YouTube. Looks pretty straightforward, right? A classic 10-speed bike, like you might find in your parent's garage. Nothing exceptional. But things aren't always how they seem at first glance. In fact, a quick ride on this bike would throw a lot of people off, and that's exactly why a group of Australian designers, neurologists, and advocates created it. This bicycle was designed to mimic the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. You may know someone who has it. (The disease, not the bike.) Roughly 2.5 million people out there know what it's like to live with multiple sclerosis, a disease that attacks the brain and spinal cord, making it hard for the brain to properly talk to the body. It's mysterious and often frustrating, especially considering that researchers are still unsure what causes it. That, mixed with its unpredictable nature as a disease, makes it hard for people to grasp what it's like to have ... until now. Here are five clever ways they did it: Bike = MS? You better believe it. Here we go. 1. This bike looks great on the outside, but the inside tells a different story. One of the most frustrating parts of MS is that it's considered a hidden disease. You can look completely normal and healthy on the outside but actually be suffering on the inside. It's one of the reasons many people can't understand what their loved ones are going through. Diagnosing MS is no cakewalk either; its symptoms can be so hard to see that it's hard to determine whether a person has it or not. This bike looks sharp and ready to hit the road, just like someone diagnosed with MS. But just wait. 2. Be prepared to feel wobbly. With MS, the instability is real, and this bike was designed with that in mind. The makers purposely built it with crooked wheels, a misaligned frame, and balky tires to create the effect. It's incredibly hard to find your balance when you're riding, and if you took it for a spin, there would be a good chance you'd end up on the asphalt. People living with MS could relate since they often have problems with walking and feel dizziness. 3. You never know what's going to happen next. Symptoms of MS vary widely from person to person, but not knowing what's going to happen or when it's going to happen is a common theme. On the bike, the designers shifted gears, took out teeth on the rear cassette, and used heavy parts to create a jarring, unpredictable feeling when riding. 4. The brakes, seat, and handlebars recreate numbing. Ever sit in a position too long and your legs go numb? That's sort of what it's like for someone living with MS. Only it's not just your leg. It's different parts of your body, all the time. Losing sensation in your feet and hands makes you feel like you have to do everything harder to make it work. To replicate this feeling on the bike, after they used thin handlebar tape with ball bearings wrapped underneath, and made the seat super uncomfortable. Hang on or sit for a while and you'll go numb. 5. It takes so much more effort to go anywhere. For some of us, it's hard enough to roll out of bed and face the day when we're feeling perfectly fine. Someone living with MS has to constantly fight through the day to make it through. With all the alterations above, riding this bike is also a strain, to put it lightly. Our bodies are machines, just like a bike. When something is off, the body reacts and works to find a fix. With MS, there is no permanent fix, but there are ways to ease symptoms and slow disease progression with medicine and physical therapy. Most people won't get to ride this bike, and, of course, it's nothing compared to the challenge of actually having the disease. But this unique approach might make MS easier to understand — both mentally and physically. By improving awareness and relating it to something most people do understand (bikes!), it hopefully can allow people to see MS on a different level. Created by cycling Paralympian Carol Cooke, bike mechanics, neurologists, folks living with MS, and Grey Australia, the campaign hopes to raise awareness for the disease in advance of the MS Melbourne Cycle in March 2016. Watch the full campaign ad here: Albert Einstein One of the strangest things about being human is that people of lesser intelligence tend to overestimate how smart they are and people who are highly intelligent tend to underestimate how smart they are. This is called the Dunning-Kruger effect and it’s proven every time you log onto Facebook and see someone from high school who thinks they know more about vaccines than a doctor. The interesting thing is that even though people are poor judges of their own smarts, we’ve evolved to be pretty good at judging the intelligence of others. “Such findings imply that, in order to be adaptive, first impressions of personality or social characteristics should be accurate,” a study published in the journal Intelligence says. “There is accumulating evidence that this is indeed the case—at least to some extent—for traits such as intelligence extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and narcissism, and even for characteristics such as sexual orientation, political ideology, or antigay prejudice.” Keep Reading Show less 'Merry Christmas' on YouTube. The world must have been—mostly—good this year. Because Elton John and Ed Sheeran have teamed up to gift us all with a brand new Christmas single. The song, aptly named “Merry Christmas,” is a perfect blend of silly and sweet that’s cheery, bright and just a touch bizarre. Created with the holiday spirit in every way, it has whimsical snowball fights, snow angels (basically all the snow things), festive sweaters, iconic throwbacks and twinkling lights galore. Plus all profits from the tune are dedicated to two charities: the Ed Sheeran Suffolk Music Foundation and the Elton John AIDS Foundation. I personally don’t know which is more of a highlight: Ed Sheeran channeling his inner-Mariah, performing a faux sexy dance in a leg revealing Santa outfit, or him flying through the air with a giant Frosty the Snowman … who seems to be sporting glasses similar to Elton’s. Are we meant to believe that Elton is the Snowman? This music video even has mystery. Keep Reading Show less
The Tradition of Mistletoe at Christmas Mistletoe is a plant that grows on range of trees including willow, apple and oak trees. The tradition of hanging it in the house supposedly goes back to the times of the ancient Druids; however, there's little evidence that this happened. It is also meant to possess mystical powers which bring good luck to the household and wards off evil spirits. It was also used as a sign of love and friendship in Norse mythology. When the first Christians came to Western Europe, some tried to ban the use of Mistletoe as a decoration in Churches, becuase of some of the old stories about it, but many still continued to use it! York Minster Church in the UK used to hold a special Mistletoe Service in the winter, where wrong doers in the city of York could come and be pardoned. Why do we kiss under mistletoe? The custom of kissing under Mistletoe comes from England. The earliest recorded date mentioning kissing under the mistletoe is in 1784 in a musical. There was kissing under the mistletoe in the illustrations in the first book version of 'A Christmas Carol' published in 1843, and this might have helped to popularise kissing under the mistletoe. The original custom was that a berry was picked from the sprig of Mistletoe before the person could be kissed and when all the berries had gone, there could be no more kissing! The name mistletoe comes from two Anglo Saxon words 'Mistel' (which means dung) and 'tan' (which means) twig or stick! So you could translate Mistletoe as 'poo on a stick'!!! Not exactly romantic is it! Mistletoe was also hung on the old English decoration the Kissing Bough.
Finnmark (Sami: Finnmárkku fylka) is Norway's northernmost county. It is the largest county in Norway by area (48,637 km2) but the smallest by inhabitants (74,000 in 2012). Finnmark is the northernmost part of mainland Europe, as well as the easternmost part of Norway. Finnmark county in the very north Other destinations Glaciers and rugged landscapes at Øksfjord, West Finnmark -35°C (-31 F) at Kautokeino in February Finnmark covers an area about the size of countries like Slovakia or Denmark. From west to east it is almost 1000 km, comparable to the distance from London to Edinburgh. A large part of the county consists of the Finnmarksvidda plateau at about 300 to 500 meters above sea level. Finnmark's rugged coastline totals about 6800 km if islands are included (more than the coastline of Spain or Chile). The municipality of Kautokeino is about 10,000 square kilometers (4 times the size of Luxembourg) with a population of less than 3,000. Almost 10 % of Kautokeino's area is lake surface. In total there are well over 100,000 lakes in Finnmark. In Eastern Finnmark the borders of Finland, Norway and Russia coincide, with no less than three different time zones within a few steps. Climate and daylight Finnmark is Norway's coldest area, but temperatures varies over the county. The interior has a continental climate with winter temperatures down to -40°C (record -50°C), while summers can be warm. Karasjok for instance has an annual average at -2°C. The coast has chilly summers, and winters that are not so cold but windy (the open sea is ice free in winter). The town of Vardø has an arctic climate, as even July has a monthly average at 9°C, like most of the outer coastline of Finnmark. During summer there is a long period of midnight sun (24 hour sun) and vice versa there is a long period in winter during which the sun is below the horizon (polar night or mørketid, "dark period"). In Alta the polar night lasts from November 25 to January 17. Finnmark was largely destroyed during World War II. The eastern part of Finnmark was on the front between Soviet Union and Germany; fierce fighting took place east of the small town of Kirkenes, which was subjected to more than 300 bombing raids. When the occupying forces retreated to Troms, they applied a scorched earth strategy, where virtually every home, church, factory, bridge and telegraph pole was destroyed. The population was relocated by force to Tromsø and further south. The result was a vast no-man's land about twice the size of Belgium (similar tactics was applied across the border in Northern Finland). Kirkenes and eastern Finnmark was liberated by the Soviet army 1944, the Soviets retreated in 1945. Some 20,000 residents refused to relocate and endured the winter in tunnels, caves and makeshift lodgings. The county was quickly rebuilt after the war, virtually no building older than 1945 exist. Finnmark was for centuries Norway's frontier. The very northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia was largely a common area without clear boundaries until 1826. Along with the Sami people and Norwegians there are also Kven people of Finnish origin in Finnmark. There have been close connections across the border to Finland and Russia. Trade with the Pomors of Russia even resulted in a local pidgin language that mixed elements of Russian and Norwegian, as well as words from English, French, Sami and other languages. Russian spelling near the border Norwegian is spoken by all, but in parts of Finnmark Nortern Sami is the majority language and there is a Finnish speaking minority as well. Sami is a family of languages and the northern variant spoken in Finnmark and Troms is the most common. Sami languages are also spoken in Finland, Russia and Sweden. As in rest of Norway, English is widely spoken. Signs are often with Sami names in addition to Norwegian names, for instance Kautokeino is spelled Guovdageaidnu in Sami. In Eastern Finnmark around Kirkenes, Russian is used on signs and also spoken. Well over 10 % of the population in Kirkenes are Russians. Get in Road through the Finnmark plateau Finnmark is located on the very north of the Fenno-Scandinavian landmass, just north of Finland. Mode of transport and route is therefore important. Overland transport is very time consuming from most places, including South Scandinavia. For a brief visit air transport is usually the only realistic option. Overland transport from South Scandinavia and the European mainland is fastest and easiest – but less scenic – through Sweden and Finland. The shortest road from for instance Hamburg to North Cape is about 2800 km (1700 miles), more than 30 hours non-stop driving. There is a single border crossing from Russia near Kirkenes (note that this is an outer border of Schengen). There is no rail network this far north (you get to Bodø, Narvik, Luleå, Kolari, Rovaniemi or Murmansk, you can take your car on some trains or continue by bus). By plane There are direct flights from Oslo to Alta and Kirkenes and in summertime also to Lakselv, served by SAS or Norwegian. Other airports are Båtsfjord, Berlevåg, Hammerfest, Hasvik, Honningsvåg, Lakselv, Mehamn, Vadsø, Vardø. They are served by local flights from either Alta, Kirkenes or Tromsø, operated by Widerøe. There are (per 2015) no international flights. By bus By boat By car Get around Reindeer hanging around on streets By plane Airports are Alta, Båtsfjord, Berlevåg, Hammerfest, Hasvik, Honningsvåg, Kirkenes, Lakselv, Mehamn, Vadsø, Vardø. Check widerø Most flights go from Alta, Hammerfest, Kirkenes and Vadsø, but it is possible to fly between other airports as most flights make middle landings. By bus Search for bus connections. Distances are fairly long so they take long time, and the schedule is sparse. By boat By car The distances are fairly long but the main roads are generally of fairly good quality, and traffic is light. Do fill the tank in time, as the distance between tank stations might be long. Weather can be rough, and in the interior extremely cold in winter – driving in winter is not for beginners. Wide vehicles such as buses and motor homes might find several main roads narrow. Road 98 is a shortcut to eastern Finnmark, but a little bit more adventurous and closed in the winter; however, it will be upgraded in 2015. Many fishing settlements are located on peninsulas with only one road connection there and back. Minor roads are often narrow and curvy. Ancient rock art in Alta Road to Hamningberg Alta canyon and river – a fisherman's dream Go next Routes through Finnmark Oslo Narvik S N Alta Kirkenes Enontekiö Kautokeino S N Alta Helsinki Rovaniemi S N Vardø This article is issued from Wikivoyage - version of the Sunday, February 28, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.
Apr 20, 2015 - 5:03 pm EST Although we demonstrated that there are significant differences in gene variant frequencies in mothers of twins compared with mothers of singletons, the most important difference between groups of mothers in our study is whether or not the mothers smoked,” said Dr. Lorena Madrigal, senior author of the American Journal of Human Biology study. Why is it so dangerous to smoke during pregnancy? Smoking may affect some women's likelihood of giving birth to twins Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, including truly nasty things like cyanide, lead, and at least 60 cancer-causing compounds. When you smoke during pregnancy, that toxic brew gets into your bloodstream, your baby’s only source of oxygen and nutrients. While none of those 4,000-plus chemicals is good for your baby (you would never add a dollop of lead and cyanide to his strained peaches), two compounds are especially harmful: nicotine and carbon monoxide. These two toxins account for almost every smoking-related complication in pregnancy, says ob-gyn James Christmas, director of Maternal Fetal Medicine for Commonwealth Perinatal Associates at Henrico Doctors’ Hospital in Richmond, Virginia. What is secondhand smoke? Secondhand smoke is smoke you breathe in from someone else’s cigarette, cigar or pipe. Being exposed to secondhand smoke during pregnancy can cause a baby to be born with low birthweight. Secondhand smoke also is dangerous to your baby after birth. Compared to babies who aren’t around secondhand smoke, babies exposed to secondhand smoke: - Are more likely to die from sudden infant death syndrome (also called SIDS). This is the unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year old. - Are at greater risk for asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infections, respiratory symptoms - May experience slow lung growth What is thirdhand smoke? Thirdhand smoke is what’s left behind from tobacco and tobacco smoke. It can include lead, arsenic and carbon monoxide. It’s what you smell on things like clothes, furniture, carpet, walls and hair that’s been in or around smoke. It’s why you often can tell that someone smokes by the smell of his clothes, home or car. Thirdhand smoke is why opening a window or smoking in another room isn’t enough to protect others smoking. Dawn Peters .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address) American Journal of Human Biology
Museum of the Origins of Man Fig. 7A1) Zoomorphic sculpture in amber (drawing). It represents an incomplete mammal, from which it is not possible to draw elements that unite art and religion. Dimension: very small. Origin: Northern Europe. Material culture: Neolithic. Fig. 7A2) Zoomorphic stone sculpture (drawing). It represents a bovid. In the profile one should see only one horn, but you see two horns, and this links the subject depicted to the Magdalenian Civilization. The stone working technique instead is of the Mousterian tradition. From this type of sculpture and in animals represented individually, it is not possible to draw elements that unite art and religion. Dimensions: small. Origin: Egypt. Material culture: Neolithic. Location: Berlin Museum. Fig. F5) Domesticated goose. A stuffed toy for children. The drawing is probably by an artist, because it is beautiful. The stylistic deformation manifests as a lack of wings, while the feet are not webbed, but it is understood to be a goose and not a duck by the shape of the beak. Origin: Europe, 2006. Fig. F6) Frog. Plastic toy.The stylistic deformation is remarkable in the abolition of the front limbs and increased volume of the eyes.Dimensions: 1.6 inches.Origin: Italy, 2002. Fig. F7) Triceratops, a Cretaceous dinosaur. A plastic toy for children. This small sculpture derives from a reconstruction based on skeletal finds by paleontologists and has no stylistic variations; therefore it is intended as an imitation of reality, however imaginary.Length: 4.7 inches. Copyright©2020 by Museum of Origins of Man, all rights reserved.
Friday, November 15, 2019 Globalization And Global Governance Globalization And Global Governance Over the past years, global governance and globalization and the relation between the two, has become a much discussed subject. There are various definition of global governance; its role, its nature. Likewise, there are even more definitions regarding globalization. There are several strands of expert which disagree on when the origins are traceable, ranging even thousands of years and, moreover, some differentiate a range of separate fields to identify specifically the nature of globalization during time. Research has brought up various issues in the relation between global governance and globalization and whether or not this relation has been always even. The main question; has globalization rendered global governance ever more essential than in the past, is based on the metamorphosis of the state during the past decades, the economic crash and the massive progress in transport and communication. The aim of this essay is to understand how global governance has changed and how it imposed itself differently compared to the past decades and centuries. In order to answer this query about todays different influence of global governance over globalization, this essay will examine various theories and definition regarding globalization and global governance. As a result, the role of the state, the different kinds of globalization and governance will be examined. II: Globalization Global Governance Theory of Globalization Globalization is a very complicated matter: nobody seems to be in charge, yet it is progressing as we research it. What is behind the idea of Globalization? What do we mean when we talk about it? The term itself was introduced just recently. Globalization lacks in fact a main definition still today. McCrews shortest definition given is: Globalization can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (A.McCrew, pp.60) The term Globalization as a matter of fact, includes a wide variety of theories and view of what is essentially reality; another definition could also be Globalization is a global movement which aim is integration, whether economic or financial or in communication. Another broad definition could be Dirk Messner view over globalization: Globalization denotes a process in the course of which the volume and intensity of transboundry transportation, communication, and trade relations are rapidly increasing (Dirk Messner, pp.29) However it has been agreed that Globalization has, is and will, without doubt, massively increase speed of global interconnections in most aspect of life. This includes culture, which spreads from a country to another throughout television and internet; or finance, which throughout a wider connection over the world, finds different markets. Technological progress rushed globalization in a world that from day to night has given new perspective to virtually anything. Even though Globalization might be a recent topic, its nature is traceable to pre-modern history. Clearly traveling very short distance, by settling in other areas, people would bring along their culture and traditions as well as their products and technologies. Globalization starts as a mixing and adaptation of culture, knowledge and also languages of outside influences which interconnect with local population. A.McCrew, in fact, redefines his previous definition by saying that: Globalization can usefully be conceived as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power. (Mc Crew, pp.43) However, as McCrew realizes later: Globalization today is different from the globalization of the 19th century, when European imperialism provided much of its political structure and higher transport and communication. Cost meant fewer people were directly involved. (A.McCrew, pp.77) In fact, globalization today, yet again according to Mc Crew, must reflect four general characteristics: it must involve social, political and economic activities across political boundaries, regions and continents; a strong intensification of interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, finance, migration, culture etc.; these connections are related to a speeding up of communication and transport which carries ideas, people and goods; the interconnection and interaction globally are so intense that the effects of a distant event can be highly significant elsewhere and even the most local development may come to have enormous global consequences. However, Joseph Stiglitz describes globalization differently, as an: [Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] international flow of ideas and knowledge, the sharing of cultures, global civil society and the global environmental movement.(J.Stiglitz, pp.4) Therefore from Stiglitz point of view, Globalization can be divided in to various branches: Economic Globalization, so covering international flow, trade, foreign assistance; Social Globalization, caused by the interconnection of more societies and cultures; and Environmental Globalization, where the challenge is global warming. This differentiation turns out to be very useful to understand how globalization affect or is affected by global governance, specifically from an economic point of view The Three visions of Globalization There are three different points of view regarding the contemporary nature and meaning of globalization: the Hyper globalist, the Skeptical and the Transformationalist. The first stand for a world which is increasingly global, and where political and economic processes and pressure have changed the state. To them the nation-state is deteriorating shown by the fact that the state decision making has vanished and national representatives powers are weaker. The second, skeptical, have a total opposite view to the Hyper globalist; they claim in recent times the states have actually acquire even more power even though there has been some major swift in the international scene. The third, the Transformationalist accept globalization as an actor which has indirectly created new economic and political scenario but that even so, this scenario has actually come in handy to states range of powers. Moreover, Transformationalist, despite arguing a major predominance of the state, declares that politics must overlap the nation-state concept. All of these contemporary points of view can be considered to some extent confused: the hyperglobalist do not realized the new position the states are assuming in global governance, skeptical possibly still live in the Cold War and declare globalization a new form of imperialism, and finally Transformationalist, who totally forget about the traditional force. These are some of the critics put in place by the Constitutive, a fourth point of view: Constitutive consider globalization as product of millions of factors and therefore couldnt emerge by applying one of the three traditional aspects. Possibly one of reason between many, above all, is the fall of USSR and the US reorganization of the global architecture. Theory of Global Governance Before explaining Global Governance, it is fair to split Global from Governance. Therefore, what is Governance? According to Vayrynen, Governance is: [Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] is the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. (Vayrynen, P.25) Governance, as the word itself suggest, is the act itself of governing, the process or power of governing. These processes are normally exercised by a government. Essentially, Governance is the result of the government. However, governance is different to politics, which is the process in which different group of people with different opinion, meet to reach a compromise. The process of Governance normally doesnt spark from a group with different opinions but still uses the same means. Accordingly, Global Governance refers to the: [Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] collective actions to establish international institutions and norms to cope with the causes and consequences of adverse supranational, transnational of national problems. (Vayrynen, p.25) Global Governances collective decisions are aimed to shape and define a goal or goals at the global level. Global Governance forms a series of rules which purpose is to work globally no matter what the national laws are. This global level characteristic is the reason why it is frequently associated to Globalization, as the two influences one another as much as they are associated. However where and when did really Global Governance started to matter it is not certain. Possibly at the beginning of the 19th century. What is certain is that after the belle Ãƒ ©poque, the world started to crash. A new era of highly interrelated global interdependence had begun and the worlds answer had been international institutions. The first and most important post World War I institutions was the League of Nations, which was supposed to maintain peace but miserably failed giving us World War II. The second attempt shows much more success with the United Nations. Between WWI and WWII, we have the first modern economic crash and the Great Depression. On the same wave of new international institutions, IMF and WB are born for a higher economic protection. However, this time round, the economic institutions have failed: nations which have followed IMF had economic crisis, the WB is mainly divulgating American economics and yet today, developing countries (which in some cases thank s to the combination of over speeded up globalization and bad governance) have even worsen their situation and still have little representation. Finally, the Cold war. According to the commission on Global Governance, after the Cold war, global governance was the new beginning of a new era, supposedly of peace and international political progress: [Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] international developments had created a unique opportunity for strengthening global co-operation to meet the challenge of securing peace, achieving sustainable development, and universalizing democracy (Commission on Global Governance, 1995) The Nation-State The peace of Westphalia is the origin of the a system of nation-states. These then evolved in the 19th century as the main actor of territorial policies and subsequently passed to the welfare state. Before the massive expansion of political, economical and social benefits and issues around the world had started due to globalization, and before the progress in transport and communication had opened markets to the world, the Nation-State was the center of everything. Certainly, because of globalization, States have been weakened due to the fact that some of their actions have either been diverged to international institution or have become of international interest. While the State would act in favor and interest of the Nation, now a more collective action is requested and national issues are shared between numerous populations, converting therefore to a global level. As a result, on one hand, Nation-States today comprehend how their actions may concern numerous other nations and population, in fact: state will come to function less as all-purpose providers of governance and more as the authors and legitimators of an international quasi polity; the central functions of the nation state will become those of providing legitimacy for an ensuring the accountability of supranational and subnational governance mechanism which exercise various forms of private authority (P.Hirst, p219-220) However, on the other hand, there is yet no real international actor, no global level democratic institution, which is supposed to take care of the national and international issues, spread and caused by globalization. In effect, quoting yet again Hirst: while the capacities of the states for governance have changed in some respects, and many states have lost the ability to act independently, they remain pivotal institutions, especially in terms of creating the conditions for effective international governance (P.Hirst, p219) Under a more national point of view, the States still today have full authority over its own territory, an viceversa: Globalization is deterriorialization. (Mc Crew, p86) Therefore, the state is somehow going back to the middle ages, searching for a monopoly of power over people living on the national territory. People are in fact less mobile than money, goods and ideas, which thanks to globalization are easily transportable and therefore they remain nationalized. Yet today they are dependent on visa and passport: This role gives the nation the exclusive legitimacy of regulating its territory and the population which lives within it and internationally. (P.Hirst, p221) In any case, the Nation-State still exercise its power over military power. Many have argued how from the 15th century to today, the main power defining a state, was the capacity of declaring war. The last glimmer of this capacity had been kept alive by the Cold War, even though, because of massive progress in military technologies, it wasnt really the power of declaring a war but rather the power to threaten one and the capacity and possibility of destroying a nation, if not the globe. Therefore military power and the capacity to declare war of the modern states, has become so destructive that it is almost impossible to really exercise it. Anyways: Armed forces will not cease to exist but they no longer decide matters between advanced states. (P.Hirst, p227) Furthermore, the state exercises and important role over economy, even though globalization has massively enlarged the markets. Still today, markets and companies possibly cant exist without a state or public power protecting them. The States guarantee for most of the national credit. The government still regulates banking over the national territory. The effects of Global Governance over Globalization. First of all we can say that the processes of globalization are conceived as only capable of being worldwide and therefore in relation to Globalization, Global Governance must do the same. Second, it is recognized that globalization is likely to be the bases around which the course of events are organized and therefore it is virtually a relentless process and must be taken care of by Global Governance as if there was no other choice. Third, globalization is now out of control and the only tool which can regulate it is governance. Global governance and globalization are in fact clearly highly related between each other. It is easy to think global governance is another way of saying global government, but in fact it couldnt be further from the truth. Global governance is not a global government and does not even consider a world government or even some sort of dominant power or authority, meant to regulate issues to a global level. There is no global government which promotes international standards to all nations. In fact, global governance acts by itself. But then who is holding the reins of governance? Power today is in economy: Globalization of the international financial market, which started after the fall of Bretton Woods, has significantly speeded up the formation of a global economy, which likely to the European Union, has become a point of reference of the worlds economy search for development. The liberalization of worldwide trade is a main element of globalization or at least of economic globalization and it is mainly regulated by global governance. International trade has created a major period of growth but its liberalization has had some issue over the global level. The intensification of world trade has required a new institution, the WTO, which clearly, by regulating trade, plays a major role in global governance. Actually, WTO is the only institution regulating worldwide trade which in fact promotes worldwide trading system helping to raise economic efficiency and decrease costs by major principles established by the themselves: non-discrimination, transparency, increased certainty in trade, reduction of corruption and of poor governance. The WTO could be an example of good governance which perfectly relates to a globalizing world. However, because there is no central global power, talks like the Doha round are failing. Also liberalization of capital flow has had major issues due to massive speculation and volatility in currency and financial markets. The IMF, a major actor of global economic governance, managed to liberalize capital by simply removing restrictions on transactions while the liberalization of world trade was more of a consequence of globalization. This shows how Globalization and governance can work together, but also completely separately, not considering the effects on one another. In fact, globalization transforms economy from national to global and therefore any national economy is at least affecting global economy if not directly part of it. Therefore, national economies act as actors of global governance, indirectly by relating themselves to dynamics of globalization and consequently affecting directly global governance. States are no longer seen as actors of a system of states, as nation-states, but more as a system of markets. From this perspective, transnational companies become the States entities. As said in I4, globalization has weakened the state; in economic globalization, the States economic policies and the weight of them over national and international level, has been also weakened. The mobility of capitals and international trade has changed the national market. States have in fact realized they singularly could achieve much less than by unifying in international financial systems in order to renew their power over economy. However, according to Dirk Messner: Economic globalization is strengthening decentralization processes in nation-states and regional cooperation in the world regions: In the context of world economy central governments are coming under pressure from their regions, which are keen to promote their profiles in global competition. (Dirk Messner, pp39) In fact, globalization has actually created a strong current of localization, even though it is a mutual reinforcement. In a world of world markets, local or location specific advantage gain value, while in the meantime seeking transboundary partnership there for entering economy to a global level. Transnational economic spaces and communities have clearly increased due to the globalized markets. Concordantly, under a more political point of view, cooperation between globalization and governance must be very intense in order to achieve a global goal. According to P.Hirst: Governing powers cannot simply proliferate and compete. The different levels and functions of governance need to be tied together in a division of control that sustains the division of labor. [..] The governing powers need to be sutured together into a relatively integrated system. If this is not the case then gaps will lead to the corrosion of the governance at every level (P.Hirst, p 234) Global governance has also recently shown, under a political point of view and in a globalization context, a trend towards unilateralism. Clearly this model strongly weakens multilateralism necessary to make globalization work. However, even though nation-states tend to have a trend towards monopoly of power and unilateralism (which is typical in western countries) they are still very necessary since they are the only connection between national and supranational level and are of course the main actors of global governance architecture. This last role, in a direct point of view, has however changed because of the increasing discard of nation-states as direct problem solvers. Today Nation-states act indirectly via institutions and agencies, thus keeping their interest a priority. However, no singular nation-state could be considered to give a response to globalization because this egoistic trend used by most western states is virtually doomed. The national translates to international , due to a significant global impact that, associated with the openness of todays markets, are creating and affecting the future of globalization. Global politics is possibly failing because of the stubborn, but motivated decision of giving the least possible weight to developing countries, either because there is a massive fear of a power turnover from the South or to pursue the agreed combined western national interest in developing countries. Therefore, effectively, globalization has some effect on global governance but the opposite is more likely. Global governance has a wider effect on globalization even thought at the same time the processes and dynamics of globalization are controllable only to some extent , yet the different speed of propagation is the real challenge An answer to the challenge Ultra globalists have proposed to unify globalization and global governance by creating a massive central government, a global government. Obviously this is absolutely impossible or desirable; it is enough to imagine how a global election and president could be strongly interested in everything but global issues. As said, globalization has encouraged regional organization and localization: these could easily function as organizations aimed on national awareness and protection while acting globally. In finding new solution to a new problem such as globalization and global governance it is important to realize the greatness of the project: cooperation and collective decision making thanks to international organizations via States is surely complicated at the least. What has changed today, that open a new door to a future solution, is the different level of cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations and therefore between public and private, necessary in a rapidly globalizing world. In fact, yesterdays nation-states have stopped doing what they simply wanted; today, even though their authoritative power are still strong, they are at least taking decision on global scale as a global actor and are influenced by social groups which have some success in changing national policies that eventually may have global effects. However, is global governance really keeping up with globalization? Today, one countrys domestic policy is permanently constrained by external situations. National government can no longer ignore the international impact; international coordination is needed to solve these issues. It is true, sometimes national government enter international coordination just for profit or solving domestic policies because, with no doubt, the interdependence between states is now mandatory due to globalization which has increased this trend to a world wide scale. Therefore, even though global governance massively effects globalization, the second is faster than the first. Globalization is a huge new challenge to deal with; it has surely brought massive growth but has also exposed the poorer countries which were already unable of meeting western standards and that today, because of globalization, have further increased their gap between rich and poor. There are in fact today countries which used to be very poor and have enormously improved their market and may be considered rich, but are however populated by poor. Globalization has opened the world to new markets, markets such as poor countries which were maybe not even reachable or in war and are now used to produce at a very low cost. They are surely progressing economically but at what cost? At the moment there is no answer to this challenge but just a series of future solution, one of which is reorganizing the world economy, which how we have seen in recent crisis, keeps on making basic world economy errors on how to coordinate domestic economy without causing massive ruptures on a global scale. Conclusion Has globalization rendered global governance ever more essential than in the past? The short answer is yes, absolutely. Globalization is heavily influenced by global governance and is still a work in progress, however it is possible to see how global governance is molding and creating a future architecture that will surely change the world of politics, international organizations and the role of the nation-state. Compared to the past, there is a clear gap between the weight of economic governance and political governance. States have lost most of their political power outside their boundaries while still exercising national interest and more and more frequently yield some of their authorities to non-state actors in exchange for control of the economy by direct influence. There is in fact a predominance to economic power since the 1990s. Moreover, unfortunately globalization has created winner and losers. Since the 1980s most of the world countries have integrated themselves in the new world economy, but some have done so maybe too early and thanks to the thrust of globalization, have caused major disparities between rich (exploiter of the new economic context) and poor (exploited by the system). Multinational firms have seen a new way of producing goods at very low cost in countries which had been specifically configured to be exploited, realizing the upcoming benefits of globalization. Here the major blame is to be given to global governance, which is today a more responsible process but only due to pressures. To conclude, the answer to the question posed in this essay will always be affirmative. Furthermore, future globalization will be in the rise of developing countries but only if western countries will cede ground in the big arena of global governance. Realistically this will happen only if forced by the situation, but once developing countries will sort out their political and social issues, they will eventually have all their papers in order to enter the decision making arena inevitably dominated by western countries. No comments: Post a Comment
Saul, jealous over David’s growing renown Who is in 1 Samuel? Prominent people in 1 Samuel include Samuel, King Saul, and King David. The giant Goliath, the priest Eli, and Jonathan, who was both Saul’s son and David’s friend, also appear in the book. What is 1 Samuel about? 1 Samuel is the ninth book in the Bible, and takes place after the events of Judges. Samuel was given to the Lord and ministered under Eli. Samuel started prophesying, which Eli confirmed was from God, to Eli’s dismay, as the prophecy was about the downfall of his own house for Eli’s sons misbehaving and the failure of Eli to follow the Lord’s procedures for dealing with them. The Lord raised up a more faithful priest in Samuel after Eli passed away. When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to judge over Israel, but they did not follow Samuel’s example. The elders were unsatisfied and demanded a king for Israel, effectively rejecting God as their king. Nevertheless, the Lord granted their request, but with a warning that their king could not save them where God could. God locates the person who will be the first king, Saul, and he has Samuel go out to anoint him. At first, Saul has military victories and brings Israel to the Lord. After some time, however, Saul started disobeying the Lord in things such as making unlawful sacrifices, making vows rashly, and not devoting to destruction what the Lord specified after military conquests. The Lord regretted making Saul king, and sent Samuel to anoint a second king, who was David. Saul brought David in as an armor-bearer, and it was during David’s time in service to Saul that David defeated Goliath. David became so great that he overshadowed Saul, and Saul grew to resent that, especially when his failed attempts to kill him showed that the Lord was with David. With Jonathan’s help, David evaded capture by fleeing throughout the land, gaining supporters as he did so. Finally, in a battle against the Philistines, Saul, as well as his sons, including Jonathan, all died on the same day, leaving David free to become king. Who wrote it? There is no writer explicitly given for 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 Chronicles 29:29 makes reference to ‘the Chronicles of Samuel the seer’, which is said to mention David in some detail, leading some to think that Samuel had a large hand in composing the book (note, however, that Samuel dies in 1 Samuel 22:1). Others believe that the book is a compilation of separately recorded events. When does it take place? The book’s events take place over about a century, encompassing the entire life of Samuel and beyond. In The Complete Book of When and Where: In the Bible and throughout History, the birth of Samuel is dated at 1105 B.C., Saul is anointed king at 1050 B.C., David at 1025 B.C., and David began his reign (after Saul’s death) in 1012 B.C. When was it written? The ESV Study Bible notes that the book may have been written/edited in stages, in accordance with the compilation theory in the above question. For at least one part of 1 Samuel, we can look at 1 Samuel 27:6, which says that ‘Ziklag has belonged to the kings of Judah to this day’. As with some prior books, the inclusion of ‘to this day’ is very valuable for dating purposes. In this case, Ziklag was captured by Egypt in 925 B.C., so that part, at least, could not have been written later than that. Why was it written? 1 Samuel functions largely as a historical record, like most of the other books before it except for Ruth, which was unconcerned with precise dates and more concerned with telling a story of faithfulness. 1 Samuel tells of the rise of the kingship in Israel. It also tells what the king SHOULDN’T be like via Saul’s long but increasingly vengeful rule. While Saul is primarily concerned with how his kingdom thinks of him, David is more concerned of how God thinks of him. How does 1 Samuel apply to me today? A human king is no substitute for a divine one. God makes this clear explicitly in 1 Samuel 8, and the rule of Saul attests to this fact too. At our core, we are sinful beings, even the leaders among us. Our salvation comes from aligning ourselves with God, not anything we may try to do on our own. Also, David’s plight in 1 Samuel, when Saul tries earnestly to kill him, makes it clear that God’s supreme plan cannot be thwarted. Through all David experiences, he is able to outrun Saul and even gains an army during his travels. Other notes: It is worth mentioning that 1 Samuel carries some parallels with other parts of the Bible. 1 Chronicles 10 retells the death of Saul and his sons. Also, some of the Psalms were composed by David during his travels in 1 Samuel. Psalm 59, for example, was written when Saul was trying to kill David. Recommended resources: As for all posts in this series, a book introduction in a good study Bible will provide more information than listed here. The ESV Study Bible is one recommendation.
A monument to soldiers is appropriate no matter the politics June 23, 2012 The Confederate monument in Reidsville is a soldier’s monument dedicated to the American soldiers of the War of 1861-65. Mr. Ernie Pinnix, as a soldier/veteran, should appreciate this fact. Mr. Pinnix in his own words regards the soldiers’ monument in Reidsville as purely political and totally ignored the importance of the soldiers the memorial represents. The war he claims (Vietnam) most assuredly had many distasteful political issues, as all wars have and do. If the monuments and memorials of the Civil War deserve to be hidden and or removed from public view then, all American war monuments and memorials should receive the same fate, including the Vietnam War. Caswell County
How It's Made From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search How It's Made Created byGabriel Hoss Presented by Country of originCanada Original languageEnglish No. of seasons32 No. of episodes416 (list of episodes) Running time5 minutes per segment, 30 minutes (including commercials) per episode Production companiesProductions MAJ, Inc. Original network Picture format Original releaseJanuary 6, 2001 (2001-01-06) – External links How It's Made (Comment c'est fait in Quebec) is a Canadian documentary television series that premiered on January 6, 2001, on the Discovery Channel in Canada and the Science Channel in the United States. The program is produced in the Canadian province of Quebec by Productions MAJ, Inc. and Productions MAJ 2. The show is a documentary showing how common, everyday items (such as clothing and accessories, food, industrial products, musical instruments, and sporting goods) are manufactured. It also features the restoration processes of old items in some episodes. How It's Made is recorded without explanatory text to simplify overdubbing in different languages. For example, the show avoids showing a narrator or onscreen host (after Season 1 in the Canadian version), does not often have employees of featured companies speak on camera, and keeps human interaction with the manufacturing process to a bare minimum. An off-screen narrator explains the process, often with humorous puns. Each episode features three or four products divided by segments, with each product getting a demonstration of approximately five minutes; exceptions are allowed in the allotted time for more complex ones. The scripts are almost identical across regional versions of the show; however, the main difference in the U.S. version is that the units of measurement are given in the United States customary units instead of metric units. At one point in the U.S. run, a subtitled conversion was shown on-screen over the original narration. The "Historical Capsule" segment, which is available until Season 5, introduces historical background information for the last featured product in each episode, showing how and where the product originated, and what people used before it. It presents a series of single-line drawings which got colored for a brief amount of time after completed. The "Techno flash" segment, where the narrator briefly introduces some novelty from industry or science development, is only available in Season 1 and 2. In April 2007, all episodes run in the United States (on the Discovery Channel and Science) had the individual season openings replaced with a new opening used for every episode. Similar to most other Discovery Channel shows, the credits now run during the last segment, with the show's website for request or feedback at the end. The ninth season, which began airing on Science in September 2007, features new opening graphics and segment's background music, and Zac Fine replaces Brooks T. Moore as the narrator. However, from the eleventh season onwards, which premiered in September 2008, the show reinstates Moore as the narrator and uses the title sequence and background music to match with the Canadian version. In June 2008, the Science Channel added How It's Made: Remix, which consists of previous segments arranged into theme installments like "Food", "Sporting Goods", and such. In 2013, it added How It's Made: Dream Cars, which focused exclusively on high-performance and exotic cars.[1] These were later shown on the Velocity (now MotorTrend) channel. The show has different narrators for different regions. In the Canadian version, it features Mark Tewksbury (Season 1, 2001) as the host of the show. Lynn Herzeg (Seasons 2–4, 2002–2005), June Wallack (Season 5, 2005) and Lynne Adams (Season 6 onwards, 2006–present) are the narrators. In the U.S. version, Brooks Moore and Zac Fine (Season 9–10, 2007–2008) are the narrators. Theme and music[edit] The original graphical theme featured flat, colorful shapes, along with a number of different objects flicking in a big hexagon. In the opening sequence, during a "drop" in the musical theme, the flashing image hexagon is interlaced with letters spelling "HOW I MAD", which was seemingly a joke, paraphrasing the show name "HOW IT'S MADE". This graphical theme was changed in Season 8. It was replaced with a 3D render environment of a factory that features high-pressure tanks with valves and pressure meters, welding heads, and piston presses. This CGI factory is enclosed with futuristic-looking black square panels, with blue light coming through the spaces between the panels. During the opening sequence, the camera proceeds a forklift loaded with coils of metallic wire. The wire unwinds itself into a machine, which folds it into a spring. The spring then falls between jaws of a pair of pliers, which open a valve of a highly pressurized tank. With a breeze of white steam from the valve, the camera follows a tube leading up to a welding pistol, which fires up and welds a press head onto a piston arm. Finally, we see a big hall with belts carrying metal plates, and the piston presses ramming them. The piston closest to the camera, which we just saw getting welded, fires up and embosses the inscription "How It's Made" onto a metal plate underneath. Since Season 29, the quality of this opening theme is improved. Season 1–8 in the U.S. version have different opening graphics from the Canadian one. It features lighter-load machinery in a blueprint environment. Machinery sounds are heard during the opening, together with the blueprint inscriptions "TRIM", which gets trimmed by a cog, "COMPRESS" getting compressed by a press, "LIFT" getting lifted by a corkscrew, and "HEAT APPLIED", that gets burned by multiple plasma-cutter heads. Season 9 and 10 have new opening graphics, which features some products from the previous seasons, such as snack cake and artificial limb. Since Season 11, it features the same opening graphical theme as that of Season 8 and onward in the Canadian version. The theme music was created by Dazmo Musique, a Montreal-based studio. It was composed by one of the studio's composers, Rudy Toussaint. Toussaint's SoundCloud profile states that this theme is the most famous piece he ever created.[2] In Season 1, the opening theme music is different, but since Season 2, it closely matches the closing theme. Toussaint also produced several short tracks for different purposes of the show, for example, to separate different segments. Critical reception[edit] Common Sense Media gave the TV show a rating of 4/5 stars, writing "Curious kids and adults will learn from the show, and some segments can really broaden your perspective".[3] On the show's success despite its formulaic nature, Rita Mullin, the general manager of the Science Channel, said "I think what is one of the great appeals of the show as a viewer myself is how little has changed over the years".[4] The Wall Street Journal deemed it "TV's quietest hit".[5] Year Award Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. 2014 Young Artist Award Social Relations of Knowledge Institute Award How It's Made Awarded [6] The series is spoofed in season 2 episode 8 of Rick and Morty, entitled "Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate", in a segment where a "Plumbus" was being made.[7] It is also spoofed by several YouTubers such as Captain Disillusion,[8] Huggbees[9] and Jixaw.[10] See also[edit] 1. ^ 1080p for Season 8 is exclusive to iTunes Canada. 1. ^ "How It's Made: Dream Cars". Science. 2. ^ "rudy-toussaint". SoundCloud. Retrieved August 5, 2020. 3. ^ "How It's Made: TV Review". Common Sense Media. October 2, 2009. 4. ^ Eveleth, Rose (November 13, 2014). "How How It's Made Is Made". The Atlantic. 5. ^ Jurgensen, John (December 18, 2014). "How It's Made: TV's Quietest Hit". The Wall Street Journal. 7. ^ Blevins, Joe (June 6, 2016). "Rick And Morty shows how a plumbus is made, in almost too-graphic detail". The A.V. Club. Retrieved February 5, 2020. 8. ^ CaptainDisillusion (December 31, 2015), UFO Over India DEBUNK, retrieved November 11, 2017 9. ^ Huggbees (April 20, 2018), How It's Actually Made, retrieved September 11, 2020 10. ^ Jixaw (January 12, 2021), How It Not Made, retrieved January 23, 2021 External links[edit] External video video icon How It's Made – Topic's channel on YouTube video icon How It’s Made's channel on YouTube video icon How Its Made's channel on YouTube video icon How It's Made HD: Food and Drink Collections playlist on YouTube
Question about Arduino Micro/Leonard documentation: what is meant by "reliable control system"? Hi there, i want to create a gamepad using an Arduino Micro board. In the documentation I can read this sentence a lot: But what exactly is meant by "reliable control system"? example source: thanks for your answers :slight_smile: In the case of that example, the "reliable control system" is these lines: while (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) { // do nothing until pin 2 goes low This means that all you need to do to disable the keyboard emulation is to disconnect pin 2 from ground. Thanks! now i got it. I understood: The reliable system is basically a hardware switch. It switches off the board's serial output. This is important since the board can't be programmed while it sends data. AFAIK this only applies to automated boards that send data "on it's own" without previous user action. In my case I just want to send something to the PC when the user pressed a button or moved the joystick on the gamepad. If nothing comes in, nothing comes out. No. It is not for switching off the serial output. It is for switching off the emulated key presses. I'll provide a minimal example: // WARNING: do not use this sketch in real life! #include <Keyboard.h> void setup() { void loop() {;'n'); If you uploaded this sketch to your Micro, it would start opening hundreds and hundreds of Arduino IDE windows. You can unplug the board from your computer, but as soon as you plug it back in it will start spamming Ctrl + N again, so you might have trouble uploading a different sketch to recover the board from this state. Now, of course you would never intentionally write a sketch like this, but bugs are inevitable and sometimes a program does something completely different than you expected it to. So it is easy enough for a tiny mistake to turn a sketch that was intended to be well behaved into some nightmare like the one I shared. This is why it can be very useful to have a mechanism for being able to take control of a sketch like this. It doesn't necessarily need to be a hardware switch. You might even just add a delay on startup to give you enough time to get a sketch uploaded before the chaos begins. In the end, it actually is easy to recover a board even with something like the sketch I shared, but you must know the trick. The tutorials are intended to help people learn to use Arduino, so they are recommending you to be careful so that you don't have that bad experience that might be discouraging to some people just as they are getting started with Arduino.
