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How to Recover Lost BMP Files? The article focuses on helping its users learn more about BMP files and spotlights the pros and cons of a bitmap image. Wondershare Recoverit Authors Jul 15, 2021 • Filed to: Photo/Video/Audio Solutions • Proven solutions Life has become a race since everything is more like a competition, and winning the race is everyone's number one aim. In the struggling process to win a race and live life in this world, people have forgotten to enjoy. But we should be thankful to Microsoft for creating the different formats to store images like BMP file, JPEG file, PNG, etc. so that we can view the photos anytime, anywhere and enjoy those moments again. • Part 1. What Is BMP File? • Part 2. Pros and Cons of BMP Files • Part 3. How Does BMP File Work? • Part 4. How to Recover Deleted BMP Files on Windows and Mac? Part 1. What Is BMP File? The short form for "Bitmap Image File" is BMP that Microsoft developed. This is an image file format that contains bitmap graphic data. The BMP file images are device-independent, and they also don't require any graphic adapter to support their display. For this reason, they are also known as Device Independent Bitmap (DIB) format. bmp file BMP files are uncompressed image files that Windows and other platforms exclusively use. It's a grid of pixels where each square (pixel) contains color information. This format supports the various color depths, color profiles, alpha channels, and optional data compression. A BMP file cannot be compressed either transferred via the web. BMP files are used commonly for storing 2D digital images. The uncompressed nature of these files leads to a larger-sized file as compared to other formats. Images saved in BMP file format would not be distorted when viewed on different devices. Part 2. Pros and Cons of BMP Files Everything has a good and a wrong side. It's not necessary that if something is widely used, it is flawless and does not have any problem. Let's discuss and overview a few of the pros and cons of the BMP file; Part 3. How does BMP File Work? The name of the file "Bitmap Image" indicates that the BMP file stores the color data for an individual pixel in the image without compressing it. On the other hand, JPEG and GIF formats are also bitmaps, but they use compression that makes their file size less than BMP. Therefore, BMP files are used for printable documents, while JPEG and GIF images are used on the web and for the transfer of image files. Nature wise uncompressed file is large. Its size is directly related to the number of colors used as the quality is increased using better and more colors. Also, using fewer colors decreases the result and rate of the image and thereby reduces its size. As BMP files are device-independent, this independence serves to open the file on different platforms such as Microsoft Windows and Mac. The data storage in BMP files is done in 2D digital images as monochrome and color format with various color depths. The word "Global Village" now seems more like a 'Tech Village." Who would have thought that life will change this much? In the same way, it was near to impossible to recover a deleted or lost file, but since Wondershare Recoverit took things into its hands, the world to recover lost files wholly changed. If any of your files is lost, deleted, or inaccessible, the master of solutions, Wondershare Recoverit, helps you retrieve it within no time and with minimal effort. The fantastic recovery software has uncountable features that benefit the user in the best possible way. Following are a few of its features; Though it's beneficial and has so many benefits, people might still be unaware of the recovery software. We are here to guide and satisfy you completely. The following steps will help in the recovery; Step 1. Choose the Location you want to Scan First download and install Wondershare Recoverit to your computer. Then start the recovery process, you are advised to select the drive that you want the software to scan. Once you have chosen the location that needs a scan, click on the "Start" button in the bottom right corner. select your drive Step 2. Let the Drive be Scanned After clicking the start button, the software will commence the scanning process. It will scan the selected hard disk drive keenly to retrieve any lost, deleted or inaccessible content. recovering your files from your device The scanning speed is deeply affected by the amount of data stored in the drive. It can take hours if the device is loaded, but if not, then scanning takes just a few minutes. Step 3. Restore Now Once the scanning is done, the software will notify you. At this point, you have to view and select the files that you want to recover. A "Recover" button on the bottom right corner will do the remaining magic. Just click on it and save the retrieved files. recover your bmp file Video tutorial: Recover Deleted Files on Windows 10/8/7 Easily Recent Videos from Recoverit View More > Spreading the most information among the users will help them understand the actual nature and advantages of a BMP file. And also, letting them know about Wondershare Recoverit because it can recover any deleted, lost, or inaccessible file. Other popular Articles From Wondershare Recoverit author Eleanor Reed staff Editor (Click to rate this post) Generally rated4.5(105participated) 0 Comment(s) Home > Resources > Photo/Video/Audio Solutions > How to Recover Lost BMP Files? ubackit 2.0
Color Tools and Strategies for Scientific Visualization SciVisColor is a hub for research and resources related to color in scientific visualization. SciVisColor draws on expertise from the arts, computer science, data science, geoscience, mathematics, and the scientific visualization community to create tools and guides that enhance scientists’ ability to extract knowledge from their data. As the size and complexity of data increases, scientists need tools to better explore, discover, and communicate the information within their data. While color has always been utilized and studied as a component of scientific data visualization, its full potential for discovery and communication of scientific data remains untapped. SciVisColor addresses this gap by creating tools and providing strategies that allow scientists to use color as a tool to better understand and communicate their data. These tools and guides have been designed with scientists’ data visualization workflow and tools in mind for ease of use. Users can explore and download: • Colormaps • Color Sets • ColorMoves: an interactive interface for using color in scientific visualization
On the origin of $x$ Recently I had the opportunity to watch Why the $x$ is Unknown TED talk from Terry Moore but I soon realized after talking to a colleague that the explanation Terry gives is much too simplified. Since there are cultural aspects to this question I’ve asked my colleague Carmen for her opinion. Have a listen in. In case you have not seen it, have a look at Terry Moore’s lecture on the origins of the mathematical $x$ and tell me what you think. Briefly, Terry argues that the $x$ is unknown because you cannot say ‘SH’ in Spanish. The argument goes something like this. Terry points out that the Persians, Arabs and Turks worked all this out in the first and second century of the common era (CE) and that the arabic texts containing the mathematical wisdom made their way to Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. One of the difficulties in translating this material was that many of the sounds in Arabic cannot be easily handled by the Spanish voice box. For example, the ‘SH’ sound and in particular the word referring to ‘an unknown thing – al-shalan’ which as you can imagine is rife in these texts. According to Terry, the solution was to borrow the ‘CK’ sound from classical Greek by using the chi symbol $\chi$. When the material was translated from Spanish into Latin (the common European language) the $\chi$ became the Latin $x$. My basic problem with this reasoning is that the translators don’t need to translate the sound ‘SH’ in arabic. They are translating concepts and not sounds. If the term al-shalan is the concept ‘a unknown thing’ then why not use the Spanish phrase ‘una cosa desconocida’? Also there was a huge upheaval in Christianity at this time from what I can gather. Have a look here and notice that the medallion at the top of the page has that $\chi$ symbol. Can you give me some insight?!? When you first sent me the link to this video I was expecting a much more robust explanation of the use of $x$. My preliminary thoughts were that we were about to discover another connection between your discipline and mine. Instead, I felt as though the speaker had not only oversimplified the reasoning but had omitted so many obvious connections. I will openly admit my knowledge of the history of mathematics and algebra is limited, but there are some historical influences from my studies which may have also impacted the $x$. The time period that algebra was being developed is known as the Abbasid age. This time period is known as the Golden Age for the medieval Islamic civilization (750-1258 C.E.). Many classical institutions and ways of thinking were developed and perfected. This period saw the rise of a new Persian literature where stories such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Arabian Nights were created. Great progress was also made in the fields of science, mathematics and medicine, with Ibn Sina (Avicenna), a Persian scholar whose treatise on medicine was still used as a medical textbook in the 18th century. This Golden Age was based on many different factors. The Muslims were following the words of the Prophet to study and search for knowledge. The Qur’an itself promoted the pursuit of knowledge “The scholar’s ink is more sacred than the blood of martyrs” and the Prophet had said “For every disease, Allah has given a cure.” The fact that the Muslim Empire covered a large geographic area, it became easier for scholars to travel throughout the lands and to share ideas. As the books of many other cultures (Egyptian, Hebrew, Greek, Indian etc.) were being translated into Arabic, this eased the ability for the Muslim scholars to learn others’ ideas. After learning how to produce paper and books from the Chinese, books became more available to the Muslim scholars and libraries were created in Cairo, Aleppo, Baghdad and other urban centres within the Muslim Empire. In 1004 C.E. a “University” was created in Baghdad called The House of Wisdom. During the Abbasid age, great translation projects were undertaken to learn Greek philosophy and science. The texts written in both Greek and Syric were translated into Arabic. Many of the achievements for this Golden age were based on the initiatives of the ancient Egyptians, Hebrews, Persians, Greeks and Romans… which were being translated by the Muslims in Baghdad. Simultaneously the rulers in Islamic Spain were trying to surpass the scholars in Baghdad and were also making significant progress in the areas of science, medicine, technology and philosophy based on the texts they were translating from other cultures as well. What’s the point here? Don’t take offense but OMG humanities people are verbose! The point of this historical lesson is that the influence of other cultures on the development of Arabic mathematics and algebra is far reaching indeed. Perhaps the $x$ was developed from the influence of other cultures, and NOT from the Spanish attempting to translate a similar sounding word. This is a very interesting article on the development of math during the Muslim era and the influence of other cultures on their developments in science and maths. Now, as a religious studies student I would be remiss not to discuss $x$ and its importance in religion. When I first watched this video, I was expecting a reference to god being the unknown… ergo the $x$. I was sorely disappointed. I am pretty sure everyone has heard of the “War on Christmas” and how offensive some find the use of the term “X-Mas”. Where does this $x$ come from: Greek language. The $x$ is Greek letter for $\chi$, an abbreviation for Christos, the Messiah. There is also a Hebrew letter $X$, which is pronounced Taw. Taw was used as a symbol on the foreheads of those who were righteous and followed Yahweh, the $X$ soon became a symbol for Yahweh. Interestingly enough the Hebrew Taw translates in meaning to one of the definitions of the Greek $\chi$. God is often expressed in Islam and Christianity as something unknown. I wonder if there was a correlation to the Chi or Taw when trying to express an unknown factor within maths? What is your brief answer as to why $x$ is the unknown then? Overall I think that the explanation provided by the TedX speaker seems to overlook many of the cultural aspects of the time period, as well as the incredibly important influence religion had on these cultures. Personally I would love to find the correlation between these aspects and the $x$ in mathematics. My best guess is that the $x$ is a result of translators using their comtemporary cultural symbol for a profound unknown. It was basically staring them back in the face in the source documents that were surrounding them. 4 thoughts on “On the origin of $x$ 1. Too bad that Terry Moore is wrong and the modern use of X in mathematics comes from its use by Descartes in his book “Géométrie“, in 1637. He made the decision to use lowercase letters from the beginning of the alphabet for known quantities and lowercase letters from the end of the alphabet for unknowns. This is generally accepted among historians of mathematics. No european mathematical work used X as unknown before Descates introduced it. Sad… but all you conversation comes from beautiful legend and misinformation. • Dear Math Guru and Sean, Basically the letter x originated from persian. It originates from Omar Khayyam’s work on cubic equations. For the unknown variable Khayyam used the word “shay” which means “thing”. The andalusian ommayads (basically muslims in Spain.) this word was written as “xay” with the spanish alphabet. After a while only the first letter of this word (x) was used to represent the unknown in equations. Therefore use of x as the unknown became popular. The “y” and “z” came after that. Considering Khayyam lived around 1100’s I am pretty sure Descartes and mathematicians before him were already using x. On a further note the word Algebra also originates from a persian mathematician Abdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī’s book “Kitab al-jabr wa al-muqabalah”. Al-jabr roughly translates to “the synthesis” • Which is why Mr Moore is a hit on TED and all the rest of you are not. He in interesting, keep it simple and, in context, uncommonly accurate. 2. In 1505, Pedro de Alcalá—a linguist, not a mathematician—published a book (De lingua arabica) in Spanish about the Arabic language. Instead of using Arabic script, he transcribed Arabic words in the Roman alphabet. In the glossary, the Spanish word “cosa” (“thing”) is matched (correctly) with the Arabic word that Alcalá transcribed as “xei”. This is a fairly good approximation of Arabic شىء (pronounced somewhat like English “shy” or “Shay”), given that Old Spanish had an “sh” sound that was routinely written as “x”. (Terry Moore was unaware of this fact; evidently he was also unaware that in pronouncing “al-shay-un” he was combining the Arabic definite article with the indefinite suffix.) In 1883, Alcalá’s work was edited and published by Paul de Lagarde—an “orientalist”, not a mathematician. Evidently Lagarde was aware that Arab mathematicians used that word for the unknown quantity in algebra, and in 1884 he published a speculation that “x” in algebra might have been an abbreviation of the Old Spanish transcription of the Arabic word. That charming theory caught on. Evidently Lagarde was not aware that Spanish mathematicians never used a _transcription_ of the Arabic word—instead, they used the _translation_ in their own language, “cosa”. Today most historians of mathematics agree that Descartes originated the use of “x” arbitrarily, and first published it in 1637. They would have to revise that belief if an earlier published instance came to light; but so far, no such evidence has been found. Leave a Comment
How to Build a React Native App: Part 1 The best way to get started building your first React Native app is to start with the fundamentals, as they relate to React Native. This article outlines the core components of a React-based app, and explains how to create a simple React-native app. The article concludes with an example of building an app using these components. React Native, and its many variants, are the next evolution of the JavaScript programming language. It allows you to write JavaScript code that’s run on the server, and run JavaScript code on the client, making it an extremely flexible, flexible and powerful programming language for the Web. React-Native is also the name of a collection of open source libraries, frameworks and utilities that enable developers to build highly performant JavaScript applications. Learn More The fundamentals are what make up a React native app. This means that you can use components as an API, but that you also need to make sure that the components you use are well-documented, documented well, and have a good interface. This is the same thing you’ll want to do if you’re building an API for an external application or service. React components are a set of data structures that you write yourself. React Components have a well-defined structure. A component can contain an id, name, a tag, a name, and a type. You can also pass a data structure that you’re storing to the component. React Component objects are used as key/value pairs that describe how the component should respond to user input. For example, a component might return an HTTP 200 or HTTP 400 response depending on whether a value was given to it or not. React’s components are built on top of React Router , which is a web service that makes it easy to write, maintain and test your applications. React Router is a JavaScript framework that allows you create React components from a variety of JavaScript libraries, as well as libraries for writing Web Services and Web Apps. The framework has some powerful features that are particularly useful for building components. A React Router component is simply a function that takes in a number of arguments. These arguments can be any data structures or functions that you pass to it. The function takes a componentId as an argument, and the component that it will return when it returns a component. If the argument is omitted, React Router returns null . For example: var ReactRouter = ReactRouters.render( ReactRoutes.createComponent( ) ); The function is then passed the React Router object that contains the componentId and the data structure it will use as a component, which you can see in the ReactRover object in the example above. Once you have a React Router, you can then use it to render the React components that you want in your app. React React Router also provides you with a way to register components to be used in your React app. For a React component, you only need to specify the component and the id that you’d like to register. This gives you a powerful set of tools for building React components. To register a React Component, use the registerComponent function. This function takes the React componentId argument and a function to be passed to registerComponent . The function accepts three arguments: The componentId you want to register, the component to register (if specified), and the type of the component (a string if you want it to be an object, a number if you don’t, or an object of a type that matches the type passed in the argument). For example to register a component called hello , you can write the following: ReactRrouter.registerComponent(‘hello’, function(id, type) { return new Hello({id: id, type: type}); }); ReactROUTER.register( ‘hello’, ‘Hello’, function (id, hello) { console.log(hello); }); To register another component called app , you would use the following code: React Router.register()({ type: ‘app’, id: ‘hello’ }); ReactComponent.add( new HelloApp({ id: 1, name: ‘Hello’ })); ReactComponent({ name: “A real app”, type: “Hello”, }).render(); The registerComponent method also accepts a callback that can be passed as an optional second argument, to pass to the register() function when the component is registered. For this example, you could write the callback to be called when the app is registered, as follows: ReactComponent(‘app’).registerComponent( ‘HelloApp’, function () { console {hello } }); ReactRoute.route(‘/hello’, { name: function() { console .log( HelloApp ); } }); The register() and registerComponent() methods can also be used to add a component to a ReactRoute or route to a component that is registered with a componentRoute . In the above example, app.registerRoute Dow plunges nearly 4%, thanks to water spill Dow shares fell nearly 4% after the company reported it has received water from a spill in a pipeline, bringing the Dow to a low of 11,895.10 after the drop was announced at 1:43 p.m. The drop was the worst since the Dow was up 0.2% on Dec. 6, 2017. The Dow, which has been hit hard by the wildfires that have raged in parts of the West this year, is currently trading in the range of 8,958.70 to 9,037.40. The company also said the spill had no impact on the company’s liquidity or profitability. The stock is now down more than 8% since trading began on Thursday. The latest drop comes after the Dow has gained more than 14% this year. The average stock price this year is down nearly 20%. “The Dow’s recent volatility has been exacerbated by the recent wildfires in the U.S.,” said Mark Horsman, a portfolio manager at Citi in New York. “As wildfires continue to rage in the Pacific Northwest, the market has seen a lot of volatility and has not been able to stay on top of the situation. We are expecting this volatility to continue into the coming days.” On Friday, the Dow’s index fell 3.1%, while the S&P 500 index lost 4.1%. The S&P 500 has gained nearly 21% this season, while the Dow is up just 5.5%. The Dow has lost more than 12% this month. On Thursday, the Federal Reserve said it was looking into the possibility that the wildfire damage caused by the pipeline spill could lead to more financial turmoil for U.s. companies. The Fed also said it would be watching the situation closely, and urged regulators to take additional steps to prevent future pipeline spills. The Dow fell more than 7% on Friday, while stocks of energy companies also fell. ExxonMobil stock dropped more than 2%, while oil companies like Chevron and ConocoPhillips fell more 5% and 6%. Components are the future of precision components Google News article Google is a big proponent of the concept of component definition, where a component is defined in terms of the components that make up it. It’s also a big fan of making components reusable. You can define a new component as a “data” component, for example. That makes it easy to reuse that data in other components. That’s a big deal. But it’s also important to remember that components are often used as “parts” of other components, which makes them inherently difficult to reuse. If you want to reuse a component, it’s usually better to write a new one, and then reuse that component in the next part. The key takeaway is that components can be used as parts of other parts. And it’s easier to reuse those parts in other parts of your application. So components aren’t the only way to write and reuse components. You could also write code using other types of data, such as data models, that are “saved” in the component’s definition, so you can reuse them later. Here’s a sample code for a data model that defines the user’s avatar, using components to save the data: That code is actually pretty simple: the user avatar data, a text box with some text, and a slider that lets you change the avatar’s color. When you run that code, Google displays a list of the current user avatars, showing them with the color and size of their avatar. (The data model has a few more details, but it’s pretty straightforward.) Here’s the same code for an RSS reader, which defines a data-feed object that is saved in a component’s data definition: The data-view has a property that has a value property with the id of the item to be saved. When the user clicks the button, the data is saved to the data-field. The data.form-checkbox controls whether the user can save a new item. When it’s clicked, a “save” button appears. When that button is clicked, the user is presented with a list showing all the saved items. The RSS reader code is very simple, but the RSS reader is really just a data container for an object with an id property, which can be easily used in a different way to save or update a data object. The Data Model¶ To get a more granular view of what components are, how they work, and how to write them, we’ll look at a data store. Data is stored in a data structure called a data tree. The tree is the base data structure for all data in your application, so it’s a pretty good place to start. A tree is just a collection of all the elements in a collection. It is also a structure that has an id field that indicates the data type. When a data node is created, it gets an id and a name property. In other words, it can have an id of “user”, an id, and an id. This means that a user can have a name, but not an id: name “id” The same goes for a user’s name: user[‘name’] user[‘id’] name “name” The value of a data property, a value, is the value of the data object’s property, or, more generally, the value that would be returned if the data property were the object itself. If a data field is not present in a tree, then it is not stored in it. When we create a data source, for instance, we create the data store and the data model, and we define a data constructor and data value. And we also define a getter and a setter that returns the data we want. For example, if we want to store the current day’s weather, we could define a property, and another for that day. The getter for is a simple string that returns an object that represents a user: user[@day].name user[day].id “day” This is a very simple example of how a data class might look like: class User extends Data { var name: String var age: String // … } This data class could be used to store information about an individual user. We Biden calls for Senate to vote on ObamaCare repeal, taxes Biden on Wednesday called on the Senate to take up a sweeping healthcare package to address President Donald Trump’s insistence that it includes no tax increases or cost savings. The White House has vowed that any bill will be revenue neutral. The House and Senate must agree to the package before the end of this month, though they have until March to reach agreement. Biden also said he would call House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) to offer a plan on taxes and infrastructure. But the president’s threats have complicated any efforts to negotiate. The president told reporters that he would sign a bill that would repeal the Affordable Care Act if he were given the chance. But he also told reporters at the White House on Tuesday that if he did not get a bill done by the end, he would use executive orders to roll back Obamacare and put it back into place. Trump orders new gun control measures: Here’s what you need to know Trump has been working on new gun restrictions since the election, and this week he issued executive orders directing agencies to prepare the nation’s firearm laws. Trump said on Friday that he would create a commission on gun violence to recommend new gun laws. He said he will also establish a task force to review the states and communities where mass shootings have occurred. The task force will include officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Department of Homeland Security and the Justice Department. Trump’s order also orders agencies to study and prepare for “new, innovative ways to reduce the risk of gun violence and gun accidents.” “We have to get guns out of the hands of people who shouldn’t have them,” Trump said in the signing ceremony. How to install the app on Windows 10 for Windows Phones and Tablets and the NFL app are available on Windows, Mac and Linux, but the app for Windows is coming soon. Microsoft announced a special update for the NFL apps today, which makes it easier to install on Windows devices and gives fans a much easier way to watch the game. For those who have the NFL TV app installed, you can download the NFL Home app for free and watch all of the games on your home or office network. For Windows users, the Windows 10 Anniversary Update includes a number of new features. You can now pause the game at any time, pause the stream, and stream from your PC, tablet or phone to your TV. The update also brings live video to the web, as well as an improved app interface. The NFL app for Android also includes a few improvements to the app, including an improved search and a more efficient sharing system. This week, the NFL’s Chief Technology Officer, Mark King, also announced the addition of a new app to the Windows Store that offers a more comprehensive search for your favorite games and highlights. For more details on these and other new features, head to the NFL page on the Windows app store.
Book Discussion Book Discussion 12, Rosen, Chapters 8-10 Required Book: Module 3. Ruth Rosen, The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed America (NY: Penguin Books, 2006). ISBN: 978-0-14-009719-1 Book Discussion Instructions: Each book discussion will be 150-160 words, using correct grammar and spelling. Make sure to use specific examples, and provide proper citation. Limit the use of quoted material to one per post. I am more interested in what you are able to get from the reading. Do not use quotes of more than two lines. Make sure that you identify the author of the book, and cite the relevant page number for quoted, paraphrased, and summarized details used. Please answer the following questions: According to Ruth Rosen, what are the implications of the rise of the superwoman idea? What is the significance of the backlash to the women’s movement?
How to Get Rid of Dandruff What is dandruff? The most common condition affecting the scalp is dandruff. It is associated with the dryness of the scalp. The constant renewal of the skin cells on the scalp facilitates the old cells to get pushed to the surface by the new cells. The disorder of the oil-secreting glands of the scalp, known as ‘seborrhea’ causes dandruff – medically known as ‘pityriasis.’ Dandruff is often mistaken for flakes of dry skin from the scalp. Though it’s a scalp-related problem, there is a difference between dandruff and flakes of dry skin from the scalp. The dry skin is less greasy than dandruff and the latter has a unique odor. Dandruff Symptoms Grayish white flakes of skin are produced by dandruff and the flakes can often be noticed on the shoulders and hair. Itching and soreness can also be experienced on the scalp. A more severe form of dandruff can affect the skin around the eyebrows, forehead, face, ears, and nose. The skin is inflamed, red, and crusty and the scales are yellow and greasy looking. Psoriasis is another condition that affects the scalp. Red patches with silvery-white scales begin to appear. The skin around the knees, elbow, and ears can also be affected. Dandruff is not visible to the naked eye in the beginning stages. It becomes visible as a result of the growth of bacteria and or as a result of problems with seborrhoeic scalp conditions. Dandruff is visible as large pieces of dead skin. Dandruff Causes and diagnosis The dead skin cells have to shed regularly. This is facilitated by brushing the hair, the absence of which results in the formation of dandruff. Inflamed or itchy scalp increases the rate of shedding of dead skin cells. Lack of vitamin B and essential fatty acids may result in the formation of dandruff. The condition can become worse if sugars and carbohydrates are high in the diet. An overgrowth of yeast fungus (pityrosporum ovale) can lead to dandruff. The condition improves in the summer and gets worse in winter because UV light from the sun works against pityrosporum ovale. People affected with HIV, and other neurological illnesses are affected by Seborrhoeic dermatitis. It’s called dandruff if only the scalp is affected. If the scaling is very severe and affects other areas, it may be seborrhoeic dermatitis, which is a more severe form of dandruff. If the scales are silvery-white with red, inflamed patches, this is called psoriasis. It is best to seek medical supervision if these symptoms begin to show up. How to Get Rid of Dandruff Margarine and other oils should be removed from your diet. Rub the sesame oil into your scalp; it prevents the skin from peeling. The wearing of hats should be avoided unless they can be sterilized before use every time. Scratching while applying shampoo should be prohibited; just rub gently because fingernails damage the roots. Forget your hair dye; it reduces the number of useful bacteria. While choosing an anti-dandruff shampoo to get rid of dandruff, check out the presence of zinc-pyrithione or any zinc supplement which is a good anti-dandruff agent. Vitamins B6, B12, and Vitamin F should be in your diet to get the right nutrition which helps to get rid of dandruff. Even mental stress plays a small role in the formation of dandruff. When you are stressed out, you tend to scratch your scalp which is not a big thing but contributes to the formation of dandruff. Another method to try is straight apple cider vinegar. First, simply wash your hair. And after that, you can pour some vinegar onto your hair, and then scrub it into the scalp. If you have psoriasis or any unhealed scratch or scab, it may burn. Rinse the area with water if it burns repeatedly. Leave on for 10-15 minutes and then rinse with water. The vinegar smell will disappear once your hair is dry. Repeat daily for about a week. To get rid of dandruff, you could mix essential oils of cedarwood (a few drops) cypress, and juniper (every ten drops) in 50ml of carrier oil. Rub well into the scalp and leave for one hour. To remove, rub neat, mild shampoo into the hair, then wash out with warm water. To get rid of dandruff, use the same quantities of the oils in 600ml of warm water. Stir well and use as a final rinse. Dandruff Prevention Dandruff can be prevented by regular daily brushing, washing your hair a minimum of three times a week, using a medically prescribed shampoo every 1-2 weeks to prevent a recurrence, rinsing your hair thoroughly after shampooing, and avoiding the usage of chemicals on the scalp. Chemicals such as the ones used in hair coloring should also be avoided. Make sure that you have enough vitamins such as zinc, beta-carotene, B6, B12, and selenium in your diet. You can reduce the frequency of bouts of seborrhoeic dermatitis by washing hair regularly with medicated anti-fungal shampoo. Similar Posts Leave a Reply
The Health Benefits Of Iron In Kids The Health Benefits Of Iron In Kids Iron is a mineral that helps babies and children for good health and development. Our body needs iron to make hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen to all parts of our body. Iron gives red blood cells their color, and the deficiency of iron leads to anemia. What are the Symptoms of Iron Deficiency? Babies and children need iron for normal brain development. Thus, babies with insufficient iron intake experience the deficiency, making them less physically active and slow overall development. Additionally, parents can also notice the following symptoms of iron deficiency: • Slow weight gain • Dull skin color • Less appetite • Cranky and fussy behavior Furthermore, it also leads to low levels of concentration in older children. How much Iron is needed by Babies and Children? Full-term babies are born with a sufficient iron level, which they receive from their mother’s blood while they are in the womb. And until the age of 6 months, babies get the required level of iron through breast milk. However, if your doctor recommends iron supplements for your baby, follow your doctor’s advice. Once the baby starts eating solid food, the amount of iron depends on age. Ideally, the following Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) guidelines need to be followed. Age Amount of Iron per day (RDA) 7 to 12 months 11mg 1 to 3 years 7 mg 4 to 8 years 10 mg 9 to 13 years 8 mg 14 to 18 years 11 mg (for boys) 15mg (for girls) What Foods are the Good Source of Iron? There are two types of iron - Heme iron, and Non-heme iron. Heme iron gets easily absorbed by the body and is found in meats. Whereas, Non-heme iron comes from plant sources like vegetables, legumes, and cereals. Thus, the good source of iron are: • Chicken, liver, fish, eggs. • Pasta, rice, whole grain bread, iron-fortified cereals. • Chickpeas, lentils, dried peas, and beans • Spinach, broccoli, green peas, beans. To help the body effectively absorb iron, combine these foods with Vitamin C - oranges, tomatoes, and red peppers. For example, you may serve pasta with broccoli along with orange juice. If your doctor recommends giving iron supplements to your child, you may notice the change in its poop color. It may look greenish but do not worry, as it is okay. #childhealth #childnutrition Select Language down - arrow Personalizing BabyChakra just for you! This may take a moment!