How do you boil water at 80 degrees? How long does it take to boil to 80 degrees? Can water boil at 80 degrees? Can water boil at 80 degrees? Water boils at 100°C at normal sea level pressure. At higher altitudes the atmospheric pressure is less and this means water can reach boiling point at lower temperatures. You’d have to be at about 20 000 feet before you could boil water at 80°C[1] . How do you boils kettle to 80 degrees? Step 1: Boil your kettle. Step 2: Pour a little of the water into the cup or pot* you’re steeping your tea in to warm it up. Keep the other one cold. Step 3: Pour the required amount of boiling water into the cold cup or pot and leave for 20s or so. THIS IS FUN: How do you sear meat in a frying pan? What does 80 degrees Fahrenheit water feel like? 80 degree water feels like 60 degree water and 90 degree water…. ready…. WET! All joking aside, provided your at normal room temp it should feel SLIGHTLY cool to the touch. How hot do kettles boil water? Water from the kettle will usually boil at slightly over 100 degrees Celsius, because of ‘impurities’ in the water, like minerals, which cause it to have a higher boiling temperature. What scale does water boil at 80 degrees? (80 C, 1 atm pressure) in membrane distillation? Using the membrane in the MD process, you can create a large surface of evaporation and condensation. What happens to water at 80 degrees Celsius? Pure water at 80°C is the same regardless of its history of boiling, but if there are impurities in the water, boiling can have an effect. Any impurity that is more volatile (easy to vaporize) than water will be diluted, while less volatile impurities such as minerals will become more concentrated. Is 80 degrees Celsius cold? How Cold is –80 Degrees Celsius? … So, if you put in a temperature of –80°C you get a temperature of –112°F. Yeah, that’s pretty cold. How do you make 80 degree water for tea? How do you get 175 degree water? The easiest way is to always bring the water to a boil (212 degrees) then let it “rest” until it reaches 175 — the time it takes to cool down to 175 will be the same regardless of cooking method & variations in microwaves. THIS IS FUN: Why is melting and boiling point used to check purity? How do you heat water to 90 degrees? How can I easily get water to a desired temperature? 1. Heat the water gently until it reaches that temperature. 2. Boil the water, then add cooler water until it reaches that temperature. 3. Boil the water, leave it standing for a couple of minutes until it reaches the temperature. What temp water will burn skin? Can I use a meat thermometer for water? Using a Meat Thermometer for Water
Britishisms: What Are They? How To Use Them by \| December 20, 2016 \| You’re an American novelist and you’ve decided to set your story in England. That’s great. But now here’s your problem: English. You need to get a handle on Britishisms. If your story is set in France, it’s perfectly legit for your characters not to speak French if they happen to be American. However, if your setting is England, you cannot avoid British English. Thus, you have a need to familiarize yourself with Britishisms. You probably already know you’ll refer to an apartment as a flat, an elevator as a lift, and the bathroom as the loo. There are plenty of websites that offer lists of words specific to British English. For instance: In the last six months, in bingeing on British police procedurals (see What I’m Reading II and What I’m Reading III), I decided to make my own list of differences between British and American English. I came up with six categories. Britishisms #1: Everyday Objects Things created in the last two-three hundred years, namely after British and American English split, will likely have different names. The railroad and automotive industries arose in modern times, which accounts for the differing terminologies: trunk v. boot, hood v. bonnet, gas v. petrol, station wagon v. saloon car, divided highway v. dual carriageway, rest stop v. lay-by, etc. Modern clothing has different names. Americans have to beware of words like jumper and pants, which mean different things in British English. Telephone terminology is also at issue, with cell phone v. mobile, to call (up) v. to ring. In British English to call still means ‘to pay a visit.’ A random sampling of British words: baby bud = Q-tip beer towel, beer mat = coaster cot = (baby’s) crib glasspaper = sandpaper golf buggy = golf cart ribbon = the crawl (on TV, ‘the telly’) torch = flashlight trolley = shopping cart As for verbs, they can be occasionally confusing: to tuck in = to eat to tuck up = to tuck in (bed) Britishisms #2: Accents Your British characters are going to notice and comment on (if only to themselves) the accents of other British people. You need to know the difference between a south-of-the-Thames accent, a Home Counties accent, public school tones, RP, and all the rest. It goes with the territory. Britishisms #3: Insults The British are way better at insults than we are. Or maybe, since I’m unfamiliar with them, they sound more inventive. When I came across one character referring to another character as a poncey little slag, meaning the guy was a jerk, I thought it sounded great. To do up British English insulting right, you need to get familiar with gits and ginks and oiks and scrotes – just for starters. Britishisms #4: Noun-y Verbs This category involves general verbs like to have and to do. I first noticed ‘verbal nouniness’ when a character said, “I need to have a think.” A think? Goodness. Here are some other noun constructions with to have: to have a moan about to have a poke around to have a rummage to have a scout about to have a wash to have a wander around I even came across to have a sleep in the clear sense of ‘to go to sleep.’ With to do there’s: to do a bunk = get lost to do a runner, to do a skip = go away to do my weekly shop Hold on. My weekly shop? No, not American English. Britishisms #5: Slang These kinds of Britishisms make a category unto themselves and are completely delightful. One of my favorites is skint which means ‘broke’ (money-wise). I’ll leave you to discover how many slang terms there are for having sex, only one of which is the slightly weird how’s-your-father. In American English: to mooch means ‘to cadge money or food you don’t intend to repay’. In British English: to mooch means ‘to wander,’ which easily yields the noun-y: to have a mooch around Steep yourself in contemporary British authors and soak up the slang. Britishisms #6: Swearing Perhaps because swearing is related to insulting, the British seem to have a good edge on us in this department as well. They don’t use bland stuff like damn and goddamn. They’ve got the whole bloody, bleeding, bollicking, buggering, flaming, ruddy, sodding thing going on, and they use these terms liberally. In British English you aren’t going to refer to something as a pile of shit. You’re going to call it a right bugger. Britishisms are subtle but discernible. Read the next posts in this series: English Settings II: British Slang English Settings III: Americanism/Anachronisms Categorised in: , , , , This post was written by Julie Tetel Andresen Loading Facebook Comments ... Leave a Reply
Skip to main content PLAegg—Green Composite from Eggshells and Polylactic Acid Based on the principles of circular design, this paper aims to present the development process of PLAegg, a biodegradable, compostable, and recyclable composite produced from eggshells and polylactic acid. The material was developed within the scope of the We Won’t Waste You project, a partnership between Design Studio of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto and Matosinhos City Council, which through Oficina Design intends to reuse waste to develop new materials and products. Several experiments were performed varying the formulations and material processability. The Material Driven Design method was used as the validation procedure. The material developed was applied to a new product, a lamp named LEXI lamp. There was a concern about creating simple, functional, easy to produce, and maintain standard electrical components. Packaging, manual, and an estimate of the production costs of the final product were also developed. Since the most primitive times, man produces waste in different forms, resulting from appropriating nature to satisfy his needs (Berríos 2006), including food waste. If diversity is not enough, the waste generated changes over time, in both quantity and quality, following human societies’ technological, cultural, and behavioral changes. The more the population increases and the more the economy grows, the greater the amounts of waste generated and the more diverse (Calijuri and Cunha 2019). The food industry, one of the largest industries in the world estimated by the World Bank to comprise 10% of all economic output, is of paramount importance to the economy. However, the dramatic increase in the requirements of the world population and the food supply chain will lead to a sharp increase in food production over the next 50 years. In these circumstances, high volumes of waste from the food industry attract increasing social, political, and scientific attention at the national and international levels (Otles et al. 2015). According to the results of the Food and Agriculture Organization report (FAO 2011), approximately one-third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally. Large amounts of the resources used in food production are spent in vain, and their production causes the emission of greenhouse gases. Eighty percent of the environmental impact of a product, service, or system is determined at the design stage (Thackara 2005). Therefore, by the nature of the activity, designers can help to reverse this trend, and several strategies can be adopted for a more conscious design. According to Papanek (1995), designers can create something new or redo something to make it better. However, they must be careful with what they create due to the environmental changes that result from human actions. He adds that designers must give their contribution in the search for solutions. They can positively influence the design of environmentally friendly solutions to contribute significantly throughout the product cycle, from the extraction of raw materials, passing through production where it can produce in a “cleaner” way using recycled materials and generating less waste. Manzini (2008) argues that society must move towards reducing material consumption in search of sustainable development. By definition, sustainable development meets society’s present needs without compromising the needs of the next generations. This concept does not focus only on environmental issues, as actions for more sustainable development must be broad and encompassing, in addition to the environment, society, and the economy (Arruda et al. 2018). In the scope of design, with the increasing innovation of technologies, products appear increasingly desirable and quickly replaceable and disposable, generating vast volumes of waste. Thus, it is essential to practice a circular economy, in which the entire product life cycle is analyzed, putting all aspects related to sustainability under analysis (Marques 2012). The Problematic of Solid Waste According to the UN report (2020), the world population, currently around 7.79 billion people, is expected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050, and 10.8 billion in 2100. With the population increase, the need to use natural resources to produce consumer goods grows equivalently. Consequently, there will be a significant increase in waste products that will be mostly discarded, thus triggering one of the major problems faced by today’s society: the unrestrained production of waste. The global impact of solid waste generation on the planet has increased rapidly every year (Fernandes et al. 2018). According to the World Bank Group (Kaza et al. 2018), the global waste generation in 2016 was estimated at 2.01 billion tons. The forecast is that by 2030, the world should generate 2.59 billion tons of waste annually, and by 2050, this number is expected to reach 3.4 billion tons (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 World population/global waste generation (source: prepared by the author based on Kaza et al. 2018 and UN 2020) Europe and Central Asia generated 392 million tons of waste in 2016, or 1.18 kg per person per day. The total represents 20% of the world’s waste. The largest generators of waste per capita are found in some countries with high levels of tourism and the economic centers of Western Europe. Portugal is above average, with 1.26 kg per person per day. Regarding the composition of waste, the category with the highest percentage in Europe and Central Asia is food and green waste, which accounts for 36% of the total waste produced (Kaza et al. 2018). According to the Portuguese Environment Agency, in 2018, 52 million tons of urban waste was produced in Portugal, 4% more than in 2017. In mainland Portugal, 494 million tons was produced, of which 36.4% was in the category of bio-waste. This increase may be related to an economic improvement, which shows the tendency to move away from the objective of decoupling waste production from economic growth. Fifty-eight percent of the waste generated was landfilled, and only 13% was sent to recycling (Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente 2019) (Fig. 2). A significant part of urban waste can be reused and materially recovered, and be returned to the economy as a secondary resource. Waste management to recovery and (re)incorporation into the economy is one focus of the circular economy to European public policy. Since the percentage of waste recovered in Portugal is lower than the European average, it is a priority that waste starts to be considered a resource (BCSD 2019). Fig. 2 Waste production in Portugal (source: prepared by the author based on Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente 2019) Circular Economy For the past 150 years, the industrial economy has been dominated by a linear model of production (Wautelet 2018b), where manufactured capital, human capital, and natural capital contribute to human well-being, supporting the production of goods and services in the economic process (Brears 2018). The Industrial Revolution increased the economy’s productivity with innovative technological advances and brought unprecedented prosperity to society. This economic system provided incentives to increase sales and simulate economies of scale, which led to increased consumption of goods and services (Wautelet 2018a). The linear model is built on three assumptions: there are no limits to natural resources, the easy availability of resources (energy and raw materials), and the Earth’s unlimited regenerative capacity. This system led to the depletion of natural resources. The more the economy grows, the more significant amount of raw material is needed to produce goods and consequently a more significant generation of waste and environmental degradation (Brears 2018). This model is based on the “extracting resources—producing goods—consuming—depositing waste” chain. Along this chain, the levels of waste are significant, with a loss of economic and environmental value (Michelini et al. 2017). The linear system made sense when it emerged at the dawn of the industrial revolution because resources were abundant and the population was small (Pike et al. 2010). Today, it is ineffective to face the main challenges of modern society, such as the reduction of poverty and social inequalities, climate change, water scarcity, loss of biodiversity, and depletion of natural resources. The need for an alternative to the traditional model has led to the emerging debate on the circular economy (CE) that aims to replace the linear economic model by decoupling global economic development from the consumption of finite resources and eliminating waste from the system. For this purpose, it is intended to maximize the efficiency of resources and minimize waste production. It is an approach that transforms the function and role of resources: industrial waste can become raw material for other processes (Wautelet 2018b). The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) defines CE as “Restorative and regenerative by design and aims to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing between technical and biological cycles” (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2015). Thus, the principles that guide the CE prioritize adopting new production tools and methodologies, reducing waste generation, and encouraging the adoption of renewable energies (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2019a). Design at CE is complex and requires a transformation of thinking to shift “from the current product-centric focus to a system-based approach.” Circular design (CD) seeks to deliver a functional product or service composed of excellent materials that offer the best performance, minimizing the negative impact throughout the product’s life cycle (Fifield and Medkova 2016). The durability of a product and the ability to repair, recycle, and reuse its components and materials depend mainly on the product’s design (European Commission 2019). The designer plays a crucial role in CE, in the decisions taken in the early stages of the product development process, and in the possibility of relationships between products and consumers, providing them with possible alternatives after disposal (Bovea and Pérez-Belis 2018). According to Bovea and Pérez-Belis (2018), the characteristics of a product directly influence how the value chain will be built and managed. Therefore, designers must have guidelines to guide them through developing product designs towards CE principles. CD challenges the creation of products and materials to minimize the use of primary raw materials, reducing the loss of value of products and materials and keeping them circulating in closed cycles. At the end of a product’s life, its components or materials must be transformed into resources for a new process (Fifield and Medkova 2016). Following these principles, in the CD methodology, products must be designed considering all phases of their life, from the extraction of the resources necessary for production to the last treatment and destination after use. This analysis makes it possible to determine which material is most viable throughout the process and how its production affects the environment (Manzini and Vezzoli 2002). In addition to a new way of designing, CD considers actions to extend the useful life, durability of products, and design for the disassembly, reuse, and recycling of materials and components (European Commission 2019). Therefore, the role of design is to link the “technically possible” with the “ecologically necessary,” driving new proposals that reflect the current culture of respect for the environment (Manzini and Vezzoli 2002). Egg Shells The presence of eggs in Portuguese gastronomy is massive. Popular stories tell that the tradition of Portuguese sweets originates in the convents. The solid religious component present in Portuguese culture is the consequence of numerous convents and monasteries. It was common practice to use egg whites to iron habits and filter liquids in convents, as in wine production. The high consumption of egg whites generated many unused egg yolks destined for the garbage or distributed to pigs. Thus, out of the need to reuse these egg yolks, countless recipes for sweets were born, which were even sold by the nuns to reinforce the convents’ budget and ensure the religious’s daily needs. Currently, egg production worldwide is 65.5 million tons per year, with Asia as significant contributors to global production growth. In Portugal, 14,671 tons of eggshells is discarded as waste (Fig. 3). Therefore, its use is an excellent opportunity to reduce the environmental impact and obtain greater profits (Ikhmayies et al. 2019). Fig. 3 Worldwide egg production (source: prepared by the author based on Ikhmayies et al. 2019) The egg products and derivatives industry currently produces many eggshells considered animal by-products not intended for human consumption. Due to the lack of definition of adequate strategies for managing this by-product, the landfill has traditionally been used as a final destination, resulting in a solution with a high management cost (Magalhães et al. 2011; Arabhosseini and Faridi 2018; Guedes 2014). According to the report Cities and Circular Food Economy released at the 2019 World Economic Forum by EMF, cities can play an essential role in the transition from a system that, in addition to reducing food waste, seeks to eliminate the concept of “waste.” They can ensure that they are used at their highest value, turning them into new products ranging from organic fertilizers to biomaterials, medicines, and bioenergy. Instead of a final destination for food, cities can become centers of transformation into a range of valuable materials, driving new sources of revenue (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2019b). Eggs are composed of three main components: eggshells, including membranes; albumen; and yolk. The yolk is surrounded by the albumen, surrounded by the membranes, and, finally, by a hard eggshell (Mine 2008). It consists of approximately 3.5% of the organic matrix, comprising the membranes of the bark and some constituents, and 95% of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite (Huopalahti et al. 2007). Eggshell residues can be reused as a raw material for other industries (Figueira 2014). Possible applications range from low investment processes such as fertilizers and animal feed to high investment for processing for human consumption, heavy metal absorption, paper treatment, catalysts for biodiesel production, production of hydrolyzed or concentrated protein, bone, and dental implants. The latest applications need significant investments but can provide more valuable products (Arabhosseini and Faridi 2018; Oliveira et al. 2009). In Portugal, more specifically at the University of Aveiro, a team of researchers discovered a process already patented that allows eggshells to manufacture ceramic materials (Falcão 2015). One of the problems in eggshell processing is completely separating the carbonate from the membrane in an economical and environmentally correct manner (Oliveira et al. 2009). Recently, some technologies have emerged that allow an industrial and efficient separation of the shell and the respective membranes (Ruff et al. 2012). A patented method was made to break the connection between the membranes and the shell through a tank with turbulent water. The membranes are retained in the liquid while the shells are deposited on the bottom of the tank (Falcão 2015). Given the above, it is concluded that the reuse of eggshells represents an excellent opportunity to develop new materials and products. It is a raw material with potential found in large quantities in the context of this investigation. We Won’t Waste You We Won’t Waste You (WWWyou) is a research project developed at the Design Studio of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (DSFEUP) that aims to propose the reuse of waste in developing new materials and products. The WWWyou theme is a challenge launched to students of the master’s program in Industrial and Product Design (MDIP) at the University of Porto (UPorto) through the proposal of developing products that use materials derived from various residues. Within the scope of the WWWyou project, Oficina Design emerged, a social design workshop implemented through a partnership between the Association for the Integrated Development of Matosinhos, the Municipality of Matosinhos, and the DSFEUP. In this workshop, the program proposes the technical training of people in situations of economic vulnerability through the manufacture of products developed by students in the master’s degree. The students, organized in teams, were then challenged to create products to promote tourism in Matosinhos made from the local waste production. The primary constraint was that the proposals should be made with low technology and simple manufacturing systems; they should be small and easy to transport. The Project-Based Learning (PBL) method was applied to the learning process, where each team of students was free to define the organization and management of their process, setting goals, and setting schedules. The PBL is a student-centered method, where the student is primarily responsible for their learning in small groups and under the guidance of a teacher. The problems are presented to the student as a learning tool to achieve the knowledge necessary for their resolution and develop collaborative work skills (Kokotsaki et al. 2016). All phases of the design process were experienced, research, development, and final prototyping. In the initial investigation on the types of waste produced in large quantities and with a significant impact on the city, the following were identified: eggshells, lids and plastic bottles, cans, cardboard, algae, sugar, fishing nets, coffee grounds, inner tire tubes, and shells. The process presented below details the development process of PLAegg developed from eggshells. Material Development Initially, the eggshells were crushed, and several tests were carried out in search of an ideal binder for the composition of sustainable material (Fig. 4). Some of the binders used are the following: white glue, gelatin, clay, silicone, potato starch, nets, crystal resin, pine resin, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polylactic acid (PLA). The samples with HDPE and PLA were the experiments that aroused the most significant interest, considering the structural and aesthetic aspects. The PLA was selected because it is a biodegradable, recyclable, and compostable polymer. Fig. 4 Tests with different binders: a. white glue; b. gelatin; c. clay; d. silicone; e. potato starch; f. nets; g. crystal resin; h. pine resin; i. white glue; j. colored HDPE; k. HDPE; l. PLA PLA is a semicrystalline or amorphous thermoplastic. It is a polymer synthesized from renewable sources such as corn, potatoes, and sugar cane (Santana et al. 2018; Davim 2017; Lefteri 2017). It is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and biologically absorbing material, besides good mechanical properties and processability, thermal stability, and low environmental impact (Santana et al. 2018; Teixeira 2017). The material is commonly used in many industries, especially in biodegradable medical implants and food packaging (Santana et al. 2018). The PLA used in this investigation was the Ingeo™ 3260HP, from the American company NatureWorks®. According to the datasheet, Ingeo™ 3260HP is a low viscosity product designed for high flow injection molding applications (NatureWorks 2019a). The end-of-life options indicated by NatureWorks® for its products are composting, recycling, anaerobic digestion, chemical recycling, incineration, and the landfill (NatureWorks 2019b). Production Process PLAegg’s production process is divided into five stages (Fig. 5). The first step is the manual removal of the eggshell’s organic part. The eggshells were washed with water and dried in a kiln at 200ºC for 60 min. Afterward, they were manually grounded using a pestle and separated by grain size using a vibratory sieve shaker (45 μm, 75 μm, 106 μm, 250 μm, 425 μm, 600 μm, 850 μm). The particles were manually mixed with PLA (Ingeo™ 3260HP) binder previously heated to a temperature of approximately 200 °C for 10 min. The mixing process between the eggshell and the PLA was initially carried out experimentally, using accessible instruments (portable induction hob, thermometer, frying pan, and a rubber spatula) to ensure the agility of the process with a low initial investment. In the future, this process can be carried out with automatic mixers, such as the injection process. Fig. 5 PLAegg’s production process Material experiments (Fig. 6) were carried out to find the ideal ratio between PLA and eggshells and its behavior in molds with different shapes and materials, and check the influence of particle size on moldability and the aesthetic properties of the material. Fig. 6 Material’s experiments with different ratios between eggshell and PLA: a. 18wt% of eggshell; b. 16wt% of eggshell; c. 15wt% of eggshell; d. 12.5wt% of eggshell; e. 4wt% of eggshell; f. 20wt% of eggshell; g. 15wt% of eggshell; h. 10wt% of eggshell; i. 10wt% of eggshell; j. 4wt% of eggshell; k. 9.4wt% of eggshell; l. 9.1wt% of eggshell; m. 9.1wt% of eggshell; n. 5.9wt% of eggshell; o. 4wt% of eggshell; p. 15wt% of eggshell; and q. 15wt% of eggshell The experiments observed that the addition of eggshells to the binder gives a yellowish tone to PLA. When the percentage of eggshells is reduced, the material becomes lighter and more translucent. It was noticed that the composite is suitable for molding in various shapes using metallic and silicone molds, and it is also suitable for injection molding. The only constraint found was the speed with which the material cools, which makes handling it laborious. The next step in the investigation was applying the Material Driven Design (MDD) method to assess the perception of the material under development with the general public. Material Driven Design The MDD consists of a method developed by the Industrial Design department of the Technological University of Delft, Holland, and by the Design department of the Polytechnic of Milan, Italy (Moreira 2018), intending to provide support to designers in the definition of a project where the starting point is a particular material. The method has four main action steps: 1. 1. Understand the material: technical and experiential characterization; 2. 2. Creating a vision of experience in materials; 3. 3. Manifesting standards of experience in materials; 4. 4. Developing concepts in products/materials. For the MDD application, 14 samples were produced with defined proportions and particle sizes (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). The 850μm, 600μm, and 425μm samples incorporated 12.5wt% eggshell. Those of 250 μm and 106 μm incorporated 6.7wt% of eggshell. Finally, the 75 μm and 45 μm received 3.4wt% and 1.4wt% eggshell respectively. Fig. 7 Samples with a brown eggshell Fig. 8 Samples with white eggshell • Step 1: Understand the material In this stage, we intend to understand the material and characterize it technically and experimentally (Karana et al. 2015). One of the significant difficulties encountered in the molding process was that it was necessary to soften the PLA and mix it with the eggshell before it was placed in the mold to guarantee a homogeneous material as a final result. With injection molding, it was found that it is possible to mix the two materials at the time of injection and still obtain a uniform material. Tests were carried out to check the material’s behavior when subjected to a cutting tool (hand saw, band saw, and mini tool). In both tests, the material melts with the cutting blade friction’s heat, and the result had a surface irregular and challenging to finish. Water and fire resistance tests were carried out. The contact with water took place by immersing the material in a container with water. For 60 days, the material was observed and handled daily to identify possible changes in its structure. As a result, it was found that the material did not change. The fire resistance test was carried out with the flame of a lighter in constant contact with the sample. After about 10 s, the material started to burn, only ceasing after being extinguished by the researcher. Figure 9 presents images referring to the experiments carried out to characterize the material. Fig. 9 Experiments for material characterization: a. cutting with a manual saw; b. fire resistance; c. cutting with a mini tool; d. mold for vertical injection; e. water resistance; f. electric polisher; g. silicone mold; h. cut with a band saw • Step 2: Experimental characterization of the material This step helps to understand how other people interact with the material. The Meaning Driven Materials Selection (Karana et al. 2010) and the Materials-to-Experiences at four levels Toolkit (Karana and Rognoli 2019) developed by the same author were used as a support method. The study was conducted with 32 students. One of the main objectives was to verify people’s perception of the material in its different variants, specifically the use of different sizes and colors (white or brown) for the eggshell. The samples were placed in front of the participants, and they were instructed to handle the samples freely so that they could choose the sample they found most interesting. It was observed that a large part of people would run their fingers over the surface of the samples when they started to handle the samples. Other perceived interactions were raising, turning, placing it against the light, smelling, feeling the weight, and tapping with the nails to hear the sound produced. Running the finger over the surface was the most perceived interaction. It was observed that the samples analyzed initially were generally those with the largest shell size. It can be assumed that the larger eggshell granulometry gives the perception that the samples have a rough surface because when the interviewees found that the surface was smooth, they expressed surprise. The presence of larger particle size is the most pleasant since the four most chosen samples were those of 850 µm (7 people), 600 µm (6 people), and 425 µm (10 people). Two of the four most selected samples were produced with white eggshells and the other with brown eggshells (Fig. 10). Fig. 10 Samples that the participants most chose The study participants elected curiosity, attraction, and comfort as the emotions most transmitted by the material. The words that most represent the material are natural, calm, and welcoming at an interpretive level. Forty-four percent of the participants think that this is a material with unique characteristics; the most cited were transparency, smoothness, aesthetic texture, and color. The most pointed unpleasant characteristics were the irregularities (of the samples), fragility (transmitted by sample thickness 5 mm), the sound it produces when scratched, and the ignorance of not knowing the raw material. When asked about a material’s unique quality, the most cited were the three-dimensionality (transmitted by the transparency and presence of eggshell particles), color, translucency, and texture. Finally, they were asked to indicate an option for applying the material: 18 people chose lamps. Furniture pieces (tables, chairs, and benches) were selected by 11 people; small decorative (vases, jars, bowls, trays, and clocks) objects also appeared among the most suitable products. • Step 3: Create material/product concepts This last step serves to integrate and gather all the findings and conclusions from the previous steps to form a set of concepts for applying the material under study. The material’s translucency and three-dimensionality were the most attractive aspects; therefore, they were strongly considered in creating concepts. The three-dimensionality is obtained through the visibility of the eggshell particles, which occurs more significantly with the use of larger size particles. Therefore, the final material mainly used large particles (850 µm, 600 µm, and 425 µm), keeping the proportion of 12.5wt% of eggshell so that the three-dimensional aspect could be maintained. Concerning the color of the eggshells, the ones that aroused the most interest were those of brown color, besides being the shells that are in greater quantity in the Portuguese market. The next phase was to study the material’s application in a lighting fixture design, as translucency was one of the outstanding characteristics and was one of the most mentioned applicability suggestions by the study participants. To overcome the fragility perception (transmitted by sample thickness), it was recommended to apply it to pieces with a greater thickness. Among the main findings, the valorization of the material’s aesthetic and translucent aspects was highlighted, which led to its application to a lighting fixture. The LEXI lamp (Fig. 11) was designed after many sketches, experiments, and tests (Leite 2020). LEXI is a compact decorative table lamp that represents the principles of circular design (European Commission 2019). It is a simple and functional device and is easy to produce and maintain. Fig. 11 LEXI lamp The manufacturing process of the LEXI lamp involved several phases: the preparation of the PLAegg composite, molding process, manual press, and, finally, the installation of the electrical components (Fig. 12). Fig. 12 LEXI lamp production process For a product to be considered a CD, it must follow some guidelines (European Commission 2019). For this reason, a piece with a timeless, modular design, few components that facilitated its maintenance and cleaning was proposed. Combining more than one lampshade makes it possible to obtain new lamps, thus providing more product applications. In order to encourage the extension of the lamp’s life, all electrical components are standard and easily accessible on the market, which facilitates their replacement if necessary. Another premise is that all components of the product were easily disassembled and easily accessible. The necessary tools (screwdriver and pliers) for the disassembly and maintenance of the product were minimized, in addition to being commonly found tools. As shown in Fig. 13, the LEXI lamp is composed only of the lampshade (10 mm thickness) and the electrical components. Because it is a lamp produced with only one material (biodegradable) and the electrical components are easy to disassemble, they can be easily separated and sent correctly for recycling. According to EC, the developed material fits into the biological cycle, it is a material that adds value to the biosphere, and its valorization can occur through industrial composting. The remaining materials of the lamp are the so-called waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and are included in the technical cycle. After being recovered through recycling, WEEE becomes raw material for industries where they originate new products and, in this way, the cycle is closed. Fig. 13 LEXI lamp components: a. PLAEgg lampshade, b. cord, c. LED bulb E14 4 W 2700 K, d. E14 socket, e. hollow threaded in galvanized steel M8, f. cable clamp, g. switch and h. plug 10a Three prototypes of the LEXI lamp were produced, executed with the three most chosen particle sizes (850 µm, 600 µm, and 425 µm) during the application of the MDD method, with the proportion of 12.5wt% of eggshell kept constant. In Fig. 14, it can be seen that the difference in granulometry among each of the pieces is noticeable. Fig. 14 LEXI lamp The concept of sustainability is a solid theme to bring together students from different backgrounds with the common goal of developing integrated academic knowledge (Neto et al. 2019). During this investigation, an exercise was carried out with students of the Integrated Master in Environmental Engineering (MIEA) and those of the MDIP to promote environmental awareness among students and better understand the environmental impacts of products (Facca 2020). In this project, the students of MIEA assessed the environmental impacts of the lamp proposed by the students of MDIP. This cooperation was promoted and supervised by the teachers involved (Fernandes et al. 2020). The life cycle assessment methodology was used to deeply understand the product’s environmental impact, which allowed a complete approach to the product’s life cycle under study. The environmental impacts were assessed from the production of the raw materials to the end of the product’s life. The main environmental problems were identified. Below are some points to bet on outlining a strategy to optimize the environmental performance of the product: • Increase energy efficiency when drying the eggshells: put more eggshells in each batch; • Increase energy efficiency during the production of the diffuser: a two-part mold was proposed, and the step of placing it in the oven was not necessary; • Use more resistant silicone mold: the silicone used in the production of the mold was replaced by one with the durability of approximately 50 pieces, in contrast to the one used previously, which had a durability of only 20 pieces. Packaging is essential for products for tourism promotion, considering that they are often purchased as gifts and need to be transported safely by the tourist during the trip. Since this, the dimensions and weight are relevant factors to be taken into account. A compact packaging made from discarded cardboard from the city of Matosinhos was proposed. The visual communication was developed in three labels with information about the product and the WWWyou project. Along with the packaging, an instruction manual was developed with information regarding the assembly and cleaning of the product. In the product development process, it is crucial to ensure that the production of the concepts fits within an economically viable and market-competitive budget. The estimated cost associated with the LEXI lamp was €34.67 per piece. The estimative was made considering the production of a single piece, and it is predicted that when produced in greater quantity, the cost will decrease. As the first result of this research, an innovative composite material was developed, called PLAEgg, produced from a mixture of food waste (eggshells) and polylactic acid. The development methodology was experimental and based on the principles of circular design. It included an initial survey of food waste in the region, laboratory experiments for the correct processing of eggshells, tests with different binders to create a sustainable composite material, tests of different transformation processes, and types of molds. For material validation, the Material Driven Design method helped understand the users’ perception and possible applications, indicating the possibility of developing a lamp to test the material’s application. The second result is the LEXI lamp product, a sustainable decorative table lamp produced with PLAEgg. It is a timeless and modular piece, consisting of a PLAEgg diffuser and universal electrical components, easily found for repair and replacement, ensuring a long service life and easy maintenance and cleaning. The simplicity of its shape allows for a large number of combinations and applications. As future studies, there are laboratory tests to define the technical characteristics of the material, which will allow a precise definition of a detailed technical file, and thus open up new application possibilities, which unfortunately was not possible within the time determined for this investigation. The project developed a material from waste, aiming to highlight sustainability issues that need urgent attention from society, not just focusing on the technical properties. In this experience, it was possible to prove that the eggshells and PLA mix give rise to a material that improves the material’s aesthetic qualities, maintaining its characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability, and moldability. The resulting material paves the way for new product designs that carry an important message about sustainable issues and promote small and local environmental impacts, reducing the number of eggshells going to landfills. It was also possible to prove that the approximation between the community and the university can constitute a partnership with social and environmental benefits. The application of the PBL methodology allows students to face real problems, thus addressing the dilemmas and responsibilities they will face in their future professional performance. The application of PBL methodology results in a more effective and fulfilling learning process. Through design and the principles of circular economy, it has also been proven that it is possible to develop products capable of reducing the negative environmental impact caused by the high volume of waste disposed of incorrectly in landfills. Furthermore, food waste can provide a diverse basis for developing innovative materials, capable of presenting technical and aesthetic qualities to develop new products and act as a message, making society aware of the need to rethink its consumption habits. Data Availability 1. 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UN (2020) “World Population Prospects 2019.” United Nations. Accessed 12/05/2021, Form of Item. 50. Wautelet T (2018a) “The concept of circular economy: its origins and its evolution” 51. Wautelet T (2018b) Exploring the role of independent retailers in the circular economy: a case study approach. Vol. Master of Business Administration: eufom European University for Economics & Management A.s.b.l. Study centre Luxembourg Download references The authors wish to thank INEGI—Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial for the technical support, equipment, and materials. This research was supported by the Master program in product and industrial design of the University of Porto. Author information RL: term; conceptualization; methodology; investigation; writing, original draft preparation; reviewing and editing. AF: reviewing and editing, conceptualization, supervision. BR: reviewing and editing, supervision. JA: resources, reviewing and editing, supervision. Corresponding author Correspondence to Rita Leite. Ethics declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s Note Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Leite, R., Fernandes, A., Rangel, B. et al. PLAegg—Green Composite from Eggshells and Polylactic Acid. Mater Circ Econ 3, 22 (2021). Download citation • Food waste • Eggshell • Circular design • Eco-design • Innovation • Circular economy
Seven Little Australians Ethel Turner Chiefly Descriptive It may be that the miasmas of naughtiness develop best in the sunny brilliancy of our atmosphere. It may be that the land and the people are young-hearted together, and the children's spirits not crushed and saddened by the shadow of long years' sorrowful history. The mother? you ask. The children dragged it all over the country with them, dropped it countless times, forgot its pelisse on wet days, muffled it up when it was hot, gave it the most astounding things to eat, and yet it was the healthiest, prettiest, and most sunshiny baby that ever sucked a wee fat thumb. I haven't introduced you to Pip yet, have I? He was a little like Judy, only handsomer and taller, and he was fourteen, and had as good an opinion of himself and as poor a one of girls as boys of that age generally have. Fowl for Dinner "Oh, don't the days seem lank and long When all goes right and nothing wrong; And isn't your life extremely flat With nothing whatever to grumble at?" I hope you are not quite deafened yet, for though I have got through the introductions, tea is not nearly finished, so we must stay in the nursery a little longer: All the time I have been talking Pip has been grumbling at the lack of good things. The table was not very tempting, certainly; the cloth looked as if it had been flung on, the china was much chipped and battered, the tea was very weak, and there was nothing to eat but great thick slices of bread and butter. Still, it was the usual tea, and everyone seemed surprised at Pip's outburst. "My father and Esther" (they all called their young stepmother by her Christian name) "are having roast fowl, three vegetables, and four kinds of pudding," he said angrily; "it isn't fair!" "But we had dinner at one o'clock, Pip, and yours is saved as usual," said Meg, pouring out tea with a lavish allowance of hot water and sugar. "Boiled mutton and carrots and rice pudding!" returned her brother witheringly. "Why shouldn't we have roast fowl and custard and things?" "Yes, why shouldn't we?" echoed little greedy Bunty; his eyes lighting up. "What a lot it would take for all of us!" said Meg, cheerfully attacking the bread loaf. "We're only children—let us be thankful for this nice thick bread and this abundance of melting butter," said Judy, in a good little tone. Pip pushed his chair back from the table. "I'm going down to ask for some roast fowl," he said, with a look of determination in his eyes. "I can't forget the smell of it, and they'd got a lot on the table—I peeped in the door." He took up his plate and proceeded downstairs, returning presently, to the surprise of everyone, with quite a large portion on his plate. "He couldn't very well refuse," he chuckled. "Colonel Bryant is there; but he looked a bitmad—here, Fizz, I'll go you halves." Judy pushed up her plate eagerly at this unusually magnanimous offer, and received a very small division, a fifth part, perhaps, with great gratitude. "I just LOVE fowl," said Nell longingly; "I've a great mind to go down and ask for a wing—I believe he'd give it to me." These disrespectful children, as I am afraid you will have noticed, always alluded to their father as "he." Nell took up another plate, and departed slowly to the lower regions. She followed into the dining-room at the heels of the housemaid, and stood by the side of her father, her plate well behind her. "Well, my little maid, won't you shake hands with me? What is your name?" said Colonel Bryant, tapping her cheek playfully. Nell looked up with shy, lovely eyes. "Elinor Woolcot, but they call me Nell," she said, holding out her left hand, since her right was occupied with the plate. "What a little barbarian you are, Nell!" laughed her father; but he gave her a quick, annoyed glance. "Where is your right hand?" She drew it slowly from behind and held out the cracked old plate. "I thought perhaps you would give me some fowl too," she said—"just a leg or a wing, or bit of breast would do." The Captain's brow darkened. "What is the meaning of this? Pip has just been to me, too. Have you nothing to eat in the nursery?" "Only bread and butter, very thick," sighed Nellie. Esther suppressed a smile with difficulty. "But you had dinner, all of you, at one o'clock." "Boiled mutton and carrots and rice pudding," said Nell mournfully. Captain Woolcot severed a leg almost savagely and put it on her plate. "Now run away; I don't know what has possessed you two to-night." Nellie reached the door, then turned back. "Oh, if you would just give me a wing for poor Meg—Judy had some of Pip's, but Meg hasn't any," she said, with a beautiful look of distress that quite touched Colonel Bryant. Her father bit his lip, hacked off a wing in ominous silence, and put it upon her plate. "Now run away,—and don't let me have any more of this nonsense, dear." The last word was a terrible effort. Nell's appearance with the two portions of fowl was hailed with uproarious applause in the nursery; Meg was delighted with her share; cut a piece off for Baby, and the meal went on merrily. "Where's Bunty?", said Nell, pausing suddenly with a very clean drumstick in her fingers, "because I HOPE he hasn't gone too; someway I don't think Father was very pleased, especially as that man was there." But that small youth had done so, and returned presently crestfallen. "He wouldn't give me any—he told me to go away, and the man laughed, and Esther said we were very naughty—I got some feathered potatoes, though, from the table outside the door." He opened his dirty little hands and dropped the uninviting feathered delicacy out upon the cloth. "Bunty, you're a pig," sighed Meg, looking up from her book. She always read at the table, and this particular story was about some very refined, elegant girls. "Pig yourself—all of you've had fowl but me, you greedy things!" retorted Bunty fiercely, and eating up his potato very fast. "No, the General hasn't," said Judy and the old mischief light sprang up suddenly into her dark eyes. "Now, Judy!" said Meg warningly; she knew too well what that particular sparkle meant. "Oh, I'm not going to hurt you, you dear old thing," said Miss Judy, dancing down the room and bestowing a pat on her sister's fair head as she passed. "It's only the General, who's after havin' a bit o' fun." She lifted him up out of the high chair, where he had been sitting drumming on the table with a spoon and eating sugar in the intervals. "It's real action you're going for to see, General," she said, dancing to the door with him. "Oh, Judy, what are you going to do?" said Meg entreatingly. "Ju-Ju!" crowed the General, leaping almost out of Judy's arms, and scenting fun with the instinct of a veteran. Down the passage they went, the other five behind to watch proceedings. Judy sat down with him on the last step. "Boy want chuck-chuck, pretty chuck-chuck?" she said insidiously. "Chuck-chuck, chuck-a-chuck," he gurgled, looking all around for his favourite friends. "Dad got lots—all THIS many," said Judy, opening her arms very wide to denote the number in her father's possession. "Boydie, go get them!" "Chuck-chuck," crowed the General delightedly, and struggling to his feet—"find chuck-chuck." "In there," whispered Judy, giving him a gentle push into the half-open dining-room door; "ask Dad." Right across the room the baby tottered on fat, unsteady little legs. "Are the children ALL possessed to-night, Esther?" said the Captain, as his youngest son clutched wildly at his leg and tried to climb up it. He looked down into the little dirty, dimpling face. "Well, General, and to what do we owe the honour of your presence?" "Chuck-chuck, chuck-a-chuck, chuck, chuck, chuck," said the General, going down promptly upon all fours to seek for the feathered darlings Judy had said were here. But Esther gathered up the dear, dirty-faced young rascal and bore him struggling out of the room. At the foot of the stairs she nearly stumbled over the rest of the family. "Oh, you scamps, you bad, wicked imps!" she said, reaching out to box all their ears, and of course failing. She sat down on the bottom stair to laugh for a second, then she handed the General to Pip. "To-morrow," she said, standing up and hastily smoothing the rich hair that the General's hands had clutched gleefully—"to-morrow I shall beat every one of you with the broomstick." They watched the train of her yellow' silk dress disappear into the dining-room again, and returned slowly to the nursery and their interrupted tea. Virtue Not Always Rewarded It was not to be expected that such an occurrence could be passed entirely over, but then again it is difficult to punish seven children at the same time. At first Captain Woolcot had requested Esther to ask Miss Marsh, the governess, to give them all ten French verbs to learn; but, as Judy pointed out, the General and Baby and Bunty and Nell had not arrived at the dignity of French verbs yet, so such a punishment would be iniquitous. The sentence therefore had not been quite decided upon as yet, and everyone felt in an uncomfortable state of suspense. "Your father says you're a disgraceful tribe," said the young stepmother slowly, sitting down on the nursery rocking-chair a day later. She had on a trailing morning wrapper of white muslin with cherry ribbons, but there was a pin doing duty for a button in one or two places and the lace was hanging off a bit at the sleeve. "Meg, dear, you're very untidy, you know, and Judy's absolutely hopeless." Meg was attired in an unbecoming green cashmere, with the elbows out and the plush torn off in several places, while Judy's exceedingly scant and faded pink zephyr had rents in several places, and the colour was hardly to be seen for fruit-stains. Meg coloured a little. "I know, Esther, and I'd like to be nicely-dressed as well as anyone, but it really isn't worth mending these old things." She picked up her book about the elegant girls who were disturbing her serenity and went over to the armchair with it. "Well, Judy, you go and sew up those rents, and put some buttons on your frock." Esther spoke with unusual determination. Judy's eyes snapped and sparkled. "'Is that a dagger that I see before me, the handle to my hand? Come, let me grasp it,'" she said saucily, snatching one of the pins from Esther's dress, fastening her own with it, and dropping a curtsey. Esther reddened a little now. "That's the General, Judy: he always pulls the buttons off my wrappers when I play with him. But I'm forgetting. Children, I have bad news for you." There was a breathless silence. Everyone crowded round her knees. "Sentence has been proclaimed," said Judy dramatically: "let us shave our heads and don sackcloth." "Your father says he cannot allow such conduct to go unpunished, especially as you have all been unusually tiresome lately; therefore: you are all—" "To be taken away and hanged by the neck until we are dead!" "Be quiet, Judy. I have tried my best to beg you off, but it only makes him more vexed. He says you are the untidiest, most unruly lot of children in Sydney, and he will punish you each time you do anything, and—" "There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." "Oh, shut up, Judy! Can't you let us hear?" Pip put his hand over her mouth and held her by the hair while Esther told the news. "None of you are to go to the pantomime. The seats were taken for Thursday night, and now, you very foolish children, you will all have to stay at home." There was a perfect howl of dismay for a minute or two. They had all been looking forward to this treat for nearly a month, and the disappointment was a really bitter one to them all. "Oh, I say, Esther, that's too bad, really! All the fellows at school have been." Pip's handsome face flushed angrily. "And for such a little thing, too!" "Just because you had roast fowl for dinner," said Judy, in a half-choked voice. "Oh, Esther, why couldn't you have had cow, or horse, or hippopotamus—anything but roast fowl?" "Couldn't you get round him, Esther?" Meg looked anxiously at her. "Dear Esther, do!" "Oh, you sweet, beautiful Essie, do try!" They clung round her eagerly. Baby flung her arms round her neck and nearly choked her; Nell stroked her cheek; Pip patted her back, and besought her to "be a good fellow"; Bunty buried his nose in her back hair and wept a silent tear; Meg clasped her hand in an access of unhappiness; the General gave a series of delighted squeaks; and Judy in her wretchedness smacked him for his pains. Esther would do her best, beg as she had never done before, coax, beseech, wheedle, threaten; and they let her go at last with that assurance. "Only I'd advise you all to be preternaturally good and quiet all day," she said, looking back from the doorway. "That would have most effect with him, and he is going to be at home all day." GOOD! It was absolutely painful to witness the virtue of those children for the rest of the day. It was holiday-time, and Miss Marsh was away, but not once did the sound of quarrelling, or laughing, or crying fly down to the lower regions. "'Citizens of Rome, the eyes of the world are upon you!'" Judy had said solemnly, and all had promised so to conduct themselves that their father's heart could not fail to be melted. Pip put on his school jacket, brushed his hair, took a pile of school books, and proceeded to the study where his father was writing letters, and where he was allowed to do his home-lessons. "Well, what do you want?" said the Captain, with a frown. "No, it's no good coming to the about that pup, sir—I won't have you keep it." "I came to study, sir," said Pip mildly. "I feel I'm a bit backward with my mathematics, so I won't waste all the holidays, when I'm costing you so much in school fees." The Captain gave a little gasp and looked hard at Pip; but the boy's face was so unsmiling and earnest that he was disarmed, and actually congratulated himself that his eldest son was at last seeing the error of his ways. "There are those sets of problems in that drawer that I did when I was at school," he said graciously. "If they are of any use to you, you can get them out." "Thanks awfully—they will be a great help," said Pip gratefully. He examined them with admiration plainly depicted upon his face. "How very clearly and correctly you worked, Father," he said with a sigh. "I wonder if ever I'll get as good as this! How old were you, Father, when you did them?" "About your age," said the Captain, picking up the papers. He examined them with his head on one side. He was rather proud of them, seeing he had utterly forgotten now how to work decimal fractions, and could not have done a quadratic equation to save his life. "Still, I don't think you need be quite discouraged, Pip. I was rather beyond the other boys in my class in these subjects, I remember. We can't all excel in the same thing, and I'm glad to see you are beginning to realize the importance of work." "Yes, Father." Meg had betaken herself to the drawing-room, and was sitting on the floor before the music canterbury with scissors, thimble, and a roll of narrow blue ribbon on her knee, and all her father's songs, that he so often complained were falling to pieces, spread out before her. He saw her once as he passed the door, and looked surprised and pleased. "Thank you, Margaret: they wanted it badly. I am glad you can make yourself useful, after all," he said. "Yes, Father." Meg stitched on industriously. He went back to his study, where Pip's head was at a studious, absorbed angle, and pyramids of books and sheaves of paper were on the table. He wrote two more letters, and there came a little knock at the door. "Come in," he called; and there entered Nell. She was carrying very carefully a little tray covered with a snow-white doyley, and on it were a glass of milk and a plate of mulberries. She placed it before him. "I thought perhaps you would like a little lunch, Father," she said gently; and Pip was seized with a sudden coughing fit. "My DEAR child!" he said. He looked at it very thoughtfully. "The last glass of milk I had, Nellie, was when I was Pip's age, and was Barlow's fag at Rugby. It made me ill, and I have never touched it since." "But this won't hurt you. You will drink this?" She gave him one of her most beautiful looks. "I would as soon drink the water the maids wash up in, my child." He took a mulberry, ate it, and made a wry face. "They're not fit to eat." "After you've eaten about six you don't notice they're sour," she said eagerly. But he pushed them away. "I'll take your word for it." Then he looked at her curiously. "What made you think of bringing me anything, Nellie? I don't ever remember you doing so before." "I thought you might be hungry writing here so long," she said gently; and Pip choked again badly, and she withdrew. Outside in the blazing sunshine Judy was mowing the lawn. They only kept one man, and, as his time was so taken up with the horses and stable work generally, the garden was allowed to fall into neglect. More than once the Captain had spoken vexedly of the untidy lawns, and said he was ashamed for visitors to come to the house. So Judy, brimming over with zeal, armed herself with an abnormally large scythe, and set to work on the long, long grass. "Good heavens, Helen! you'll cut your legs off!" called her father, in an agitated tone. He had stepped out on to the front veranda for a mild cigar after the mulberry just as she brought her scythe round with an admirable sweep and decapitated a whole army of yellow-helmeted dandelions. She turned and gave him a beautiful smile. "Oh, no, Father!—why, I'm quite a dab at mowing." She gave it another alarming but truly scientific sweep. "See that—and th-a-at—and tha-a-a-at!" "Th-a-at" carried off a fragment of her dress, and "tha-a-a-at" switched off the top of a rose-bush; but there are details to everything, of course. "Accidents WILL happen, even to the best regulated grass-cutters," she said composedly, and raising the scythe for a fresh circle. "Stop immediately, Helen! Why ever can't you go and play quietly with your doll, and not do things like this?" said her father irascibly. "An' I was afther doin' it just to pleasure him," she said, apparently addressing the dandelions. "Well, it won't 'pleasure him' to have to provide you with cork legs and re-stock the garden," he said dryly: "Put it down." "Sure, an' it's illigence itsilf this side: you wouldn't be afther leaving half undone, like a man with only one cheek shaved." Judy affected an Irish brogue at intervals, for some occult reason of her own. "Sure an' if ye'd jist stip down and examine it yirself, it's quite aisy ye'd be in yer moind." The Captain hid a slight smile in his moustache. The little girl looked so comical, standing there in her short old pink frock, a broken-brimmed hat on her tangle of dark curls, her eyes sparkling, her face flushed, the great scythe in her hands, and the saucy words on her lips. He came down and examined it: it was done excellently well, like most of the things miss Judy attempted—mischief always included: and her little black-stockinged legs were still in a good state of preservation. "Hum! Well, you can finish it then, as Pat's busy. How did you learn to mow, young lady of wonderful accomplishments?" (he looked at her questioningly); "and what made you set yourself such a task?" Judy gave her curls a quick push off her hot forehead. "(A) Faix, it was inborn in me," she answered instantly; "and (B)—sure, and don't I lo-o-ove you and delaight to plaize you?" He went in again slowly, thoughtfully. Judy always mystified him. He understood her the least of any of his children, and sometimes the thought of her worried him. At present she was only a sharp, clever, and frequently impertinent child; but he felt she was utterly different from the other six, and it gave him an aggrieved kind of feeling when he thought about it, which was not very often. He remembered her own mother had often said she trembled for Judy's future. That restless fire of hers that shone out of her dancing eyes, and glowed scarlet on her cheeks in excitement, and lent amazing energy and activity to her young, lithe body, would either make a noble, daring, brilliant woman of her, or else she would be shipwrecked on rocks the others would never come to, and it would flame up higher and higher and consume her. "Be careful of Judy" had been almost the last words of the anxious mother when, in the light that comes when the world's is going out, she had seen with terrible clearness the stones and briars in the way of that particular pair of small, eager feet. And she had died, and Judy was stumbling right amongst them now, and her father could not "be careful" of her because he absolutely did not know how. As he went up the veranda steps again and through the hall, he was wishing almost prayerfully she had not been cast in so different a mould from the others, wishing he could stamp out that strange flame in her that made him so uneasy at times. He gave a great puff at his cigar, and sighed profoundly; then he turned on his heel and went off toward the stables to forget it all. The man was away, exercising one of the horses in the long paddock; but there was something stirring in the harness-room, so he went in. There was a little, dripping wet figure standing over a great bucket, and dipping something in and out with charming vigour. At the sound of his footsteps, Baby turned round and lifted a perspiring little face to his. "I'se washing the kitsies for you, and Flibberty-Gibbet," she said beamingly. He took a horrified step forward. There were two favourite kittens of his, shivering, miserable, up to their necks in a lather of soapy water; and Flibberty-Gibbet, the beautiful little fox terrier he had just bought for his wife, chained to a post, also wet, miserable, and woebegone, also undergoing the cleansing process, and being scrubbed and swilled till his very reason was tottering. "They'se SO clean and nicey—no horrid ole fleas 'n them now. AREN't you glad? You can let Flibberty go on your bed now, and Kitsy Blackeye is—" Poor Baby never finished her speech. She had a confused idea of hearing a little "swear-word" from her father, of being shaken in a most ungentle fashion and put outside the stable, while the unfortunate animals were dried and treated with great consideration. But the worst was yet to come, and the results were so exceedingly bad that the young Woolcots determined never again to assume virtues that they had not. Bunty, of course, desired to help the cause as strongly as the others, and to that end his first action was to go into his bedroom and perform startling ablutions with his face, neck, and hands. Then he took his soap-shiny countenance and red, much bescrubbed hands downstairs, and sunned himself under his father's very nose, hoping to attract favourable comment. But he was bidden irritably "go and play," and saw he would have to find fresh means of appeasement. He wandered into the study, with vague thoughts of tidying the tidy bookshelves; but Pip was there, surrounded with books and whittling a stick for a catapult, so he went out again. Then he climbed the stairs and explored his father's bedroom and dressing-room. In the latter there was a wide field for his operations. A full-dress uniform was lying across a chair, and it struck Bunty the gold buttons were looking less bright than they should, so he spent a harmless quarter of an hour in polishing them up. Next, he burnished some spurs, which also was harmless. Then he cast about for fresh employment. There was quite a colony of dusty boots in one corner of the room, and there was a great bottle of black, treacly looking varnish on the mantelpiece. Bunty conceived the brilliant idea of cleaning the whole lot and standing them in a neat row to meet his father's delighted eyes. He found a handkerchief on the floor, of superfine cambric, though dirty, poured upon it a liberal allowance of varnish, and attacked the first pair. A bright polish rewarded him, for they were patent leather ones; but the next and the next and the next would not shine, however hard he rubbed. There was a step on the stair, the firm, well-known step of his father, and he paused a moment with a look of conscious virtue on his small shiny face. But it fled all at once, and a look of horror replaced it. He had stuck the bottle on a great armchair for convenience, as he was sitting on the floor, and now he noticed it had fallen on its side and a black, horrid stream was issuing from its neck. And it was the chair with the uniform on, and one of the sleeves was soaked with the stuff, and the beautiful white shirt that lay there, too, waiting for a button, was sticky, horrible! Bunty gave a wild, terrified look round the room for some place to efface himself, but there were no sheltering corners or curtains, and there was not time to get into the bedroom and under the bed. Near the window was a large-sized medicine chest, and in despair Bunty crushed himself into it, his legs huddled up, his head between his knees, and an ominous rattle of displaced bottles in his ears. The next minute his father was in the room. "Great Heavens! God bless my soul!" he said, and Bunty shivered from head to foot. Then he said a lot of things very quickly—"foreign language" as Judy called it; kicked something over, and shouted "Esther!" in a terrifying tone. But Esther was down in one of the paddocks with the General, so there was no reply. More foreign language, more stomping about. Bunty's teeth chattered noisily; he put up his hand to hold his mouth together, and the cupboard, overbalanced, fell right over, precipitating its occupant right at his father's feet, and the bottles everywhere. "I didn't—I haven't—'twasn't me—'twasn't my fault!" he howled, backing towards the door. "Hoo—yah—boo-hoo-ooo! Esther—boo—yah—Judy—oh—oh—h! oh—oh—h—h—h—h!" As might be expected, his father had picked up a strap that lay conveniently near, and was giving his son a very fair taste of it. "Oh—h—h—h! o—o—h! o—o—h! ah—h—h! 'twasn't me—'twasn't my fault—its Pip and Judy—oh—h—h—h! hoo—the pant'mime! boo-hoo! ah—h—h—h—you're killing me! hoo-boo! I was only d—doin' it—oh—hoo—ah—h—h! d—oin' it to p—please—boo—oo—oo! to p—please you!" His father paused with uplifted strap. "And that's why all the others are behaving in so strange a fashion? Just for me to take them to the pantomime?" Bunty wriggled himself free. "Boo—hoo—yes! but not me—I didn't—I never—true's faith—oh-h-h-hoo-yah! it wasn't my fault, it's all the others—boo—hoo—hoo! hit them the rest." He got three more smart cuts, and then fled howling and yelling to the nursery, where he fell on the floor and kicked and rolled about as if he were half killed. "You sn—n—n—n—neaks!" he sobbed, addressing the others, who had flown from all parts at his noisy outcry, "you m-m—mean p—p—p—pigs! I h—hadn't n—n—no fo—o—ow-l, and I've h—h—had all the b—b—b—beating! y—you s—s—sn—n-neaks! oh—h—h—h! ah—h—h—h! oh—h—h—h! oh—h—h-h! I'm b—b—bleeding all over, I kno—o—o—ow!" They couldn't help laughing a bit; Bunty was always so irresistibly comic when he was hurt ever so little; but still they comforted him as well as they could, and tried to find out what had happened. Esther came in presently, looking very worried. "Well?" they said in a breath. "You really are the most exasperating children," she said vexedly. "But the pantomime—quick, Esther—have you asked him?" they cried impatiently. "The pantomime! He says he would rather make it worth Mr. Rignold's while to take it off the boards than that one of you should catch a glimpse of it—and it serves you very well right! Meg, for goodness' sake give Baby some dry clothes—just look at her; and, Judy, if you have any feeling for me, take off that frock. Bunty, you wicked boy, I'll call your father if you don't stop that noise. Nell, take the scissors from the General, he'll poke his eyes out, bless him." The young stepmother leaned back in her chair and looked round her tragically. She had never seen her husband so thoroughly angered, and her beautiful lips quivered when she remembered how he had seemed to blame her for it all. Meg hadn't moved; the water was trickling slowly off Baby's clothes and making a pool on the floor, Bunty was still giving vent to spasmodic boos and hoos, Judy was whistling stormily, and the General, mulcted of the scissors, was licking his own muddy shoe all over with his dear little red tongue. A sob rose in her throat, two tears welled up in her eyes and fell down her smooth, lovely cheeks. "Seven of you, and I'm only twenty!" she said pitifully. "Oh! it's too bad—oh dear! it is too bad." The General Sees Active Service "My brain it teems With endless schemes, Both good and new." It was a day after "the events narrated in the last chapter," as story-book parlance has it. And Judy, with a wrathful look in her eyes, was sitting on the nursery table, her knees touching her chin and her thin brown hands clasped round them. "It's a shame," she said, "it's a burning, wicked shame! What's the use of fathers in the world, I'd like to know!" "Oh, Judy!" said Meg, who was curled up in an armchair, deep in a book. But she said it mechanically, and only as a matter of duty, being three years older than Judy. "Think of the times we could have if he didn't live with us," Judy continued, calmly disregardful. "Why, we'd have fowl three times a day, and the pantomime seven nights a week." Nell suggested that it was not quite usual to have pantomimic performances on the seventh day, but Judy was not daunted. "I'd have a kind of church pantomime," she said thoughtfully—"beautiful pictures and things about the Holy Land, and the loveliest music, and beautiful children in white, singing hymns, and bright colours all about, and no collection plates to take your only threepenny bit—oh! and no sermons or litanies, of course." "Oh, Judy!" murmured Meg, turning a leaf. Judy unclasped her hands, and then clasped them again more tightly than before. "Six whole tickets wasted—thirty beautiful shillings—just because we have a father!" "He sent them to the Digby-Smiths," Bunty volunteered, "and wrote on the envelope, 'With compts. J. C. Woolcot.'" Judy moaned. "Six horrid little Digby-Smiths sitting in the theatre watching our fun with their six horrid little eyes," she said bitterly. Bunty, who was mathematically inclined, wanted to know why they wouldn't look at it through their twelve horrid little eyes, and Judy laughed and came down from the table, after expressing a wicked wish that the little Digby-Smiths might all tumble over the dress-circle rail before the curtain rose. Meg shut her book with a hurried bang. "Has Pip gone yet? Father'll be awfully cross. Oh dear, what a head I've got!" she said. "Where's Esther? Has anyone seen Esther?" "My DEAR Meg!" Judy said; "why, it's at least two hours since Esther went up the drive before your very nose. She's gone to Waverly—why, she came in and told you, and said she trusted you to see about the coat, and you said, 'M—'m! all right.'" Meg gave a startled look of recollection. "Did I have to clean it?" she asked in a frightened tone, and pushing her fair hair back from her forehead. "Oh, girls! what WAS it I had to do?" "Clean with benzine, iron while wet, put in a cool place to keep warm, and bake till brown," said Judy promptly. "SURELY you heard, Margaret? Esther was at such pains to explain." Meg ruffled her hair again despairingly. "What shall I do?" she said, actual tears springing to her eyes. "What will Father say? Oh, Judy, you might have reminded me." Nell slipped an arm round her neck. "She's only teasing, Megsie; Esther did it and left it ready in the hall—you've only to give it to Pip. Pat has to take the dogcart into town this afternoon to have the back seat mended, and Pip's going in it, too, that's all, and they're putting the horse in now; you're not late." It was the coat Bunty had done his best to spoil that all the trouble was about. It belonged, as I said, to the Captain's full-dress uniform, and was wanted for a dinner at the Barracks this same evening. And Esther had been sponging and cleaning at it all the morning, and had left directions that it was to be taken to the Barracks in the afternoon. Presently the dogcart came spinning round to the door in great style, Pip driving and Pat looking sulkily on. They took the coat parcel and put it carefully under the seat, and were preparing to start again, when Judy came out upon the veranda, holding the General in an uncomfortable position in her arms. "You come, too, Fizz, there's heaps of room—there's no reason you shouldn't," Pip said suddenly. "Oh—h—h!" said Judy, her eyes sparkling. She took a rapid step forward and lifted her foot to get in. "Oh, I say!" remonstrated Pip, "you'll have to put on something over that dress, old girl—it's all over jam and things." Judy shot herself into the hall and returned with her ulster; she set the General on the floor for a minute while she donned it, then picked him up and handed him up to Pip. "He'll have to come, too," she said; "I promised Esther I wouldn't let him out of my sight for a minute; she's getting quite nervous about him lately—thinks he'll get broken." Pip grumbled a minute or two, but the General gave a gurgling, captivating laugh and held up his arms, so he took him up and held him while Judy clambered in. "We can come back in the tram to the Quay, and then get a boat back," she said, squeezing the baby on the seat between them. "The General loves going on the water." Away they sped; down the neglected carriage drive, out of the gates, and away down the road. Pip, Judy of the shining eyes, the General devouring his thumb, and Pat smiling-faced once more because in possession of the reins. A wind from the river swept through the belt of gum trees on the Crown lands, and sent the young red blood leaping through their veins; it played havoc with Judy's curls, and dyed her brown cheeks a warm red; it made the General kick and laugh and grow restive, and caused Pip to stick his hat on the back of his head and whistle joyously. Until town was reached, when they were forced to yield somewhat to the claims of conventionality. On the way to Paddington a gentleman on horseback slackened pace a little. Pip took off his hat with a flourish, and Judy gave a frank, pleased smile, for it was a certain old Colonel they had known for years, and had cause to remember his good-humour and liberality. "Well, my little maid—well, Philip, lad," he said, smiling genially, while his horse danced round the dogcart—"and the General too—where are you all off to?" "The Barracks—I'm taking something up for the governor," Pip answered, Judy was watching the plunging horse with admiring eyes. "And then we're going back home." The old gentleman managed, in spite of the horse's tricks, to slip his hand in his pocket. "Here's something to make yourselves ill with on the way," he said, handing them two half-crowns; "but don't send me the doctor's bill." He flicked the General's cheek with his whip, gave Judy a nod, and cantered off. The children looked at each other with sparkling eyes. "Coconuts," Pip said, "and tarts and toffee, and save the rest for a football?" Judy shook her head. "Where do I come in?" she said. "You'd keep the football at school. I vote pink jujubes, and icecreams, and a wax doll." "A wax grandmother!" Pip retorted; "you wouldn't be such a girl, I hope." Then he added, with almost pious fervour, "Thank goodness you've always hated dolls, Fizz." Judy gave a sudden leap in her seat, almost upsetting the General, and bringing down upon her head a storm of reproaches from the coachman. "I know!" she said; "and we're almost halfway there now. Oh—h—h! it will be lovely." Pip urged her to explain herself. "Bondi Aquarium—skating, boats, merry-go-round, switchback threepence a go!" she returned succinctly. "Good iron," Pip whispered softly, while he revolved the thing in his mind. "There'd be something over, too, to get some tucker with, and perhaps something for the football, too." Then his brow clouded. "There's the kid—whatever did you go bringing him for? Just like a girl to spoil everything!" Judy looked nonplussed. "I quite forgot him," she said, vexedly. "Couldn't we leave him somewhere? Couldn't we ask someone to take care of him while we go? Oh, it would be TOO bad to have to give it up just because of him. It's beginning to rain, too; we couldn't take him with us." They were at the foot of Barrack Hill now, and Pat told them they must get out and walk the rest of the way up, or he would never get the dogcart finished to take back that evening. Pip tumbled out and took the General, all in a bunched-up heap, and Judy alighted carefully after him, the precious coat parcel in her arms. And they walked up the asphalt hill to the gate leading to the officers' quarters in utter silence. "Well?" Pip said querulously, as they reached the top. "Be quick; haven't you thought of anything?" That levelling of brows, and pursing of lips, always meant deep and intricate calculation on his sister's part, as he knew full well. "Yes," Judy said quietly. "I've got a plan that will do, I think." Then a sudden fire entered her manner. "Who is the General's father? Tell me that," she said, in a rapid, eager way; "and isn't it right and proper fathers should look after their sons? And doesn't he deserve we should get even with him for doing us out of the pantomime? And isn't the Aquarium too lovely to miss?" "Well?" Pip said; his slower brain did not follow such rapid reasoning. "Only I'm going to leave the General here at the Barracks for a couple of hours till we come back, his father being the proper person to watch over him." Judy grasped the General's small. fat hand in a determined way, and opened the gate. "Oh, I say," remarked Pip, "we'll get in an awful row, you know, Fizz. I don't think we'd better—I don't really, old girl." "Not a bit," said Judy, stoutly—"at least, only a bit, and the Aquarium's worth that. Look how it's raining; the child will get croup, or rheumatism, or something if we take him; there's Father standing over on the green near the tennis-court talking to a man. I'll slip quietly along the veranda and into his own room, and put the coat and the General on the bed; then I'll tell a soldier to go and tell Father his parcels have come; and while he's gone I'll fly back to you, and we'll catch the tram and go to the Aquarium." Pip whistled again softly. He was used to bold proposals from this sister of his, but this was beyond everything. "B—b—but," he said uneasily, "but, Judy, whatever would he do with that kid for two mortal hours?" "Mind him," Judy returned promptly. "It's a pretty thing if a father can't mind his own child for two hours. Afterwards, you see, when we've been to the Aquarium, we will come back and fetch him, and we can explain to Father how it was raining, and that we thought we'd better not take him with us for fear of rheumatism, and that we were in a hurry to catch the tram, and as he wasn't in his room we just put him on the bed till he came. Why, Pip, it's beautifully simple!" Pip still looked uncomfortable. "I don't like it, Fizz," he said again; "he'll be in a fearful wax." Judy gave him one exasperated look. "Go and see if that's the Bondi tram coming," she said; and glad of a moment's respite, he went down the path again to the pavement and looked down the hill. When he turned round again she had gone. He stuck his hands in his pockets and walked up and down the path a few times. "Fizz'll get us hanged yet," he muttered, looking darkly at the door in the wall through which she had disappeared. He pushed his hat to the back of hiss head and stared gloomily at his boots, wondering what would be the consequences of this new mischief. There was a light footfall beside him. "Come on," said Judy, pulling his sleeve; "it's done now, come on, let's go and have our fun; have you got the money safe?" It was two o'clock as they passed out of the gate and turned their faces up, the hill to the tram stopping-place. And it was half-past four when they jumped out of a town-bound tram and entered the gates again to pick up their charge. Such an afternoon as they had had! Once inside the Aquarium, even Pip had put his conscience qualms on one side, and bent all his energies to enjoying himself thoroughly. And Judy was like a little mad thing. She spent a shilling of her money on the switchback railway, pronouncing the swift, bewildering motion "heavenly." The first journey made Pip feel sick, so he eschewed a repetition of it, and watched Judy go off from time to time, waving gaily from the perilous little car, almost with his heart in his mouth. Then they hired a pair of roller skates each, and bruised themselves black and blue with heavy falls on the asphalt. After that they had a ride on the merry-go-round, but Judy found it tame after the switchback, and refused to squander a second threepence upon it, contenting herself with watching Pip fly round, and madly running by his side, to keep up as long as she could. They finished the afternoon with a prolonged inspection of the fish-tanks, a light repast of jam tarts of questionable freshness, and twopennyworth of peanuts. And, as I said, it was half-past four as they hastened up the path again to the top gate of the Barracks. "I hope he's been good," Judy said, as she turned the handle. "Yes, you come, too, Pip"—for that young gentleman hung back one agonized second. "Twenty kicks or blows divided by two only make ten, you see." They went up the long stone veranda and stopped at one door. There was a little knot of young officers laughing and talking close by. "Take my word, 'twas as good as a play to see Wooly grabbing his youngster, and stuffing it into a cab, and getting in himself, all with a look of ponderous injured dignity," one said, and laughed at the recollection. Another blew away a cloud of cigar smoke. "It was a jolly little beggar," he said. "It doubled its fists and landed His High Mightiness one in the eye; and then its shoe dropped off, and we all rushed to pick it up, and it was muddy and generally dilapidated, and old Wooly went red slowly up to his ear-tips as he tried to put it on." A little figure stepped into the middle of the group—a little figure with an impossibly short and shabby ulster, thin black-stockinged legs, and a big hat crushed over a tangle of curls. "It is my father you are speaking of," she said, her head very high, her tone haughty, "and I cannot tell where your amusement is. Is my father here, or did I hear you say he had gone away?" Two of the men looked foolish, the third took off his cap. "I am sorry you should have overheard us, Miss Woolcot," he said pleasantly. "Still, there is no irreparable harm done, is there? Yes, your father has gone away in a cab. He couldn't imagine how the little boy came on his bed, and, as he couldn't keep him here very well, I suppose he has taken him home." Something like a look of shame came into Judy's bright eyes, "I am afraid I must have put my father to some inconvenience," she said quietly. "It was I who left the Gen—my brother here, because I didn't know what to do with him for an hour or two. But I quite meant to take him home myself. Has he been gone long?" "About half an hour," the officer said, and tried not to look amused at the little girl's old-fashioned manner. "Ah, thank you. Perhaps we can catch him up. Come on, Pip," and, nodding in a grave, distant manner, she turned away, and went down the veranda and through the gate with her brother. "A nice hole we're in," he said. Judy nodded. "It's about the very awfullest thing we've ever done in our lives. Fancy the governor carting that child all the way from here! Oh, lor'!" Judy nodded again. "Can't you speak?" he said irritably. "You've got us into this—I didn't want to do it; but I'll stand by you, of course. Only you'll have to think of something quick." Judy bit three finger-tips off her right-hand glove, and looked melancholy. "There's absolutely nothing to do, Pip," she said slowly. "I didn't think it would turn out like this. I suppose we'd better just go straight back and hand ourselves over for punishment. He'll be too angry to hear any sort of an excuse, so we'd better just grin and hear whatever he does to us. I'm really sorry, too, that I made a laughing-stock of him up there." Pip was explosive. He called her a little ass and a gowk and a stupid idiot for doing such a thing, and she did not reproach him or answer back once. They caught a tram and went into Sydney, and afterwards to the boat. They ensconced themselves in a corner at the far end, and discussed the state of affairs with much seriousness. Then Pip got up and, strolled about a little to relieve his feelings, coming back in a second with a white, scared face. "He's on the boat," he said, in a horrified whisper. "Where-where—where? what—what—what?" Judy cried, unintentionally mimicking a long-buried monarch. "In the cabin, looking as glum as a boiled wallaby, and hanging on to the poor little General as if he thinks he'll fly away." Judy looked a little frightened for the first time. "Can't we hide? Don't let him see us. It wouldn't be any good offering to take the General now. We're in for it now, Pip—there'll be no quarter." Pip groaned; then Judy stood up. "Let's creep down as far as the engine," she said, "and see if he does look very bad." They made their way cautiously along the deck, and took up a position where they could see without being seen. The dear little General was sitting on the seat next to his stern father, who had a firm hold of the back of his woolly-pelisse. He was sucking his little dirty hand, and casting occasional longing glances at his tan shoe, which he knew was delicious to bite. Once or twice he had pulled it off and conveyed it to his mouth, but his father intercepted it, and angrily buttoned it on again in its rightful place. He wanted, too, to slither off the horrid seat, and crawl all over the deck, and explore the ground under the seats, and see where the puffing noise came from; but there was that iron grasp on his coat that no amount of wriggling would move. No wonder the poor child looked unhappy! At last the boat stopped at a wharf not far from Misrule, and the Captain alighted, carrying his small dirty son gingerly in his arms. He walked slowly up the red road along which the dogcart had sped so blithesomely some six or seven hours ago, and Judy and Pip followed at a respectful—a very respectful—distance. At the gate he saw them, and gave a large, angry beckon for them to come up. Judy went very white, but obeyed instantly, and Pip, pulling himself together, brought up the rear. Afterwards Judy only had a very indistinct remembrance of what happened during the next half-hour. She knew there was a stormy scene, in which Esther and the whole family came in for an immense amount of vituperation. Then Pip received a thrashing, in spite of Judy's persistent avowal that it was all her fault, and Pip hadn't done anything. She remembered wondering whether she would be treated as summarily as Pip, so angry was her father's face as he pushed the boy aside and stood looking at her, riding whip in hand. But he flung it, down and laid a heavy hand on her shrinking shoulder. "Next Monday," he said slowly—"next Monday morning you will go to boarding school. Esther, kindly see Helen's clothes are ready for boarding school—next Monday morning." "Next Monday Morning" There was a trunk standing in the hall, and a large, much-travelled portmanteau, and there were labels on them that said: "Miss Helen Woolcot, The Misses Burton, Mount Victoria." In the nursery breakfast was proceeding spasmodically. Meg's blue eyes were all red and swollen with crying, and she was still sniffing audibly as she poured out the coffee. Pip had his hands in his pockets and stood on the hearthrug, looking gloomily at a certain plate, and refusing breakfast altogether; the General was crashing his own mug and plate joyously together; and Bunty was eating bread and butter in stolid silence. Judy, white-faced and dry-eyed, was sitting at the table, and Nell and Baby were clinging to either arm. All the three days between that black Thursday and this doleful morning she had been obstinately uncaring. Her spirits had never seemed higher, her eyes brighter, her tongue sharper, than during that interval of days; and she had pretended to everyone, and her father, that she especially thought boarding school must be great fun, and that she should enjoy it immensely. But this morning she had collapsed altogether. All the time before, her hot childish heart had been telling her that her father could not really be so cruel, that he did not really mean to send her away among strangers, away from dear, muddled old Misrule and all her sisters and brothers; he was only saying it to frighten her, she kept saying to herself, and she would show him she was not a chickenhearted baby. But on Sunday night, when she saw a trunk carried downstairs and filled with her things and labelled with her name, a cold hand seemed to close about her heart. Still, she said to herself, he was doing all this to make it seem more real. But now it was morning, and she could disbelieve it no longer. Esther had come to her bedside and kissed her sorrowfully, her beautiful face troubled and tender. She had begged as she had never done before for a remission of poor Judy's sentence, but the Captain was adamant. It was she and she only who was always ringleader in everything; the others would behave when she was not there to incite them to mischief and go she should. Besides, he said, it would be the making of her. It was an excellent school he had chosen for her; the ladies who kept it were kind, but very firm, and Judy was being ruined for want of a firm hand. Which, indeed, was in a measure true. Judy sat bolt upright in bed at the sight of Esther's sorrowful face. "It's no good, dear; there's no way out of it," she said gently. "But you'll go like a brave girl, won't you, Ju-Ju? You always were the sort to die game, as Pip says." Judy gulped down a great lump in her throat, and her poor little face grew white and drawn. "It's all right, Essie. There, you go on down to breakfast," she said, in a voice that, only shook a little; "and please leave the General, Esther; I'll bring him down with me." Esther deposited her little fat son on the pillow, and with one loving backward glance went out of the door. And Judy pulled the little lad down into her arms, and covered the bedclothes right over both their heads, and held him in a fierce, almost desperate clasp for a minute or two, and buried her face in his soft, dimpled neck, and kissed it till her lips ached. He fought manfully against these troublesome proceedings, and at last objected, with an angry scream, to being suffocated. So she flung back the clothes and got out of bed, leaving him to burrow about among the pillows, and pull feathers out of a hole in one of them. She dressed in a quick nervous fashion, did her hair with more care than usual, and then picked up the General and took him along the passage into the nursery. All the others were here, and, with Esther, were evidently discussing her. The three girls looked tearful and protesting; Pip had just been brought to book for speaking disrespectfully of his father, and was looking sullen; and Bunty, not knowing what else to do at such a crisis, had fallen to catching flies, and was viciously taking off their wings. It was a wretched meal: The bell sounded for the downstairs breakfast, and Esther had to go. Everyone offered Judy everything on the table, and spoke gently and politely to her. She seemed to be apart from them, a person not to be lightly treated in the dignity of this great trouble. Her dress, too, was quite new—a neat blue serge fresh from the dressmaker's hands; her boots were blacked and bright, her stockings guiltless of ventilatory chasms. All this helped to make her a Judy quite different from the harum-scarum one of a few days back, who used to come to breakfast looking as if her clothes had been pitchforked upon her. Baby addressed herself to her porridge for one minute, but the next her feelings overcame her, and, with a little wail, she rushed round the table to Judy, and hung on her arm sobbing. This destroyed the balance of the whole company. Nell got the other arm and swayed to and fro in an excess of misery. Meg's tears rained down into her teacup; Pip dug his heel in the hearthrug, and wondered what was the matter with his eyes; and even Bunty's appetite for bread and butter diminished. Judy sat there silent; she had pushed back her unused plate, and sat regarding it with an expression of utter despair on her young face. She looked like a miniature tragedy queen going to immediate execution. Presently Bunty got off his chair, covered up his coffee with his saucer to keep the flies out, and solemnly left the room. In a minute he returned with a pickle bottle, containing an enormous green frog. "You can have it to keep for your very own, Judy," he said, in a tone of almost reckless sadness. "It'll, keep you amused, perhaps, at school." Self-sacrifice could go no further, for this frog was the darling of Bunty's heart. This stimulated the others; everyone fetched some offering to lay at Judy's shrine for a keepsake. Meg brought a bracelet, plaited out of the hair of a defunct pet pony. Pip gave his three-bladed pocketknife. Nell a pot of musk that she had watered and cherished for a year, Baby had a broken-nosed doll, that was the Benjamin of her large family. "Put them in the trunk, Meg—there's room on top, I think," Judy said in a choking voice, and deeply touched by these gifts. "Oh! and, Bunty, dear! put a cork over the f—f—frog, will you? it might get lost, poor thing! in that b—b—big box." "All right," said Bunty, "You'll take c—c—care of it, w—won't you, Judy? Oh dear, oh—h—h!