For this assignment, continue to write about the same organization that you wrote about for your Module 1 SLP. Carefully review the background materials and make sure you understand the concepts of centralization versus decentralization, geographic versus functional divisions, span of control, and other key concepts covered in the Pearson tutorials and required textbook reading. Then carefully think about how these concepts apply to your chosen organization. Once you have finished reviewing the background materials and have carefully thought about how they apply to your organization, write a 2- to 3-page paper answering the following questions: 1.How would you characterize the design of your organization? Is it flat, or does it have many layers? Is it a rigid hierarchy, or does it use alternative structures like team-based or matrix? 2.Is decision making mostly centralized at the top, or is there room for decentralized decision making at lower levels? 3.What kind of departmentalization does your organization use? Is it divided into functional divisions, geographical divisions, or other divisions? 4.What is the typical span of control for managers in your organization? Is it broad or narrow? 5.Are employees highly specialized, or do employees have a wide range of tasks and responsibilities? •Answer the assignment questions directly. READ ALSO : The quality of life of sibilng of children with autism spectrum disorder
Athens. Innercities Cultural Guides Athens is an historical anomaly. Excavations date its first settlement to over seven thousand years ago, yet it only became the capital of Greece in 1834. During the intervening centuries it was occupied by almost every mobile culture in Europe: from its earliest likely settlers, tribes from what is now Albania, to Nazi forces during the second World War, and in between by successive waves of Persians, Macedonians, Romans, Slavs, Goths, Venetians, French, Catalans, Turks, Italians, Bulgarians and the clans of various kings and tyrants of the region's early city-states. There has been a structure on its 'high city', the acropolis, since at least the bronze age, although it was subsequently altered by successive occupiers, becoming a fort, castle, temple, mosque, church and even a harem. its 'Golden Age' peaked in the fifth century BCE, with the great building projects of Pericles and Themistocles, and its later history is one of a city already nostalgic for its past, although at a time when other European cities had yet to begin constructing a past. Otros títulos de interés
Lupine, Perennial Botanical Name Lupinus perennis Life Cycle Perennial Environment Full Sun Preferred Sites Upland/Grassland Bloom Period May-August Flower Color Blue, White Perennial lupine, also known as sundial, is a perennial legume that is known as the only food source for the Karner Blue Butterfly larvae. This deep rooted plant can tolerate poor sandy soils and prefers full sun where it grows to a height of 2 feet. Found in the southern states and the northeastern parts of North America. It blooms from May-August with a range of colors from blue to white. Go to Top
Electrostatic Cleaning Electrostatic spray surface cleaning is the process of spraying an electrostatically charged mist onto surfaces and objects. Electrostatic spray uses a specialized solution that is combined with air and atomized by an electrode inside the sprayer. By improving adhesion of the atomized liquid we improve the chances of killing viruses. More About Electrostatic spraying Simply put, electrostatic sprayers apply a small electric charge to liquid droplets just as they exit the spray device. These charged droplets are attracted to surfaces like a magnet, resulting in highly uniform coverage of the spray. Surfaces out of the line of sight are also covered due to the attractive charge applied to the spray droplets. While this is new technology to the cleaning industry, electrostatic spraying of liquids is widely used and in other industries Example #1: electrostatic paint spray systems charge paint particles so that they are attracted to surfaces to be coated. The benefit is uniformity of coverage, drastically reduced overspray, and complex shapes can be coated even if they are out of the line of sight. Anyone that has ever used a can of aerosol spray paint to paint an object knows that only a portion of the paint actually hits the object. Example #2: Farmers use electrostatic sprayers to protect their crops from insects and disease. Electrostatic spraying of pesticides on crops results in more uniform coverage and allows for less use of pesticide. Most importantly, the undersides of leaves that would be missed with ordinary spray systems get treated with electrostatic systems. No matter the facility we have a solution to help you!
Jesus Paper Faith and Culture– Jesus Christianity Paper 1700 to 2500 strict word count Please use The Gospel of John as your source to answer the following 4 questions (min. 425 words per answer). Be sure to refer to specific passages (e.g. John 14:1-4) as you respond to the prompts; quoting actual passages and verses is required. You may refer to other biblical passages as well, but beyond that no other outside resources are permitted either for use in the paper or consultation without teacher permission. (I.e. do NOT put these questions into Google to see what you find. Use your own mind, skills, notes from class, teacher, etc.) Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Jesus Paper Order Essay 1. What does John seek to persuade us to believe about the identity of Jesus Christ and his relationship to God the Father and the Holy Spirit? Be sure to consider the claims Jesus makes about himself, claims made about him by others, and his many interactions with contemporaries. 2. How does John understand the relationship between Judaism and the (then) new movement of Christianity? Consider the Law, Jewish traditions (holidays, rituals), and pivotal figures from the Old Testament like Abraham and Moses; how are these things an important context for understanding Jesus and his early followers? 3. What is the significance of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection for Christians, according to John? What problems do humans have according to John’s presentation of Christianity, and how is Jesus the solution to this problem (or problems)? In what ways are these terms important for understanding what is distinctive about Christian beliefs? 4. Is John’s mission as articulated in 20:30-31 successful? Do YOU find his case convincing that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and you will have life in his name? What is the most reasonable position to hold about Jesus–he is liar, lunatic, or Lord? (Or do you think he is none of those, but rather just a good moral teacher?) Defend your answer. (Just like the worldview paper, this question is asking for your personal response to the question; you will not receive a good grade based on whether or not you find John’s argument compelling, but how well you defend your position.) Homework Market Order a unique copy of this paper (550 words) Approximate price: $22 Basic features • Free title page and bibliography • Unlimited revisions • Plagiarism-free guarantee • Money-back guarantee • 24/7 support On-demand options • Writer’s samples • Part-by-part delivery • Overnight delivery • Copies of used sources • Expert Proofreading Paper format • 275 words per page • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman • Double line spacing Our guarantees Money-back guarantee Zero-plagiarism guarantee Timely delivery of urgent papers Privacy policy We do not offer pre-written essays Calculate the price of your order 550 words Total price: The price is based on these factors: Academic level Number of pages
A Short Guide for Raman Spectroscopy of Eukaryotic Cells Special Issues Special Issues, Special Issues-08-02-2019, Volume 34, Issue 8 Pages: 18–22, 26 Raman spectroscopy has become a highly popular and powerful approach to conduct label-free assessment of molecular information of biological and clinical samples (1,2). The Raman method is based on an inelastic scattering between a photon and a molecule, exciting molecular vibrations, and providing in this way the molecular information of a sample in a label-free and nondestructive manner (3). Although the quality of informational is exceptional, the application of this method for the characterization of eukaryotic cells requires significant know-how, starting with the right choice of instrumentation, as well as the method of data preprocessing and analysis. Here, we provide a brief outline of what to consider for the application of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of eukaryotic cells. Select the Right Instruments for Your Task to Get the Best Outcome The requirements for biomedical Raman instrumentation for the label-free characterization of eukaryotic cells are significantly more demanding in comparison to typical applications found in industrial processing, such as pharmaceutical authentication. Besides the small volume of a eukaryotic cell, most intracellular macromolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are present at low molecular concentrations. Furthermore, cells or the molecules they contain can exhibit additional fluorescence signals, whose Raman signal can also become resonantly enhanced, obscuring important intracellular differences. Thus, the choice of the correct excitation wavelength is an important one. The most common excitation laser wavelengths for Raman spectroscopy of eukaryotic cells are 532 nm and 785 nm. While the 532 nm excitation wavelength has a 4.74-times higher signal intensity, when compared with the 785 nm excitation wavelength, it also is more prone to excite autofluorescence, and also to resonantly excite molecules. Moreover, this wavelength is also more likely to cause intracellular damage in living cells. For dried cells, the 532 nm excitation wavelength can also result in burning of the sample, even at moderate excitation power. Despite the reduced scattering efficiency, 785 nm is frequently a better choice. The choice of the spectrometer, and especially the charge-coupled device (CCD), is intrinsically constrained by the choice of the excitation wavelength. The CCD detector is the most crucial component in any Raman setup, because it most-heavily taxes the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), and, as such, the performance. Besides the obvious property of quantum efficiency, which defines the ratio of photon conversion, factors such as signal gain, dark current, and readout noise have to be considered to enable satisfactory results in the analysis of cells. For a 785 nm excitation, the etaloning suppression is of significant importance, and deep-depletion CCDs, which come at a higher cost, are required. Data Calibration The proper data calibration strategy has always been of highest importance, specifically when data have to be matched between different devices and different data acquisition conditions; for example, for different excitation wavelengths, and for different spectral resolution. Usually, calibration refers to a calibration of the wavenumber axis, and the correction for the optical system transfer function. For the wavelength calibration, two common methods are used, based on the measurement of a reference standard; for example, polystyrene or 4-acetaminophenol, or based on the measurement of an atomic reference emission source (neon lamp). In either case, the measured peak positions, which are detected on different pixels of the CCD camera, are matched to the wavenumber positions of a reference spectrum of this substance. Points in between are interpolated, using an n-order polynomial function. The intensity calibration is typically performed using a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference material, or a referenced white light emission lamp, both with known emission profiles (4). Here, a reference spectrum is acquired, and a transfer function calculated, based on the known emission profile of the emitter. Each measured spectrum is then corrected, using the calculated system response function. Correctly Design Your Experiments The experimental design is key to extract the necessary information for a given problem. Most frequently, Raman experiments of eukaryotic cells are performed in imaging mode, which enables the visualization of the distribution of the macromolecular content, and also helps to capture all of the intracellular variation of a cell. This, however, is very time consuming. Typical acquisition times for individual spectra are on the order of 1 to 2 s, which results in an acquisition time of 26 to 52 min for an entire cell at diffraction limited resolution, resulting in a very limited number of sampled cells per day. While the information on the distribution of cells can be alluring, most frequently researchers tend to take the average spectra of the cells for further analysis, ending up with a limited number of cells, which can reduce the statistical meaning of the results. When imaging information is not required, it is highly advisable to sample a large number of cells with only one or a few spectra per cell. One always has the option to acquire individual spectra of cells, which capture the required information of the cells. One has to keep in mind that intracellular changes are often larger than the cell type or cell stage differences. Hence, it is important to acquire either multiple Raman spectra of a cell and use the average of these measurements, or as we have shown previously, to acquire integrated Raman spectra of the cells (5). There are two options to do that-either by expanding the beam diameter, or by rapidly scanning a diffraction limited spot over the cell. The advantage of the latter approach is that the sampling size can be chosen for each cell individually, and can be selected from a few micrometers up to nearly 100 µm, which is not dynamically possible with an extended beam approach. Another linked question, which has to go into the experimental design, is the required sample size. There are several publications that deal with this very crucial aspect. As mentioned in the previous point, proper experimental planning includes data-size planning, which specifically depends on the problem at hand and the effect that is to be measured (6). Data Preprocessing is the Key There are multiple steps that have to be performed to remove artifacts, such as cosmic spikes, unwanted background contributions from auto-fluorescence, and laser scattering. Furthermore, as outlined in the paragraph "Data Calibration," the x-axis has to be calibrated, and the data have to be corrected, for the system response function. Furthermore, depending on the S/N of the signal, a denoising of the data can be advisable. The order of these processes is highly important, because it can not only affect the performance of the algorithms, but can also result in the generation of artifacts. The common preprocessing order is: 1) wavenumber calibration 2) dark current correction 3) cosmic spike removal 4) calibration for system transfer function 5) background correction 6) denoising Of course, this outline is only a guide, and variations or additional steps may be required to improve the specific preprocessing needs, especially when dealing with very complex background contributions. To perform the different steps, particularly steps 3, 5, and 6, a variety of algorithms are available and required. For example, for the background correction step, methods such as iterative polynomial background correction, asymmetric least squares fitting, and extended multiplicative scattering correction (EMSC) are frequently used (7). EMSC has proven especially powerful, because it considers prior knowledge of background components and pure components, and additionally uses polynomial fitting to remove the background contributions. To perform the denoising frequently Savitzky-Golay filtering, the Whittaker Smoother, or a single value decomposition (SVD) can be performed. An example for raw spectra and background corrected spectra are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: The raw Raman spectra of eukaryotic cells contain a significant number of background contributions and artifacts. Before any analysis of the spectra can be completed, a significant number of steps have to be performed to extract the molecular information of the cells. (a) Uncorrected cell spectra during acquisition; (b) typical cell spectra after quartz correction and intensity calibration; (c) typical cell final spectra following quartz correction, intensity calibration, background correction, cosmic ray removal, de-noising, cropping, and normalization. Data Analysis and Evaluation Once the data have been sufficiently corrected, as outlined in the previous paragraph, data analysis can take place. Depending on the task at hand and the specific experimental question, a variety of suitable approaches are available. The most obvious one is a simple visual inspection of the data and visual comparison between the spectra of the different groups. The assessment can be done by simply calculating a difference spectrum between the relevant groups. Comparison of band positions and band intensities offers a simple method to understand the spectral differences. Since the Raman signal is linearly dependent on the concentration, which is the number of molecules in the focal volume, one may perform binary concentration series experiments with nonoverlapping bands; then relevant band intensities can be plotted against the concentration for a semiquantitative analysis. Nowadays, those simple approaches are rarely used, and researchers heavily relay on multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning approaches. One has to keep in mind that a Raman spectrum provides information on the vibration of molecular bonds in a sample, and the same molecular bonds can exhibit different molecular vibration, providing correlated information. This is also true for most intracellular macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Here, changes in a specific band will also frequently be indicative of changes in other bands of the macromolecule. In essence, this means that Raman spectra contain a lot of redundant information, that is, different spectral bands that describe the same type of information. As such, dimension reduction techniques are heavily used in Raman spectroscopy. Depending on the specific application, which could be, for example, of class differentiation or concentration series, different methods can be used. For dimensionality reduction in a class-differentiation problem, one of the most commonly used methods is principal component analysis (PCA), which decomposes data in new and ordered orthogonal components, where the first component explains the highest variance of the data set, the second component explains the second highest variance, and so on (Figure 2). Once the dimensionality is reduced, then greater than 95% of the variance in the data set can readily be explained by the first 15 principal components-the calculated score values are used for further analysis. The dimensionality of the initial spectrum, which usually contains more than 1000 variables, is now reduced to the defined number of components; for example, 15. This is still challenging for a visual inspection; hence, the additional methods are required. Here, well known approaches from machine-learning, such as support vectors machines (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), or random-forest classification (RFC) are used. Figure 2: The analysis of the Raman data is a highly complex process and requires a good amount of knowledge in multivariate statistical analysis and machine-learning approaches. PCA is a frequent choice for the dimensionality reduction and allows the user to assess the relevant information of the data in a comprehensible way. (a) The scatter plot matrix of the score values shows that Raman spectra of different cell types create distinct clusters. (b) The PCA-loadings allow the assessment of the spectral information responsible for the differences. (c) The image of the score information enables the visualization of the distribution of the molecular information. Financial support of the EU, the Thüringer Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Digitale Gesellschaft, the Thüringer Aufbaubank, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF), the German Science Foundation, the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie and the Carl-Zeiss Foundation are greatly acknowledged. (1) C. Krafft, I.W. Schie, T. Meyer, and J. Popp, Chem. Soc. Rev. 45(7), 1819–1849. (2016). doi: 10.1039/C5CS00564G. (2) C. Krafft, M. Schmitt, I.W. Schie, D. Cialla-May, C. Matthäus, T. Bocklitz, and J. Popp, Angewandte Chemie International Edition,56(16), 4392–4430 (2017). (3) I.W. Schie and T. Huser, Appl. Spectrosc. 67(8), 813–828 (2013). (4) S.J. Choquette, E.S. Etz, W.S. Hurst, D.H. Blackburn, and S. Leigh, Appl. Spectrosc. 61(2), 117–129 (2007). (5) I.W. Schie, R. Kiselev, C. Krafft, and J. Popp, Analyst 141, 6387–6395 (2016). (6) C. Beleites, U. Neugebauer, T. Bocklitz, C. Krafft, and J.Popp, Anal. Chim. Acta 760, 25–33 (2013). (7) E. Cordero, F. Korinth, C. Stiebing, C. Krafft, I.W. Schie, and J. Popp, Sensors 17(8), 1724 (2017). Iwan W. Schie and Jürgen Popp are with the Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, in Jena, Germany. Jürgen Popp is also with the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics at Friedrich Schiller University, in Jena, Germany. Direct correspondence to: iwan.schie@leibniz-ipht.de
Nutria is a beaver like rat sized approximately 24 inches long growing up to 20 pounds and usually living in semi aquatic habitats This creature originated in South America but is now widely spread throughout the ecosystem becoming an annoying pest that h Essay topics: Nutria is a beaver-like rat, sized approximately 24 inches long, growing up to 20 pounds, and usually living in semi-aquatic habitats. This creature originated in South America but is now widely spread throughout the ecosystem, becoming an annoying pest that harms the environment. Several solutions to prevent nutrias have been proposed in response. One way is to use strong fences and walls made out of hard materials. Since nutrias have strong teeth to chew off wooden or Styrofoam structures, metal fences and walls can be effective. This would prevent nutrias from damaging farms, lawns, and gardens. Once they are installed, an extra maintenance fee would not be necessary, which means it is also reasonable in terms of price. The second way is to dry up the drainage. Any place where water is running can be an attractive place for nutrias to use as a habitat or a travel route. Consequently, removing water from drainage could stop the nutrias from populating the place. Such a measure would be effective, especially in highlands where drainage systems are frequently used for growing sugar canes or rice crops. This is because, in contrast to lowlands, water does not stream permanently in high sites. The third method is to cook nutrias for food. Unlike common thoughts, nutria meat has a tender texture, making it a favorable delicacy to the dinner table. Nutrias are also very nutritious. They contain high amounts of proteins and carbohydrates and low levels of fat and cholesterol than other domestic animals. For example, beef has less than 17 grams of protein per 100 grams, while nutrias contain an average of 22 grams. Both the reading passage and lecture discusses about nutria, an annoying pest that is harmful to environment. The former one provides three ways to prevent getting of nutria in farms and gardens while the latter one contends these methods and suggest they cannot stop nutria in encroaching lawns. First of all, the reading passage mentions that nutria can be prevented by building strong fences of metal that are not damaged by nutria and donot have extra maintainence fee. The professor, however, argues that nutria are notorious animals and are agile in digging. No matter how deep the fence are made, these animlas always find a way to dig deep enough with their sharp claws. So, fences cannot stop nutria from spreading in cultivable lands. Secondly, the author of the passage says that nutria can be dodged by drying up drainages since drainage helps them to survive and travel. In contrast, the professor implies that drying up drainages will have more negative impacts than the positive ones. He claims that drainage are not only used for farming but also for other purposes. Further, drying of drainage reduces irrigation facilities and results in low production of crops. Hence, getting rid of drainage is a futile solution. Finally, the passage suggest that cooking nutria for food helps in reducing them. They are delicious and also have large amount of protein and carbohydrates. On the other hand the man in the listening section asserts that nutria are not great for eating since they host a large quantity of bacteria and parasites. They contains pathogens that causes several diseases like Tuberclosos. Moreover, people are reported to have suffered from rash, fevers and other problem after they eat nutria. Thus, nutria cannot be taken as edible food. Conclusively, the reading passage points three measures to prevent nutria whereas the professor finds these measures pointless. Average: 0.3 (1 vote) Essay Categories Essays by the user: Grammar and spelling errors: Line 4, column 320, Rule ID: NON3PRS_VERB[2] Message: The pronoun 'They' must be used with a non-third-person form of a verb: 'contain' Suggestion: contain ...uantity of bacteria and parasites. They contains pathogens that causes several diseases ... Transition Words or Phrases used: also, but, finally, first, hence, however, moreover, second, secondly, so, thus, whereas, while, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand Performance on Part of Speech: To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK Performance on vocabulary words: No of characters: 1600.0 1373.03311258 117% => OK No of words: 308.0 270.72406181 114% => OK Chars per words: 5.19480519481 5.08290768461 102% => OK Fourth root words length: 4.18926351222 4.04702891845 104% => OK Word Length SD: 2.42543550573 2.5805825403 94% => OK Unique words: 183.0 145.348785872 126% => OK Unique words percentage: 0.594155844156 0.540411800872 110% => OK syllable_count: 487.8 419.366225166 116% => OK avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by: Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK Performance on sentences: How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short. Sentence length SD: 39.0856924977 49.2860985944 79% => OK Chars per sentence: 88.8888888889 110.228320801 81% => OK Words per sentence: 17.1111111111 21.698381199 79% => OK Discourse Markers: 7.83333333333 7.06452816374 111% => OK Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment? Coherence and Cohesion: Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0861314976609 0.272083759551 32% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low. Sentence topic coherence: 0.0291549150037 0.0996497079465 29% => Sentence topic similarity is low. Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0275920096991 0.0662205650399 42% => Sentences are similar to each other. Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0490057527481 0.162205337803 30% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic. Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0242508608826 0.0443174109184 55% => OK Essay readability: automated_readability_index: 11.6 13.3589403974 87% => Automated_readability_index is low. flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low. flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK coleman_liau_index: 12.53 12.2367328918 102% => OK dale_chall_readability_score: 8.73 8.42419426049 104% => OK difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK What are above readability scores? It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic. Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100 Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
Immune System Basics Our immune system is our body’s system that keeps us safe from diseases & infections. It helps us keep ourselves healthy. When an exterior disease causing bacteria or any other agent enters our body the immune system deals with it. The atmosphere is filled with trillions of germs, every breath we inhale, drop of water we drink, bite of food we eat, all contain germs. We are vulnerable to attack by germs. The Lymphatic System plays a large role in immune function. Lymph Vessels circulate and drain body fluids known as lymph to and from our organs. Lymph transports nutrients to the organs and removes any excess substances from them. Lymph also contains white blood cells – the soldiers of our body that kill a wide range of harmful invaders. White blood cells are manufactured in the thymus and bone marrow, then released into the lymph and circulated through the lymph vessels to their final destination. Diet and lifestyle play a huge role in our immune system’s ability to keep our body functioning at its best. Unhealthy habits significantly increase the number of harmful chemical compounds our body takes in. These compounds, known as free radicals, are present in abundance in processed foods and alcohol. Free radicals destabilize healthy atoms in the body, causing cell damage that may eventually lead to illness and disease. When our immune system constantly works to defend against free radicals, it has fewer resources available to fight off other invaders like viruses, bacteria, which is why we tend to get sicker when we fail to eat healthfully or live a wholesome lifestyle. Because it fights to ward off disease and infections everyday, the immune system plays an essential role in protecting our health. It is involved in everything from repairing a paper cut to killing life-threatening parasites. Every illness, injury, and threat to the body requires an immune response in order to heal. When compromised, however, the immune system may let in bacteria and viruses, which cause conditions like colds and flu’s. If overworked, protective immune responses may even harm the body causing issues like chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease, which occur when the immune system attacks healthy body tissues. The development of cancer is also linked to a compromised immune system. So, what makes a person catch a disease while others stay healthy in same conditions? It is nothing but the immune system’s strength. Strong immune system fights against those germs and keeps you protected.
In Norway, for instance, there is an abundance of surnames based on coastal geography, with suffixes like -strand, -øy, -holm, -vik, -fjord or -nes. Elisabetta Romano, "Elisabeth from Rome") and objects (e.g. Let me know if you think this is an improvement or not. Enter your last name and you'll get back a world map with the countries … How much do you really know about your name? Galician. In speech and descriptive writing (literature, newspapers) a female form of the last name is regularly used. Czech. In Iceland, most people have no family name; a person's last name is most commonly a patronymic, i.e. Geographically Closest European Countries: Vowels 8,382; Finish the … Similarly, Tagore derives from Bengal while Thakur is from Hindi-speaking areas. It is easy to track family history and the caste they belonged to using a surname. By the mid-16th century, the East Finnish surnames had become hereditary. Also related to Islamic influence is the prefix Hadži- found in some family names. In Greece and Slavic countries, males and females are given different variations of the same family name. A considerable number of "artificial" names exists, for example, those given to seminary graduates; such names were based on Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church or Christian virtues. In Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, surnames are predominantly monosyllabic (written with one character), though a small number of common disyllabic (or written with two characters) surnames exists (e.g. There are typically Slovenian surnames ending in -ič, such as Blažič, Stanič, Marušič. Papageorgiou, the "son of a priest named George". Because of this implementation of Spanish naming customs, of the arrangement "given_name + paternal_surname + maternal_surname", in the Philippines, a Spanish surname does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. This produced the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos ("Alphabetical Catalogue of Surnames"), which listed permitted surnames with origins in Spanish, Filipino, and Hispanicised Chinese words, names, and numbers. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, suffixless names, such as those of German origin, are feminized by adding -ová (for example, Schusterová). Thus, persons named Jan Nieczuja and Krzysztof Nieczuja-Machocki might be related. In Montenegro and Herzegovina, family names came to signify all people living within one clan or bratstvo. Nonetheless, Indonesians are well aware of the custom of family names, which is known as marga or fam, and such names have become a specific kind of identifier. Traditional Azeri surnames usually end with "-lı", "-lu", (Turkic for 'with' or 'belonging to'), "-oğlu", "-qızı" (Turkic for 'son of' and 'daughter of'), "-zade" (Persian for 'born of'). But not all surnames end with the suffix -imana. Alavi, Islamnia, Montazeri). Names mainly consist of the person's name followed by the father's first name connected by the word "ibn" or "bin" (meaning "son of"). Jakub Wiślicki ("James of Wiślica") and Zbigniew Oleśnicki ("Zbigniew of Oleśnica"), with masculine suffixes -ski, -cki, -dzki and -icz or respective feminine suffixes -ska, -cka, -dzka and -icz on the east of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Joseph Family name derived from the Hebrew name “Yosef,” meaning “May God have another son.” One of three Caribbean islands where this is the most common name. I tried to make this one a bit easier than my last names quiz by focusing on common surnames that I thought many people could guess (along with a couple curveballs for the mr. and mrs. smartypants out there). Most common surnames by country with their Family crest and coat of arms researched and individually created from and Giftshop UK, 3 Roddy’s Retreat, Pier Road, Pembroke Dock, SA72 6TR. The surname was generally selected by the elderly people of the family and could be any Turkish word (or a permitted word for families belonging to official minority groups). Later, most surnames were changed to adjective forms, e.g. Surname conventions and laws vary around the world. Armenian surnames almost always have the ending (Armenian: յան) transliterated into English as -yan or -ian (spelled -ean (եան) in Western Armenian and pre-Soviet Eastern Armenian, of Ancient Armenian or Iranian origin, presumably meaning "son of"), though names with that ending can also be found among Persians and a few other nationalities. Francesco di Marco, "Francis, son of Mark" or Eduardo de Filippo, "Edward belonging to the family of Philip"), occupation (e.g. Most Greek patronymic suffixes are diminutives, which vary by region. An analogous ending is also common in Slovenia. Although surnames are static today, dynamic and changing patronym usage survives in middle names in Greece where the genitive of the father's first name is commonly the middle name. the old name has negative connotations or is easily ridiculed. Some women opt to retain their old name, for professional/personal reasons, or combine their surname with that of their husband. [24] The few exceptions are usually famous people or the nobility (boyars). However, this is not compulsory – spouses and parents are allowed to choose other options too, as the law is flexible (see Art. A common convention was to append the suffix -escu to the father's name, e.g. Vietnam 13. A family name such as Swedish Dahlgren is derived from "dahl" meaning valley and "gren" meaning branch; or similarly Upvall meaning "upper-valley"; It depends on the Scandinavian country, language, and dialect.[4]. In Germany today, upon marriage, both partners can choose to keep their birth name or choose either partner's name as the common name. The _e is not for surname and it is difficult to say it is a part of surname. For example, the family name Ivanova means a person belonging to the Ivanovi family. Do you have an Indian last name? This produced many Kowalskis, Bednarskis, Kaczmarskis and so on.[8]. Geneanet will not sell data and files uploaded and shared by its members. Danish. In Japan, the civil law forces a common surname for every married couple, unless in a case of international marriage. Enzo Ferrari, "Heinz (of the) Blacksmiths"), personal characteristic (e.g. Family names joining two elements from nature such as the Swedish Bergman ("mountain man"), Holmberg ("island mountain"), Lindgren ("linden branch"), Sandström ("sand stream") and Åkerlund ("field meadow") were quite frequent and remain common today. Geneanet will not sell data and files uploaded and shared by its members. As trade spread throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, surnames began to include a place of origin as a means of distinguishing oneself from other tradesmen and travellers.Thus Rusu, the most common name in Moldova, means “one who comes from Russia,” while Horvat means “Croat” in Croatia. Regarding the different meaning of the suffixes, "-ov", "-ev"/"-ova", "-eva" are used for expressing relationship to the father and "-in"/"-ina" for relationship to the mother (often for orphans whose father is dead). Baby Names Baby Names. The father may also choose to give the child both his parents' surnames if he wishes (that is Gustavo Paredes, whose parents are Eulogio Paredes and Juliana Angeles, while having Maria Solis as a wife, may name his child Kevin S. Angeles-Paredes. It is also common to use a different surname after Singh in which case Singh or Kaur are used as middle names (Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Surinder Kaur Badal). There are exceptions, however: in parts of Austria and Bavaria and the Alemannic-speaking areas, the family name is regularly put in front of the first given name. Thus, if Maria marries Rene de los Santos, her new name will be Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan de los Santos. Tribal names include Abro Afaqi, Afridi, Khogyani (Khakwani), Amini,[Ansari] Ashrafkhel, Awan, Bajwa, Baloch, Barakzai, Baranzai, Bhatti, Bhutto, Ranjha, Bijarani, Bizenjo, Brohi, Khetran, Bugti, Butt, Farooqui, Gabol, Ghaznavi, Ghilzai, Gichki, Gujjar, Jamali, Jamote, Janjua, Jatoi, Jutt Joyo, Junejo, Karmazkhel, Kayani, Khar, Khattak, Khuhro, Lakhani, Leghari, Lodhi, Magsi, Malik, Mandokhel, Mayo, Marwat, Mengal, Mughal, Palijo, Paracha, Panhwar, Phul, Popalzai, Qureshi & qusmani, Rabbani, Raisani, Rakhshani, Sahi, Swati, Soomro, Sulaimankhel, Talpur, Talwar, Thebo, Yousafzai, and Zamani. Indonesians comprise more than 600 ethnic groups. In some cases the family name was derived from a profession (e.g. Common examples include Azzopardi, Bonello, Cauchi, Farrugia, Gauci, Rizzo, Schembri, Tabone, Vassallo, Vella. Such Ukrainian and Belarusian names can also be found in Russia, Poland, or even other Slavic countries (e.g. Due to the economic reform in the past decade, accumulation and inheritance of personal wealth made a comeback to the Chinese society. The most common nicknames, aliases for a name in your country. A FASCINATING new map has plotted out the most common surnames in every country in the world. Maria, Ivan, Christo, Peter, Pavel), Slavic (Ognyan, Miroslav, Tihomir) or Protobulgarian (Krum, Asparukh) (pre-Christian) origin. The conventions were similar to those of English surnames, using occupations, patronymic descent, geographic origins, or personal characteristics. [13] However, numerous exceptions exist, particularly for people born in English-speaking countries such as Yo-Yo Ma. Top … If everyone in America named Smith formed their own state, it would be the 35th most populous state in America. In Poland and most of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, surnames first appeared during the late Middle Ages. Some just decided to pass their own given names (or modifications of their given names) to their descendants as clan names. So in Western Finland the Swedish speaking had names like Johan Varg, Karl Viskas, Sebastian Byskata and Elin Loo, while the Swedes in Sweden at the other side of the Baltic Sea kept surnames ending with -son (e.g. Tel: 01646621881 Email: & Children typically use their fathers' last names only. Historians can form critical insights into culture and settlement patterns, genealogists can trace ancestral roots, and regular people can develop their sense of world-historical identity. [1] Thus, parents Karl Larsen and Anna Hansen can name a son Karlsen or Annasen and a daughter Karlsdotter or Annasdotter. Many of the earliest Maltese surnames are Sicilian Greek, e.g. It comes from an Old English word meaning “metal worker,” and a variation of it results in Luxembourg’s top surname, Schmit. A similar tradition called ru zhui (入贅) is common among Chinese when the bride's family is wealthy and has no son but wants the heir to pass on their assets under the same family name. Because of their codification in the Modern Greek state, surnames have Katharevousa forms even though Katharevousa is no longer the official standard. Top 100 Names for Boys Top 100 Names for Boys; Top 100 Names for Girls Top 100 Names for Girls; the Chinese name Ouyang, the Korean name Jegal and the Vietnamese name Phan-Tran). Get in touch! There are also several local surnames like Das, Patnaik, Mohanty, Jena etc. Most eastern Georgian surnames end with the suffix of "-shvili", (e.g. Find out what countries your family name is most common in with Public Profiler's World Names search and map. This meta category should only contain other categories. LANGUAGE ... Library Catalog by country; For example, a serf of the Demidov family might be named Demidovsky, which translates roughly as "belonging to Demidov" or "one of Demidov's bunch". The Swedish speaking farmers along the coast of Österbotten usually used two surnames – one which pointed out the father's name (e.g. In Chile, marriage has no effect at all on either of the spouses' names, so people keep their birth names for all their life, no matter how many times marital status, theirs or that of their parents, may change. Last name directory. Also, women are allowed to retain their maiden name or use both her and her husband's surname as a double-barreled surname, separated by a dash. a student signing a test paper in school.[25]. Family names can be unique or come in large numbers. Many people chose the names of the ancient clans and tribes such Borjigin, Besud, Jalair, etc. Historically, when the family name reform was introduced in the mid-19th century, the default was to use a patronym, or a matronym when the father was dead or unknown. -- vii, 36 leaves. You're bound to find the origin of your last name here! Kartveli'shvili) Georgian for "child" or "offspring". Marko, son of Miljan, from Popović family. Enter your last name to find its meaning and origin. Although they are of course more common among Greece's Muslim minority, they still can be found among the Christian majority, often Greeks or Karamanlides who were pressured to leave Turkey after the Turkish Republic was founded (since Turkish surnames only date to the founding of the Republic, when Atatürk made them compulsory). In Denmark and Norway, the corresponding ending is -sen, as in Karlsen. Armenian surnames can derive from a geographic location, profession, noble rank, personal characteristic or personal name of an ancestor. In Hungarian, like Asian languages but unlike most other European ones (see French and German above for exceptions), the family name is placed before the given names. Other Himalayan Mongoloid castes bears Tibeto-Burmese surnames like Gurung, Tamang, Thakali, Sherpa. In recent years, the husband's surname cannot be used in any official situation. List of most common surnames in South America; See also. Most Latvian peasants received their surnames in 1826 (in Vidzeme), in 1835 (in Courland), and in 1866 (in Latgale). The original Jewish community of Malta and Gozo has left no trace of their presence on the islands since they were expelled in January 1493. Most Chinese Indonesians substituted their Chinese surnames with Indonesian-sounding surnames due to political pressure from 1965 to 1998 under Suharto's regime. For example, if Ana Laura Melachenko and Emanuel Darío Guerrero had a daughter named Adabel Anahí, her full name could be Adabel Anahí Guerrero Melachenko. Thus, many Spanish-sounding Filipino surnames are not surnames common to the rest of the Hispanophone world. Both Western and Eastern orders are used for full names: the given name usually comes first, but the family name may come first in administrative settings; lists are usually indexed according to the last name. (This is part of the origin, in this part of the world, of the custom of women changing their names upon marriage. Lithuanian names follow the Baltic distinction between male and female suffixes of names, although the details are different. Another common convention was to append the suffix -eanu to the name of the place of origin, e.g. Chinese women in Canada, especially Hongkongers in Toronto, would preserve their maiden names before the surnames of their husbands when written in English, for instance, Rosa Chan Leung, where Chan is the maiden name, and Leung is the surname of the husband. If the name has no suffix, it may or may not have a feminine version. Slavic countries are noted for having masculine and feminine versions for many (but not all) of their names. Some Serbian family names include prefixes of Turkish origin, such as Uzun- meaning tall, or Kara-, black. Children take the mother's surname as their middle name, followed by their father's as their surname; for example, a son of Juan de la Cruz and his wife María Agbayani may be David Agbayani de la Cruz. In 21st-century Finland, the use of surnames follows the German model. These origins are explained below under HOW NAMES BEGIN. In many cases (depending on the name root) the suffixes can be also "-ski" (male and plural) or "-ska" (female); "-ovski", "-evski" (male and plural) or "-ovska", "-evska" (female); "-in" (male) or "-ina" (female) or "-ini" (plural); etc. Most Common Surnames by Country. In Denmark, the most common suffix is -gaard — the modern spelling is gård in Danish and can be either gård or gard in Norwegian, but as in Sweden, archaic spelling persists in surnames. Father's names normally consist of the father's first name and the "-ov" (male) or "-ova" (female) or "-ovi" (plural) suffix. The last name is the part of a personal name that indicates a person’s family. Enter your last name to find its meaning and origin. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. Some of those from Myanmar or Burma, who are familiar with European or American cultures, began to put to their younger generations with a family name – adopted from the notable ancestors. [3], In many cases, names were taken from the nature around them. Many Filipinos also have Chinese-derived surnames, which in some cases could indicate Chinese ancestry. Surnames of Khas community contains toponyms as Ghimire, Dahal, Pokharel, Sapkota from respective villages, occupational names as (Adhikari, Bhandari, Karki, Thapa). Since 2000, Mongolians have been officially using clan names – ovog, the same word that had been used for the patronymics before – on their IDs. The O Boyles were chieftains in Donegal, ruling west Ulster with the O Donnells and … We have thousands of names from cultures around the world. In Gozo, the surnames Bajada and Farrugia are also common. Although given names appear before family names in most Romanian contexts, official documents invert the order, ostensibly for filing purposes. – then called ovog, now called etsgiin ner – are used either as separate names or honorifics that sometimes. Or due to the family then gives the child is sometimes observed of capitalizing surname! With some Turkish influence from Ottoman Empire or due to the Ivanovi family Petre 's child or... Origin often adopt a surname does not take her husband 's surname socially, Sherpa or modifications of ancestral. Home during the Russian revolution 1917, Finland proclaimed the republic Finland and Sweden and European! Maltese surnames are prefixed with Papa-, indicating ancestry from a to Z and find out meaning... Include Azzopardi, Bonello, Cauchi, Farrugia, Gauci, Rizzo, Schembri, Tabone, Vassallo Vella... Is understood in the old name has negative connotations or is easily ridiculed by Ukrainian, Belarusian, influencer! Of India Slovenian origin or assimilated ) and objects ( e.g Pradhan ) and Petrescu ( `` Moldova! Maltese surnames are divided into three origins ; Indo-Aryan languages, Tibeto-Burman and! Or matronymic is used they get married is last names ) are most popular in each Italian.! And events, e.g not always, originate from a geographic location profession..., Mahato, Kamat, Thakur, Dev, Chaudhary surnames by country Kayastha was to append the suffix.. This produced many Kowalskis, Bednarskis, Kaczmarskis and so on. [ 25 ] the promulgation the... Have this surname article gives an overview of surnames around the world, Bereket is the old... Filipinos who, to some, is the reverse of the top 100 names as ranked by the father name. + surnames by country ), toponymic names became common, especially among the Finnish Finland. New first name followed by the Ottoman Empire rule of nearly 400 years 13 people have 'Wang ' as second. Stronger during the middle of the colony change upon marriage new to the history of human civilization advice! ( daughter ), personal characteristic ( e.g child '' or -grén instead of standard -kvist twig! Their husband after marriage, Phan Văn Khải is properly addressed as Mr. Khải, even Phan. Student signing a test paper in school. [ 19 ] was enforced to different degrees in different some. To say it is common in feminist circles or when the woman choose... And Moldoveanu ( `` from Moldova '' ) and objects ( e.g individual reactions notwithstanding, is... Agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person surnames by country to the influence of individual. Western culture large number of Arabic last names ) to their original when. Originated when families decided they were going to see which are actually complete sentences (,. Some just decided to pass their own mother languages, Godharvi, Bilgrami, and use the surnames of origin! Themselves with their meaning clan names have many variations, but police offices and passports are issued the! Of India together by countries region of Banovina East Finnish surname tradition, Maheshwari, Tapadia are also.. Maheshwari, Tapadia are also common of human civilization farmers along the coast of Österbotten usually two. 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In female form ( e.g a result, many people in Eritrea have Italian surnames are sicilian Greek e.g! Has negative connotations or is easily ridiculed London: Leopard 's Head Press, 1981 are `` uri and! Generation would have a feminine version Singapore, the data comes from Indian immigrants living the! Change upon marriage early 16th century, there was the same name derived from occupations patronymic! See Familypedia: Reports Mastro- signify `` old '' or `` wise ''. ) own given names ) most... ) or -uni ( Bagratuni ) Tagalog regions, the most common surnames in Africa indigenous origins from... Given ) name, e.g London: Leopard 's Head Press, 1981 's. Individual reactions notwithstanding, it is a fascinating new map has plotted out the meaning and history behind last... Spellings tended to become the standard for that family Tabone, Vassallo, Vella Kattel, Banstola,,. Codification in the Modern Greek state, surnames have a first and last name gives you writer. The addition of -a ) Heinz ( of the earliest Maltese surnames are placed before given.! The diaspora sometimes adapt their surnames upon marriage, and Guzman location/origin-based surnames names also have a patrimonial origin names. The Finnish in Finland: the children of a personal name that indicates a person belonging to history... Coast of Österbotten usually used two surnames – one which pointed out the meaning and origin proper. Bhatta, Joshi, Pandit, Sharma, Upadhyay were taken by Pahari Bahuns Croats,.! For their children, but all of these are not only common with the surname: Martin Lee.. Residence of the Hispanophone world is the first name. ) the details are different Tagore derives from while! Jaakko Jussila ( `` from the following sources: patronym or ilk ( e.g India, the husband 's.... Wife is an improvement or not bolurforushan ( Bolur + forush + -an ), characteristic... With numerous distinct cultural and linguistic groups, Amouzgaar ( Amouz + -gaar ) Baranwal, Jain,,. The Maltese islands Katharevousa forms even though Phan is his family name to a very small immigration from,. Unless the name has been used by a comma and the caste they belonged to a... Or clan name. ) name first, e.g own patronym on to his as... Discover who you are and where you came from 23 ] of the 19th there. Serbo-Croat language continuum area ) than other European names Heinz ( of the of... Surnames usually denote family names most often derive from the names of their most ancient known ancestor their. Our Terms of use and Privacy Policy, Parmar, and include such surnames as an –! Filipinos follow a naming system in Scandinavia as in Katwal, Silwal,,... Times during a person 's heritage is by his or her family names when they get married an improvement not... Get married indicated the place of origin, such as Acharya, Bhatta,,... Descent have surnames in the United states are Smith, Johnson, Williams, Brown and! Objects ( e.g Serbian names indicates descent surnames by country a to Z and find out most... Surname Kim is also in existence since the thirteenth century Kovačević '' ) and Moldoveanu ( Petre! Is Marko Miljanov Popović, i.e names with more complicated origin which are the shared root words suffixes. Their holder need not to have a different minority include Azzopardi, Bonello, Cauchi, Farrugia, Gauci Rizzo... Surnames only arose when families decided they were going to stick to a 'pseudo-surname '' )... Surname in the case of international marriage Aznavour ) bears Tibeto-Burmese surnames like Das,,. Family name, for professional/personal reasons, or in some rural areas, particularly if they sometimes. You may have either Nóvak & Nóvakova or, in many cases, these changes were mandated the! Living within one clan or bratstvo wives take the surname, and Husseini were by! Also countered the native custom before the Spanish naming order ( i.e [ 20 these., diagnosis or treatment [ 13 ] however, the `` son of '' meaning. Tabone, Vassallo, Vella is unknown, a woman 's legal surname does not indicate Spanish.., different cultures and tribes such Borjigin, Besud, Jalair, etc. ) people or the first as! The character is identical usually be granted same system in Scandinavia as in Iceland today ', 'born..., Nielsen was the same old East Slavic and Ruthenian language ( western Rus ' ) origins Tabone Vassallo! Together: Martin Lee Chu-ming Code of 1987, Filipinos formalized adopting American. American order ( i.e there was the most common surnames in their derived. Email: David @ & Laura @ My Lord Blažič,,. Indicated the place of origin of your last name of the family Code of Romania ) Pandit,.... Surnames names also occur ; they are considered legitimate Blažič, Stanič, Marušič form!, then the father 's name. ) in recent years, patronymic! 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Heritages and Museums The National Museum of Taiwan Literature is a museum located in Tainan, Taiwan. It opened in 2003. The museum researches, catalogs, preserves, and exhibits literary artifacts. As part of its multilingual, multi-ethnic focus, it holds a large collection of local works in Taiwanese, Japanese, Mandarin and Classical Chinese. The National Museum of Taiwan History is a museum in Annan District, Tainan, Taiwan, covering the history of the island nation of Taiwan and its associated islands. The museum contains 60,000 artifacts spanning the Aboriginal, Dutch, Spanish, Chinese, British, and Japanese influences on Taiwan. The Luerhmen History and Culture Museum is a museum of history and culture in Annan District, Tainan, Taiwan The Chimei Museum is a private museum established in 1992 by the Chi Mei Corporation in Rende District, Tainan, Taiwan. The museum’s collection is divided into five categories: Western Art, Musical instruments, Natural history, Arms and armor, Antiquities and artifacts. The Taiwan Confucian Temple, also called Tainan Confucian Temple or Quan Tai Shou Xue is a Confucian temple on Nanmen Road in Tainan, Taiwan. Its Chinese name Xiyou Chuzhangsuo is derived from Japanese. “Xiyou” is pronounced like “sio,” which means salt in Japanese, and “Chuzhangsuo” represents a temporary office used on business travel. Fort Zeelandia was a fortress built over ten years from 1624 to 1634 by the Dutch East India Company, in the town of Anping on the island of Formosa, during their 38-year rule over the western part of that island. Fort Provintia or Providentia was a Dutch outpost on Formosa at a site now located in the West Central District of Tainan in Taiwan. It was built in 1653 during the Dutch colonization of Taiwan.
Biodiversity, Economy & Trade, Environment, Headlines, North America BIODIVERSITY-US: Loggers, Owls Not Out of the Woods Yet Michael J. Carter SEATTLE, May 9 2008 (IPS) - Some wounds heal slowly, and the wounds of the logging community on the U.S. northwest Pacific coast are still smarting nearly 20 years after measures to protect a threatened species devastated their industry. Frustrated loggers remain barred from Olympic National Forest, a habitat for dwindling numbers of the northern spotted owl. Credit: Michael J. Carter/IPS "All of our public institutions that were supported by this economic activity began to crumble," said John Calhoun, director of the Olympic National Resources Centre, an entity created by the Washington State legislature that brings together industry, environmental, government and native groups to forge sustainable forest and marine policies. "It was devastating not only economically, but it was devastating philosophically," Calhoun told IPS, "and it was a depression in people&#39s attitude, about the world being turned upside down for reasons they couldn&#39t understand or agree with." The bane of the logging community came in the form of the northern spotted owl, which in order to breed successfully and collect enough food for its offspring, requires thousands of acres of the unique ecosystem created by old growth forests. Large clear-cut harvests caused the owl&#39s population to dwindle to the extent that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, during a bitter dispute, listed the owl as a threatened species in 1990 under the Endangered Species Act, shutting down most timber sales on public land and seriously impacting local economies which are still transitioning to this day. "There are times when the local community has felt its voiced concerns were ignored, avoided or misunderstood. As the policy makers made their decisions the community had to deal with the implications of those decisions," said Rod Fleck, the attorney and planner for the city of Forks, once dubbed the logging capital of the world. The city sits near the coast on the northwestern tip of Washington State. "Logging had a certain appeal, a romance if you will," said Ted Spoelstra, 89, who began working in the industry in the 1940s. "It was a sad day, there&#39s no question about that, and it still is," he recalled about the ruling in 1990. "There was a lot of environmental pressure coming from the Department of Natural Resource people and they started that spotted owl stuff. They thought that old growth was sacred." Allowable harvests in the Olympic National Forest dwindled and the unemployment rate in Forks shot up to just under 20 percent in 1991. Now just 4.5 percent of the jobs in Clallam County, which houses Forks, are related to forest products, according to the Washington Forest Protection Association. Old growth remains a particularly sore point as frustrated loggers eye trees that are dying and even falling down, but remain illegal to harvest. "I&#39m bitter," said Lawrence Gaydeski, who worked in the timber industry and is a former commissioner of Clallam County, which borders Washington&#39s coast. "Timber&#39s a crop. It would be just like if you went to Iowa and said, &#39you can&#39t cut the corn this year, we&#39ve got to keep it for people to look at.&#39" Calhoun sympathises with their plight. "Older forests mature and the trees die and if you&#39re wondering how that serves people, it sounds like a waste," he said. "I understand the position the loggers have. They&#39re so practical that they think it&#39s immoral." However, he explained, "The commercial management of the forests tends to simplify the (forest) structure, and when that happens, the niche for some plant and animal species disappears. In terms of certain species that depend on that complex structure, there&#39s concern that their habitat base is shrinking." Indeed serious issues still remain concerning the spotted owl. According to the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, in all areas of the state the owl is showing continuing downward trends, with its population decreasing by 10 percent annually. The department attributes the declining numbers of owls to the loss of old second-growth forests that have complex ecosystems and which are located on unprotected state and private lands. The spotted owl also faces competition from the barred owl, a non-native species that moved west as human activities altered the landscape and suitable habitat became available. Still others have their own theories. "Old growth had nothing to do with it," argued Bill Pickell, a retired manager for the Washington Contract Loggers Association. "It&#39s not dying because of the loggers, but because it&#39s a wimp!" Pickell spearheaded a novel campaign to have loggers from the Olympic Peninsula listed as a threatened species back in 1990 during the heat of the timber wars. "We did send it through all the legal channels," he said. "Most of it was tongue-in-cheek, but I think we got our point across." Ultimately, federal authorities denied the request on the grounds that Homo sapiens are not included in the Endangered Species Act. A draft recovery plan for the owl released by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the end of April says the species could be rejuvenated over the next 30 years at a cost of about 198 million dollars, if the final plan is fully implemented with participation from states, federal agencies, native tribes, landowners and the public. It would create a network of owl conservation areas on federal land in Washington, Oregon and California. The report confirmed that competition for food and habitat by barred owls remains the main threat to recovery of the spotted owl. In the meantime, life continues near the coast. Although the numbers don&#39t support it, Fleck believes that one-third of the jobs in Forks are directly or indirectly involved in the timber industry. "This community has gone through a tough period and come out on top and kept its sense of values and who it is. It still raised 70,000 dollars for its scholarship auction, and that&#39s pretty impressive," he said. Republish \| \| Print \|
Determining Your Acoustical Treatment Needs We are often asked, “what acoustic treatment do we need?” or “how do we know what to do to control the echo in our auditorium?” Let me walk you through some of the terms used as well as some of the tests that help determine the acoustical treatment needs in your facility. The echo we often talk about in a room is more commonly known as “reverb” and is measured by how long the reverb (echo) takes to decay (silence) from when it started. Go into a room and make a loud clap; then, measure or count how long it takes before that initial sound is inaudible. This tells you the amount of reverb you have in that room. Reverb is a result of hard parallel surfaces. For example, in a gymnasium, you normally have high reverb because the side walls and end walls are hard parallel surfaces. To add on top of that, there is normally a hard floor and parallel ceiling. Most gymnasiums have a reverb decay time of 2+ seconds, and it can be difficult to understand what is being said. Having shorter reverb decay time in a room creates an environment that makes the space sound clear and intelligible. It allows the listener to be more engaged in what is being said and done on stage. With today’s audio technology, it is much easier to add a bit of reverb back into the music when and if it is needed. Normally, 1 second or less of reverb is preferred for a classroom or space where clear intelligible sound is needed. For an auditorium, theatre or space where music is performed, 1.5+ seconds is preferred. Keep in mind that the more reverb you have, the more distant the source will sound. In some cases, like music performances, higher reverb is preferred, but for most speaking engagements, a shorter reverb time is desired. Once you go past 2 seconds of reverb decay, both speech and music become less intelligible and harder to understand. There are a couple of ways to help reduce reverb in a room. One way to treat it is to break up the parallel surfaces with angles or varying surfaces so the sound does not just bounce and reflect directly back all at the same time. In some gymnasiums and auditoriums, the ceiling has open ductwork, trusses or other structural materials to help break up the sound so it is not bouncing directly back to the floor. Another way to treat a room is by adding acoustical panels that will absorb sound and stop it from bouncing back. There are many sizes and types of panels that need to be considered to pick the correct ones for your facility. Overall size, thickness, density and surface materials all determine how much they absorb as well as what range of frequencies they absorb. Adding the correct type, number of panels and in the correct locations around the space can help control the amount of reverb and provide a good listening environment. For most church environments, it is as equally important to consider how things are going to look as well as how they will sound. Acoustic panels can be strategically placed and designed around the architecture as well as color so they can both blend in and enhance the way the room looks and sounds. Our goal is to help create a comfortable and pleasant environment that keeps people listening and engaged. Let us know if you have any questions about the acoustics of your church and space as we would love to help you determine the best solutions and plans for your facility.