—boo-hoo!" Then Esther came in, still troubled-looking. "The dogcart is round," she said. "Are you ready, Ju, dearest? Dear little Judy! be brave, little old woman." But Judy was white as death, and utterly limp. She suffered Esther to put her hat on, to help her into her new jacket, to put her gloves into her hand. She submitted to being kissed by the whole family, to be half carried downstairs by Esther, to be kissed again by the girls, then by the two good-natured domestics, who, in spite of her peccadilloes, had a warm place in their hearts for her. Esther and Pip lifted her into the dogcart; and she sat in a little, huddled-up way, looking down at the group on the veranda with eyes that were absolutely tragic in their utter despair. Her father came out, buttoning his overcoat, and saw the look. "What foolishness is this?" he said irascibly—"Esther-great heavens! are you making a goose of yourself, too?"—there were great tears glistening in his wife's beautiful eyes. "Upon my soul, one would think I was going to take the child to be hanged, or at least was going to leave her in a penitentiary." A great dry sob broke from Judy's white lips. "If you'll let me stay, Father, I'll never do another thing to vex you; and you can thrash me instead, ever so hard." It was her last effort, her final hope, and she bit her poor quivering lip till it bled while she waited for his answer. "Let her stay—oh! do letter stay, we'll be good always," came in a chorus from the veranda. And, "Let her stay, John, PLEASE!" Esther called in a tone as entreating as any of the children. But the Captain sprang into the dogcart and seized the reins from Pat in a burst of anger. "I think you're all demented!" he cried. "She's going to a thoroughly good home, I've paid a quarter in advance already, and I can assure you good people I'm not going to waste it." He gave the horse a smart touch with the whip, and in a minute the dogcart had flashed out of the gate, and the small, unhappy face was lost to sight. The Sweetness of Sweet Sixteen "She is not yet so old But she may learn: happier than this, She is not bred so dull but she can learn." And none of these things were very harmful. But Aldith gradually grew dissatisfied with her waist. With which assurance Meg pursued her painful course. Once she had said unwittingly, Baby looked up with stormy eyes. "Go away, Aldiff," she said. Meg looked interested immediately. "But I want them NOW," Baby said insistently. Baby looked up at her sister's guest. "H'm," said Meg, colouring. It was a piece of string and Baby's vengeance. "What Say You to Falling in Love?" Meg was looking ill, there was no doubt about it. Her pretty pink-and-white complexion was losing its fresh look, a slightly irritable expression had settled round a mouth that a few months back had seemed made for smiles only. And terribly unromantic fact, her nose was quite florid-looking at times. Now a heroine may have the largest, deepest, and most heavily lashed eyes imaginable; she may have hair in very truth like the gold "mown from a harvest's middle floor"; she may have lips like cherries and teeth like pearls, and a red nose will be so utterly fatal that all these other charms will pass unnoticed. It cost Meg real anguish of spirit. She carefully read all the Answers to Correspondents in the various papers Aldith lent her in search of a remedy, but nearly everyone seemed to be asking for recipes to promote the growth of the eyelashes or to prevent embonpoint. Not one she chanced on said, "A red nose in a girl is generally caused by indigestion or tight-lacing." She asked Aldith to suggest something, and that young person thought that vaseline and sulphur mixed together, and spread over the afflicted member, would have the desired effect. So every night Meg fastened her bedroom door with a wedge of wood, keys being unknown luxuries at Misrule, and anointed her, poor little nose most carefully with the greasy mixture, lying all night on her back to prevent it rubbing off on the pillow. Once Pip had forced his way into demand a few stitches for his braces which had split, and she had been compelled to wrap her whole face hastily up in a towel and declare she had violent neuralgia, and he must go to Esther or one of the servants. Had he seen and known the cause there would have been no end to the teasing. Nowadays Meg spent a great deal of time in her bedroom, that she had all to herself while Judy was away. In its privacy she trimmed and retrimmed her hats, altered her dresses, read her novels, and sat in front of the looking-glass with her hair down, dreaming of being quite grown up and in love. For just now both to Aldith, and herself that state of life seemed the only one altogether lovely and desirable. Meg used to curl herself up in a big easy-chair that had drifted to her room because its springs were broken, and dream long, beautiful, hopeless dreams of a lover with "long black lashes and a soldierly carriage." Of course it was highly reprehensible to have such thoughts at the tender age of sixteen, but then the child had no mother to check that erring imagination, and she was a daughter of the South. Australian girls nearly always begin to think of "lovers and nonsense," as middlefolks call it, long before their English aged sisters do. While still in the short-frock period of existence, and while their hair is still free-flowing, they take the keenest interest in boys—boys of neighbouring schools, other girls' brothers, young bank clerks, and the like. Not because they would be good playmates, but because they look at them in the light of possible "sweethearts." I do not say English girl children are free from this. By no means; in every school there may be found one or two this way inclined, giggling, forward young things who want whipping and sending to play cricket or dolls again. But in this land of youthfulness it is the rule more frequently than the exception, and herein lies the chief defect of the very young Australian girl. She is like a peach, a beautiful, smooth, rich peach, that has come to ripeness almost in a day, and that hastens to rub off the soft, delicate bloom that is its chief charm, just to show its bright, warm colouring more clearly. Aldith had, to her own infinite satisfaction, brushed away her own "bloom," and was at present busily engaged in trying to remove Meg's, which was very soft and lovely before she touched it. The novels had taken away a little, and the "Block" a little more, but, Meg was naturally freshminded, and it took time to make much difference. Just now, under her friend's tutelage, she was being inducted into the delightful mysteries of sweethearting, and for the time, it quite filled her some what purposeless young life. But it all ended with an adventure that years afterwards used to make her cheeks tingle painfully at the thought. After the bi-weekly French lesson, as I have said, the two friends used to come back together in the river-boat at five o'clock. And by this boat there always came two boys by the name of Courtney, and a third boy, Aldith's particular property, James Graham. Now the young people had become known to each other at picnics and the like in the neighbourhood, but the acquaintance, instead of ripening on frequent meeting into a frank, pleasant friendship, had taken the turn of secrecy and silly playing at love. James Graham was in a lawyer's office, a young articled cleric of seventeen in undue haste to be that delightful thing, a man. He carried a cane, and was very particular about his hat and necktie and his boots, which generally were tan. And he had the faintest possible moustache, that he caressed with great frequency; and that privately Aldith thought adorable. Aldith's pert, sprightly manner pleased him, and in a very short time they had got to the period of passing notes into each other's hands and sighing sentimentally. Not that the notes contained much harm, they were generally of rather a formal character. "My dear' Miss MacCarthy," one would run— "Why were you not on the boat yesterday? I looked for you till it was no use looking longer, and then the journey was blank. How charmingly that big hat suits you, and those jonquils at your neck. Might I beg one of the flowers? just one, please, Aldith. Your devoted friend, James Graham." And Aldith's, written on a sheet of her note-book with a pink programme pencil that she always kept in her purse, might be no worse than: "Dear Mr. Graham, "What EVER can you want these flowers at my neck for? They have been there all day, and are dead and spoiled. I can't IMAGINE what good they'll be to you. Still, of course, if you REALLY care for them you shall have them. I am so glad you like this hat. I shall always like it NOW. Did you REALLY miss me yesterday? I had gone to have my photo taken. Marguerite thinks it very good indeed, but I am SURE it flatters me TOO much. Yours truly, L. Aldith Evelyn MacCarthy." Now Mr. James Graham had a great friend in one of the before-mentioned Courtney boys, Andrew by name. He was a handsome lad of eighteen, still a schoolboy, but possessed of fascinating manners and a pair of really beautiful eyes. And, since his friend and companion Jim had taken to "having fun" with "the girl MacCarthy," he objected to being left out in the cold. So he began to pay marked attentions to Meg, who blushed right up to her soft, pretty fringe every time he spoke to her, and looked painfully conscious and guilty if he said anything at all complimentary to her. The other boy, Alan Courtney, was very tall and broad-shouldered, and not at all good-looking. He had a strong, plain face, grey eyes deeply set, and brown hair that looked as if he was in a constant state of rumpling it up the wrong way. He was a University student, and a great footballer, and he never diverted himself on the long homeward journey in the way Andrew and his friend did. He used generally to give a half-contemptuous nod as he passed the little group, uncovering his head for the shortest possible period consistent with civility, and making his way to the far end of the boat. One time as he passed them Aldith was drooping her lashes and using her eyes with great effect, and Meg was almost positive she heard him mutter under his breath, "Silly young fools!" He used to smoke at his end of the boat—cigars at the beginning of term and a short, black, villainous-looking pipe at the end—and Meg used secretly to think how manly he looked, and to sigh profoundly. For I may as well tell you now as later what this foolish little thing had done after a few months' course of Aldith and novels. She had fallen in love as nearly as it is possible for sweet sixteen to do; and it was with Alan, who had no good looks nor pleasant manners—not Andrew, who had speaking eyes, and curls that "made his forehead like the rising sun"; not Andrew, who gave her tender glances and conversation peppermints that said "My heart is thine," but Alan, who took no notice whatever of her beyond an occasional half-scornful bow. Poor little Meg! She was very miserable in these days, and yet it was a kind of exquisite misery that she hugged to her to keep it warm. No one guessed her secret. She would have died rather than allow even Aldith to get a suspicion of it, and accepted Andrew's notes and smiles as if there was nothing more she wanted. But she grew a trifle thin and large-eyed, and used to make copious notes in her diary every night, and to write a truly appalling quantity of verses, in which "heart" and "part," "grieve" and "leave," "weep" and "keep," and "sigh" and "die," were most often the concluding words of the lines. She endured Andrew for several reasons. He was Alan's brother for one thing, and was always saying things about "old Al," and recording his prowess on the football field; and Aldith might discover her secret if she gave him the cold shoulder altogether. Besides this Andrew had the longest eyelashes she had ever seen and she must have somebody to say pretty things to her, even if it was not the person she would have wished it to be. One day things came to a crisis. "No more trips on the dear old boat for a month," Aldith remarked, from her corner of the cabin. "This is appalling! Whatever do you mean, Miss MacCarthy?" James Graham said, with exaggerated despair in his voice. "Monsieur H—— has given the class a month's holiday. He is going to Melbourne," Aldith returned, with a sigh. Meg echoed it as in duty bound, and Andrew said fiercely that hanging was too good for Monsieur H——. What did he mean by such inhuman conduct, he should like to know; and however were Jim and himself to maintain life in the meantime? "It was James who speedily thought of a way out." "Couldn't we go for a walk somewhere one evening—just we four?" he said insinuatingly. Aldith and Andrew thought the proposal a brilliant one; and though Meg had at first shaken her head decidedly, in the end she was prevailed upon, and promised faithfully to go. They were to meet in a bush paddock adjoining the far one belonging to Misrule, to walk for about an hour, returning by half-past seven, before it grew dusk. "I am going to ask you for something that day, Meg," Andrew whispered just as they were parting. "I wonder if I shall get it." Meg flushed in her nervous, conscious way, and wondered to herself for a moment whether he intended to ask for a lock of her hair, a thing Graham had already obtained from Aldith. "What?" she said unwillingly. "A kiss," he whispered. The next minute the others had joined them, and there was no chance for the indignant answer that trembled on her lips. She had even to shake hands, to appear as if nothing had happened, and to part apparently good friends. "Half-past six sharp, Marguerite. I will never forgive you if you don't come," Aldith said, as they parted at her gate. "I—you—Oh, Aldith, I don't see how I can come," Meg faltered, the crimson in her cheeks again. "I've never done anything like it before. I'm sure it's not right." But the curl, in Aldith's lip made her ashamed of herself. "You're just twelve, Marguerite;" the young lady said calmly: "you're not a bit more than twelve. You'd better get a roll again, and a picture-book with morals. I'll ask Andrew to buy you one and a bit of cord, too, to tie you in your high chair in the nursery." Such sarcasm was too much for Meg. She promised hastily and unconditionally to be on the spot at the time mentioned, and fled away up the path to obey the summons of the wildly clanging tea-bell. But for the two intervening days her secret hung upon her like a burden of guilt, and she longed inexpressibly for a confidante who would advise her what to do at this distressing issue. Not Judy: that young person was too downright, too sensible, too much of a child and a boy—she would never dare to tell her anything of the sort. She could fancy the scorn in her sister's large clear eyes, the ringing laughter such a tale would evoke, the scathing, clever ridicule that would fall on her shrinking shoulders. Not Esther: her very position as stepmother precluded such an idea, and, besides that, the General's gums were gradually disclosing wee white double pearls, and his health thereby was affected, and causing her too much anxiety to allow her, to notice Meg's oppression of mind. By the night decided upon, the child had worked herself up into a strong state of excitement. Half-past six was the time settled upon, and, as she knew, it was broad daylight even then. She felt she really dare not, could not go. Suppose her father or Esther, some of her scornful young sisters or brothers, should be about and see the meeting, or any of the neighbours—why, she could never survive the shame of it! Yet go she must, or Aldith would despise her. Besides, she had made up her mind fully to tell Andrew plainly she could not allow him to talk to her as he had been doing. After that last terrible whisper, she felt it necessary that she should let him understand clearly that she did not approve of his conduct, and would be "his friend," but nothing more. But why had they not thought of deciding on an hour when it would be darker? she kept saying to herself: there would be no danger of being seen then; she could slip out of the house without any difficulty, and run through the paddocks under cover of the kindly dusk; whereas if it was light, and she tried to creep away, at least two or three of the children would fly after her and offer generously to "come too." At last, too afraid to go in the light, and unwilling for Aldith to reproach her for not going at all, she did in her excitement and desperation a thing so questionable that for long after she could not think of it without horror. "Dear Mr. Courtney," she wrote, sitting down at her dressing-table, and scribbling away hurriedly in pencil: "It would be horrid going for the walk so early. Let us go later, when it is quite dark. It will be EVER so much nicer, for no one will be able to see us. And let us meet at the end of the paddocks where the bush grows thickly, it will be more private. I am writing to Aldith to tell her to go at that time, she will tell Mr. Graham. Yours sincerely, M. Woolcot. "P.S.—I must ask you, please, not to kiss me. I should be very angry indeed if you did. I don't like kissing at all." She wrote the last paragraph in a nervous hurry for she had a dread that he might fulfil his promise, if she did not forbid him as soon as they met. Then she slipped it into an envelope and addressed it to A. Courtney, Esq., it never having even occurred to her for a moment that there was anything at all strange or unconventional in a young girl making such a point that the meeting should be in the dark. Next she wrote a few lines of explanation to Aldith, and told her to be sure to be in the paddock by half-past eight, and she (Meg) would slip out when the children were going to bed and unlikely to notice. And then she went out into the garden to find messengers for her two notes. Little Flossie Courtney had been spending the afternoon with Nellie, and Meg called her back from the gate just as she was going home, and, unseen by the children, entrusted the note to her. "'Give it to your brother Andrew the minute he comes from school," she whispered, popping a big chocolate at the same time into the little girl's mouth. Bunty was next bribed, with a promise of the same melting delicacies, to run up to Aldith's with the other letter, and Meg breathed freely ago feeling she had skilfully averted the threatening danger attendant on the evening meeting. But surely the notes were fated! Bunty delivered his safely enough to the housemaid at the MacCarthys', and in answer to the girl's question "s'posed there was an answer, girls always 'spected one to nothing." Aldith was confined to her room with a sudden severe cold, and wrote a note to her friend, telling her how she was too ill to be allowed out, and had written to Mr. Graham, and Mr. Courtney, too, postponing the walk for a week. Now this note, in its pale pink triangular envelope, was transferred to Bunty's pocket among his marbles and peanuts and string. And, as might be expected, he fell in with some other choice spirits on the return journey, and was soon on his knees by the roadside playing marbles. He lost ten, exclusive of his best agate, fought a boy who had unlawfully possessed himself of his most cherished "conny," and returned home with saddened spirits an hour later, only to find as he went through the gate that he had lost Aldith's dainty little note. Now Meg had promised him eight chocolate walnuts on his return, and if this same boy had one weakness more pronounced than others, it was his extreme partiality for this kind of confectionery, and he had not tasted one for weeks, so no wonder it almost broke his heart to think they would be forfeited. "I know she'll be stingy enough to say I haven't earned them, just 'cause I dropped that girl's stupid letter," he said to himself, miserably, "and I don't suppose there was anything in it but 'Dearest Marguerite, let us always tell each other our secrets'; I heard her say that twice, and of course she writes it, too." Then temptation came upon him swiftly, suddenly. By nature Bunty was the most arrant little storyteller ever born, and it was only Judy's fearless honesty and strongly expressed scorn for equivocation that had kept him moderately truthful. But Judy was miles away, and could not possibly wither him up with her look of utter contempt. He was at the nursery door now, turning the handle with hesitating hands. "What a time you've been," said Meg from the table, where she was mending a boxful of her gloves. "Well, what did she say?" Just at her elbow was the gay bonbonniere containing the brown, cream-encrusted walnuts. "She said, 'All right,'" said Bunty gruffly. Meg counted the eight chocolates out into his little grimy hand, and resumed her mending with a relieved sigh. And Bunty, with a defiant, shamed look in his eyes, stuffed the whole of the sweets into his mouth at once, as if to preclude the possibility of a sudden repentance. The other note was equally unfortunate. Little Flossie went home, her thoughts intent upon a certain Grannie bonnet Nell had promised to make for her new doll. "Gween with pink stwings," she was saying softly to herself as she climbed the steps to her own door. Alan was lying on the veranda lounge, smoking his black pipe. "Gween what?" he laughed—"guinea-pigs or kangaroos?" "Clawice Maud's bonnet," the little girl said, and entered forthwith into a grave discussion with him as to the colour he thought more suitable for that waxen lady's winter cloak. Then she turned to go in. "What's that sticking out of your wee pocket, Flossie girl?" he said, as she brushed past him. She stopped a second and felt. "Oh, nearly I didn't wemember, an' I pwomised I would—it's a letter for you, Alan," she said, and gave Meg's poor little epistle up into the very hands of the Philistine. A Catapult and a Catastrophe "Oh, sweet pale Margaret, Oh, rare pale Margaret, What lit your eyes with tearful power?" The dusk had fallen very softly and tenderly over the garden, and the paddocks, and the river. There was just the faintest wind at the waters edge, but it seemed almost too tired after the hot, long day to breathe and make ripples. Very slowly the grey, still light deepened, and a white star or two came out and blinked up away in the high, far heavens. Down behind the gum trees, across the river, there was a still whiter moon; a stretch of water near was beginning to smile up to it. Meg hoped it would not climb past the tree-tops before eight o'clock, or the long paddocks would be flooded with light and she would be seen. At tea-time, and during the early part of the evening, she was preoccupied and inclined to be irritable in her anxiety, and she snubbed Bunty two or three times quite unkindly. He had been hovering about her ever since six o'clock in almost a pitiable way. It was characteristic of this small boy that when he had been tempted into departing from the paths of truth he was absolutely wretched until he had confessed, and rubbed his little unclean hands into his wet eyes until he was "a sight to dream of, not to tell." Pip said it was because he was a coward, and had not the moral courage to go to sleep with a lie on his soul, for fear he might wake up and see an angel with a fiery sword standing by his bedside. And I must sorrowfully acknowledge this seemed a truer view of the case than believing the boy was really impressed with the heinousness of his offence and anxious to make amends. For the very next day, if occasion sufficiently strong offered, he would fall again, and the very next night would creep up to somebody and whimper, with his knuckles in his eyes, that he had "t—t—told a s—s—story, boo—hoo!" By seven o'clock this particular evening he was miserably repentant; several tears had trickled down, his cheeks and mingled with the ink of the map he was engaged upon for Miss Marsh. He established himself at Meg's elbow, and kept looking up into her face in a yearning love-and-forgive-me kind of way that she found infinitely embarrassing; for she had begun to suspect, from his strange conduct, that he had in some way learned the contents of her note, and was trying to discourage her from her enterprise. The more he gazed at her the redder and more uncomfortable she became. "You can have my new c—c—catapult," he whispered once, giving her a tearful, imploring look, that she interpreted as an entreaty to stay safely at home. At last the clock had travelled up to eight, and the children being engaged in a wordy warfare over the possession of a certain stray dog that had come to Misrule in the afternoon, she slipped out of the room unobserved. No one was in the hall, and she picked up the becoming, fleecy cloud she had hidden there, twisted it round her head, and crept out of the side door and along the first path. Down in the garden the ground was white with fallen rose leaves, and the air full of their dying breath; a clump of pampas grass stood tall and soft against the sky; some native trees, left growing among the cultivated shrubs, stretched silver-white arms up to the moon and gave the little hurrying figure a ghostly kind of feeling. Out of the gate and into the first paddock, where the rose scent did not come at all, and only a pungent smell of wattle was in the thin, hushed air. More gum trees, and more white, ghostly arms; then a sharp movement near the fence, a thick, sepulchral whisper, and a stifled scream from Meg. "Here's the c—c—c—catapult, M—Meg; t—take it," Bunty said, his face white and miserable. "You little stupid! What do you mean coming creeping here like this?" Meg said, angry as soon as her heart began to beat again. "I only w—wanted to p—p—please you, M—M-Meggie," the little boy said, with a bitter sob in his voice. He had put both his arms round her waist, and was burying his nose in her white muslin dress. She shook him off hastily. "All right; there—thanks," she said. "Now go home, Bunty; I want to have a quiet walk in the moonlight by myself." He screwed his knuckles as far into his eyes as they would go, his mouth opened, and his lower lip dropped down, down. "I t—t—told y—y—you a b—b—big st—st—story;" he wept, rocking to and fro where he stood. "Did you? Oh, all right! Now go home," she said impatiently. "You always ARE telling stories, Bunty, you know, so I'm not surprised. There-go along." "But—but I'm—must tell you all ab—ab—about it," he said, still engaged in driving his eyes into his head. "No, you needn't; I'll forgive you this time," she said magnanimously, "only don't do it again. Now run away at once, or you won't have your map done, and miss Marsh will punish you." His eyes returned to their proper position, likewise his hands. His heart was perfectly light again as he turned to go back to the house. When he had gone a few steps he came back. "D'ye want that catapult very much, Meg?" he said gently. "You're only a girl, so I don't 'spect it would be very much good to you, would it?" "No, I don't want it. Here, take it, and hurry back: think of your map," Meg returned, in a very fever of impatience at his slowness. And then Bunty, utterly happy once more, turned and ran away gaily up to the house. And Meg let down the slip-rail, put it back in its place with trembling fingers, and fled in wild haste through the two remaining paddocks. The wattle-scrub at the end was very quiet; there was not a rustle, not a sound of a voice, not a sound of the affected little laugh that generally told when Aldith was near. Meg stopped breathless, and peered among the bushes; there was a tall figure leaning against the fence. "Andrew!" she said in a sharp whisper, and forgetting in her anxiety that she never called him by his Christian name—"where are the others? Hasn't Aldith come?" There was the smell of a cigar, and, looking closely, she saw to her horror it was Alan. "Oh!" she said, in an indescribable tone. Her heart gave one frightened, shamed bound, and then seemed to stop beating altogether. She looked up, at him as if entreating him not to have too bad an opinion of her; but his face wore the contemptuous look she had grown to dread and his lips were finely curled. "I—I only came out for a little walk; it is such a beautiful evening," she said, with miserable lameness; and then in a tone of justification she added, "it's my father's paddock, too." He leaned back against he fence and looked down at her. "Flossie gave me your note, and as it seemed addressed to me, and I was told it was for me; I opened it," he said. "You KNEW it was for Andrew," she said not looking at him, however. "So I presumed when I had read it," he returned slowly; "but Andrew has not come back to-night yet, so I came instead; it's all the same as long as it's a boy, isn't it?" The girl made no reply, only put her hand up and drew the cloud more closely round her head. His lips curled a little more. "And I know how to kiss, too, I assure you. I am quite a good hand at it, though you may not think so. Oh yes, I know you said you did not want to be kissed; but then, girls always say that, don't they?—even when they expect it most." Still Meg did not speak, and the calm, merciless voice went on. "I am afraid it is hardly dark enough for you, is it? The moon is very much in the way, do you not think so? Still, perhaps we can find a darker place farther on, and then I can kiss you without danger. What is the matter?—are you always as quiet as this with Andrew?" "Oh, DON'T!" said Meg, in a choking voice. The mocking tone died instantly out of his voice, "Miss Meg, you used to seem such a nice little girl," he said quietly; "what have you let that horrid MacCarthy girl spoil you for? For she is horrid, though you may not think so." Meg did not speak or move, and he went on with a gentle earnestness that she had not thought him capable of.. "I have watched her on the boat, systematically going to work to spoil you, and can't help thinking of the pity of it. I imagined how I should feel if my little sister Flossie ever fell in with such a girl, and began to flirt and make herself conspicuous, and I wondered would you mind if I spoke to you about it. Are you very angry with me, Miss Meg?" But Meg leaned her head against the rough fence and began to sob—little, dry, heartbroken sobs that went to the boy's warm heart. "I oughtn't to have spoken as I did at first—I was a perfect brute," he said remorsefully; "forgive me, won't you? Please, little Miss Meg—I would rather cut my hand off than really hurt you." This last was a little consoling, at any rate, and Meg lifted her face half a second, white and pathetic in the moonlight, and all wet with grievous tears. "I—I—oh! indeed I have not been quite so horrid as you think," she said brokenly; "I didn't want to come this walk—and oh! indeed, indeed, indeed I wouldn't allow ANYONE to kiss me. Oh, PLEASE do believe me!" "I do, I do indeed," he said eagerly; "I only said it because—well, because I am a great rough brute, and don't know how to talk to a little, tender girl. Dear Miss Meg, do shake hands and tell me you forgive my boorishness." Meg extended a small white hand, and he shook it warmly. Then they walked up the paddocks together, and parted at a broken gate leading into the garden. "I'll never flirt again while I live," she said with great earnestness, as he bade her good-bye; and he answered encouragingly, "No, I am quite sure you won't—leave it to girls like Aldith, won't you? you only wanted to be set straight. Good-bye, little Miss Meg." "However could you do it? Some day, no doubt, you'll rue it!" Meg's troubles were not quite over, however, even yet. When she got into the house Nellie met her in the hall and stared at her. "Where have you been?" she said, a slow wonder in her round eyes. "I've been hunting and hunting for you." "What for?" said Meg shortly. "Oh, Dr. Gormeston and Mrs. Gormeston and two Miss Gormestons are in the drawing-room, and I think they'll stay for ever and ever." "Well?" said Meg. "And the General is ill again, and Esther says she won't leave him for a second, not if Gog and Magog were down there dying to see her." "Well?" said Meg again. "And Father is as mad as he can be, and is having to keep them all amused himself. He's sung 'My sweetheart when a boy' and 'Mona,' and he's told them all about his horses, and now I s'pose he doesn't know what to do." "Well, I can't help it," Meg said wearily, and as if the subject had no interest for her. "But you'll just have to!" Nell cried sharply, "I've done my best: he sent out and said we were to go in, and you weren't anywhere, so there was only Baby and me." "And what did you do?" Meg asked, curious in spite of herself. "Oh, Baby talked to Miss Gormeston, and they asked me to play," she returned, "so I played the 'Keel Row.' Only I forgot till I had finished that it was in two sharps," she added sadly. "And then Baby told Mrs. Gormeston all about Judy leaving the General at the Barracks, and being sent to boarding school for it, and about the green frog Bunty gave her, and, then Father said we'd better go to bed, and asked why ever you didn't come in." "I'll go, I'll go," Meg said hastily, "he'll be fearfully cross to-morrow about it. Oh! and, Nell, go and tell Martha to send in the wine and biscuits and things in half an hour." She flung off her cloud, smoothed her ruffled hair, and peeped in the hall-stand glass to see if the night wind had taken away the traces of her recent tears. Then she went into the drawing-roam, where her father was looking quite heated and unhappy over his efforts to entertain four guests who were of the class popularly known as "heavy in hand:" "Play something, Meg," he said presently, when greetings were finished, and a silence seemed settling down over them all again; "or sing something that will be better—haven't you anything you can sing?" Now Meg on ordinary occasions had a pleasant, fresh little voice of her own, that could be listened to with a certain amount of pleasure, but this evening she was tired and excited and unhappy. She sang "Within a mile of Edinboro' town," and was exceedingly flat all through. She knew her father was sitting on edge all the time, and that her mistakes were grating on him, and at the end of the song, rather than turn round immediately and face them all, she began to play Kowalski's March Hongroise. But the keys seemed to be rising up and hitting her hands, and the piano was growing unsteady, and rocking to and fro in an alarming manner; she made a horrible jangle as she clutched at the music-holder for safety, and the next minute swayed from the stool and fell in a dead, faint right into Dr. Gormeston's arms, providentially extended just in time. The heavy, heated atmosphere had proved too much for her, in her unhinged state of mind. Captain Woolcot was extraordinarily upset by the occurrence; not one of his children had ever done such a thing before, and as Meg lay on the sofa, with her little fair head drooping against the red frilled cushions, her face white and unconscious, she looked strangely like her mother, whom he had buried out in the churchyard four years ago. He went to the filter for a glass of water, and, as it trickled, wondered in a dull, mechanical kind of way if his little dead wife thought he had been too quick in appointing Esther to her kingdom. And then, as he stood near the sofa and looked at the death-like face, he wondered with a cold chill at his heart whether Meg was going to die, too, and if so would she be able to tell the same little wife that Esther received more tenderness at his hands than she had done. His reverie was interrupted by the doctor's sharp, surprised voice. He was talking to Esther, who had been hastily summoned to the scene, and who had helped to unfasten the pretty bodice. "Why, the child is tight-laced!" he said; "surely you must have noticed it, madam. That pressure, if it has been constant, has been enough to half kill her. Chut, chut! faint indeed—I wonder she has not taken fits or gone into a decline before this." Then a cloud of trouble came over Esther's beautiful face—she had failed again in her duty. Her husband was regarding her almost gloomily from the sofa, where the little figure lay in its crumpled muslin dress, and her heart told her these children were not receiving a mother's care at her hands. Afterwards, when Meg was safely in bed and the excitement all over, she went up to her husband almost timidly. "I'm only twenty; Jack; don't be too hard on me!" she said with a little sob in her voice. "I can't be all to them that she was, can I?" He kissed the bright, beautiful head against his shoulder, and comforted her with a tender word or two. But again and again that night there came to him Meg's white, still face as it lay on the scarlet cushions, and he knew the wind that stirred the curtains at the window had been playing with the long grass in the churchyard a few minutes since. Bunty in the Light of a Hero "'I know him to be valiant.' 'I was told that by one that knows him better than you.' 'What's he?' 'Marry, he told the so himself, and he said he cared not who knew it'" Bunty had been betrayed into telling another story. It was a very, big one, and he was proportionately miserable. Everyone else had gone out but Meg, who was still in bed after her fainting fit, and he had been having a lonely game of cricket down in the paddock by himself. But even with a brand-new cricket ball this game palls after a time when one has to bowl and bat and backstop in solitary state. So presently he put his bat over into the garden, and began to throw the ball about in an aimless fashion, while he cogitated on what he should do next. His father's hack was standing away at the farther end of the paddock, and in an idle, thoughtless way Bunty sauntered down towards it, and then sent his ball spinning over the ground in its direction "to give it a jump." Nothing was further from his thoughts than an idea of hurting the animal, and when the ball struck it full on the leg, and it moved away limping, he hastened down to it, white and anxious. He could see he had done serious mischief by the way the poor thing held its leg up from the ground and quivered when he touched it. Terror seized him forthwith, and he turned hastily round with his usual idea of hiding in his head. But to his utter dismay, when he got half-way back across the paddock he saw his father and a brother officer come out of the wicket gate leading from the garden and saunter slowly down in the direction of the horse, which was a valuable and beautiful one. In terror at what he had done, he slipped the cricket ball into the front of his sailor jacket, and, falling hurriedly upon his knees, began playing an absorbing game of marbles. His trembling thumb had hit about a dozen at random when he heard his name called in stentorian tones. He rose, brushed the dust from his shaking knees, and walked slowly down to his father. "Go and tell Pat I want him instantly," the Captain said. He had the horse's leg in his hand and was examining it anxiously. "If he's not about, send Pip. I can't think how it's happened—do you know anything of this, Bunty?" "No, of course not! I n—never did n—n—nothing," Bunty said with chattering teeth, but his father was too occupied to notice his evident guilt, and bade him go at once. So he went up to the stables and sent Pat posthaste back to his father. And then he stole into the house, purloined two apples and a bit of cake from the dining-room, and went away to be utterly miserable until he had confessed. He crept into a disused shed some distance from the house; in days gone by it had been a stable, and had a double loft over it that was only to be reached by a ladder in the last stage of dilapidation. Bunty scrambled up, sat down in an unhappy little heap among some straw, and began thoughtfully to gnaw an apple. If ever a little lad was in need of a wise loving, motherly mother it was this same dirty-faced, heavyhearted one who sat with his small rough head against a cobwebby beam and muttered dejectedly, "'Twasn't my fault: 'Twas the horse:" He fancied something moved in the second loft, which was divided from the one he was in by a low partition. "Shoo—shoo, get away!" he called, thinking it was rats. He struck the floor several times with his heavy little boots. "Shoo!" he said. The boy turned pale to his lips. That odd, low whisper of his name, that strange rustle so near him—oh, what COULD it mean? Again the name sounded. Louder this time, but in a tired voice, that struck him some way with a strange thrill. The rustling grew louder, something was getting over the partition, crossing the floor, coming towards him. He gave a sob of terror and flung himself face downwards on the ground, hiding his little blanched face among the straw. "Bunty," said the voice again, and a light hand touched his arm. "Help me—HELP me!" he shrieked. "Meg—oh! Father—Esther!" But one hand was hastily put over his mouth and another pulled him into a sitting position. He had shut his eyes very tightly, so as not to see the ghostly visitant that he knew had come to punish him for his sin. But something made him open them, and then he felt he could never close them again for amazement. For, it was Judy's hand that was over his mouth, and Judy's self that was standing beside him. "My golly!" he said, in a tone of stupefaction. He stared hard at her to make sure she was real flesh and blood. "However did you get here?" But Judy made no answer. She merely took the remaining apple and cake from his hand, and, sitting down, devoured them in silence. "Haven't you got any more?" she said anxiously. Then he noticed what a tall, gaunt, strange-looking Judy it was. Her clothes were hanging round her almost in tatters, her boots were burst and white with dust, her brown face was thin and sharp, and her hair matted and rough. "My golly!" the little boy said again, his eyes threatening to start out of his head—"my golly, Judy, what have you been doin'?" "I—I've run away, Bunty," Judy said, in a quavering voice. "I've walked all the way from school. I wanted to see you all so badly." "My jiggery!" Bunty said. "I've thought it all out," Judy continued, pushing back her hair in a weary moray. "I can't quite remember everything just now, I am so tired, but everything will be all right." "But what'll he say?" Bunty said with frightened eyes, as a vision of his father crossed his mind. "He won't know, of course," Judy returned, in a matter-of-fact manner. "I shall just live here in this loft for a time, and you can all come to see me and bring me food and things, and then presently I'll go back to school." She sank down among the straw and shut her eyes in an exhausted way for a minute or two, and Bunty watched her half fascinated. "How far is it from your school?" he said at last. "Seventy-seven miles." Judy shuddered a little. "I got a lift in a luggage train from Lawson to Springwood, and a ride in a cart for a little way, but I walked the rest. I've been nearly a week coming," she added after a pause, and shut her eyes again for quite a long time. Then a tear or two of weakness and self-pity trickled from beneath her black lashes, and made a little clean mark down her cheeks. Bunty's throat swelled at the sight of them, he had never seen Judy cry as long as he could remember. He patted her thin hand, he rubbed his head against her shoulder, and said, "Never mind, old girl," in a thick voice. But that brought, half a dozen great heavy drop hurrying down from beneath the closed lashes, and the girl turned over and lay face downwards to hide them. Then she struggled up to a sitting position and actually began to laugh. "IF the Miss Burtons could see me!" she said. "Oh, I've managed everything so beautifully; they think I'm spending a fortnight at Katoomba—oh, BUNTY, you ought to see the curls Miss Marian Burton wears plastered at each side of her cheeks!" She broke off, laughing almost hysterically, and then coughing till the tears came back in her eyes. "Do go and get me something to eat," she said crossly, when she got her breath—"you might remember I've had nothing to eat since yesterday morning; only you always were selfish, Bunty." He got up and moved away in a great hurry. "What could you eat? what shall I get?" he said, and put one leg down the trap-door. "Anything so long as it's a lot," she said—"ANYTHING!—I feel I could eat this straw, and crunch up the beams as if they were biscuits. I declare I've had to keep my eyes off you, Bunty; you're so fat I keep longing to pick your bones." Her eyes shone with a spark of their old fun, but then she began to cough again, and, after the paroxysm had passed, lay back exhausted. "Do fetch some of the others," she called faintly, as his head was disappearing. "You're not much good alone, you know." His head bobbed back a moment, and he tried to smile away the pain her words gave him, for just at that minute he would have died for her without a murmur. "I'm awf'ly sorry, Judy," he said gently, "but the others are all out. Wouldn't I do? I'd do anything, Judy please." Judy disregarded the little sniffle that accompanied the last words, and turned her face to the wall. Two big tears trickled down again. "They MIGHT have stayed in," she said with a sob. "They might have known I should try to come. Where are they?" "Pip's gone fishing," he said, "and Nell's carrying the basket for him. And Baby's at the Courtneys', and Esther's gone to town with the General. Oh, and Meg's ill in bed, because her stays were too tight last night and she fainted." "I suppose they haven't missed me a scrap," was her bitter thought, when she heard how everything seemed going on as usual, while she had been living through so much just to see them all. Then the odd feeling of faintness came back, and she closed her eyes again and lay motionless, forgetful of time, place, or hunger. Bunty sped across the paddock on winged feet; the sight of his father near the stables gave him a momentary shock, and brought his own trouble to mind, but he shook it off again and hurried on. The pantry door was locked. Martha, the cook, kept it in that condition generally on account of his own sinful propensities for making away with her tarts and cakes; it was only by skilful stratagem he could ever get in, as he remembered dejectedly. But Judy's hunger! Nothing to eat since yesterday morning! He remembered, with a feeling of pain even now, the horrible sinking sensation he had experienced last week when for punishment he had been sent to bed without his tea. And Judy had forgone three meals! He shut his lips tightly, and a light of almost heroic resolve came into his eyes. Round at the side of the house was the window to the pantry; he had often gazed longingly up at it, but had never ventured to attempt the ascent, for there was a horrible cactus creeper up the wall. But now for Judy's sake he would do it or die. He marched round the house and up to the side window; no one was about, the whole place seemed very quiet. Martha, as he had seen, was cooking in the kitchen, and the other girl was whitening the front veranda. He gave one steady look at the great spiky thorns, and the next minute was climbing up among them. Oh, how they pierced and tore him! There was a great, jagged wound up one arm, his left stocking was ripped away and a deep red scratch showed across his leg, his hands were bleeding and quivering with pain. But he had reached the sill, and that was everything. He pushed up the narrow window, and with much difficulty forced his little fat body through. Then he dropped down on to a shelf, and lowered himself gingerly on to the floor. There was no time to stay to look at his many hurts, he merely regarded the biggest scratch with rueful eyes, and then began to look around for provender. The pantry was remarkably empty—not a sign of cakes, not a bit of jelly, not a remnant of fowl anywhere. He cut a great piece off a loaf, and carefully wrapped some butter in a scrap of newspaper. There was some corned beef on a dish, and he cut off a thick lump and rolled it up with the remains of a loquat tart. These parcels he disposed of down the loose front of his sailor coat, filling up his pockets with sultanas, citron-peel, currants, and such dainties as the store bottles held. And then he prepared to make his painful retreat. He climbed upon the shelf once more, put his head out of the window, and gave a look of despair at the cactus. And even as he knelt there sounded behind him the sharp click of a turning key. He looked wildly round, and there was Martha in the doorway, and to his utter horror she was talking to his father, who was in the passage just beyond. "Row's Embrocation, or arnica," the Captain was saying. "It is probably in this pantry, my good girl, because it is the last place I should expect it to be in. I left it on my bedroom mantelpiece, but somebody has seen fit to meddle with it. Why in the name of all that is mysterious can't you let my things alone?" "And for what should I be after moving it for?" Martha retorted. "I don't mix the pastry with it to make it lightsome, leastway not ordinarily." She tossed her head, and the action revealed the small, kneeling, terrified figure at the window. Now the door was only half open, and her master was standing just beside it outside, so she only had the benefit of the spectacle. Twice she opened her mouth to speak, but Bunty made such frantic, imploring faces at her than she closed it again, and even began to examine the bottles on the shelf near the door to give the boy an opportunity of retreat. One minute and he would, have been safe—one minute and he would have been in the thick of the cactus, that had quite lost its terrors. But the Fates were too strong for him. And all because Martha Tomlinson's shoe was don at the heel. In turning round it twisted a little under her, and, in trying to recover her balance, she put out one hand. And in putting out one hand she knocked over a jug. And the jug communicated its shock to dish. Which toppled over, and coolly pushed the great basin of milk off the shelf on to the floor. I don't know if ever you have tried to clean a board floor after milk, but I am sure you can imagine it would be a disagreeable task, especially if you had scrubbed it well only that morning. It was hardly to be wondered at, therefore, that Martha, in her profound irritation at the disaster, turned angrily round, and, pointing to the figure now stuck in the window, demanded in an exasperated tone whether the blessed saints could stand that dratted boy any longer, for she couldn't, so there. The Captain took an angry step into the pantry and gave a roar of command for Bunty to come down. The boy dropped in an agony of dread and shrinking. "Always his hands a-pickin' and stealin' and his tongue a-lyin'," said Martha Tomlinson, gazing unkindly at the unhappy child. Two, three, four, five angry cuts from the riding-whip in the Captain's hands, and Bunty had ducked under his arm and fled howling down the passage and out of the back door. Away across the paddocks he went, sobbing at every step, but hugely commending himself for bearing all this for someone else's sake. He could hardly have believed, had anyone told him previously, that he could have done anything so absolutely noble, and the thought comforted him even while the cuts and scratches smarted. He tried to stifle his sobs as he reached the shed, and even stuffed half a handful of currants into his mouth towards that end. But it was a very tearful, scratched, miserable face that bobbed up the opening near Judy again. She did not move, though her eyes were half open, and he knelt down and shook her shoulder gently. "Here's some things, Judy—ain't you goin' to eat them?" She shook her head very slightly. "Have some corned beef, or some currants; there's some peel, too, if you'd rather." She shook her head again. "Do take them away," she said, with a little moan. A look of blank disappointment stole over his small, heated face. "An' I've half killed myself to get them! Well, you ARE a mean girl!" he said. "Oh, DO go away,": Judy moaned, moving her head restlessly from side to side. "Oh, how my feet ache! no—my head, and my side—oh! I don't know what it is!" "I got hit here and here," Bunty said, indicating the places, and wiping away tears of keen self-pity with his coat sleeve. "I'm scratched all over with that beastly old cactus." "Do you suppose there are many miles more?" Judy said, in such a quick way that all the words seemed to run into each other. "I've walked hundreds and hundreds, and haven't got home yet. I suppose it's because the world's round, and I'll be walling in at the school gate again presently." "Don't be an idjut!" Bunty said gruffly. "You'll be sure and certain, Marian, never to breathe a word of it; I've trusted you, and if you keep faith I can go home and come back and no one will know. And lend me two shillings, can you? I've not got much left. Bunty, you selfish little pig, you might get me some milk! I've been begging and begging of you for hours, and my head is going to Catherine wheels for want of it." "Have some corned beef, Judy, dear—oh, Judy, don't be so silly and horrid after I nearly got killed for you," Bunty said, trying with trembling fingers to stuff a piece into her mouth. The little girl rolled over and began muttering again. "Seventy-seven miles," she said, "and I walked eleven yesterday, that makes eleven hundred and seventy-seven—and six the day before because my foot had a blister—that's eleven hundred and eighty-three. And if I walk ten miles a day I shall get home in eleven hundred and eighty-three times ten, that's a thousand and—and—oh! what is it? whatever is it? Bunty, you horrid little pig, can't you, tell me what it is? My head aches too much to work, and a thousand and something days—that's a year—two years—two years—three years before I get there. Oh, Pip, Meg, three years! oh, Esther! ask him, ask him to let me come home! Three years—years—years!" The last word was almost shrieked and the child struggled to her feet and tried to walk. Bunty caught her arms and held her. "Let me go, can't you?" she said hoarsely. "I shall never get there at this rate. Three years, and all those miles!" She pushed him aside and tried to walk across the loft, but her legs tottered under her and she fell down in a little senseless heap. "Meg—I'll fetch Meg," said the little boy in a trembling, alarmed voice, and he slipped down the opening and hastened up to the house. The Truant He burst into Meg's bedroom like a whirlwind. "She's in the old shed, Meg, and I'm not sure, but I think she's gone mad; and I've had the awfullest beating, and got nearly killed with the cactus for her, and never told anything. She can't eat the corned beef, either, after all. She's run away—and oh, I'm sure she's mad!" Meg lifted a pale, startled face from the pillows. "Who on earth—what—" "Judy," he said, and burst into excited sobs. "She's in the shed, and I think she's mad!" Meg got slowly out of bed, huddled on some clothes, and even then utterly disbelieving the wild story, went downstairs with him. In the hall they met their father, who was just going out. "Are you better?" he said to Meg. "You should have stayed in bed all day; however, perhaps the air will do you more good." "Yes," she said mechanically. "I'm going out for the rest of the day; indeed, I don't expect either Esther or myself will be back till to-morrow morning." "Yes," repeated Meg. "Don't let the children blow the house up, and take care of yourself—oh! and send Bunty to bed without any tea—he's had enough for one day, I'm sure." "Yes," said the girl again, only taking in the import of what the last pledged her to when Bunty whispered a fierce "Sneak!" at her elbow. Then the dogcart rattled up; and the Captain went away, to their unspeakable relief. "Now what is this mad story?" Meg said, turning to her small brother. "I suppose it's one of your untruths, you bad little boy." "Come and see,"' Bunty returned, and he led the way through the paddocks. Half-way down they met Pip and Nell, returning earlier than expected from the fishing expedition. Nellie looked sad, and was walking at a respectful distance behind her brother. "You might as well take a phonograph with you as Nellie," he said, casting a look of withering scorn on that delinquent. "She talked the whole time, and didn't give me a chance of a bite." "Judy's home," said Bunty, almost bursting with the importance of his knowledge. "No one's seen her but me; I've nearly got killed with climbing up cactuses and into windows and things, and I've had thrashings from Father and everything, but I never told a word, did I, Meg? I've got her up in the shed here, and I went and got corned beef and everything just you look at my legs:" He displayed his scars proudly, but Meg hurried on, and Pip and Nell followed in blank amazement. At the shed they stopped. "It's a yarn of Bunty's," Pip said contemptuously. "'Tisn't April the first yet, my son." "Come and see," Bunty returned, swarming up. Pip followed, and gave a low cry; then Meg and Nell, with rather more difficulty, scrambled up, and the scene was complete. The delirium had passed, and Judy was lying with wide-open eyes gazing in a tired way at the rafters. She smiled up at them as they gathered round her. "If Mahomet won't come to the mountain," she said, and then coughed for two or three minutes. "What have you been doing, Ju, old girl?" Pip said, with an odd tremble in his voice. The sight of his favourite sister, thin, hollow-checked, exhausted, was too much for his boyish manliness. A moisture came to his eyes. "How d'you come, Ju?" he said, blinking it away. And the girl gave her old bright look up at him. "Sure and they keep no pony but shank's at school," she said; "were you afther thinkin' I should charter a balloon?" She coughed again. Meg dropped down on her knees and put her arms round her little thin sister. "Judy," she cried, "oh, Judy, Judy! my dear, my dear!" Judy laughed for a little time, and called her an old silly, but she soon broke down and sobbed convulsively. "I'm so hungry," she said, at last pitifully. They all four, started up as though they would fetch the stores of Sydney to satisfy her. Then Meg sat down again and lifted the rough, curly head on her lap. "You go, Pip," she said, "and bring wine and a glass, and in the meat-safe there's some roast chicken; I had it for my lunch, and Martha said she would put the rest there till tea; and be quick, Pip." "My word!" said Pip to himself, and he slipped down and flew across to the house. "Upon my word!" said Martha, meeting him in the hall five minutes later, a cut-glass decanter under his arm, a wineglass held in his teeth by the stem, a dish of cold chicken in his hand, and bread and butter in a little stack beside the chicken. "Upon my word! And what next, might I ask?" "Oh, shut up, and hang your grandmother!" said Pip, brushing past her, and going a circuitous voyage to the shed lest she should be watching. He knelt down beside his little sister and fed her with morsels of chicken and sips of wine, and stroked her wild hair, and called her old girl fifty times, and besought her to eat just a little more and a little more. And Judy, catching the look in the brown, wet eyes above her, ate all he offered, though the first mouthful nearly choked her; she would have eaten it had it been elephant's hide, seeing she loved this boy better than anything else in the world, and he was in such distress. She was the better for it, too, and sat up and talked quite naturally after a little time. "You shouldn't have done t you shouldn't really, you know, old girl, and what the governor will say to you beats me." "He won't know," she answered quickly. "I'd never forgive whoever told him. I can only stay a week. I've arranged it all beautifully, and I shall live here in this loft; Father never dreams of coming here, so it will be quite safe, and you can all bring me food. And then after a week"—she sighed heavily—"I must go back again." "Did you really walk all those miles just to see us?" Pip said, and again there was the strange note in his voice. "I got a lift or two on the way," she said, "but I walked nearly all of it, I've been coming for nearly a week:" "How COULD you do it? Where did you sleep, Judy? What did you eat?" Meg exclaimed, in deep distress. "I nearly forget," Judy said; closing her eyes again. "I kept asking for food at little cottages, and sometimes they asked me to sleep, and I had three-and-six—that went a long way. I only slept outside two nights, and I had my jacket then." Meg's face was pale with horror at her sister's adventure. Surely no girl in the wide world but Judy Woolcot would have attempted such a harebrained project as walking all those miles with three-and-six in her pocket. "How COULD you?" was all she could find to say. "I hadn't meant to walk all the way," Judy said, with a faint mile. "I had seven shillings in a bit of paper in my pocket, as well as the three-and-six, and I knew it would take me a long way in the train. But then I lost it after I had started, and I didn't believe in going back just for that, so, of course, I had to walk." Meg touched her cheek softly. "It's no wonder you got so thin," she said. "Won't the Miss Buttons be raising a hue-and-cry after you?" Pip asked. "It's a wonder they've not written to the pater to say you have skedaddled." "Oh! Marian and I made that all safe," Judy said, with a smile of recollective pleasure. "Marian's my chum, you see, and does anything I tell her. And she lives at Katoomba." "Well?" said Meg, mystified, as her sister paused. "Well, you see, a lot of the girls had the measles, and so they sent Marian home, for fear she should get them. And Marian's mother asked for me to go there, too, for a fortnight; and so Miss Burton wrote and asked Father could I? and I wrote and asked couldn't I come home instead for the time?" "He never told us," Meg said softly. "No, I s'pose not. Well, he wrote back and said 'no' to me and 'yes' to her. So one day they put us in the train safely, and we were to be met at Katoomba. And the thought jumped into my head as we went along: Why ever shouldn't I come home on the quiet? So I told Marian she could explain to her people I had gone home instead, and that she was to be sure to make it seem all right, so they wouldn't write to Miss Button. And then the train stopped at Blackheath, and I jumped straight out, and she went on to Katoomba, and I came home. That's all. Only, you see, as I'd lost my money there was nothing left for it but to walk." Meg smoothed the dusty, tangled confusion of her hair. "But you can't live out here for the week," she said, in a troubled voice. "You've got a horrid cough with sleeping outside, and I'm sure you're ill. We shall have to tell Father about it. I'll beg him not to send you back, though." Judy started up, her eyes aflame. "If you do," she said—"if you do, I will run away this very night, and walk to Melbourne, or Jerusalem, and never see any of you again! How can you, Meg! After I've done all this just so he wouldn't know! Oh, how CAN you?" She was working herself up into a strong state of excitement. "Why, I should be simply packed back again tomorrow—you know I would, Meg. Shouldn't I now, Pip? And get into a fearful row at school into the bargain. My plan is beautifully simple. After I've had a week's fun here with you I shall just go back—you can all lend me some money for the train. I shall just meet Marian at Katoomba on the 25th; we shall both go back to school together, and no one will be a bit the wiser. My cough's nothing; you know I often do get coughs at home, and they never hurt me. As long as you bring me plenty to eat, and stay with me, I'll be all right." The rest and food and home faces had done much already for her; her face looked less pinched, and a little more wholesome colour was creeping slowly into her cheeks. Meg had an uncomfortable sense of responsibility, and the feeling that she ought to tell someone was strong upon her; but she was overruled by the others in the end. "You couldn't be so mean, Meg," Judy had said warmly, when she had implored to be allowed to tell Esther. "Such a blab!" Bunty had added. "Such an awful sneak!" Pip had said. So Meg held her tongue, but was exceedingly unhappy. Swish, Swish! On the fourth day of Judy's residence in the loft, Martha Tomlinson remarked to her fellow-servant and sufferer, Bridget, that she believed them blessed children were in a conspiracy to put her "over the river." Bridget's digestion was impaired that morning, and she merely remarked that she supposed the dear little things only felt a desire to see her in her proper place. I should explain to you, perhaps, that "over the river" meant Gladesville, which is Sydney's Colney Hatch. Many things had led the unhappy Martha to a belief in this conspiracy. For instance, when she went to make Pip's bed as usual one morning all the bedclothes had gone. The white counterpane was spread smoothly over the mattress, but there was absolutely no trace of the blankets, sheets, and pillows. She hunted in every possible and impossible place, questioned the children, and even applied to Esther, but the missing things could not be found. "There's a man in corduroy trousers hanging round here every night," Pip said, gloomily regarding his stripped bed. "I shouldn't wonder if he had something to do with it." Which suggestion was distinctly unkind, seeing the man in corduroy trousers was Martha's most ardent and favoured admirer. The next day the washing basin in Meg's room went, and after that a chair from the nursery, and a strip of carpet from the top landing, not to mention such small things as a teapot, a spirit-lamp, cups and plates, half a horn, and a whole baking of gingerbread nuts. The losses preyed upon Martha, for the things seemed to disappear while the children were in bed; and though she suspected them, and watched them continually, she could get no clear proof of their guilt, nor even find any motive for them abstracting such things. And after the disappearance of each fresh article, Pip used to ask whether the corduroy-trousered gentleman had been to the house the night before. And as it always happened, that he had, Martha could do nothing but cast a wrathful glance at the boy and flounce from the room. One night the little chess-table from the nursery was spirited away. Pip fell upon Martha's neck the next morning early, as she was sweeping the carpet, and affected to be dissolved in tears. "'We never prize the violet,'" he said, in broken tones. "Ah! Martha, Martha! we never felt what a treasure we had in you till now, when your days with us are numbered." "Get along with you," she said, hitting out at him with the broom handle. "And I ain't a-goin' to leave, so don't you think it. You'd have it your own way then too much. No; you don't get shut of Martha Tomlinson just yet, young man." "But won't he be wanting you, Martha?" he said gently. "His furnishing must be nearly finished now. He's not taken a saucepan yet, nor a flat-iron, I know; but there's everything else, Martha; and I don't mind telling you in confidence I'm thinking of giving you a flat-iron myself as a wedding present, so you needn't wait till he comes for that." "Get out with you!" said Martha again, thrusting the broom-head right into his face, and nearly choking him with dust. "It's a limb of the old gentleman himself you are." Away in the loft things were getting very comfortable. A couple of rugs hung on the walls kept out the draught. Judy's bed, soft and warm, was in a corner; she had a chair to sit in, a table to eat at, even a basin in which to perform her ablutions. And she had company all day; and nearly always all night. Once Meg had stolen away, after fastening her bedroom door, and had shared the bed in the loft; once Nellie had gone, and the other night Pip had taken a couple of blankets and made himself a shakedown among the straw. They used to pay her visits at all hours of the day, creeping up the creaking ladder one after the other, whenever they could get away unnoticed. The governess had, as it happened, a fortnight's holiday, to nurse a sick mother, so the girls and Bunty had no demands on their time. Pip used to go to school late and come back early, cajoling notes of excuse, whenever, possible, out of Esther. He even played the truant once, and took a caning for it afterwards quite good-humouredly. Judy still looked pale and tired, and her cough was rather troublesome; but she was fast getting her high spirits back, and was enjoying her adventure immensely. The only drawback was the cribbed, cabined, and confined space of the loft. "You will HAVE to arrange things so that I can go for a run," she said one morning, in a determined manner. "My legs are growing shorter, I am sure, with not exercising them. I shall have forgotten how to walk by the end of the week." Pip didn't think it could be done; Meg besought her to run no risks; but Bunty and Nell were eager for it. "Meg could talk to Father," Bunty said, "and Pip could keep teasing General till Esther would be frightened to leave the room, and then me and Judy would nick down and have a run, and get back before you let them go." Judy shook her head. "That would be awfully stale," she said. "If I go, I shall stay down some time. Why shouldn't we have a picnic down at the river?" "Oh, yes, let's!" Bunty cried, with sparkling eyes. "I'm sure we could manage it especially as it's Saturday, and Pip hasn't to go to school," Judy continued, thinking it rapidly out. "Two of you could go and get some food. Tell Martha you are all going for a picnic—she'll be glad enough not to have dinner to set—then you go on. Two others can watch if the coast's clear while I get down and across the paddocks, and once we're at the corner of the road we're safe." It seemed feasible enough, and in a very short time the preparations were all made. Pip was mounting guard at the shed, and had undertaken to get Judy safely away, and Bunty had been stationed on the back veranda to keep cave and whistle three times if there was any danger. He was to wait for a quarter of an hour by the kitchen clock, and then, if all was well, to bring the big billy and a bread loaf, and catch the others up on the road. It was slow work waiting there, and he stood on one leg, like a meditative fowl, and reviewed the events of the last few exciting days. He had a depressed feeling at his heart, but why he could hardly tell. Perhaps it was the lie he had told his father, and which was still unconfessed, because the horse was seriously lame, and his courage oozed away every time he thought of that riding-whip. Perhaps it was the reaction after the great excitement. Or it may have been a rankling sense of injustice at the small glory his brave deeds on Judy's behalf evoked from the others. They did not seem to attach any importance to them, and, indeed, laughed every time he alluded to them or drew public attention to his scars. Two or three of the scratches on his legs were really bad ones, and while he was standing waiting he turned down his stockings and gazed at these with pitying eyes and something like a sob in his throat. "Nobody cares!" he muttered, and one of his ever-ready tears fell splashing down on one extended bare leg. "Judy likes Pip best, and he never climbed the cactus; Meg thinks I tell stories; and Nellie says I'm a greedy pig—nobody cares!" Another great fat tear gathered and fell. "Have you taken root there?" a voice asked. His father, smoking at the open french window, had been watching him, and marvelling at his rare and exceeding quietness. Bunty started, guiltily, and pulled up his stockings. "I'm not doin' nothin'," he said aggrievedly, after a minute's pause. Bunty always lapsed into evil grammar when agitated. "Nothing at all. I'm goin' to a picnic." "Ah, indeed!" said the Captain. "You looked as if you were meditating on some fresh mischief, or sorrowing over some old—which was it?" Bunty turned a little pale, but remarked again he "wasn't doin' nothin'." The Captain felt in a lazy, teasing mood, and his little fat, dirty son, was the only subject near. "Suppose you come here and confess every bit of mischief you've done this week," he said gravely. "I've the whole morning to spare, and it's time I saw to your morals a little." Bunty approached the arm of the chair indicated, but went whiter than ever. "Ah, now we're comfortable. Well, there was stealing from the pantry on Tuesday—that's one," he said, encouragingly. "Now then." "I n—n—never did n—nothin' else," Bunty gasped. He felt certain it was all over with him, and the cricket ball episode was discovered. He even looked nervously round to see if the riding-whip was near. Yes, there was Esther's silver-topped one flung carelessly on a chair. He found time to wish fervently Esther was a tidy woman. "Nothing at all, Bunty? On your word?" said his father, in an impressive tone. "I was p—playin' marbles," he said, in a shaking voice. "How c—c—could I have sh—shot anything at y—y—your old horse?" "Horse—ah!" said his father. A light broke upon him, and his face grew stern. "What did you throw at Mazeppa to lame him? Answer me at once." Bunty gave a shuddering glance at the whip. "N-n-nothin'," he answered—"n—nothin' at all. My c—c—cricket b—ball was up in the st—st—stables. I was only p—p—playin' marbles." The Captain gave him a little shake. "Did you lame Mazeppa with the cricket ball?" he said sternly. "N—n—no I n—never," Bunty whispered, white to the lips. Then semi-repentance came to him, and he added: "It just rolled out of my p—p—pocket, and M—Mazeppa was passing and h—h—hit his l-leg on it." "Speak the truth, or I'll thrash you within an inch of your life," the Captain said, standing up, and seizing Esther's whip: "Now then, sir—was it you lamed Mazeppa?" "Yes," said Bunty, bursting into a roar of crying, and madly dodging the whip. Then, as the strokes descended on his unhappy shoulders, he filled the air with his familiar wail of "'Twasn't me, 'twasn't my fault!" "You contemptible young cur!" said his father, pausing a moment when his arm ached with wielding the whip. "I'll thrash this mean spirit of lying and cowardice out of you, or kill you in the attempt." Swish, swish. "What