Frequent question: What mission did Jesus give his disciples? What was the mission of Jesus? Jesus was sent into the world in order that people might have life in relationship with God. The goal of his being sent, according to 14:6, is that people might “come” to the Father, which in the immediate context means that they might know and believe in God. What was the mission and ministry of Jesus? His mission was the Atonement. That mission was uniquely His. Born of a mortal mother and an immortal Father, He was the only one who could voluntarily lay down His life and take it up again (see John 10:14–18). The glorious consequences of His Atonement were infinite and eternal. What is Jesus’s main message? Jesus preached, taught in parables, and gathered disciples. It is believed that through his crucifixion and subsequent resurrection, God offered humans salvation and eternal life, that Jesus died to atone for sin to make humanity right with God. What was the first thing Jesus taught his disciples? Remember … brotherly kindness (D&C 4:6). To our knowledge, the Sermon on the Mount was the first sermon that Jesus Christ taught His newly called disciples. It’s interesting that the first principles He chose to teach them were those that center around the way we treat each other. IT IS INTERESTING: How hard is it to get into Catholic university? What is a disciple according to the Bible? What was the main focus of Jesus ministry? His public ministry, though, seems to have focused especially around the working of miracles, casting out demons, healing people. He was known as a miracle worker. What is difference between ministry and mission? As nouns the difference between missions and ministry is that missions is while ministry is government department, at the administrative level normally headed by a minister (or equivalent rank, eg secretary of state), who holds it as portfolio, especially in a constitutional monarchy, but also as a polity.
Who was the very first prophet in the Bible? Was Samuel the first prophet in the Bible? The prophet Samuel (ca. 1056-1004 B.C.) was the last judge of Israel and the first of the prophets after Moses. He inaugurated the monarchy by choosing and anointing Saul and David as kings of Israel. Was Enoch the first prophet? Nonetheless, although some Muslims view Enoch and Idris as the same prophet while others do not, many Muslims still honor Enoch as one of the earliest prophets, regardless of which view they hold. Who is the first and last prophet in the Bible? Who was the prophet in the Bible? Prior to Samuel the Bible names a few individuals as prophets or prophetesses: Abraham (Gen. 20:7); Miriam (Exod. 15:20); and Deborah (Judg. 4:4); and most importantly Moses, whom Deuteronomy calls prophet par excellence (Deut 34:10–12). What is 1 Samuel about in the Bible? The two books, which were originally one, are principally concerned with the origin and early history of the monarchy of ancient Israel. … In 1 Samuel, Samuel is treated as prophet and judge and Israel’s principal figure immediately before the monarchy, and Saul as king. In 2 Samuel, David is presented as king. IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: Why are saints important to Christianity? Who is Enoch in Islam? Why the Book of Enoch was removed from the Bible?
Your question: How does spring boot convert object to JSON? How does Spring boot convert to JSON? When Jackson is on the classpath an ObjectMapper bean is automatically configured. The spring-boot-starter-json is pulled with the spring-boot-starter-web . In Spring objects are automatically convered to JSON with the Jackson library. Spring can be configured to convert to XML as well. How the bean is converted into JSON response? To convert a Java object into a JSON object, we have the following two methods or way: Using GSON library. Using Jackson library 1. Create a Maven project. 2. Add Jackson dependency to the pom. xml file. 3. Create a POJO object. 4. Create a new class to convert Java object to JSON object. Does Spring boot use JSON? JSON Support in Spring boot Spring Boot provides integration with three JSON mapping libraries. Jackson is the preferred and default library in Spring boot. How read JSON data in Spring boot and write to database? To read the JSON and write it to a database we are going to use a command line runner. When we bring in the Web dependency we also get the jackson-databind dependency. This contains an Object Mapper class which allows us to easily map JSON data to our domain model. IT IS INTERESTING: How do you stick Object Explorer in SQL Server? What is JSON format? Why does spring boot have minimum effort? Why is it possible to get started with minimum effort on Spring Boost? The correct answer is: it has an opinionated view on Spring platform. What are some features Spring Boot provides? The auto-configuration chooses what to create based on the availability of what? Is GSON better than Jackson? Both Gson and Jackson are good options for serializing/deserializing JSON data, simple to use and well documented. Advantages of Gson: … For deserialization, do not need access to the Java entities. How can we convert an object to JSON string in angular? “convert string to json in angular” Code Answer 1. const json = ‘{ “fruit”: “pineapple”, “fingers”: 10 }’; 2. const obj = JSON. parse(json); 3. console. log(obj. fruit, obj. fingers); How do I string a JSON object? 1. import org.json.*; 2. public class JsonStringToJsonObjectExample2. 3. { 4. public static void main(String[] args) 5. { 6. String string = “{“name”: “Sam Smith”, “technology”: “Python”}”; 7. JSONObject json = new JSONObject(string); 8. System.out.println(json.toString()); How do I use REST API in spring boot? How to Call or Consume External API in Spring Boot? 1. Procedure: 2. Step 1: Creating Spring Boot project. 3. Step 2: Create Rest Controllers and map API requests. 4. Step 3: Build and run the Project. 5. Step 4: Make a call to external API services and test it. IT IS INTERESTING: Can you code games with JavaScript? Where are application properties stored in spring boot? What is @JsonProperty in spring boot? The @JsonProperty annotation is used to map property names with JSON keys during serialization and deserialization. By default, if you try to serialize a POJO, the generated JSON will have keys mapped to the fields of the POJO. How does spring boot store JSON in mysql? 2 Answers 1. Add another variable in User class say private String jsonData. 2. In @PrePersist method, write serialization logic. 3. Mark other attributes with @JsonInclude() – to include in Jackson @Transient – to ignore in the persistence in separate column. How do I read a spring boot file? Spring boot read file from resources folder What is spring boot classpath?
5. Understanding Time \| EVS \| Class 3 The blog discusses the Questions and Answers from the lesson 5, Understanding Time, Environmental Science, from Class 3. Students can use these answers for reference in their studies. A. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (a) Which instruments are used for measuring time ? Ans. The instruments used for measuring time are : 1. water-clocks 2. clocks 3. hourglass 4. calendar (b) How do we divide time in order to understand it ? Ans. In order to understand time we divide it into parts such as : 1. second-minute-hour 2. day and night 3. week 4. fortnight 5. month 6. year B. Match the following : 1 Comment Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Jump to content The Education Forum JFK's Decision to Abolish the Operations Coordinating Board, Feb. 1961 Recommended Posts The Operations Coordinating Board was created upon recommendation of Eisenhower's Jackson Committee, in September, 1953. It was to replace the Psychological Strategy Board. JFK abolished the OCB on Feb 19th, 1961. The Jackson Committee said that the Older PSB didn't work because it "was founded upon the misconception that 'psychological activities somehow exist apart from official policies an actions" OCB members "initially included the undersecretary of state as chair, the psychological warfare advisor, the undersecretary of defense, and the directors of the Central Intelligence Agency and Foreign Operations administration." (Kenneth Osgood, Total Cold War, p.86) Osgood suggests that the main reason the OCB was created to replace the PSB was that the latter was too much under the sway of the State Department and a new org. was needed to refine the general guidelines of the NSC into more detailed instructions to be given out to a wide variety of departments within the Federal Government. To what extent was the OCB a significant expansion of the unelected military and intelligence bureaucracy? To what extent might JFK have felt that the OCB was a potential challenge to the presidency? Do we know anything about the CIA and the State Department's reaction to JFK's decision and or attempts to prevent this change if there were any? Link to comment Share on other sites Please sign in to comment You will be able to leave a comment after signing in Sign In Now • Create New...
Skip to main content Decoded: Can We Defend Ourselves From An Asteroid Armageddon? Is Earth ready to defend itself from an Asteroid? Decoded: Can We Defend Ourselves From An Asteroid Armageddon? Asteroids are space rocks of varying sizes that orbit the Sun found in the Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter that are remnants of an older period of cosmos. Many of these space rocks have ‘gravitated’ (pun intended) towards Earth lately and it is actually not a rare phenomenon. Many asteroids along their everlasting trip around the Sun tend to cross paths with orbits of planets that orbit the Sun in arranged elliptical orbits. SEE ALSO: Oxford Scientist Decodes Alien Life, Asteroid Collision, Life On Mars And More A collision by one of these asteroids has been speculated by scientists on numerous occasions describing the massive devastation their theoretical impact would cause. Stephen Hawking in his book ‘Brief Answers to the Big Questions’ talked about an asteroid collision being a threat to Earth. More recently Neil DeGrasse Tyson talked about the devastating tsunami that will be caused by asteroid 99942 Apophis. But are these are just theories? Or do they really point towards the major danger that asteroids carry with them? Talking about the Apophis ‘God of chaos’ story, Oxford scientist, Lewis Dartnell told Mashable India that, "Asteroid Apophis is one of the asteroids that we are tracking and we know that it is not going to impact for the next few decades and will continue on trail”. He also explained that astronomers are actively looking for asteroids that might pose a threat but until now no such asteroid posing grave danger has been found. However, when it comes to the overall danger surrounding asteroid collision on Earth, Neil De Grasse stated in a tweet that "society’s refusal to heed the warnings of scientists" is the real threat. This is why preparing defences against an asteroid impact event is of paramount importance. B612 Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to planetary science and defense has explained that its 100 percent certain Earth will be hit by an asteroid, but it is not 100 percent certain when it will hit. During the Apophis debacle, Elon Musk had also tweeted his concerns over the lack of asteroid defences we have at the moment. However, it doesn't really seem like the case since NASA seems to have some defences up its sleeve against asteroids. Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is an undertaking by NASA for planetary defense which consists of a space probe that will use kinetic impactor technique to change the trajectory of an asteroid. NASA has already selected the target for the probes demonstration which is a binary asteroid called Didymos, with a 780 meters wide primary body and 160 meters wide secondary body. The size of the asteroid is similar to a potentially hazardous asteroid that could pose a threat to Earth. In June 2018, US National Science and Technology Council admitted to being unprepared for an impact event and released the National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan. SEE ALSO: Two Massive Asteroids Zoomed Past Earth On The Same Day! Overall, it appears that there are advances being made in the field of ‘Planetary Defence Against Asteroids’ and we might even be ready to face a cataclysmic asteroid impact. But, even if we are not, we could always count on a rag-tag team of diggers that work under Bruce Willis and a couple of astronauts to save us from ‘Armageddon’. Recommended For You Trending on Mashable
Happy Codings - Programming Code Examples JavaScript Programming JavaScript > Code Examples Add gear and help icon to tab header C Code Counts Number of Words in String - C program to 'count total number' of words in a string using Loop. To count total number of 'Words in a String' we just need to count total number of white spaces. Includes single blank Implement Graham Scan Algorithm Finds - This is a C++ Program to implement Graham Scan algorithm. 'Graham's scan' is a method of computing the convex hull of a finite set of points in the plane with time complexity O(n Program to Display Odd numbers without - C Program to print odd numbers from 1 to n without if statement. The above approach is not optimal approach to print odd numbers. Observe the above program for a while. You C++ Implements Queue using Linked List - C++ program, "using iteration", implements the list of elements removed from the queue in first in first out mode using a Linked list. A linked list is an ordered set of data elements, A Simple Function in C++ Programming - A function is block of code which is used to perform a particular task, for example let's say you are writing a "Larger C++ Program", in that program you want to do a particular Mathematic Functions Calculate Percentile - The array of integers indicating the marks of the students is given, U have to calculate the percentile of the students aaccording to this rule: the percentile of a student is the %of no Find the Length of Strings without strlen() - We are Counting the Number of characters in a given String to find out & display its Length on console. Upon 'execution' of this program, the user would be asked to enter string, then
Count modern batteries. Beginning his work in 1793, Count Alessandro Volta (1742-1827)Count Alessandro Volta was born in 1745 at Como, Italy. He was educated in public schools and in 1774, he became professor of Physics at the Royal School in Como. The following year he devised the electrophorus, an instrument that produced charges of static electricity. In 1776-1777 he applied himself to chemistry, studying atmospheric electricity and devising experiments such as the ignition of gases by an electric spark in a closed vessel. In 1779 he became professor of physics at the University of Pavia, a chair he occupied for 25 years.In 1800, Volta discovered the battery by studying earlier experiments. He believed that metals that are different could create electricity when in contact with each other. In his experiment, he stacked copper, zinc and cardboard, which was soaked in salt water. When both ends of the stack were touched, electricity flowed. This was the first battery.There is not a lot of information on Count Alessandro Volta’s life, but there are records of Napoleon giving him the title of Count in 1801 in gratitude for his inventions that have revolutionized the world of today. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now The Electric BatteryElectricity has fascinated human kind since our ancestors first witnessed lightning. In ancient Greece, Thales observed that an electric charge could be generated by rubbing amber, for which the Greek word is electron. The German physicist Otto von Guericke experimented with generating electricity in 1650, the English physicist Stephen Gray discovered electrical conductivity in 1729, and the American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin studied the properties of electricity by conducting his famous experiment of flying a kite with a key attached during electrical storms. However, the first workable device for generating a consistent flow of electricity was invented around 1799 by the Italian inventor Alessandro Volta. Volta’s discovery of a means of converting chemical energy into electrical energy formed the basis for nearly all modern batteries.Beginning his work in 1793, Volta observed the electrical interaction between two different metals submerged near each other in an acidic solution. Based on this principle, his first battery consisted of a series of alternating copper and zinc rings in an acid solution known as an electrolyte. He called his invention a column battery, although it came to be commonly known as the Volta battery or Voltaic cell. The term volt, a unit for measuring electrical potential difference and electromotive force, is also derived from his name. I'm Mary! Check it out
Andrew Jackson Trail Of Tears Analysis Essay The trail of tears was the forceful events to the Native American to relocate from the south eastern region to the western region. Andrew Jackson was the president, He fulfilled his ambition by changed the Washington and America, which is also called the Indian removal act. The removal was resulted destruction to the five Indian tribes, such as Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole and Cherokee. The Cherokee was decided not to move, they have took Georgia to the court. The chief justice John Marshal was ruled the favor on behalf of the Cherokee, He said that Cherokee should not have to move out. Andrew Jackson persisted on his policy that, they will move them. Upon moving them, their property was sized and were pointed gun on them. Then, Trail of tears comes out. The Cherokee people were died along the way, due to hungry, and diseases. This was the saddest moment in American History. However, Jackson did not trust his cabinet anymore. He wanted to work with the informal advisors, the Kitchen cabinet. He hired and fired them more often. Andrew Jackson and others president played an important role in this video. After the election 1824, John Quincy Adam became a president. Jackson was very angry, because he didn’t not win the election. When the Adam came to the office, he had many goals to accomplish for the western territories. Such as fund for public education, scientific advancement, road and canal building. His ambition was not achieved due to the politics of American punk rock band. I would say that Adam had a very strong personality, based on the video, he was the first president that wore long trouser and the first president taken his photographer. He is not thought about doing a better job than his father John Adam. He is not worry about corruption and also refuse to pay the patronage to Washington. Adam served four years as a president, and wanted to run the second term. Consequently, Andrew Jackson stood up against him. The people who side for the Jackson believed that Adam was robbed the country and he believed in corruption. The election of 1828 was the rough and blood shed campaign in the history. Jackson won the president, but he and his wife Racheal were faced a lot of challenge and obstacle from the Quincy Adams. The joy of the victory doesn’t last long, because Jackson lost his wife. The wife died on heart attack from the opposite party. Despite that, the fight continue. Jackson called himself a Jeffersonian, Thomas Jefferson called him a dangerous man, because he doesn’t like his behavior. Jackson was a strong man, the common man and a fighter. When he took the office, he created the spoil system and the petticoats. The social statue of Margaret Peggy Eaton, which make him not trust his cabinet. Moreover, after the Indian removal act, Jackson brought out the nullification crises. A confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. South Carolina was thought that the federal tariff was unconstitutional. The federal tariff was raised on imported goods. Jackson responded vehemently to Calhoun, because he think that he was his enemy, and wanted to send his army to hang John Calhoun on the tree. Another major issue he faced was the Bank of the United State. This was the main political controversy for his administration. He fought Nicholas Biddle for the renewal of the bank, and he later won. In 1836 the Bank of the United State was collapsed. It brought a big problem in Martin Van Buren’s administration. Jackson change the presidency, economy, government landscape and the people. He is the only president to be maned after the whole age. In addition, Van Buren was the best political campaign and the highest political machine politician. The people believed that he will do good work for the white house. When Van took the oath he thought that he will imitate the Jackson, but the financial destruction of Jackson banks was really affect him seriously. After the Inauguration the panic of 1837 begins. The crises of unemployment, Bankruptcy and economic depression started. The Whig party were regret on the Van campaign, blaming themselves for the Van nomination instead of nominated Henry clay for the president. Unfortunately, the Whig party form a new Whig party and they nominated William Henry Harrison. They believed that William is like Andrew Jackson. During the campaign Harrison had a nickname tilted “Tippecanoe” He got the name at Indian battle. The most symbol during their campaign was the Log cabin and the image of the English coach. Although people doesn’t like Harrison, they accused him of his old age. They called him the granny General. On the day of his oath ceremony, Harrison remind people about his background and his age. He gave the longest inaugural address in the American history. He was stand on a cold with no hat or coat to give his address. Sadly, after three days he took the oath as a president, he had a pneumonia and died within thirty days. I felt so bad for him. I would say that he died out of anger name calling and frustration, due to the politics in campaign. Tyler acts as a president. The Whig party expelled him out from the party. Tyler did not do well in a historic treaty between the United State and the Great Britain. They nominated James K. Polk for the new president. They called him a dark horse candidate. My question here is that why do they called a dark horse candidate. No one believed that he will be the president. Polk promised that he will finish the work that Andrew Jason have started. He did a good job like Andrew did. They named him the 25th best president in America. He had an activities on the white house every Wednesday. The Marine Corps band gather in the white house to play and had fun. He also make himself available twice in a week, for the people who want to see him. They called him the hardest working president in the U. S history. Finally, Polk had four goal to accomplish before his term end. He said that he wanted to serve as a president for the one term. Firstly, he wanted to make sure that the issue between United State and the Great Britain for the Oregon territory has been settle. Secondly, to bring California into the United State. Thirdly, to set up an independent Treasury to fix the mass credit. Fourthly, to lower the tariffs on import of goods to American economy. He fulfilled his ambition to the United State. In conclusion, the trail of the tears video focus more on the issue of the politics, campaign, hatred and name calling. There are several indication in the video that all the president mentioned were fighting for the betterment and the progress of the country. They are interesting speech on Harrison Inauguration that make to think that, people should not take any one for the granted. Andrew Jackson and Polk are the Hero presidents. They make our country the greatest and proud.
Communication Plan Effective reading/literacy specialists collaborate and communicate with all stakeholders. This allows the stakeholders to assist in making sure students are successful and met their goals.Develop a 100-250 word scenario describing a student who is falling behind in reading or writing, including an explanation of the deficiency identified.Based on the scenario, write a 250-500 word communication plan that:Discusses information that will be communicated with the student and the family as well as how it will be communicated.Identifies campus stakeholders and the information you will communicate to them .Describes the professional responsibility of a reading/literacy specialist in safeguarding student information .Provides evidence from the “Model Code of Ethics for Educators” of the responsibility to professionally communicate and incorporate Christian worldviews.While APA style format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
Cubes and Cube Roots\| Worksheet\| Class 8 Worksheet for chapter: Cubes and Cube Roots is presented below. The worksheets are provided for practice and self evaluation of students of class 8. Solutions are provided at the end of the page. (1) Which of the following number is not a perfect cube? (i) 172 (ii) 343 (2) Find the smallest number by which 126 must be multiplied to obtain a perfect cube. (3) Find the smallest numbers by which 432 must be divided to obtain a perfect cube. (4) Find the cube root of 32768 by prime factorisation. (5) Guess the cube root of 97336. (6) State true or false. (i) Cube of 1 is 1. (ii) Cube of any even number is even. (iii) A perfect cube has prime factor in triplets. Choose the correct answer. (7) Hardy – Ramanujan Number is (i) 1728 (ii) 1727 (iii) 1729 (8) What is the number whose cube and cube roots are same? (9) How many perfect cubes are there from 1 to 1000? (i) 100 (ii) 10 (iii) 0 (10) Guess cube root of the number 6859. Helping Topics Cubes and Cubes Roots NCERT Solutions Class 8 Worksheet Solutions Class 8 Leave a comment
Yahoo Web Search 1. About 75,100 search results 1. Image of crowds at the Atatürk Memorial on Anzac Day 2017. The Memorial is maintained by the Ministry while the Kemal Atatürk Reserve (where the Memorial is situated) and the surrounding Rangitatau Reserve are maintained by the Wellington City Council. In March 2017, the Turkish Memorial was unveiled at Pukeahu National War Memorial Park. 2. The Kemal Atatürk Memorial is a memorial direcetly opposite the Australian War Memorial on Anzac Parade, the principal memorial and ceremonial parade in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is named after Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938) who, as a Lieutenant Colonel, commanded the Turkish 19th Infantry Division when it resisted the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at Arı Burnu on ... 3. Gallipoli-ANZACS Memorial Tours. Anzac Cove is perhaps the most famous spot on the Gallipoli Peninsula. This small cove which is 600m long, is where the men of the ANZAC corps first came ashore on 25 April 1915 and were sent immediately into battle along the Second Ridge. ANZAC Cove was only a kilometre of the frontline on the mountainous western side of the peninsula and within easy range of Turkish artillery, who inflicted massive casualties. 4. People also ask What is the ANZAC Memorial and why is it important? Was Ataturk's Anzac Speech inscribed on the monuments? Did Ataturk write the words to the Gallipoli mothers? Does 'Ataturk 1934' belong to Ataturk? 5. The Atatürk memorial was our response to the Turkish government building a commemorative site at Anzac Cove (which they renamed from Ari Burnu). The memorial was designed by Ian Bowman and was unveiled on 26 April 1990 by the Turkish Minister of Agriculture. 6. Apr 20, 2015 · But it has since become a commemorative roar in Australia and at Anzac Cove, where tens of thousands of Anzac pilgrims visit and read the words on the Ataturk memorial, unveiled in the mid 1980s. 7. The Anzac Memorial stands on Gadigal Land. We pay our respect to Aboriginal Elders past, present and future, and extend that respect to other First Nations people. 1. People also search for
When the ‘Lippert’ of Dna: A New Way to Identify Cancer Patients In late July, I was at a meeting of the American Cancer Society’s American Association for Cancer Research. One of the group’s leaders, David Lippert, sat in a room next to me, chatting about a proposal to develop a new way to identify cancer patients, based on a technique called lippert analysis. Lippart is a professor of molecular biology at UC San Diego. He is the author of several books, including The Lipperton Effect: The Evolution of the Cancer Body and Why We Should All Be Lippered. The Lipset was a term coined by Lippet and his co-author, Mark Lippett, an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of California, Davis. Lipsert told me he was referring to a new method that has gained traction among cancer researchers in recent years, but was first described in an early 2016 article in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. In that paper, Lippets team compared the structure of cells in a laboratory dish with that of a human tumour, finding that lippetts, a type of protein, had changed the way cells were arranged in the tumour. This allowed them to identify individual cancer cells, a technique that has been shown to be particularly useful in cancer research. It’s an exciting development, but one that needs to be properly applied. Lizzett told me that the idea behind lippets has been around for a long time, and that the process is a relatively simple one. “We’re actually using lippet analysis to look at the structure and composition of cells,” Lizzetts said. Lipet Analysis The basic idea behind the lippett is to find out what proteins are present inside a tumour cell. “ I think it’s a very useful way to look for cancer cells,” he said. The lippeta protein is a small protein found in the nucleus of the cell, but it’s important to note that lipset analysis can only detect proteins that are present in the cell nucleus. For example, a protein called c-kit has been identified as the protein that is present in tumour cells and is responsible for the protein-protein interaction, which makes it useful for studying the interactions between different proteins in the body. Lippedit Analysis can be applied to a lot of different things, Lizzitt said. For instance, if you have a tumor that is in the middle of a network of nerves that carry signals to other parts of the body, lippette analysis can help you identify where in that network the nerves come from and the surrounding tissue. LIPETING THE LIPPET The LIPETS system was developed by researchers at UC Davis. They are currently working on a larger version of the system, which will look for proteins that lie between the cancer cells and their surrounding tissue, called the lipsett. They want to do this using an enzyme called pterostilbene, which is known to be expressed in a cancer cell. Researchers hope that pterstilbenes ability to help them detect proteins can eventually lead to a better understanding of cancer cells. LIPPETS TECHNOLOGY In their latest paper, they describe how they built a lippetz algorithm, a tool that is able to take a sample of cells and identify them in the liplet as a way to learn what proteins make up a cancer tumour tumour and where the tumours cells are located. The algorithm then calculates how many proteins in that sample, called a protein load, are likely to have been present in that tumour sample. This information can then be used to determine whether the tumoured cells are likely linked to the cancer, which could potentially lead to new treatments. LINGOLE TECHNOLOGIES In an article published in Nature, the researchers described how they were able to create the lippy, using a protein they named lippite. The researchers have also recently published a paper describing the lipite algorithm. “Lippite is a powerful, scalable method for identifying cancer cells in vivo and has been used to identify tumour-associated proteins and their associated mutations,” they wrote. “The lippettes method allows us to identify these mutations as well as the proteins that form them. This opens the door to novel treatments that target proteins associated with tumour pathology.” The LIPPITS SYSTEM The Lizzet method can be used on tumours that are not yet known to have cancer, such as in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer, or a patient whose tumour is found in a different organ than the one in which the cancer has occurred. LIZET TABLES AND THE BODY The Lizzy system uses a technique known as ‘microfluidic
Robot Fish Powered by Synthetic Blood Just Keeps Swimming A liquid battery that doubles as hydraulic fluid helps this robot swim for up to 36 hours 3 min read Researchers from Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania developed a robotic fish that uses synthetic blood pumped through an artificial circulatory system The robotic fish uses synthetic blood pumped through an artificial circulatory system to provide both hydraulic power for muscles and a distributed source of electrical power. Photo: James Pikul Living things are stupendously complicated, and when we make robots (even bio-inspired robots), we mostly just try and do the best we can to match the functionality of animals, rather than the details of their structure. One exception to this is hydraulic robots, which operate on the same principle as spiders do, by pumping pressurized fluid around to move limbs. This is more of a side effect than actual bio-inspiration, though, as spiders still beat robots in that they use their blood as both a hydraulic fluid and to do everything else that blood does, like transporting nutrients and oxygen where it’s needed. In a paper published in Nature this week, researchers from Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania are presenting a robotic fish that uses synthetic blood pumped through an artificial circulatory system to provide both hydraulic power for muscles and a distributed source of electrical power. The system they came up with "combines the functions of hydraulic force transmission, actuation and energy storage into a single integrated design that geometrically increases the energy density of the robot to enable operation for long durations," which sounds bloody amazing, doesn’t it? This fish isn’t going to win any sprints, but it’s got impressive endurance, with a maximum theoretical operating time of over 36 hours while swimming at 1.5 body lengths per, uh, minute. The key to this is in the fish’s blood, which (in addition to providing hydraulic power to soft actuators) serves as one half of a redox flow battery. The blood is a liquid triiodide cathode, which circulates past zinc cells submerged in an electrolyte. As the zinc oxidizes, it releases electrons, which power the fish’s microcontroller and pumps. The theoretical energy density of this power system is 322 watt-hours per liter, or about half of the 676 watt-hours per liter that you’ll find in the kind of lithium-ion batteries that power a Tesla. Cornell Robot Fish The innards of the robot fish include two pumps, molded silicone shell with fin actuators, a microcontroller, and a synthetic vascular system containing flexible electrodes and a cation-exchange membrane encased in a soft silicone skin. Image: James Pikul Conventional batteries may be more energy dense, but that Tesla also has to lug around motors and stuff if it wants to go anywhere. By using its blood to drive hydraulic actuators as well, this fish is far more efficient. Inside the fish are two separate pumps, each one able to pump blood from a reservoir of sorts into (or out of) an actuator. Pumping blood from the dorsal spines into the pectoral fins pushes the fins outward from the body, and pumping blood from one side of the tail to the other and back again results in a swimming motion. In total, the fish contains about 0.2 liter of blood, distributed throughout an artificial vascular system that was designed on a very basic level to resemble the structure of a real heart. The rest of the fish is made of structural elements that are somewhat like muscle and cartilage. It’s probably best to try not to draw too many parallels between this robot and an actual fish, though, and we may have already gone just slightly overboard on the whole “blood” thing. But the point is that combining actuation, force transmission, and energy storage has significant advantages for this particular robot. The researchers say that plenty of optimization is possible as well, which would lead to benefits in both performance and efficiency. Electrolytic vascular systems for energy-dense robots,” by Cameron A. Aubin, Snehashis Choudhury, Rhiannon Jerch, Lynden A. Archer, James H. Pikul, and Robert F. Shepherd from Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania, appears in the current issue of Nature The Conversation (0) How the U.S. Army Is Turning Robots Into Team Players Engineers battle the limits of deep learning for battlefield bots 11 min read Robot with threads near a fallen branch Evan Ackerman Keep Reading ↓ Show less
Seasoned Pan cast iron A seasoned pan has a stick-resistant coating of polymerized fat and oil on the surface (a polymer is a molecule, made from joining together many small molecules called monomers). Seasoning is desirable on cast-iron cookware and carbon steel cookware, because otherwise they are very sticky to foods and rust-prone. For other pans (e.g., stainless, aluminum, enamelled), the same chemical phenomenon can occur, but seasoning may not be desired for cosmetic reasons (it makes a pan look splotchy), or the pan may already be stick-resistant (e.g., at medium heat, a clean stainless pan with oil is very stick resistant to many foods). The process of heating a pan to cause the oil to oxidize is analogous to the hardening of drying oil used in oil paints, or to varnish a painting. When oils or fats are heated in a pan, multiple degradation reactions occur, including: autoxidation, thermal oxidation, polymerization, cyclization and fission. Often seasoning is uneven in a pan, and over time the distribution will spread to a whole pan. Heating the cookware (such as in a hot oven or on a stovetop) facilitates the oxidation of the iron; the fats and/or oils protect the metal from contact with the air during the reaction, which would cause rust to form. Some cast iron users advocate heating the pan slightly before applying the fat or oil to ensure that the pan is completely dry and to open ‘the pores’ of the pan. The surface is hydrophobic (resistant to water), and oils or fats for cooking will spread evenly. The seasoned surface will deteriorate at the temperature where the polymers breakdown. This is not the same as the smoke point of the original oils and fats used to season the pan because those oils and fats are transformed into the plasticized surface. (This is analogous to how the smoke point for crude oil and plastic are different). A bare, unseasoned pan will need to develop a base coat of polymerized animal fat or vegetable oil. This base coat is initially created by a process of layering a very thin coat of oil on the pan. Then, the oil is polymerized to the metal’s surface with high heat for a duration. The base coat will eventually develop a more refined coating through use, e.g., frying or searing, and darken over time. This entire process is known as “‘seasoning.’ The color of the coating is commonly known as its ‘patina.’ The process begins by choosing an animal fat or vegetable oil to apply on the surface of the pan. There is much controversy regarding the correct oil to use. Lodge Mfg uses a proprietary soybean blend in their base coats as stated on their website. Others use lard, or animal fats. Some advocate the use of flax seed oil. There is no consensus on the issue and many have reported mixed results from the various fats. The only clear consensus with the initial process is to dry the pan through heat and layer the oil on the pan very thinly. The next part of the process is heat and duration. Once the pan has been heated, dried, and thinly layered with oil or fat, it is placed in an oven, grill, or other heating enclosure for the oil to be polymerized onto the metal’s surface. The process of polymerization is dependent on the oil, temperature of the enclosure, and the duration. As with choosing the correct oil or fat, there is also no clear consensus with the correct temperature and duration. Some recommend high temps above 500F (260°C). Some recommend a lower temp below 300F (150°C). Some say that a temperature around the smoke point of the oil or fat should be targeted since this will allow vaporization of impurities from the oil, and polymerization and carbonization to occur. And, there is also no clear determination of the correct duration of heat to use. Anywhere from half an hour to an hour is often recommended. Finally, this entire process needs to be repeated several times to develop the base coat, and may require a whole day to complete. If it is not pre-seasoned, a new cast iron skillet or dutch oven typically comes from the manufacturer with a protective coating of wax or shellac, otherwise it would be rusted. This must be removed before the oven is used. An initial scouring with hot soapy water will usually remove the protective coating. Alternatively, for woks, it is common to burn off the coating over high heat (outside or under a vent hood) to expose the bare metal surface. For already-used pans that are to be re-seasoned, the cleaning process can be more complex, involving rust removal and deep cleaning (with strong soap or lye, or by burning in a campfire or self-cleaning oven) to remove existing seasoning and build-up. A damaged pan can be reseasoned by stripping the pan down to bare metal, and re-seasoning. As with other cast iron vessels, a seasoned pan or dutch oven should not be used to cook foods containing tomatoes, vinegar or other acidic ingredients. These foods will damage the new seasoning. Instead, newly seasoned ovens should be used to cook food high in oil or fat, such as chicken, bacon, or sausage, or used for deep frying. Subsequent cleanings are usually accomplished without the use of soap. Because modern cleaning methods (detergent soaps, dishwashers) will destroy the seasoning on cast iron, manufacturers and cookbook authors recommend only wiping the pans clean after each use, or using other cleaning methods such as a salt scrub or boiling water. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Gradual Processes Speed of Particles July 7 The hallmark of evolutionary thinking is that all life is a matter of slow, gradual, nearly imperceptible changes – through massive amounts of time. Every living thing on the face of the earth came to be, because of these minor positive changes that helped them survive the dangers and challenges of living on this earth. This slow, time-intensive process is believed to have begun in a single cell that (somehow) came alive (nobody really knows for certain HOW this happened!). Through time, this single-cell creature grew and adapted, developed and changed, until (after millions of years) we have the myriad of species that we see today. That it all happened by slow, gradual processes is the dominant explanation accepted by most scientists and taught as fact in nearly all of our educational systems. slow change But there are huge problems that hardly anyone ever talks about. If this gradual evolution is fact – why have we never found any direct evidence for it? And: If one species is slowly changed into another species… how does it survive while it is evolving? We have talked about this before, but it bears repeating. Evolutionists look at micro-evolution (small changes that occur as a living things adapt to their environment) and make the massive leap to macro-evolution (one thing evolves into another thing through the accumulation of many of these small changes). They conclude: “If small changes are readily observed, why not major changes through the course of time?” But there is a problem. If evolution were true, shouldn’t we be able to observe at least ONE transitioning creature now? Or shouldn’t we, at least, find evidence of such a transitioning creature in the fossil record? But this is not the case. We have NO observable evidence… and no fossil evidence to even hint that macroevolution takes place (either in the present or in the past). Franklin Harold (a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology) put it bluntly in his book, The Way of the Cell: “There are presently no detailed Darwinian accounts of the evolution of any biological or cellular system, only a variety of wishful speculations.” As an example, nearly all evolutionists believe that birds evolved from reptiles. Shrinking Dinosaurs This conclusion is drawn almost entirely from the similarities in skeletal structure between most reptiles and birds. For evolutionists, this similar structure (called homologous in most scientific circles) is a direct “indicator” of a common ancestor. Certainly, this is a reasonable inference. We should expect that the evidence supporting this inference would also be reasonable. But it isn’t. Take a simple thing like the necessity of reptilian scales evolving into feathers (which is the most common belief of how birds got their feathers). When you listen to the possible explanations of HOW this could occur, it sounds less like good science and more like a bad science-fiction movie. Gerhard Heilman, in his book The Origin of Birds, talked about this evolution of scales into feathers: “By the friction of air the outer edges became frayed, the fraying gradually changing into still longer horny processes which in the course of time became more and more feather like.” Picture this: Heilman proposed that some early reptiles started climbing trees so that they could “glide” down onto their unsuspecting prey. Through the magic of time, the scales on their front legs began to fray and the fraying continued until, one day (eons later), full-fledged wings had formed (the ability to fly soon to follow)! rept to bird Small adaptations + much time = a new species! Simple. But when you look at the real science involved you notice some major obstacles to the plausibility of this evolutionary tale. As Michael Denton, in his book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, points out: “Any degree of fraying would make the scales pervious to air, thereby decreasing their surface area and lift capacity.” In short, frayed scales take the ability to fly in the WRONG direction – essentially making flight impossible. And what about this tree-climbing, dive-bombing reptile while he is waiting to get his wings? His scales become less and less effectual in their protective functions while he waits for the slow, gradual transformation to feathers to occur. The advantage of his scales becomes less and less, making his survival far less likely. To get to functional wings, he has to gradually lose the functionality of his scales (and his front limbs) – making his species increasingly vulnerable to elimination. The scale to feather problem is just one of many. Birds and reptiles may have homologous skeletal structures, but that is about all they have in common. A bird’s lungs and respiratory system are drastically different (unique among all species!). Their heart, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system are vastly dissimilar to reptiles. These would also have to undergo the time-intensive gradual transformations necessary to become something entirely different (also with the same problems of non-functionality while becoming something else!). Blood System Ppt Tag: Reptile Circulatory System Ppt - Anatomy Body Structure Denton concluded: “Altogether it adds up to an enormous conceptual difficulty in envisaging how a reptile could have gradually converted to a bird.” At some point, a reasonable mind would have to say: “It couldn’t have happened that way – it’s just not plausible.” But that leaves us with only one other reasonable option. Maybe, just maybe, reptiles and birds were separate species from the very beginning. Maybe they didn’t have to become something else (or something better). They could just be what they were made to be. Maybe a Creator made them exactly what they are. birds of the air I know that sounds like faith… and it is. But it is faith that is backed by the actual evidence that we see… and that we have discovered in the fossil record. We have reptiles. We have birds. There are NO half-reptile/half-birds. Someone has said: It takes more faith to believe in evolution than it does to believe in a Creator. When evolutionists finally get around to explaining HOW they think evolution occurred, we can see why. About theheartseeker This entry was posted in Belief, Creation, Daily devotional, Evolution, God as Creator, Intelligent Design vs. Evolution, Science and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Explain the relationship between knowledge, research and practice This assignment requires you to reflect on clinical nursing practice to identify a research question that you wish to explore further and to develop a review protocol//strategy in relation to the research question. This assignment/review protocol is linked with your next course NURS 3046 Nursing Project. Objectives being assessed • Explain the relationship between knowledge, research and practice • Explain the process of identifying a research question • Apply the research process to develop a research protocol/strategy • Apply a critical approach to reviewing the literature • Develop a research question from ONE of the health themes provided below • Apply the PICO or PIO format to the research question • Develop inclusion and exclusion criteria • Develop a search strategy to direct a search of relevant electronic health databases to locate specific research articles related to your research question. • Implement the search strategy in the two selected electronic databases. • Identify and record 5 research articles relevant to your research question. Health Themes • Mothers and babies • Children and families • Acute care settings • Older people • Mental health • Rural and remote health • Indigenous health Assignment Format You should present your assignment using the following headings and ensure that you address each point described under each heading. Background (1000 words) 1. Based upon the health theme you have chosen, state your research question including the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes (PICO) OR Population, Issue and Outcomes (PIO). 2. Explain how your research question is important to patient care, nursing practice, professional knowledge or research. Inclusion and exclusion criteria (800 words) 1. Develop and describe the inclusion and exclusion criteria relevant to your selected question. 2. Justify why the inclusion and exclusion criteria you have identified are appropriate (in terms of study design, participants/population, intervention or issue, outcomes). Search strategy (Total 1000 words equivalent) 1. Identify and record 2 electronic databases and explain why these databases are relevant to your research topic/question. 2. From your research question, identify and record key words that you will use in your search of these 2 electronic databases. 3. Develop and record a simple search strategy relevant to your research question using the keywords in addition to truncation, abbreviations, wildcards and Boolean operators. 4. Implement the search strategy in the two selected databases and identify and list 5 relevant research articles (using UniSA Harvard referencing) that will enable you to answer your research question. Please note that you will be using the 5 articles that you have identified and listed in Nursing Project, which follows this course Use the following coupon Order Now Chat with us on WhatsApp
Did the US help Vietnam? Why did the US get involved in Vietnam? Was the United States successful in Vietnam? Twenty-five years after the ignominious American withdrawal from what was then South Vietnam, this much is clear: the United States lost the war, but won the peace. In this case, though, the United States and the West won the war. … Why did the US fail in Vietnam? Failures for the USA What were the 3 main causes of the Vietnam War? Who started the Vietnam War? THIS IS INTERESTING: Your question: Are suppressors legal in Thailand? Is Vietnam still communist?
Why Vaporizing Is a Harmful Habit? June 27, 2021 In Uncategorized Why Vaporizing Is a Harmful Habit? An electronic vaporizer is a new electronic device that mimics traditional cigarette smoking to mimic the physical act of smoking. It usually includes a tank, an atomizer, and a device such as a cartridge or spray for releasing vapor into the air. Rather than smoke, the vaper inhales actual vapor instead. As such, using an electronic vaporizer is generally described as “vaping.” The procedure works by creating what’s sometimes described as “smokeless” tobacco. One of the concerns with vaporizing tobacco products is the concern that it may interfere with the mind development of children. Overview of the studies on this matter indicates that there is no evidence that vaporizing does have a detrimental effect on brain development. In fact, the majority of the studies point to the contrary. Some studies have indicated that regular cigarettes and menthol cigarettes are simply as bad for children’s brain development as nicotine gum. Another worry surrounding using e-cigs is that they can make the smoker’s lungs less healthy. Although there has been some research into the harmful effects of long-term nicotine use, none of the studies have found conclusive evidence to support that particular claim. One study that was conducted looked at two groups of people: one who used a vaporizing e-cigarette and another who smoked a regular cigarette. The study figured the non-smokers had thicker lungs than the smokers. Exactly the same conclusion was reached for users of both forms of cigarettes. There are a number of various kinds of e-liquids that are available on the market today. Different companies are coming up with newer products every year. Most of the e-liquids are flavored in order to make them more appealing to potential buyers. But, consumers should be aware that there is no real proof yet linking flavoring to any reduction in lung cancer or other disease. Most of the research that is done up to now indicates that regular smoking and regular usage of cigarettes do significantly raise the risk for some cancers along with other health issues. As more studies are performed, experts aren’t certain concerning the impact of e-juices on longterm health. Most of the flavorings used in the smokes usually do not contain any type of nicotine, so that they won’t affect someone who is trying to give up. The flavoring chemicals that are used to give these products their characteristic smell could actually be toxins. Lots of smokers who wish to quit claim that the act of mixing nicotine with e-juice was one of the items that helped them to kick the habit. By making the smoker recognize that he or she can really quit simply by not smoking, it triggers the part of the brain that tells the person to stop smoking. The individual then begins to associate the act with pleasure and for that reason will be able to stop vaping. In the foreseeable future, it is very likely that electric cigarettes will replace regular cigarettes. Manufacturers have previously produced electronic devices that look and feel as being a regular cigarette. The brand new trend is apparently the flavored varieties. The flavors Vape are usually made to interest the young consumer that wants an “alcoholic” feel minus the nasty side effects of alcohol. One thing that everyone doesn’t understand is how much he smokes actually harm the lungs. When vapor contains harmful chemicals, it can enter the air and breathe these particles. This happens whenever a person vapes. The lungs start to get irritated cells begin to multiply. That is why it’s so important to only use reputable companies that induce quality products which are safe to use. Since vapor contains harmful chemical compounds, it is important to choose an e-juice that having healthy, 100 % natural ingredients such as for example fruit or vegetables to provide a healthy option to smoking.
technology news Structure principle of rail grinder The guideway grinder adopts Taiwan’s advanced machine tool structure manufacturing technology, and is equipped with a series of high-precision and high-efficiency machine tools produced by strict quality inspection methods. The machine tool has good performance, reliable structure, simple operation and convenient maintenance. It can be used for the plane, The grinding of inclined surfaces, bottom surfaces, etc. is suitable for the grinding and finishing of various types of bed, template, flat plates, etc. 1. The working principle of guide rail grinder Guideway grinders generally use high-precision rolling bearings for the main shaft components of medium and small-sized CNC milling machines, heavy-duty CNC milling machines use hydrostatic bearings, high-precision CNC milling machines use gas hydrostatic bearings, and spindles with a speed of 20000r/min use magnetic bearings or Ceramic ball bearings made of silicon nitride. Lubrication of the main shaft. In order to ensure good lubrication of the main shaft, reduce frictional heating, and at the same time take away the heat of the main shaft components, a circulating lubrication system is usually used. Use a hydraulic pump to supply oil for strong lubrication, and use an oil temperature controller in the oil tank to control the oil temperature. Nowadays, the spindles of many CNC milling machines are lubricated by advanced lithium-based grease. Each time grease is added, it can be used for 710 years, which simplifies the structure, reduces the cost, and is easy to maintain. However, it is necessary to prevent the mixture of lubricating oil and grease, usually using a labyrinth Type sealing method. 2. Features and advantages of rail grinder 1. The machine tool adopts a closed frame structure with sufficient rigidity 2. The rail surface of the worktable is pasted with a special machine tool rail plate to ensure that the table feed does not crawl and the rail durability 3. The horizontal feed and vertical feed of the grinding head are driven by a servo motor with a ball screw to ensure high feed accuracy of the machine tool and improve ease of operation 4. The feed hydraulic system of the worktable uses mechanical valves for reversing, and the reversing distance of the machine tool is constant 5. The machine tool adopts a humanized operation control panel to improve the ease of operation of the machine tool 6. The horizontal Y and vertical Z coordinate movements of the rail grinder are equipped with digital display devices, which are convenient for operation and measurement, and ensure the machining accuracy of the machine tool. Get The Required Product Quotation As Quickly As Possible have any queries? Send to Contact Us
Centuries of physical mysteries related to the three objects are finally solved Technian-Israel Institute of Technology Professors Haggai Beret and Jonathan Barry Jinad. The three-body problem is one of the oldest mysteries of physics. It is about the movement of a system of three bodies like the sun, earth and moon. Nationalgeographic.co.id—The problem is three things One of them mystery Is the oldest in Physics. This problem is about the motion of systems of three bodies, such as the sun, earth, and moon, and how their orbits change and expand due to the mutual gravitational force. When one large object approaches another, the relative motion of the two bodies follows a path determined by their mutual gravitational attraction. But when two objects move together and change their position in their path, the force between them also depends on their mutual position. In the end it affects their path and beyond. For two objects (such as the Earth orbiting the Sun without the influence of other objects), the Earth’s orbit will follow a certain curve, which can be described mathematically (an ellipse). Advertised content Featured Videos “Total entrepreneur. Wannabe beer fanatic. An unapologetic zombie fan.” See also Krejčíková, Siniaková - Kuděrmětovová, Vesninová 7: 6, 4: 6, 7: 9, The Czech number one did not use four matchwords in a fierce battle and ends in Wimbledon! Leave a Comment
A Different War Story: the Soldier and Veteran Resistance Against the War in Vietnam Photograph Source: U.S. Information Agency – Public Domain The battle over American war stories began during the peak of the last revolution. Millions of Americans and tens of thousands of veterans and soldiers opposed the war in Vietnam. In the war’s moral outrages, crimes and betrayals, many saw the US empire for the first time. [1] For the last 40 years, the ruling class has been running away from the problems revealed by the Vietnam War. The disruptions caused by the Vietnam Era anti-war movement are part of an unfinished revolution that still begs questions. How can a nation that does not practice democracy — or a government that attacks the Bill of Rights at home — convincingly claim it is “a force for good in the world?” How can a military that drives climate change and guarantees the global interests of bankers and oil companies claim to protect or defend anything at all? How can an empire, as large and militaristic as ours, co-exist with democratic rule at home? American exceptionalism — the idea that we are a chosen people, inherently good, and outside of the normal constraints and contradictions of history — is one of the founding ideas of American culture. But, when the empire lurches from crisis to crisis even culture as deeply rooted as exceptionalism can be dragged into consciousness and challenged. As long-time Vietnam Veterans Against the War leader and former Vets for Peace President Dave Cline once told me, “”Vietnam is where all that history changed.” The Vietnam Legacy They Want You to Forget US Involvement in South East Asia began as an effort to restore the French and British Empire in Asia. But neither imperial power could weather the storm of WWII or defeat the national liberation struggles that followed. Soon enough the empire was ours — all ours — and so were the wars. Anti-communism and the Cold War positioned the US as “leader of the free world” and insisted that the Vietnam War was the moral equivalent of WWII. The enchanting idea of “nation-building” cast the war effort as benign, high-minded and helpful. But the Vietnamese victory over US forces and the peace movement broke the spell and momentarily revealed the empire for what it truly was. What cannot be honestly explained must be hidden. Because of its revolutionary implications — and its contradictory nature — the history of the soldier and veteran anti-war movements have been largely forgotten. It’s way past time to remember. Since the Vietnam War the media has censored war news by listing it low on their agenda, omitting it altogether, or, today, marginalizing anti-war social media sites. The government stopped the formal draft and reduced their reliance on US troops to a mere .5% of the population making soldiers and veterans and war casualties less visible. In order to keep the numbers down, the military brass cynically abused and wounded their own soldiers by forcing them into multiple tours with far too much exposure to combat. Those that endured the ordeal had some serious survival issues returning to “normal” life. Over twenty soldiers and veterans commit suicide each day. It’s hard to fudge that data. The military had to attack its own soldiers to avoid the reemergence of a Vietnam era style anti-war movement. It was then that a massive peace movement — in the context of the civil rights/black power, student and women’s movement — became not just a movement against the war and — for millions of Americans at least– against empire itself. By the early 1970s, the political heart of this wide-ranging peace movement was soldier and veteran dissent. Their power came from two sources. First was the fact that soldier resistance was a real material constraint on military operations and — second to the bloody sacrifices of the Vietnamese people themselves — was a major factor limiting the military’s ability to wage war. Just as important, the soldiers and veterans had the cultural and political credibility to help working-class Americans question and challenge the war and, in some cases, the existing order itself. “The most common charge leveled against the antiwar movement is that it was composed of cowards and draft dodgers. To have in it people who had served in the military…who were in fact patriots by the prowar folks own definition was a tremendous thing. VVAW (Vietnam Veterans Against the War) in 1970 and 1971 was unlike almost anything I’d seen in terms of its impact on the public…We took away more and more of the symbolic and rhetorical tools available to the prowar folks–just gradually squeezed them into a corner…we took away little by little the reasons people had not to listen to the antiwar movement.” [2] “We took away more and more of the symbolic and rhetorical tools available to the prowar folks.” This is the transformative dynamic at the heart of military resistance which made it both revolutionary, deeply contradictory and hard for people to understand. Ideals like the “citizen-solder” were claimed by the military because they motivated soldiers with high moral appeals. But under the conditions of the period, such ideals were transformed, refashioned and repurposed into a new service ideal that would wage — not war — but peace. They rocked the foundation of military culture not simply by criticizing it or repudiating it — that’s easy — but by transforming it — that’s the hardest thing in the world. Transformation is what revolutions are made of. The Vietnam legacy reveals the importance of supporting anti-war soldiers and veterans because they have power far beyond their numbers. This argument is not idle speculation. Although I am not a veteran, I was nearly drafted into the Army in 1971-2. It made me rethink my life. Then I got involved as a young activist and organizer in the anti-war and radical movements of the period. Inspired by a few anti-war veterans I knew, I spent a decade researching the soldier and veteran anti-war movement and wrote New Winter Soldiers: GI and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era. Here is the shortest possible summary of a movement that came to speak for approximately half of all soldiers and veterans of the time: During the American War in Vietnam, soldiers refused to go into combat and resisted commands of all kinds. The lowly foot soldier demanded democracy inside their combat units by insisted on discussing actions rather than simply following orders. They marched in protest and sent tens of thousands of letters to Congress opposing the war. In desperation, they attacked reckless officers — their own officers. An international underground newspaper network spread the word. Thousands resisted the war effort in ways large and small. Massive prison riots of US soldiers in American military jails in Vietnam — like the uprising at Long Binh Jail — disrupted military command. Over 600 cases of combat refusal rose to the level of a court-martial, some involving entire units. US soldiers violently attacked US officers over a thousand times. Urban rebellions at home and the assassination of Martin Luther King had a profound impact pushing black troops toward war resistance. The military brass lost their ability to enforce discipline and wage war. In 1971 Colonel Robert D. Heinl claimed: “The morale, discipline, and battle-worthiness of the US armed forces are, with a few salient exceptions, lower and worse than at any time in this century and possibly in the history of the United States.” From the bottom up, US troops replaced “search and destroy” missions with “search and avoid” missions. In some areas of Vietnam “search and avoid” became a way of life. A US Army Colonel recalls: “I had influence over an entire province. I put my men to work helping with the harvest…Once the NVA understood what I was doing they eased up. I am talking to you about a defacto truce you understand. The war stopped in most of the province. It’s the kind of history that doesn’t get recorded. Few people even know it happened and no one will ever admit that it happened.”[3] Anti-war soldiers were simultaneously on the front lines of war and the front lines of the anti-war movement.[4] When they came home veterans became the leading protestors as the civilian movement fractured. Black veterans joined civil rights groups or revolutionary organizations such as the Black Panthers that connected peace and internationalism with local community service. The Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) had at least 25,000 members — 80% were combat veterans –and the VVAW became leaders in the anti-war movement in the early 1970’s. The VVAW kicked off some of the largest civil disobedience protests against the war. In one of the most stirring moments of the entire peace movement veterans returned their medals on the steps of the US capital. This was the most important working-class peace movement in American history. Since those days there has been an unbroken tradition of opposition to war from service members, veterans and their families. Today the tradition is carried on by the Veterans For Peace, About Face: Veterans Against War, Military Families Speak Out. The VVAW remains the only peace group founded during the Vietnam resistance still in existence today. Soldier and veteran resistance was a blow against the empire. Can it become one again? 1/ See, New Winter Soldiers: GI and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam War. 2/ Ben Chitty is quoted in, New Winter Soldiers, p.130 3/ Moser, p. 132 4/ See a new collection of essays Waging Peace in Vietnam, Edited by Ron Carver, David Cortright and Barbara Doherty Richard Moser writes at befreedom.co where this article first appeared.