sort of a man do you think you'll make?" Swish, swish. "Telling lies just to save your miserable skin!" Swish, swish, swish, swish. "You've killed me—oh, you've killed me! I know you have!" yelled the wretched child, squirming all over the floor. "'Twasn't me, 'twasn't my fault—hit the others some." Swish, swish, swish. "Do you think the others would lie so contemptibly? Philip never lied to me. Judy would cut her tongue out first." Swish, swish, swish. "Going to a picnic, are you? You can picnic in your room till to-morrow's breakfast." Swish, swish, swish. "Pah—get away with you!" Human endurance could go no further. The final swish had been actual agony to his smarting, quivering shoulders and back. He thought of the others, happy and heedless, out in the sunshine, trudging merrily off to the river, without a thought of what he was bearing, and his very heart seethed to burst in the hugeness of its bitterness and despair. "Judy's home!" he said, in a choking, passionate voice. "She lives in the old shed in the cow, paddock. Boo, hoo, hoo! They're keepin' it secret from you. Boo, hoo. She's gone to the picnic, and she's run away from school." Uninvited Guests The captain was walking slowly across the paddocks with the cabbage-tree hat he kept for the garden pushed back from his brow. He was rather heated after his tussle with his second son, and there was a thoughtful light in his eyes. He did not believe the truth of Bunty's final remark, but still he considered there was sufficient probability in it to make a visit to the shed not altogether superfluous. Not that he expected, in any case, to find his errant daughter there, for had not Bunty said there was a picnic down at the river? But he thought, there might be some trace or other. The door of the shed swung back on its crazy hinges, and the sunlight streamed in and made a bar of glorified dust across the place. There was no sign of habitation here, unless a hair ribbon of Meg's and some orange peel, might be considered as such. He saw the shaky, home-made ladder, resting against the hole in the ceiling, and though he had generally more respect for his neck than his children had for theirs, he ventured his safety upon it. It creaked ominously as he reached the top step and crawled through into the loft. There were a ham-bone, a box of dominoes, and a burst pillow this side of the partition, nothing else, so he walked across and looked over. "Very cosy," he murmured, "I shouldn't mind camping here myself for a little time," and it even came into his head to do so, and be there as a "surprise party" when Judy returned. But he dismissed the idea as hardly compatible with dignity. He remembered hearing rumours of missing furniture in the house, and almost a smile came into his eyes as he saw the little old table with the spirit-lamp and teapot thereon, the bed-clothing and washing-basin. But a stern look succeeded it. Were seventy-seven miles not sufficient obstacle to Judy's mischievous plans? How did she dare thus to defy him, a child of thirteen: and he her father? His lips compressed ominously, and he went down again and strode heavily back to the house. "Esther!" he called, in a vibrating voice at the foot of the stairs. And "Coming, dear—half a minute," floated down in response. Half a minute passed ten times, and then she came, the beautiful young mother with her laughing-faced wee son in her arms. Her eyes looked so tender; and soft, and loving that he turned away impatiently; he knew quite well how it would be; she would beg and entreat him to forgive his little daughter when she heard, and when she looked as bright and beautiful as she did just now he could refuse her nothing. He stood in profound meditation for a minute or two. "What is it you want, John?" she said. "Oh! and what do you think? I have just found another tooth, a double one—come and look." He came, half unwillingly, and stuck his little finger into his infant son's mouth. Esther guided it till it felt a tiny, hard substance. "The third," she said proudly; "aren't you pleased?" "Hum!" he said. Then he meditated a little longer, and after a minute or two rubbed his hands as if he was quite pleased with himself. "Put on your hat, Esther, and the General's," he said, patting that young gentleman's head affectionately. "Let us go down to the river for a stroll; the children are down there picnicking, so we can be sure of some tea." "Why, yes, that will be very nice," she said, "won't it Bababsie, won't it, sweet son?" She called to Martha, who was dusting the drawing-room in a cheerfully blind way peculiarly hers. "The General's hat, please, Martha, the white sun-hat with strings; it's on my bed, I think, or a chair or somewhere—oh! and bring down my large one with the poppies in, as well, please." Martha departed, and, after a little search, returned with the headgear. And Esther tied the white sun-hat over her own curly, crinkly hair, and made the General crow with laughing from his seat on the hall table. And then she popped it on the Captain's head, and put the cabbage-tree on her son's, and occupied several minutes thus in pretty play. Finally they were ready, and moved down the hall. "Master Bunty is locked in his room; on no account open the door, Martha," was the Captain's last command. "Oh, Jack!" Esther said reproachfully. "Oblige me by not interfering," he said; "allow me a little liberty with my own children, Esther. He is an untruthful little vagabond; I am ashamed to own him for my son." And Esther, reflecting on the many shiftinesses of her stepson, was able to console herself with the hope that it would do him good. They went a shortcut through the bush to avoid the public road, and the blue, sun-kissed, laughing river stretched before them. "There they are," Esther cried, "in the old place, as usual, look at the fire, little sweet son; see the smoke, boy bonny—four—five of them. Why, who have they got with them?" she said in surprise, as they drew nearer the group on the grass. Before they were close enough to recognize faces the circle suddenly seemed to break up and fall apart. One of its members turned sharply round and fled away across the grass, plunging into the thick bracken and bush, and disappearing from sight in less time than it takes to tell. "Whoever had you with you?" Esther said when they reached the children. There was a half-second's silence, then Pip threw some sticks on the fire and said coolly: "Only a friend of Meg's, a frightened kind of kid who has quite a dread of the pater. I believe she imagines soldiers go round with their swords sharpened, ready for use." He laughed lightly. Nell joined in in a little hysterical way, and Baby began to cry. Meg, white as death, picked her up and hurriedly began telling her the story of the three bears for comfort. Esther looked a little puzzled, but, of course, never dreamt of connecting the flying figure with Judy. And the Captain seemed delightfully blind and unsuspicious. He lay down on the grass and let the General swarm all over him; he made jokes with Esther; he told several stories of his young days, and never even seemed to remark that his audience seemed inattentive and constrained. "Haven't you made some tea?" Esther said at last. "We love billy tea, and thought you would be sure to have some?" "Bunty hasn't come, he was to have brought the billy," Pip said, half sulkily. He had suspicions that there was something behind this great affability of his father, and he objected to being played with. "Ah," the Captain said gravely, "that is unfortunate. When I came away Bunty did not seem very well, and was thinking of spending the rest of the day in his bedroom." Pip made up the fire in a dogged way, and Meg flashed a frightened glance at her father, who smiled affectionately back at her. After an hour of this strained intercourse the Captain proposed a return home. "It is growing chill," he said. "I should be grieved for the General's new-born tooth to start its life by aching—let's go home and make shift with teapot tea." So they gathered up the untouched baskets and made themselves into a procession. The Captain insisted on Pip and Meg walking with him, and he sent Baby and Nell on in front, one on either side of Esther, who was alternately leading and carrying the General. This arrangement being, as indeed Pip shrewdly suspected; to prevent the possibility of any intercourse or formation of new plans. And when they got home he invited them all to come into his smoking-room, a little slit of a place off the dining-room. Esther took the General upstairs, but the others followed him in silence. "Sit down, Pip, my boy," he said genially. "Come, Meg, make yourself at home, take a seat in that armchair. Nell and Baby can occupy the lounge." They all sat down helplessly where he told them, and watched his face anxiously. He selected a pipe from the row over the mantelpiece, fitted a new mouthpiece to it, and carefully filled it. "As you are all in possession of my room," he said in an urbane voice, "I can hardly smoke with any comfort here, I am afraid. I will come and talk to you again later on. I am going to have a pipe first in the old loft in the cow paddock. Keep out of mischief till I come back." He struck a match, lighted his tobacco, and, without a glance at the silent children, left the room, locking the door behind him. Once more he crossed the paddocks, and once more pushed open the creaking door. The orange peel lay just where he had seen it before, only it was a little drier and more dead-looking. The hair ribbon was in exactly the same knot. The ladder creaked in just the same place, and again threatened to break his neck when he reached the top. The dominoes were there still, the ham-bone and the pillow occupied the same places; the only difference being the former had a black covering of ants now, and a wind had been playing with the pillow, and had carried the feathers in all directions. He crossed the floor, not softly, but just with his usual measured military-step. Nothing moved. He reached the partition and looked over. Judy lay across the improvised bed, sleeping a sleep of utter exhaustion after her rapid flight from the river. She had a frock of Meg's on, that made her look surprisingly long and thin; he was astonished to think she had grown so much. "There will be no end to my trouble with her as she grows older," he said, half aloud, feeling extremely sorry for himself for being her father. Then a great anger and irritation rose within him as he watched her sleeping so quietly there. Was she always to be a disturber of his peace? Was she always to thwart him like this? "Judy," he said in a loud voice. The closed eyelids sprang open, the mist of sleep and forgetfulness cleared from the dark eyes, and she sprang up, a look of absolute horror on her face. "What are you doing here, may I ask?" he said, very coldly. The scarlet colour flooded her cheeks, her very brow, and then dropped down again, leaving her white to the lips, but she made no answer. "You have run away from school, I suppose?" he continued, in the same unemotional voice. "Have you anything to say?" Judy did not speak or move, she only watched his face with parted lips. "Have you anything to say for yourself, Helen?" he repeated. "No, Father," she said. Her face had a worn, strained look that might have touched him at another time, but he was too angry to notice. "No excuse or reason at all?" "No, Father." He moved toward the opening. "A train goes in an hour and a half, you will come straight back with me this moment," he said, in an even voice. "I shall take precautions to have you watched at school since you cannot be trusted. You will not return home for the Christmas holidays, and probably not for those of the following June." It was as bad as a sentence of death. The room swam before the girl's eyes, there was a singing and rushing in her ears. "Come at once," the Captain said. Judy gave a little caught breath; it tickled her throat and she began to cough. Such terrible coughing, a paroxysm that shook her thin frame and made her gasp for breath. It lasted two or three minutes, though she put her handkerchief to her mouth to try to stop it. She was very pale when it ceased, and he noticed the hollows in her cheeks for the first time. "You had better come to the house first," he said, less harshly, "and see if Esther has any cough stuff." Then in his turn he caught his breath and grew pale under his bronze. For the handkerchief that the child had taken from her lips had scarlet, horrible spots staining its whiteness. The Squatter's Invitation After all there was no dogcart for Judy, no mountain train, no ignominious return to the midst of her schoolfellows, no vista of weary months unmarked by holidays. But instead, a warm, soft bed, and delicate food, and loving voices and ceaseless attention. For the violent exertion, the scanty food, and the two nights in the open air had brought the girl to indeed a perilous pass. One lung was badly inflamed, the doctor said; it was a mystery to him, he kept telling them, how she had kept up so long; an ordinary girl would have given in and taken to her bed long ago. But then he was not acquainted with the indomitable spirit and pluck that were Judy's characteristics. "Didn't you have any pain?" he asked, quite taken aback to find such spirits and so serious a condition together. "H'm, in my side sometimes," she answered carelessly. "How long will it be before I can get up, Doctor?" She used to ask the latter question of him every morning, though, if the truth were known, she felt secretly more than a little diffident at the idea of standing up again. There was a languor and weariness in her limbs that made her doubtful if she could run about very much, and slower modes of progressing she despised. Besides this, there was a gnawing pain, under her arms, and the cough was agony while it lasted. Still, she was not ill enough to lose interest in all that was going on, and used to insist upon the others telling her everything that happened outside—who made the biggest score at cricket, what flowers were out in her own straggling patch of garden, how many eggs the fowls laid a day, how the guinea-pigs and canaries were progressing, and what was the very latest thing in clothes or boots the new retriever puppy had devoured. And Bunty used to bring in the white mice and the blind French guinea-pig, and let them run loose over the counterpane, and Pip did most of his carpentering on a little table near, so she could see each fresh stage and suggest improvements as he went along. Meg, who had almost severed her connection with Aldith, devoted herself to her sister, and waited on her hand and foot; she made her all kinds of little presents—a boot-bag, with compartments; a brush-and-comb bag, with the monogram "J.W.," worked in pink silk; a little work-basket, with needle-book, pin-cushion, and all complete. Judy feared she should be compelled to betake herself to tidy habits on her recovery. Her pleasure in the little gifts started a spirit of competition among the others. For one whole day Pip was invisible, but in the evening he turned up, and walked to the bedside with a proud face. He had constructed a little set of drawers, three of which actually opened under skilful coaxing. "It's not for doll-clothes," he said, after she had exhausted all the expressions of gratitude in common use, "because I know you hate them, but you can keep all your little things in them, you see—hair strings, and thimbles, and things." There was a sound of dragging outside the door and presently Bunty came in backward, lugging a great, strange thing. It seemed to be five or six heavy pieces of board nailed together haphazard. "It's a chair," he explained, wiping the perspiration from his forehead. "Oh! I'm going to put some canvas across it, of course, so you won't fall through; but I thought I'd show it you first." Judy's eyes smiled, but she thanked him warmly. "I wasn't goin' to make any stupid thing, like Pip did," the small youth continued, looking deprecatingly at the little drawers. "This is really useful, you see; when you get up you can sit on it, Judy, by the fire and read or sew or something. You like it better 'n Pip's, don't you?" Judy temporized skilfully, and averted offence to either by asking them to put the presents with all the others near the head of the bed. "What a lot of things you'll have to take back to school, Ju," Nell said, as she added her contribution in the shape of a pair of crochet cuffs and a doll's wool jacket. But Judy only flashed her a reproachful glance, and turned her face to the wall for the rest of the evening. That was what had been hanging over her so heavily all this long fortnight in bed—the thought of school in the future. "What's going to happen to me when I get better, Esther?" she asked next morning, in a depressed way, when her stepmother came to see her. "Is he saving up a lot of beatings for me? And shall I have to go back the first week?" Esther reassured her. "You won't go back this quarter at all, very likely not next either, Judy dear. He says you shall go away with some of the others for a change till you get strong; and, between you and me, I think its very unlikely you, will go back ever again." With this dread removed, Judy mended more rapidly, surprising even the doctor with her powers of recuperation. In three weeks she was about the house again, thin and great-eyed, but full of nonsense and even mischief once more. The doctor's visits ceased; he said she had made a good recovery so far, but should have change of surroundings, and be taken a long way from sea air. "Let her run wild for some months, Woolcot," he said at his last visit; "it will take time to quite shake off all this and get her strength and flesh back again." "Certainly, certainly; she shall go at once," the Captain said. He could not forget the shock he had received in the old loft five or six weeks ago, and would have agreed if he had been bidden to take her for a sojourn in the Sahara. The doctor had told him the mischief done to her lungs was serious. "I won't say she will ultimately die of consumption," he had said, "but there is always a danger of that vile disease in these nasty cases. And little Miss Judy is such a wild, unquiet subject; she seems to be always in a perfect fever of living, and to possess a capacity for joy and unhappiness quite unknown to slower natures. Take care of her, Woolcot, and she'll make a fine woman some day—ay, a grand woman." The Captain smoked four big cigars in the solitude of his study before he could decide how he could best "take care of her." At first he thought he would send her with Meg and the governess to the mountains for a time, but then there was the difficulty about lessons for the other three. He might send them to school, or engage a governess certainly, but then again there was expense to be considered. It was out of the question for the girls to go alone, for Meg had shown herself nothing but a silly little goose, in spite of her sixteen years; and Judy needed attention. Then he remembered Esther, too, was, looking unwell; the nursing and the General together had been too much for her, and she looked quite a shadow of her bright self. He knew he really ought to send her, too, and the child, of course. And again the expense. He remembered the Christmas holidays were not very far away; what would become of the house with Pip and Bunty and the two youngest girls running wild, and no one in authority? He sighed heavily, and knocked the ash from his fourth cigar upon the carpet. Then the postman came along the drive and past the window. He poked up with a broad smile, and touched his helmet in a pleased kind of way. If almost seemed as if he knew that in one of the letters he held the solution of the problem that was making the Captain's brow all criss-crossed with frowning lines. A fifth cigar was being extracted from the case, a wrinkle was deepening just over the left eyebrow, a twinge of something very like gout was calling forth a word or two of "foreign language," when Esther came in with a smile on her lips and an open letter in her hands. "From Mother," she said. "Yarrahappini's a wilderness, it seems, and she wants me to go up, and take the General with me, for a few weeks." "Ah!" he said. It would certainly solve one of the difficulties. The place was very far away certainly, but then it was Esther's old home, and she had not seen it since her marriage. She would grow strong again there very quickly. "Oh, and Judy, too." "Ah-h-h!" he said. Two of the lines smoothed themselves carefully from his brow. "And Meg, because I mentioned she was looking pale." The Captain placed the cigar back in the case. He forgot there was such a thing as gout. "The invitation could not have been more opportune," he said. "Accept by all means; nothing could have been better; and it is an exceedingly healthy climate. The other children can—" "Oh, Father expressly stipulates for Pip as well, because he is a scamp." "Upon my word, Esther, your parents have a large enough fund of philanthropy. Anyone else included in the invitation?" "Only Nell and Bunty and Baby. Oh, and Mother says if you can run up at any time for a few days shooting you know without her telling you how pleased she will be to see you." "The hospitality of squatters is world-famed, but this breaks all previous records, Esther." The Captain got up and stretched himself with the air of a man released from a nightmare. "Accept by all means—every one of you. On their own heads be the results; but I'm afraid Yarrahappini will be a sadder and wiser place before the month is over." But just how much sadder or how much wiser he never dreamed. Three Hundred Miles in the Train They filled a whole compartment—at least there was one seat vacant, but people seemed shy of taking it after a rapid survey of them all. The whole seven of them, and only Esther as bodyguard—Esther—in a pink blouse an sailor hat, with a face as bright and mischievous as Pip's own. The Captain had come to see them off, with Pat to look after the luggage. He had bought the tickets—two whole ones for Esther and Meg, and four halves for the others. Baby was not provided with even a half, much to her private indignation—it was an insult to her four years and a half, she considered, to go free like the General. But the cost of those scraps of pasteboard had made the Captain look unhappy: he only received eighteenpence change out of the ten pounds he had tendered; for Yarrahappini was on the borders of the Never-Never Land. He spent the eighteenpence on illustrated papers—Scraps, Ally Sloper's Half-Holiday, Comic Cuts, Funny Folks, and the like, evidently having no very exalted opinion of the literary tastes of his family; and he provided Esther with a yellow-back—on which was depicted a lady in a green dress fainting in the arms of a gentleman attired in purple, and Meg with Mark Twain's "Jumping Frog", because he had noticed a certain air of melancholy in her eyes lately. Then bells clanged and a whistle shrieked, porters flew wildly about, and farewells were said, sadly or gaily as the case might be. There was a woman crying: in a hopeless little way on the platform, and a girl with sorrowful, loving eyes leaning out of a second-class window towards her; there was a brown-faced squatter, in a tweed cap and slippers, to whom the three-hundred-mile journey was little more of an event than dining; and there was the young man going selecting, and thinking England was little farther, seeing his wife and child were waving a year's good-bye from the platform. There were sportsmen going two hundred miles after quail and wallaby; and cars full of ladies returning to the wilds after their yearly or half-yearly tilt with society and fashion in Sydney; and there were the eight we are interested in, clustering around the door and two windows, smiling and waving cheerful good-byes to the Captain. He did not look at all cast down as the train steamed fussily away—indeed, he walked down the platform with almost a jaunty air as if the prospect of two months bachelordom was not without its redeeming points. It was half-past six in the afternoon when they started, and they would reach Curlewis, which was the nearest railway station to Yarrahappini, about five the next morning. The expense of sleeping-berths had been out of the question with so many of them; but in the rack with the bags were several rolls of rugs and two or three air-pillows against the weary hours. The idea of so many hours in the train had been delightful to all the young ones; none of them but Judy had been a greater distance than forty or fifty miles before, and it seemed perfectly fascinating to think of rushing on and on through the blackness as well as the daylight. But long before ten o'clock a change came o'er the spirit of their dreams. Nell and Baby had had a quarrel over the puffing out of the air-cushions, and were too tired and cross to make it up again; Pip had hit Bunty over the head for no ostensible reason, and received two kicks in return; Judy's head ached, and the noise, was not calculated to cure it; Meg had grown weary of staring out into the moving darkness, and wondering whether Alan would notice she was never on the river-boat now; and the poor little General was filling the hot air with expostulations, in the shape of loud roars, at the irregularities of the treatment he was undergoing. Esther had taken his day clothes off, and made a picture of him in a cream flannel nightgown and a pink wool jacket. And for half an hour, he had submitted good-temperedly to being handed about and tickled and half-smothered with kisses. He had eyen permitted Nell to bite his little pink toes severally, and say a surprising amount of nonsense about little pigs that went to market and did similarly absurd things. He had hardly remonstrated when there had been a dispute about the possession of his person, and Bunty had clung to his head and body while Nell pulled vigorously at his legs. But after a time, when Esther made him a little bed on one of the seats and tried to lay him down upon it, a sense of his grievances came over him. He had a swinging cot at home; with little gold bars at the foot to blink at—he could not see why he should be mulcted of it, and made to put up with a rug three times doubled. He was accustomed, too, to a shaded light, a quiet room, and a warning H'sh! h'sh! whenever people forgot themselves sufficiently to make the slightest noise. Here the great yellow light flared all the time, and every one of the noisy creatures at whose hands he endured so much was within a few feet of him. So he lifted up his voice and wept. And when he found weeping did not produce his gold-barred cot, and the little dangling tassels on the mosquito nets, he raised his voice two notes, and when even there Esther only went on patting his shoulder in a soothing way he burst into roars absolutely deafening. Nellie dangled all her long curls in his face to engage his attention, but he clutched them viciously and pulled till the tears came into her eyes. Esther and Meg sang lullabies till their tongues ached, Judy tried walking him up and down the narrow space, but he stiffened himself in her arms, and she was not strong enough to hold him. Finally he dropped off into an exhausted sleep, drawing deep, sobbing breaths and little hiccoughs of sorrow. Then Bunty was discovered asleep on the floor with his head under a seat, and had to be lifted into an easier position; and Baby, bolt upright in a corner, was nodding like a little pink-and-white daisy the sun has been too much for. One by one the long hours dragged away; farther and farther through the silent, sleeping country flew the red-eyed train, swerving round zigzag curves, slackening up steeper places, flashing across the endless stretching plains. The blackness grew grey and paler grey, and miles and miles of monotonous gum saplings lay between the train and sky. Up burst the sun, and the world grew soft and rosy like a baby waked from sleep. Then the grey gathered again, the pink, quivering lights faded out, and the rain came down—torrents of it, beating against the shaking window-glass, whirled wildly ahead by a rough morning wind, flying down from the mountains. Such a crushed, dull-eyed, subdued-looking eight they were as they tumbled out on the Curlewis platform when five o'clock came. Judy coughed at the wet, early, air, and was hurried into the waiting-room and wrapped in a rug. Then the train tossed out their trunks and portmanteaux and rushed on again, leaving them desolate and miserable, looking after it, for it seemed no one had come to meet them. The sound of wet wheels slushing through puddles, the crack of a whip, the even falling of horses' feet, and they were all outside again, looking beyond the white railway palings to the road. There were a big, covered waggonette driven by a wide yellow oil-skin with a man somewhere in its interior, and a high buggy, from which an immensely tall man was climbing. Esther rushed out into the rain. She put her arms round the dripping mackintosh and clung fast to it for a minute or two. Perhaps that is what made her cheeks and eyes so wet and shining. "Little girl—little Esther child!" he said, and almost lifted her off the ground as he kissed her, tall though Meg considered her. Then he hurried them all off into the buggies, five in one and three in the other. There was a twenty-five-mile drive before them yet. "When did you have anything to eat last?" he asked; the depressed looks of the children were making him quite unhappy. "Mother has sent you biscuits and sandwiches, but we, can't get coffee or anything hot till we get home." Nine o'clock, Esther told him, at Newcastle, but it was so boiling hot they had had to leave most of it in their cups and scramble into the train again. The horses were whipped up; and flew over the muddy roads at a pace that Pip, despite his weariness, could not but admire. But it was a very damp, miserable drive, and the General wept with hardly a break from start to finish, greatly to Esther's vexation, for it was his first introduction to his grandfather. At last, when everyone was beginning to feel the very end of patience had come, a high white gate broke the monotony of dripping wet fences. "Home!" Esther said joyfully. She jumped the General up and down on her knee. "Little Boy Blue, Mum fell off that gate when she was three," said she, looking at it affectionately as Pip swung it open. Splash through the rain again; the wheels went softly now, for the way was covered with wet fallen leaves. "Oh, where IS the house?" Bunty said, peeping through Pip's arm on the box seat, and seeing still nothing but an endless vista of gum trees. "I thought, you said we were there, Esther." "Oh, the front door is not quite so near the gate as at Misrule," she said. And indeed it was not. It was fifteen minutes before they even saw the chimneys, then there was another gate to be opened. A gravel drive now trimly kept, high box round the flower-beds, a wilderness of rose bushes that pleased Meg's eye, two chip tennis-courts under water. Then the house. The veranda was all they noticed; such a wide one it was, as wide as an ordinary room, and there were lounges and chairs and tables scattered about, hammocks swung from the corners, and a green thick creeper with rain-blown wisteria for an outer wall. "O—o—oh," said Pip; "o—oh! I AM stiff—o—oh, I say, what are you doing?" For Esther had deposited her infant on his knee, and leapt out of the waggonette and up the veranda steps. There was a tiny old lady there, with a great housekeeping apron on. Esther gathered her right up in her arms, and they kissed and clung to each other till they were both crying. "My little girl!" sobbed the little old lady, stroking, with eager hands, Esther's wet hair and wetter cheeks. And Bunty, who had followed close behind, looked from the tall figure of his stepmother to the very small one of her mother and laughed. Esther darted back to the buggy, took the General from Pip, and, springing up the steps again, placed him in her mother's arms. "Isn't he a fat 'un!" Bunty said, sharing in her pride; "just you look at his legs." The old lady sat down for one minute in the wettest chair she could find, and cuddled him close up to her. But he doubled his little cold fists, fought himself free, and yelled for Esther. Mr. Hassal had emptied the buggies by now, and came up the steps himself. "Aren't you going to give them some breakfast, little mother?" he said, and the old lady nearly dropped her grandson in her distress. "Dear, dear!" she said. "Well, well! Just to think of it! But it makes one forget." In ten minutes they were all in dry things, sitting in the warm dining-room and making prodigious breakfasts. "WASN'T I hungry!" Bunty said. His mouth was full of toast, and he was slicing the top off his fourth egg and keeping an eye on a dish that held honey in one compartment and clotted cream in another. "The dear old plates!" Esther picked hers up after she had emptied it and looked lovingly at the blue roses depicted upon it. "And to think last time l ate off one I—" "Was a little bride with the veil pushed back from your face," the old lady said, "and everyone watching you cut the cake. Only two have broken since—oh yes, Hannah, the girl who came after Emily, chipped off the handle of the sugar-basin and broke a bit out of the slop-bowl." "Where did Father stand?" Meg asked. She was peopling the room with wedding guests; the ham and the chops, the toast and eggs and dishes of fruit, had turned to a great white towered cake with silver leaves. "Just up there where Pip is sitting," Mrs. Hassal said, "and he was helping Esther with the cake, because she was cutting it with his sword. Such a hole you made in the table-cloth, Esther, my very best damask one with the convolvulus leaves, but, of course, I've darned it—dear, dear!" Baby had upset her coffee all over herself and her plate and Bunty, who was next door. She burst into tears of weariness and nervousness at the new people, and slipped off her chair under the table. Meg picked her up. "May I put her to bed?" she said; "she is about worn out." "Me, too," Nellie said, laying down her half-eaten scone and pushing back her chair. "Oh, I am so tired!" "So'm I." Bunty finished up everything on his plate in choking haste and stood up. "And that horrid coffee's running into my boots." So just as the sun began to smile and chase away the sky's heavy tears, they all went to bed again to make up for the broken night, and it was: six o'clock and tea-time before any of them opened their eyes again. Yarrahappini in the sunshine, the kind of sunshine that pushes the thermometer's silver thread up to 100 deg.! Right away in the distance on three sides was a blue hill line and blue soft trees. And up near the house the trees were green and beautiful, and the flowers a blaze of colour. But all the stretching plain between was brown. Brown burnt grass with occasional patches of dull green, criss-crossed here and there with fences; that ran up the little hills that in places broke the plain's straight line, and disappeared in the dips where rank grass and bracken flourished. The head station consisted of quite a little community of cottages on the top of a hill. Years ago, when Esther was no bigger than her own little General, there had been only a rough, red weather-board place on the hill-top, and a bark but or two for outhouses. And Mr. Hassal had been in the saddle from morning to night, and worked harder than any two of his own stockmen, and Mrs. Hassal had laid aside her girlish accomplishments, her fancy work, her guitar, her water-colours, and had scrubbed and cooked and washed as many a settler's wife has done before, until the anxiously watched wool market had brought them better days. Then a big stone cottage reared itself slowly right in front of the little old place with its bottle-bordered garden plot, where nothing more aristocratic than pig's face and scarlet geranium had ever grown. A beautiful cottage it was, with its plenitude of lofty rooms, its many windows, and its deep veranda. The little home was kitchen and bedrooms for the two women servants now, and was joined to the big place by a covered way. A hundred yards away there was a two-roomed cottage that was occupied by the son of an English baronet, who, for the consideration of seventy pounds a year and rations kept the Yarrahappini business books and gave out the stores. Farther still, two bark humpies stood, back to back. Tettawonga, a bent old black fellow, lived in one, and did little else than smoke and give his opinion on the weather every morning. Twenty years ago he had helped to make a steady foundation for the red cottage that had arrived ready built on a bullock-dray. Fifteen years ago he had killed with his tomahawk one of two bushrangers who were trying to pick up Yarrahappini in the absence of his master, and he had carried little trembling Mrs. Hassal and tiny Esther to place of safety, and gone back and dealt the other one a blow on the head that stunned him till assistance came. So, of course, he had earned his right to the cottage and the daily rations and the pipe that never stirred from his lips. Two of the station hands lived in the other cottage when they were not out in distant parts of the run. Close to the house was a long weather-board building with a heavy, padlocked door. "Oh, let's go in," Nell said, attracted by the size of the padlock; "it looks like a treasure-house in a book—mayn't we go in, please, little grandma?" They were exploring all the buildings—the six children in a body, Mrs. Hassal, whom they all called "little grandma," much to her pleasure, and Esther with the boy. "You must go and ask Mr. Gillet," the old lady said; "he keeps the keys of the stores. See, over in that cottage near the tank, and speak nicely, children, please." "Such a gentleman," she said in a low tone to Esther, "so clever, so polished, if only he did not drink so." Meg and Judy went, with Baby hurrying after them as fast as her short legs would allow. "Come in," a voice said, when they knocked. Meg hesitated nervously, and a man opened the door. Such a great, gaunt man, with restless, unhappy eyes, a brown, wide brow, and neatly trimmed beard. Judy stated that Mrs. Hassal had sent them for the keys, if he had no objection. He asked them to come in and sit down while he looked for them. Meg was surprised at the room, as her blue eyes plainly showed, for she had only heard him spoken of as the store-keeper. There were bookshelves, on which she saw Shakespeare and Browning and Shelley and Rossetti and Tennyson, William Morris, and many others she had never seen before. There were neatly framed photographs and engravings of English and Continental scenery on the walls. There was a little chased silver vase on a bracket, and some of the flowers from the passion vines in it. The table with the remains of breakfast on it was as nice on a small scale as the one she had just left in the big cottage. He came back froth the inner room with the keys. "I was afraid I had mislaid then," he said; "the middle one opens the padlock, Miss Woolcot; the brass fat one is for the two bins, and the long steel one for the cupboard." "Thank you so much. I'm afraid we disturbed you in the middle of your breakfast," Meg said, standing up and blushing because she thought he had noticed her surprise at the bookshelves. He disclaimed the trouble, and held the door open for them with a bow that had something courtly in it, at least so Meg thought, puzzling how it came to be associated with salt beef by the hundredweight and bins of flour. He watched them go over the grass—at least he watched Meg in her cool, summer muslin and pale-blue belt, Meg in her shady chip hat, with the shining fluffy plait hanging to her waist. Judy's long black legs and crumpled cambric had no element of the picturesque in them. Mrs. Hassal unfastened the padlock of the store-room. Such a chorus of "ohs!" and "ahs!" there was from the children! Baby had never seen so much sugar together in her life before; she looked as if she would have liked to have been let loose in the great bin for an hour or two. And the currants! There was a big wooden box brim full—about forty pounds, Mrs. Hassal thought when questioned. Bunty whipped up a handful and pocketed them when everyone was looking at the mountain of candles. "Home-made! my DEAR, why, yes, of course," the old lady said. "Why, I wouldn't dream of using a bought candle, any more than I would use bought soap." She showed them the great bars of yellow, clean-smelling stuff, with finer, paler-coloured for toilet purposes. Hams and sides of bacon hung thickly from the rafters. "Those are mutton hams," she said, pointing to one division. "I keep those for the stockmen." Pip wanted to know if the stores were meant to serve them all their lives, there seemed enough of them: he was astonished to hear that every six months they were replenished. "Twenty to thirty men, counting the boundary riders and stockmen at different parts of the place; and double that number at shearing or drafting times, not to mention daily sundowners—it's like feeding an army, my dears," she said; "and then, you see, I had to make preparations for all of you—Bunty especially." Her little grey eyes twinkled merrily as she looked at that small youth. "You can have them back," Bunty said, half sulkily. He produced half a dozen currants from his pocket. "I shouldn't think you'd mind, with such a lot; we only have a bottleful at home." On which the old lady patted his head, unlocked a tin, and filled his hands with figs and dates. "And have you to cook every day, for all those men?" Meg said, wondering what oven could be found large enough. "Dear, no!" the old lady answered. "Dear, dear, no; each man does everything for himself in his own hut; they don't even get bread, only rations of flour to make damper for themselves. Then we give them a fixed, quantity of meat, tea, sugar, tobacco, candles, soap, and one or two other things." "Where do you keep the wool and things?" said Pip, who had a soul above home-made soap and metal dips for candles; "I can't see any shed or anything." Mrs. Hassal told him they were a mile away, down by the creek, where the sheep were washed and sheared at the proper season. But the heat was too much to make even Pip want to go just then, so they attached themselves to Mr. Hassal, leaving little grandma with Esther, the General, and Baby, and went over to the brick stables near. There were three or four buggies under cover, but no horses at all, they were farther afield. Across the paddock they went, and up the hill. Half a dozen answered Mr. Hassal's strange whistle; the others were wild, unbroken things, that tossed their manes and fled away at the sight of people to the farthermost parts where the trees grew. Pip chose one, a grey, with long, fleet-looking legs and a narrow, beautiful head; he prided himself upon knowing something about "points." Judy picked a black, with reddish, restless eyes, but Mr. Hassal refused it because it had an uncertain temper, so she had to be content with a brown with a soft, satiny nose. Meg asked for "something very quiet" in a whisper Judy and Pip could not hear, and was given a ruggy horse that had carried Mrs. Hassal eighteen years ago. Each animal was to be at the complete disposal of the young people during their stay at Yarrahappini, but the rides would have to take place before breakfast or after tea, they were told, if they wanted any pleasure out of them; the rest of the day was unbearable on horseback. Nellie was disappointed in the sheep, exceedingly so. She had expected to find great snow-white beautiful creatures that would be tame and allow her to put ribbon on their necks and lead them about. From the hill-top the second morning she saw paddock after paddock, each with a brown, slowly moving mass; she ran down through the sunshine with Bunty to view them more closely. "Oh, WHAT a shame!" she exclaimed, actual tears of disappointment springing to her eyes when she saw the great fat things with their long, dirty, ragged-looking fleece. "Wait for a time, little woman," Mr. Hassal said; "just you wait till we give them their baths." Cattle-Drafting at Yarrahappini "To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard With a running fire of stockwhip and a fiery run of hoofs." Pip could hardly sleep one night, a month after their arrival, for thinking of the cattle drafting that was on the programme for the morrow. He had been casting about for some fresh occupation, far he was a boy to whom variety was the salt of life. At first he had been certain he could never tire of shooting rabbits. Mr. Hassal had given him the "jolliest little stunner of a gun," and, Tettawonga had gone out with him the first day; and had been very scornful about his enthusiasm when he shot two. "Ba'al good, gun do. Plenty fellow rabbit longa scrub, budgery way north, budgery way south; budgery way eblywhere. Ba'al good barbed wire fence do, ba'al good poison do. Bah!" But Pip was not to be discouraged, and really thought he had done great good to the Yarrahappini estate by shooting those two soft, fleet brown things. He took them home and displayed them proudly to the girls, cleaned his perfectly clean gun, and sallied forth the next day. Tettawonga took his pipe from between his lips when he saw him again and laughed, a loud cackling laugh, that made Pip flush with anger. "Kimbriki and kimbriki, too! Rabbit he catti, curri-curri now. Boy come long with cawbawn gun, rabbit jerund drekaly, go burri, grass grow, sheep get fat-ha, ha, he, he!" "To-morrow and to-morrow too! Rabbit, he go away quickly now. Boy come along with big gun, rabbit he afraid directly, go under the ground." Pip understood his mixed English enough to know he was making fun of him, and told him wrathfully to "shut up for a Dutch idiot." Then he shouldered the gun he was so immeasurably proud of and went off the other side of the barbed-wire fence, where was the happy hunting-ground of the little rodent that would not allow Mr. Hassal to grow rich. He shot five that day, four the next, seven the next, but after a time he voted it slow, and went after gill birds, with more enjoyment but less certainty of a bag. Every day was filled to the brim with enjoyment, and but for the intense heat that first month at Yarrahappini would have been one of absolute content and happiness. And now there was the cattle-drafting! Breakfast was very early the morning of the great event; by half-past five it was almost over, and Pip, in a fever of restlessness, was telling Mr. Hassal he was sure they would be late and miss it. Judy had pleaded hard to be allowed to go, but everyone said it was out of the question—indeed, it was doubted if it were wise to allow Pip to face the danger that is inseparable with the drafting of the wilder kind of cattle that had been driven from great distances. But he had forcibly carried the day, and dressed himself up in so business-like a way that Mr. Hassel had not the heart to refuse him. He came down to breakfast in a Crimean shirt and a pair of old, serge trousers fastened round the waist with a leathern belt, in which an unsheathed bowie knife, freshly sharpened, was jauntily stuck. No persuasions would induce him either to wear a coat or sheathe the knife. The grey was brought round to the veranda steps, with Mr. Hassal's own splendid horse. Mr. Gillet was there on a well-groomed roan; he had three stock-whips, two quite sixteen feet long, the third shorter one, which he presented to Pip. The boy's face glowed. "Hurrah, Fizz!" he said; standing up in his saddle and brandishing it round his head. "What 'ud you give to change places?" He dug his heels into the animal's sides and went helter-skelter at a wild gallop down the hill. It was a mile and a half to the cattle yards, and here was the strongest excitement. Pip could not think where all the men had sprung from. There were some twenty or thirty of them, stockmen, shearers "on the wallaby," as their parlance expressed lack of employment, two Aboriginals, exclusive of Tettawonga, who was smoking and looking on with sleepy enjoyment, and several other of the station hands. In the first yard there were five hundred cattle that had been driven there the night before, and that just now presented the appearance of a sea of wildly lashing tails and horns. Such horns!—great, branching, terrific-looking things that they gored and fought each other madly with, seeing they could not get to the common enemy outside. Just for the first moment or two Pip felt a little disinclined to quit the stronghold of his horse's back. The thunder of hoofs and horns, the wild charges made by the desperate animals against the fence, made him expect to see it come crashing down every minute. But everybody else had gone to "cockatoo"—to sit on the top rail of the enclosure and look down at the maddened creatures, so at length he fastened his bridle to a tree and proceeded gingerly to follow their example. At a sudden signal from Mr. Hassal the men dropped down inside, half along, one side and half the other. The object was to get a hundred or two of the cattle into the forcing-yard adjoining, the gate to which was wide open. Pip marvelled at the courage of the men; for a moment his heart had leaped to his mouth as bullock after bullock essayed to charge them, but the air resounded with cracks from the mighty stock whips and drafting-sticks, and beast after beast retreated towards the centre with its face dripping with blood. Then one huge black creature, with a bellow that seemed to shake the plain, made a wild rush to the gate, the whole herd at his heels. Like lightning, the men made a line behind, shouting, yelling, cracking their whips to drive them onward. Pip stood up and halloed, absolutely beside himself with excitement. Then he held his breath again. Mr. Hassal and one of the black boys were creeping cautiously up near the gateway through which the tumultuous stream of horns and backs was pouring. Half a dozen mighty blows from the men, and the last leader fell back for an instant, driving the multitude back behind him. In that second the two had slipped up the rails and the herd was in two divisions. Two lines of stockmen again, whip-crackings, bellows, blood, horns, hide and heels in the air, and some forty or fifty were secure in a third yard, a long narrow place with a gate at the end leading into the final division. Pip learnt from Mr. Gillet the object of these divisions: some of the beasts were almost worthless things, and had been assigned to a buyer for a couple of pounds a head, just for the horns, hides, and what might be got for the flesh. Others were prime, fat creatures, ready for the butcher and Sydney market. And others again were splendid animals, of great value for prize and breeding purposes, and were to be made into a separate draft. The man at the last gateway was doing the all important work of selecting. He was armed with a short thick stick, and, as the other men drove the animals down towards him, decided with lightning speed to which class they belonged. A heavy blow on the nose, a sharp, rapid series of them between the eyes, and the most violent brute plunged blindly whither the driver sent him. All the day work went on, and just as the great hot purple shadows began to fall across the plain they secured the last rail, the battle was over, and the animals in approved divisions. Pip ate enough salt beef and damper to half kill him, drank more tea than he had ever disposed of at one sitting in all his fourteen years, swung himself into his saddle in close imitation of the oldest stockman, and thought if he only could have a black, evil-looking pipe like Tettawonga and the rest of the men his happiness would be complete and his manhood attained. He reached home as tired as "a dozen dogs and a dingo," and entertained his sisters and Bunty with a graphic account of the day's proceedings, dwelling lengthily on his own prowess and the manifold perils he had escaped. The next day both Esther and Judy rode with the others to the yards to see the departures. The best of the contingent, which Mr. Hassal had only wanted to separate, not to sell, were driven out through the gate and away to their old fields and pastures stale. The "wasters," some hundred and fifty of them, with half a dozen stockmen mounted on the best horses of the place told off for them, were released from their enclosure in a state of frenzied desperation, and, with much cracking of whips and yells, mustered into a herd and driven across the plain in the direction of the road. And some hour or two later the best "beef" lot were driven forth, and quiet reigned at Yarrahappini once more. During the two days of excitement the children all decided upon their future professions, which were all to be of a pastoral nature. Pip was going to be a stockman, and brand and draft cattle all the days of his life. Judy was going to be his "aide-de-camp", provided he let her stay in the saddle, and provided her with a whip just as long as his own. Meg thought she should like to marry the richest squatter in Australia, and have the Governor and the Premier come up for shooting and "things," and give balls to which all the people within a hundred miles would come. Nell decided the would make soap and candles, coloured as well as plain, when she arrived at years of discretion; said Baby inclined to keeping paddocks full of pet lambs that never grew into sheep. Bunty did, not wax enthusiastic over any of the ideas. "I'd rather be like Mr. Gillet," he said, and his eyes looked dreamy. "Pooh! no books and figures far me; give me a run of Salt Bush country, and a few thousand sheep," said Pip. "Hear! hear!" chimed in Judy. "Stoopids!" said Bunty, in a voice of great scorn. "Doesn't Mr. Gillet keep the store keys—just think those currants and figs." The Picnic at Krangi-Bahtoo Esther had gone to a ball, not in a dress of delicate colour with great puffed sleeves, and a dazzling neck bare and beautiful under its wraps, not through the darkness to a blaze of lights and swinging music. She had gone, in the broad light of the morning, in a holland suit with a blue Henley shirt, a sailor hat, and a gossamer. Under the front buggy seat where Mr. Hassal sat was a box containing a beautiful gown, all daffodil silk and delicate wavelets of chiffon. And there were daffodil shoes and stockings, a plume fan in a hat-box on her knee, and a lovely trained white underskirt with billowy frills of torchon, the very sight of which made Meg wild to be grown up. But none of these things were to be donned for many an hour yet. The ball was a neat little matter of fifty-five miles away, across country, so she had to start tolerably early, of course, in order to have comfortable time to "titivate," as Pip expressed it. The children, as compensation for having no part in this pleasure, were to have a very, out-of-the-way kind of picnic all to themselves. In the first place, the picnic ground was fourteen miles away; in the second, the journey was to be made, not in everyday buggies, or on commonplace horses, but on a dray drawn by a team of twelve yoked bullocks. A boundary-rider had reported that a magnificent blue gum that they had long called King Koree had been blown down during a violent gale, and Mr. Hassal immediately declared that, whatever the trouble, it must be brought for the foundation of a kind of dam across the creek at Krangi-Bahtoo, the picnic spot. The fallen bush monarch lay twenty miles away from the station, and six beyond the place chosen for the picnic; so it was arranged the trolly should carry the party for the fourteen miles, leave them to picnic, go forward for the tree, bring it back, and deposit it near the creek ready for future operations, and bring the children back in the cool of the evening. But for escorting his daughter to the ball, Mr. Hassal would have gone himself to the place and seen about it in person. As it was, he placed the great trolly in the charge of four men, with instructions to pick up a couple of men from distant huts to help in the task. Krangi-Bahtoo—or Duck Water, as, less prettily, we should call it—was the name given to the head of the creek, which had scooped out the earth till it made itself a beautiful ravine just there, with precipitous rocks and boulders that the kangaroos skipped across and played hide-and-seek behind with hunters, and great towering blue gums and red gums, that seemed to lose themselves in the blue, blue sky-canopy above. Tettawonga told of a Bunyip that dwelt where the trickling water had made a pool, deep and beautiful, and delicate ferns had crept tenderly to fringe its edge, and blackwood, and ti-trees grown up thick and strong for a girdle. The water-hen made a home there, the black swan built among the grass-like reeds, the wild duck made frequent dark zigzag lines against the sky. From the trees the bell-bird, the coach-whip, the tewinga, the laughing-jackass, the rifle-bird and regent, filled the air with sound, if not with music. And the black snake, the brown snake, the whip, the diamond, and the death adder glided gently among the fallen leaves and grasses, and held themselves in cheerful readiness for intruders. That was why a condition was attached to the freely granted picnic. Everyone might go, and go on the bullock-dray, but the picnic was to take place above the ravine, and no one was to venture down, on pain of being instantly packed back to Sydney. They all promised faithfully. Mrs. Hassal, tiny as she was, had a way of commanding implicit obedience. Then an incredible number of hampers, brimming over with good things, was packed. Mr. Gillet went, to give an appearance of steadiness to the party, and to see no one got sunstroke. He had a Heine in one pocket against the long, unusual day, a bulging Tennyson in the other, and a sheaf of English papers under his arm as he climbed on the trolly, where the whole seven were already seated. The SEVEN? Even so, Judy had refused to stir without the General, and had promised "on her life" not to allow any harm to come near him. Mr. Gillet gave a glance almost of dismay when he found the whole number was to be present, without the subtraction of the mischievously disposed ones, or the addition of anyone but himself weighted with authority. For a moment he distrusted his own powers in such a situation. Judy caught the doubting look. "You're quoting poetry to yourself, Mr. Gillet," she said. "I?" he said, and looked astonished. "Indeed, no. What makes you think so, Miss Judy?" "I can hear it distinctly," she said. "Your eyes are saying it, and your left ear, not to mention the ends of your moustache." "Judy!" reproved Meg, whom something had made strangely quiet. He pretended to be alarmed—shut his eyes, held his left ear, covered his moustache. "What can they be saying?" he said. "'Oh that I was where I would be! Then I would be where I am not: But where I am I still must be, And where I would be I cannot.' "Meg, I WISH you would stop treading on my toes." So after that even Mr. Gillet grew gay and talkative, to show he was enjoying himself, and the bullocks caught the infection of the brimming spirits behind them, and moved a LEETLE bit faster than snails. When they had crept along over about ten miles, however, the slow motion and the heat that beat down sobered them a little. "Miss Meg, that silver-grey gum before you, guileless of leaves, indicates Duck Water." How glad they were to unfold themselves and stretch out their arms and legs on the ground at last. No one had dreamt riding behind a bullock team could have been so "flat, stale, and unprofitable," as it was after the first mile or two. Then the trolly continued its course. "I doubt if they will be back before the sun goes down, if they don't go a little quicker," Mr. Gillet said; "it is lunch-time now." They were in a great grassed paddock that at one end fell abruptly down to the ravine and swamp lands known as "Duck Water." A belt of great trees made a shade at one side, and along the other was the barbed-wire fence that showed they had not got away from the Yarrahappini estate even yet: higher up was the lonely bark hut of one of the stockmen. They went up in a body to speak to him before he joined the bullock team, and to view his solitary dwelling. Just a small room it was, with a wide fireplace and chimney, where hung a frying-pan, a billy, a cup, and a spoon. There was a bunk in one corner, with a couple of blue blankets on it, a deal table and one chair in the middle of the room. Over the fire-place hung a rough cupboard, made out of a soap-box, and used to hold rations. From a nail in the low ceiling a mosquito-net bag was suspended, and the buzzing flies around proclaimed that it held meat. The walls were papered with many a copy of "The Illustrated Sydney News", and "The Town and Country Journal"; there was a month-old "Daily Telegraph" lying on the chair, where the owner had laid it down. A study in brown the stockman was, brown, dull eyes; brown, dusty-looking hair; brown skin, sundried and shrivelled; brown, unkempt beard; brown trousers of corduroy, and brown coat. His pipe was black, however—a clay, that looked as if it had been smoked for twenty years. "Wouldn't you like to be nearer the homestead?" Meg asked. "Isn't it lonely?" "Not ter mention," the brown man said to his pipe or his beard. "What do you do with yourself when you're, not outside?" asked Pip. "Smoke," said the man. "But on Sundays, and all through the evenings?" "Smoke," he said. "On Cwismas day," Baby said, pressing to see this strange man; "zen what does you do?" "Smoke" he said. Judy wanted to know how long he'd lived in the little place, and everyone was stricken dumb to hear he had been there most of the time for seven years. "Don't you ever forget how to talk?" she said, in an awestruck voice. But he answered laconically to his beard that there was the cat. Baby had found it already under the kerosene tin that did duty for a bucket, and it had scratched her in three places: brown, like its master, it was evil-eyed, fiercely whiskered, thin as a rail; still, there was the affection of years between the two. Mr. Gillet told him of the squatter's wish that he should go with the other men and help with the tree. He pulled a brown hat over his brow and moved away towards the bullock-dray, which had crept up the winding road by now, to the hill-top. "Water in tub, nearer than creek," he muttered to his pipe before he went, and they found his tub-tank and gladly filled the billy ready for lunch. Mrs. Hassal's roast fowls and duck tasted well; even though they frizzled on the plates as if the sun were trying to finish their cooking. And the apple tarts and apricot turnovers vanished speedily; and of the fruit salad that came forth from two screw-top bottles, not a teaspoonful remained to tell a tale. Mr. Gillet had brought materials for a damper, by special request, and after lunch prepared to make it, so they might have it for afternoon tea. "Pheough!" said Judy. "Is THAT how you make it? You need not give ME any." It certainly was manufactured with surprising celerity. Mr. Gillet merely tossed some flour from a bag out upon a plate, added a pinch of salt and some water; then he shaped it into a cake of dough, and laid it on the ashes of the fire, covering it all over with the hot, silver ash. "HOW dirty!" said Nell, elevating her pretty little nose. But when it was cooked, and Mr. Gillet lifted it up and dusted the ash away—lo! it was high and light and beautifully white. So they ate it, and took mental marginal notes to make it in the paddocks at Misrule for each and every picnic to come. They piled up two plates of good things and put in the brown man's cupboard, and Mr. Gillet laid his unread English papers on the chair near the cat. "That 'Telegraph' is a month old," he said deprecatingly seeing Meg smile upon him her first smile that day. Chapter XIX A Pale-Blue Hair Ribbon She in her virginal beauty As pure as a pictured saint, How should this sinning and sorrow Have for her danger or taint? The reason our sweet pale Margaret had been reluctant of her smiles was on account of the very man who alone missed them. Quite a warm friendship had sprung up during the month between the little fair-faced girl, who looked with such serene blue eyes to a future she felt must be beautiful, and the world-worn man, who looked back to a past all blackened and unlovely by his own acts. He rode with the two girls every-day, because Mrs. Hassal did not like them going long distances alone; and, seeing Judy seldom walked her horse, and Meg's steed had not a canter in it, it fell out that he kept beside the slow and timid rider all the time. "You remind me of a little sister I had who died," he said slowly to Meg once, after a long talk. "Perhaps if she were alive now I should not be quite so contemptible." Meg's face flushed scarlet, and a shamed look had come into her eyes. It seemed altogether terrible to her that he should know she knew of his failing. "Perhaps it makes her sorry now," she said in a whisper he scarcely heard, and then she grew pale at her boldness, and rode on a little way to hide her distressed looks. On the way home the pale-blue ribbon, that tied the strands of her sunny plait together, blew off. He dismounted and picked it up. Meg stretched out her hand for it, but he untied the bow and folded it slowly round his big hand. "May I keep it?" he said in a low voice. "For my blue ribbon? I know the conditions that attach." "If you would—oh, if you would!" Meg breathed rather than said. Then Judy galloped up and they rode home three abreast. It was such happiness to her all the hot, long days that followed; to a girl just entering life there can be no purer, deeper feeling of pleasure than that brought by the knowledge that she is influencing for good some man or woman older than herself, more sin-worn and earth-wearied. Poor little Meg! Her tender rose dreams had pictured her big protege a man among men again, holding up his head once more, taking his place in the world, going back to the old country, and claiming the noble lady her fertile imagination had pictured; waiting so patiently for him; and all this because she, Meg Woolcot, had stepped into his life and pointed the way he should go. And then she went to swing in a hammock on the back veranda, and all her castles came tumbling about her ears, dealing her sharp, bitter blows. There was a thick creeper of passion-fruit vines behind her, and through it she could hear Tettawonga talking to the cook. "Marse Gillet on the burst agen," he said, and chuckled through the side of his lips where his pipe did not rest. Meg sat up in horror. Since she had been at Yarrahappini she had heard the phrase applied to too many of the station hands: not to know that it meant a reckless drinking bout. "Lor'! I'M not surprised," the woman said, "he's been too sober late days to keep it up; s'pose he's been trying to last the visitors out, but found it too much. Who's got the keys?" "Mis' Hassal," he said, "you to helpin' her—ba`al good for stores to-day, Marse Gillet—he, he, ha, ha!" So that was what had happened to him all these three days she had not seen him! She had heard he had ridden over to the next station on business for Mr. Hassal, but had not dreamed such 'a thing had overtaken him. The fifth day she had seen him in the distance, once coming out of the storeroom and looking exactly like himself, only his shoulders stooped a little more, and once smoking outside his own door. The sixth day was the picnic. Just as light-hearted and merry as the others she could not feel, with this disappointment at her heart, this shaken trust in human nature. How weak he was, she thought, how ignoble! All her pity was swept away in a young, large indignation. She had hardly shaken hands when they had met in the morning, and all the long drive she was persistently cold towards him. After lunch the party became scattered. Judy took the General and went over to the belt of trees; Pip and Bunty occupied themselves with catching locusts; Baby and Nell gathered wild flowers. Meg knelt down to collect the spoons and forks: and put the untouched food back into the baskets away from the ants. "I will do this—you look hot, Miss Meg; sit down quietly," Mr. Gillet said. "Thank you, but I prefer to do it myself," Miss Meg said, with freezing dignity. She did not look at him, but there was a certain tightness about her lips that made him know the light in her clear young, eyes was a scornful one. He did not offer again, but sat and watched her pack up the things with an untranslatable look on his face. When she had almost finished he took something out of his pocket. "I have to give you this again," he said, and handed her the blue length of ribbon, folded smoothly, but showing the crease where it had been tied. She took it without lifting her eyes, crushed it up in her hand, and slipped it into her pocket. "I had almost hoped you would say I might keep it, in spite of everything," he said, "just as a talisman against the future, but your lips are too severe, Miss for me to cherish the hope longer." "It would be as useless as it has been," she said stiffly. Her hands moved nervously, however, and she wrapped up the remains of a duck and a jam tart together. "Then I am not to have another chance?" he said. "It would be no use," Meg repeated, gathering up bananas and oranges with a heightened colour. He does not realize how wicked he has been, he thinks he ought to be forgiven at once was her thought. He emptied the billy slowly on the ground, he put on its blackened lid and tied the newspaper around it. Then he looked at her again, and the way her soft hair fell on her forehead made him think of his young dead sister. "I BEG you to give it to me again, little Miss Meg," he said. Meg's heart and head had a rapid battle; the former was tender and charitable, and bade her take the little ribbon and give it to him instantly; the latter said he had sinned greatly, and she must show him her disapproval by her manner, even if she yielded what he asked her in the end. The head won. "My influence is evidently useless—that bit of ribbon would make no difference in the future," she said very coldly. He leaned back against the tree and yawned, as if the subject had no more interest for him. "Ah well," he said, "I dare say you are right." Meg felt a little taken down. "Of course, if you really want the ribbon you can have it," she said loftily. She took it from her pocket and tendered it to him. But he made no effort to take it. "Keep it to tie your hair again, little girl," he said; "after all, I don't suppose it would be any use." Meg continued her packing with burning cheeks, and he filled up his pipe and smoked it, watching her idly the while. "It's an odd thing," he said, more as if making an observation than addressing her, "but the gentlest-looking women are nearly always the hardest." Meg opened her mouth to speak, but found nothing to say, so closed it again and began to count Mrs. Hassal's forks for the fourth time. "I wonder would you mind if I gave you a little advice, Miss Meg, in return for all you have given me," he said, taking his pipe from his mouth and looking at it as if he were trying to find out the lettering on its nickel plate. "Certainly not." She laid down the bundle and looked at him with calm, surprised eyes. "Say whatever you please, I do not mind in the very least." He sat up and played with the handle of a strap while he spoke. "You have brothers," he said; "some day they will go a little astray—for it is only women like you, Miss Meg, and angels who can keep to the path always. Don't be too hard on them. Don't make an effort to show them the difference between your whiteness and their blackness. They will see it right enough, but they won't like you to draw their attention to it. Try and look gentle and forgiving—they'll feel quite as miserable as you could wish them to feel. The world has a beautiful frown of its own, and an endless vocabulary of cold words—wouldn't it do if the little sisters left it the monopoly of them?" "Oh-h-h!" said Meg. Her cheeks were crimson, and all the dignity had oozed out of her voice. He buckled the strap round nothing with infinite care, and went on again in a low tone: "Suppose Pip did something very wrong some day, and the world flung stones at him till he was bruised all over. And suppose feeling very wretched, he came home to his sisters. And Meg, because wickedness was abhorrent to her, threw a few more little stones, so that the pain might teach him a lesson he could not forget. And Judy, because he was her brother and in trouble, flung her arms round him and encouraged him, and helped him to fight the world again, and gave him never a hard word or look, thinking he had had plenty. Which sister's influence would be greater, Miss Meg?" Meg's little soft mouth, was quivering, her eyes were on the ground, because the tears would have splashed out if she had lifted them. "Oh-h-h!" she said again. "Oh, how very horrid I have been—oh-h-h!" She covered her face with her hands, for one of her quickly gathered tears was trembling on her lashes. Mr. Gillet dropped the strap and the pipe, and looked across to her with tender eyes. "I am more than twice your age, Miss Meg, old enough nearly to be your father—you will forgive me for saying all this, won't you? I was thinking, of my sister who died. I had another little sister, too, a year older, but she was hard—only event to her once. She is one of the best women in England now, but her lips are severe. Little Miss Meg, I could not bear the thought of you growing hard." Half a dozen big tears had fallen down among the forks. Meg was crying because it was borne upon her what a very hateful creature she was. First Alan lectured her and spoke of his sister, and now this man. He misinterpreted her silence. "I have no right to speak to you like this, because my life has been any colour but white—that is it, isn't it, Miss Meg?" he said with great sadness. Meg dropped her sheltering hands. "Oh, no," she said, "oh! how CAN you think so? It is only I am so horrid." She rummaged in her pocket and brought out the ribbon. "Will you take it again?" she said—"oh, PLEASE, just to make me feel less horrid. Oh, please take it!" She looked at him with wet, imploring eyes, and held it out. He took it, smoothed its crumpledness, and placed it in his pocket-book. "God bless you," he said, and the tone made Meg sob. Little Judy Judy shook back her dark tangle: And then—ah, God! But she moaned—oh, how she moaned! Pip fled away down the road that led to the doctor's. He moved away towards the lower road. She sprang after him. Her eyes were wild, terrified. "God knows!" he said, and turned away. When the Sun Went Down Such a sunset! Down at the foot of the grass hill there was a flame-coloured sky, with purple, soft clouds massed in banks high up where the dying glory met the paling blue. The belt of trees had grown black, and stretched sombre, motionless arms against the orange background. All the wind had died, and the air hung hot and still, freighted with the strange silence of the bush. And at the top of the hill, just within the doorway of the little brown hut, her wide eyes on the wonderful heavens, Judy lay dying. She was very quiet now, though she had been talking—talking of all sorts of things. She told them she had no pain at all. "Only I shall die when they move me," she said. Meg was sitting in a little heap on the floor beside her. She had never moved her eyes from the face on the pillow of mackintoshes, she had never opened her white lips to say one word. Outside the bullocks stood motionless against the sky—Judy said they looked like stuffed ones having their portrait taken. She smiled the least little bit, but Meg said, "Don't," and writhed. Two of the men had gone on superfluous errands for help; the others stood some distance away, talking in subdued voices. There was nothing for them to do. The brown man had been talking—a rare thing for him. He had soothed the General off to sleep, and laid him in the bunk with the blue blanket tucked around him. And he had made a billy of hot strong tea, and asked the children, with tears in his eyes, to drink some, but none of them would. Baby had fallen to sleep on the floor, her arms clasped tightly around Judy's lace-up boot. Bunty was standing, with a stunned look on his white face, behind the stretcher. His eyes were on his sister's hair, but he did not dare to let there wander to her face, for fear of what he should see there. Nellie was moving all the time—now to the fence to strain her eyes down the road, where the evening shadows lay heavily, now to fling herself face downward behind the hut and say, "Make her better, God! God, make her better, make her better! Oh! CAN'T You make her better?" Greyer grew the shadows round the little but, the bullocks' outlines had faded, and only an indistinct mass of soft black loomed across the light. Behind the trees the fire was going out, here and there were yellow, vivid streaks yet, but the flaming sun-edge, had dipped beyond the world, and the purple, delicate veil was dropping down. A curlew's note broke the silence, wild, mournful, unearthly. Meg shivered, and sat up straight. Judy's brow, grew damp, her eyes dilated, her lips trembled. "Meg!" she said, in a whisper that cut the air. "Oh, Meg, I'm frightened! MEG, I'm so frightened!" "God!" said Meg's heart. "Meg, say something. Meg, help me! Look at the dark, Meg. MEG, I can't die! Oh, why don't they be quick?" Nellie flew to the fence again; then to say, "Make her better, God—oh, please, God!" "Meg, I can't think of anything to say. Can't you say something, Meg? Aren't there any prayers about the dying in the Prayer Book?—I forget. Say something, Meg!" Meg's lips moved, but her tongue uttered no word. "Meg, I'm so frightened! I can't think of anything but `For what we are about to receive,' and that's grace, isn't it? And there's nothing in Our Father that would do either. Meg, I wish we'd gone to Sunday-school and learnt things. Look at the dark, Meg! Oh, Meg, hold my hands!" "Heaven won't—be—dark," Meg's lips said. Even when speech came, it was only a halting, stereotyped phrase that fell from them. "If it's all gold and diamonds, I don't want to go!" The child was crying now. "Oh, Meg, I want to be alive! How'd you like to die, Meg, when you're only thirteen? Think how lonely I'll be without you all. Oh, Meg! Oh, Pip, Pip! Oh, Baby! Nell!" The tears streamed down her cheeks; her chest rose and fell. "Oh, say something, Meg!—hymns!—anything!" Half the book of "Hymns Ancient and Modern" danced across Meg's brain. Which one could she think of that would bring quiet into those feverish eyes that were fastened on her face with such a frightening, imploring look? Then she opened her lips: "Come unto Me, ye weary, And I will give you rest, Oh, bl— "I'm not weary, I don't WANT to rest," Judy said, in a fretful tone. Again Meg tried: "My God, my Father, while I stray Far from my home on life's rough way, Oh, teach me from my heart to say ———————— Thy will be done!" "That's for old people," said the little tired voice. "He won't expect ME to say it." Then Meg remembered the most beautiful hymn in the world, and said the first and last verses without a break in her voice: "Abide with me, fast falls the eventide, The darkness deepens; Lord, with me abide. When other helpers fail, and comforts flee, Help of the helpless, oh, abide with me! Hold Thou Thy Cross before my closing eyes, Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies. Heaven's morning breaks, and earth's vain shadows flee "Oh! and Judy, dear, we are forgetting; there's Mother, Judy, dear—you won't be lonely! Can't you remember Mother's eyes, little Judy?" Judy grew quiet, and still more quiet. She shut her eyes so she could not see the gathering shadows. Meg's arms were round her, Meg's cheek was on her brow, Nell was holding her hands, Baby her feet, Bunty's lips were on her hair. Like that they went with her right to the Great Valley, where there are no lights even for stumbling, childish feet. The shadows were cold, and smote upon their hearts; they could feel the wind from the strange waters on their brows; but only she who was about to cross heard the low lapping of the waves. Just as her feet touched the water there was a figure in the doorway. "Judy!" said a wild voice; and Pip brushed them aside and fell down beside her. "Judy, Judy, JUDY!" The light flickered back in her eyes. She kissed him with pale lips once, twice; she gave him both her hands, and her last smile. Then the wind blew over them all, and, with a little shudder, she slipped away. And Last "She seemed a thing that could not feel The touch of earthly years." "No motion has she now—no force; She neither hears nor sees; Rolled round in earth's diurnal course, With rocks and stones and trees." They went home again, the six of them, and Esther, who, all her days, "would go the softlier, sadlier" because of the price that had been paid for the life of her little sweet son. The very air of Yarrahappini seemed to crush them and hang heavy on their souls. So when the Captain, who had hurried up to see the last of his poor little girl, asked if they would like to go home, they all said "Yes." There was a green space of ground on a hill-top behind the cottage, and a clump of wattle trees, dark-green now, but gold-crowned and gracious in the spring. This is where they left little Judy. All around it Mr. Hassal had white tall palings put; the short grave was in the shady corner of it. The place looked like a tiny churchyard in a children's country where there had only been one death. Or a green fair field, with one little garden bed. Meg was glad the little mound looked to the east; the suns died behind it—the orange and yellow and purple suns she could not bear to watch ever again while she lived. But away in the east they rose tenderly always, and the light crept up across the sky to the hill-top in delicate pinks and trembling blues and brightening greys, but never fiery, yellow streaks, that made the eyes ache with hot tears. There was a moon making it white and beautiful when they said good-bye to it on the last day. They plucked a blade or two of grass each from the fresh turfs, and turned away. Nobody cried; the white stillness of the far moon, the pale, hanging stars, the faint wind stirring the wattles; held back their tears till they had closed the little gate behind them and left her alone on the quiet hill-top. Then they went-back to Misrule, each to pickup the thread of life and go on with the weaving that, thank God, must be done, or hearts would break every day. Meg had grown older; she would never be quite so young again as she had been before that red sunset sank into her soul. There was a deeper light in her eyes; such tears as she had wept clear the sight till life becomes a thing more distinct and far-reaching. Nellie and she went to church the first Sunday after their return. Aldith was a few pews away, light-souled as ever, dressed in gay attire, flashing smiling, coquettish glances across to the Courtneys' pew, and the Grahams sitting just behind. How far away Meg had grown from her! It seemed years since she had been engrossed with the latest mode in hat trimming, the dip of "umbrella" skirts, and the best method of making the hands white. Years since she had tried a trembling 'prentice hand at flirtations. Years, almost, since she had given the little blue ribbon at Yarrahappini, that was doing more good than she dreamed of. Alan looked at her from his pew—the little figure in its sorrowful black, the shining hair hanging in a plait no longer frizzed at the end, the chastened droop of the young lips, the wistful sadness of the blue eyes. He could hardly realize it was the little scatterbrain girl who had written that letter, and stolen away through the darkness to meet his graceless young brother. He clasped her hand when church was over; his grey eyes, with the quick moisture in them, made up for the clumsy stumbling words of sympathy he tried to speak. "Let us be friends always, Miss Meg," he said, as they parted at the Misrule gate. "Yes, let us," said Meg. And the firm, frank friendship became a beautiful thing in both their lives, strengthening Meg and making the boy gentler. Pip became his laughing, high-spirited self again, as even the most loving boy will, thanks to the merciful making of young hearts; but he used to get sudden fits of depression at times, and disappear all at once, in the midst of a game of cricket or football, or from the table when the noise was at its highest. Bunty presented to the world just as grimy a face as of old, and hands even more grubby, for he had taken a mechanical turn of late, and spent his spare moments in manufacturing printing machines—so called—and fearful and wonderful engines, out of an old stove and some pots and rusty frying-pans rescued from the rubbish heap. But he did not tell quite so many stories in these days; that deep sunset had stolen even into his young heart, and whenever he felt inclined to say "I never, 'twasn't me, 'twasn't my fault," a tangle of dark curls rose before him, just as they had lain that night when he had not dared to move his eyes away from them. Baby's legs engrossed her very much at present, for she had just been promoted from socks to stockings, and all who remember the occasion in their own lives will realize the importance of it to her. Nell seemed to grow prettier every day. Pip had his hands full with trying to keep her from growing conceited; if brotherly rubs and snubs availed anything, she ought to have been as lowly minded as if she had had red hair and a nose of heavenward bent. Esther said she wished she could buy a few extra years, a stern brow, and dignity in large quantities from some place or other—there might be some chance, then, of Misrule resuming its baptismal and unexciting name of The River House. But, oddly enough, no one echoed the wish. The Captain never smoked at the end of the side veranda now: the ill-kept lawn made him see always a little figure in a pink frock and battered hat mowing the grass in a blaze of sunlight. Judy's death made his six living children dearer to his heart, though he showed his affection very little more. The General grew chubbier and more adorable every day he lived. It is no exaggeration to say that they all worshipped him now in his little kingly babyhood, for the dear life had been twice given, and the second time it was Judy's gift, and priceless therefore. My pen has been moving heavily, slowly, for these last two chapters; it refuses to run lightly, freely again just yet, so I will lay it aside, or I shall sadden you. Some day, if you would care to hear it, I should like to tell you of my young Australians again, slipping a little space of years. Until then, farewell and adieu.
Add Recipe Ingredients: Pistachio A seed that form in clusters, often treated as a nut in cooking. The edible ‘nut’ is green and surrounded by a beige shell. Most likely originated from central Asia and the Middle East. A wave of immigrants to the U.S. from the Middle Eastern in the late 19th century introduced pistachios to the country. Pistachios contain approximately 18% protein. “America’s Pistachio Industry Came From a Single Seed” by Anne Ewbank (2019) “Are Pistachios Nuts?” by Elise Mandl (2020) Pistachio Recipes There is no Recipe
Gene :: Gene may promote resistance to chemotherapy drugs A gene known as HDAC1 may be a good target for drugs to treat multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma, a cancer that develops in immature nerve cells and is prevalent in children. Drug resistance could explain why about 50% of high-risk neuroblastoma patients die of the disease. Nino Keshelava, M.D., of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and colleagues studied several human neuroblastoma cell lines to identify genes that cause drug resistance. They found that HDAC1 was overexpressed in multidrug-resistant cells, compared with drug-sensitive cells. Blocking HDAC1 made the cells more sensitive to chemotherapy drugs that treat neuroblastoma. ?This gene is of particular interest because [HDAC] inhibitors are a relatively new class of cancer chemotherapeutic agents undergoing preclinical testing for clinical development in the treatment of drug-resistant neuroblastoma,? the authors write.
Social-Emotional Learning for the Modern Day How #WINATSOCIAL Supports Educators Need a turnkey solution for social media use and social-emotional learning that empowers your school community without overburdening faculty? "Kids are SO pumped about the material. We have done many other initiatives and I have never seen the kids this excited. You're speaking their language. The message is resonating." Dr. Julie Mayring Middle School Director Bay Ridge Prep, NY Case Study How the Pegasus school integrated The Social Institute's student-led approach to enhance SEL Download Now Sequenced, Developmentally Appropriate Lessons #WinAtSocial Lessons begin in 4th grade with emotional awareness and progress through technology use, social media, life skills, social emotional prep for college, and career skills. We take a positive, student-respected approach, while many lessons incorporate science, history, social studies, and other topics - so you can incorporate #WinAtSocial Lessons throughout the school day. Curriculum Calendars In order to help schools plan their year and integrate #WinAtSocial into their academic calendar, we mapped out all 63 of our lessons into a month-by-month sequence for each grade. While all of our evergreen, turnkey lessons can be facilitated at any point throughout the year to fit the needs of our partners, the Curriculum Calendar provides additional guidance for setting your school up for success. Insights: assessment + School Benchmarking Understanding student wellbeing, behaviors, and trends is critical to strengthening a school community. Download a data sample to explore how insights can help your school. Faculty Professional Development When Faculty have varying levels of experience with social-emotional learning, our professional development resources and faculty presentations can provide engaging content and useful tips from experts within our national community of educators. How Episcopal Academy utilized The Social Institute’s turnkey curriculum to address SEL across multiple divisions. Founded in 1785 and located in the suburbs of Philadelphia, Episcopal Academy is one of the oldest independent Episcopal schools in the United States, offering Pre-K through 12th grade. Blog April 1, 2021 Defining modern social-emotional learning Student technology and social media use are skyrocketing and schools struggle to keep up. From texting to TikTok to online coursework, students don’t distinguish between the physical world and the digital world. It’s all the same. Social media is just being social. With technology’s rate of change, student experiences evolve quickly. How can schools continue to foster healthy, productive learning environments? Read More Support Your Parents With our Parent Toolkit, Family Huddle Questions, and Parent Presentations, we equip your parents with the in's and out's of social media, student trends, and discussion topics for healthy family conversations. Empower Your Students From interactive, engaging lessons to the Student Ambassador Program, empower your students to build healthy, productive lives. Speak with our team Let's help your school's parent community with proactive, positive resources that align with #WinAtSocial Lessons.
Fostering Green Exports through VSS With the growing consumer interest in “green” or “sustainable” products, major retailers increasingly opt for products that claim to be sustainable. One way a product can claim to be “green” is through Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS). Complying with VSS can help improve access to more profitable markets and their price premiums can lead to increased profits. They can help developing countries transmit trade-induced economic growth to social development and environmental sustainability. VSS can also positively contribute to the country’s capacity to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However certifying for VSS can be a big challenge, especially for small-scale producers due to high certification costs, the complexity of the certification process, and lack of knowledge. Therefore this project aims to: • Increase national capacity to enhance “greener” sustainable exports • Establish a multi-stakeholder platform on VSS that could lead to more communication and coordinated efforts among stakeholders • Equip countries with better knowledge on VSS so that they are able to strategize how VSS could contribute to inclusive economic growth and sustainable development The countries that participate in this project are Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Vanuatu and the Philippines. Other UNCTAD VSS-Related Projects BioTrade Initiative UNCTAD’s BioTrade Initiative helps countries to harmonize economic development with the conservation of native biodiversity through the trade of goods and services derived from unique plants and animals. In the past 20 years, several organizations and companies in many countries have taken up the BioTrade Initiative, its principles and criteria, in a variety of sectors. For more information, please refer to the publication – 20 Years of Bio Trade. Visit UNCTAD BioTrade Page Non-Tariff Measures Hub Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are policy measures other than tariffs that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods. They are increasingly shaping trade, influencing who trades what and how much. For exporters, importers and policymakers, NTMs represent a major challenge. Though many NTMs aim primarily at protecting public health or the environment, they also substantially affect trade through information, compliance and procedural costs. Understanding the uses and implications of NTMs is essential for the formulation of effective development strategies to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). UNCTAD’s NTM Hub serves as a gateway to that end, providing information on classification, data, research and analysis and policy support. Increasing transparency and understanding of NTMs can build capacity of policymakers, trade negotiators and researchers to strike the delicate balance between the reduction of trade costs and the preservation of public objectives. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. de la Paix, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland T: +41 22 917 1234 F: +41 22 917 0057
Structured wiring system From DIYWiki Revision as of 02:19, 11 August 2009 by John Rumm (talk \| contribs) (→‎How does it work: reword for claity) Jump to navigation Jump to search A structured wiring system is a flexible and expandable way of installing telecommunications and computer networking capabilities into a home or office. Once the domain of commercial and office installations, there are now many good reasons for installing a system in the average home. This article describes the basics. What can I do with it? • share files, folders, printers, and your internet connection between your various computers. • Install telephones where you need them • Stream audio and video files to TVs or computers • Centralise computer backup facilities Unlike a series of hard wired phone sockets or network points, structured wiring is designed to be flexible. You can decide how you will use each point after you have installed it, and you can change the use later without needing to make wiring alterations. Why Cable? In these days of cordless DECT phones, WiFi and HomePlug ethernet you might wonder why it is worth going to the effort to cable a house. However there are a number of advantages. A well installed system gives high reliability - phone calls without drop outs or interference, reliable high speed computer and audio/video appliance communications at gigabit speeds in any building for very low cost, and freedom from the security worries that come with broadcast data comms technologies. How does it work Close-up of a patch panel (click for closeup) You will need: 1. Cable (lots of) 2. Patch panel(s) 3. RJ45 Modular sockets 4. Modular face plates 5. Suitable pattress or back boxes for the face plates 6. Network switch 7. Optional PABX 8. Optional Comms Cabinet 9. Patch leads (Ethernet and possibly telecom) 10. Line Adaptor Units (LAUs) for the phones When choosing the cable and accessories the fist decision to make is what specification to buy. For a domestic installation the choice is really between CAT5E and CAT6. CAT5e Was designed to support Ethernet speeds up to 1 Gb/sec. It will also handle all the previous standard that work over twisted pair cable such as 10 or 100 Mb/sec. CAT6 is a higher spec that is certified for use at higher gigabit speeds, and CAT6a will reliably handle 10 Gb/sec. CAT5e cables and accessories are cheaper and generally fast enough for any current domestic applications. CAT6 may offer some future proofing. Patch leads are rarely worth making yourself since if you shop around they can be bought ready to go and tested for pennies each. Preparing Cables Cable Loom Installation Room terminals can be either small single accessory modular faceplates: At the hub end it often helps to install a small comms cabinet to keep everything together and tidy: (the picture shows a 7U wall cabinet containing a pair of 24 port patch panels at the top, a 16 port gigabit ethernet switch, a ADSL broadband router, and a 4/16 port PABX) Cabinet sizes are specified in "Units" or simply "U". One unit is typically the smallest height device that you would install in a cabinet. Each of the patch panels and the ethernet switch shown above are 1U high - the PABX is more like 1.5U - but is not designed as a rack mount unit and hence sits on the cabinet base rather than being mounted on the front rails. If you wish to install much equipment not designed for rack mounting, then you can place it on rack mounting shelves. Wiring Up Modern datacomms wiring is all designed to be assembled with the minimum of fuss using insulation displacement connector "punch down" terminations. The outer sheath is stripped from the cable and the inner wires are laid into the corresponding colour coded terminals of the socket. Finally a "Krone" type punch-down tool will push the wire into the terminal. The better tools will also trim the wire to length in the same action. There is no need to strip the insulation from the individual wires since the socket terminals are designed to cut through it and make the connection. (a typical RJ45 module before it is wired or mounted into the modular face plate) If you are wiring a few, it is well worth investing in a good quality tool since it will not only work better and faster, it will also usually have some nice extras like a small hook tool for pulling wires free when you accidentally punch them down to the wrong terminal! When wiring, most sockets provide a place to allow a cable tie to be fixed - and thus hold the cable to the sockets. Fit this first. and then terminate the individual wires. Make sure you get the right wires in the right terminals. Its not enough that the end to end connections are ok, the actual wires used must be arranged in the right order such that the pairs are kept together for each function. Just to add a little complexity there are several standards for the wire arrangements. The most common ones being refereed to as EIA 568A, and 568B. Which you actually use does not make much difference - but make sure to use the same at both ends of the cable otherwise things won't work correctly. Where possible use the same standard for the whole installation. Each pair of wires in a CAT5 cable is twisted together. This is fundamental to the way the cable performs when carrying high speed data. It is good practice only untwist as much as necessary when terminating each pair. This helps maintain the noise immunity of the cable. When wiring the patch panel, it helps to wire each of your numbered bundles in sequence to make keeping track of which lead goes where more manageable! (cables terminated on the rear of a typical patch panel) When complete you can either label the patch panel with the names of the locations of the remote sockets, or simply number each port with a unique number that is matched on the wall socket. This will allow you to tie up a particular wall socket with its matching patch socket. The final stage is testing. For a small number of sockets, you can test with known working computers / phones etc. However to do the job easily a basic network cable tester is a much better way. These start from about £30 in most electronics supplies catalogues. The tester will identify any errors in your wiring, or any problems resulting from damage done to the cables during installation. Note that not all pairs of a cable are used in each application. Analogue Telephones only use one pair, and 10 - 100 Mbit ethernet only uses 2 pairs. So it may be possible to use a less than perfect cable for the application at hand anyway. Correcting mistakes Failures indicated by a network tester can usually be fixed simply by re terminating any failing pairs of wires. The exception to this being when a cable has been physically damaged during installation. In this case you will either need to pull another wire, accept that you will lose a socket at this position, or see if you can salvage some functionality using the working pairs. In many cases you may want a computer and phone point together. Since the phone only requires a single working pair, you can use the damaged cable to provide that. Alternatively you may need two Ethernet points at that location, but only require 100 Mb/sec operation. Since this only requires 2 pairs per connection you should be able to get two working connections from a pair of cables even with some damage. Take care to document any "improvised repairs" that you need to make like this. The most common mistake is to find you have cut a cable too short - usually as a result of a need to avoid some unseen obstacle in the fabric of the building. In these cases small punch down junction boxes will allow a reliable connection to be made such that you can graft on an extension. Using a structured wiring system is simplicity itself. Connect your ethernet device directly to the socket at the far end using an ethernet RJ45 to RJ45 flylead of appropriate length (make sure it is the flexible type, not the stiffer solid core cable designed for the fixed sections of wiring). At the hub end connect the ethernet switch to the patch panel via a short network patch lead with a RJ45 connector on each end. For very small instillations it might be appropriate to use the small 4 way switch built into some broadband routers rather than a separate network switch. With structured caballing, analogue telephone connections typically only use one pair of wires. This is different from the typical UK method of installing hard wired phone sockets that used three wires. It nicely avoids one of the normal problems that can occur with UK based phone wiring, where the third unbalanced wire (the so called "bell" wire) can pick up unwanted noise and hum as it is routed between each of the sockets. With a structured system, the bell wire is only recreated at the point of use, using a plug in device called a Line Adaptor Unit (LAU) LAU for attaching phone to RJ45 socket These adapt the RJ45 socket to take the normal BT style plug on your phone, and also include a ring capacitor to provide the missing bell wire. The lead required to patch a connection to a phone socket will vary depending on if you are making a direct connection between a BT telephone socket and a patch socket, or between a PABX and a patch socket. For direct connection, the standard type of lead used on most ADSL routers or dialup modems is ideal. This has a BT plug on one end, and a RJ11 plug on the other (connecting pins 2 and 5 on the BT plug to the centre pair of pins on the RJ11). The BT plug goes into the standard phone socket, and the RJ11 (being simply a narrower 6 pin version of the RJ45 plug will plug directly into the RJ45 socket on the patch panel. For a PABX connection a RJ11 to RJ11 lead will probably be required, since many PABX systems will have the extension lines presented as RJ11 sockets. Audio / Video Splitting signals Sometimes it is handy to be able to split a signal and direct it to more than one socket. Say for example when connecting a phone line to a number of locations without the use of a PABX. This can be done simply using some spare patch ways on your patch panel. Simply wire together three spare sockets. They can then be used to split one signal two ways. Note this is only usually of practical use for telecomms use rather than data. See Also External Links
Pruning Cherry Trees SERIES 32 \| Episode 23 Tino says it’s important to tell the difference between a leaf bud and a fruiting bud when pruning your cherry tree. So how do you tell the difference? Leaf buds are borne singly, staggered along stems. Fruit buds are borne in clusters. Long whippy growth can be removed, even if it holds fruiting buds, as the fruit will be inferior. Remember to leave short growth with fruiting buds, as these produce fruit. Featured Plant CHERRY Prunus cv.
Albert Camus Analysis of ‘The Stranger’ by Albert Camus Albert Camus Analysis of ‘The Stranger' by Albert Camus The Stranger Analysis of ‘The Stranger' by Albert Camus - The Stranger is a French novel titled L’Étranger written by Albert Camus and was published in 1942. This book was translated four times to English. In UK it is titled The Outsider and in the US it is known as The stranger. The story is about a man who does not fit into expected mould or behaviours of the society but he is not abnormal or insane. Albert Camus was a French journalist, author and philosopher. He received a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957, at the age of 44, the second youngest person to receive this award. Camus views were responsible for the growth of a philosophy known as Absurdism. He is also known as existentialist but he has rejected this term which is used to describe him. Summary - Analysis of ‘The Stranger' by Albert Camus The narrator Meursault is the protagonist and is living in Algiers. He receives a telegram informing him of his mother’s death. By the time he reaches home the coffin is closed and he does not want it opened and he does not weep too. This shocks the people but he is not bothered and leaves the place immediately and reaches Algiers the same night. The next day he meets his colleague Marie Cardona and they have a date to watch a comedy movie and later spend the night together. He meets some more people in the following days. Salamano lives in the same building and he has a mangy dog. RaymondSintes is a pimp who beats his mistress and she leaves him. Raymond takes the help of Meursault to get his mistress back. Meursault obliges and writes a letter to his mistress. That night he sees Salamano who laments that his dog has run away. Marie comes back to ask if he would marry her. Meursault answers indifferently but agrees to it if she wanted it and they get engaged. Raymond’s mistress comes back seeing the letter but Raymond beats her again and she leaves and this time he gets a slap and summons from the police. A few days later Raymond, Meursault and Marie go to a beach owned by Raymond’s friend Masson. At the beach they run into two Arabs of whom one is the brother of his mistress. A fight breaks out and the Arab stabs Raymond. After being treated for his stabs Raymond comes back to shoot the Arab. Meursault stops him. Later Meursault walks up to the Arab and shoots him. Analysis of ‘The Stranger' by Albert Camus Meursault is arrested but he is not remorseful at all. The lawyer is appalled at this attitude especially his lack of grief after his mother’s death. Marie visits him in the jail, slowly he gets used to his life in prison. He hopes to get married to her once he leaves the prison. On the day of his trial there were many people in the courtroom. They had come to watch the man who did not grieve his mother’s death and who killed for no reason. Marie testifies that Meursault did not grieve and the following day the prosecutor calls Meursault a monster and a threat to the society. He is sentenced to death. The chaplain comes to change Meursault into a believer of god but fails rather he manhandles the chaplain. Chaplain also now believes that death is the only way out. Meursault now abandons his thoughts of life outside the prison and accepts the decision of the prosecutor and spend the rest of his days with ‘gentle indifference’ to the world. Characters - Analysis of ‘The Stranger' by Albert Camus Meursault is the person around whom the story revolves and he is the Stranger. He is a stranger because he does not fit into the norms of society. Meursault is emotionally indifferent. He does grieve his mother’s death; he is not emotionally attached to his girlfriend Marie. Meursault helps Raymond to bring his mistress back only to see that she is beaten. Meursault has his sympathies with her but when Raymond is attacked he protects him and even stops from becoming a murderer. But for some weird reason he shoots the Arab who attacked Raymond. His behaviour was unpredictable. He was honest but there was no reason behind his action or words. He was arrested for murder but was sentenced to death for his non-conformity. This summarises the character of Meursault. Marie is Meursault’s co-worker who revives their friendship which results in their engagement. He loves Meursault in spite of his strange behaviour. She remains true to him till the end. She visits him in the jail to comfort him. Raymond Sintes Raymond is Meursault’s neighbour and a pimp. He is very different from Meursault. He is violent man who beats up his mistress. Raymond does not trust her. When she leaves him he brings her back with the help of Meursault. He realises that a letter from a gentle person like Meursault will bring his mistress back. Once she comes back, he beats her again. He is attacked by his mistress’ brother. In retaliation he decides to kill the brother but is stopped by Meursault. Raymond was a man who was emotionally charged most of the time. Salamano is another neighbour of Meursault. Other characters include the chaplain, the caretaker and director of the home in which Meursault’s mother stayed. The m other, Masson, Arabs and the magistrate are the other characters in the novel The Stranger. The themes of the story are absurdism, meaningless of human life and the importance of physical world. Camus philosophy of absurdism reflects all through the novel, through his characters and the story line. There is mention of Salamano whose presence in the novel does not make any impact. Raymond being helped by Meursault is also strange. The strangest event is Meursault killing the Arab for no reason. Then Meursault’s character is really different. He is not mentally challenged; he is normal but unable to conform to the rules and ways of the society thus making him a stranger to the society. Meursault realises the meaningless in life in the prison. Death was the only truth, whether you die a natural death or are sentenced to be beheaded. Life had no meaning according to Meursault. Since life had no purpose for him, the natural inclination was to the physical world. For Meursault the world was the only truth and nothing subtler existed for him. The story is mostly set in Algiers. It moves to the town where Meursault’s mother lived and died. Other places are the beach house of Masson and for most part it the prison where he is jailed becomes the setting. Critical Analysis “On the surface, L'Etranger gives the appearance of being an extremely simple though carefully planned and written book. In reality, it is a dense and rich creation, full of undiscovered meanings and formal qualities.” Carl Viaggiani. In his 1970 analysis, Leo Bersani commented that L'Etranger is "mediocre" in its attempt to be a "'profound' novel", but describes the novel as an "impressive if flawed exercise in a kind of writing promoted by the New Novelists of the 1950s". Beloved – Toni MorrisonBeloved – Toni Morrison Author Background Toni Morrison was the first African American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. She was born in Ohio and lived there for the first few years of her life. Her novel Beloved is about the repression of memories and denial of the past, commonly seen among The Storm by Arif AnwarThe Storm by Arif Anwar Title: The Storm Author: Arif Anwar Context: The Storm is a historical fiction debut novel by Arif Anwar set in Bangladesh during the 1900s. The novel presents the many different ways in which families can show love and affection, betray, honor and also make sacrifices for each other. Synopsis: The William PlomerWilliam Plomer Author: William Plomer Profile: William Charles Franklyn Plomer better known as William Plomer was a South African and British author, literary editor, poet and novelist. A series of librettos have been written by him for Benjamin Britten. Some of his poetry has been written by him under the Robert Pagan,
By Gavin Meikle Delivering a prepared speech can be nerve-racking enough. The thought of being put on the spot to give a short speech without any preparation or advance warning can seem to some people like their worst nightmare. Other people cope remarkably well with these situations so what can we learn from them? Well for a start they know that every speech, even if its a short one or two minute impromptu one, needs a good structure. A beginning that grabs the audience's attention, an ending which wraps up the speech clearly and a middle which supports the main points. Another thing they know is how important delivery is. Not only for winning over the audience, but also for managing their own nerves. The key is to behave as if you were feeling confident and confidence will come. So how do you do this. Delivery tips: 1) Step up - When asked to speak, smile and step forward confidently 2) Stand — Before you start to speak pause for a second and look out at your audience 3) Smile — It will relax both you and the audience 4) Speak — Begin your speech clearly and confidently. A good tip is to repeat the question or topic you have been assigned. This buys you a few extra seconds of thinking time and allows you to get your brain in gear. 5) Stay still — Don’t dash off as soon as you have finished speaking. , Stay standing confidently and either enjoy the applause or ask for questions Use the PREP model ● Position — Start by stating your position on the topic — do you agree or disagree? ● Reason - Now expand on that by explaining why you hold this view. How can you justify it? What evidence supports it? What alternatives did you consider and why did you dismiss them? ● Example(s) — Tell; a story or give a short case study that exemplifies the position you are taking. Stories are great for turning abstract ideas into tangible examples that your audience can understand. ● Position/Proposition — End by restating your position confidently and authoritatively. Some people are good at coming up with a powerful and clever closing quote but if inspiration escapes you try a simple “and so I believe ….” and repeat your position. Alternatively you can incorporate a call to action and propose that your audience do something, which makes for an even stronger conclusion.
American Dream in their Eyes were Watching God Published: 2021-07-27 09:05:07 essay essay Category: Literature Type of paper: Essay Hey! We can write a custom essay for you. All possible types of assignments. Written by academics In Hurstonr’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie, the main character, did not fit into the three communities of North Florida, Eatonville or the Muck. She always seemed to be an outsider in those communities. The quote I choose is Ships at a distance have every manr’s wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly. (1.1-2) She gained a sense of power, due to being alienated from those communities and it allowed her to grow. If she would have been an active member in either community, she would not have been able to grow and change into the person she was meant to be. It is assumed this novel takes place around the late 1920r’s, due to the historical references in the book. This was a time when blacks and whites were still segregated but everyone still had dreams for their lives, despite color. The love that Janie saught after was jaded by the way Janie was treated by the men in her life. She yearned for respect and equality, while her nanny thought what was best for her was to get married to have financial stability. She at first aimed to please everyone, especially her nanny, but realized that it ultimately did not make her happy. Her American dream was about finding herself and with that came along gaining personal freedom and finding true love. The freedom she found was not in a relationship but in lonesomenss and becoming a widow. This part of the quote, Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly; represents Janier’s American Dream by the fact that women can mold themselves from their past into what they want to be. To learn and grow from your experiences make you into the person you are meant to be. Women, especially women of color were supposed to be subservient to men. Janie just wants to be an equal and a free woman that has her our thoughts and dreams. As the novel unfolds Janier’s life experiences embodies who she becomes as she has a self-realization. She discovers things about herself she did not know before which shapes her into the woman she was truly meant to be. She realized she could only rely on herself for the love and care she was in so desperate need of and was searching for her whole life. The author shows that men and women have different dreams and goals and that is why many relationships dont work out. The nature of relationships and culture of this time period was what the novel focused on. However, today, relationships should be based on mutual respect and support of each otherr’s individual dreams and dreams they have together. To have a dream for happiness and success, and the hope of achieving it is what keeps the dream going for many Americans. Janie earns her freedom and happiness by the end of the novel. Her plight in life was one filled with struggles but she learned from the pain and learned about herself too. The American dream is your own, but you grow and learn things about yourself throughout your journey. Hurston, Zora Neale, et al. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Virago Press, 2018. We can write your paper just for 11.99$ i want to copy... People also read
Macbeth Quotes On Ambition 1154 Words5 Pages Macbeth a man driven on by ruthless ambition and tortured by regret Ambition is an earnest desire familiar to most that provides us with motivation to reach specific goals no matter the consequences or troubles one will have to endure. Shakespeare conveys this desire remarkably through a tragic hero, who is known as Macbeth. The play focus on the downfall of Macbeth and how ruthless ambition can psychologically damage and ruin the character. The play underlines how irrational and selfish thoughts can bring dissonance and disorder. The realization of moral decline throughout the play brings about regret and despair, as the imaginary world that Macbeth has built with the absence of responsibilities and fear, is finally crushed by reality. Macbeth is held in high regard when Duncan, king of Scotland learns that his army is led by …show more content… Lady Macbeth who had strengthened her will and hardened her heart by ‘’ murdering ministers’’ influences Macbeth to murder Duncan by challenging him to prove his worth as a man. Conflicted Macbeth sees no real reason in killing Duncan, apart from ‘’Vaulting Ambition’ ’Macbeth’s conscience is deeply troubled, he decides not to go ahead with the murder ‘’We will proceed no further in this business’’ but following his wife’s condescending interventions he resolves to murder, showing weakness in his character and how easily swayed Macbeth can be. Just like with the witch’s prophecies he is eager to find out what lies ahead. With this we learn that Macbeth is a feeble character who is easily persuaded emotionally by his wife, who knows of Macbeths insecurities and hence targets them. Courage and physical power are Macbeths major claims of self esteem; without them he is nothing. From Macbeth’s moral thoughts and questioning, he is completely transferred when a well-rounded plan is calculated by Lady Macbeth, ‘’I’m settled More about Macbeth Quotes On Ambition Open Document
The Impact Of Growing Communities On Ageing Dams \| Rezatec Urban Expansion VS Dam Safety: As communities grow, can these two co-exist? The UN has warned that most people will live downstream of a dam by the year 2050. As infrastructure grows older and development accelerates, how can dam owners and regulators keep people safe? As the global population expands, developers have no choice but to start building homes and commercial spaces in once-rural areas. This means new communities inevitably start to encroach on places downstream of a dam, within floodplains or breach inundation zones. When dam safety risk assessment takes place ‘on the ground’, this urban change becomes a problem. How can a dam owner or regulator know for sure if new homes or communities have ‘moved in’ when inspections occur infrequently and may take months or even years to complete? How can they ensure dams are classified correctly with the appropriate hazard rating? And ultimately, how do they keep growing communities safe from catastrophic failure? Dam owners and regulators often operate across vast geographical areas. Depending upon each individual dam’s risk classification, flood zone surveys might only be conducted every five years, or more. If your goal is to keep nearby communities safe from dam failure, this is a worryingly lengthy process. With urban change happening so rapidly, the chances of a new housing development or community arriving within your dam inundation area between inspections increases – and knowing where they are is critical. For regulators in particular, this presents significant concerns. Correct classification of dams is partially assessed by the presence of properties (and therefore people) situated within an inundation zone, and this determines the frequency of future inspections. With hundreds or even thousands of dams to keep track of and a rapidly expanding urban area, this leaves room for error and high-hazard dams might not receive the most accurate rating. How Technology Can Reduce Risk And Improve Dam Safety? The good news is that while residential communities, retail outlets and offices expand at a rapid rate, so does dam monitoring technology. With intelligent Geospatial AI solutions, dam owners can consistently manage the potential risks that urban changes pose, from the comfort of their desk. Dams being inspected physically perhaps once every five years is no longer enough when urban change is happening so rapidly. With dam safety monitoring systems, data can be collected automatically, analysed regularly and constantly refreshed, meaning that even as communities continue to grow, dam regulators can stay on top of safety precautions and significantly reduce risk. Monitoring Urban Change With Rezatec With the new Urban Change module from Rezatec, dam owners and regulators can monitor changes in urban development and the impact it may have on their assets using advanced Geospatial AI. The solution analyses visual satellite data from two different time periods to detect new buildings. When the flood zone or inundation area is overlaid onto the map, the technology can instantly and remotely identify urban change and communities at risk. For both dam owners and regulators, this expedites the process of monitoring changes in nearby developments, which ultimately helps to keep communities safer. There are additional benefits when it comes to already-stretched time and financial resources. By using Rezatec’s Geospatial AI platform, engineers and managers can access data immediately and remotely, and allocate ‘boots on the ground’ to targeted or high risk areas. Dam owners and regulators now have alternative options when it comes to monitoring their assets and surrounding areas. Using data from above rather than relying solely on ground-based inspections, they can supercharge their technology, enhance processes and make sure new communities are identified before it’s too late. Book a FREE demo of Rezatec’s Geospatial AI technology today and discover how you could monitor urban change, ensure the correct classification of dams and keep communities safe. See how we can help
Valentine’s Day is right round the corner, and it won’t be long before florists worldwide will be giddy with profit. Let’s not forget that the same will go for restaurants, candy shops, and, yes, Hallmark. The V-Day tradition has endured for so long that it’s near impossible to imagine 14th February sans the gifts. But why exactly do we give gifts on Valentine’s Day? Believe you us, when we say: It all started with a young priest in a jail cell. That young priest was named Valentine. St Valentine Kneeling In Supplication Image Credit: David Teniers III \| And Valentine was a total bad-a*, to say the least. His story starts in the third century, when the Roman Emperor Claudius II outlawed marriage because he believed that single men made better soldiers (The tragedy!). Valentine was furious with this injustice, and bravely continued to perform marriages for young lovers; in secret, of course. Word got out. woman putting a finger between her lips Image Credit: Kristina Flour \| As it almost always eventually does, and Valentine was sentenced to death. While awaiting imminent death, our young priest fell in love with his jailer’s daughter, who would come to visit him in his cell. Before giving up the ghost, he sent her a letter, signed, ‘From your Valentine’, not knowing it would be an expression used even centuries after his death. Valentine died an outlaw. skull on floor Image Credit: Matthew MacQuarrie \| On 14th February, 270 AD. It was only in 496 AD that Pope Gelasius declared the date a day to honour Valentine, who by that time had become a well-remembered saint. We thus continue to honour the courageous St. Valentine by celebrating our love for significant others, friends, and family. Cool story, eh? roses with picnic basket and wine Image Credit: Seth Reese \| Since we’ve already got you unraveling history… Do you know why flowers, chocolates, and cards stay à la mode every single year? Flowers were used to send hidden messages. red rose with bokeh lights Image Credit: Nathan Fertig \| Introduced in the 18th century by Charles II of Sweden, the art of speaking through flowers was simple- Each flower had a specific meaning attached to it, meaning lovers could have an entire conversation with just roses, lilies, and the like. Today, we send flowers to each other to express popular sentiments of love and admiration. The rose, for example, is supposed to be the favourite flower of Venus, the goddess of love, because it symbolises strong feelings. Cards- An almost direct result of yet another imprisonment. painting of flowers Image Credit: Victoria Blisborough \| The earliest surviving record of a Valentine’s Day card is known to be written by Charles the Duke of Orleans, to his wife. The card was penned while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, after being captured at the Battle of Agincourt, and contained a medieval French poem titled, “Farewell To Love”. In the 16th century, cards had become so common on Valentine’s Day that several religious leaders even preached against them. We can thank the Spanish for chocolates. chocolate in box Image Credit: Jennifer Pallian \| We have the Spanish explorers to thank for this delicious cocoa treat. After they brought chocolate back from the New World in the 17th century, chocolate, which was popularly known for its aphrodisiac effects, quickly became Europe’s choice Valentine’s Day candy. Surprised at the humble beginnings of Valentine’s Day? Traditionally, husbands and boyfriends alike would bring their beloved ones roses, cards, and chocolates as displays of their love. Today, we’ve expanded to become more creative with our gifts- with soft toys, gadgets, and jewellery being just a few of our top modern-day choices. Whatever your personal traditions are, we hope that you’ll enjoy your Valentine’s Day with your loved one. Do St. Valentine proud! Read More: The Smart Way To Confess To Your Crush On Valentine’s Day Featured Image Credit: Bart Larue \|
When presenting a Enterprise Plan for a brand new Startup Know-how Company to a Venture Capitalist you have to perceive that they’re in search of a one to a few year kill. With this know-how the cellphone initiatives a digital keyboard on a surface before the consumer who then enters information as if he have been using a laptop computer keyboard. Nanotechnology is the science of extremely small constructions and is resulting in advanced supplies, devices and functions in energy, medicine and electronics that improve life, well being care, security and the surroundings in groundbreaking ways.new technology This is for storing person’s data, such like software program, digital credentials. There’s a guide that has successfully subtle using solar energy as an relevant, environmentally friendly, and solar price effective method of electrical energy generation and usage.new technology Theories of know-how often try to predict the way forward for technology based on the excessive expertise and science of the time. He can see the advantages and the way technology will be seen as a pal to humanity that ‘it makes life simpler, cleaner and longer’. This technology finds its most usage in fee programs, entry management and asset tracking. The two easiest and only programs that I have built are based mostly on wind and solar power techniques. In the future this development might proceed, with the 3D printing of weaponry threatening to make arms control inconceivable, and DIY ‘open source’ biotechnology elevating the potential for dwelling-made and novel biological weapons. Engineering is the objective-oriented process of designing and making tools and methods to exploit pure phenomena for practical human means, usually (but not at all times) using outcomes and techniques from science. This grownup gorilla uses a branch as a walking follow gauge the water’s depth, an instance of expertise usage by non-human primates.
Object Descriptions Ground Floor Parlor Gun Loop One never knows who might come calling. Behind the curtain in the Parlor is a gun loop, a hole through which a gun can be fired, and which provides a clear shot at the front door leading into the Great Hall. Spenser lived at Kilcolman under constant threat. Full-scale rebellion against him and the New English was always a possibility, as were sporadic raids by thieving, ambitious and/or disgruntled neighbors who would have borne a grudge or simply wanted his property. Some would have resented the creation of the plantation by the (mostly Protestant) New English settlers. Others, like his powerful Old English neighbor Lord Roche, engaged Spenser in regular lawsuits over property, and this led to violence on both sides. Spenser was eventually burned out when the Nine Years’ War, led by Hugh O’Neill, earl of Tyrone, began in Ulster and spread south, reaching the plantation in August, 1599. Appropriately, the name of Spenser’s estate was “Hap-Hazard.” Desk with letters Guns were an early modern innovation in Europe. They are recorded as being in use in Ireland as early as the Battle of Knockdoe in 1504. Even the most mighty and feared Irish lords put gun-loops outside their front doors, as did the 10th earl of Ormond at his Tudor mansion at Carrick-on-Suir. The plantation home of Mallow Castle, occupied by the Norris family of soldiers and administrators, had gun-loops, as did Kanturk Castle, built in the early seventeenth century by the native Irish MacCarthys. Spenser’s fellow planter William Herbert lists cannon and hand-guns among his household inventory at Castleisland, Co. Kerry. Gun-loops are also found at Enniscorthy Castle, Co. Wicklow. Spenser briefly owned property in Enniscorthy in the early 1580s, before he sold it on to Sir Henry Wallop. Spenser’s friend and co-author Lodowick Bryskett lived and wrote in the town of Enniscorthy. Literary Connections Spenser makes extensive use of guns in his poetry. It has been argued that the highly destructive flail of Talus, Artegall’s iron-man enforcer in Book V of The Faerie Queene, could allegorize raking gunfire. Elsewhere in the epic, the character Timias (an allegorical stand-in for Sir Walter Raleigh) blasts open the castle of the giant Orgoglio with his “horne,” and Orgoglio’s forceful response is compared to cannon-fire (FQ I.viii.3-9). Book II contains “hideous Ordinaunce” (or cannon) used by villains who besiege a castle, the House of Temperance (II.xi.14.3). These same villains are earlier compared to “a swarme of Gnats at euentide” that rise “Out of the fennes of Allan” (II.ix.16.1-2), i.e., the Bog of Allen in the Irish midlands. Cyril Falls, Elizabeth’s Irish Wars (NY: Barnes and Noble, 1950). Alistair Fowler, “Spenser and War.” War, Literature and the Arts in Sixteenth-Century Europe, ed. J.R. Mulryne and Margaret Shewring (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1989), 147-64. Rev. Kieran O’Shea, “A Castleisland Inventory, 1590.” Journal of the Kerry Archaeological and Historical Society 15-16 (1982-3), 37-46. Michael West, “Spenser’s Art of War: Chivalric Allegory, Military Technology, and the Elizabethan Mock-Heroic Sensibility.” Renaissance Quarterly 41 (1988), 654-704: 663-4. —. “warfare.” The Spenser Encyclopedia. Ed. A. C. Hamilton (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1990), 726-7.
Dodson Elizabeth M., PhD Challenges in Forest Road Maintenance in North America volume: 42, issue: Maintenance is a key component of managing a forest road network. Forest road networks in North America are managed to provide economic access to forest resources while minimizing the environmental impacts of those roads. While managers understand the importantance of road maintenance, there is a considerable backlog in the maintenance required on most forest road networks. This article reviews challenges across North America in forest road maintenance. Challenges reviewed include those associated with climate change, changing land use and intermingled ownerships, legacy roads, decision support, and financial barriers. Web of Science Impact factor (2020): 2.088 Five-years impact factor: 2.077 Quartile: Q2 - Forestry Subject area Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Corrosion of iron and steel Other Names: Iron exposed to moist air or oxygenated water are corroded, leaving a red encrustation of iron oxide on the surface. Progressive rusting is a major source of failure of unprotected structural materials. It is aggravated by bad design which leaves moisture traps in the structure. Rust may pit small holes in a surface, or uniformly progress over its area. It may attack joints and crevices. Despite their universal vulnerability to penetration, iron and steel materials are insufficiently protected, both in manufacture and in maintenance. A corrosive environment of iron or steel only requires the presence of water together with either a dissolved acid gas or oxygen, or in some cases just dissolved salts (eg brine). The importance of rust is particularly evident in the automobile industry. In the UK it has been estimated that automotive rust costs some £260 million per year, decreasing the value of each automobile by £1 every week. In countries exposed to ice and snow on the roads, the use of salt to clear it accelerates rusting. In the UK, where the use of salt in this way is estimated to cause 50% of rusting, it therefore costs £130 million per year. In the USA, repairs and replacements due to corrosion and rust damage may be worth nearly 5% of the gross national product. High humidity countries or locations experience the worst rusting: Suriname, Abu Dhabi and Indonesia top one list of rust-prone climates. In 1990 it was reported that the 1,300 kilometre trans-Alaska pipeline (designed to be rustproof for 30 to 40 years) was seriously corroding because of failure to corrode it adequately. Repairs were expected to cost from $600 to $1,500 million. Problem Type: E: Emanations of other problems Date of last update 12.07.2020 – 06:32 CEST
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This is because viruses lack the required cellular machinery. Viruses are biological entities that can only thrive and multiply in a host, which is a living organism such as a human, an animal, or a plant. Jan De Wit, a 20-year-old Dutch man, wrote the virus as ‘a joke’. OK i start google chrome on my Ubuntu operating system and It says: Whoa! google chrome Has crashed Relaunch now? That is not normal if it had really crashed it would say something like: Google Chrome Has encountered an error and needs to c. This represents perhaps the most complete picture of the most common names in the United States. The deadly virus is named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it was first reported, and is classified as a CDC Biosafety Level 4, a. 1 Overview 2 Special Ability 3 Trivia 4 Stages of Evolution 5 Gallery The Virus is a standard plague type introduced in version 1. The virus worms its way into the brain along the peripheral nerves. 99 for 5-Devices on a 2-Year Plan (List Price $239. MERS. Viral vaccines contain either inactivated viruses or attenuated (alive but not capable of causing disease) viruses. a. "Resident Evil" Series (2002-2017) - The only things you need to know about this multifilm franchise based on the Capcom video games is that an evil corporation creates a virus that turns most of . The amoeba starting dying, and researchers discovered they were laden with these ancient giants. Think you can name the Western from a list of characters? Take the quiz to find out! ENTERTAINMENT By: Heather Cahill 6 Min Quiz The first Western movie was a s. Vomiting. Enter a disease name or synonym to search NORD's database of reports. Several organizations maintain and publish free blocklists of IP addresses and URLs of systems and networks suspected in malicious activities on-line. The DNA viruses constitute classes I and II. Researchers have shown that Native ELF Linux Viruses are technically possible. 11-Feb-2020 . Remdesivir (Veklury) is currently the only medication approved by the FDA to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Common Computer Viruses - Helpful computer virus list of the most notorious computer virus names, plus links to resources about each virus. Top Destructive Cyber Viruses and How to Avoid Them. The World Health Organization (WHO) has created new labels for variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the the virus that causes COVID-19. Magistr virus: this very destructive virus emails itself to your contact list, deletes every other file, wrecks your CMOS and BIOS — and leaves you insulting messages to boot. 22 hours ago . Names: 20H/501Y. That list actually leaves out yet more names: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the COVID-19 virus, and, in the category of offensive names sometimes favored by our president, the . The virus was discovered in a soil sample from 98 feet beneath the ground. Also, know which top free . 07-Jun-2020 . See full list on hongkiat. Hoarder. 7, first identified in Kent, the United Kingdom, is now called alpha. That’s normal. The most common type of viral disease is the common cold , which is caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat). Retroviruses cause tumor growth and certain cancers in animals and are associated with slow infections of animals. Damcor. You can sort by “% CPU” to view the apps taking up the most resources: Some of these, like Google Chrome, will have helper processes used to improve performance. The first death has been labeled as a result of the novel Coronavirus (nCoV), for which a name has not been established yet. A number of viruses can cause stomach flu. The approval was based on findings that . Some viruses cause disease. Malicious software includes computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware, adware or rootkits. the moment Nimda hit the Internet to reach the top of the list of reported attacks. COVID-19: Coronavirus variants given new names by the WHO under new system - here's the full list. NRTIs inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme which is responsible for conversion of viral RNA into DNA. 30-Jun-2021 . Figure 1 displays a list of some . There are plenty of variations and types, for both fantasy styled stories and more realistic stories. Late one night, the group of scientists discussed over Kentucky bourbon what the virus . For the full list of excipients, see section 6. sys: X: Added by the Trojan-Spy. Check . The type of drug, . " Matthewbe says, "I put it as Other. Chikungunya Virus Infection (Chikungunya) CDC. Failing to do so, they said, allowed some facilities to hide known cases of the virus from residents, families, staff, and the larger community, and obscured which homes were most in need of resources. Related: Recommended Anti-Virus Software Once the file is uploaded , NoVirusThanks will instantly scan it against a dozen or so popular anti-virus programs including AVG, Comodo and Kaspersky so chance are low that a bad file with go undetected. McAfee Total Protection — $69. Doctors can usually diagnose a virus . COVID-19 variants are to be known by letters of the Greek alphabet to avoid stigmatizing nations where they were first detected, the World . com “That was a Windows virus that had a lot of different methods of infection. ANITA HILL VIRUS: Lies dormant for ten years. More than 200 different viruses are known to cause the symptoms of the common cold. Often, the virus is called, simply, “coronavirus,” a broad term that includes many viruses other than . " Try this says, "FBI_surveillance_van_2712. For a list of virus genera, see List of virus genera. Encephalitis, Arboviral or parainfectious CDC. Panda. See full list on onlinedegrees. 15-Apr-2021 . 06-Oct-2020 . Most frequently, plants catch a cold when an insect or other small animal invades the cellulose armor that protects them from the environment. 7 appears to have substantially increased transmissibility compared . Bob Casey (D. Short Bytes: fossBytes brings you a list of 10 best free antivirus software of 2016 for different kinds of platforms such as best antivirus for Windows 10, Mac or Android. 2001 was a great year for viruses. For instance, a virus cannot replicate itself outside the host cell. Let’s investigate the viruses and risk posed by them. A safe mode boot will halt the Startup and the Registry Run key. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, which have lost their ability to replicate and in order for it to bring about a response it contains more antigen than live vaccines. ” 5. Some viruses do this by inserting their own DNA (or RNA) into that of the host cell. 1ClickDownloader 4-you. The new labels will use letters of the Greek alphabet . An average of . Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Shetkari Sanman Yojana 2017 Beneficiary List Dist-Nanded · Talukawise List Of Common Service Center's (CSC) · Corona Virus . a says, "I periodically choose a virus name from a virus Top Threats list. Computer virus - virus is a program or programming code, which replicates by being copied or initiating its copying to another program, computer boot sector or document. Scrambling file names by manipulating the directory contents; theScrambling file names by manipulating the directory . See full list on en. Infographic: Tips on using the List N Tool to find a disinfectant. Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza ), they are generally classified clinically according to syndrome (eg, the common cold, bronchiolitis, croup, pneumonia ). Spirochaetes bacteria are responsible for a range of diseases, including the . The variant SARS-CoV-2 virus initially known as B. Some of the viruses can cause more severe illness or more commonly affect certain age groups. 28 Weeks Later (2007) A sequel to 28 Days Later, this movie takes place six months after the events of the first movie, when mankind has declared victory on the “Rage” virus. Caliciviruses: A family of viruses that is divided into four types, with noroviruses being the most common. S - Spread - Spreads a script or other object to pieces in the game. Baculoviruses. In early April, U. Three types of flu viruses—A, B, and C— cause seasonal influenza. 8 Vaccine trade name or common name Best WAIIS Selection State Supplied Age (Range) Dose Route Manufacturer/ NDC Number CPT code CVX code Human Papilloma Virus Gardasil HPV, quadrivalent 9 - 26 yrs 0. Is a virus alive? Learn the definition of a virus. 5ml IM Merck- MSD NDC: 00006-4045-41 90649 62 Computer virus truly means a nightmare for every computer user. com The virus is a script that. Here are more than 380 common adware programs and search redirect hijackers. R - Rename - Changes the name of pieces in the game. More than 42,200 cases of Covid-19 have been confirmed in China. Lists the various brand names available for medicines containing rotavirus vaccine. This name generator will give you 10 random names for all sorts of computer viruses and similar software. Viruses may be viewed as mobile genetic elements, most probably of cellular origin and characterized by a long co-evolution of virus and host. 12-Nov-2020 . Acholeplasmataceae. Pig flu. Find information on casimersen use, treatment, drug class and molecular formula. This is a list of all virus species, including satellites and viroids. Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface. executable. Historical Taxonomy Releases Select this link for a table providing information on and access to every ICTV taxonomy release since MSL #1 in 1971. Top 20 Types of Computer Viruses - Names of Computer Viruses . A/C Name, West Bengal State Emergency Relief Fund, Please CLICK the ICON below to make ONLINE PAYMENT. 7 has been renamed Alpha under a new naming system devised by the World . The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is responsible for assigning the scientific names of the virus (meaning its family, genus, species, etc. File infectors: This virus infects executable files or programs. The list of symptoms for the coronavirus overlaps with infections of other viruses, including influenza and rhinovirus, the virus that causes the common cold. Covid-19 name is taken from words corona, virus, disease and 2019, as the outbreak was reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019. The team fished for viruses using amoebas, their target hosts, as bait. Processes with an icon next to their name denote apps, which are usually safe to close. [vc_empty_space height="7px"] +52 442 195 5976. 5m members in the interestingasfuck community. 12 28 Days Later (2002) For all of the Romero-loving zombie purists, Danny Boyle’s reinvention of the classic movie monster in 28 Days Later was irksome, to say the least. Human Coronavirus Types. com The current list of COVID-19 variants includes 10 mutations, according to CNN and The Guardian. NRTIs also terminate the elongation of DNA synthesized by the virus. A2M. Do you think you can be your own WebMD? This quiz can answer that question for you. Some of these lists have usage restrictions: But those names tie the virus to particular places, going against current best practices. As viral RNA itself code for proteic products, they are referred as . There are 6 classes of viruses. The influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause large epidemics. Kaytri Aartemis Search Ad Adserverplus Adoresearch AllSearchApp Amazon Search AnywhereMe Toolbar Arcade Safari Auto-Lyrics AutoCompletePro Toolbar Axisearch B Lyrics Babylon . Names like 'Techno', 'Whale', and 'Melissa' show nouns are used a lot, while names like . 2 billion. Pedro Szekely/Flickr/CC by 2. Accessiv. Apple Mac Virus List. For example, severe . Batton. It’s normal to see quite a few processes here—click “More Details” if you see a smaller list. There are roughly four dozen homes or assisted living facilities where at least 20 people have died. How to self-quarantine and protect yourself, with or without coronavirus. Updated: 6 days ago Jan 14, 2020 · What is Computer Virus and its types In a digital world, viruses are miniature software programs designed to malfunction the operation system of computers while spreading from one device to another. So in the early to mid-noughties, Anna Kournikova was one of the most searched terms on the internet. Cryptosporidium. The seven coronaviruses that can infect people are: See full list on docs. ". WHO Gives Virus Variants New Names, Drawing From Greek Alphabet By . It used email, web server exploits, all kinds of different stuff. 17th ed. There's even one deadly virus that still exists today which has a connection to Australia. Health officials . T-cell therapy. k. With the new H7N9 virus spreading through China and H5N1 popping up every now and then in Southeast Asia, it's tough to keep track of all the flu viruses. Linux. Win32. The name game for coronavirus variants just got a little easier. 98) Norton AntiVirus Plus . Important: The information below refers to products available in the United States. Lists the various brand names available for medicines containing casimersen. Z. Covers symptoms and stages of . Prickly lettuce yellows ( Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris-related strain PLD1 ) Acholeplasmatales. 27-Jun-2019 . It has approved Johnson & Johnson's single-dose . When the DNA or RNA affects the host cell’s genes, it can push the cell toward becoming cancer. A virus consists of genetic information — either DNA or RNA — coated by a protein. Vax or Vaxine. What is corona virus. Though Stuxnet was discovered in 2010, it is believed to have first infected computers in Iran in 2009. 13. 11 years ago goto startall programtool(or accesoris)note pad then type: format (drive letter)\: :start start shutdown -a -f goto start save it as a batch file but do NOT click WARNING will delete hard drive!!!! not responsible for accidents. A Complete List of Cool, Funny, and Clever Team Names. The contact time is the amount of time the treated surface should remain wet to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). The cold is the most common illness known, bringing the sneezing, scratchy throat and runny nose that we're all familiar with. Monoclonal antibodies and tumor-agnostic treatments, such as checkpoint inhibitors. The list never included the names of the dead, which many experts and medical examiners have said is also public in Florida. Wondering how many viruses exist for the Mac? Here is a list recent Mac malware attacks, viruses for Apple computers, and security threats that Mac users have suffered Despite Apple's best efforts . 01-Apr-2009 . Different than the W32_Storm_Worm released in 2001, this virus was released and identified in late 2007. 25-Oct-1996 . GinMaster is also known as GingerMaster which was the first virus detected by the researchers in 2011 at North Carolina University. The VMR provides a list of exemplar viruses for each species recognized by the ICTV and links to their genomic sequence. Here are 17 other diseases named after populations or places: West Nile Virus. Here is Screen Rant's list of the 12 Deadliest Viruses in Movies. Computer virus name generator. More Information. In the immune suppressing viruses, the most common symptoms include lethargy, loss of appetite, fever and/or frequent infections. coli), hantavirus, dengue fever, West Nile virus, and the Zika . The worst computer virus outbreak in history, Mydoom caused estimated damage of $38 billion in 2004, but its inflation-adjusted cost is actually $52. The herpes family of viruses includes 8 different viruses that affect human beings. These labels were chosen after wide consultation and a review of many potential naming systems. 2009. 2) Conficker Virus (2009) In 2009, a new computer worm crawled its way into millions of . — Virus Description, in the Plague Inc. People in the United States have an estimated 1 billion colds each year. Worms are a malicious software that rapidly replicates and spreads to any device within the network. The Virus Metadata Resource (VMR) is a downloadable spreadsheet that provides information on exemplar viruses for each species. Coccidioidomycosis fungal infection (Valley fever) CDC. This virus is transmitted when body fluids, like blood and semen, from an infected person enter the body of . Chin J. Yet despite the long list of bat-dwelling viruses, the animals don't . This time, they're creating new viruses and bacteria in their laboratories. Former U. The B. Overview of Viral Respiratory Infections. gov Infectious Diseases - A to Z List. This is a list of biological viruses. und. Also excluded are common names and obsolete names for viruses. 04-Nov-2020 . Symantec AntiVirus detections (1063) These threats are also detected by the latest Virus Definitions. Despite some knowledge of poxviruses infecting our domestic mammals, we know little about poxvirus diversity among African rodents, from which those poxviruses of domestic mammals are thought . 19-Jun-2020 . 351Notable mutations: E484K, N501Y, K417N. Body aches. Viruses and other malware can have all sorts of names, but there are some patterns in a good chunk of those names. A2K. Concerns have risen that labelling variants by their locations could fuel hate crimes following . Junin virus candid #1 vaccine strain; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus . As their name implies, DNA viruses use DNA as their genetic material. Your best defense is vaccination, . g. Viral infections commonly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. The viruses are known by numbers as human herpes virus 1 through 8 (HHV1 - HHV8). Here's a quick guide to what those H's . Prognosis: fun . The Common Names of Plant Diseases lists have been prepared by authorities on the given plants and include . Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Plants and humans do not transmit viruses to each other, but humans can spread plant viruses through physical contact 1 . There are different processes, and purposes, for naming viruses and diseases. President Donald Trump has repeatedly lied about the coronavirus pandemic and the country’s preparation for this once-in-a-generation crisis. Class IV viruses have a positive single-stranded RNA genome . The Mac USED TO BE fairly free from malware. Bacteria and viruses are the most common cause of food poisoning. information about the COVID-19 Product list, please check out the . WHO switches to Greek alphabet for virus variant names. Check your illness identification skills by figuring out what chronic ailment we're ta. This disease name generator will give you 10 names that fit most types of illnesses, diseases, and other disorders. " The more than 150 members of this group have segmented (10-12 segments) double-stranded RNA which contains 20-30 genes. Control and Prevention (CDC) lists the virus as a "Category A Bioterrorism Agent. ISBN 978-0-87553-189-2; Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Virus names in italics are those of species . The Social Security Administration will not release its list of popular baby names this year. The epidemic ongoing in West Africa which started in early 2014, is the world's biggest and most . The CDC has also conducted experiments in which they infected ferrets with both the H1N1 swine virus and the H5N1 bird flu virus to see if they would "reassort" and create a new hybrid flu virus. cdc. The symptoms and severity of food poisoning vary, depending on which bacteria or virus has contaminated the food. Bitdefender - the world's very best antivirus. AT&T VIRUS: Every three minutes it tells you what great service you are . Updated 7:00 AM ET, Sun May 24, 2020. Most people infected with West Nile virus show no symptoms or flu-like symptoms, but some ( . This article discusses antivirus software vendors for consumers. 1. ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine (Recombinant) - COVISHIELD manufactured by Serum Institute of . People were just very into tennis. Right click on the icon and choose Properties -> Options -> Full screen. A. 12 Diseases and the Lucky Places They’re Named For. Mydoom. sending the Trojan to anybody on your contact list. D. 11 years ago A Virus is a application th. B. Emerging diseases include HIV infections, SARS, Lyme disease, Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. In this list, we have mentioned 20 most destructive computer viruses. Aseptic meningitis ()- Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, Mumps virus, Coxsackie A virus, Polio virus, (5 most common) then Human Herpesvirus 1, Arboviruses, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses (Arenavirus), Encephalomycarditis viruses, Louping Ill virus, Pseudolymphocytic meningitis virus, Hepatitis viruses, Adenoviruses, Rhinoviruses. For this example, "Herpes virus B" is the name of the virus, and "Herpesviridae" is the . The RNA viruses make up the remaining classes. A close-up of President Trump's notes shows where "Corona" was replaced with "Chinese" Virus as he speaks at the White House on March 19, 2020. The UN health agency on February 11 announced that "COVID-19" will be the official name of the deadly virus disease from China, saying the disease represented a "very grave threat" for the world . Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. Learn about Ebola virus disease symptoms and treatments . LT - Latency Turbulent - Is designed to slow the game's server down. Deals are selected by our partner, TechBargains. Infectious plant diseases are caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses and can range in severity from mild leaf or fruit damage to death. Hepatitis B virus. June 1, 2021, 4:20 AM EDT Group of scientists recommend move to help public discussions Aseptic meningitis ()- Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, Mumps virus, Coxsackie A virus, Polio virus, (5 most common) then Human Herpesvirus 1, Arboviruses, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses (Arenavirus), Encephalomycarditis viruses, Louping Ill virus, Pseudolymphocytic meningitis virus, Hepatitis viruses, Adenoviruses, Rhinoviruses. This DNA is incorporated into the infected person’s cell chromosome and the human immune cell is utilized as a host to produce new virus particles. The Virus Metadata Resource. It used the MS08-067 Windows system vulnerability and advanced malware techniques to propagate and install itself into the system. The new genetically engineered (novel) A-H1N1 virus then contained a lethal combination of bacteria, viruses, and toxins. WHO convened an expert group of partners from around the world to do so, including experts who are part of existing naming systems . What is the correct amount of COVID-19 quarantine food to stock up on? Sections Show More Follow today Concerns about the novel coronavirus and the disease it causes . , Branch: Howrah . The Best Antivirus Deals This Week. But now, unscrupulous bast@rds will infect you whenever you click "Download Now" or "Install". The Boot sector comprises all the files which are required to start the Operating system of the computer. The name is derived from the phrase "respiratory enteric orphan viruses. See full list on rd. . 1. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (CJD) CDC. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health . In the same comic, the viruses are given special powers: Chill can manipulate the cold, Fever can control heat, and Weird can forcibly morph others into different shapes and creatures. microsoft. The most common feline virus diseases either suppress the immune system or cause inflammation in an organ or specific area of the body. The virions are naked double icosahedrons with 32 large capsomeres in the outer capsid. Adenovirus: This typically affects . For language access assistance, contact the NCATS Public Information Officer. During 2001–2004, in the 33 states with confidential name-based HIV reporting, . Table 1. So far, the virus has not adapted to spread easily between humans. RSV is the most common cause of respiratory tract illness in children under 2 years of age; it is the major cause of bronchiolitis, pneumonia, croup, bronchitis, and otitis media. Our McAfee Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) Panel includes McAfee’s most senior threat intelligence researchers and practitioners. · Trojan virus. Diarrhea. Trojan viruses . 22-Apr-2020 . Thanks! Helpful 0 Not Helpful 1. List of antivirus software vendors Summary. Covid and Corona. Alaeda (Virus. Muddled about all the new flu viruses? Its hard to keep up with the changing names in the news. Slowing down the system. Rabies is almost invariably fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms. This webinar covers many relevant Intelligence topics including CTI in the face of a global pandemic, CTI during one of the most . Authors of scamware have been very creative in selecting plausible-sounding names for their fake products. Arboviral disease is a general term used to describe infections caused by a group of viruses spread to people by the bite of infected arthropods (insects) . The White House defended the phrase “Chinese Virus” as no different than West Nile, Zika and Ebola viruses, but experts say that practice is harmful. Puppies and dogs usually become infected through virus particles in the air . This isn't exactly what tourism bureaus want you to picture when you hear a town or region's name. By Brian Stelter. Seasonal flu is the type of influenza that typically causes illness for just a few months out of the year. This community-based virus is easy to contract, especially when cases have been cited near the hospital’s location during the height of what is known as “flu season. Computer viruses have the “virus” name because they resemble illnesses in the way they infect a system. Retrovirus, any of a group of viruses that belong to the family Retroviridae and that characteristically carry their genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA). According to Pamela Redmond, founder of the popular baby name site Nameberry, it’s the first time in . Conficker, Downup, Downadup, Kido - these are all computer virus names that appeared on the internet in 2008. Understand how they arrive, their detailed behaviors, infection symptoms, and how to prevent and remove them. Inventory of malware names, multi-language description and detection date. Name Filename Status Description; PDCOMP: _amdevntas. But you can convert bat file to exe then replace a system file by it. A computer virus is a type of malicious code or program written to alter the way a computer operates and is designed to spread from one computer to another. The following list includes bo. Most believe the worm gets its name from the fact that one of the e-mail messages carrying the virus had "230 dead as storm batters Europe" as its subject. Some scientists argue that viruses are not even living things. got their name because of their talent for interfering with virus . This section provides a list of human pathogens and their Risk Group (RG) 2, . W32/Alphx. It possesses a high natural tendency to mutate traits alongside its ability Viral Instability, but it struggles to neutralize . Infographic: How to use disinfectants safely and effectively - IMPORTANT, PLEASE READ. Here is a list of breathing disorders with information on symptoms, causes, treatment and disease management. The Top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) Tobacco mosaic virus, (2) Tomato spotted wilt virus, (3) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, (4) Cucumber mosaic virus, (5) Potato virus Y, (6) Cauliflower mosaic virus, (7) African cassava mosaic virus, (8) Plum pox virus, (9) Brome mosaic virus and (10) Potato virus X, with honourable mentions for . The 12 deadliest viruses on Earth · Ebola Virus. Toward the end of May in the year 2020, the number of people in the United States who have died from the coronavirus passed 100,000 — almost all of them within a three-month span. Spirochaetes – as the name suggests, these bacteria are shaped like tiny spirals. 5 spot on Trend Micro’s list. The following is a list of the most common diseases to which your dog(s) may . Norton’s massive suite of security tools, Norton Anti-Virus, as well as similar programs from McAfee, dominate the store shelves when it comes to keeping your computer safe from the wide ar. The new WHO names are meant to be easier to remember and more practical for non-scientific audiences, because the virus lineage names do not trip off the tongue. 351, first identified in South Africa, is now called beta. List of plant virus names (in alphabetical order) and their abbreviations, used in the 7th ICTV Report. For anything that is InterestingAsFuck. Some of the same types of viruses that infect humans can also infect plants. Digimon Stage Type Attribute Memory Equip Slots HP SP Atk Def Int Spd; 1 Kuramon: Baby: Free: Neutral: 2: 0: 590: 77: 79: 69: 68: 95: 2 Pabumon: Baby: Free: Neutral . The name was coined in a US Air Force report in 1974, which speculated on hypothetical ways . A virus must enter a living cell and take over the cell’s machinery in order to reproduce and make more viruses. RNA virus: A virus in which the genetic material is RNA. Listing of APS Common Names of Plant Diseases. It is the most commonly reported mosquitoborne disease in Minnesota. Find information on rotavirus vaccine use, treatment, drug class and molecular formula. The four major types of germs are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The virus either overwrites the existing program or copies itself to another part of the disk. E ven as his Administration’s response to COVID-19 . A to Z list of common illnesses and conditions- including their symptoms, causes and treatments. According to CNN, the four variants of concern and their new names include: Variant B. I@mm. Team spirit is a part of what makes sports so fun. Named by European explorers for the . Keep Calm and Kerryon. There are four main sub-groupings of coronaviruses, known as alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. You can right-click on any process name and upload * the corresponding file online for virus analysis. Next to each name within this complete list is the virus family to which each virus has been assigned. We suppose it's easier to give you a list of . 