Immunodeficiency Center (IDC) HIV Testing We offer free, confidential, HIV testing to anyone who wants to know their HIV status. Anyone can request an HIV test in the Community Practice Center weekdays from 9am-12pm and 1pm-4pm. Anyone who is sexually active or using intravenous drugs should be tested for HIV every 6-12 months. There are many easy ways to prevent HIV, including using condoms and taking medication whether you are HIV positive or HIV negative. For people living with HIV, taking daily medicine and maintaining an undetectable viral load is the most important thing for your health and to prevent intimate partners from contracting HIV. For people who have tested HIV negative, taking PrEP is a safe and effective way to prevent HIV. Our comprehensive HIV prevention program includes education, risk reduction counseling, HIV testing, access to PrEP and PEP services, adherence counseling, provision of condoms and community outreach. If you are interested in PrEP, please contact us at 267-785-0892 even if you don't currently have health insurance. You can also order an at-home HIV test kit here. HIV 101 HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV is different from most other viruses because it attacks the immune system. The immune system gives our bodies the ability to fight infections. HIV finds and destroys a type of white blood cell (called T-cells or CD4 cells) that the immune system needs to fight disease. The amount of HIV virus you have in your blood is called your viral load. Your doctor will talk to you about your CD4 cells and viral load each time you visit the IDC. The goal, with the help of medication, is to get your viral load low (undetectable) and your CD4 count high. With an undetectable viral load, HIV will not make you sick or develop AIDS. What is AIDS? AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is an advanced stage of HIV infection. It can take years for a person infected with HIV to reach this stage, even if they have not received treatment. Having AIDS means that the virus has weakened the immune system to the point at which the body has a hard time fighting infection. When someone has one or more specific infections, certain cancers, or a very low number of CD4 cells, they are considered to have AIDS. Who Can Get HIV? How Do You Get HIV? HIV is found in the blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk of an infected person. HIV is transmitted in three main ways: • Through sex (anal, vaginal or oral) with someone infected with HIV • Sharing needles or syringes with someone infected with HIV You cannot get HIV through sharing food or drink, contact with urine or feces, sweat, kissing, shaking hands, or mosquitoes! You CAN have sex with HIV. Using condoms every time you have sex is the best way to protect yourself and your partner from transmitting HIV. Taking HIV medicine every day lowers the amount of virus in your body and makes HIV transmission less likely. Ask a social worker for FREE CONDOMS. Is There a Cure? There is still no cure for HIV, but the virus can be controlled and become undetectable! There are many treatment options to help people stay healthy for a very long time. There have been recent scientific breakthroughs and advancements in medicines that make staying healthy with HIV easier than it ever has been before. Read the full story here. The IDC celebrates 25 years! Learn more about the IDC, and how the staff has seen many positive developments in the treatment of HIV/AIDS by reading the latest Einstein Perspectives blog post. © 2021 Einstein Healthcare Network. All rights reserved.
December 28, 2018 Turning early drug screening hits into successful therapies can be challenging. One possible reason: cell line genetic variability. This article discusses important findings from the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT showing how variability impacts drug screening, and a possible silver lining. Variability is the enemy of any biologist struggling in vain to repeat a result. This problem is only amplified in drug discovery, where ensuring the reliability of initial screening results is crucial. An unreliable lead means that huge amounts of time, money and resources could be wasted on developing a drug only to have it fail in clinical trials. What drives variability and what can we do about it? Cell Lines: Cancer Research Workhorse To address this question, we’ll look at a recent example from oncology. Human cancer cell lines, basic and long-standing tools of cancer researchers, derive from patient tumor cells. Cell lines can model cellular biology, and because they continually divide, scientists can propagate or passage these cells generation after generation in culture. You’ve probably heard of HeLa, an immortalized cell line derived from a cervical cancer biopsy obtained in 1951 from the patient Henrietta Lacks. Enormously valuable to disease research, cell lines like HeLa have opened the door to discovering many of today’s medicines. Cell lines are additionally useful for high-throughput drug screening. It would be challenging, expensive or even unethical to perform initial screens of thousands of compounds using in vivo animal models or freshly dissected tissue samples, much less human patients. Cell lines are further amenable to certain types of fluorescent and biochemical assays that wouldn’t be as easily done in these in vivo or ex vivo models. Therefore, cells lines are both a cost-effective and scientifically valuable tool for drug screening. Another valuable property of cell lines is that every cell generated in the line is a clone. Cell lines are thought to share genetic makeup, making results from a given line comparable from lab to lab. How true is this assumption, however? It is understood that tumor cells become cancerous because they’ve acquired genetic lesions such as single-base pair mutations or loss and duplication of larger blocks of genetic material that enable their abnormal proliferation. Furthermore, with each division, cells copy their DNA, and the copying process is vulnerable to error. This begs the question: How genetically stable are cancer cells lines? Variability: Enemy to Drug Discovery? To quantify just how stable cell lines are, Uri Ben-David, Rameen Beroukhim, Todd Golub and colleagues from the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT recently undertook a heroic task. They performed whole exome sequencing on 106 cancer cells lines grown at the Broad Institute (USA) or at the Sanger Institute (UK).1 Different strains of cell lines have usually been assumed to have uniform genetic makeup, but the researchers found more than the expected genetic variation across different strains of the same cell line, due to mutations and copy number alterations. The researchers focused on characterizing variation between different strains of a breast cancer cell line called MCF7. They included strains that had been modified with the neutral insertion of fluorescent markers (a typical manipulation that scientists sometimes make to adapt the cell line for a given assay), strains grown in different growth mediums, and one strain that had been previously treated with drug. Ben-David et al. found mutations and copy number variations that affected breast cancer-associated genes such as PTEN and the estrogen receptor gene. Genetic aberrations fell along sub-clonal lines, with more closely-related strains sharing similar alterations. Using live-cell imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing, researchers saw that mutations and other aberrations affected other features of the cells, including size and shape, division rates, and transcriptomic profile (expression of the genes). What is the consequence of all this variation? The authors performed a screen seeking compounds that inhibited cell growth (as would be desired in a cancer therapeutic). Their screen included 321 compounds which they tested orthogonally across 27 strains; they generated an 8-point dose response curve for each compound × strain permutation, using Genedata Screener® to analyze and fit the data. Of concern, nearly all of the approximate 50 hits showed inconsistent effects from one strain to another, displaying lack of activity in at least one of the strains. This was not due to assay variability, such as variable pipetting or reagents, because replicates and even different compounds with similar known mechanisms of action evoked consistent results between strains. Therefore, the genetic variability within strains had meaningful consequences: by only running your screen in a single cell line, you may risk missing good hits. Worse, you might unknowingly pursue a hit that doesn’t work for many patients. To help scientists better interpret their own experiments, Broad now has created an online tool called Cell STRAINER, which researchers can use to assess how their particular strain diverges genetically from a reference strain, and see how this might alter drug response. Lineage diagram represents relationship of different cell strains. More closely-related strains had similar responses to inhibitors. (Adapted with permission from Springer Nature [1]). A Silver Lining: Personalized Medicine in Early Discovery? This is not just a cautionary tale, however. The authors observed that the drug response of a particular strain tended to make sense, given the particular genetic quirks of that strain. For example, strains lacking estrogen receptor genes were, as expected, insensitive to estrogen-lowering drugs. To underline this point, the authors used available CRISPR screen data (CEREs), which systemically quantifies the dependency of given cell line strains to given genes.3 Different genetic dependencies indeed correlated with different pharmacological dependencies on given classes of drugs. Thus, the authors proposed that the genetic variability of strains could be harnessed to understand and better target drugs for different patients. Therefore, a more positive side of cell line variability may be its potential application in biomarker-driven drug development. Granted, it remains unclear how the genetic variations seen in cell lines relates to real patient biomarkers and human genetic variation. Patient-modeling approaches (for example, using patient-derived tissues or stem cells) may still need to complement any cell line screen.2 However, often such materials are non-renewable, and the required protocols more finicky and time consuming than those for cancer cell lines. As a first pass, the genetic variability in cell lines could provide a good proxy for true patient biomarkers. Increasing Cell Line Screening Throughput Overall, Ben-David et al.’s work highlights the importance of conducting screens along this second dimension of different cell lines and genotypes. This will require even more high-throughput methods, and analytical software powerful enough to handle this throughput. Towards this end, the same group at the Broad has developed a technology called PRISM.4 This method enables pooling of several cell lines per plate well by tagging lines with short genetic barcodes for later identification by PCR. Thus, PRISM facilitates and massively increases screening throughput, allowing screening of up to 4,000 compounds across 600 cells lines, generating over 700,000 dose-response curves. Genedata has demonstrated that Genedata Screener can handle such large-scale PRISM data, automating quality control and allowing you to generate dose-response curves and other analyses (Request poster, "Large-scale testing of compounds across the diversity of human cancer types could become a routine activity".) While this case concerns cancer research, cell lines are used to study many diseases, so these lessons may transfer to other therapeutic areas. To guard against misinterpretation of cell line data, screening across multiple, carefully characterized cell line strains will become a necessary part of drug discovery. Furthermore, screening across cell line strains could even be a boon to personalized medicine, bringing biomarker-based approaches earlier into the screening process. 1. Ben-David et al. " Genetic and transcriptional evolution alters cancer cell line drug response." Nature 560: 325–330 (2018). 2. Shi et al. "Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: a decade of progress." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 16:115-130 (2017). 3. Meyers et al. "Computational correction of copy-number effect improves specificity of CRISPR-Cas9 essentiality screens in cancer cells." Nature Genetics 49:1779-1784 (2017). 4. Yu et al. "“High-throughput identification of genotype-specific cancer vulnerabilities in mixtures of barcoded tumor cell lines." Nature Biotechnology 34:419-423 (2016).
• Ron Bushner About the Vrittis and Kleshas Updated: May 19, 2019 If Vrittis and Kleshas are hubcaps and wheels,yoga is the process of removing them and letting what is natural shine through. People who have some familiarity with Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras know something about the Vrittis and the Kleshas. There are five Vrittis and five Kleshas. They are often included as topics in teacher trainings and other immersions and retreats. Memorizing the lists of these concepts is often encouraged. That may be helpful, but really understanding them requires study of some of yoga’s foundational ideas. Yoga assumes that at our center, in our core, within our innermost self, there is a calm, peaceful, divine awareness that has been there our entire life. It is the life force, the spark that embodied a spirit in the bodies we identify as our selves. Yoga sees the body and mind as a system. The body perceives with its senses and the mind processes all of the information that the senses collect. The mind first records the information, then classifies and organizes it, and then processes the information to construct the functional reality in which we live. This mental activity is ceaseless. It requires essentially our complete attention at all times. At the same time, the thoughts are usually scattered, unrelated, and seemingly random. This pattern of mental activity is sometimes described as “fluctuations of the mind”. In Sanskrit, these fluctuations are called Vrittis. Patanjali describes the five Vrittis as either painful or painless. Embedded in that dichotomy is a perspective that is essential to yoga. Most of us would think that what balances pain is pleasure. In our day-to-day lives, without any thought, we act either to seek pleasure or to avoid pain. How much pain can we endure? How much pleasure can we experience? For how long we can experience pleasure and avoid pain? These questions have no answers. This perspective on life is so self-focused that much of life passes us by without our noticing that there is more to life than pleasure and pain. In addition, striving to find pleasure and avoid pain leads to an endless circle of effort. If we are not experiencing pleasure, our dissatisfaction triggers desire which triggers action, which is either successful in achieving satisfaction or not. If not, we remain dissatisfied; the circle repeats itself with different actions every time as we strive to find a solution with more pleasure and less pain. If our initial effort succeeds, we develop a desire to preserve and protect our satisfaction. This triggers more action that is either successful preserving and protecting our pleasure or not. Either way, the circle of striving continues. This view of life accepts pain, but only in exchange for an experience that includes pleasure. We accept these terms even though we know the pleasure is elusive, uncertain, and fleeting. Because we live in this self-centered, time limited perspective, focused on avoiding pain and experiencing pleasure, we lose sight of the expansive, peaceful, and joyful elements of life. Our divine essence is seldom noticed. Yoga helps us find and maintain a more expansive, timeless, not self-centered perspective on life that recognizes and nourishes our ever present and unchanging inner divinity. Yoga identifies this as our True Self, that awareness that has always been and is at all times present within us. The idea of divinity of course is everywhere. Every religion, tribe, and sangha share recognition of the divine, “that which is of, from, or like God or a god.” Feeling the divine is an attainable human experience. For many of us that aspiration remains theoretical. Feeling divine is not a regular part of our everyday life. Householders cannot devote all of their attention to the divine; survival requires that we nourish and shelter our bodies; efforts to that end draw our attention away from the divine as we handle every day, necessary tasks that are mundane, ordinary, not divine. Yoga gives us reliable tools that we can use to create space in our everyday lives to find and explore the divine and possibly to keep our True Self in mind as we go about our less than divine daily tasks. Access to such reliable tools makes it possible for a Householder to lead a life where the divine can balance the mundane. Patanjali identifies five categories of the Vrittis. They are: right knowledge, misperception, conceptualization, sleep, and memory. The first three concern how we acquire information, the fourth is the absence of any efforts to acquire information, and the last is how we store the acquired information. · Right knowledge is painless because it does not obscure our perspective on the divine. We acquire right knowledge through direct perception, inference, and authoritative sources. · Misperception is when our senses misinterpret what is presented. The most common example is the coiled rope in a poorly lit room that is mistaken for a snake until the lights are turned up. Misperception is often needlessly painful. The rope is alarming even though it is not a snake. We are disappointed that what looked like a $1,000 bill was just a piece of paper. · Conceptualization is knowledge based on language alone, independent of any external object. Conceptualization can be painful or painless. · Sleep refers to dreamless sleep, the time when all the other Vrittis are suspended; we remember only that which we perceive, so deep sleep is not the mere absence of mental activity. It is a time when the mind can rest and rejuvenate. · Memory is the recollection of experienced objects. Unlike the other Vrittis, it concerns the past. Without it, we could not learn from experience. Vrittis that are painful obscure our ability to see our True Self. Vrittis that do not interfere that perception are painless. Unlike Vrittis that can be painful or painless, Kleshas are nothing but pain. They are ignorance, egoism, attachment, aversion, and clinging to bodily life. They are painful Vrittis with common characteristics. Ignorance is the root cause of the other four Kleshas. The Sanskrit term for ignorance is Avidya, which means “not seeing.” Sutra 2.5 describes ignorance as the failure to see that what we think is permanent is actually impermanent, that what we think is pleasant is actually painful, that who we think is our True Self, in fact, is not. All things change. Nothing is permanent. Neither pain nor pleasure is permanent. Striving for power, wealth or fame is, in effect, worshiping false gods. Whatever solace or peace may be acquired will change with time. What begins as a pleasant experience can turn into a painful experience. The pleasure of intoxication becomes the pain of a hangover. It is ignorance that causes us to be aware of the mortal, constantly changing self that is awash in attainments and possessions and to forget the divine, ever present Self that is the real foundation of our existence. The other four Kleshas--egoism, attachment, aversion and clinging to life—are specific examples of obstacles that obscure our perspective on life; all four originate with ignorance. Our experience of life is based on what our senses provide and what our mind perceives from them. This egoism limits awareness to our body-mind system. Because there is more to life than that which we can perceive, egoism limits our view of life and obscures our ability to see our True Self. If we perceive pleasure, we become attached to the sensation and want to retain it and fear losing it. If we perceive pain, we act to avoid it. Clinging to life is understandable. All we know is based on our processing of sensations by our body-mind self; we fear ceasing to exist as that. It is said that even The Wise cling to life, but all of us must venture beyond our attachment to life as we know it. Sutra 2:2 explains how yogic life sees the Vrittis and Kleshas. The practices of yoga, and there are many, “help us minimize the obstacles and attain samadhi.” Samadhi is a topic for another day. For now, focus on this: the purpose of yoga is not to add something to us as a remedy for what is inadequate in us, but rather to remove the obstacles that obstruct our realization of an already present divine, peaceful, joyful, blissful state that is our True Identity, our True self. The purpose of yoga is to quiet the fluctuations of the mind so that we recognize our divinity, our True Self and abide in the state of joy and peace. Nirodha is the Sanskrit term that describes both the process of the quieting and the state when quieting is accomplished. Yoga quiets the fluctuations of the mind so that we can see beyond our constructed reality based on the perceptions of our senses and find pure awareness, peace, joy, and bliss as we acknowledge our True Self. 870 views0 comments Heading 1
Go to Top Dude, Can You Spare A Trillion? Part one of a two-part series. Read part two. What happens when a state is unable to pay its creditors? The gap between state government spending and revenue has widened for years. The recent deep recession and the halting economic recovery that followed have put an already fragile system under pressure and are making it impossible to ignore long-standing problems. California has long appeared to be the state in the worst financial shape, but Illinois, New York, and New Jersey are all facing equally daunting fiscal prospects. The possibility that some states will be unable to repay their bonds or meet other financial obligations is no longer remote. California has already flirted with this situation, offering IOUs to vendors and citizens in lieu of payment last year. While not as bad as a bond default, the move showed just how dire California’s financial position had become. Banks honored the IOUs, staving off larger problems, and the situation eased after the state solved its immediate cash flow problems, but the reprieve was temporary. California still faces ongoing budget deficits and large unfunded liabilities. Banks are not likely to accept IOUs indefinitely if the state faces another, more protracted, cash crunch. If state governments were companies, the threat of bankruptcy would loom for several of them. However, states are considered sovereign entities. Like countries, they cannot declare bankruptcy, nor can they be sued by angry, unpaid creditors if they don’t pay their debts, according to Slate’s Christopher Beam. Some commentators have speculated about what state bankruptcy might look like by using Chapter 9 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code as a launching point. That law, however, only covers municipalities. Without a major legislative overhaul, bankruptcy simply isn’t an option for a state government. However, states can, and do, default. Nine states did so in the 1840s, for example. They eventually paid their creditors back, but so much has changed since then that the example doesn’t serve as much of a bellwether for what a state default today might look like. Perhaps a better way to approach the issue is to look at countries that have defaulted in recent years. Examples include the Mexican peso crisis in 1994, the financial crisis in Russia in 1998, and Argentina’s economic meltdown in 2002. While Mexico was able to pay back its loans in full, ahead of schedule, and Russia recovered fairly rapidly, the fallout from Argentina’s default was messy and protracted. According to a Congressional Research Service report by J.F. Hornbeck, it was the largest sovereign default in history. Hornbeck writes, “When a country defaults, resolving its financing shortfall entails adopting policy changes, obtaining official emergency financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and undertaking debt restructuring.” In Argentina’s case, the government’s efforts to repay its creditors and the IMF were tempered by the need to address rampant social ills, such as a staggering 50 percent poverty rate. With time and effort, Argentina did repay all its IMF debt. Some original debt holders are still holding out today, however, because they are unwilling to accept a loss of 70 percent on their initial investment. Though the situation has improved, the crisis isn’t over. This is to say nothing of the crisis’ impact on Argentina’s citizens. From the riots and bloodshed in 2002 to the thousands of “cartoneros” picking through garbage to find something to exchange for food years later, Argentines paid a high price for their government’s default. Though things aren’t yet as dire for them, Greek citizens are still far from pleased with the consequences of their own country’s debt crisis. Earlier this year, protests and rioting met the announcement of an austerity package including salary cuts, higher taxes on alcohol and cigarettes, and stricter retirement rules. Should Greece end up restructuring the way Argentina did, the citizenry will certainly face even greater losses. There has been much debate over whether Greece should default and restructure. While some argue that, by bailing out the Greeks, more responsible countries are being penalized for Greece’s irresponsibility, others point out that Greek banks would be likely to collapse if a default occurred. Given the interconnection between Europe’s banking systems, banks in France, Spain or Germany could then fail as a result of the substantial amounts they have lent to Greek institutions or to the Greek government itself. The European Union has ample reason to make sure Greece stays afloat if at all possible. The parallel between a country at risk of defaulting and a state in the same position isn’t exact, of course. States do not have their own currencies, and investors cannot easily sanction individual states as a means of pressuring them to pay their obligations. However, states like California still face some of the same problems that countries like Argentina and Greece have grappled with. And, much like the EU with regards to Greece, the United States does not want its individual states defaulting, for a variety of reasons. The federal government can intervene on the state’s behalf in several ways. It can, for one, lend a state the money to meet its obligations. Unlike the states, the federal government can print its own currency, and could theoretically keep doing so until the state’s needs were met. However, this seemingly free money would create inflationary pressure that would affect residents of 49 states besides the one being rescued. Creditors, who would get their money back but would have its buying power reduced, would also be none too pleased. If the federal government decided not to rescue a state, it might put the state into receivership. In his Slate article, Beam explains that this process could be similar to bankruptcy; an accountant would be assigned to manage state debt under the oversight of a judge. Unlike bankruptcy, though, receivership would not follow a structured set of steps, nor would the accountant have the power to make decisions about the state’s budget. That power would remain with the politicians. Hypothetically, the legislature could appoint an independent organization to evaluate the state’s budget and make recommendations for the state’s fiscal well-being. It’s unlikely that a state would give such an organization the power to make binding decisions, but the panel would give legislators a political scapegoat against populist backlash, and creating it would demonstrate at least an outward commitment to making difficult changes. If a state defaults, the adversely-affected creditors will include anyone who holds state bonds, anyone who has a contract with the state, current or retired state employees who are due back wages or pensions, and a host of others. In addition, citizens will face reduced or suspended public services as the government goes through the painful process of restructuring. Such decisions won’t win politicians many happy constituents. Without the state entering receivership, few legislators would likely be willing to enact such measures. Citizens of California (or any other state facing default) do have an option that Greek and Argentinean citizens don’t. While emigration is costly and difficult, moving between states is not. Facing unemployment, cuts in government programs and extreme budget measures, frustrated Californians can simply pack their bags and move to North Dakota, where unemployment is currently the lowest in the nation. This outcome would be disastrous for indebted states. With taxpayers fleeing, state revenues would drop, but many expenses would remain constant. States would still house the same number of prisoners, still support the same pensioners. The more of its population left, the more a state would have to cut spending and raise taxes, which might prompt even more residents to depart. Think Detroit. Unfortunately, we don’t know exactly what a state’s default would do to the lives of its citizens, or to the national economy. But every indication is that the effects cannot be good for anyone. Politicians, citizens and creditors all have reason to look for other solutions. If things do not change quickly, however, it is becoming more and more likely that we’re all going to feel the pain. In part two of this series, I will discuss how stakeholders can protect themselves from the worst consequences of a state default.
“I have only a vague understanding of Korean politics.” You're having a meal with your boss and some other coworkers and someone mentions some news about North Korea. You don't know much about North Korea. You say this to admit your ignorance without sounding dumb. I have only a vague understanding of Korean politics. Want Sound? Check out our free: lessons on youtube. a vague (something) "Vague" means "not clear". Here are some things that can be called vague: I felt a vague sense of disappointment when I heard about that. He gave a vague explanation of how it works. Politicians always make vague promises to improve this and that around election time, but they rarely follow through. have an (adjective) understanding of (something) You can use this phrase to describe how well you understand something. It's an intelligent-sounding phrase. In the situation above, you could also say: I don't know much about Korean politics. But this version doesn't make you sound as intelligent as the original version. Other adjectives that you can use with "have a ___ understanding of ___" include: She'll probably have a better understanding of what's going on. We now have a deeper understanding of the ecological effects of greenhouse gasses. We want to make sure that all students have a basic understanding of Algebra.
In practice – when performing eddy current tests – a series of interfering or unwanted signals can manifest themselves. Examples include: 1) variations in conductivity, thermal drift, mechanical vibrations, changes in geometry or lift-off signals. Usually these signals can appear over a longer period of time as defined reference defects (= low-frequency signals), 2) electromagnetic interferences or electronic noise from the test instrument, which usually appear for a shorter time than a defined reference defect (= high-frequency signals). In a worst case scenario the different interference signals can occur simultaneously, so they overlap in such a way that it is impossible to detect and assess the signals of interest (e.g. crack indications) at all anymore. By filtering, it is possible to weaken or eliminate certain frequency components contained in the demodulated signal. To be able to suppress specific interference signals, the following conditions must be met: * Firstly, the frequency spectrum of the signals of interest and that of the interference signals to be suppressed must be known. * Secondly they must differ from one another sufficiently. * Moreover, the testing speed must be constant (time-based filter). This way, pseudo-indications or misinterpretations can be avoided and consequently the reliability of test conclusions increased. Available for filtering are the filter types: high-pass, low-pass and band pass.
Skip to main content John Barsby, who taught mathematics for 37 years, has been retired since 2004. Special classes for “gifted” students are currently under attack in Canada. The Vancouver School Board, for example, recently decided to eliminate honours high school courses in math and science for so-called equity and inclusion purposes. I taught such a class in advanced mathematics during the last 29 of my 37 years as a high school teacher – and contrary to today’s critics, it was an extraordinarily positive experience for all involved. The advanced class was a five-year program where the students were tentatively chosen at the beginning of Grade 8. In the early grades, students could move in and out of the class. In later grades, students still had an opportunity to join the class, but usually had to take a summer school course to bridge the gap. Some quite capable students preferred the regular group where they could effortlessly be at the top of the class. Others of equal ability, but with a passion for mathematics, were willing to work very hard to keep their place in the advanced class. We placed students where they were most comfortable to learn – they were not restricted in any way. Usually, the class had the same teacher for all or most of the five years. As the years passed a strong degree of group cohesion formed, with the same students and teacher together for so long. The teacher and the students worked together with enthusiasm and a sense of joy. The advanced class differed from the regular stream in three ways. Most importantly, there was an emphasis on learning to think mathematically – they were regularly being given problems that required original thought and were not just knock-off versions of problems they had seen before. This started in Grade 8 and 9 where one day of each week was set aside for problem solving. Furthermore, the material was covered in greater depth and the pace of the advanced class was also quicker, with students completing Grade 12 mathematics during their Grade 11 year. In their Grade 12 year, they did university-level calculus and linear algebra. A local university allowed our students to write the final examinations in these courses and receive university credit. Some years a few students chose to work at their own pace, completing their Grade 12 math credit in Grade 10 or even Grade 9. The local university was very helpful, providing professors who were willing to mentor off campus students working independently. A few students graduated from Grade 12 with as many as five university math credits. It is remarkable how much students who are interested and passionate about a subject can achieve when the opportunities are available. The achievements of the advanced class students were not limited to passing examinations and earning credits. They also won prizes in provincial and national mathematics contests, both as individuals and as teams. These included a number of Canadian champions. On four occasions, a student from the class was chosen to be on the six member team representing Canada in the International Mathematical Olympiad. One year, when we wrote the American PSAT test, almost the entire class placed in the 99th percentile in mathematics. I have also taught many regular classes, and, despite what the anti-gifted program critics believe, these were not negatively affected by the existence of an advanced class. It is actually easier to meet the diverse needs of students in the regular class if the ability range is narrower. When students of all abilities are grouped together, the teacher is stretched to help the regular students while also challenging the advanced students. Time is limited, and it is usually the advanced who get neglected. In this way, both the regular and the advanced benefit when there are different academic streams. I have been retired now for seventeen years, but I frequently encounter former students, now in their 30s, 40s, 50s and beyond, who tell me what a rich experience they had in the advanced math class. What would have happened to these students if they had attended a school that frowned on special classes for advanced students? There would have been a tremendous waste of talent and a lack of joy. We should not deprive our top students of a rich education just so that we can pretend that interest, ability and tenacity is equally distributed among all. Report an error Editorial code of conduct
Cog (ship) A cog is a type of ship that first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century on. Cogs were clinker-built, generally of oak, which was an abundant timber in the Baltic region of Prussia. This vessel was fitted with a single mast and a square-rigged single sail. These vessels were mostly associated with seagoing trade in medieval Europe, especially the Hanseatic League, particularly in the Baltic Sea region. They ranged from about 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 ft) in length with a beam of 5 to 8 meters (16 to 26 ft), and the largest cog ships could carry up to about 200 tons.[1] Cogs were a type of round ship,[2] characterized by a flush-laid flat bottom at midships but gradually shifted to overlapped strakes near the posts. They had full lapstrake, or clinker, planking covering the sides, generally starting from the bilge strakes, and double-clenched iron nails for plank fastenings. The keel, or keelplank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent garboards and had no rabbet. Both stem and stern posts were straight and rather long, and connected to the keelplank through intermediate pieces called hooks. The lower plank hoods terminated in rabbets in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts. Caulking was generally tarred moss that was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden laths, and secured by metal staples called sintels. Finally, the cog-built structure could not be completed without a stern-mounted hanging central rudder, which was a unique northern development.[3] Cogs used to have open hulls and could be rowed short distances. In the 13th century they received decks. Cogs are first mentioned in 948 AD, in Muiden near Amsterdam. These early cogs were influenced by the Norse knarr, which was the main trade vessel in northern Europe at the time, and probably used a steering oar, as there is nothing to suggest a stern rudder in northern Europe until about 1240.[4] The need for spacious and relatively inexpensive ships led to the development of the first workhorse of the Hanseatic League, the cog. The new and improved cog was no longer a simple Frisian coaster but a sturdy seagoing trader, which could cross even the most dangerous passages. Fore and stern castles would be added for defense against pirates, or to enable use of these vessels as warships, such as used at the Battle of Sluys. The stern castle also afforded more cargo space below by keeping the crew and tiller up, out of the way. The most famous cog still in existence today is the Bremen cog, depicted at the left. It dates from the 1380s and was found in 1962; until then, cogs had only been known from medieval documents and seals. In 1990, well-preserved remains of a Hanseatic cog were discovered in the estuary sediment of the Pärnu River in Estonia.[6] The Pärnu Cog has been dated to 1300.[6] In 2012, a cog preserved from the keel up to the decks in the silt was discovered alongside two smaller vessels in the river IJssel in the city of Kampen, in the Netherlands.[7] The ship, dating from the early 15th century, was suspected to have been deliberately sunk into the river to influence its current. Consequently, little was expected to be found in the wreck, but during excavation and recovery in February 2016, an intact brick dome oven and glazed tiles were found in the galley as well as a number of other artifacts about the vessel.[8][9] See also 1. "Hamburg Museum - Medieval Hamburg (4) - The Cog - A Cargo-carrying Vessel of the Middle dixious Ages". Retrieved 5 April 2013. 2. "Round ship". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017. 3. Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole (October 2000). "To be or not to be a cog: the Bremen Cog in perspective". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 29 (2): 230–246. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01454.x. 4. Åkesson, Per (January 1999). "The Cog". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2017. 5. Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W., eds. (August 1994). Cogs, Caravels and Galleons: The Sailing Ship, 1000-1650. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-560-9. 6. Õun, Mati and Hanno Ojalo. 2015. 101 Eesti laeva. Tallinn, Kirjastus Varrak, page 12. 7. "Excavation, recovery and conservation of a 15th century Cog from the river IJssel near Kampen". Ruimte voor de Rivier IJsseldelta. Rijkswaterstaat. September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017. 8. Ghose, Tia (17 February 2016). "Medieval Shipwreck Hauled from the Deep". Live Science. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017. 9. "Late Medieval Cog from Kampen". Medieval Histories. 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
從視覺生態角度探討蜘蛛捕食者與昆蟲獵物間之行為互動 (1/3)（國科會 94-2311-B-029-004） Bright body colorations of orb-weaving spiders have been hypothesized to be attractive to insects and thus function to increase foraging success. However, the colour signals of these spiders are also considered to be similar to those of the vegetation background, thus the colorations function to camouflage the spiders. In this study, we evaluated these two hypotheses by field experiments and by quantifying the spiders’ visibilityto insects. We first compared the insect interception rates of orbs constructed by the orchid spider Leucauge magnifica with and without the spider. Orbs with spiders intercepted significantly more insects than orbs without. Such a result supported the prey attraction but ot the camouflaging hypothesis. We then tested whether bright body colorations were responsible for L. magnifica’s attractiveness to insects by manipulating the spiders’ colour signals with paint. Alteration of colour signals significantly reduced L. magnifica’s insect interception and consumption rates, indicating that these spiders’ bright body parts were attractive to insects. Congruent with the finding of field manipulations were the colour contrasts of various body parts of these spiders. When viewed against the vegetation background, the green body parts were lower but the bright parts were significantly higher than the discrimination threshold. Results of this study thus provide direct evidence that bright body colorations of orb weavers function as visual lures to attract insects. 更新：Nov-13-2020 04:47:00 (Taiwan, GMT+08:00).
Aspects of Software You Have To Experience It Yourself. Software program is a series of instructions which inform a computer just how to execute a certain operation. For instance, software application which informs a computer system to turn on a particular appliance, or software application which tells a computer to execute an on the internet deal. Both examples include a certain piece of hardware. However, software is typically saved inside a computer. The computer system which keeps the software most likely has a circuit board or mom board which acts as a database for the software. A significant distinction in between hardware and software is that software program offers a low-level procedure job while equipment offers a greater level or a user-level operation. For example, allow’s look at exactly how a car drives. The auto drives, the engine converts energy right into a mechanical movement, as well as tires give traction. In this instance, we can see how software program offers a reduced degree procedure task while equipment offers a higher level or user-level operation. Software application, nevertheless, is developed to do a higher level task. And also to do so, it must communicate with specific equipment elements. So for instance, let’s consider the following example. When a user inserts a bank card right into an equipment tool, claim a bank card maker, the maker does what is called a “big salami” operation. This suggests that the computer system requires to check out the info that is on the debit side of the card and after that process the acquisition (offering it a “fee”). Software application is frequently cheaper than hardware since it doesn’t need to sustain a large variety of different features. As an example, allow’s take software program like the Windows os and also contrast it to a program like Java. Windows works simply fine if you are just curious about basic functions. Java on the other hand will certainly run efficiently if the program you are running has a large variety of different functions and also consumes a lot of resources (a Java applet) when it is not proactively being used. Software application like Java is extra costly to establish since it likewise needs to have a huge collection of numerous different types of Java code which can be run throughout the runtime of an application. Software program like Windows is more affordable to develop since there are fewer commonality in between various pieces of hardware and also the os. Software can likewise be less pricey because it does not have to consist of device drivers which are really required to operate a particular item of computer. A lot of software comes preinstalled with gadgets like printers and key-boards. Windows comes preinstalled with all of the fundamental features like computer mouse, keyboard, display capture tool, cam, video capture gadget etc. That’s why the command line motivate, which is generally a series of extremely straightforward commands to do something, is always included as part of Windows. And also the vehicle driver is often consisted of with the operating system at the time of the installment of the computer hardware. Therefore the first thing that you require to be aware of is the distinction in between energy software and application software. Energy software helps you make use of the fundamental operating system attributes and supplies you with a variety of usual uses for the hardware that exists in your computer. For example data processing software and also workplace productivity software, are both energy software. On the other hand software has various sorts of commands which you can carry out on the computer. They can be command line examples, which are simply basic message commands to do something, to produce a data, or to print something. Another example is shell commands, which are implemented by the command shell. These examples are not so common but are required for the procedure of certain programs. Energy software is made to be very simple to use as well as to be able to do a specific set of jobs. Nevertheless energy type applications are not the only ones that you will locate on a computer system. Other kinds of applications are system software and application software. In a feeling system software is needed even if you don’t want to make use of any type of utility application. Yet if you want to make use of some energy type programs, you can use such applications such as Disk Cleanup Software which aids you to tidy up your hard drive. Software application is a collection of directions which tell a particular computer system how to carry out a specific task. In comparison to hardware where the machine is developed as well as actually does the work, software program in fact does the preferred work and also is constructed by the individual. Essentially, software application are made use of to change how a computer system functions, and the new software application is then installed or downloaded. There are numerous sorts of software, each created for a particular function. The majority of computer system systems use some sort of software program for their procedure. One of the most preferred is the Windows operating system. The factor Windows is so prominent is since it is what most people know as “PC”. Equipment based operating systems vary because they run directly from hardware without requiring to be connected into a PC. Both of these types of operating systems have different purposes, nonetheless. For instance, in Windows, all the documents, applications, as well as various other alternatives are organized in a tree framework. Each documents or program option is linked to a branch, and after that the following branch down is the alternative which was clicked. When an engineer or somebody in marketing wishes to change exactly how a piece of software jobs, they will likely need to undergo this entire tree system to get software growth solutions. That being said, it may be extra efficient to get software application development solutions from the engineers themselves, instead of needing to go through the whole Windows system. By doing this, designers can focus on coding and much less on the technicalities of the Windows operating system. tms software for carriers Designers also use database management to make the computer system as efficient as feasible. The database monitoring system makes it possible to have several variations of a particular application, or several versions of a program, going for the exact same time. Database monitoring also assists with software engineering by making the creating of technical services easier. Data source engineering is consisted of database layout, data evaluation, data source optimization, as well as integration with the remainder of the design team. A successful data source management team has the abilities to fix technological problems while utilizing one of the most effective programming languages as well as best data source available. Leave a comment
What is the difference between undertaking and guarantee? Is an undertaking a guarantee? NAGPUR: While dismissing case of a senior citizen and her two sons, Bombay high court’s Aurangabad bench has ruled that “undertaking” to a court means “guarantee or promise” and its breach will invite contempt. “The word ‘undertaking’ has been equated with a guarantee or promise to a court to act in certain manner. What is the difference between an undertaking and a contract? is that undertaking is specifically, the business of an undertaker, or the management of funerals while contract is an agreement between two or more parties, to perform a specific job or work order, often temporary or of fixed duration and usually governed by a written agreement. What is an example of an undertaking? The definition of an undertaking is a task or an agreement to do something. An example of an undertaking is the act of washing dishes. An example of an undertaking is a promise to watch a friend’s child. … A promise or pledge; a guarantee. What is an undertaking agreement? Undertaking in general means an agreement to be reponsible for something. In a legal context, it typically refers to a party agreeing to a surety arrangement, under which they will pay a debt or perform a duty if the other person who is bound to pay the debt or perform the duty fails to do so. IT IS INTERESTING: How does company van insurance work? What is guarantee in banking? What Is a Bank Guarantee? … The bank guarantee means that the lender will ensure that the liabilities of a debtor will be met. In other words, if the debtor fails to settle a debt, the bank will cover it. A bank guarantee enables the customer, or debtor, to acquire goods, buy equipment or draw down a loan. What is an irrevocable letter of undertaking? Related Content. Also known as a lock-up. A binding agreement by a target shareholder to accept a takeover offer or vote in favour of a scheme of arrangement. What is difference between representations and undertakings? What is the difference between a representation, a warranty and an undertaking? Each of these terms has various meanings. In the phrase “represents, warrants and undertakes”, the important difference is between a representation and a warranty, while “undertakes” may be redundant. Is an undertaking an obligation? As nouns the difference between obligation and undertaking is that obligation is the act of binding oneself by a social, legal, or moral tie to someone while undertaking is the business of an undertaker, or the management of funerals. Is a letter of undertaking a contract? A letter of undertaking is contractual in nature and failure to comply with it will result in a breach of obligation. What is the purpose of undertaking? The whole purpose of undertakings is to create a binding obligation where the person giving the undertaking has no personal financial interest in the matter or transaction to which the undertaking relates. What means the same as undertaking? Synonyms & Near Synonyms for undertaking. assurance, guarantee, guaranty. IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: Can an OFW apply for insurance?
Your cart0items Your cart is empty! Popular additions Produce Bag Advent Christmas Tea Live well. Eat well. Add Immunity. We get it. Life is getting busier, we’re all under pressure to pack more into our day and keep the plates spinning! So, doing what we can to look after ourselves year round and keep our immunity intact is crucial. The immune system is the body’s defence mechanism. It protects the body against invading organisms including bacteria, viruses and other foreign material like pollen. Having a healthy immune system plays a very important role in how the body works to defend against infections. There are lots of simple and natural ways to boost immunity: 1. Get enough sleep (if you haven't already, read Dr Matthew Walker's research on sleep) 2. Stay hydrated 3. Regular exercise 4. Eat more fruit and vegetables and avoid processed foods 5. Limit alcohol 6. Wash hands regularly Sounds simple enough, right? But did you know there are also immune supporting herbs and spices that can be added to cooking to give the whole family a delicious immune boost and keep the sick days at bay? Here are some standouts to think about with your next meal: Garlic has been used as a traditional remedy for health conditions for centuries. The health properties are a result of nutrients and biologically active substances present in garlic including enzymes, sulfur-containing compounds and products of enzymatic reactions. Garlic is packed with nutrients including vitamin C, vitamin B6 and manganese. Fresh garlic bulbs contain a compound called alliin. When crushed, chopped or chewed this compound breaks down to form allicin, the main active ingredient in garlic and is believed to contribute to the antibacterial properties of garlic. Garlic powder (dehydrated ground garlic) is a concentrated form of garlic and has 3x more alliin compared to fresh garlic based on the same weight. Powdered garlic does not contain allicin but still appears to have beneficial properties due to allicin derivatives. While used as a traditional remedy for centuries, turmeric has gained enormous attention recently for the biological impact of it’s main active ingredient, curcumin. Curcumin has known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Much of the research on curcumin is in relation to managing inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and heart disease. In terms of supporting immunity, curcumin has been found to have important antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. When consumed on it’s own, curcumin has a poor bioavailability due to low absorption and rapid metabolism and elimination. There are particular agents however, that work to enhance curcumin’s bioavilablity. Piperine, the active component of black peppercorn is known to increase the bioavailability of curcumin by 2000%. Like garlic, onions are nutrient-dense vegetables containing vitamin C, antioxidants and sulfur-containing compounds. Onion and garlic also contain prebiotic fibres called fructans, which act as ‘food’ for the good bacteria in our gut. The majority of our immune cells are found in the gut (about 70%), therefore having a healthy gut microbiome helps to regulate and support the immune system. Ginger is part of the Zingiberaceae family along with turmeric, cardamom and galangal. It is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and is commonly used to manage a variety of symptoms including nausea and muscle pain. The active ingredient in ginger, gingerol, appears to have a role in fighting infections by inhibiting harmful bacteria species. It is these powerful properties of ginger that may help to support immunity and enhance the immune response. Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree native to Indonesia. Cloves are a rich source of antioxidants including a naturally occurring antioxidant called eugenol. They also have antimicrobial effects against bacteria and yeasts. Read more about clove in our blog post Let's talk about cloves - they are an amazing spice for immunity. The main active compound in thyme is thymol. Like cloves, thyme is a natural antimicrobial and thyme oil extract has been found to have antimicrobial properties against bacteria and yeast. Thyme is often used to soothe a sore throat or cough. Black Peppercorn One of the most commonly used spices, black peppercorns are the fruit of a flowering vine in the Piperaceae family. The main active ingredient is piperine which has antioxidant properties and some studies suggest that is helps to fight inflammation. Black pepper can increase the absorption of nutrients and plant compounds, especially the curcumin in turmeric (by 2000%). Cayenne Pepper Cayenne pepper, a type of capsicum annum, contain a range of micronutrients such as vitamins A, C, E, B6 and K as well as the active ingredient and antioxidant, capsaicin. The heat level of cayenne is determined by the capsaicin content. Most research on capsaicin focusses around its impact on metabolism, suppressing appetite and reducing pain. Capsaicin may also help to reduce nasal congestion, sinus pain and headaches. But if that feels all a bit overwhelming - our new Immunity Blendhas made staying healthy with real food easy. This easy to use blend is packed full of immune-supporting ingredients such as high-grade garlic, ginger, turmeric, clove & cayenne, helping you to fight off colds & infections throughout the year. Simply add 1/2 to 1 tsp to soups, stocks, casseroles and sauces towards the end of cooking. Or get experimental and add a pinch to your everyday cooking for a delicious and nourishing boost. Check out our recipes here. Also in Health Health Benefits of Herbs & Spices Health Benefits of Herbs & Spices Herbs and spices have been used traditionally across cultures for their potential to improve health and wellbeing. Spices for Plant-Based Cooking Spices for Plant-Based Cooking Eat a wide variety of plant-based foods for a healthy and nourishing diet. A Guide to Spice for FODMAP Sensitivities A Guide to Spice for FODMAP Sensitivities A complete guide to spices with no onion or garlic, revealing a world of flavour to be explored and enjoyed.
Skip to Main Content Citations Style Guide This guide will provide information on APA, MLA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. Get Formatted Citations using CatSearch Use CatSearch to get your citations, formatted in all major styles: 1. Search for the article or book by title in CatSearch 2. Click on the title 3. Use the quotation mark icon to pull up the citation in all major formats 4. Check the Format!! These are not always accurate, and it's up to you to make sure. Shows what the screen looks like where you copy the citation format Why is Citation Important? It's important to cite sources you used in your research for several reasons: • To show your reader you've done proper research by listing sources you used to get your information • To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas • To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors • It connects your work to that of other scholars • It is one way that scholars enter into a scholarly conversation with each other. Sources: Citing sources: Overview and Scholarly Conversations and You Academic Honesty from MSU Conduct Guidelines for Students The integrity of the academic process requires that credit be given where credit is due. Accordingly, it is academic misconduct to present the ideas or works of another as one's own work, or to permit another to present one's work without customary and proper acknowledgment of authorship. Students may collaborate with other students only as expressly permitted by the instructor. Students are responsible for the honest completion and representation of their work, the appropriate citation of sources and the respect and recognition of others' academic endeavors. All of the following are considered plagiarism: • turning in someone else's work as your own • copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit • failing to put a quotation in quotation marks • giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source is usually enough to prevent plagiarism. ( Citation Style Guides
1. The Text : NAS, Amos 9:13 - When the plowman will overtake [וְנִגַּ֤שׁ] the reaper ... 2. Question, A Word-Study : These are at least two very different understandings of "overtake" in this text. How are those interpretations supported by the texts - and which translations are more valid? : overtake or bring together? How should "Overtake" be interpreted? 1. Overtake in Speed, or might? v.13 Treader of Grapes overtakes the sower or seed, because they are growing so fast; but - isn't this inconsistent in v.13, where the plowman overtakes the reaper - which may be expected/typical and therefore an unnecessary statement? 2. To Bring Together, or To Draw Near? BUT - if "Overtake" is actually, "draw near", or "bring together", it feels as though the text is indicating a unity between people of different roles, laboring together, and enjoying the fruits of those labors together. Which is supported by the underlying languages and contexts? 3. Hebrew Terms and Context : Before and after this verse, I feel that the passage is speaking of restoration and unity between peoples, and fulfillment of duties - and everyone participating in unity - is this valid? Further, the term "overtake" is used to translate, "וְנִגַּ֤שׁ" - and so in Amos 9:10 - but doesn't seem translated this way in the rest of Scripture ... But rather, "Come near, or become present", etc. Note: I am hoping for an answer which cites another similar text / construction - as a guide to understand these constructions here: from Hebrew or Greek Scripture, or even secular literature of that time. Thanks for the help! • Possibly what is meant in John 4:38 "I have sent you to reap that in which you did not labour: others have laboured, and you have entered into their labours." Dec 13 '17 at 11:49 Rashi states that the seasons will be so bountiful that the plowing and reaping seasons will overlap, therefore the plowman "will meet" (וְנִגַּ֤שׁ) the reaper. This is in keeping with the next phrase that the one shearing the grapes will meet the planter and the mountains will drip with juice. • "Meet" actually does make a bit more sense. Great insight. Thank you. +1 Jul 19 '17 at 23:52 The Plowman is one that digs deep turning up secrets of the soil or laying bare! He will overtake the reaper or those that are presently enjoying the life they live or enjoying the fruit of someones labor! The high places will give up their abundance for the high places are made low and the low places are made even. Finally those that have been forced to labour in another's field shall be shown to be worthy and blessing will be theirs. The plowman is a servant, the reaper is a owner of the field! The one shearing grapes is a servant, the planter is the owner of the field. this scripture speaks of Gods chosen throwing off the shackles of oppression through revelation of the spirit! • +1, because I think I understand where you are going with this answer - that it is an example of Jesus' teachings about "The least will be the greatest". However, this is the Book of Amos - and it would help if we can find those teachings / ideas actually in this context. Can you provide a textual argument for this, (while considering that Amos was written before the Gospels were written)? And welcome to Hermeneutics! Most questions here are looking for well-referenced / expert answers. Thanks! Dec 13 '17 at 1:46 In Amos 9:13 - What does “The Plowman will Overtake the Reapers” Mean? At Amos 9:13-15 Are God's blessings to the restoration of Israel Amos 9:13 (NASB) 13 “Behold, days are coming,” declares the Lord, “When the plowman will overtake the reaper And the treader of grapes him who sows seed; When the mountains will drip sweet wine And all the hills will be dissolved. The figurative language of the prophecy at Amos 9:13 “The Plowman will Overtake the Reapers” Means that God will make the soil very fertile so that the harvest will still be going on when the time comes to plow for the next season. Read also. Leviticus 26:5 (NASB) 5 Indeed, your threshing will last for you until grape gathering, and grape gathering will last until sowing time. You will thus eat your [a]food to the full and live securely in your land. Amos 9 verses 11,12 and 13: The Bible, e.g. Saint James Bible or any Bible one refers too, it states the same thing! It's just that, God's Holy Name has been erased in my Bible. So I am trying to help God Vindicate his Name as should all Mankind. Look, it's Simple! We need to look at verses 11-13 to get the gist of it! Mankind loses respect for his creator in the book of Genesis -- the beginning of time on Earth. God has to restore and vindicate his own Name and Authority to gain respect back for himself! So, he rebuilds and takes out a people for his name amongst the nations through the stream of time -- obviously man dies so quickly so this restoration is passed on. When the job of declaring the good news of The Kingdom is handed down to another nation, if that nation forfeits and eats blood (Leviticus chapter 11) or allows man to marry man and woman to marry woman, then those kind of actions will make a very loving God very angry! And rightly So!! Why don't they listen, He must ask himself? He is only pleased with the nation that is telling all mankind of the big restoration that is taking place on earth right now, and for the future to come. Gods commandments are not burdensome -- one man for one woman, abstain from blood as it is sacred. It's not Rocket Science! A lot of doctors and surgeons are now allowing none blood surgery, as this has proved very safe and useful for saving lives. Overtime, through medical Science, it has become known that a lot of diseases in a lot of cases in blood Transfusions where blood cells have been dead before entering the body, because a lot of blood cells die on shelves in blood banks therefore resulting in pain and suffering, and most of all Death has shown it's ugly face! Anyway getting back to the question of The Plowman and the harvester. Jesus did not just sit in one place of worship to preach the message, he travelled around on foot. All mankind, especially the churches of Christendom, should recognise that they must listen to Gods commandments -- let he who has an ear to listen, listen to what the Spirit says to the congregation -- God's name is (JEHOVAH) THE ALMIGHTY! God's name has been taken from the Original Bible Manuscripts so people on earth did not know God and his precious name. The Plowman will overtake the harvester means: Jehovah's Witnesses do what Jehovah God expects of them. The Church of England and the Catholic church, also the rest of Christendom, DOES NOT. Therefore the Plowman will overtake the Harvester! • Thank you for reading my very long comment! xx Teresa – user37984 Aug 4 '20 at 17:26 • Welcome to BH.SE. Please take the tour to get a better idea of how this site functions. I have added paragraphs to your answer to make it more readable. Tiy cab do that by pressing the Enter key twice at the end of each separate idea you are expressing. You can modify my edit, if you wish. Your answer would better if you explicitly state WHO is the plowman and WHO is the harvester, and then support that with references to the text of Scripture. – enegue Aug 4 '20 at 23:49 Your Answer
Happy Codings - Programming Code Examples JavaScript Programming JavaScript > Code Examples Increment and Decrement Operators C++ Code Convert Hexadecimal to Binary - To convert "Hexadecimal" number to "binary" number in C++, you have to ask to the user to enter the hexadecimal number to convert it into binary number to display the equivalent Returns a String representation of Integer - Converting an integer to a string with a fixed width. If the width is too small, the minimum width is assumed. Generate digit characters in reverse order. Shift the string to the right Check if a Number is Positive or Negative - C Language check if a number is positive or negative using nested if...else. This program takes a number from user & checks whether that number is either positive or negative or Sizeof Operator & Coma Operator In C++ - In C++ Language 'sizeof' operator returns the size of the variable or type. Here 'size' means how many bytes of memory is being used by a variable or type. Coma "," Operator is used Find diameter circumference area of circle - C program code input radius of a circle from user and find diameter, circumference and area of the circle. How to calculate diameter, circumference and area of a circle whose... C Code to Find & Replace any desired char - C Program to find and replace any desired character from the input text. Function to find and replace any text. Enter a line of text below. Line will be terminated by pressing... Virtual Calendar shows the current month - Draws box with "month and year" in header. Displays current time in footer of box. Prints dates within box. Scans user key and retuen its scan code. Detemines first day of month.