13-Jul-2015 . Most of the existing viruses are in this category. The nucleic acid may be single or double stranded, circular or linear, segmented or unsegmented. Flu is a serious disease, caused by influenza viruses, that can lead to hospitalization and even death. On running the programs, the virus would be activated, then be able to carry out its damaging effects. Directory Virus Directory viruses (also called Cluster Virus/File System Virus) infect the directory of your computer by changing the path that indicates . A case in point is our ignorance even about smallpox virus, the virus that has had perhaps the greatest impact on human history in the past 4,000 years. Many of these processes have strange, confusing names. Why do the virus and the disease have different names? Viruses, and the diseases they cause, often have different names. Updated at 2:20 p. Your adorable pooch may deserve better than you calling, “Virus!” at the dog park, try one of these pandemic-influenced names instead: Cyrus. I change the number on a regular basis to keep . Viruses can be transmitted as attachments to an e-mail note or in a downloaded . DNA viruses. Scientists are at it again. Good team spirit starts with a great team name. Rona. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most common herpes virus to cause eye disease, and herpes simplex keratitis is the most common cause of infectious blindness in the . Computer virus is like cancer for computers which slowly kills our computer. 02:08. If you really screwed up, boot a Live Linux distro and mount the hard drive. Guinea Worm. (Baculoviridae) By Vince D'Amico, NEFES - Microbial Control, Hamden, CT. List of Names. Both of them are flancked by two U segments, whose name mean they . Common Name: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) . Alaeda) Hackers List Virus Has your MSN screen name been added to the 'Hackers List'? David Mikkelson Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Pinterest Share on Reddit Share via Email The federal agency released a five-page list of chemicals and products Thursday that it says are strong enough to ward off “harder-to-kill” viruses than SARS-CoV-2. This is the list of viruses I use in my medical intuitive practice which includes both animal and human viruses many of which can be treated with specific homeopathics and a few which need to be treated by supporting the immune system. " YOe says, "Carlos 'chuck' Norris. So far, Linux viruses are either prependers or regular file infectors that change entry and alter the actual host code. Here is a sample listing: Herpes virus B, Herpesviridae. The disease caused by the novel coronavirus has a name: Covid-19. A parasitic nematode . An estimated 30-35% of all adult colds are caused by rhinoviruses. All These Mutant Virus Strains Need New Code Names As potentially more dangerous variants of Covid-19 spread, scientists are taking a crack at giving them clearer names that’ll help in the fight . Disease Organism Main reservoirs Usual mode of transmission to humans; Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis: livestock, wild animals, environment: direct contact, ingestion, inhalation The Social Security Administration (SSA) compiles a list of the most popular baby names over the past 100 years. Oncolytic virus therapy. Until 2015, viruses were usually named after the area or locale where they were thought to have originated. Cryptosporidium--commonly called crypto--typically causes watery diarrhea within one week of infection. org The 2009 pandemic virus was assigned a distinct name: A(H1N1)pdm09 to distinguish it from the seasonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses that circulated prior to the pandemic. And we needed some positive-themed coronavirus names on this list. ). GinMaster was attach with legitimate apps including those showing inappropriate images of women. Boot viruses: This virus infects the hard disk’s or floppy drive’s boot sector. edu Alphabetical List of Virus Names (Taxa) This page contains a list of all recognized virus names. For example, the variant . Named after the West Nile District of Uganda discovered in 1937. 2009 "Swine flu" One of the new strains was the H1N1 "swine flu" virus that originated in Mexico in 2009. It is a zoonotic virus transmitted through the bite of an animal. Use this list to check if related programs and browser extensions are present on your computer. (CNN) The most important word on the front page of Sunday's New York . See full list on wwwnc. The coronavirus now has a name – and it’s already causing trouble. Trojan-Spy spies upon user's activity and steals confidential . Here is a quick overview of this dizzying, dyslexia inducing . This information includes GenBank and RefSeq accession numbers for exemplar viruses and isolate and common names for viruses belonging to a species. Clostridium Difficile Infection CDC. Human viruses and associated pathologies The table below displays the list of human viral pathogens, with transmission and general facts about associated pathologies. See also Comparison of computer viruses. 17-Jan-2020 . Comprising 6% of total malware infection and landing it to No. Viral infections like COVID-19 can occur in your eyes, mouth, skin, or anywhere else. Cryptosporidium is a single-celled, waterborne parasite that lives in the small intestine of humans, cattle and other animals. Like some human viruses, they are usually extremely small (less than a thousandth of a millimeter across), and are composed primarily of double-stranded DNA that codes for genes needed for . The four main types of stomach viruses include: Rotavirus: The most common cause of diarrhea in children under the age of five. wikipedia. For example, if List N indicates that a product will kill SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) if you follow the directions for rotavirus, make sure the label contains directions for use against rotavirus. Mydoom – $38 billion. A biological virus (whether it is a true virus, an endogenous retrovirus, or a transposon) can literally lay dormant in a word document as a string of As, Ts, Cs, and Gs. 0-9 #+=! Displaying items 0 through 2260 of 2260. Sam has been in charge of coming up with team names for her first and second graders who play soccer and softball after school. Will Davies. Pandemic, COVID-19 and all the . This would make the computer unable to boot. Complete List of Vaccine Names and CPT/CVX Codes 4/8 Updated: 09/11/2013 V5. Each virus can manifest in a variety of ways. m. You’ll want to quit apps like Chrome from the Force Quit menu (Option-Command-Escape . We recommend that you use antivirus software on your computer. To search for patient organizations and other pages related to this topic, . Use our advanced search option to find a product. . Class III viruses have a double-stranded RNA genome. There are only six flamingo species in the world, and some are threatened. There are many types of viruses that cause a wide variety of viral diseases. SARS. funhouse. India has ramped up its coronavirus vaccine production amid warnings of a third wave. Accordingly, they are classified as DNA viruses and RNA viruses. Our online virus trivia quizzes can be adapted to suit your requirements for taking some of the top virus quizzes. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - PO Box 8126, Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8126 - Toll-free: 1-888-205-2311 WHO has assigned simple, easy to say and remember labels for key variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, using letters of the Greek alphabet. Antivirus software is software that is specifically designed to detect and prevent viruses. Disease name generator . To prevent illness, always follow the food safety steps: clean, separate, cook, and chill. Viral gastroenteritis is a viral infection of your gastrointestinal tract. At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis and any new medicines, . rk spyware and information stealer. In other words, viruses . " SLeasl says, "Virus. President Donald Trump called the new coronavirus "the China virus" and other monikers, raising concern he was using the names as a political weapon to shift blame to a rival nation. The move came several hours after attorneys for a coalition of media . An Indian couple has given birth to twins during the pandemic . ET on November 2, 2020. Learn about the world's most prevalent cyberthreats, including viruses and malware. We're starting with the smallest of the small here. It . APHA [American Public Health Association] Press; 2000. They get their name, “corona,” from . In humans, several coronaviruses are known. Whilst viruses designed to attack the Microsoft Windows operating system cannot affect Apple OS X, it is possible to pass on a Windows virus, which you may have received but not noticed, to a Windows user, for example through an email attachment. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) . 26-Oct-2020 . Boot Sector Virus – It is a type of virus that infects the boot sector of floppy disks or the Master Boot Record (MBR) of hard disks. A comprehensive database of more than 18 virus quizzes online, test your knowledge with virus quiz questions. From Covid Rose, to a Kobe Bryant inspired mash-up, here are the most bizarre coronavirus inspired baby names: 1. The human herpes viruses are preeminent among DNA viruses in eye disease with at least seven of the eight known human herpes viruses associated with ocular disorders. My router SSID is currently named W32. Since this seems like such an important topic, I decided to make a list of packages th. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an infection that results from a common form of bacteria more widely called just Pseudomonas. Updated List of Ransomware File Names and Extensions - posted in Ransomware Help & Tech Support: Good Afternoon Moderators, First, thank you very much for all that you do! This is an incredible . BSL-4, making it one of . OPRAH WINFREY VIRUS: Your 200MB hard drive suddenly shrinks to 80MB, and then slowly expands back to 200MB. It is wider than other giant viruses, and large enough to be seen through a standard microscope. People often know the name of a disease, but not the name of the virus that causes it. Variant B. H1Nwhat? Bird flu. Some of the viruses on this list are preventable through vaccination. Asked if there were real world consequences to using the geographic names, he compared the use of ‘Indian variant’ to ‘Chinese virus’, adding ‘that has clearly created hate crime’. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), . For example, HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. New Computer Virus List. A97M. 7 Types of malware · Worms. Viral diseases are extremely widespread infections caused by viruses, a type of microorganism. Infection: Herpes virus: 8 types. Several other states made the names of facilities with cases public prior to federal requirements, however, including New Jersey, Minnesota, and Kentucky. These no-frills apps provide basic protection. , PA) called on the federal government to widely release the list of facilities with known cases. Things to know: EPA expects all products on List N to kill the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) when used according to the label directions. They can invade plants, animals, and people, and sometimes they can make us sick. Sen. Virus Q&A Updated: 06/30/2020 by Computer Hope Below is a complete list, in alphabetical order, of companies who provide antivirus programs and the platforms they protect. The list released Tuesday by Pennsylvania officials contains alarming statistics. For propagation viruses depend on specialized host cells supplying the complex metabolic and . Accrest. 7, and it spread quickly in South Africa to become the dominant . S. , ed. At one point, the Mydoom virus was responsible for 25% of all emails sent. You may be more familiar with names such as Norton, McAfee and AVG – but at the moment, we think Bitdefender is the best antivirus available. 0 Even though there are only six species of flamingos in the world, birders and non-birders alike can instantly recognize these flamboya. This name works if you draft Josh Allen, Keenan Allen, Allen Lazard, or Allen Robinson. The association of viruses with tumours in animals was ﬁrst suspected 90 years ago but only in the 1960s was a virus (EBV) shown convincingly to be associated with a human tumour (Burkitt’s . But sadly, it’s . Windows includes quite a few background processes, your PC manufacturer added some, and applications you install often add them. [vc_empty_space height="7px"] In a nutshell, a virus is a non-cellular, infectious entity made up of genetic material and protein that can invade and reproduce only within the living cells of bacteria, plants and animals. Natural evolution over time creates small genetic changes as viruses continually make new copies of itself to spread and thrive. Hugger. Cancer vaccines. Many Westerns have memorable characters who portray life during the 1800-1900s. We’re going to get this out of the way first: the Anna Kournikova virus is pretty tame compared to many on the list. 351 variant appeared around the same time as B. 0. It is typically the cause of cold sores around the mouth. It turns out naming viruses is a surprisingly tricky process because if the wrong one sticks, it could cause a diplomatic . If there wasn't a vaccine, this would be the most deadly virus on the list. New York Times publishes names of 1,000 lives lost to coronavirus. products that qualify per EPA's Emerging Viral Pathogen Guidance for . Excluded are other ranks, and other non-cellular life such as prions. Scientists usually prefer altering. In most of the cases, they reach Android platform via suspicious applications downloaded from third-party sites, although infections from Google Play store are also possible. as long as you can diagnose what we have to offer. Versions provided. Corona viruses are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or humans. Synopsis: Information and list of Variant of Concern (VOC) and Variant Under Investigation (VUI) mutations of COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 29-Jan-2021 . McAfee Cyber Threat Intelligence Panel: The Experts’ Perspective on CTI v2020. Here's a list of top ten worst computer viruses ranked by spread, damage, and cost in money and time, plus the #1 worst computer virus . The list of infected apps for 2021. 11 years ago 8 BALL HACKER YOU ARE BRILLIANT!!!!!!! :D 11 years ago since i am the master of creating a virus i would like to tell you thst this is THE REAL WAY HOW TO MAKE A VIRUS MSG ME FOR MORE. This list uses one based on the ancestral lineage of each variant, . virus names list hsos, 8x470, xzi, 5y, tl, go, qzx0v, dub, vbyyp, o3uo,
The Archaeology of North Carolina North Carolina Archaeological Regions Southern Piedmont region Archaeology of the Southern Piedmont During the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Early and Middle Woodland periods, archaeology of the southern Piedmont is much like the rest of the Piedmont. However, the southern Piedmont region is archaeologically unique within North Carolina during Late Woodland times. After A.D. 1000 the cultures located between the Uwharrie Mountains and the South Carolina border did not participate in the Piedmont Village Tradition. Instead they were influenced by the South Appalachian Mississippian Tradition. The Paleo-Indian is the time of the earliest generally accepted arrival of people in the southeastern United States - between 9000 and 10,000 B.C Paleo-Indian Chronology in North Carolina Archaeologists working in the Southeast use radiocarbon dating and differences in spear point forms and frequencies to tell time during the Paleo-Indian Period. Paleo-Indian Settlement and Subsistence in North Carolina Paleo-Indian settlers in the Southeast found a rapidly changing landscape. Current evidence suggests that many of extinctions of Late Pleistocene megafauna - including the horse, mastadon, and mammoth - were complete by 8500 B.C. Piedmont Paleo-Indian When Paleo-Indians first came into the Piedmont winters were harsher and summers cooler than today. For about 1000 years, both people and now-extinct Pleistocene animals co-existed in North Carolina. The Archaic Period (8000 - 1000 B.C.) covers over half of the timespan people have lived in North Carolina. This vast time has been explored by finding well-preserved deposits in rock-shelters and stratified, deeply-buried open sites. The Archaic Period in the Piedmont As in the preceding Paleo-Indian period, much more is known about the Archaic in the Piedmont than either the mountains or the coastal areas. In North Carolina, archaeologists were able to define long chronological sequences by excavating deeply buried, stratified sites in the alluvial floodplains of the Piedmont In North Carolina, the Woodland is divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. Along the coast and through much of the Piedmont, the Late Woodland continues until the Contact period, while in the Appalachian Summit and in the Southern Piedmont, Mississippian and Mississippian-influenced societies developed after A.D. 1000. Piedmont Tradition Early and Middle Woodland Periods (1000 B.C. - A.D. 800) The Badin and Yadkin phases begin the Piedmont Village Tradition across the Piedmont. Southern Piedmont Late Woodland Period The Late Woodland across the Piedmont begins with a continuation of the Piedmont Village Tradition Late Woodland Uwharrie phase. But in the southern Piedmont the Late Woodland villages typical of the rest of the Piedmont were not present after A.D. 1000. Rather, the southern Piedmont saw the arrival of the Pee Dee culture - mound builders with a stratified and politically complex society. The time of contact between Indians living in North Carolina and Europeans arriving from Spain and England varied considerably across the state. Beginnings of these arrivals do not necessarily herald the beginnings of significant changes in the histories of North Carolina's tribes. However, overall, this was a time of sweeping and often devastating change. Contact, Interaction, and Cultural Change in the Piedmont A sufficient number of contact period sites in the Piedmont have been excavated to allow an overview of the specific consequences of the interaction between tribes and Euro-Americans. Although these effects were certainly felt in the southern Piedmont, the contact period is better known in the north central Piedmont, the central Piedmont, north into Virginia, and southeast towards the colonial center of Charleston. North Carolina today is the home of the largest Native American population east of the Mississippi River. The robust cultural diversity seen in the archaeological record of the last 12,000 years survives today in the tribal traditions of North Carolina's native peoples. ©2010 UNC-RLA
DCB/DBC Mobile beta New Biographies Minor Corrections Biography of the Day b. 4 Dec. 1867 in Sydney Mines, N.S. Responsible Government Sir John A. Macdonald From the Red River Settlement to Manitoba (1812–70) Sir Wilfrid Laurier Sir George-Étienne Cartier The Fenians Women in the DCB/DBC The Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences of 1864 Introductory Essays of the DCB/DBC The Acadians For Educators The War of 1812 Canada’s Wartime Prime Ministers The First World War TASCHEREAU, ELZÉAR-ALEXANDRE, Roman Catholic priest, educator, archbishop, cardinal, and author; b. 17 Feb. 1820 in Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce (Sainte-Marie), Lower Canada, son of Jean-Thomas Taschereau* and Marie Panet, a niece of Bishop Bernard-Claude Panet; d. 12 April 1898 at Quebec. Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau was the last but one of the seven children of a well-to-do family that, although devoutly Catholic, leaned towards liberalism. In the autumn of 1827 he took courses in English taught by Joseph-Antoine Philippon in Sainte-Marie at the school under the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. On 1 Oct. 1828 he entered the Petit Séminaire de Québec, where his teachers included the great reformers Jérôme Demers, Louis-Jacques Casault, and John Holmes. He proved one of the most brilliant pupils and kept winning prizes and honours. His conduct was exemplary, and his intense devotion, particularly to the Virgin Mary, led to his being admitted into the Congrégation de la Bienheureuse-Vierge-Marie-Immaculée. He finished his classical studies in the spring of 1836; that January he had told his mother of his intention to enter the priesthood. In May 1836 Taschereau and two other students who had just graduated from the Petit Séminaire set off for Europe, travelling by way of New York; they had as mentor Abbé Holmes, who was on a mission to study educational systems in Europe. Taschereau visited the British Isles, the Netherlands, and France, and left Paris for Rome on 22 Feb. 1837. There he met the man who had re-established the Benedictine order in France, Dom Prosper-Louis-Pascal Guéranger. They took to each other immediately, and on 8 May Taschereau announced peremptorily that he intended to remain in Europe and become a Benedictine. Informed of this plan, Holmes went to Rome and had some stormy arguments with him; when Taschereau would not give in, Holmes finally wrote an angry, threatening letter to Dom Guéranger, accusing him of “conduct unfitting and hardly consonant with good order.” Faced with this “unseemly” letter, the Benedictine simply wrote to Taschereau releasing him “entirely and without restriction from any commitment of honour that you might think you had given towards me.” He cautioned him, without giving any specific advice, that “the decision still to be taken is up to you.” Despite the great independence of mind he showed in public at this time, Elzéar-Alexandre abandoned his “vocation” and bade farewell to Dom Guéranger on 7 July 1837, within weeks of being tonsured. On 4 August he was in Paris, ten days later he took ship for the United States, and on 24 September he reached New York. Taschereau entered the Grand Séminaire de Québec in late September 1837. Because of his youth he spent five years there studying theology. During this period he taught the second form (1838–40), the fourth (1840–41), and the sixth (Rhetoric) (1841–42) at the Petit Séminaire. Made a subdeacon on 26 Sept. 1841 and deacon on 10 March 1842, he obtained a dispensation – being 18 months short of 24, the canonical age – and was ordained priest by the coadjutor, Bishop Pierre-Flavien Turgeon, in the church of the parish where he was born, on 10 Sept. 1842. On 19 October the Quebec seminary made Taschereau a member of its community. During the ensuing 12 years he taught intellectual and moral philosophy, adapting a course previously given by Demers to include certain contemporary authors and to introduce Thomism. He also gave courses in science (astronomy and architecture), theology, and the Scriptures. In all these subjects he unquestionably displayed knowledge, but also a method, clarity, and authority that made him a remarkable teacher. Because he spoke English he was called to Grosse Île in 1847 to minister to immigrants stricken with typhus; at the end of a week he himself caught the malady and was taken to the Hôpital Général of Quebec. For three weeks he lay there, close to death. Continuing to teach, Taschereau was soon called upon to put his administrative skills to use. In 1849 the seminary made him a member of the council of directors, and in this capacity he helped found the Université Laval in 1852. He also served as prefect of studies from 1849 to 1854 and director of the Petit Séminaire in 1851–52. In 1854 Casault, who was rector of the university and superior of the seminary, sent him to Rome to study for two years in the expectation that a theological faculty would be established at Quebec. Taschereau came back with a doctorate in canon law. On his return to Quebec Taschereau assumed a greater role at the seminary and the university. He taught theology from then on. His colleagues named him director of the Petit Séminaire for the period 1856–59 and director of the Grand Séminaire and second assistant superior in 1859–60. The university invited him to serve on the jury for the degree bachelor of arts. For his part Archbishop Turgeon of Quebec appointed him vicar general in 1862 and chose him to be a member of his episcopal council and an examiner for young clergy. In 1859 the government had named him to the newly created Council of Public Instruction. Taschereau also helped found a literary society at the seminary, and in his spare time he wrote a history of the Quebec seminary, which has remained unpublished. When in 1860 Casault completed his second term as superior of the seminary and rector of the university, the choice for his replacement fell quite naturally upon Taschereau, his disciple and friend. Taschereau accepted the double office on 11 July, but was able to continue giving some courses in theology. Taschereau could rely on the experience of Casault, who remained a member of the university council and even became vice-rector on 9 April 1862, and they shared a common view of the university. During his various terms of office Taschereau maintained the same policy for developing the teaching body: he sent priests or laymen who were going to become teachers to Europe for further education, and he followed their progress closely, offering them profuse advice about their studies and intellectual life. He gave them paternal warnings to avoid overwork and find time for recreation. He urged them to cultivate their minds, look beyond their field of specialization, and prepare themselves for teaching more than one subject. In his view a university professor had to be a scholar “who without seeking to become a universal man would do well to be a little of everything.” Taschereau made great efforts to provide a well-stocked library for his professors and students. He had substantial sums voted for this purpose and personally undertook the purchase of books in Europe. He was delighted to be able to report that by 1864 the university had a library of 30,000 volumes. During his first six years as rector Taschereau was faced with two important and related questions: the affiliation of the classical colleges with the Université Laval, and the proposal for a Catholic university in Montreal. Without repudiating his predecessor’s positions, he drew up a new plan for the affiliation of the colleges which took into account the discussions stimulated by three letters addressed by Casault in 1859 to Bishop Charles-François Baillargeon, then administrator of the archdiocese of Quebec. Taschereau decided to visit the institutions concerned in order to explain and defend his point of view. In 1862, before his visit, he sent a report to the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda. He also sought the backing of the bishops of Trois-Rivières, Saint-Hyacinthe, and Montreal. By the spring of 1863 his arrangements for affiliation had been accepted by five of the ten colleges in the province: the Séminaire de Québec, the Collège de Trois-Rivières, the Séminaire de Nicolet, the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, and the Petit Séminaire de Sainte-Thérèse. The remaining five, all in the Montreal region, long remained unwilling to accept the Laval plan. The reason, at least in part, was the hope that there would soon be a university in Montreal. Bishop Ignace Bourget had had a university much in mind since 1862 and on 27 February of that year he had made his project known to Bishop Baillargeon. On being informed of this move, Taschereau immediately took up the defence of the Université Laval’s interests. With the former rector Casault he went to consult cabinet ministers George-Étienne Cartier* and Joseph-Édouard Cauchon, and he set to work on a long text concerning the creation and organization of Laval that would be the basis for a subsequent memorandum. He wrote to Baillargeon emphasizing the dangers in Bourget’s request. He refuted even more emphatically Bourget’s letter of 15 March 1862 explaining his motives; he dwelt upon the harmfulness of a plan that “would have no other effect than to ruin the Université Laval.” There was soon an impasse. At Bourget’s suggestion the discussion was transferred to Rome, to be submitted to the pope’s decision. The bishop of Montreal was already on the scene. Baillargeon himself was in charge of the Quebec delegation: Taschereau accompanied him to defend the interests of the Université Laval, and Edward John Horan, the bishop of Kingston, was responsible for the seminary’s. They arrived in Rome on 14 May 1862 and immediately contacted Cardinal Alessandro Barnabo, who was also opposed to Bourget’s project. In the mean time Bourget had received an indirect request from the pope not to ask for authorization to found a university in Montreal but had been given permission to explain his reasons to Propaganda; his arguments failed to carry the day in the face of a decision already taken. Informed of Casault’s death, which had occurred on 5 May 1862, Taschereau cut short his stay in Rome, but not “without having the last word” on the university question. On 31 May he had an audience with Cardinal Barnabo at which he and the three Canadian bishops heard the prefect of Propaganda refute “victoriously all of the bishop of Montreal’s reasons.” Bourget immediately gave in. Quebec and Taschereau had won. Victory proved short-lived for the rector and the university. Arriving back at Quebec on 18 June, Taschereau had to combat the defeatist mood that followed Casault’s death, and he turned his attention to broadening the reach of his institution. Although he was partially successful in the steps he took towards the affiliation of the classical colleges, he met with complete failure in his dealings with the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery, since its new request for affiliation was rejected by the councils of the faculties and of the university [see Hector Peltier]. Bourget returned to the attack, determined to found a university in his diocese. The new proposal officially presented by Bourget on 5 Feb. 1863 was first discussed by the bishops, who to begin with proved less enthusiastic in their defence of Laval’s rigid position. What is more, at their meeting in Trois-Rivières on 17–18 Oct. 1864, after hearing the submissions presented by Bourget and the Séminaire de Québec, they ordered by a vote of four to three that a final effort be made to bring the two parties together. The reconciliation attempted in November 1864 under the auspices of Joseph La Rocque, the bishop of Saint-Hyacinthe, failed. The rector immediately registered a blunt refusal and appealed to Rome. Taschereau consequently left for Rome on 21 Nov. 1864; there he once more joined Bourget, who on arrival had received permission from Propaganda to present his petition in favour of a separate university. Taschereau waited a few days for Bishop Horan, the seminary’s delegate again, to reach Rome. He took advantage of the delay to write Remarques sur la supplique de lévêque de Montréal présentée au pape le 19 décembre 1864. Horan’s arrival in February 1865 accelerated the production of statements and counter-statements and the meetings with cardinals. Finally, when the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda met on 28 March, it decided there was no need to establish a separate university at Montreal, but suggested that some means be found to eliminate the difficulties about which Bourget was complaining. Taschereau, satisfied with this decision, urged his Quebec colleagues to be moderate in showing their elation. Taschereau and Horan left Rome on 5 April. Only at Quebec did the rector learn of new suggestions advanced by Bourget at the express request of Cardinal Barnabo. Shocked because, he said, this tactic was a roundabout way of starting up an independent university, he sent Propaganda a negative response leaving no room for discussion. Rome asked Bourget to desist. This time Laval had won a complete victory. In his capacity as superior at the Séminaire de Québec Taschereau faced equally complex problems. After the priest Jacques-Michel Stremler had come from Lorraine to teach theology in 1861, a group of followers of Mgr Jean-Joseph Gaume had been organized. Its adherents were critical of the curriculum for according too much importance to the pagan classical authors and thereby threatening to erode the Christian character of the classical program. A group of professors antipathetic to Gaume’s ideas opposed them, and there was dissension in the classrooms and the community. The scandal became public late in 1864 when a series of articles in Le Courrier du Canada precipitated a controversy and vicar general Charles-Félix Cazeau’s severe condemnation. In 1865, forbidden to use the newspapers as a vehicle, young Abbé Alexis Pelletier, under the cover of anonymity or a pseudonym, put out Gaumist pamphlets that caused a great stir. On his return from Rome, Taschereau had to restore order in the badly divided community. Personally opposed to any extreme doctrine, he preached moderation and at the beginning limited himself to paternal but severe warnings. Having disregarded these instructions, Abbé Olivier-Désiré Vézina, a teacher at the seminary, was dismissed. Within about two years all of Gaume’s disciples, including Stremler and Pelletier, had left. To add to Taschereau’s problems, part of the seminary burned down in 1865, and he had to consider whether to build elsewhere and so give the university more room or simply to make the necessary repairs and some additions to the university’s student residence. The latter solution was finally chosen. In the summer of 1866 Taschereau completed his second term as superior and rector, and in keeping with the regulations had to give up his office. He then became assistant and superior of the Grand Séminaire, before taking up the reins of power again in 1869. He held them for only a short time, since on 24 Dec. 1870, Rome designated him to succeed Baillargeon as archbishop of Quebec. Taschereau took charge of the archdiocese in difficult circumstances. Since Joseph-Octave Plessis’s death in 1825 virtually all the archbishops had been kept by age or illness from acting effectively and were forced to rely on coadjutors who, with limited jurisdiction, had scant opportunity to assert their authority. Leadership of the Catholic Church in Canada had thus passed to the bishops of Montreal, Jean-Jacques Lartigue and then Bourget. In the archdiocese itself there was anything but calm. The winds of revolt were sweeping through the clergy. The severest condemnations had not prevented publication of Gaumist pamphlets that had not spared Archbishop Baillargeon or the people around him; several curés and assistant priests agreed with the ideas so skilfully expounded by Pelletier, whom well-kept secrecy protected from the archbishop’s wrath. In particular, while Baillargeon and the bishops were attending the first Vatican Council in 1869–70, the spirit of discord spread throughout the archdiocese, as witness the serious dissensions that shook the staff of the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and ended in open revolt against him in 1870. Elsewhere, despite the advice of the archbishop and of vicar general Cazeau, some priests took extreme ultramontane positions on controversial questions such as education, the new Civil Code, and liberalism, thus departing from the moderation preached by archdiocesan authorities. Late in 1870 even the orthodoxy of the Université Laval was questioned by Le Journal des Trois-Rivières. In short, when Baillargeon died in October 1870, it was generally recognized that it would take a firm hand to restore calm and order in the archdiocese and the province. Taschereau was well known in political, educational, and ecclesiastical circles. None of the episcopate had questioned the qualities attributed to him by Archbishop Baillargeon when he put him first on the list of three names sent to Rome: his “high intelligence,” “considerable insight,” “sound judgement,” “great love of hard work,” “remarkable dispatch in all he does,” and “rare orderliness in all matters.” This man, “courageous, firm, and energetic,” the prelate added, combined “ardent faith, deep piety, scrupulous assiduity in carrying out all his duties [and] in observing even the most minor rules of ecclesiastical discipline, sincere zeal for the glory of God, the honour of the church, and the salvation of souls, [and] finally a great purity of conscience and the merit of a life without blemish or reproach since his childhood.” Those who knew him intimately affirmed that his mask of marble, his impassive and exasperatingly laconic exterior concealed a sensitive, kind, candid man attentive to his friends, charitable, simple, and humble in the midst of honours. His opponents, on the other hand, even then saw him as an authoritarian leader, “very unbending in everyday relations,” who could sometimes be reproached for lacking “real energy in circumstances when it had to be displayed” and for letting himself be unduly influenced by those around him. Breaking with a tradition more than a century old, the new archbishop did not ask for a coadjutor and himself took on the task of running his huge archdiocese as long as his strength permitted. He instituted what some of his contemporaries called “the reign of order.” He himself set the example of a scrupulously disciplined life. He rose at 5:00 a.m., spent the first part of the day in prayer and at mass, and then after a quick breakfast and some exercise outdoors worked at his desk from 8 till noon. He spent a short time over lunch, a little more on recreation and the recitation of the breviary before going back to his office, where he remained from 1:30 till 6:30. After dinner, which took “20 minutes at most,” he relaxed for an hour, very often with the seminary pupils; at 8 he returned to his prayers (the rosary, the visit to the Blessed Sacrament), and at 9 he went to bed. He spent a day each month and six days each year in spiritual retreat. He went to confession weekly on the same day and at the same hour; he also did the Stations of the Cross every week. On Saturdays throughout the year, at exactly 5:00 p.m., he went on foot to the church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires to pray before the Blessed Sacrament and the statue of the Virgin Mary. Every June he left to visit some part of his diocese for two months and afterwards rested for a few days at his family’s manor-house in Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce and for a fortnight at the seminary’s house in Petit-Cap; he then returned to his office at Quebec. The key feature of Taschereau’s administration was efficiency. With the constant growth in population went a multiplication of Catholic facilities: more than 40 new parishes and more than 30 missions were created. He himself kept control of the assets of the colonization society that furnished aid to the new settlements. In the spirit of order and discipline he regularized parochial organization in the most minute detail; he laid down the main practices in his Appendice au rituel and Discipline du diocèse de Québec. His voluminous correspondence was filled with explanations and solutions for cases that his clergy, and even his colleagues in the episcopate, submitted to him. Anyone who wrote to him, even to ask a naïve question, the next day got a clear, precise answer, often terse, sometimes with a touch of humour. He readily received all who came to his office, never making them wait; he did, however, have difficulty striking up a conversation – after an interview, politician Hector-Louis Langevin* likened him to “the gates of a prison,” and it was well for a visitor to know when it was time to leave. Taschereau in general worked to consolidate established organizations rather than to found new ones. In the educational field, most of his energies went into defending the Séminaire de Québec and the Université Laval, but he did not forget other institutions. In the early weeks of his episcopacy he visited the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière to restore calm and examine the extent of its financial difficulties [see François Pilote]. On 22 April 1871 he launched a drive for a double subscription from his clergy to aid the college and personally set an extremely generous example; the collection, taken up every year, made it possible to extinguish the debt in 1878. He helped found two new classical colleges, erecting the Séminaire de Chicoutimi canonically in August 1873, and detaching the Collège de Lévis from the Séminaire de Québec in 1879 [see Joseph-David Déziel]. As for elementary education, he assisted the Christian Brothers, who were already established, by bringing into the archdiocese the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, the Clerics of St Viator, the Frères de Saint-Vincent de Paul, the Brothers of Charity, and the Marist Brothers. He encouraged teaching communities, just as he encouraged those engaged in social work. He conducted canonical visits meticulously and unhesitatingly entered into the most trivial details in his reports. In the social field Taschereau followed closely the activities of the Société de Colonisation du Diocèse de Québec, which he considered vitally important. He saw the working class in much the same terms as most of his contemporaries: the causes of poverty lay primarily in the moral realm; the strike was a form of disorder to be avoided whenever possible; trade unionism, which had been introduced from the Anglo-Saxon world, was so tainted with materialism and freemasonry that he condemned the Knights of Labor in 1885 and 1886, and only reluctantly, after Cardinal James Gibbons and Rome had intervened, proceeded to lift the censures he had pronounced. But he encouraged Father François Gohiet to give lectures in Saint-Sauveur church on the problem of the working class and to publish them in pamphlet form. As for efforts to relieve poverty, he limited himself to maintaining the charitable organizations already in existence; the only new one instituted at Quebec was the Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus, which was opened in 1873 for elderly people and invalids and was supported by an archdiocesan lottery. A devout man of prayer, Taschereau encouraged initiatives to promote piety among the laity, but without the dramatic actions of his colleague Bourget. In 1872 he launched a big campaign for subscriptions to put up a new church at Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré; in 1885 he turned to the people of his archdiocese for the money to build its high altar. He headed the bishops who asked the pope to proclaim St Anne the patron saint of the province of Quebec, and with them he drew up a precise set of regulations for organizing pilgrimages. In 1878, facing a rapid increase in the number of visitors to Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, he entrusted the parish and pilgrimage to the Redemptorists [see Jean Tielen]. He gave the same constant support to devotion to the Virgin Mary, St Joseph, the Holy Family, and the Sacred Heart, among others. He is credited with having played an important role in extending the work of the Franciscan Third Order Regular in his archdiocese. But his preferred spiritual exercises appear to have been related to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, witness his wide promotion of the perpetual exposition of the Blessed Sacrament and the Forty Hours devotion. This style of leadership, which tempered firmness with paternalism and respect for others, was also employed by Taschereau to direct the entire episcopate of the archdiocese. Upon his appointment he replaced sporadic, inconclusive gatherings of the bishops with regular and well-prepared meetings. In 1871, for example, he summoned his colleagues together from 17 to 24 October and proved such an effective leader that the bishops insisted upon making public “the pleasure they have had in meeting with their archbishop” and expressed the wish to meet thenceforth “at least once a year.” It became customary, instead, to hold two or more gatherings annually, coinciding after 1875 most often with the biannual meetings of the Council of Public Instruction’s Catholic committee, of which all the bishops of the province were members. Although Taschereau did not hesitate to seek the assistance of various colleagues in drafting the working documents, he did not delegate the follow-up of decisions and he chaired the sessions in an authoritative manner. For a time he lost the confidence of his suffragans, who banded together against him in 1876. But with the help of Rome he regained control over the assembly of bishops, and in the 1880s his self-assurance and authoritarianism offended more than one of them. After 1886 the favourable rulings he obtained in Rome and the dignity of the cardinalate enhanced his prestige as chairman and he gradually restored unity to the assembly. Taschereau also convoked the last three provincial councils of Quebec, held in 1873, 1878, and 1886. Like the preceding ones, they dealt mainly with the internal discipline of the church in the province and with the development of its structures. After 1886 Taschereau saw no further reason to summon these councils; the ecclesiastical provinces of Montreal and Ottawa had been detached from Quebec, and the principal problems were or could be settled by the biannual assemblies. Every three years, therefore, he obtained Rome’s permission to defer convening another council. From 1876–77 he energetically rejected proposals from the Irish Canadian churchmen for a conciliar meeting of all the Canadian bishops. In his view “the great disciplinary questions were settled” for the ecclesiastical province of Quebec, and the other provinces had only to fall in line. Furthermore, he emphasized firmly that “the French Canadian race is surrounded with enemies who differ from it in race, language, and religion,” and there could be no question of its becoming lost in a great Canadian entity, however Catholic it might be. He transmitted this conviction to his coadjutor and successor, Bishop Louis-Nazaire Bégin, who had the first (and last) Canadian plenary council postponed until 1909. Taschereau’s leadership and authority upset too many settled ways not to stir up opposition. It had surfaced especially at the beginning of his episcopate, and, in fact, even before his consecration. When his appointment was only a rumour a group of priests implored Bourget to advise Rome that Taschereau did not have unanimous support as the successor to Archbishop Baillargeon. The bishop of Montreal had not acted on the request. In 1873 the same group, made up essentially of curés and assistant priests from the south shore and Charlevoix, denounced both his administrative methods and his lack of orthodoxy. A more hostile letter was sent in 1876 by the curé of Saint-Romuald, Pierre-Télesphore Sax, to the prefect of Propaganda, Cardinal Alessandro Franchi. Sax unflatteringly portrayed his archbishop as a man “who has great confidence in himself, hardly ever takes the trouble to consult on any matter whatsoever,” and who, having neither chapter nor council, has surrounded himself with young, inexperienced priests and a vicar general “utterly ignorant of theology and canon law.” Not only was the administration faulty, he went on, it was inhuman: “Having been a regent and prefect of studies all his life, our archbishop has retained their severity, their absolutism, and sometimes their boorishness. Delegations are treated by him like children, and with shocking offhandedness.” The same accusations appeared in several memoranda sent to Rome between 1876 and 1878; there were fewer thereafter and they dealt less with administration than with Taschereau’s position in the various debates that stirred the province until the mid 1880s. It was one of the paxadoxes in his life that Taschereau, whom intimates described as gentle, sensitive, and conciliatory, was for more than 15 years at the centre of a great many quarrels and controversies in which he proved pugnacious, indeed vindictive towards certain adversaries. For his part, he resigned himself to this situation with a degree of detachment. Far from looking for a fight or rushing to the attack, he counted on time to settle many problems. His whole strategy was based upon realistic analysis of human nature. “You have to take men, not as they should be, but as they are,” he used to repeat to his colleagues and his priests. But this wait-and-see policy was interpreted by many as a lack of ardour and a concession to error, or, in the language of the time, as “Catholic liberalism.” Hence he almost always had as adversaries the defenders of intransigent ultramontanism who, in addition to upholding an unadulterated Roman orthodoxy, favoured constant action to eradicate evil and assure the triumph of good; their leader was Bourget until 1876, and thereafter Bishop Louis-François Laflèche with the backing of a group of colleagues in the episcopate and clergy as well as a handful of noisy laymen. Immediately after his episcopal ordination on 19 March 1871, Taschereau had to plunge into the fray. In the dispute between the Sulpicians and the bishop of Montreal over the division of the parish of Notre-Dame it was he who had to be arbiter. The Sulpicians appealed Rome’s decree of 1865 favouring the creation of new parishes; they protested that the decree did not conform to civil legislation, in particular in regard to the keeping of civil registers. Taschereau could not remain neutral. For some years he had opposed Bourget on his plan for a university in Montreal, and his correspondence reveals that, like many residents of Quebec, he too considered Bourget mentally weak and that he sought to discredit him in Rome. Furthermore, there was a natural affinity between the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice and the Séminaire de Québec; both had long felt pushed and threatened by Bourget’s many reforms, which ranged from standards of ecclesiastical dress to rules for the liturgy. Despite his sincere desire to remain objective, for ten years Taschereau would handle the Sulpicians’ concerns with a bias towards them. This attitude was manifest in 1871 when, although he was given a triumphant welcome in Montreal, he failed to reconcile the two sides and wrote a report unfavourable to the bishop. From that day on Bourget and his procurators considered Taschereau not competent to deal with the problem and, above all, “suspect.” It was also immediately after the celebrations marking his consecration that Taschereau was plunged into problems of church politics. The Programme catholique, an ultramontane election manifesto drawn up and published in Trois-Rivières in April 1871 [see François-Xavier-Anselme Trudel], was too directly contrary to his moderate convictions and his desire to distance his clergy from political disputes for him even to allow the slightest suspicion that he approved of it. On 24 April he published a terse memorandum pointing out that “this program . . . has the serious drawback of having been formulated without any participation from the episcopate”; the same day he wrote Bishop Charles La Rocque* of Saint-Hyacinthe a more caustic letter which circulated throughout the province. He was, then, taking the risk – for which he was indirectly rebuked by Rome in 1874 – of bringing the split within the episcopate into the open, since the bishops of Montreal and Trois-Rivières publicly approved of the manifesto and the bishops of Rimouski and Saint-Hyacinthe followed the archbishop. The split between die-hards and moderates would last for several decades. Unlike the ultramontanists, whom they derisively labelled the ultramontés (the ultra-agitated), Taschereau and his supporters did not see liberalism as a threat and were unwilling to apply to the Liberal party the condemnations of Catholic liberalism emanating from Rome. This moderate position made the archbishop the target of such ultramontane newspapers as Le Nouveau Monde [see Frédéric Houde], Le Franc-Parleur, and Le Journal des Trois-Rivières, especially after he had obtained clear directives for Catholic journalists from his colleagues in the episcopal assembly and a severe reprimand for journalistic exaggerations from Rome. It also led to his being clearly designated as part of the “powerful forces of opposition” that would favour “those compromises so common among the would-be politicians of our time” by Jesuit Antoine-Nicolas Braun in his notorious sermon during the celebration in 1872 of the 50th anniversary of Bourget’s ordination to the priesthood. When the lawsuits charging members of the clergy with undue influence in elections arose, Taschereau seemed briefly to take the hard line adopted by Bourget and Laflèche. He wrote the pastoral letter issued by the bishops of the ecclesiastical province of Quebec on 22 Sept. 1875, which was the strongest condemnation of Catholic liberalism to have been published in Canada thus far; for some months he defended it ardently. On 26 March 1877 he also approved and signed the declaration that he and the episcopate of the province issued following the judicial decisions on the elections in Bonaventure and Charlevoix, in which Bishop Jean Langevin and his brother Hector-Louis were involved. The document was a harsh statement addressed to the Canadian government on the freedom of the church and it requested changes in the election act. But, under the influence of his entourage, Taschereau had meanwhile come to realize the ambiguous nature of the September 1875 letter and the risk of its precipitating a confrontation with the Protestant majority in Canada. After vainly trying to get his suffragans to clarify and qualify their thinking, he unilaterally published on 25 May 1876 a pastoral letter that put the Liberal party on the same footing as the Conservatives and invited Catholics “without distinction of party” to pray for and take action to ensure honest elections. Without exception all his suffragans felt that the document was a slap in the face, because they thought it contested or in thinly veiled terms disapproved of the letter of September 1875; they no longer trusted him to defend them against the Liberals. Therefore, when Cardinal Franchi wrote to the archbishop about the charges “related to the intervention of the clergy in political elections” and asked for “precise information” and suggestions “for averting the difficulties that have arisen,” they considered Taschereau’s reaction too weak and sent their colleague Laflèche to Rome “to enlighten and inform the Holy Father about the schemings of our liberals and to point out to the Holy Father that we are doing just the opposite to what we are accused of doing.” Laflèche obtained an apostolic brief from Pius IX that praised the bishops for putting people on guard against “the clever errors of so-called Catholic liberalism” but laid heavier stress on unity and concord. Once again Taschereau distanced himself from his colleagues. He refused to bring them together to draw up a common and rhetorical text introducing the letter; instead, he published the Roman document on his own with a few polite words. For their part Laflèche, Langevin, Louis-Zéphirin Moreau, and Édouard-Charles Fabre insisted on condemning anew the errors in liberalism. The suffragans’ revolt came to an end with the visit of the apostolic delegate Bishop George Conroy in 1877–78. Sent to impose unity upon the bishops and silence upon the clergy in political matters, he issued a declaration publicly exonerating the Liberal party, and had a circular letter sent to the clergy ordering them to take the course of “discreet reserve” and “great prudence.” These moves signalled victory for Taschereau’s moderate line and his analysis of the situation in Canada. From then on the vast majority of the bishops and of the clergy followed the archbishop, who felt strong enough to repel the endeavours of certain die-bards. Taschereau took the opposite position to that of the ultramontanes on nearly all the political issues of the 1870s and 1880s: the new Civil Code, which he was anxious, within the constraints of prudence, to have amended and brought into line with canon law, particularly in regard to marriage and record-keeping; the New Brunswick schools question, in which neither federal intervention nor episcopal declarations met with his approval; and the disposition of Jesuit estates. Taschereau wanted to claim the properties for the Université Laval and thus to prevent the Society of Jesus from using them to further then educational endeavours, and it was with considerable resentment that he saw Honoré Mercier going over his head to deal directly with Rome [see Antoine-Nicolas Braun]. Even an essentially ecclesiastical matter such as the division of the diocese of Trois-Rivières brought him into conflict with the same ultramontane adversaries. This was not only because their leader, Laflèche, who had not stopped attacking his “liberal” positions, was the local bishop, but more particularly because, after Leo XIII issued his motu proprio in 1883 creating the diocese of Nicolet on the south shore of the St Lawrence, any derogation of Rome would bring papal authority into question. Other decisions, those concerning the Université Laval for example, might then have been threatened. These eventualities Taschereau could not accept. Hence he gave his backing and counsel to the supporters of the diocese of Nicolet, in particular to Calixte Marquis* and the priests at the seminary; when the situation became more serious, he did not hesitate to go to Rome, bring pressure to bear on Propaganda, and extract a final, favourable decision. He even used his authority as metropolitan to prevent Laflèche from making a similar trip. At the heart of all these arguments and sometimes surprising initiatives was the university question. In 1865 Taschereau had admitted in confidence to Benjamin Pâquet, “I am above all a seminarist” (an unconditional supporter of the Séminaire de Québec and the Université Laval). He remained so to the end: when after 1870 the Laval professors were widely accused of Gallicanism and liberalism and of masonic connections [see Jean-Étienne Landry]; when the Jesuits in 1872–74 sought statutory power to grant university degrees and therefore to open a university in Montreal [see Joseph Desautels]; when in the early 1880s the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery fought bitterly against the Université Laval’s branch in Montreal and forced Laval to get the terms of its charter broadened [see Thomas-Edmond d’Odet d’Orsonnens]; and when the hard-won victory in Rome necessitated demanding financial support from all the dioceses in the province to develop the university at Quebec. Each time Taschereau spurred on, coordinated, and directed the defence, in Canada and in Rome. He oversaw the drafting of reports and counter-reports and regularly wrote long letters that reproduced, almost word for word, the main lines of the documents issuing from Laval, witness his Remarques sur le mémoire de lévêque des Trois-Rivières sur les difficultés religieuses en Canada. In Rome he kept up extremely useful friendships with people who defended his interests and informed him of all his adversaries’ ploys; Pâquet and Dominique Racine, bishops who had ready access everywhere and experience with the Roman combinazione, were sent there as his procurators. In 1872, 1884, and 1887 he himself intervened in Rome with the cardinals and staved off ominous decisions. In Canada he had all the documents from Rome favourable to him published in the newspapers. He consistently received the support of the majority of his episcopal colleagues as well as of Liberal or moderate Conservative politicians. More than ever Taschereau became the favourite target for the adversaries of the Université Laval. “It is the Archbishop above all who must be attacked and unmasked mercilessly, because it is he who is the source of the evil,” Luc Desilets bluntly asserted in 1881. Although more diplomatic, Laflèche’s opinion was quite similar; the real cause of the split among the bishops, he said, “is to be found in the diverse influences to which His Grace the Archbishop is subject, in my view unawares, and which lead him sometimes to agree with his suffragans, and sometimes to favour the liberals.” Most of the questions submitted to Rome involved accusations against Taschereau and requests for a judicial inquiry, which the authorities of Propaganda hardly appreciated, since they were loath to challenge the supreme Catholic authority in Quebec. Furthermore, the archbishop and his supporters had no difficulty in proving that their adversaries, who were mainly journalists, were exaggerating, and in showing them up as self-proclaimed “Catholics par excellence,” to wit “a certain number of persons who believe themselves the only Catholics in the province, who claim to represent everyone, who flare up at the slightest word against a priest of their party, but who do not hesitate for a moment to accuse the archbishop and even Propaganda and the Holy Office when they do not share their views.” In most cases therefore the authorities in Rome accepted the arguments advanced by Quebec and rejected the requests made by the Montrealers or their ultramontane supporters (the most striking exception being the solution to the Jesuit estates). The climax came in 1886, when Taschereau was created a cardinal. This nomination had long been desired and had been requested for at least two years by several bishops, François Langelier* (the Liberal mayor of Quebec), Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau (an avowed opponent of the ultramontanes), Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (a Protestant and a freemason!), and Governor General Lord Lansdowne [Petty-Fitzmaurice] (who was even prepared to get Queen Victoria to intervene). The appointment of the first Canadian cardinal was finally secured through the diplomatic skills of Abbé Henri-Raymond Casgrain, as well as of his friends Cyrille-Étienne Légaré, Charles-Octave Gagnon, and their acquaintances in Rome, and it occasioned sumptuous celebrations worthy of a prince of the church. Taschereau was “vexed” by all these honours (which he called “persecutions”). But finally, for the sake of peace and quiet, he agreed to set up a “court” for himself, asking Rome for some ecclesiastical appointments: two apostolic protonotaries, three domestic prelates, two privy chamberlains, and two commanders of the Order of St Gregory the Great. As for himself, he made no changes in his way of life. Despite the expectations of his immediate circle, Taschereau’s promotion to the cardinalate turned out to be more the crowning of his career than a spring-board for new undertakings. Already in 1887, while climbing Cap Tourmente, he felt the first signs that his strength was failing. He soon had to restrict his activities and in 1891 to ask for a coadjutor. His choice fell upon Bishop Bégin of Chicoutimi, whose appointment he obtained late in 1891 after several months of pleas and hesitation on Bégin’s part. In a gesture unheard of from someone who had always sought to govern alone, holding all the reins and keeping his eye on every detail, Taschereau immediately ceded almost all his powers to his associate. He withdrew more and more into silence and prayer and from then on made only rare public appearances, for example on the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood in 1892 and on the 25th anniversary of his consecration as archbishop in 1896. In 1894 he officially handed over the administration of the archdiocese to his coadjutor. His death, long expected, came on 12 April 1898. Taschereau’s funeral, at which Cardinal James Gibbons of Baltimore officiated, drew a large crowd, headed by numerous clergymen and politicians of every stripe. A grandiose hearse, afterwards used only for exceptional occasions, was constructed “expressly for the circumstances.” Bishop Michel-Thomas Labrecque of Chicoutimi delivered the funeral oration and described Taschereau as a leader who had been faithful to his God, his church, and his country: “One has to go back, my brothers, to the venerable founder of the Catholic hierarchy in this country to find in the see of Quebec such a talent for organization, so creative with details, so tenacious and so sure, so orderly, so methodical.” It is these qualities that several of Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau’s biographers evoke, in order to compare him with Joseph-Octave Plessis. But there is no need for such historical references to form a judgement of the first Canadian cardinal. His lofty intellect and his education, exceptional for the period, had brought him to the pinnacle in the worlds of religion and education; he left an enduring mark on them. His sense of realism and moderation had enabled him to defuse a number of latent conflicts between church and state, at a time when the ultramontane forces were openly throwing themselves into the political fray. According to Adolphe-Basile Routhier*, he needed “more flexibility and more amiability in his social relations” to smooth out certain difficulties and forestall some fierce debates. Having been unable to detach himself from the views of the seminary and the Université Laval, he unreservedly endorsed their most unyielding positions and, in many people’s minds, thereby helped to retard the cultural development of the Montreal region. Nevertheless, the assessment of his successor, Archbishop Bégin, can stand: there are few men “to whom the church of Quebec owes a greater debt of gratitude” – as does, indeed, all of Canadian society. Nive Voisine Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau is the author of Discipline du diocèse de Québec (Québec, 1879; 2e éd., 1895); Remarques de larchevêque de Québec sur le mémoire de 1883 concernant la division du diocèse des Trois-Rivières et réponse de lévêque de Trois-Rivières à ces remarques ([Québec, 1884]); and “Histoire du séminaire des missions étrangères de Québec,” Le Canada français (Québec), 2e sér., 20 (1932–33): 628–34. His pastoral letters were published in Mandements, lettres pastorales et circulaires des évêques de Québec, [Henri Têtu et C.-O. Gagnon, édit.] (18v. parus, Québec, 1887– ), nouv. sér., 1–4. There are documents pertaining to Taschereau in a great many archival repositories. At Quebec the AAQ should be consulted, in particular for series 31-16 A, 210 A, 26 CP, and 33 CR, as should the ASQ, for such series as Séminaire, Univ., and mss. Most of the Catholic archdiocesan and diocesan archives across Canada, especially in Quebec, have a wealth of material relating to Taschereau. In Rome the Archivio della Propaganda Fide holds a large number of documents, notably in the Acta; Lettere a decreti della Sacra Congregazione a biglietti di Monsignore Segretario; Nuova Serie; Scritture originali riferite nelle congregazioni generali; and Scritture riferite nei Congressi, America settentrionale. No scholarly biography of the first Canadian cardinal has been written, and one must turn to dated works and to studies that are limited in scope, such as: Henri Têtu, Notices biographiques: les évêques de Québec (Québec, 1889; réimpr. en 4v., Québec et Tours, France, 1930); David Gosselin, “Le cardinal Taschereau (1820–1898),” La Semaine religieuse de Québec (Québec), 10 (1897–98): 531–36; Michèle Dumas-Rousseau, “L’université de Montréal de 1852 à 1865: tentatives de fondation” (thèse de ma, univ. Laval, Québec, 1973); Serge Gagnon, “Le collège de Sainte-Anne au temps de l’abbé François Pilote: les conflits du personnel enseignant” (thèse de des, univ. Laval, 1968); J.-R. Gaudin, “Les rapports entre l’Église et l’État d’après le cardinal Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau (1820–1898)” (thèse de phd, univ. Saint-Paul, Ottawa, 1972); [A.-H. Gosselin], 1842–1892, jubilé sacerdotal de S.E. le cardinal E.-ATaschereau . . . (Québec, 1892); Jacques Grisé, Les conciles provinciaux de Québec et lÉglise canadienne (1851–1886) (Montréal, 1979); [T.-E. Hamel], Le premier cardinal canadien; souvenir de 1886 (Québec, 1886); Lavallée, Québec contre Montréal; Honorius Provost, “Historique de la faculté des arts de l’université Laval, 1852–1902” (thèse de ma, univ. Laval, 1952); Sainte-Marie de la Nouvelle-Beauce; histoire civile (Québec, 1970); Sainte-Marie de la Nouvelle-Beauce; histoire religieuse (Québec, 1967); Henri Têtu, Notice biographique, S.E. le cardinal Taschereau, archevêque de Québec (Québec, 1891); Voisine, Louis-François Laflèche; D. C. Lyne, “Sir John A. Macdonald and the appointment of the first cardinal,” Journal of Canadian Studies, 2 (1967), no.4: 58–69; G.-M. Oury, “Dom Guéranger et le cardinal Taschereau; la vocation monastique du premier cardinal canadien,” Cahiers des Dix, 42 (1979): 9–24; Henri Têtu, “Les souvenirs politiques de l’honorable Chs Langelier et le premier cardinal canadien,” La Semaine religieuse de Québec, 21 (1908–9): 665–69, 681–85, 697–703. General Bibliography Cite This Article Nive Voisine, “TASCHEREAU, ELZÉAR-ALEXANDRE,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 12, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed December 4, 2021, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/taschereau_elzear_alexandre_12E.html. Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/taschereau_elzear_alexandre_12E.html Author of Article: Nive Voisine Publication Name: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 12 Publisher: University of Toronto/Université Laval Year of publication: 1990 Year of revision: 1990 Access Date: December 4, 2021
Building and construction is a wide term implying the scientific research as well as art of to form useful systems, objects, or organisms, and also originates from Latin ad infinitum as well as Old French building and construction. To construct actually implies to make or generate: to develop is the verb, and the word is building: how a point is constructed. There are numerous types of building and construction, such as geometric, architectural, architectural, and also artistic construction, in addition to others, such as design as well as thermodynamics building and construction. There are likewise different sorts of construction, such as power-to-mass manufacturing, which refers to the manufacturing of one-way or self-contained energy, such as steam turbines; and also military building and construction, such as strongholds. 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Various other sorts of building, such as those that integrate steel in strengthened concrete, noncombustible products, strengthened steel, reinforced concrete, and also warm molten steel, are not fire immune, however are often a lot more expensive to develop and much more dangerous to employees. Industrial construction refers to the building or fixing of structures or structures by any type of method, whether it be manual work or machine production. This may include roadway or rail building and construction, buildings for mining, structures to generate food, structures to make clothes, office complex, factories, stockrooms, train terminals, power producing plants, and also manufacturing plants. Manufacturing can additionally be consisted of under the heading of industrial building and construction, as can delivery as well as relevant industries. Freight transport consisting of air cargo as well as ocean products is taken into consideration part of business construction, as is telecommunications, like telecommunication, cord telephones, radio, and also tv transmission. Specialist services, like accounting, legislation, banking, computer technology, design, training, management, designers, and various other types of service organizations are likewise consisted of under the heading of industrial construction. Building and construction labor scarcities are a major problem in numerous areas of the country. In California, for instance, among every 7 individuals is used in the building sector. As a result of construction labor shortages as well as high cost of living, services are required to raise prices, which subsequently, make the tasks more difficult to handle as well as finish. These rate increases unavoidably come into impact when tasks are introduced. When an organization tries to start a brand-new project as well as can not find enough workers, they will certainly raise the rates, which further reduces the reward to utilize brand-new staff members. Private Building Tasks: Tasks of this kind are usually self-funded. The construction work is done by a business that is either an exclusive firm or a minimal obligation firm. A contractor is accountable for completing the task, that includes both technological as well as civil work. In a lot of circumstances, these contractors will employ subcontractors, that will certainly then complete the jobs that have actually been passed on to them. When it involves exclusive jobs, there is typically no method of safeguarding settlement protection. Sometimes, a firm might pick to use an escrow or post-sale note. Post-sale notes need that the buyer pay the equilibrium of the building and construction project within a specified time period, generally six months, after which the buyer is accountable for paying the balance of the loan. An escrow or note kind is usually used for large construction jobs, such as bridges and also malls, which are much larger and need multiple specific repayments to be paid at various times throughout the year. Building Bonds: Construction bonds are normally secured by the real property involved in the building and construction project. In many cases, the bonds are videotaped by the region throughout the building phase. Normally, this is done after the bond seller has actually received repayment from the contractor. These tasks may likewise be carried out with construction liens, but technicians liens are the most common kind made use of for these types of building tasks. It is very important to maintain every one of the details pertaining to any construction project personal. In most cases, this is essential because of the delicate nature of the building and construction job that is happening. If any information is disclosed, it should be appropriately secured before it is shared with various other events. All firms that take part in any kind of building and construction job should be accredited and licensed according to regional and also government laws in order to make certain that they are following every one of the called for treatments which the workers are being held to the greatest criterion of treatment. Building is an umbrella term used to explain the scientific research as well as art of building things, systems, or organisations, and derives from Latin ad- constructum as well as Old French building. To construct is also the verb: to develop, as well as the object is building and construction: the actual nature of the physical structure. It is made use of to describe any technical endeavour that deals with the building and construction of new points, or the enhancement of existing points (including style, engineering, mining, metallurgy). It can also be made use of in a non-technical context to describe a system of practices, organisation, or procedure, such as language, art, music, and so on. The extent and design of building go through cultural and political impacts. For example, in many nations building and construction is an important contributor to the building and construction of new buildings as well as is particularly important in developing economic climates where new residences are commonly built in developing locations. In the United States, the majority of new homes are built in the central cities. In a similar way, in industrialized nations most structures are created within very structured and also managed environments characterized by premade growths. Simply put, building and construction usually often tends to be culturally and socially identified by the society right into which it is positioned. There are 4 wide kinds of construction, each exemplified by their distinctive attributes. The very first are generalised structure jobs, which are generally either domestic or industrial in character. These are essentially mass constructions (such as a medical facility, institution, or workplace complex), however they often tend to concentrate on larger jobs over short distances or over longer durations than common specialized industrial construction. Generalized commercial construction consists of apartment building, condominiums, condos, high-rise towers, as well as pre-development land gets. Residential frameworks, such as apartment or condos and also homes, can be created individually or as part of larger developments. concrete driveway repair cincinnati The second significant sort of construction is property real estate construction. This kind of building involves the conversion of an existing structure right into a household dwelling. This can take the type of a recently constructed building, but can likewise involve renovating an existing framework or the conversion of an existing framework into residential units. The property housing market is particularly energetic in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Md. Jawed Ahmed Experienced IT Professional based out of Kolkata in India. Why you must wake up early The human body needs a certain amount of sleep to function properly. The rest period changes throughout the lifetime. At birth its the highest with a baby liable to sleep for 20 out of 24 hours. It decreases gradually and becomes stable at 7-8 hours. Through most of a person’s active live, 8 hours of sleep is enough and at older age(>60) when physical activity has come down even 6 hours of sleep would be enough. You need full 7-8 hours sleep to be healthy 7-8 hours of sleep recharges your body and makes you healthy Of late(last 20 years or so), going to bed late and getting up late has become norm. Synchronizing your body cycle to the Sun is a good practice and helps you give a head start compared to others who get up late. Its a loss to waste the daylight hours sleeping(unless your profession demands like you are working in a different shift etc). By the time its 2 to 3 hours post sunset the human mind is already winding down and operates at a reduced start of activity and alertness. Human beings have evolved over time. The first human beings appeared around 2.5 million years ago. Out of this 2.5 million years, we have had electric light for less than 150 years. So its safe to conclude that our biological clock is tuned to operate along the time cycle of the Sun. I am not advocating sleeping less. Just go to bed early and get up early. You can give this a try and see for yourselves if what I advocate makes sense. But you need to do this for 7 consecutive days to feel the difference. Sleep for no more than 8 hours and go to bed before 10 PM compulsorily. Try it out ! Copyright © 2021
A LearnWorld Text Race to Oblivion A Participant's View of the Arms Race Herbert F. York Chapter 6: SPUTNIK Table of Contents57Missile-Gap Mania125 INTRODUCTION78The McNamara Era147 Prologue: Eisenhower's Other Warning9PART TWO: UNBALANCING THE BALANCE OF TERROR171 1The Arms Race and I159MIRV: The Multiple Menace173 2The Race Begins: Nuclear Weapons and Overkill2711Other Lessons from the ABM Debate213 3The Bomber Bonanza4912The Ultimate Absurdity228 4The Elusive Nuclear Airplane60A Glossary of Acroyms241 5Rockets and Missiles75Index245 6. SPUTNIK 106 Of all the symbols in the mythology of terror which has propelled the arms race, Sputnik is the most dramatic. The successful launching of the Soviet satellite was inflated by design and circumstance far out of proportion to its real technological and strategic significance into a specter of menace which haunted America for years. It became the crucial psychological landmark in the course of postwar arms develop. meet, affecting almost every facet of defense operations. In August, 1957, the Russians launched a test ICBM on a trajectory that took it the length of Siberia. The launch we. conducted in secret, and thus only small "in" groups both here and in the U.S.S.R. which had been following the Soviet pro. gram were immediately aware of it. To such people in this country it was a disturbing event, though not at all a surprise. When it was subsequently announced, its meaning was not immediately clear to the public at large. Less than two months later, on October 4, 1957, the Russians successfully launched the first artificial satellite into orbit. Sputnik was there for all to see and hear, and its name became a part of the language of all civilized men. A wave of shock and consternation swept the United States and most of the rest of the world. Even the small "in" group that had been following the Soviet missile program as it had been gradually 6. SPUTNIK 107 revealed through intelligence-gathering means (such as the U-2) was surprised by the suddenness with which this event followed the first long- range-missile launch. To almost everyone else it was unbelievable that the Russians, "those Asiatics" as Truman had called them, could have beaten the United States in this field of highly sophisticated technology. Very little was known at that time about the state of Soviet science and technology, and what was known did not adequately prepare us for what had happened. The historic Russian passion for secrecy, greatly enhanced by the paranoia of the Soviet government in Stalin's later years, had completely concealed Soviet progress (as well as lack of progress) from the eyes of the world. Even the results of research in pure science had been only partially and reluctantly made known. Travel to Russia by Western scientists had been virtually prohibited until 1954, when the first post-Stalin thaw began. Visits of Russian scientists to the outside world had been similarly restricted, and even the scientific academies were out of touch with each other. The Russians had often claimed that they had been first with many inventions, but it was "obvious" that these were just idle boasts ("obviously" even in the cases where it was true!). About the only Russian invention Westerners were generally aware of was the two-seater farm tractor, whose main function seemed to be to replace the church social as a place where Red Pioneer boys could meet collective-farm girls. Even true-blue Western Communists did not think of the U.S.S.R. as very progressive in technology. To most of the rest of us, Russia was as mysterious and remote as the other side of the moon and not much more productive when it came to really new ideas or inventions. A common joke of the time said that the Russians could not surreptitiously introduce nuclear bombs in suitcases into the United States, because they had not yet been able to perfect a suitcase. The Russian achievement of a nuclear explosion in 1949 and a thermonuclear device in 1953 should have alerted us, but the circumstances surround- 6. SPUTNIK 108 ing these events were unclear, and it was soon taken for granted that they had stolen "the secret of the bomb" from us. True enough, the Korean War had revealed the existence of some good fighter aircraft, and the first small exchanges of scientific visits after the death of Stalin had begun to reveal a scientific program of high quality. But a few swallows don't make a summer, and the general picture of the Soviet Union as a basically backward country had not yet begun to change. Thus everyone was shocked, and the reactions of the sophisticated and the unsophisticated differed only in degree. Sputnik I had weighed 183 pounds. It was followed on November 3 by Sputnik II, which weighed 1,120 pounds and carried the dog Laika as its passenger. In early December, the United States attempted to orbit a three-pound satellite. This was to have been lofted by the Vanguard rocket mentioned earlier, but that system failed to do so. On January 31, 1958, the United States did succeed in orbiting its first satellite, the Explorer I, using the Juno (Jupiter C) rocket booster. Explorer I weighed thirty-one pounds. The second and third American satellites, both launched in March, weighed 3 pounds and thirty-one pounds respectively. In May, the Russians launched Sputnik III, weighing 2,925 pounds. These huge differences in weight served to worsen consider" ably the general consternation that pervaded all levels of American society and government. It was widely felt that the Russians must be on to some secret that had evaded us. The fear grew that all this might have some profound effect on our real national security as well as on our prestige. Feeble attempts by the White House to allay our fears by likening the whole matter to a basketball game in space only made thing. worse. Nearly everyone saw Sputnik as a problem that must be solved and as a challenge that must be met. This situation soon was christened the "missile gap." This name was as simple and catchy as it was misleading, but the truth was so complex that it could not at the time overcome appearances, 6. SPUTNIK 109 not even in the mind of an observer with no special ax to grind. Now that enough years have passed so that passions have cooled and the truth has become clear, it is very worthwhile to examine the whole matter anew in order to learn how misleading appearances can be in this kind of situation. Rather than just one gap, there were a number of important differences or gaps between the programs and accomplishments of the two great powers. There were both a missile gap and a quite distinct space gap, and each of these gaps in turn included separately a time gap and a weight or payload gap. All of these gaps had their origins in differences in how and when the two programs began. The largest Soviet rockets were designed for use as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) whose purpose was to deliver atomic weapons to targets a quarter of the circumference of the world away. The largest rockets under development in the United States had the same purpose. At the time the over-all size of our rockets was fixed, hydrogen-bomb development in the United States had reached a point such that we could fairly accurately predict the size of the warhead needed to produce a one- megaton explosion and hence we could with some assurance also select the rocket size needed to deliver such a bomb. The Soviet decision with respect to size appears to have been made sometime earlier than we made ours, well before the Russians had any practical experience whatsoever in thermonuclear weaponry. Therefore they had to be very much more conservative in their approach to the size question, and, as a result, they chose to build a rocket weighing about twice as much as ours and having about twice our thrust. This factor of two worked against us in the first phases of the space race, but ultimately worked in our favor in the missile race. As we now know, by the time the numbers of deployed ICBMs became a significant factor in the strategic balance be- 6. SPUTNIK 110 tween the two superpowers, the United States was well ahead of the U.S.S.R. I believe the greater size of the Russians' first ICBM simply made it so difficult to manufacture and deploy that they decided not to do so immediately. Soon after, they did achieve a missile suitable for mass deployment, but even then it took them most of a decade to make up for lost time and catch up with us. None of this was obvious, unfortunately, from those parts of the space race that the public could see and understand. And even those privy to the details could not then have predicted the Russians' failure to exploit their early lead. The Soviet leaders made things more confusing by deliberately using their genuine early space lead to imply an ICBM threat (nonexistent) against the U. S. even as early as 1958. Besides this factor of two or so in size of booster, two other matters similarly affected the situation. First, we had deliberately decided against using our largest rockets for launching scientific satellites during the 1957-58 International Gem physical Year. Well before Sputnik we had initiated programs designed to use our largest military rockets for launching military satellites (the names Samos and Midas will be recalled by early space-program watchers), but we had specifically ordered that the scientific IGY satellite program not be allowed to interfere with any of our military programs. Therefore we used the specially designed Vanguard and the bootlegged Jupiter C to launch our first satellites. These were much smaller than our large ICBM boosters, in terms of both booster weight and rocket-engine thrust. The Russians, on the other hand, made no such division between their missile pro. gram and their space program, and they used the same very large booster for each. Thus, in the satellite exhibition all the world was watching, they were using their biggest rockets and we were using two of our smaller ones. But even that isn't the whole story. A satellite booster system ordinarily consists of two or three stages. The perform- 6. SPUTNIK 111 ance and sizes of these various stages must be carefully matched to each other in order to optimize the payload. In an optimal situation, the commonly used liquid-fuel rockets can put into orbit a payload whose weight is equal to one or two percent of the thrust of the first-stage rocket booster. The Jupiter-C system which was actually used to put up our first satellite was off optimum and, in addition, used relatively low-performance solid-propellant upper stages. As a result, its ratio of payload weight to booster thrust was an order of magnitude below this optimal value. The Russians were also off optimum in their first satellites, but not quite so far. All of these factors worked in the same direction and thus combined to produce the very large one-hundredfold weight gap between the first few United States satellites and the first few Soviet satellites. By the time we finally got our big boosters working on space applications only a year or so later, this huge temporary gap was reduced to its true value of about twofold. There was also a time gap, which further confused things. The Russians achieved a long-range flight with an ICBM in August, 1957. We did not achieve the same sort of range until the first full- thrust Atlas launch in December, 1958. Thus, one could say that at that time there was a time gap of sixteen months between the two missile programs. Similarly, if we look at the dates of the first manned orbital flights, April 12, 1961, for Yuri Gagarin and February 20, 1962, for John Glenn, we get a time gap of ten months in these earliest stages of the two man-in-space programs. However, if we look at what happened when we both got beyond the experimental phase and into the operational phase of the program, we find, as is now very well known, a very different story. We deployed a strategically significant missile force well ahead of the Russians, and they did not catch up until almost a decade later. Likewise, we landed a man on 'the moon in July of 1969, and at this writing we still don't know when they will do the same, or even if they will. Thus, despite appearances and Russian 6. SPUTNIK 112 attempts to exploit these appearances, there was no strategically significant missile gap at the time of Sputnik, and when one did develop several years later it was very much in our favor. Sputnik did reveal a space gap, but the real space gap was quite different from the apparent one. Yet whatever the differences were between the reality and the appearances, the consternation of the American people was real, deep, and widespread. After the first shock, strong reactions set in at all levels and in most segments of American society. After a first futile attempt to belittle the whole affair, the White House caught the general mood and created new organizations and realigned old ones, with the twin purposes of rectifying the past mistake and preventing the occurrence of new ones like it. The Department of Defense did likewise. In the wake of these moves a new wave of scientists and engineers (including me) went to Washington to assume various official positions and replace or reinforce those who had "allowed Sputnik to happen." The Senate and the House of Representatives created new special committees for similar purposes. The Senate Armed Services Committee, its Preparedness Subcommittee, the Government Operations Committees, the powerful Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, and others all held extensive hearings for the purpose of examining the situation in detail. Each of the three military services, inspired by a potent mixture of genuine patriotic concern and simple crass opportunism, offered itself up as the means for solving the immediate problem. NACA, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (actually a group of laboratories), did the same, and some in the Atomic Energy Commission suggested that they (like the Joint Committee) stood ready to take the lead in the matter. The defense industry generally, with an even more potent mix of the same motives, generated a host of new ideas and inventions and dredged up a number of old ones, all for the 6. SPUTNIK 113 purpose of reestablishing America's technological leadership in the world and making some money in the process. The fourth estate quite generally, but especially the kept press of the missile and aviation industries, did its best to keep public concern at a fever pitch and severely castigated whoever it thought was at fault. PTA's and school boards and university trustees all came to the conclusion that inadequacies in the quality and quantity of science education were the root causes of the whole mess. And as a result the status and salary of nearly all science teachers and professors markedly improved. Very few, if any, of these science teachers and professors lied about the very tenuous connection between Sputnik and whatever they were doing. But almost all of them were most content with the supposed lessons Sputnik taught, and grim hints could be heard about where the Russians stood in everything from the development of giant accelerators for high-energy nuclear physics to research on the sex habits of the tsetse flies. After a few weeks of hesitation, the White House reacted positively and sought advice from a broad spectrum of leaders in scientific, technological and other relevant fields about what it all meant and what should be done about it. One of the immediate results of this review was Eisenhower's decision to establish the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), under the chairmanship of James R. Killian, and to establish the position of Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, with the same Dr. Killian as its incumbent. (There had been a Science Advisory Committee in the White House Office ever since the Truman administration, but its style of operation and the intensity of its effort were so completely changed that today's committee is best thought of as being established after Sputnik.) Killian had earlier chaired the important Technical Capabilities Panel which made a review of the technological side of our defense posture, and had 6. SPUTNIK 114 also been one of the leaders in the Gaither Panel which had conducted a review of our strategic weapons situation just the previous summer. 1 also participated in a small way in the Gaither Panel and first met Killian during that activity. Killian provided a near-perfect match between the President and other key administrative figures on the one hand and the members of PSAC and other principal scientists and engineering figures on the other hand. He seemed to know precisely what questions to ask the scientists and how to organize their efforts to produce valid answers and usable advice quickly. He was equally skillful in translating this advice into terms that statesmen and high officials could understand and act on. James B. Fisk of the Bell Telephone Laboratories and Robert F. Bacher of the California Institute of Technology were Vice-Chairmen of the committee. They and practically all of the rest of the members of PSAC had had distinguished careers in pure science. Most had been involved in the administration of important segments of the United States science and technology program (both Fisk and Bacher had held high positions in the AEC in its formative days, and another member, General James H. Doolittle, was at the time the Chairman of NACA). Most of the members had been involved in major projects (radar, atomic weapons, and rockets) during World War II, and most had been members of major advisory committees operating at other high levels of government (for example, I. I. Rabi had been Chairman of the predecessor PSAC, and Kistiakowsky, Wiesner, and I had been members of the Von Neumann Committee). During the first few months after it came into being, from December, 1957, through February, 1958, PSAC was in almost continuous session. For all practical purposes, the committee was given a free hand to investigate and advise on any scientific and technological matters which the committee itself might decide important. However, in those first months PSAC also concen- 6. SPUTNIK 115 trated on the twin goals of determining what to do about the immediate situation and how to prevent its recurrence. It reviewed and analyzed the current technological situations both in the United States and in the Soviet Union, and it advised the President and others as to what in its judgment the Sputniks really meant. Herbert Scoville, then responsible for scientific intelligence at the CIA, regularly sat with the committee in order to assure direct access to all available information concerning Soviet and other foreign technological programs. Working closely with defense officials, but independently of them, the committee reviewed existing programs and urged some changes in them and in their relative priorities. It reviewed some of the flood of new ideas the Soviet successes in space had inspired and urged further study and consideration of some and rejection of others. It studied the whole broad matter of the status, support, and quality of scientific research and of science and engineering education in the United States, and it gave advice which set in motion a number of far-reaching changes in the relationships between government and education of all kinds and at all levels. Working directly with the new Secretary of Defense, Neil H. McElroy, and with Quarles, then the Deputy Secretary of Defense, Killian and other members of PSAC helped to establish ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, and helped to arrange my subsequent participation in its direction. ARPA, as we shall see, played an important role in helping the Defense Department keep its house in order in the first months after Sputnik. Working directly with Doolittle and Hugh L. Dryden, PSAC played the major role in designing the plan for transforming NACA (the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics) into NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). General Doolittle was the NACA Chairman, and Dryden was its chief operating officer. Dryden became the Deputy Administrator of NASA after it was established by the Congress later in 1958, and Doolittle became one of the mem- 6. SPUTNIK 116 bers of the National Space Council, another one of the organizational responses to Sputnik. In retrospect it is clear that PSAC did an extraordinarily important job and exercised good judgment. The organizations which were created largely through its intervention or with its help continue to exist to this day and continue to do the kind of thing that Killian and PSAC outlined for them in those first few months. Most of the programs which PSAC endorsed ultimately did bear fruit and performed useful functions. And we have managed quite well without those programs which PSAC rejected in those early months. It seems very likely that without PSAC the United States in the first frantic responses to the shock of the Russian successes would have undertaken a larger number of ill-advised programs in a more disorganized fashion than we actually did. It is of course not possible to know precisely what the consequences of such additional ill-considered reactions would have been in any detail, but, analogizing from what happened as a result of the excesses that did occur, it seems certain that much money would have been wasted and that genuinely necessary programs would have been slighted and perhaps even left undone. Meanwhile, in the Department of Defense, similar but more extensive organizational changes were being undertaken for the same purposes. As we have already seen, even before Sputnik, interservice rivalry had led to a quite unnecessary duplication of large, expensive weapons-systems programs. The science and technology apparatus of the Defense Department, especially that part of it in the Office of the Secretary of Defense itself, had proved to be not quite adequate for handling the situation. The frantic reaction Sputnik produced in the military services and among their contractors threatened to cause the situation to get still further out of control. McElroy and Quarles, working with Killian and his committee as well as with their own advisers, generated several new organizational ideas designed to strengthen their ability to man- 6. SPUTNIK 117 age what threatened to be a very explosive situation. As a first step, they established a new planning and operating agency directly under their control within the immediate Office of the Secretary of Defense. It was called ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. Roy W. Johnson, a former General Electric executive, was selected to be the first Director of the new agency. Rear Admiral John Clark was named Deputy Director, I was named Chief Scientist, and a few weeks later Lawrence Gise became our Chief Administrative Officer. We began operation in February of 1958 on an unofficial basis, and about one month later we received from the Congress the charter needed to give us a proper legal status. At first ARPA was given two assignments. One was specific: to assume authority over all military space programs. The second was more general and therefore more difficult: to initiate such programs and actions as seemed necessary to avoid another "Sputnik"-- i.e., another situation in which the United States suddenly v found or even seemed to find itself far behind the principal military competition in some important branch of technology. A third assignment involving taking over the authority and responsibility for the development of the anti-ballistic-missile was also briefly considered. This last was, however, rejected at the behest of the ARPA management itself. ARPA carried out the first assignment with a reasonable degree of success from the time of its conception in February, 1958, until the fall of 1959. By that latter date, other, better means for controlling the interservice rivalry in this area had come into being and the military space program was parceled out in a rational way among the military services. (Mostly, of course, to the Air Force.) ARPA carried out the second assignment in part by establishing a number of research and development programs in fields which at the time seemed to be both worthy of support and in danger of falling between the stools insofar as service interest in them was concerned. The most important of these 6. SPUTNIK 118 at the time was Project Defender, actually a collection of new ideas, proposals, and research programs related to missile defense. During the first two years of its life a number of highly placed persons, including General Schriever and former Assistant Secretary of Defense Clifford C. Furnas, called for the abolition of ARPA, but it continues to this day to work on similar programs. The nature of these programs has changed slowly over the years. Some older programs have been transferred to the services as the march of events made that possible, and new ones have been started when that seemed necessary. In addition to creating ARPA as a kind of ad hoc "quick fix" solution to the problem, the Department of Defense pro" posed a number of more fundamental organizational changes designed to strengthen its ability to cope with the kind of frantic struggles for new roles and missions that had followed in the wake of Sputnik. The proposals were generated during the early part of 1958 in the executive branch and were enacted by the Congress in the fall of that year as the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. From the point of view of technology and the arms race, the most important element of that act was the establishment of the position of Director of Defense Research and Engineering. This director was to report directly to the Secretary of Defense and was to function generally at the same level of authority and responsibility as the three service Secretaries. This meant he was to have not only the kind of staff responsibility the other Assistant Secretaries of Defense had, but, in addition, real and direct authority over all research, development, test, and evaluation programs in all components of the Department of Defense, specifically including the three services as well as the new ARPA. I was appointed to the post of Director after two or three other serious candidates turned the job down. (I served under McElroy for the remainder of his term as Secretary of Defense, under 6. SPUTNIK 119 Thomas S. Gates for all of his, and, briefly, in the new Kennedy administration, under Robert McNamara. I resigned then to return to the University of California and was replaced by Harold Brown.) I managed to recruit a number of very fine assistants, including Howard Wilcox, John Rubel, Jack Ruina and Eugene Fubini. Together, with the full support of the Secretary of Defense and with the absolutely essential cooperation of PSAC and its chairmen (at first Killian, then Kistiakowsky, and eventually Wiesner), we gradually got the situation more or less under control. Most of the programs we authorized in that first year or so were ultimately successful, though not always on time and never for the price originally estimated. A few of the programs we authorized were later canceled when it became evident that either they were not really necessary or they were not technically feasible in terms of the then current state of the art. Given the need to be reasonably prudent, and the natural tendency in that position to make some allowance for erring on the side of military safety, I believe our batting average was not too bad. More important, a full decade later, I am not aware of any important program that we disapproved or discontinued where we have any reason to be sorry we did. The Congress reflected the shock and consternation of the public generally. Its reaction was further complicated by partisan politics. The Senate, after what appeared to be a few false starts, organized a special committee to look into the matter. It was chaired by Lyndon Johnson, then the Majority Leader. The House similarly established a series of special committees, leading eventually to what is now known as the House Science and Astronautics Committee. Each of these committees held hearings over a period of several years in an effort to come to grips with the problem. They considered the legislative proposals being made by the White House for the establishment of the civil space agency and for the reorganizations in 6. SPUTNIK 120 the Department of Defense as discussed just above. Out of this came the legislation which arranged for the transformation of NACA into NASA, as well as the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 which confirmed the establishment of ARPA and established the office of Director of Defense Research and Engineering. They considered the programs proposed by these new agencies as well as the programs of the already well-established agencies. They listened to a broad range of witnesses: government officials, high civil servants, contractor personnel, outside advisers and opinion leaders generally. Very early, Lyndon Johnson's committee developed a list of seventeen actions it considered to be essential to maintaining the national security. A number of them related directly to strictly military matters and were designed as a response to the possible "true" missile gap. These included strengthening and dispersing the forces of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), accelerating the installation of a ballistic-missile early-warning system (BMEWS), accelerating all of the missile programs that were close to operational readiness (Atlas, Thor, Jupiter, and Polaris), and intensifying research and development work on the anti-ballistic-missile (ABM). Of special interest nowadays, the Johnson Committee also called for development work on "manned missiles" and on a rocket engine capable of producing one million pounds of thrust. These last two items served no firm military mission at the time, but they did lead directly to the moon landing of 1969. This seventeen-point list was imperfect, and some of the phraseology supporting it was a bit farfetched, but in retrospect I believe it was superior to any similar list of proposed-action items generated anywhere else in the government at the time. Nearly every one of its proposals was ultimately adopted, and that cannot be said of similar lists prepared by, for instance, the armed services themselves. I find this fact a very reassuring commentary on the relative wisdom of legislators 6. SPUTNIK 121 and statesmen vis-à-vis experts (in this case, military men and technologists ). Except for the space-flight items, most of these seventeen actions had been urged by a Senate committee chaired by Stuart Symington the year before, but Sputnik had not yet happened and so they evoked very little response at that time. The powerful Joint Committee on Atomic Energy saw its primacy as legislative custodian of the most advanced scientific programs in the country threatened by the dawn of the space age. Some of its members first reminded everyone that they had been right in the argument with J. Robert Oppenheimer over the hydrogen bomb eight years before and also in the argument over the nuclear submarine more recently. They then went on to suggest that the right way to solve the current crisis was through further applications of atomic energy, and they volunteered to assume the legislative responsibility for the entire area. They formed a subcommittee on outer-space propulsion, and they promoted the establishment of a Division of Outer Space Development in the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Majority Leader Johnson's actions prevented them from achieving over-all responsibility for space, but they have continued to promote the use of atomic energy as the solution of real and imagined space problems ever since that time. These nuclear solutions include the application of nuclear energy to both rocket propulsion and the production of auxiliary power. It does seem likely that someday nuclear energy will be used for space propulsion, probably in connection with interplanetary flights, and it also seems likely that someday the SNAP (Space Nuclear Auxiliary Power) series of large power plants may become useful in providing power for long-duration flights and for various kinds of equipment that may have a high power demand. But even now, ten years later, most such applications are still premature, and of course in the first year or so after Sputnik they were much more so. They represent classic examples of attempts to find a problem 6. SPUTNIK 122 to fit a solution. This approach has in recent years come to characterize a great deal of the work of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy as well as of the Atomic Energy Commission itself. Like almost everyone else, the AEC's contractor laboratories receive inspiration from Sputnik. Immediately after that satellite was launched, General Kenneth E. Fields, the General Manager of the AEC, happened to visit the Livermore Laboratory. At that time I was the director of the laboratory, and like so many others I was under the spell of Sputnik and willing to take advantage of its message in a good cause. I played a recording we had made of Sputnik's "beep, beep, beep" as background music during a session in which I pleaded with Fields for some additional budgetary support. I have forgotten what I wanted the additional support for at the time, and I don't know if I ever got it, but I vividly remember the scene itself. Similarly, several years later, Edward Teller, in his perpetual rear-guard battle against nuclear-test bans, solemnly warned, "The probability that a nuclear gap exists right now in addition to a missile gap is frightening and real." In that same time period he was asked what we would find on the moon when we got there and he flatly predicted, "Russians." Other elements of the bureaucracy even more remote from space and Sputnik discovered how to exploit the missile gap and the resulting public demand that "somebody do something." Thus, we find those responsible for education doing such things as inventing and promoting the National Defense Education Act. Surely we need better education whether we have defense crises or not, but putting in that extra word made the idea sell better; calling it the National Sputnik Education Act would have been, I suppose, too obvious. Similarly, the people with a special interest in and responsibility for highways invented and promoted the National Defense Highway System. I think both of these were intrinsically good ideas, but 6. SPUTNIK 123 it is unfortunate that they had to be connected to the missile gap via the word "defense." The advertising revenue of the aircraft-missile-space press comes almost exclusively from aerospace and related companies searching for new personnel and new contracts, and so it is not surprising that these trade journals did their very best to keep the nation's fears and concerns at a fever pitch. Both in editorials and in supposedly expository articles, they castigated anyone in the executive branch of the government or anywhere else who even hinted at moderation. They predicted the direst future with fleets of Soviet space bombers hanging suspended over the United States and with the Hammer and Sickle plunged into the very cores of the moon and the planets. They conjured up an endless series of other gaps such as the nuclear-airplane gap I discussed earlier. They presented as fact such news items as "Soviet Boost Glide Bomber probably will be towed to 80,000 to 100,000 feet by a ramjet tug." They stated without qualification that the U.S.A.F. Skybolt program was in a race with a similar Soviet program. The missile press also made an outrageous play on words. Science-fiction writers and others had spoken of the conquest of space as one might speak of the conquest of Everest. But the very existence of this phrase was offered as proof of what was going to happen to us all if we didn't wise up. The missile press seemed to have a very simple editorial policy: "If it puts more money into the aerospace business, it's good; if it doesn't, it's bad." Anyone wanting to see examples of dollar patriotism at its worst should read the articles and look at the ads in the various missile journals published during the first two years after Sputnik. Individual professional men and their societies were not above exploiting the Sputnik fever in their own "good causes." Academic scientists quite frequently in approaching government agencies for funds started out by reminding everyone either of what the Russians were doing or of what we might find them doing if only we knew more about it. I attended a 6. SPUTNIK 124 small meeting with President Eisenhower concerning a proposal for a new very large, very expensive nuclear physics accelerator, since built. The briefer, who was not from the laboratory making the proposal, spent most of his time describing the Soviet programs in this very same field. Every word he said was true to the best of his knowledge, and he posed no lurid direct threats to us. Even so, this approach does not seem so different underneath from that of the rocket-industry leader who, in support of expanded spending in his field, said that "tomorrow the country that controls the moon will control the earth."* Similarly, language teachers pointed out ad nauseam that much of the important information needed to "catch up" was printed in foreign languages; and on that same basis, computer-software salesmen sold large development programs designed to achieve machine translation of documents. And the U. S. Soaring Team (gliders) reported after their 1958 International Meet that the U.S.S.R. was making concerted efforts to capture leadership in this field, and they quoted Russian participants as warning, "Wait until 1960." * A Vice-president of the Glenn L. Martin Company, as quoted in Aviation Week, Feb. 10, 1958. [Transaction Publishers, 1996] British SSBNs French SNLEs Other Sites "Comprehensive Test Ban" [28 February 1996] and a 21 June 1996 addendum on China's CTB policy. The Acheson-Lilienthal Report [16 March 1946]: Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy. Re CTB LearnWorld Explained FAQ Bosnia War Theory Templates Our Home Page Our Home Please direct comments and corrections by email to Bruce D. Larkin, who has prepared this page.
University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Trinity College Science Society (TCSS) > Epigenetic Inheritance: What Is It and Why Is It Important? Epigenetic Inheritance: What Is It and Why Is It Important? • UserProf Anne Ferguson-Smith • ClockThursday 04 February 2021, 18:15-19:45 • HouseOnline. If you have a question about this talk, please contact Miroslava Novoveska. Link to join the YouTube live stream: Epigenetic modifications are chemical marks present on DNA and on the proteins that package our DNA into chromosomes. These modifications influence the architecture of our chromosomes, modulate gene expression and supress the repetitive mobilizable elements that represent around half of our DNA . Our DNA provides the fundamental framework for heritability. Nonetheless, a number of studies suggest that there may be transmission of traits from parents to offspring, including those influenced by environmental insults, that might not be mediated genetically. Might this inheritance be epigenetically conferred? Epigenetic modifications are dynamic and cell-type specific. In mammals, erasure and re-establishment of epigenetic states from one generation to the next ensures that a fresh epigenome is reinstated in offspring and that epigenetic marks established in one generation are not inherited. Some processes, however, such as the remarkable process of genomic imprinting, require inheritance of epigenetic modifications at specific DNA regions to confer a memory of parental origin and regulate some genes in the next generation. The epigenetic inheritance of these imprints is a highly-regulated process. But might epigenetic inheritance in mammals be more widespread? It is difficult to design robust experiments to understand and elucidate epigenetic inheritance. This is particularly relevant in investigations into the environmental modulation of epigenetic states in one generation that might have an influence on outcomes in offspring and grand-offspring. That the behaviours of one generation might have a profound impact on the well-being of our descendants is an area that engages the society at large. Understanding the extent and mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance is key to a full appreciation of heritability in health and disease. I will present data from newly conducted experiments to explore the mechanisms and implications of epigenetic inheritance in mammals. Tell a friend about this talk: This talk is included in these lists: Note that ex-directory lists are not shown.
Barbara Charline Jordan began her distinguished public service career with her election to the Texas Legislature in 1966. Jordan’s victory made her the first African American woman to serve in the Texas Senate and the first African-American elected to the body since 1883. Barbara Jordan rose to the national stage from Houston’s largely African-American Fifth Ward, becoming a public defender of the U.S. Constitution and a leading presence in Democratic Party politics for two decades. In 1972 she became the first African American woman from the South to be elected to the United States Congress, serving as a member of the House of Representatives until 1979. The highlights of Jordan’s legislative career include her landmark speech during Richard Nixon’s impeachment hearings in 1974, her successful efforts in 1975 to expand the Voting Rights Act to include language for minorities, and her keynote address to the Democratic National Convention in 1976. From 1979 until her death in 1996, Jordan served as a distinguished professor at the Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) School (University of Texas), holding the LBJ Centennial Chair in National Policy. She was again a keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention in 1992. "For all of its uncertainty, we cannot flee the future…. We must address and master the future together.”- Barbara Jordan 3100 Cleburne Street \| Houston, Texas 77004 713-313-6849
What is a hemophiliac Think, what what is a hemophiliac pity, that can there what is a hemophiliac The majority of cases have occurred either iss birth or within a few days of birth. These features could be consistent with either a direct effect of SSRIs and SNRIs or, possibly, a drug discontinuation what is a hemophiliac. When treating a edward thorndike woman with duloxetine during the third trimester, the physician should carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of treatment. The safety of duloxetine in what is a hemophiliac pregnancy has not been established. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential what is a hemophiliac. Using observational data, there is evidence of an increased risk (less than of biogen for postpartum haemorrhage following duloxetine hempohiliac close to delivery. In an observational study, maternal exposure to duloxetine during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of pre-term birth (less than 2-fold, corresponding to approximately 6 additional premature births per 100 women treated with duloxetine late in hemoohiliac. The majority of the hemphiliac births occurred between 35 and 36 weeks of gestation. The ls of duloxetine on labour hemophiliiac humans is unknown. Duloxetine is excreted into the milk of lactating women. The estimated infant dose ranges from approximately 0. Oral administration of duloxetine to female rats prior to and throughout mating, gestation and lactation was associated with maternal toxicity and adverse effects (see Section 4. Administration of Cymbalta to nursing mothers is not recommended. However, as any psychoactive drug may impair judgement, thinking or motor skills, and duloxetine may be associated with undesirable effects such as sedation and dizziness, patients should be cautioned about their ability to hemophi,iac potentially hazardous tasks until they are reasonably what is a hemophiliac that duloxetine therapy does not affect their ability to engage in such activities. What is a hemophiliac patients received doses of a total of 60 to 120 mg per day. Adverse reactions reported as reasons for discontinuation of treatment in placebo controlled trials. Common adverse reactions reported as a reason for discontinuation and considered to be drug related (as defined above) included nausea (duloxetine 3. Common adverse reactions reported as a reason for discontinuation and considered to be drug related (as defined above) were nausea (duloxetine 3. Pooled MDD and GAD trials. The following additional adverse events were reported during placebo controlled clinical trials of duloxetine for MDD or other indications in 8504 what is a hemophiliac. Ear and labyrinth disorders. Uncommon: vertigo, ear pain, tinnitus. Uncommon: mydriasis, visual impairment, dry eye. Common: dyspepsia (including stomach discomfort), abdominal pain. Uncommon: eructation, gastroenteritis, stomatitis, halitosis, gastritis, flatulence, what is a hemophiliac haemorrhage, dysphagia. General disorders and administration site conditions. Common: chills (including rigors). Metabolism and nutrition disorders. Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders. Common: musculoskeletal pain (including myalgia, neck pain), muscle spasm. Uncommon: hemopihliac tightness (including musculoskeletal stiffness), muscle twitching. Very common: headache (placebo rate was more than duloxetine rate in MDD trials). Common: lethargy, paraesthesia (including what is a hemophiliac, very young models girls facia and paraesthesia oral). Uncommon: dysgeusia, disturbance in attention, dyskinesia, poor quality sleep. Common: anxiety, sleep disorder, agitation (including feeling jittery, nervousness, hemophiliav, tension, psychomotor agitation). Uncommon: bruxism, disorientation (including confusional state), apathy, abnormal dreams (including nightmares). Renal and urinary disorders. Uncommon: nocturia, urinary hesitation, urinary retention, dysuria, polyuria. Rare: urine hemopihliac abnormal, urine flow decreased. 25.04.2019 in 17:19 Ираида: Между нами говоря, по-моему, это очевидно. Воздержусь от комментариев. 01.05.2019 in 01:20 Егор:
The terms "shoujo", "shounen", "seinen", and "josei" are used to classify anime/manga. I know that the general meanings are as follows: • Shoujou: for girls • Shounen: for boys • Seinen: for men • Josei: for women What are the more technical definitions of those terms? • 1 By "technical definitions," are you asking for the target demographic classifications like age ranges or how they came to be named such? – кяαzєя Feb 2 '13 at 19:45 • Target demographic classifications. – kuwaly Feb 2 '13 at 19:47 • 1 I always thought that it referred to the age/gender of the main protagonist! Good to know! Feb 4 '13 at 13:21 There isn't much to add to your concise classification, really. • Shōjo The word itself (少女) is used to refer to a young woman, approximately 8-17 years old. Right as you might think, Shōjo manga and anime have them as target audience. Shōjo isn't limited to any particular style or styles, it's only defined by the target demographic. • Shōnen This kanji (少年) is used to refer to boys from elementary school to grade school age. Shōnen manga and anime are obviously designed for them as target audience. • Seinen Seinen manga and anime are designed for male audience too, but this subset of manga and anime is made for people of older age, usually from 18 to 30, but the real audience can be even older than this with some manga. Such manga and amine usually emphasise the story and the character's personalities instead of action. • Josei Josei manga and anime are for women aged between ~15 and ~45. They tend to be about everyday experiences of women living in Japan. There are also sub-types of anime/manga, which tend to be more specific, for example, mahō shōjo is a sub-type of shōjo that focuses on young girl heroes with supernatural abilities (magic girls, right...). Source: various wiki articles. • 6 One fun thing is that the target is one thing, but who actually reads the manga is another thing... – nhahtdh Feb 3 '13 at 11:11 • Are there any other genres? (e.g. targeting audiences older than 40+?) Jul 21 '13 at 19:37 The answer isn't really more technical than that. It's just the target demographic. The difference between a shonen manga and a seinen manga, for example, is often just a matter of which magazine it's published in.
Difference Between Drafts and Checks (With Table) Note: To see the current Epic Deals on Amazon, Click Here When you want to pay someone for services rendered, you will have to give a draft or a check. You can even transfer money to your friends and family members through the use of drafts and checks. Drafts vs Checks The difference between drafts and checks is that draft is a written order to pay the specified amount to the specified person/entity, while a check is a simple order to transfer funds from one bank account to the other. A draft is essentially a check that has not been signed. The bank allows you to get money from your account before you sign the check. This means that the money is payable to whosoever signs it. If your bank allows you to get money without having to sign the check, you will get an un-signed check or a draft. If you are giving someone money, you will get an un-signed check for the money. Checks have been accepted by various financial institutions as a form of payment for goods and services. Checks are one the most common ways to pay bills and grant credit. Checks are a form of a financial draft that is given by a drawer that authorizes a payee to make a payment, after which it will be deposited in a bank account. Comparison Table Between Drafts and Checks Parameters of ComparisonDraftsChecks SignatureThere is a need for a signature in case of a draft issue.A signature is a must in case of issuing a check. Protection of PaymentPayment is assured while issuing an order draft by the bank.A check is withdrawn only if there is money in the bank account of the holder. Issued toA draft is issued to a person or an organization’s bank.A check is issued to most organizations and persons of business interests. Issued byA draft is issued by a bank.A check is issued by a chequebook holder. BouncingA draft can never be a bounce.Check bouncing is a common instance. What is Drafts? The draft is a document that authorizes its holder to make a payment or collection on behalf of the document’s issuer. A draft is drawn on a particular bank but may be paid at another bank. The draft is a paperless instrument that is used to transfer money from one bank to another or from one person to another. For example, one can use a paperless instrument to transfer money from his/her bank account to another person’s bank account. The draft has to be authorized by the account holder. The authorized person can give his/her authority to the bank or the person who is supposed to receive the money. The draft is an instrument of payment. It has to be accepted by the person who has to make the payment. Drafts are the funds withdrawn from the bank account by the depositor. It is safer than checks as it is made in the name of the bank and so it is not forged. A draft, however, has guaranteed money transfer as it is issued by the bank and not the customer. There is no chance of a draft being bounced as the money is sent before the draft is issued to the customer, and this is a more assured and safer money transaction. What is Checks? The word cheques come from the French word for the check, as it was first developed as a method for people to check on their bank accounts. A check is a piece of paper written with a dollar amount and a signature, which is used as an electronic payment through a banking system. They can be written for any amount and can be reused or destroyed, depending on the user’s preference. They’re common in the United States and the United Kingdom. Checks may be used for personal or commercial transactions and can be used online. While they’re not as common as debit cards and credit cards, the use of checks is starting to expand to become a more viable option. Check as a term is used as a written order to a bank to pay a specific amount of money from the drawer’s account to the payee’s account. A check is a document that orders a bank to pay a specific sum of money from the drawer’s account to the payee. It can be converted into cash and is a handy replacement for money, and is regarded as plastic money. A check must be: endorsed by the payer of the check. A check cannot be transferred from one person to another. A check can be cancelled by the drawer or by the banker based on insufficient funds of the drawer. A check is a document of the title of a balance in a bank account. Main Differences Between Drafts and Checks 1. A draft is issued by a person from his bank, while a check is issued by a customer having a chequebook. 2. Drafts can also be said to be a check which is legalized. Whole checks are said to be paperless financial instruments for fast payment. 3. A draft is issued to a customer after the money is transferred to the desired bank account, while a check is issued to a customer to withdraw money within a certain period from the account. 4. A draft is made by a bank to a bank, while a check is issued by the bearer of the check to another person or organization. 5. Drafts are highly protected in terms of money transfer, but without a signature, they are subject to fraud. While checks may not assure money transfer, but fraudulent checks can be prevented with the help of the mandatory signature of the bearer. A draft is a type of payment that is transferred from one bank to another. A check is a type of payment that is a promissory note from a bank. Drafts are transferred from one bank to another based on a contract between two parties. It’s important to know the difference between a draft and a check because a draft is a little less secure than a check but is a lot faster in most cases. Usually, checks and drafts are used in the context of banking and financial services. They are both a written order to the bank where you hold your account, instructing them to transfer funds from your bank account to the bank account of the person named in the checks or the draft. 1. http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/jspui/handle/10054/1728 2. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01238024.pdf 3. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2145204.2145229?casa_token=Gg6A4WJ-9X4AAAAA:X9S9sSWcxZpIEQBwjrBQOqSDeZr1oTwM7_HIOkeYSJYu5ruBCT0pSmrz_aowgOpkZ4px7MiiYIU 2D vs 3D
% This file is part of the Stanford GraphBase (c) Stanford University 1992 \def\title{GB\_\thinspace DIJK} @i boilerplate.w %<< legal stuff: PLEASE READ IT BEFORE MAKING ANY CHANGES! \prerequisite{GB\_\thinspace GRAPH} @* Introduction. The GraphBase demonstration routine \|dijkstra(uu,vv,gg,hh)\| finds a shortest path from vertex~\|uu\| to vertex~\|vv\| in graph~\|gg\|, with the aid of an optional heuristic function~\|hh\|. This function implements a version of Dijkstra's algorithm, a general procedure for determining shortest paths in a directed graph that has nonnegative arc lengths [E.~W. Dijkstra, ``A note a two problems in connexion with graphs,'' {\sl Numerische Mathematik\/ \bf1} (1959), 269--271]. If \|hh\| is null, the length of every arc in \|gg\| must be nonnegative. If \|hh\| is non-null, \|hh\| should be a function defined on the vertices of the graph such that the length \|d\| of an arc from \|u\| to~\|v\| always satisfies the condition $$ d \ge \|hh\|(u)-\|hh\|(v)\,. $$ In such a case, we can effectively replace each arc length \|d\| by \|d-hh(u)+hh(v)\|, obtaining a graph with nonnegative arc lengths; the shortest paths between vertices in this modified graph are the same as they were in the original graph. The basic idea of Dijkstra's algorithm is to explore the vertices of the graph in order of their distance from the starting vertex~\|uu\|, proceeding until \|vv\| is encountered. If the distances have been modified by a heuristic function \|hh\| such that \|hh(u)\| happens to equal the true distance from \|u\| to~\|vv\|, for all~\|u\|, then all of the modified distances on shortest paths to \|vv\| will be zero; this means that the algorithm will explore all of the most useful arcs first, so it will not waste time wandering off in unfruitful directions. In practice we usually don't know the exact distances to \|vv\| in advance, but we can often compute an approximate value \|hh(u)\| that will help focus the search. If the external variable \|verbose\| is nonzero, \|dijkstra\| will record its activities, by printing the distances from \|uu\| to all vertices it visits on the standard output file. After \|dijkstra\| has found a shortest path, it returns the length of that path. If no path from \|uu\| to~\|vv\| exists (in particular, if \|vv\| is~\|NULL\|), it returns \|-1\|; in such a case, the shortest distances from \|uu\| to all vertices reachable from it will have been computed and they can be found in the graph. An auxiliary function, \|print_dijkstra_result(vv)\|, can be used to display the actual path found, if one exists. Examples of the use of \|dijkstra\| appear in the \|ladders\| demonstration module. @f Vertex int @f Arc int @f Graph int @ This \Cee\ module is meant to be loaded as part of another program. It has the following simple structure: @p #include "gb_graph.h" /* define the standard GraphBase data structures / @@; @@; @@; @@; @ Users of \|gb_dijk\| should include the header file \.{gb\_dijk.h}: @(gb_dijk.h@>= extern long dijkstra(); / procedure to calculate shortest paths / extern void print_dijkstra_result(); / procedure to display the answer / @ The main algorithm. As Dijkstra's algorithm proceeds, it ``knows'' shortest paths from \|uu\| to more and more vertices; we will call these vertices ``known.'' Initially only \|uu\| itself is known. The procedure terminates when \|vv\| becomes known, or when all vertices reachable from~\|uu\| are known. Dijkstra's algorithm looks at all vertices adjacent to known vertices. A vertex is said to have been ``seen'' if it is either known or adjacent to a vertex that's known. The algorithm proceeds by learning to know all vertices in a greater and greater radius from the starting point. Thus, if \|v\|~is a known vertex at distance~\|d\| from~\|uu\|, every vertex at distance \|dist\|, representing its true distance from \|uu\| if \|v\| is known, otherwise representing the shortest distance from \|uu\| discovered so far. Each vertex \|v\| also has a \|backlink\| field \|v->backlink\|, which is non-\|NULL\| if and only if \|v\| has been seen. In that case \|v->backlink\| is a vertex one step ``closer'' to \|uu\|, on a path from \|uu\| to \|v\| that achieves the current distance \|v->dist\|. (Exception: Vertex~\|uu\| has a backlink pointing to itself.) The backlink fields thereby allow us to construct shortest paths from \|uu\| to all the known vertices, if desired. @d dist z.i /* distance from \|uu\|, modified by \|hh\|, appears in vertex utility field \|z\| / @d backlink y.v / pointer to previous vertex appears in utility field \|y\| / @(gb_dijk.h@>= #define dist @[z.i@] #define backlink @[y.v@] @ The priority queue is implemented by four procedures: \def\]#1 {\smallskip\hangindent2\parindent \hangafter1 \indent #1 } \]\|init_queue(d)\| makes the queue empty and prepares for subsequent keys \|>=d\|. \]\|enqueue(v,d)\| puts vertex \|v\| in the queue and assigns it the key value \|v->dist=d\|. \]\|requeue(v,d)\| takes vertex \|v\| out of the queue and enters it again with the smaller key value \|v->dist=d\|. \]\|delete_min()\| removes a vertex with minimum key from the queue and returns a pointer to that vertex. If the queue is empty, \|NULL\| is returned. \smallskip\noindent These procedures are accessed via external pointers, so that the user of \|gb_dijk\| can supply alternate queueing methods if desired. @(gb_dijk.h@>= extern void (init_queue)(); /* create an empty priority queue for \|dijkstra\| / extern void (enqueue)(); /* insert a new element in the priority queue / extern void (requeue)(); /* decrease the key of an element in the queue / extern Vertex (delete_min)(); / remove an element with smallest key / @ The heuristic function may take awhile to compute, so we avoid recomputation by storing \|hh(v)\| in another utility field \|v->hh_val\| once we've evaluated it. @d hh_val x.i / computed value of \|hh(u)\| / @(gb_dijk.h@>= #define hh_val @[x.i@] @ If no heuristic function is supplied by the user, we replace it by a dummy function that simply returns 0 in all cases. @= long dummy(v) Vertex v; {@+return 0;@+} @ Here now is \|dijkstra\|: @= long dijkstra(uu,vv,gg,hh) Vertex uu; / the starting point / Vertex vv; /* the ending point / Graph gg; /* the graph they belong to / long (hh)(); /* heuristic function / {@+register Vertex t; /* current vertex of interest / if (hh==NULL) hh=dummy; / change to default heuristic / @; t=uu; if (verbose) @; while (t!=vv) { @; t=(delete_min)(); if (t==NULL) return -1; /* if the queue becomes, there's no way to get to \|vv\| / if (verbose) @; } return vv->dist-vv->hh_val+uu->hh_val; / true distance from \|uu\| to \|vv\| / } @ As stated above, a vertex is considered seen only when its backlink isn't null, and known only when it is seen but not in the queue. @= for (t=gg->vertices+gg->n-1; t>=gg->vertices; t--) t->backlink=NULL; uu->backlink=uu; uu->dist=0; uu->hh_val=(hh)(uu); (init_queue)(0); / make the priority queue empty / @ Here we help the \Cee\ compiler in case it hasn't got a great optimizer. @= {@+register Arc a; /* an arc leading from \|t\| / register long d = t->dist - t->hh_val; for (a=t->arcs; a; a=a->next) { register Vertex v = a->tip; /* a vertex adjacent to \|t\| / if (v->backlink) { / \|v\| has already been seen / register long dd = d + a->len + v->hh_val; if (dd< v->dist) { v->backlink = t; (requeue)(v,dd); /* we found a better way to get there / } } else { / \|v\| hasn't been seen before / v->hh_val = (hh)(v); v->backlink = t; (enqueue)(v, d + a->len + v->hh_val); } } } @ The \|dist\| fields don't contain true distances in the graph; they represent distances modified by the heuristic function. The true distance from \|uu\| to vertex \|v\| is \|v->dist - v->hh_val + uu->hh_val\|. When printing the results, we show true distances. Also, if a nontrivial heuristic is being used, we give the \|hh\| value in brackets; the user can then observe that vertices are becoming known in order of true distance plus \|hh\| value. @= {@+printf("Distances from %s", uu->name); if (hh!=dummy) printf(" [%ld]", uu->hh_val); printf(":\n"); } @ @= {@+printf(" %ld to %s", t->dist - t->hh_val + uu->hh_val, t->name); if (hh!=dummy) printf(" [%ld]", t->hh_val); printf(" via %s\n", t->backlink->name); } @ After \|dijkstra\| has found a shortest path, the backlinks from~\|vv\| specify the steps of that path. We want to print the path in the forward direction, so we reverse the links. We also unreverse them again, just in case the user didn't want the backlinks to be trashed. Indeed, this procedure can be used for any vertex \|vv\| whose backlink is nonnull, not only the \|vv\| that was a parameter to \|dijkstra\|. List reversal is conveniently regarded as a process of popping off one stack and pushing onto another. @= void print_dijkstra_result(vv) Vertex vv; /* ending vertices / {@+register Vertex t, p, q; /* registers for reversing links / t=NULL, p=vv; if (!p->backlink) { printf("Sorry, %s is unreachable.\n",p->name); return; } do { / pop an item from \|p\| to \|t\| / q=p->backlink; p->backlink=t; t=p; p=q; } while (t!=p); / the loop stops with \|t==p==uu\| / do { printf("%10ld %s\n", t->dist-t->hh_val+p->hh_val, t->name); t=t->backlink; } while (t); t=p; do { / pop an item from \|t\| to \|p\| / q=t->backlink; t->backlink=p; p=t; t=q; } while (p!=vv); } @ Priority queues. Here we provide a simple doubly linked list for queueing; this is a convenient default, good enough for applications that aren't too large. (See \|miles_span\| for implementations of other schemes that are more efficient when the queue gets large.) @= void (init_queue)() = init_dlist; / create an empty dlist / void (enqueue)() = enlist; /* insert a new element in dlist / void (requeue)() = reenlist ; /* decrease the key of an element in dlist / Vertex (delete_min)() = delete_first; / remove element with smallest key / @ The two queue links will occupy two of a vertex's remaining utility fields. There's a special list head, from which we get to everything else in the queue in decreasing order of keys by following \|llink\| fields. The following declaration actually provides for 128 list heads. Only the first of these will be used here, but we'll find something to do with the other 127 later. @d llink v.v / \|llink\| is stored in utility field \|v\| of a vertex / @d rlink w.v / \|rlink\| is stored in utility field \|w\| of a vertex / @= Vertex head[128]; / list-head elements that are always present / @# void init_dlist(d) long d; { head->llink=head->rlink=head; head->dist=d-1; / a value guaranteed to be smaller than any actual key / } @ It seems reasonable to assume that an element entering the queue for the first time will tend to have a larger key than the other elements. Indeed, in the special case that all arcs in the graph have the same length, this strategy turns out to be quite fast. For in that case, every vertex will be added to the end of the queue and deleted from the front, without any requeueing; the algorithm will produce a strict first-in-first-one queueing discipline. @= void enlist(v,d) Vertex v; long d; {@+register Vertex t=head->llink; v->dist=d; while (ddist) t=t->llink; v->llink=t; (v->rlink=t->rlink)->llink=v; t->rlink=v; } @ @= void reenlist(v,d) Vertex v; long d; {@+register Vertex t=v->llink; (t->rlink=v->rlink)->llink=v->llink; / remove \|v\| / v->dist=d; / we assume that the new \|dist\| is smaller than it was before / while (ddist) t=t->llink; v->llink=t; (v->rlink=t->rlink)->llink=v; t->rlink=v; } @ @= Vertex delete_first() {@+Vertex t; t=head->rlink; if (t==head) return NULL; (head->rlink=t->rlink)->llink=head; return t; } @ A special case. When the arc lengths in the graph are all fairly small, we can substitute another queuing discipline that does each operation quickly. Suppose the only lengths are 0, 1, \dots,~\|k-1\|; then we can prove easily that the priority queue will never contain more than \|k\| different values at once. Moreover, we can implement it by maintaining \|k\| doubly linked lists, one for each key value mod~\|k\|. For example, let \|k=128\|. Here is an alternate set of queue commands, to be used when the arc lengths are known to be less than~128. @ @= long master_key; /* smallest key that may be present in the priority queue / @# void init_128(d) long d; {@+register Vertex u; master_key=d; for (u=head; ullink=u->rlink=u; } @ If the number of lists were not a power of 2, we would calculate a remainder by division instead of by logical-anding with \|0x7f\|. @= Vertex delete_from_128() {@+long d; register Vertex u, t; for (d=master_key; drlink; if (t!=u) { / we found a nonempty list with minimum key / master_key=d; (u->rlink = t->rlink)->llink = u; return t; / incidentally, \|t->dist = d\| / } } return NULL; / all 128 lists are empty / } @ @= void enqueue_128(v,d) Vertex v; /* new vertex for the queue / long d; / its \|dist\| / {@+register Vertex u=head+(d&0x7f); v->dist = d; (v->llink = u->llink)->rlink = v; v->rlink = u; u->llink = v; } @ All of these operations have been so simple, one wonders why the lists should be doubly linked. Single linking would indeed be plenty---if we didn't have to support the \|requeue\| operation. But requeueing involves deleting an arbitrary element from the middle of its list. And we do seem to need two links for that. In the application to Dijkstra's algorithm, the new \|d\| will always be \|master_key\| or more. But we want to implement requeueing in general, so that this procedure can be used also for other algorithms, such as the calculation of minimum spanning trees (see \|miles_span\|). @= void requeue_128(v,d) Vertex v; / vertex to be moved to another list / long d; / its new \|dist\| / {@+register Vertex u=head+(d&0x7f); (v->llink->rlink=v->rlink)->llink=v->llink; /* remove \|v\| / v->dist=d; / the new \|dist\| is smaller than it was before / (v->llink=u->llink)->rlink = v; v->rlink = u; u->llink = v; if (d= extern void init_dlist(); extern void enlist(); extern void reenlist(); extern Vertex delete_first(); extern void init_128(); extern Vertex delete_from_128(); extern void enqueue_128(); extern void requeue_128(); @ Index. Here is a list that shows where the identifiers of this program are defined and used.
Olivia Campbell Instagram: @libby_m_campbell_fashion My honours work as a fashion designer aims to show how small, almost invisible, choices, like thread, can make a very real difference to the fashion industry. This pile of fabric scraps represents the waste from making one tee shirt: 24 grams. Most people own several tee shirts, and there are five million people in New Zealand. That means around 120 tonnes of waste fabric going to landfill when discarded. Imagine how much waste is created with making tee shirts globally; now imagine the waste from all the other garments that are made as well. My fashion designs use compostable components: fabric, thread and elastic. Each garment is biodegradable and therefore home compostable. This means my garments help create a greener, safer, sustainable planet.
sampling error That part of the total error (the estimate from a sample minus the population value) associated with using only a fraction of the population and extrapolating to the whole, as distinct from analytical or test error. It arises from a lack of homogeneity in the parent population. In chemical analysis, the final test result reflects the value only as it exists in the @T06284@. It is usually assumed that no sampling error is introduced in preparing the @T06285@ from the @L03433@. Therefore, the sampling error is usually associated exclusively with the variability of the @L03433@. Sampling error is determined by @R05300@ of the laboratory samples and their multiple analyses. Since sampling error is always associated with analytical error, it must be isolated by the statistical procedure of analysis of variance. PAC, 1990, 62, 1193. (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations 1990)) on page 1201 [Terms] [Paper]
Simple Literary Analysis Conclusion Example Systems – The Inside Track Your go-to resource for sensible, step-by-step guides on writing stunning college essays and putting together an awesome school utility. CONCLUSION: The Conclusion is greater than a typical abstract as it has to synthesize the elements of the analyzed textual content. The significance of your literary essay ought to be illustrated in your conclusion and show that you have defended your literary argument. To make a long story short, it is the last paragraph in your literary essay which answers the so what?” query your reader may have after reading your essay. An Analysis Of Critical Criteria In essay sample It seems like the creator succeeded together along with his intentions. The readers almost hate the character of the Duke on operate. Start each paragraph with a subject Literary Essay Example sentence, which expresses the precept thought of the paragraph. Every paragraph should contain quotes or contextual information to defend your topic sentence and thesis statement. Nevertheless, in circumstances the place one ought to create a topic, several questions could also be considered to understand a topic. For instance, think about the elements that an author uses to make characters appealing or how the choice of phrases and figures creates the nice ambience. For instance, one can write how a book Hunger Video games unitizes antiutopian ideas and their role in the fashionable culture. Real-World Advice For essay samples Around The Usa The disclosure of the theme of the work is likely one of the important components of the interpretation of a literary work. Merely put, this is your understanding of what the work is written about. After you will have analyzed the composition of the work, its time and area, and have described the characters, you persona 5 twilight prostitute may formulate the theme of the guide. Primarily based on the data obtained, it’s doable to spotlight the details in the text and compose both a phrase or a sentence revealing the theme of the work. Investigating Fast Methods Of literature essay Writing a term paper may become an issue for any student – hours of thorough research, gathering and analyzing info, writing countless drafts. Your precious time is spent generously on learning the subject in all attainable details. However all your issues could be simply solved should you receive professional help from You are welcome to make use of our service to buy time period papers or purchase analysis papers or any other academic paper, and get an excellent research or case examine promptly. Consider the title as the cover page of the book. It is pleasant after we are greeted by something that captures our consideration and makes us curious. Try to be concise but also artistic at the same time for the reason that title will give the reader the first impression about what they’re about to discover in the essay. The title itself shouldn’t give away the conclusion, but it should entice the audience to seek out that out. Within the Academy’s English department and faculty-huge, we keep the philosophy that art is descriptive, not prescriptive. In essence, because of this literature (like a lot of the finest art) is highly effective in its means to carry up a mirror to the world and divulge to us truths about it-nevertheless brutal or stunning-relatively than merely to evangelise to us. Literature value finding out is illuminating, not didactic, which permits college students the power to bear witness to realties both common to and outside of their very own, and in turn, to formulate complex responses to them—a course of that builds empathy and open-mindedness. For example, Richard Wright’s Native Son, taught in Chicago Literature, portrays the roots of systemic racial oppression in America so actually and vividly that students confront the subject extra palpably and meaningfully than by means of historic, non-fiction lenses alone. historic (contextual) – this paper might concern varied disciplines. History is one in every of these disciplines. Generally in-depth historical analysis is required to clarify varied occasions. In this evaluation, you’ll be able to depend on vital sources out there in libraries or the web. Whereas preparing the paper, you must ask yourself a number of questions: Why did the creator write this e book or poem?”, What did he or she need to say with this work?”, Did she or he manage to convey foremost ideas?”. It’s possible you’ll ask different questions, relying on the necessities of your mentor.
Not covid-19, but asthma cases have docs worried “Last year, during the flu season, this concern was not there due to all the covid restrictions. Now, people have started going out freely without wearing masks,” he said. Not covid-19, but asthma cases have docs worriedBengaluru’s health experts say cold weather and pollution are responsible for a rise in cases; taking medicines and staying warm are key to battling the condition The rapid weather change, coupled with covid-19 -- also known as a twindemic phenomenon – has led to an increase in number of asthma patients at hospitals. Doctors say that while number of covid cases is reducing, increasing influenza infections are keeping them on their toes. The number and severity of asthma cases have significantly gone up in the past couple of months due to weather changes and Bengaluru’s climate, says Dr Mahesh Kumar, Consultant, Internal Medicine, Narayana Health City. “Cold weather is conducive to viral replications and may trigger a surge in asthma attacks, especially due to the twindemic phenomenon. Stronger influenza infections have been witnessed after the second wave came down. “We have seen a rise in cases of exacerbated asthma during this period due to a combination of pollution, cold weather and also as a post-covid phenomenon which leads to reduction in body’s immunity. In urban areas, this increase is seen because of a rise in the number of industries, number of automobiles and their emissions, density of population and overcrowding of houses.” He said that asthma can’t be cured but if the pollution that triggers it can be controlled, the recurrent attacks and need for hospitalisation will come down. “A slight decongestion of the city and a little additional breathing space for patients and Bengaluru would have made a start in controlling asthma. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations given at the beginning of monsoon have also shown to significantly reduce asthma exacerbations.” Dr Sunil Kumar K, Lead and Sr Consultant, Interventional Pulmonology, Aster CMI Hospital, said that this was the flu season and they were witnessing patients with breathing difficulties, cases of common flu, asthma and other respiratory diseases. “It is important to identify the symptoms and triggers of asthma such as cold weather, pets, dust, smoke, allergies, etc. and take steps to avoid them. Dr Jagadish Hiremath, Chairman at Aasra says: “The number of asthma cases in our practice has increased only marginally. It is important to avoid known allergens like parthenium. Since cold air and infection are the strongest precipitating factors, going out and exercising in cold air must be avoided. Avoid strong and new fragrances.” Dr Sunil Kumar K adds that asthma tends to flare up among patients who had covid before and who failed to take the prescribed medicines. “One shouldn’t forget to take asthma medicines and if the symptoms worsen, they must consult their doctor. Simple things like keeping your body warm by wearing warm woollen clothes, avoiding smoking, taking asthma medicines as prescribed and getting vaccination is the key to prevent asthma. Along with this, covid-appropriate behaviour like regular washing of hands, social distancing and wearing masks are mandatory.” Follow and connect with us on , Facebook, Linkedin Sponsored Stories appiIMAIDAHealthcare Federation of IndiaAIMENeoCon2015
Physical Therapist What Is Spinal Cord Stimulation? Physical Therapist Millions of Americans suffer from chronic pain. It has many different causes but one of the most common is damage to the nerves. The damaged nerve may send signals to the brain that it then interprets as pain. Spinal cord stimulation is a surgical treatment for chronic pain. It involves an implantable device that intercepts signals from the damaged nerve before they can reach the brain. How Does Spinal Cord Stimulation Work? Spinal cord stimulation involves the surgical implantation of a device similar to a pacemaker. This device has an electrode that comes in contact with the spinal cord. It works by sending an electrical impulse to the spinal cord that disrupts the pain signal. It replaces the pain signal with paresthesia, or light tingling sensation. What Kind of Doctor Performs Spinal Cord Stimulation? Because the surgery involves the central nervous system, only a surgeon with specialist knowledge should perform spinal cord stimulation. Orthopedic spine surgeons and neurosurgeons perform many of the procedures. Additional practitioners with the necessary education and experience include physiatrists, anesthesiologists, and pain specialists. Who Is a Candidate for Spinal Cord Stimulation? Spinal cord stimulation is often used to treat back pain and pain resulting from cord injuries. However, the device can block pain coming from any area of the body, so it can also be used to treat the following: • Perineal and abdominal pain • Post-amputation pain • Diabetic neuropathy • Postsurgical pain • Angina (i.e., heart pain) • Complex regional pain syndrome However, spinal cord stimulation is usually not the first treatment for chronic pain. Doctors usually only recommend it when other options, especially nonsurgical ones, have proven ineffective. What Are the Surgical Requirements? Spinal cord stimulation actually involves multiple steps. The first is a trial period requiring a surgical procedure to place a temporary device. This is performed under fluoroscopy, which is a special kind of X-ray, for guidance. The temporary device will remain in place for about a week, during which time you will evaluate whether you experience any reduction in your pain, and if so, how much. If unsuccessful, the trial comes to an end with the removal of the wires. A successful trial involves a pain reduction of at least 50%. If the trial is successful, you can schedule the surgery for the permanent implantation with a physical therapist such as LeMoine Physical Therapy. Spinal cord stimulation has a good effectiveness rate, with 80% of patients undergoing successful trials. Contact a physical therapist for more information about whether SCS is an option for you.
Can My Computer Own a Patent? In recent years, interest has been growing in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and the potential use of AI in different technologies for improving our lives. One example of high interest is the application of AI in self-driving cars. Other areas of technology such as medicine, where AI might be used in automated diagnosis of disease, are also of interest. However, recent advances in the AI field has led to a particular question – if AI development becomes advanced enough that some form of AI might itself develop a new invention, how would the patent system deal with this? AI vs Machine learning However, before dealing with this question, it’s worth taking a step back to consider what AI actually is. The portrayal of AI in films and other media has led to a possible disconnect between what many people consider to be an AI compared to the current state of technology. Rather than the thinking, interactive, computer intelligences often portrayed in media, the “AI” presently being developed to solve problems is quite different. Modern AI systems use computer algorithms that in many ways don’t differ from more straightforward decision making algorithms used in the past. A key distinction behind some modern AI technology is that the algorithm used has been trained and modified in an automated way to be good at performing the required task, such that the creators of the system may no longer fully understand how the algorithm arrives at a correct result. The difference between these systems and what someone not familiar with the field might consider an AI has led many researchers and developers to prefer the term “machine learning” to describe the field as a whole. So what’s the problem for the patent system? Before considering the issue, the first point is that many of the developments involved in creating a trained machine learning algorithm used to solve a particular problem (such as image recognition for self-driving cars) are inventions that for which, with some caveats, a patent can be obtained. However, developments in the machine learning/AI field present a potential problem for the patent system if an algorithm was made that in some way was capable of itself producing patentable inventions. The problem lies with who has the right to apply for a patent to such an idea. To deal with, for example, disputes around ownership, the UK Patents Act sets out that the right to apply for a patent lies with the inventor, who is “the actual deviser of the invention”. Various pieces of case law have added more context to this definition and presently it is a requirement for an inventor to be a human. A similar requirement exists around the world in other major patent systems. So, how should the patent system respond if someone trains an “AI” algorithm to produce inventions? AI as a tool for the inventor This question is no longer completely theoretical. The DABUS “creativity machine” is an AI system trained using several “knowledge areas” that has produced inventions for which the creator of DABUS has applied for several patent applications, naming the AI system itself as the inventor. While the merit of the inventions themselves has not been considered, various patent offices around the world have rejected these applications on the grounds that a patent requires a human inventor. The offices have given the opportunity for the creator of DABUS to be named as the inventor for the applications, but the creator maintains that DABUS itself should be named. The approach of the various offices follows the line of thinking that modern trained algorithms should be considered as tools that might assist a human inventor, similar to computer modelling software. For example, a turbine engineer might use software to model the flow of air around a turbine blade, and though these experiments might arrive a new, superior shape of turbine blade. In these circumstances, the software is a tool that assisted the inventor, but no one would argue that the modelling software should own the resulting patent. Current machine learning algorithms presently seem to fall in a similar category as a tool to assist a human inventor, rather than an invention creator in their own right. The future But what about future developments? What if AI/machine learning systems become more sophisticated to the point where they begin to approach the entities in sci-fi films? Here, it is likely that the patent system can rely on more general law having to tackle this problem first, due to the laws regarding ownership of property. Presently, property can only be owned by a human (a piece of software cannot own a house). Patents are also property, which leads to a problem if an AI is considered an inventor as it is not possible for the AI to own the resulting patent under the laws surrounding property rights. When (if?) AI systems develop further, much more fundamental questions regarding the law will arise and it is likely patent law can simply follow the trend in these areas. 3 March 2021 Can We Help You?
Archaeology breakthrough: 3D X-rays unravel mysteries hidden in ancient Egyptian mummies The technique gives archaeologists an opportunity to dissect in great detail 2,000-year-old mummies without damaging the often delicate remains. The ancient Egyptians were known for their practice of mummifying humans alongside, crocodiles, bats, hawks and snakes. In many cases, the animals were buried along with their owners or were buried as a source of food in the afterlife. A more common practice involved offering mummified animals to the gods at temples. An estimated 70 million animal mummies were created by temple priests who bred or captured animals for this purpose alone. Researchers at Swansea University have now analysed three animal mummies using a technique called X-ray micro CT scanning. Previous investigations have revealed which animals were wrapped up in bandages, but little was known beyond that. But thanks to the 3D X-rays, the researchers have created 3D models of the mummies’ insides. The models were created at a resolution 100 times greater than a standard medical CT scan. And standard X-rays only produce two-dimensional images. Now, archaeologists can examine the animals’ teeth and bones in unprecedented detail. The 3D models can then be printed out or placed into virtual reality for further analysis. Using micro CT we can effectively carry out a post-mortem Professor Richard Johnston, Swansea University The team was led by Professor Richard Johnston of Swansea University, with experts from the university’s Egypt Centre and Cardiff and Leicester universities. Professor Johnston said: “Using micro CT we can effectively carry out a post-mortem on these animals, more than 2000 years after they died in ancient Egypt. “With a resolution up to 100 times higher than a medical CT scan, we were able to piece together new evidence of how they lived and died, revealing the conditions they were kept in, and possible causes of death. “These are the very latest scientific imaging techniques. Our work shows how the hi-tech tools of today can shed new light on the distant past.” Death Valley: Mystery of ‘200-year-old sailing stones’ solved [REPORT] Remains of children amid 119 burials stun archaeologists [INSIGHT] How archaeological discovery could prove Bible is right [INTERVIEW] The researchers found the cat mummy contains the remains of a kitten less than five months old. Separation in the kitten’s vertebrae suggests it may have been strangled. The bird mummy most likely contains the remains of a Eurasian kestrel, also known as the common kestrel. And the snake mummy most likely contains a small Egyptian Cobra. The 3D X-rays unveiled evidence of kidney damage, suggesting it was starved of water during its life. The snake was most likely killed by w whipping action before it had its mouth pried open for embalming. Dr Carolyn Graves-Brown from the Egypt Centre said: “This collaboration between engineers, archaeologists, biologists, and Egyptologists shows the value of researchers from different subjects working together. “Our findings have uncovered new insights into animal mummification, religion and human-animal relationships in ancient Egypt.” The research was published this week in Scientific Reports. Source: Read Full Article
I have found several documents about statement and decision/branch coverage in testing, but these terms aren't clear for me. There are two types of this problems, that you can see below. if(a \|\| b)) { test1 = true; else { if(c) { test2 = true Consider the following: Pick up and read the newspaper Look at what is on television If there is a program that you are interested in watching then switch the television on and watch the program Otherwise Continue reading the newspaper If there is a crossword in the newspaper then try and complete the crossword Could you please best practices, how to found out sc and dc values in an easy way? I can't some exact methodology behind these values. Test coverage indicates if all code paths are being covered. So, in your example above you have 3 paths or outcomes: • test1 is set to true • test2 is set to true • Neither test1 and test2 are set to true So, you only need 3 tests to cover the code paths/outcomes. But we have 3 data points, a,b,c. Let's say these are Boolean values so we would need 2 to the 3rd power or 8 tests to test all possible scenarios. So, if you wrote 1 test you would cover 33% of the code and 12.5% percent of all possibilities. For complex programs covering all possibilities is not very feasible from a time and effort standpoint so there are tools to measure code coverage (how much code are your tests are covering). But one should strive for good code coverage so that all system behavior is tested. Covering all possibilities is usually not feasible because of combinational explosion. • So branch coverage means, that I cover all the possible scenarios? 8 in the first case? – plaidshirt Aug 31 '16 at 16:57 • 1 Branch aims to ensure that each one of the possible branch from each decision point is executed at least once and thereby ensuring that all reachable code is executed. So branch would the 3 tests because those three tests cover all the code statements. – Jon Raynor Aug 31 '16 at 17:10 Your Answer
Why kids play sports? Gladyce Kozey asked a question: Why kids play sports? Asked By: Gladyce Kozey Date created: Sat, May 1, 2021 12:06 PM Video answer: Why kids play sports by john o'sullivan Why kids play sports by john o'sullivan Top best answers to the question «Why kids play sports» Participation in sports allows kids to make lasting friendships, develop communication skills, feel a sense of community and learn to respect their teammates and coaches. Even athletes in individual sports learn to work as a team with their coach and make lasting friendships with others in their sport. Those who are looking for an answer to the question «Why kids play sports?» often ask the following questions: ❓ Do malwai kids play sports? Starting at about 2:00pm and finishing around 5.00pm, you will be involved in teaching and playing the various sports that are offered at the schools with the children. Football (Soccer) is by far the most popular sport in Malawi, as in much of Africa and netball is also played by many of the girls; with the schools having teams for both sports. ❓ Do smart kids play sports? While signing your child up for an active program is beneficial, note that not all programs will fill your child's activity needs for the day, Sallis explains. "Don't assume that sports, dance, martial arts and other after-school programs alone provide children with enough physical activity, because most do not," Sallis says. ❓ Kids who dont play sports? Video answer: Kids talk sport: why should kids play sport? Kids talk sport: why should kids play sport? Your Answer We've handpicked 28 related questions for you, similar to «Why kids play sports?» so you can surely find the answer! When should kids play sports? Read more Why do kids play sports? Children play sports because it brings them enjoyment. Adults continue to play sports because it brings them enjoyment. Even pros play because they love to play, and when it stops being enjoyable, they retire. We all seek out things that we enjoy doing, and avoid things we do not. Read more Why kids should play sports? SO they would improve their health Read more Why kids shouldnt play sports? Every time a season was about to start, the child would plead with his parents to be allowed to play another sport, one in which he did not have to “bare all” for his competitors and the audience. And every time he pleaded, his request was denied. His parents were so blinded by their love for him that they didn’t see what other people did. Read more Why shoul kids play sports? sports are fun and they keep you healthy. well, some sports are fun anyway. Read more Video answer: Why kids play or quit youth sports Why kids play or quit youth sports Why should kids play sports? 10 Good Reasons Why Kids Should Play Sports. As mentioned earlier, there are numerous reasons why kids should play sports. From helping them develop social and teamwork skills to improving their mental health and physical fitness, there’s no denying it that playing sports has several benefits. Without further ado, here are top 10 reasons why ... Read more Sports canada why kids should play sports? More Canadian kids are in dance than in hockey. Canada is best known as an international hockey powerhouse, but the price of the sport may be making it less popular amongst kids in this country. Hockey is only the fourth most popular sport in this country, with 531,000 kids participating annually. Surprisingly, more kids are involved in dance in Canada, as 625,000 kids are part of a dance program. Read more Video answer: 5 reasons why children should play sports \| sports day special 5 reasons why children should play sports \| sports day special Do kids that play sports smarter than the kids that don't play sports? not necessarily because you don't have to be the smartest person to play sport but i know in high school you have to keep up good grades in order to stay on the sports team Read more Why kids should play sports stats for kids? Top 10 Reasons Why Children Should Play Sport 1-Fun Through Fitness. Sport gives children a group to belong to and friends with similar goals and interests. It... 2- Friendships. Engaging children in sports help develop their social skills. Teamwork creates a bond that no other... 3-Academic ... Read more Can kids play sports in ca? Here in California, Southern California parents and their youth athletes celebrated a March court settlement with San Diego County, the state's public health department and Gov. Gavin Newsom, that allowed all youth and high school sports to resume once a county reached certain COVID-19 case thresholds. Read more Video answer: Why kids should play a variety of sports Why kids should play a variety of sports Can kids play sports with lice? Encouraging your kids to get involved with sports is a great thing. And, so is following these tips to help them avoid getting head lice: Tell kids to avoid sharing equipment like hats, towels, or jackets. Ensure your kid has their own Read more Can kids play too many sports? Read more Can kids with asthma play sports? So can kids with asthma play sports? You bet they can! Being active and playing sports is a good idea if you have asthma. Why? Because it can help your lungs get stronger, so they work better. In fact, some athletes with asthma have done more than develop stronger lungs. They've played professional football and basketball, and they've even won medals at the Olympic Games! Which Sports Are Best? Some sports are less likely to bother a person's asthma. Read more Can kids with diabetes play sports? Teens with diabetes can exercise and play sports at the same level as everyone else, so whether you want to go for the gold or just go hiking in your hometown, diabetes shouldn't hold you back. Sports, Exercise, and Diabetes (for Teens) - Nemours Kidshealth Read more Can kids with lupus play sports? Encourage your child to participate in normal activities as much as possible by going to school, hanging out with friends, playing sports, and doing activities with family. Read more Do kids need to play sports? Kids need to play a sport to stay healthy for today's life and their future. It gives them the experience to decide if they want to try to push them selves into becoming a pro. Kids don't have enough time in middle school or elementary school for a regular fit life. Read more Does bo jacksons kids play sports? "Even though I love the sport, I'd smack them in the mouth if they said they wanted to play football. "I'd tell them, 'Play baseball, basketball, soccer, golf, just anything but football.'" Read more How many disabled kids play sports? Over a quarter of young disabled people had not taken part frequently, i.e. at least 10 times, in any sports, either in or out of school, in the last year. This compares … Read more Video answer: Just my two cents - why kids play sports Just my two cents - why kids play sports How many kids play club sports? Though roughly 45 million children are playing an organized sport, that number is actually down from 2008 and, according to the Open Access Journalism of Sports Medicine, 80 percent of youth athletes have quit after age 15. There are a few possible reasons, from the economy to demographics, to concern over injury. Since 2009, 25 percent of parents have considered keeping their kids from playing due to concerns about concussions. Read more How many young kids play sports? The U.S. government produces limited data on sport participation and physical activity rates, and none on youth before high school age. In that void, the most robust data is generated through an annual household survey conducted by the Sports & Fitness Industry Association (SFIA) , a Project Play partner that provides custom data on youth participation to the Aspen Institute. Read more Hyndburn sports centre kids play area? Adventure City Gallery. Adventure City is open 9am – 6pm Monday to Friday and 9am – 5pm at weekends. Childminders – ask us about our exclusive discounts available during term time. For more information Call us on 01254 385 945. Read more Kids who don t play sports? Music is perfect for kids who don’t want to play sports. My son loves both, here he is playing the viola. 3. Swimming – Classes are lots of fun, practice swimming with other kids and enjoy games and water challenges. 4. Cheerleading – Join a cheer squad and learn different chants, cheers, and acrobatic moves. 5. Read more Kids who play sports and popularity? Kids’ character and moral principles are formed through fair play. Moreover, children who are actively engaged in sports can be good role models for their peers from school, neighborhood, or even school choir, and inspire them to start playing some sports as well. Playing sports enables them to create friendships they otherwise might not have formed. Read more Reasons why kids should play sports? 10 Good Reasons Why Kids Should Play Sports 1. It Develops Their Social Skills When your kids play sports, they are, in effect, participating in a social activity. Read more Video answer: #kobebryant on why kids should play sports #kobebryant on why kids should play sports
You can buy character analysis essay from us and relieve your academic stress Our Stats 0 + Writers Active Av. Quality Score Writers Online Why Choose studygroom? Satisfaction guarantee. 100% original papers. Money Back The grade or money back. We protect your privacy. What is a character analysis essay? A character analysis essay is an in-depth study of a person, their personality, and how it impacts their actions. It usually includes details on the character’s life, experiences, relationships. It is an opportunity to understand why individuals behave the way they do and how it affects them. The main goal of writing a character analysis essay is to put oneself in their shoes. The author should look at the situation from their perspective and determine what motivates them to act in specific ways. People often write these essays about fictional characters, but there are also essays on real people found online or on academic databases. The key point of writing about a person is making sure that you know your material well enough so that you don’t come across as being disrespectful or mocking someone who What is the purpose Character analysis essays have been a part of the academic writing genres for a long time. This style of essay provides a detailed insight into a character and their personality. The Character Analysis Essay is a genre in which students analyze the character they are assigned to write about in their essays. It is also known as the character study essay, character development essay, or protagonist essay. The character analysis essay discusses the character of a given work of literature. The essay aims to analyze the character’s personalities, behavior, and emotions to understand their role in the story. The Character Analysis Essay is a narrative content document that requires deep insight into an individual character through analyzing their personality traits, behaviors, and emotions. It also requires analyzing literary elements such as genres, themes, symbols, and setting to understand its meaning fully. Different types of characters Characters in a story, play, movie, or book can be classified as protagonists and antagonists. The protagonist is the main character of the story. They have a goal that they are motivated to achieve throughout the story. They usually have a moral code that guides their behavior and decisions throughout the work. However, they may also be flawed or uncertain about their morality and some other aspects of their personality. The antagonist is typically someone who poses a direct threat to the protagonist’s goal or society in general. They may oppose them morally, physically, intellectually, socially – whatever. How to analyze a character To help writers create compelling characters, they should know a few things about the character’s personality. The personality traits can vary from person to person, but there are some common traits that any character should have. These include: 1. A sense of self-confidence and strength 2. Self-awareness and introspection 3. A need for connection to others How to write a character analysis essay? A character analysis essay is a type of academic paper that tells the reader about the character and the author’s views and feelings towards them. The following are some common mistakes that students make when they write character analysis essays: -Failing to introduce the paper properly; -Not providing enough information about their thoughts and feelings towards different characters; -Using too many adjectives and adverbs. One of the most common essay topics is character analysis. It’s not always easy to analyze an individual’s strengths and weaknesses. But, with the right approach, you can produce a well-written essay on your favorite literary character. The steps below will help you write an insightful and effective character analysis essay. 1) Analyze the Character’s History: What was their childhood like? What are their views on life? Who is their main ally or adversary? 2) Analyze the characters’ Personalities: What are their opinions of themselves? Are they confident or insecure? Are they introverted or extroverted? 3) Analyze the Character’s Relationships with Other Characters: Who is this person friend with, and who do they dislike? How do you start a character analysis essay? To begin your essay, you need to clearly understand the character’s role in the story and how they relate to other characters. You also need a good sense of what kind of theme you want your essay to focus on and how you would develop it throughout your paper. Character analysis questions This list of character analysis questions can be used in lesson plans or for other purposes. What are the main settings in the story? Where does the story take place? What is the main conflict of the story? Who are all of the main characters? These questions can help you analyze the character of a given text and understand the author’s intention with it. These questions can help you understand what type of character they are and how they see themselves compared to others. They also help you with understanding how this character is similar or different from others in the novel. Asking these questions when analyzing characters is a great way to understand the significance of events in a text and their meaning. error: Content is protected !! Hi, my name is Jenn 👋 Check Out the Form Need Help? Dont be shy to ask
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Emancipation Proclamation: Road Toward Juneteenth Main Emancipation Proclamation Juneteenth honors the day (June 19, 1865) when federal troops officially took control of Texas. Months after the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox and the asssassination of President Lincoln, the Civil War was basically over by that point. But, under the dictates of the Emancipation Proclamation, official military control of Texas meant the permanent freedom of the slaves that lived there. Was the Emancipation Proclamation, a Civil War measure that declared millions of enslaved people “forever free”? What were the benefits and costs of the measure? Some say it “didn’t do anything.” Others would applaud the event as a major milestone in our nation’s history. Let’s take a look. Emancipation Proclamation: The Declaration The Emancipation Proclamation was an official presidential declaration handed down at the beginning of 1863, right in the middle of the Civil War. The core message was front and center: The U.S. Constitution at that time had various provisions that involved slavery. Those who wrote the document tiptoes around the issue, not using the word “slavery,” but rather referring to “other persons” or “labor” or “property.” Sectional divisions over the issue of slavery plagued the nation from its inception. Compromises were attempted and failed. By 1863, people were more blunt. We were dealing with “persons held as slaves” and this presidential declaration, with the force of law, declared millions of them “forever free.” A War Measure The Emancipation Proclamation was defended as a war measure, President Lincoln citing his power as Commander-in-Chief. All the slaves in the country were not being freed. Thus, it did not cover the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slave-holding border states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland or Delaware) which were Union states. Plus, there is a long paragraph spelling out Confederate areas then under Union control, such as large parts of Louisiana. This covered about 300,000 more slaves. Challenges of the Emancipation There were still around three million more slaves in Confederate controlled areas. Not only were these people now declared free, President Lincoln recommended them to be paid “reasonable wages.” They were also to “abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense.” Self defense would include the now legally freed slaves resisting attempts such as by their “owners” to keep them in slavery. President Lincoln also cited a special personal duty to protect the people freed from slavery. He declared that The military were now abolitionists. Furthermore, these people before the Emancipation were deemed human property. And all states — even free states — had a duty to return to their “owners”. Such were the dictates of the federal Constitution. Now they were welcomed into the “armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.” Lincoln finishes with a flourish: A basic benefit of the Emancipation Proclamation is its moral weight. We should not lose sight of this while realizing it was also a pragmatic war measure, deemed a necessity to win the war. The moral and symbolic power of the document should not be lost. Former slave Frederick Douglas spoke of the “shout for joy” made by many against slavery; one paper spoke of the great strive in “civlized progress.” The nation was now officially duty bound to support the freedom of about three quarters of the slaves in the United States. Lincoln once declared that the country could not be both free and slave over the long term. If so, even the slaves not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation were destined to be free. How to go about it on some level was mere detail. The great evil of slavery was doomed. The War Over Slavery When the Civil War began, an official declaration was made by Congress that it was being fought to reunite the Union. Many did not want the war to be about slavery, and when President Lincoln proposed the Emancipation Proclaimation, General McCllelan — at times the Commanding General of the Union forces — felt such a move was “an accured doctrine.” Abolition of slavery was now a war aim. General McClellan The Emancipation Proclamation was carefully timed after a major Union victory at Antietam to show it was not an act of desperation by the federal government in a weak position. “Confederates,” it basically said, “you are on notice!” Surrender or else. A Blow to the Confederacy They did not. The result targeted a basic Confederate resource, their forced labor supply. The Confederacy would not only lose their slaves, but the now free persons would be welcomed into the Union military to help defeat them! Slaves and freed blacks, including such leaders as Frederick Douglas, early on saw the war as a means to obtain freedom and attack slavery. Thousands of slaves fled to Union lines, even before an official policy was in place protecting their freedom. But, the Emancipation Proclamation made freedom official. Once the ball started rolling, freedom’s reach would likely be ever expansive. The Proclamation & Foreign Policy The Emancipation Proclamation also had a foreign policy benefit. Great Britain, which the Confederacy tried to get on their side, had long supported the end of slavery. If the war was merely about reuniting a slave nation, why not support the Confederacy with its large cotton resources? France could follow. Now, the Union was on the side of freedom. At the end of the war, the Confederacy was so desperate that it seriously thought about accepting abolition itself to survive. The Confederacy saw the moral attraction, the foreign policy implications, and even hoped slaves might help them. The war ended first. Were there any “cons” to the Emancipation Proclamation? My extensive discussion of the benefits probably might be suggestive here. But, things rarely are completely one way or the other, and the same probably applies here. I personally think the benefits clearly win out, but you can judge for yourself. There is a continuing concern that the “ends justifies the means” results in abuse of power and threats of civil liberties. Lincoln himself before the war made clear his belief that the federal government had no power over slavery in the states. That is why there was the need for a constitutional amendment to permanently ban slavery. Benjamin Curtis, who wrote one of the dissents in Dred Scott v. Sandford (slaves in the territories), argued that the Emancipation Proclamation itself was unconstitutional. What about, for instance, a loyal owner in a Confederate controlled territory? What power did Lincoln have to permanently seize their “property”? If the legal argument was borderline, would it not encourage future governments during wartime to violate other rights, rights less immoral as well? Would it be Temporary? A somewhat related concern was the legal limitations of the Emancipation Proclamation. If it was a war measure, what would happen once the war was over? It was the Thirteenth Amendment, not the Emancipation Proclamation that truly abolished slavery. And, again, did it actually “not do anything” since it only applied to Confederate controlled areas? The Emancipation Proclamation was basically a set of marching orders. Freedom followed the Union Army. Still, the mere promise of freedom was not enough to protect the rights and well-being of former slaves. The Union army brought freedom and some degree of security to the now free people. But, the army could only do so much, and what happens when it leaves? The Emancipation Proclamation alone did only so much. The Emancipation Proclamation also is not very eloquent, especially as compared to some things President Lincoln said and wrote. It has been compared to some sort of “bill of lading” or a receipt for a bunch of goods. Again, this is not totally fair even as to its text. But, its eloquence is in its actions. Free and Slave States Did it Increase Sectionalism? One final concern might be the divisive nature of the Emancipation Proclamation. Democrats used it as a campaign tool, arguing it was an abuse of power and a horrible abolitionist document. Many still were wary about a total end of slavery. It also helped the Confederacy by showing how “horrible” the Union winning the war would be. The Declaration of Independence, after all, included an allegation that the English were “exciting domestic insurrections.” That refers to slave rebellions. The benefits outweighed any divisions arising from a somewhat controversial measure. Also, even here, slaves were already fleeing to Union lines. The military was no longer returning slaves to their owners. Lincoln and the Republicans were already damned as anti-slavery, power-hungry devils. Democrats and Confederates had political ammunition already. Juneteenth and Beyond June 19th or Juneteenth completed the process set forth by the Emancipation Proclamation. Courts would later hold that Union control resulted in freedom of the slaves in the area covered. The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in December, finishing the job of abolishing slavery. But, as the author and journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates once noted, “emancipation is itself a part of an even larger process — integrating African Americans as citizens of equal standing. That effort continues even today.” Juneteenth is now a federal holiday. And, the effort continues. By Joe Cocurullo For an summary of the Emancipation Proclamation click HERE Teach and Thrive Recent Content
Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction Title: Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction Published: 7/19/2016 ISBN: 0691171696 ISBN13: 9780691171692 Page Count: 336 File Size: 3.8 MB How do Bitcoin and its block chain actually work? How secure are your bitcoins? How anonymous are their users? Can cryptocurrencies be regulated? These are some of the many questions this book answers. It begins by tracing the history and development of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, and then gives the conceptual and practical foundations you need to engineer secure software that interacts with the Bitcoin network as well as to integrate ideas from Bitcoin into your own projects. Topics include decentralization, mining, the politics of Bitcoin, altcoins and the cryptocurrency ecosystem, the future of Bitcoin, and more. An essential introduction to the new technologies of digital currency Covers the history and mechanics of Bitcoin and the block chain, security, decentralization, anonymity, politics and regulation, altcoins, and much more Features an accompanying website that includes instructional videos for each chapter, homework problems, programming assignments, and lecture slides Also suitable for use with the authors’ Coursera online course Electronic solutions manual (available only to professors) %d bloggers like this:
How to parent well despite battling clinical depression? by cadabamshospital 26 October,2021 \| Reading Time: 4 minutes 8 useful tips to help Parents cope Parenting by itself is challenging. But parenting while depressed is a different struggle altogether. It is harder. Being a parent is a full-time role where we are responsible for our child’s physical, material, and emotional comforts. Being depressed does not mean that we cannot provide these comforts to our children. We can. We just need to understand ways to do so despite our emotional struggles. The sooner we seek support for our depression, the easier it will be for us and our family. Symptoms of Depression Clinical depression is diagnosed when a person experiences persistent low mood for an extended time which causes significant impairment in everyday functioning, i.e. when we are unable to go about our usual routine. Or where children are concerned, depression makes us unable to fulfill our parenting responsibilities. Depression occurs because of a combination of risk factors like genetic predisposition, stressful events, personality traits, and biological changes. Women are at high risk for depression during their parenting years. The present COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated this issue and more parents these days are presenting with symptoms of fear, sadness, loss of interest, and sleeplessness. Depression in parents often manifests in the form of lack of motivation and interest in usual activities, physical distress in the form of low energy, gastric troubles, headaches, and lowered immunity. A difference in thinking style exists which makes the situation worse. For example, for a parent without depression, a child’s fussiness while eating might just be annoying. However, a parent with depression might feel overwhelmed by the same issue and feel guilty for not being able to do their best. Depression may cause parents to blame themselves and feel like a failure, thus aggravating their low mood. They get caught in a vicious cycle of negative thinking, sad mood, and withdrawal from the world. Positive parenting is possible when this vicious cycle is identified and steps are taken to break it, which is what happens when help is sought from a mental health professional. Effects of parental depression on children Depression has been noted to come in the way of positive parenting and is known to significantly affect children. Due to symptoms of depression, parents experience a lack of interest, joy, and are withdrawn or irritable. All of this interferes in providing a nurturing environment, meeting the needs of children, and forming an emotional connection with children. This in turn affects their physical and mental health. It has been noted that children of depressed parents tend to develop anxiety, depression, addiction issues, and other mental health concerns in their later years. The impact on children is more when there are other risk factors present along with parental depression. Factors like poverty, exposure to violence, absent non-depressed parent, fights between couples, stressful environments, etc., tend to affect children in the long run. However, this is not a hopeless situation. Timely help about managing the symptoms of depression in the parent as well as increasing the number of positive experiences for the child can prevent these above-mentioned adverse events from occurring. Seeking help also results in discovering the joy of parenting. How can parents with depression cope? Depression need not be a permanent challenge for parents diagnosed with it. There are many ways to address this situation and also prevent its impact on children. Here are some pointers to help parents going through this rough phase cope better: 1. Acknowledge your problems. Accept your difficulties faced due to depression. Understand that like physical health, mental health is also an issue to be addressed, and reach out for professional help to deal with it. 2. Talk to someone who cares. It helps to discuss the challenges faced during parenting and understand others’ perspectives on how to cope. Talk about the symptoms of depression you are experiencing. Find groups facing similar difficulties either in-person or on social media and connect with them regularly to talk about your feelings and hear about their experiences. 3. Seek professional help. Reach out to a psychiatrist to help deal with the symptoms of depression if they are significantly affecting one’s quality of life and everyday functioning. Medications help tide over the difficult phase and bring about a positive change in mood and energy levels. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, do not go off your anti-depressants. Rather reach out to your physician who will prescribe medications tested to be safe. 4. Consider psychotherapy. Talking therapies are known to change unhelpful thoughts and personality traits that are fueling depression. Cognitive behavior therapy and other related therapies provide a safe non-judgmental space to vent out one’s thoughts and feelings. The therapist helps in challenging the negative thoughts like ‘I am a bad parent’, ‘I am a total failure at bringing up my children.’ Together the parent and therapist reframe the thoughts to something positive like, ‘Parenting is tough but I am doing my best.’ Therapy sessions thus help break the patterns of depressive thinking and replace them with a more realistic and positive thinking style. 5. Educate your children. Depending on the age of your child, talk about your symptoms of depression. Children as young as 4 years old can sense changes in their parent’s mood. Hence it helps to explain your situation in simple terms, ‘Mummy/Daddy has been feeling very sad and needs help to make the sadness go away.’ It is important to make them feel reassured so that they do not take your low moods personally and feel guilty about having caused them. They also need to be frequently reassured that you are taking good care of yourself to prevent them from worrying about you. 6. Learn to let go. Depression makes us feel guilty about not being a ‘good parent. It helps to not be hard on ourselves during this phase and learn to acknowledge the best we are doing. Depression also makes us angry and irritable when things do not go our way. In such situations, it helps to forgive ourselves and others for mistakes made. 7. Learn to live in the moment. It helps to find joy in small shared moments with your children be it during playtime or mealtime. It is the quality of time that matters for children, much more than quantity. 8. Get help for your child. If you observe any emotional and behavioral difficulties in your child, reach out for support. A child psychologist can teach your child how to manage his/her worries and emotions better and work towards making your child resilient. This is a prime time for mental health treatment. There is comparatively less stigma these days concerning seeking psychiatric or psychological help for dealing with one’s problems. We should not let depression limit us in any way. If we seek help and work towards breaking free from it, we can experience a good life with our children. Parenting is challenging but it can be fulfilling and fun too. Reach out to our team at Cadabam’s for help with managing your challenges of parenting and mood. Dr. Nisha Vidyasagar Clinical Psychologist
ER Diagrams for Library Management System Know it All about ER Diagrams The database is a terminology widely known as an essential component of any institution, business, or corporation’s record keeping. The diagram used to analyze the database’s structure is known as the Entity-Relationship diagram. In this article, we will explore the ER diagram required for a library management system. ER Diagram Examples for Library Management Systems Before we proceed over to understand the entity-relationship diagram for library management systems, let us discuss its importance. The library management system is an extensive database; the entity-relationship diagram helps show the relations between different entities and attributes. This helps in streamlining the things that are required for a particular Library management system. To better understand an ER diagram, we will discuss a few examples and how they are used for the library management system. Example 1 As it can be observed in this example, the entities are present with their attributes. At the same time, the direct relations between the attributes are also shown, such as several CDs and books are present, so to differentiate, they have specific ISBNs and ISSNs. One key element to understand here is that proper symbols are used to understand an entity diagram. ER Diagram Examples for Library Management Systems Example 2 Here is a straightforward ER diagram for the Library Management System. You can observe the entity relations quite clearly, and their attributes are evident as well. ER Diagram Examples for Library Management Systems Example 3 Below is a much more complex example of an ER diagram. As it can be seen, several new entities are part of this ER diagram. One more exciting thing about this ER diagram is that one entity is linked to more than one entity. ER Diagram Examples for Library Management Systems Image Source: The ER diagram is built upon the number of entities that exist. The second important part is to know the relations amongst the entities themselves. While seeking an ER diagram, creators tend to figure out the number of entities they will be working with. relationship cardinality These arrow symbols are essential to remember as they help remember the type of relation between the entities. When a library management system is made, these relationships are necessary to know their placement in the database. Like formerly discussed, the ER diagram helps in breaking down the database. This helps people in making changes to their databases, update them, and re-evaluate them if necessary. Problems for Building a Library Management System ER diagrams are usually used to resolve some sort of issue and so they always have a certain problem to solve. Some of the problems that can arise in a Library Management System are as follows: • A single student can borrow or subscribe to multiple books, which means a one-to-many relation needs to exist between both these entities. • A student can later become a member once they have paid a fee, so there should be space in the ER diagram for up-gradation between these entities. • It would be best if you were varying that every book in the library is identified with a different ID. This means it will create an extensive database, and a comprehensive ER diagram needs to be in place. • In a library, multiple members or students enroll themselves. These require a unique ID to identify them properly. • When issuing books, there needs to be a due date set in place to return that book, which requires another addition in the ER Diagram. All-in-One Diagram Software Create more than 280 types of diagrams effortlessly Start diagramming with various templates and symbols easily Security Verified \| Switch to Mac >> Security Verified \| Switch to Linux >> Security Verified \| Switch to Windows >> How to Create an ERD for Library Management System After understanding the ER diagram, we will go through a step-by-step process that shows how to create an ER diagram for a library management system. Step 1: The first step is to identify the entity sets. These are things that have more than one instance of being existent. The entity sets for a library management system are as follows: • Member • Book • Granter • Section • Publisher Step 2: The second step is to associate attributes to the entity sets. This is important because entity sets are recurring, such as several books, members, etc. The attributes are needed to differentiate between entities. The respective attributes are as follows: • Member: Member ID, Name, Birthday, Address, Age • Book: Author, ISBN, Title, Author, Price • Granter: Name, NIC, Number, Address, Post • Section: SID, Name, Phone • Publisher: PID, Name, Address, Phone Step 3: The third step is to find the key attributes of each entity. The key attribute is unique to every single entity component. The key attributes are as follows: • Member – Member ID • Book – ISBN • Granter – NIC • Section – SID • Publisher – PID Step 4: The fourth step is to identify the relationship between the different entities present. This is necessary to analyze the database clearly and make a better library management system. A single member can borrow multiple books A single member can borrow multiple books if they want. This kind of relationship is known as a one-to-many relationship. a single section can have multiple books In this relation, a single section can have multiple books present over there. Making this a one-to-many relationship as well. A single publisher can publish several books and supply them to the library A single publisher can publish several books and supply them to the library. This is another one-to-many relationship. The granter grants memberships to the student The granter grants memberships to the student. There is only one granter and multiple members; thus, this is a one-to-many relationship. Step 5: The fifth step is to compile all these steps. Join the entities that go together and form an ER diagram. ER Diagram in EdrawMax Use EdrawMax for ER Diagram Creation An ER diagram is essential for databases. It is essential to use efficient tools to assist you in this. Build powerful ER diagrams with the help of EdrawMax, which makes it easy. There are hundreds of templates to choose from which can be readily customized. So we would recommend that you use EdrawMax for making ER diagrams for your library management system. Related Articles
Diabetes: Two subtle ‘warning signs’ signalling the condition has become sight-threatening RATES of diabetes have doubled over the past 15 years, driven mainly by a sharp rise in obesity. A lack of treatments to reverse the condition means preventative measures, such as restrictive diets, are vital. When blood sugar levels are left unregulated, however, the blood vessels in the eye are some of the first in line to get damaged. Comment section Share on LinkedIn Share on Pinterest Copy link Link copied Type 2 diabetes can be a 'devastating diagnosis' says expert Diabetes is the result of poor insulin production - a hormone that controls how much sugar circulates in the blood - in the pancreas. Many are able to manage their blood sugar by sticking to a restrictive diet, but those who don't could be putting themselves at risk of vision loss. Giles Edmonds, clinical services director at supersavers, explains that two signs in the eyes warrant immediate medical help. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in the UK. It is believed that between one quarter and one-half of diabetics go on to develop the sight-threatening condition. If blood glucose levels are consistently high, the blood vessels will endure severe damage. Giles Edmonds, explains that in the initial stages, diabetic retinopathy rarely produces blatant symptoms. READ MORE: Diabetes type 2: The 25p herb that lowers high blood sugar - the more you eat the better Diabetes: Some signs in the eyes could signal your vision is at risk (Image: Getty ) “As retinopathy develops, blood vessels can weaken, bulge or leak into the retina and be referred to as non-proliferative retinopathy,” explained Edmonds. “However, if it worsens, some vessels can close off which causes new ones to grow or proliferate, on the surface of the retina. “This is known as proliferative retinopathy and can lead to problems with your vision and even sight loss.” As the blood vessels overgrow or start leaking and the retina becomes impaired, two notable signs may arise. The first signs of this damage could be signalled through floaters, which are spots in your vision that usually resemble black or grey specks. These cobweb-looking shapes may become particularly apparent when you move your eyes. Mr Edmonds explained “Most people will experience floaters in their vision at some point in their life - particularly as we reach older age as the jelly-like substance in our eyes becomes more liquid. “If you notice more eye floaters than usual, a sudden onset of new ones, flashes of lights in the eye or darkness on any side of your vision, you must get it looked at immediately as in some cases it can be a symptom of diabetic retinopathy." Rates of diabetes Rates of diabetes are growing exponentially (Image: Getty ) Blurred vision is another associated with a litany of conditions - and the majority of cases will be benign. In diabetics, however, damage to the blood vessels in the eyes that sense light can result in vision becoming blurred. Mr Edmonds added: “Blurry vision can also be a symptom of diabetes which can resolve when blood sugars start to reduce after diagnosis and starting treatment. “It can also lead to dimmer vision as if you’re wearing sunglasses or struggling to see when it’s dark, which are important signs not to ignore. The main symptoms of diabetes The main symptoms of diabetes (Image: EXPRESS.CO.UK) For those who are diabetic, getting dilated eye exams is imperative to protecting the eyes from sight loss. Certain lifestyle habits, such as eating a healthy diet, could also stave off or delay vision loss. A line of research has shown that keeping fit through regular exercise could also reduce your chances of getting diabetic retinopathy. In fact, all the preventative measures recommended for diabetes, also hold promise for retinopathy.
8 Phases of The Moon by Hesham Galal Hassan 8 Phases of The Moon is an educational infographic poster explaining what causes the different phases of the moon during the Lunar month. In addition, the graphics illustrate the difference between a Lunar eclipse and a moon phase. Apart from showing how and why we see the various phases – New Moon Phase, Waxing Crescent, Full Moon and Waning Crescent - it shows why a Lunar eclipse occurs and what the various stages are.
Home / Politics / News / COP26, a reminder for India to set its net-zero target Leaders and policymakers from across the world will gather in the Scottish city of Glasgow starting this weekend to attend the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference, also called COP26. Here’s a look at five factors that make COP26 an event to keep an eye on, for both India and the world—and how to understand India’s attempt to chalk out fresh targets in its fight against climate change: 1. Ticking clock The conference comes in the immediate backdrop of an alarming report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a UN body. The threat of the chronic human-induced climate change disaster is now ‘widespread, rapid and intensifying’, the report said in August. The IPCC made it amply clear that the target set at COP21 in the 2015 Paris agreement—that of limiting global warming to 1.5°Celsius above pre-industrial levels—was beyond reach. The threshold could be crossed as early as in the next two decades, and the planet is now almost set to warm by 2.5-4°C by 2100. India itself has seen a 0.7°C increase in its surface air temperature during the last 120 years, a report by the ministry of earth sciences found in March. The warming environment has contributed to more frequent spells of localized heavy rain, droughts and floods, and an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones in the last few decades, the ministry report noted. 2. India’s net-zero A key part of the fight is to set a net-zero target—the year when a country expects to start absorbing as much carbon as it emits. The US, the EU and Japan see that year by 2050, and China by 2060. But India is yet to declare a target, despite being the fourth largest emitter. This puts it under the spotlight ahead of COP26, where countries are expected to update their Paris targets. However, India argues on the lines of parity, emphasizing the “polluter pays" principle. The current carbon dioxide levels are a result of accumulation over decades, and India’s historical contribution is miniscule compared to rich countries. Despite rising per capita emissions, India is almost 60% behind the global average. The time may be lapsing for such arguments, though. Technological advancements now allow India to adopt clean fuel more in sectors such as transport and power, while prioritizing efficiency measures in sectors where dirty fuel is unavoidable. 3. Costly inaction India is already bearing the brunt of an injured environment. Extreme weather events have become commoner over the last two decades, and the IPCC report noted that droughts, heat waves and cyclones would only get more frequent in India in coming years. So much so that India was the seventh riskiest place for climate change based on fatalities and GDP loss owing to extreme weather events, according to an index of 180 countries by German nonprofit Germanwatch in 2019. India lost the most lives to bad weather that year. Being home to the largest number of poor in the world, India is additionally vulnerable. A recent report by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) found that more than 75% parts of India, home to over 638 million people, are extreme climate event hotspots. As many as 250 extreme events took place during 1975-2005, rising to 310 within a span of just 15 years since 2005. View Full Image 4. Early steps India committed to three goals for 2030 in Paris: bringing emission levels per unit GDP down 33-35% from 2005 levels, boosting non-fossil fuel sources to 40% of the installed power capacity, and creating a carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalent. India has nearly achieved the first two: as of September, non-fossil fuel sources, including large hydro and nuclear, comprised 39.6% of installed capacity, and emission intensity has dropped 24% since 2005. But there’s a catch. With rising GDP, decreasing emissions intensity doesn’t necessarily mean net emissions are also going down. Moreover, going from installed capacity to smooth integration of renewables in the power grid is an uphill task: just 12% of India’s power comes from wind, solar and other renewables, despite 25% generation capacity. India may claim early success, but it’s far from saving the planet. Climate Action Tracker rates India’s actions as “highly insufficient". No wonder, the pressure to declare a net-zero target is mounting from the rest of the world. 5. Looking ahead However, India may not be in a rush to declare a net-zero target. It may remind the world of the “common but differentiated" principle. Besides, the process needs consultation with stakeholders and coordination across sectors. China cannot be a benchmark: its income level is five times India’s, and being far ahead on the development curve, its emissions could peak as early as 2030. For India, assuming a 5.6% annual growth, that year could come not before 2040, pushing its net-zero to around 2070, a CEEW analysis suggests. This is true for most developing countries falling in India’s income bucket. This is why net zero requires global participation. For a global net zero by 2050, not only should advanced economies reach there much before that, they also must support developing countries through sustained investment. With a new UN report saying the rich world is not financing this fight enough, this would be a key discussion point at COP26. Subscribe to Mint Newsletters * Enter a valid email * Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter. Edit Profile My ReadsRedeem a Gift CardLogout
How do you type a running head? How do you type a running head? How do I do a running head with page numbers? Place the cursor right in front of the page number in your header and type the ALL CAPS text of your running head: 6. Press the Tab key twice to move the text to the left. The page number should remain at the right. Where does the running head appear in an essay? Here is how to do it: 1. Go to the Insert page in Word. 2. Select Blank Header, the first option. 3. Click on Page Number on the top left. 4. Type the title of the paper in all caps. 5. After typing the title, place the cursor immediately to the left of the page number. 6. Select the Different First Page option at the top center. Does an abstract count as a page? The page count would typically include the title, abstract, paper body, references, and biographies (but not the appendix). For example, a journal might say there is a maximum of 8,000 words, but this may or may not exclude tables, figures, appendices, the abstract and references. Should you cite in an abstract? Avoid citing sources in your abstract. There are two reasons for this: The abstract should focus on your original research, not on the work of others. The abstract should be self-contained and fully understandable without reference to other sources. How do you write a short abstract? 1. Write the paper first. 2. Provide introductory background information that leads into a statement of your aim. 3. Briefly describe your methodology. 4. Clearly describe the most important findings of your study. Back To Top
What is a recommendation in research? What is a recommendation in research? Recommendations are based on the results of your research and indicate the specific measures or directions that can be taken. For example, a clinical study might have implications for cancer research and might recommend against the use of a particular hazardous substance. How do you write a good thesis recommendation? How to write a thesis conclusion 1. Clearly state the answer to the main research question. 2. Summarize and reflect on the research. 3. Make recommendations for future work on the topic. 4. Show what new knowledge you have contributed. How do you write a recommendation sentence? The opening statement in a letter of recommendation should state the name of the person being recommended. It can also explain why you are the person writing the letter. The opening statement should normally be one short sentence and should never exceed two sentences. Who should write my recommendation letters? Who should write my recommendation letter? • A professor whom you come to know well, from science or non-science courses. • A professor for whom you’ve worked for. • An employer. • A supervisor from volunteer or research activities. • A healthcare professional with whom you have worked closely, over an extended period of time, in a clinical setting. • A coach. Do colleges care about letters of recommendation? Letters of recommendation tend to be most important when you’re applying to small private colleges and schools which have “holistic” admissions philosophies. A compelling recommendation from a teacher who knows you well provides colleges with an assessment of you as a student and person that goes beyond the numbers. Do colleges know if you lie? What is a good length for a college essay? 500-650 words Back To Top
What is accounting for decision making? What is accounting for decision making? Accounting for Decision Making (BU1002:03) Accounting For Decision Making. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information about an. entity to a variety of users for decision-making purposes. IDENTIFYING MEASURING COMMUNICATING DECISION -MAKING. What is the role of accounting in decision making? Accountancy can support the decision making process and management activity. The objective of an accounting system is to provide financial information concerning the studied company. The information concerns the financial situation and the performance of a company and there is intended to the users to taking decisions. Who are the decision makers in accounting? 1.4 Users of accounting information form two main groups: decision makers who are internal to the entity or external to the entity. Internal decision makers are managers at all levels who use financial information for planning and controlling the operations of a business entity. What are the 3 types of decision making? There are three types of decision in business: • strategic. • tactical. • operational. What are the methods of decision making? 16 Different decision making techniques to improve business outcomes • Affinity diagrams. Key use: brainstorming/mind mapping. • Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Key use: complex decisions. • Conjoint analysis. • Cost/benefit analysis. • Decision making trees. • Game theory. • Heuristic methods. • Influence diagrams approach (IDA) What are the tools and techniques of decision making? Top Decision-Making Techniques & Tools • Marginal Analysis. Marginal analysis weighs the benefits of an input or activity against the costs. • SWOT Diagram. • Decision Matrix. • Pareto Analysis. • The Next Step: Reviewing Your Decision & Making Adjustments. What are the quantitative techniques in decision making? Quantitative Techniques • Linear programming. This technique basically helps in maximizing an objective under limited resources. • Probability decision theory. This technique lies in the premise that we can only predict the probability of an outcome. • Game theory. • Queuing theory. • Simulation. • Network techniques. What are decision tools? The decision making tools help you to map out all the possible alternatives to your decision, it’s cost, as well as chances of success or failure. These applications provide a useful way to make the right choice by simplifying the decision making process and by drawing a diagram. Is a programmed technique of decision making? (a) Linear Programming: This technique is used to determine the best use of limited resources for achieving a given objective. It is based on the assumption that there exists a linear relationship between variables and the limits of variations could be ascertained. Is a non-programmed technique of decision making? Non-programmed decisions are one-shot decisions. Handled by techniques such as judgment, intuition, and creativity. A logical approach to deal with extraordinary, unexpected, and unique problems. Managers take heuristic problem-solving approaches in which logic; common sense and trial and error are used. Which is a modern program technique of decision making? Modern Techniques for making Programmed Decisions are: (a) Break-Even Technique (b) Inventory Models (c) Linear Programming (d) Simulation (e) Probability Theory (f) Decision-Tree (g) Queuing Theory (h) Gaming Theory (i) Network Theory. Is a non Program modern techniques of decision making? Since managers do not have to take non-programmed decisions very often, they lack standard procedures for solving them. These decisions generally require a careful study of the problem using scientific analysis. What is an example of a non programmed decision? Examples of non programmed decisions include deciding whether to acquire another organization, deciding which global markets offer the most potential, or deciding whether to sell off an unprofitable vision. Such decisions are unique and non-recurring. What are non programmed decisions? Programmed decisions are those that are based on criteria that are well understood, while nonprogrammed decisions are novel and lack clear guidelines for reaching a solution. Managers can establish rules and guidelines for programmed decisions based on known fact, which enables them to reach decisions quickly. What is qualitative decision making? Qualitative techniques of decision-making are subjective in nature as it is based on factors other than numerical data. It is a more in-depth analysis of the factors. It is an in-depth analysis of all possible factors that can affect the decision-making process. … What are the qualitative and quantitative factors in decision making? Quantitative decisions are mostly based on statistical analysis of collected data whereas qualitative decisions are based on many algorithms like type and quality of data, factors that influence collected data, risk assessments etc. What are the 9 quantitative models for decision making? Quantitative Techniques in Decision Making \| Management • Technique # 1. Mathematical Programming: • Technique # 3. Cost-Benefit Analysis: • Technique # 4. Linear Programming: • Technique # 5. Capital Budgeting: • Technique # 7. Expected Value: • Technique # 9. Simulation: • Technique # 12. Information Theory: • Technique # 13. Preference Theory/Utility Theory: What are the types of quantitative techniques? In the middle, with experiment design moving from one type to the other, is a range which blends those two extremes together. There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental Research. What are the quantitative techniques? What are the quantitative methods of control? The quantitative credit control methods- the bank rate, the open market operations and the variable reserve ratio-operate primarily by affecting the cost, volume and availability of bank reserves, and thereby, tend to regulate the total supply of credit. What are the three types of control methods? Three basic types of control systems are available to executives: (1) output control, (2) behavioural control, and (3) clan control. Different organizations emphasize different types of control, but most organizations use a mix of all three types. What are control methods? Control techniques provide managers with the type and amount of information they need to measure and monitor performance. The information from various controls must be tailored to a specific management level, department, unit, or operation. What is an example of quantitative analysis? Examples of quantitative analysis include a company’s financial data and marketing returns with statistical data on demographics. Financial Data: as already mentioned companies have a plethora of financial data and reports available to study. These include the cost of goods sold (COGS), gross profits and net profits. Category: Uncategorized Back To Top
What is scale construction in research methodology? What is scale construction in research methodology? Scale Construction refers to the creation of empirical measures for theoretical constructs; these measures usually consist of several items. The process of measurement involves the assignment of numbers to empirical realisations of the variables of interest. What are the 2 types of scales? There are two main types of measurement scales, namely; comparative scales and non-comparative scales. What is scale type ratio? Ratio scale is a type of variable measurement scale which is quantitative in nature. Ratio scale allows any researcher to compare the intervals or differences. This is a unique feature of ratio scale. For example, the temperature outside is 0-degree Celsius. 0 degree doesn’t mean it’s not hot or cold, it is a value. What is an example of a small scale map? A ‘small’ scale map is one in which a given part of the Earth is represented by a small area on the map. Small scale maps generally show less detail than large scale maps, but cover large parts of the Earth. For example, a 1:10,000-scale map is said to have a larger scale than a 1:100,000-scale map. What is map scale give example? Map scale refers to the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. For example, on a 1:100000 scale map, 1cm on the map equals 1km on the ground. For example, a 1:100000 scale map is considered a larger scale than a 1:250000 scale map. What is a small scale? Filters. The definition of small scale is something that is drawn in miniature or something that is limited in scope. An example of small scale furniture is a dining room table in a doll house. An example of small scale is a little step you take towards saving the earth. adjective. What are the types of map scale? 1. Types of Map Scales Size of Scale Representative Franction (RF) Large Scale 1:25,000 or larger Medium Scale 1:1,000,000 to 1:25,000 Small Scale 1:1,000,000 or smaller What is scale and its types? Introduction: There are 4 types of scales, based on the extent to which scale values have the arithmetic properties of true numbers. The arithmetic proper- ties are order, equal intervals, and a true zero point. From the least to the most mathematical, the scale types are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. What are 3 ways of expressing map scale? There are three primary ways to indicate scale on a map: a representative fraction (e.g., 1:24,000), a verbal scale (e.g., “One inch to the mile”), or a graphic scale bar. Each of these can easily be added to your layout in ArcMap. How many ways scale can be expressed? How do you calculate the scale? How do u find the scale factor? The scale factor is the ratio of the length of a side of one figure to the length of the corresponding side of the other figure. Here, XYUV=123=4 . So, the scale factor is 4 . What is the scale calculator? Scale calculator determines the size of scaled/real structures for a given scale or evaluates the scale between two objects. How do you find the scale factor of two numbers? You calculate the scale factor of similar figures by taking the ratio of corresponding parts of the two figures. When enlarging the shape, the larger measurement is the numerator, and the smaller measurement is the denominator. What is a scale factor of 2? The size of an enlargement/reduction is described by its scale factor. For example, a scale factor of 2 means that the new shape is twice the size of the original. A scale factor of 3 means that the new shape is three times the size of the original. What is the scale factor for 1 32? Scale Factor Decimal 1/32″=1′-0″ 1:384 0.002604 1/64″=1′-0″ 1:768 0.001302 1/128″=1′-0″ 1:1536 0.000651 What are the scale sizes for models? Models come in a range of scales, the most common being 1:4, 1:8, 1:12, 1:16, 1:18, 1:24, 1:48, and 1:72. Choosing a scale that works for you is the first big step in mastering your model builds. Back To Top
What is the importance of the tools? What is the importance of the tools? What are the positive effects of using the right tools? Here are just a few of those benefits: • #1. The right tools increase efficiency. When your employees don’t have the tools they need, it forces them to get creative and use what they have to the best of their ability. • #2. The right tools make the workplace safer. • #3. The right tools help you save money! What is the importance of knowing the uses of each tool equipment? Answer: It is important to know the uses of tools and equipment in cooking because it makes your food more delicious than before. It also gives a neat appearance if you use the proper tools in making a food. Why is it important to use the correct kitchen tools and equipment? Using the correct utensils for cooking ensures that you get the right taste for the dishes you are preparing. When you use the correct utensils, you will find it easier to measure the ingredients needed. For example, when baking cakes, you need the right measurement of sugar, flour, and cornstarch. How do you classify kitchen tools and equipment? Classification of Kitchen Equipment • Utensils. Utensils are small hand-operated pieces of equipment. • Large equipment. These are large pieces of equipment built-in to place in the kitchen. • Nurturing You to Grow® What is the definition of tools and equipment? Tools and equipment means all hand tools, implements, camp equipment, drawing office and survey instruments, medical and surgical instruments and all articles of similar nature, whether or not they are of an expendable nature, which are not normally issued to officers personally for use in carrying out their official … What are the example of tools and equipment? Guiding, measuring and perception tools include the ruler, glasses, set square, sensors, straight edge, theodolite, microscope, monitor, clock, phone, printer. Shaping tools, such as molds, jigs, trowels. Fastening tools, such as welders, rivet guns, nail guns, or glue guns. What are the examples of equipments? Examples of professional equipment • personal computers. • telefax equipment. • typewriters. • cameras of all kinds (film and electronic cameras) • sound or image transmitting, recording or reproducing apparatus (tape and video recorders and video reproducers, microphones, mixing consoles, loudspeakers) • sound or image recording media, blank or recorded. What are the common equipments used at home? Household Appliances List • Coffee maker. • Blender. • Mixer. • Toaster. • Microwave. • Crock pot. • Rice cooker. • Pressure cooker. What are the tools and equipment found at home and their uses? 10 Home Cleaning Tools and Equipment • Sponge. This stuff varies in different sizes, as well as shapes and thickness. • Scrub Brush. Like sponge, a scrub brush is used to wipe out mud, dirt and stain. • Towels. Preferably white, towels are useful in wiping out dirt, dust and even soft or liquid stains. • Rags. • Broom and Dustpan. • Mop. • Vacuum. • Squeegee. What are the examples of cleaning tools? General Cleaning Tools • Vacuum cleaner. A vacuum cleaner is a definite must-have, even if you don’t have carpeted floors. • Microfiber cloths. • Bucket. • Broom and dustpan. • Flat mop. • Rubber gloves. • Squeegee. • Toilet brush and holder. What are the cleaning tools and equipment that you need to use? 5 Must-Have Cleaning Tools for Every Home • Broom, dustpan and mop. This is very important because if you have any hard surfaces like linoleum, cork, tile and wood, then you will need a broom, dustpan and mop to get them clean efficiently and on time. • Scrub brush. • Spray bottle. • Microfiber cleaning cloths. • Vacuum cleaner. What is a very useful in wiping most tools and equipment? Answer: Paper towel is an absorbent textile made from paper instead of cloth used in drying hands, wiping windows, dusting and cleaning up spills. Water is a liquid used for cleaning most of the tools and equipment. It is also known as the universal solvent. What are the tools and equipment in household services? Terms in this set (18) • Broom. A cleaning implement for seeing made of bundle of straws or twigs attached to a long handle. • Dustpan. A cleaning tool commonly used to scoop the dirt and wastes on the floor. • Vacuum cleaner. • Water Hoses. • Bucket. • Cobwebber. • Sponge. • Dishcloth. What are the steps in cleaning tools? Use, care & maintenance of cleaning tools 1. Dry clean. Remove visible and gross soils and debris. 2. Pre-rinse. Rinse all areas and surfaces until they are visibly free of soil. 3. Wash (soap and scrub). 4. Post-rinse. 5. Inspect. 6. Sanitize. 7. Dry. 8. Verification. What are the basic rules to remember when using cleaning products? Therefore, below are four safety tips for your home cleaning products, to keep your home both safe and clean, at the same time. • Read The Label (Including The Fine Print) • Do Not Mix Cleaning Products Together. • Store Your Cleaning Products Safely. • Dispose Of Your Home Cleaning Products Properly. How do we take care of tools and equipment? Here’s some tips and tricks to take better care of your tools. 1. Store your tools properly. 2. Only use tools in working order. 3. Avoid rust – tools number one enemy! 4. If they need it, repair your tools. 5. Quality not quantity. 6. Clean your tools after every use. 7. Keep some tools handy. What is the importance of proper storage of tools and equipment? Making sure your devices are properly stored, cleaned, and well maintained will save you time and money, as well as making your projects and jobs much more comfortable. When it comes to storing your tools, you have to work with the space that you have. What is the importance of proper storage? Proper food storage helps to preserve the quality and nutritional value of the foods you purchase, and also helps make the most of your food dollar by preventing spoilage. Additionally, proper food storage can help prevent foodborne illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. When handling disinfectants What should you always do? Proper personal protective gear should be used when disinfectants are handled, as most are harmful and some are even toxic. For example, when aldehydes are used, personal protective equipment such as gloves, protective clothing and eyes protection should be worn; respiratory protective equipment may also be necessary. What are the safety precautions in cleaning tools? When cleaning any equipment and in particular, kitchen appliances, make sure everything is turned off at the power source. Be careful using your hands when touching sharp objects and remember to wear appropriate PPE. Be aware of fire exits, as well as know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher. What’s the difference between cleaning and sanitizing? 1. Know the difference between cleaning, disinfecting, and sanitizing. Cleaning removes germs, dirt, and impurities from surfaces or objects. Sanitizing lowers the number of germs on surfaces or objects to a safe level, as judged by public health standards or requirements. Do you sanitize or disinfect first? The fact is, to effectively sanitize or disinfect an area, you have to remove the dirt and debris from a surface first. That means cleaning first, THEN sanitizing or disinfecting. That’s because these products can’t effectively penetrate through dirt and debris to do their work. Back To Top
What learning activities to do with a 3 year old? What learning activities to do with a 3 year old? 75 Everyday Activities for 3 Year Olds • Playdough with dry spaghetti. • Fill a table with books and read, read, read. • Doodle with smelly markers on cardboard from your recycle bin. • Play doctor with dolls. • Take a walk and hunt for colors. • Play with puzzles. • Look at family photos together. • Create with peel and stick jewels. How do you start an educating toddler? Teaching your toddler social skills: 15 steps to success 1. Empathize, empathize, empathize. 2. Stay close during playgroups. 3. Don’t force toddlers to share. 4. Let the child decide how long his turn lasts. 5. Help your child wait. 6. Intervene with compulsive grabbing. 7. Teach assertiveness. 8. Instead of praising sharing in the abstract, help her discover what’s great about it. How can I stimulate my toddler’s brain development? How to Encourage a Child’s Brain Development How can I teach my 3 year old to read? 1. Use songs and nursery rhymes to build phonemic awareness. 2. Make simple word cards at home. 3. Engage your child in a print-rich environment. 4. Play word games at home or in the car. 6. Play with letter magnets. Is it OK to yell at toddler? Why is my 3 year old so defiant? Instead, help your child reflect and learn from their mistakes in a warm, encouraging, and sensitive way. Toddler defiance peaks at age 3 and for most children, as they mature defiance decreases — this is a normal part of development. For some children, defiance increases with age. How should a 3 year old act? During this year your child really starts to understand that her body, mind and emotions are her own. She knows the difference between feeling happy, sad, afraid or angry. Your child also shows fear of imaginary things, cares about how others act and shows affection for familiar people. Does my 3 year old need therapy? Should 2-year-old know colors? Category: Uncategorized Back To Top
Why was the Renaissance successful? Why was the Renaissance successful? Patrons made it possible for successful Renaissance artists to work and develop new techniques. This period, from the 1490s to the 1520s, is known as the High Renaissance. Music. As with art, musical innovations in the Renaissance were partly made possible because patronage expanded beyond the Catholic Church. How did the Renaissance help Europe? What led to the rebirth of Europe? When the plague slowly decreased in the 15th century, the population in Europe began to grow. A new middle class emerged —bankers, merchants and tradespeople had a new market for their services. People became wealthier and had more than enough money to spend. What is the rebirth of Europe? Renaissance, (French: “Rebirth”) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. Why is the Dark Age called the Dark Age? The phrase “Dark Age” itself derives from the Latin saeculum obscurum, originally applied by Caesar Baronius in 1602 when he referred to a tumultuous period in the 10th and 11th centuries. Is 38 a middle age? Middle age is a nebulous term—the Cambridge Dictionary defines it as “the period of your life, usually considered to be from about 45 to 60, when you are no longer young, but are not yet old.” Does Google hire anyone over 40? What age is considered elderly in Australia? 65 years Is aged care free in Australia? You can receive short-term care in your home, an aged care home or in the community. You may have to pay a fee for each day you receive care. This fee is a percentage of the single person rate of the Age Pension. It’s higher if you receive the care in an aged care home. What percentage of Australia is elderly? How many 100 year olds are there in Australia? According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, in June 2015 there were 29,612 individuals in Australia aged 95-99 years old and 4,279 who were aged 100 or more. It is estimated that there will be 12,000 centenarians in Australia by 2020 and 50,000 by 2050. Which state in Australia has the highest elderly population? Is the Australian population aging? How many 80 year olds are there in Australia? Derived from the Census question: Age structure – Five year age groups Australia – Total persons (Usual residence) 2016 80 to 84 460,555 1.8 85 and over 486,847 2.0 Total population 23,401,945 100.0 Where do older people move to? As noted above, Florida and Arizona take the top spots as the states where retirees are moving. Specifically, according to 2018 Census data, there was a net migration of about 70,000 and 34,000 people ages 60 and older to Florida and Arizona, respectively. Where do older adults live in Australia? Older Australians most commonly want to live in the middle or outer suburbs of a city. This aspiration increases with age. Among those aged between 55 and 74, there was also a strong aspiration to live in small regional towns. Back To Top

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