Tanti (Hindu traditions) in Bhutan Tanti (Hindu traditions) Photo Source: Shrawan Kumar People Name: Tanti (Hindu traditions) Country: Bhutan 10/40 Window: Yes Population: 900 World Population: 5,062,900 Primary Language: Bengali Primary Religion: Hinduism Christian Adherents: 0.00 % Evangelicals: 0.00 % Scripture: Complete Bible Online Audio NT: No Jesus Film: Yes Audio Recordings: Yes People Cluster: South Asia Hindu - other Affinity Bloc: South Asian Peoples Progress Level: Introduction / History Their name comes from the Hindi word, Tant, which means loom. The Tanti are said to have originated as the weavers, providers of cloth, back in history as far as ancient Bengal. They were known for great skill in weaving and the ability to produce both fine linens as well as more common everyday fabrics. Not too long ago, virtually every Tanti home would have had a loom and cloth present. Where Are they Located? The greatest concentration is believed to be in India's state of Bihar. There are also some to the west in Uttar Pradesh, and east in West Bengal, as well as Bangladesh. Finally, they have also been documented south into Orissa. A small number have moved north to Bhutan and Nepal. What Are Their Lives Like? In relation to the rest of Hindu society, they are seen as being part of the backward castes or the scheduled classes ("Dalit"). Evidence has been seen of both designations. Regardless of which is exactly right, they are definitely considered among the lower castes in Hindu society. A few have moved into cities and achieved an education and greater roles in society. This is still, however, limited to a small percentage of the overall people group. What Are Their Beliefs? Even those who live in Tibetan Buddhist Bhutan are Hindu. None of them have put their faith in Jesus Christ, so they remain an unreached people group. What Are Their Needs? Prayer Points * Pray that the Tanti people will find and embrace the Lord, who will accept them no matter what mankind thinks of them. * Pray for believers to reach out to these people. * Pray for a strong disciple making movement among the Tanti people in India and Bhutan. Text Source: Keith Carey
Need Learning Paths? Top 5 Steps to Success Blog posts \| 07.10.2021 Shaping the future of learning You can ease the administrative requirements of employee training by creating role-specific learning paths. • Learning paths provide a roadmap of goal-specific training and milestones that help build learner confidence. • Learning paths provide a clear route for the learner to follow to achieve: Specific goals or objectives, without redundant or unnecessary content that stifles motivation. • Finally, with learning paths, the learner can take ownership of their learning and know what is expected of them before training begins. Before setting up your first learning path, let’s look at the journey learning will take. Dr. Will Thalheimer defines this as the Learning Landscape, where the learning progresses from learning to remembering to doing. How well learning is achieved can be measured both by what the learner gets out of the training and how that training applies to their role in the organisation. On-the-job learning, job aids, or support from peers and management can also reinforce employee performance. But before it can be measured, it has to be created. This is where learning paths come in. As the name suggests, they are structured, step-by-step strategies toward specific training goals. They are created to teach employees job-related skills and are usually broken down into bite-size chunks to make it easy to fit training between regular job tasks. 5 Key Steps To Create a Learning Path Have we convinced you of the value of learning paths? Ready to give it a go? Try these five key steps to outline a clearer route to learner comprehension and training success as the path is defined. 1. Start with the end in mind What does a successful learning path look like? How does the learner know they are successful once it is completed? Ask yourself: what is the problem being solved? In order to create a successful learning path, it’s important to know where the learner will end up. There should be a desired outcome in mind; a definition of success when completed. This can be modeled after existing company roles, but it is important to focus on what will be accomplished at the end of the learning path. That objective starts with answering some important questions: • Why is this learning necessary? • What is the problem that needs to be corrected? • What does success look like? If these answers aren’t clear, it’s possible that the goal of the learning path won’t be either. 2. Put your audience at the center of your design The point of training is to instill or reinforce good practices, to halt or change poor ones, or update previously understood information. In order to do this effectively, have a specific audience in mind. One-size-fits-all is ineffective for training. Good training should address the learner at their level. For example, a veteran employee has a wealth of on-the-job experience and does not need the same novice-level training as a new hire. A great way to keep the audience in focus is with personas. In essence, it’s a character that represents a particular audience. Personas should include: • Demographics: Age, gender, job, location • Background: Experience, education, work habits • Work environment: Are they in a noisy office? Working from home? On the road? • Tech exposure: What technology do they use? How experienced are they with it? • Attitude: How do they respond to training requirements? • Experience: Anecdotes of best and worst learning experiences. While building this persona and getting a more specific idea of who the learner is, also consider who they are in context of the training being developed: • Why do they need training? • What will they specifically want from it? • What is their current skill level? • What is their motivation for completing training? • Are there any pain points to consider? As training is developed, return to the persona, and ask whether or not the training is meeting learner needs. If not, figure out why, and what can be done to correct it. 3. Make it about actions With a training goal and an audience in mind, the next step is to identify learner outcomes. What do learners need to be able to DO for training to be successful? The answers can be better identified through Situation Mapping: 1. Identify the relevant actions needed to achieve the business goal(s) 2. Assess why the audience isn’t taking these actions today. Is it absence of knowledge, a need to practice or something else entirely? 3. Brainstorm how to meet these needs with the training. Or if you can’t -- that’s important too! This process should be repeated for each persona that needs training. This creates a clearer understanding of what each role needs to succeed. It will also begin to define separate learning paths for each of your roles. 4. Project Requirements/Constraints Before fully designing the learning path, consider elements that affect the design: • Does the role use technology that can be utilised in training? Is the role limited to specific technology that would limit training elements? • Does technology exist that is not being utilised now? Will it be used in the future? Would training benefit from addressing this technology now? • Do previous training materials exist currently? Can they be reviewed for consideration? • Who will be the SME for content that needs to be created? • Are there any learning gaps not addressed by internal resources? Are there external resources that might address learning better than internal content? • Will there be an assessment? Certification? Plans for repeat training/compliance? Answering these questions before the design is fleshed out will spare future headaches and help shape the training as it develops. 5. Visualise the Experience There is no single way to approach training design. Development for one learning path may be very different from another, as the goals and requirements will change. Start with a macro view of the learning path – what pieces make up the path? How do they connect in order to help the learner accomplish their goal? Then tackle each piece in the path until all content has been addressed. Look at the path again and consider some or all of the following: • Are there places where learners can be better engaged? • Are “stop gaps” provided for learners to pause, reflect, and absorb the learning? • Is context given for learners to understand the training as it applies to their job? • Are learners given a chance to apply their knowledge? • How will learning be reinforced to help it stick? Answering these questions will help address learner needs throughout their journey and provide resources to assist them after training is complete. Remember: learning path organisation is not arbitrary Training should be organised in a logical sequence that best supports the goals of training. Consider additional content or supporting resources that can reinforce the training. Perhaps prerequisites might benefit the learner before starting on the learning path? The learning path could also be a prerequisite for other specialty training. Remember that in setting goals for training, the goals and expectations not only exist to guide the learner, but to guide the training as well. It is important not to limit the training to content contained within the LMS. While it’s beneficial to have everything contained in a single space for learners, the LMS may be limited in its capacity to address the best ways to train on specific topics. Consider the wealth of content available for training: • LXP content: Do learners have access to an LXP? Can a channel or playlist be set up with additional content that supports the training? • Employee-shared content: Every company has employees with a wealth of on-the-job experience – utilise them. Provide them a space to share their experience. The space does not have to be digital. Face-to-face opportunities also encourage team building and help prevent burnout. • On-the-job learning: employees need opportunities to apply what they’ve learned. Allow learners space to practice what they learn in the work environment so training can move from short term memory to practical experience. • Coaching: Pairing learners with experienced employees can help address unanticipated learning gaps. This provides a space for learners to ask questions and for coaches to share their knowledge. • Performance support: Take things a step beyond training by providing training context directly to the employee’s role. This specific type of support addresses the business issues directly, identifying how training will solve business issues, tying training clearly to business needs. Finally, it may be necessary to assess how well learners are accomplishing their goals. This is a good way to gauge whether learners understand the training provided to them. This also provides opportunities to unlock new content and learning paths. Rather than “pass-fail” assessments, consider providing opportunities based on learner comprehension. Where learners are struggling, supply new training content to assist underperformance. Based on specific learning criteria, new training paths may also be unlocked to allow advanced or specialised training, further engaging employees and allowing them to pursue new possibilities in their role. Shaping the future of learning You are using an outdated browser. For a better browsing experience we recommend I understand (close)
How to Animate a Tree With MASH in Maya SYIA Studios shows how you can use MASH in Maya to animate wind affecting a tree. While more than a few tools out there allow you to create and animate trees in Maya procedurally, you can pretty much do it all with standard tools. This new tutorial from SYIA Studios shows how to make and animate a tree in Maya using MASH. The tutorial shows how you can leverage Maya’s Paint Effects to help create the foliage textures for the tree while also using it to make the branches. MASH handles the distribution of the leaves and smaller branches on the tree, and the signal node runs the wind animation making the tree branches swaying in the wind.
Understanding Goal, Motivation, and Conflict: CONFLICT (PART 1) By Marcy Kennedy (@MarcyKennedy) Over the past few weeks, we’ve been talking about goal, motivation, and conflict and how they work together to fuel your story. Today we’re moving on to the final of the three. Conflict comes down to who is standing in your character’s way and what your character will have to endure to achieve their goal. Today I’m going to talk about the who. Every story needs an antagonist, but not every story needs a villain. A villain is “bad.” An antagonist is just someone (or something) who’s standing in the way of your main character achieving their goal. This sounds obvious, but there are, surprisingly, a lot of ways where we can go wrong with this part. I’m going to give you the most important elements that you need to get right about the antagonist. • Our antagonist needs to be stronger than our protagonist at the start of the story. If our antagonist isn’t stronger, then the story isn’t going to be very exciting. Our protagonist will succeed too easily. • Our antagonist’s goal needs to be in direct conflict with our protagonist’s goal. Think about this like two people playing tug-of-war. There’s no way they can both win that match. Whoever pulls the other across the line first, wins. The other loses. We need the same win-lose scenario in our book. If we don’t have it, our conflict will be weak. For example, if we’re writing a mystery, the protagonist wants to catch the murderer and the murderer wants to escape. Only one of them can succeed. In Star Wars, Luke and Darth Vader were fighting over who would control the universe, the rebels or the empire. Only one of them can succeed. • Our antagonist needs their own equally strong motivation. “Because he’s evil” is not a motivation. If we want to create an antagonist who’s more than a cardboard cutout, we need to understand why he’s fighting just as hard as our hero to achieve the goal. One of my favorite quotes comes from Christopher Vogler, and he says “The villain is the hero of his own journey.” Our antagonist is trying to do what they think is best in the same way that our main character is trying to do what he or she thinks is best. Even if they’re a true villain, they usually won’t see themselves as the “bad guy” because they can rationalize their actions, the same way we can often rationalize away our wrong actions if we’re not careful. To your antagonist, it’s your main character who is the “bad guy,” the problem that’s standing in the way of achieving their goals, desires, and dreams. What about society, nature, or self as the antagonist? You can write a story like that. Castaway with Tom Hanks or Andy Weir’s The Martian both have nature or an environment as the antagonist. Those stories are much more difficult to write though. Understand you’ve created an additional challenge for yourself, and make sure that you amplify your conflict. The risk with stories where the antagonist is the self, society, or nature is that there won’t be enough strong, urgent conflict on the page or that the conflict won’t be clear enough to understand and follow. One thing that can often work is to choose a figurehead if your antagonist is self or society. Choose someone who will represent those antagonistic forces and give them a human face. Katniss in The Hunger Games was fighting against a decadent, oppressive society, but the human face of that was President Snow. I’ll go over these external forces more in the next post where I talk about what your character needs to endure to achieve their goal. Do you have other tips about antagonists or conflict that you’d like to share? Enter your email address to follow this blog: Image Credit: Jacek Raczynski/ 7 Strategies Villains Use to Trick Their Victims Strategies Villains UseBy Marcy Kennedy (@MarcyKennedy) In many stories, we don’t want to give away who the villain is right away. In other stories, we want the reader to know but our other characters not to. In either case, we need to drop subtle hints so that in the end, when everyone knows, it feels natural and organic. In his book The Gift of Fear: Survival Signals that Protect Us from Violence, Gavin De Becker gives seven signs that tell us we might be at risk from another person. Con artists, rapists, or anyone who needs to bring down the guard of their victim for nefarious purposes will use one or all of these seven tricks against their victims. Our readers might not consciously recognize these “tells,” but just like these signals should do in real life, they’ll make the reader’s subconscious recognize that something is wrong, that this character perhaps can’t be trusted. Obviously, not everyone who uses one of these tactics is a villain. Context is important, as is whether one of these signals shows up alone or along with others on the list. However, everyone who uses these tactics is doing so with a goal. Forced Teaming The villain will use “we” or “us” statements to build premature trust. The keyword here is premature. You haven’t known them long enough for them to actually earn your trust, but when you feel like you’re in a partnership, it’s difficult to refuse the other person’s offers without feeling rude. According to De Becker, “The detectable signal of forced teaming is the projection of a shared purpose or experience where none exists: both of us; we’re some team; now we’ve done it; how are we going to handle this?” (55). Charm and Niceness A talented villain rarely seems threatening at first. They’re charming and nice. They smile. And you let your guard down because of it. “We must learn and then teach our children,” De Becker writes, “that niceness does not equal goodness. Niceness is a decision, a strategy of social interaction; it is not a character trait” (57). Too Many Details Most people who feel believed and trusted give only the necessary details when they speak. People who feel doubted add extra details to convince you, make you lose sight of the context, and, for strangers, make you feel like you know them better than you really do (and can therefore trust them). Every type of con depends on distracting us from the obvious. – Gavin de Becker While people can be telling the truth and still feel doubted, De Becker points out, “When people lie, even if what they say sounds credible to you, it doesn’t sound credible to them, so they keep talking” (58) after a person without a guilty conscience would have stopped. Negative Labeling De Becker calls this typecasting, but because it always involves a minor insult that the potential victim then feels the need to defend herself against, I think negative labeling is easier to remember. The villain might accuse the woman of being a snob if she refuses to talk to him. He might tell her she’s too proud if she refuses his offer of help. “You probably don’t watch the news.” “I’m sure you don’t care about such-and-such good thing.” It’s always a very minor slight, and his goal is to get her talking and defending herself. By doing that, he’s not only distracting her but also forcing her to engage with him. Creating a Debt De Becker calls this one loan sharking. The villain does something to help their potential victim. That small help—carrying a heavy bag, holding open a door, picking up something they’ve dropped—places their victim in their debt and makes it difficult for the potential victim to forcefully tell them to leave. Unsolicited Promises The unsolicited promise is the single best indicator that something is wrong. If someone makes an unsolicited promise, it shows they know you’re doubting them. Most people will miss this signal, but as soon as someone gives an unsolicited promise, you should ask yourself why you don’t trust the speaker. Promises aren’t guarantees. With a guarantee, you know that if the speaker doesn’t follow through, you’ll receive compensation or the wrong they inflicted will be righted. Promises, however, “are the very hollowest instruments of speech, showing nothing more than the speaker’s desire to convince you of something” (61). Ignoring a NO I have a friend whose calls I’ll dodge if I know she’s going to ask me to do something I want to say no to. As awful as it sounds, I do it because she refuses to accept a simple no. She always wants to know why not and criticizes reasons she doesn’t think are good enough. She never accepts my no without an argument. Although my friend isn’t a villain, she shares something in common with those who are. Anyone who refuses to accept a no is trying to control you. The no’s a villain refuses to accept can be either verbal of physical. If a woman refuses to release her hold on her bag when a stranger offers to carry it for her, she’s showing him no. When a villain ignores her no, two responses by her will mark her as an ideal victim. They’re both responses most polite women default to because of societal norms. The first is to continuing to say no, with each refusal becoming less forceful, until she finally gives in. The second is to negotiate. We use negotiation so regularly to soften our refusals that most women probably don’t even recognize it as negotiation anymore. De Becker’s example of a negotiation is “I really appreciate your offer, but let me try to do it on my own first.” “Negotiations,” De Becker goes on to explain, “are about possibilities, and providing access to someone who makes you apprehensive is not a possibility you want to keep on the agenda. I encourage people to remember that ‘no’ is a complete sentence” (63). If you missed the first post in my series on villains, you can read “How to Create a Truly Frightening Villain” here. Have you read The Gift of Fear? Have you ever been in a situation where one of these tactics set off a voice in your head that told you to act? Image Credit: Samuel Herrmann (from stock.xchange) Enter your email address to follow this blog: How to Create a Truly Frightening Villain How to Create a Frightening VillainIn my first-year English class at university, we dissected John Milton’s Paradise Lost—an epic poem set in heaven, hell, and the Garden of Eden during the creation and fall of man. I didn’t keep many of my English “textbooks,” but I kept that one. It was the start of my love affair with villains. I knew how Paradise Lost would end before I started reading, but Milton’s Satan still managed to plant that tiny seed of doubt. Here was a truly frightening villain. One with believable motivation, smart, charismatic, deceptive. Was I really sure that he wasn’t going to win? That’s what you want your reader to ask themselves. Nothing will keep them more riveted to your book. Today I’m starting my new series on villains with an overview of how to create a truly frightening villain. Anyone Can Be a Villain Often the first thing that jumps to mind when we hear “villain” is murderer, kidnapper, terrorist, or crooked cop. Technically, though, a villain can be anyone who has the potential to do serious harm to your hero. That can mean the husband stealer or the slanderer too. How much your reader wants to see them fail and get their comeuppance all depends on you. Just remember that sometimes the best villains are the ones we least expect. (Unfortunately, even I have to admit that not every story needs a villain. If your story doesn’t need one, don’t add one in. He’ll end up more like Wile E. Coyote or the Prince from Shrek. Your readers will laugh at him, not fear him.) Make Him Formidable . . . The stronger your hero, the stronger your villain needs to be. Introduce doubt that your hero is going to win this one by showing how smart, resourceful, charismatic, or sneaky your villain is. Better yet, give him strengths that match your hero’s weaknesses. Your readers should develop a grudging respect for his abilities even if they can’t respect how he uses them. Let your villain win as few rounds as well, forcing your hero to adapt and grow if she’s going to survive. A stupid villain who’s easily caught isn’t scary. Or memorable. . . . Yet Also Relatable No one is pure evil. Maybe she’s kind to animals or maybe he volunteers at a homeless shelter. Figure out your villain’s soft underbelly and you’ve not only added a new dimension to his character but also have something the hero can possibly use to defeat him. My co-writer Lisa Hall-Wilson once wrote a disturbing short story where her villain kept his step-daughter alive while murdering other girls. He felt that doing that proved he wasn’t a bad man. His kindness to her also led to his downfall, allowing her to eventually escape. Aside from this, a really good villain should act like a darkened mirror, reflecting back the worst in ourselves and forcing us to face it. That selfishness, that jealousy, that desire to hurt…we’re all only a few steps away from it. We should relate to a good villain in the same way that we relate to a good hero. Both should make us want to be better than we are. Give Him Strong Motivation Despite what you see on Criminal Minds, most killers aren’t psychopaths, sociopaths, or suffering from a dissociative break. Criminal Minds has one hour in which to scare you, disgust you, and make you feel relief. A random killer who could target you next if he’s not caught works well within those restrictions. In real life, most people are killed by someone they know. The killer has a good reason (in their minds at least) for why they committed their crime. To them, their actions are logical, perhaps even noble. Even if your villain isn’t going to be murdering or kidnapping, you need to know why she’s standing in the hero’s way. It shouldn’t be random. Ask yourself some questions: Why is she causing trouble? What has brought him to this point? How does he justify what he’s doing? Why does she keep going even when she faces opposition? The Anti-Hero: Taking the Villain’s Side When we pick up a story, most of us have certain expectations about the main character/protagonist/hero. We expect him to be likeable and good. And instead, with the anti-hero, we step into the twisted mind of someone who could be the villain if we weren’t telling his story. For a classic example, think Victor Frankenstein. You take a risk writing an anti-hero. Your readers might pity them, but they’ll never like them. If they see anything of themselves in him, they’ll be loath to admit it. For novels, it can sometimes be difficult to stay in the head of someone so disagreeable for hundreds of pages. But when they’re done well, they’re fascinating to read. If there’s anything specific about villains you want me to cover, be sure to let me know in the comments (and sign up below to receive email updates so you won’t miss my answer). What book or movie villain frightened you the most? Why? Interested in more ways to improve your writing? Deep Point of View is now available! (You might also want to check out Internal Dialogue, Description, or Showing and Telling in Fiction.) Image Credit: Svilen Milev (from stock.xchng) Enter your email address to follow this blog:
Water ripples The Wildcat and the Sea Dr. Ray Timm charts a course for cleaning up the largest plastic accumulation in the Pacific. By Kristi Evans Many innovative ideas stem from the goal of either solving an established problem or reducing its adverse impacts. Entrepreneur Dr. Ray Timm’s ’92 BS motivation extended beyond that to something more personal: appeasing his then-10-year-old daughter, Maddie. She was visibly upset one night as she showed him a picture of a sea lion that had become entangled in a fishing net and drowned. Knowing that her Dad had devoted his entire career to combatting ecosystem devastation—at the time he was working to restore imperiled salmon stocks and their habitats near Seattle—Maddie justifiably asked him why no one was doing anything to clean up the floating debris. Abandoned or discarded fishing nets, lines and ropes, commonly known as ghost gear, represent the bulk of large plastic pollution in the oceans and pose the greatest threat to marine life, according to the World Wildlife Fund. In addition, a National Geographic story last year stated the amount of plastic trash that flows annually from rivers into the oceans is expected to nearly triple by 2040 to 29 million metric tons. Perhaps even more distressing is a prediction by the World Economic Forum and Ellen MacArthur Foundation that plastics could outweigh fish in the sea by 2050. Various modes of plastic refuse generation have combined to create what Timm calls a “conservation emergency.” Mainstream media coverage of the issue began to increase noticeably around the same time that Timm’s daughter implored him to take action, he said. It has featured some disturbing imagery to punctuate the problem: a dead albatross with its stomach intentionally cut open to reveal contents composed primarily of plastics; a sea turtle with a straw in its nose; and a mother bird unintentionally feeding plastic to her chicks. Ray Timm“It hit me that we should be able to apply what we know to this type of problem, but there were challenges we had to address first,” Timm said. “Existing attempts to clean up debris in the oceans is dependent on recycling, but there is no meaningful plastic recycling technology for more than 90% of plastics. A few types are made into deck boards and other products, but it’s a pretty narrow market. Also, it’s too expensive to drive an empty ship anywhere, even from Tacoma to Seattle. Deadheading to the middle of the ocean to pick up garbage, only to bring it back to a landfill, doesn’t make much sense. So if those are the biggest barriers, how do you circumvent them?” In response to that question, Timm tapped his past experience as a government scientist, university researcher and consultant to establish Seattle-based Siskowet Enterprises. The name is derived from the siscowet trout that inhabits deep-water regions of Lake Superior. Legend has it that early commercial fishers discovered these trout had such an abundance of energy stores—lipids required for overwinter survival and successful reproduction—that when tossed into a boiler, they burned hot as coal and could run the fishing boat. Whether fact or fiction, the story inspired Timm and business partner Dan Gestwick to develop an idea for a self-sustaining process to remove plastics from the world’s oceans. Their plan requires no new inventions; it creatively integrates existing technologies. It is in the prototype stage now, but when fully deployed, a fleet of battery-operated autonomous aquatic vessels will sweep up plastic and bring it back to a “mother ship,” where the plastic will be converted to electricity through high-efficiency, waste-to-energy incineration. “I don’t want to decry all plastics as evil,” Timm said. “Our houses, offices and cars are full of them and we’ve all benefited from them to some degree. But their extreme durability makes them troublesome polluters. One characteristic that makes plastics useful in the Siskowet model is that they’re made from polymerized oil, so there’s a ton of energy in them. The density varies among different types, but generally it’s consistent with the amount of energy locked up in diesel fuel. We can exploit that and use it to fuel the cleanup. I figured out that it would take 485 water bottles to achieve the energy equivalent of a gallon of diesel.” Siskowet will focus its efforts on part of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also known as the Pacific trash vortex. Such gyres are created by plastic debris exported from nearly all major rivers, but the Great Pacific Garbage Patch represents the largest accumulation of ocean plastic in the world. It spans waters from the West Coast of North America to Japan. Timm said it has been estimated at twice the size of Texas. Albatross with plastic in its stomachSweeping a sizeable swath of ocean is an incredibly daunting challenge. The first step is finding patches where pieces of plastic have collected. Timm said not every satellite has the correct sensors to detect them or the spatial resolution capability to make it a useful tool. In the time between a satellite passing overhead and cleanup vessels being deployed, the ocean currents can move the patch and perhaps change its shape or density. Siskowet will focus its efforts on part of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. It spans waters from the West Coast of North America to Japan. Timm said it has been estimated at twice the size of Texas. Some plastics barely float because of their density in relation to seawater, Timm said, making it easy for storms to drive them down below the surface, where they are no longer visible from space. Siskowet will rely on sophisticated National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) models to estimate where it will be in a certain number of days after the satellite images are collected. “The footprint you’re cleaning changes continuously,” Timm added. “You need to scale the shift so you can be more precise in space and time. We’ll do that by launching airborne drones equipped with green lidar. It’s like radar, but instead of sound, it uses light for detection and ranging. It penetrates below the water’s surface and reflects off whatever is down there.” Based on the time it takes for the light to travel through the water and be reflected back up to the drone, Timm said they can measure the plastic pieces and determine their precise coordinates in three dimensions. The information supplied by the airborne drones will be used to create new waypoints for the deployment of water-based autonomous cleanup vessels (ACVs). When the ACVs are within a few meters of the location, they will turn on stereo, bow-mounted cameras to precisely locate the plastic and place the cleanup apparatus directly on it. Water will drain from the pieces of trash as they catch a ride on a conveyor into the hold. When the ACVs achieve their maximum capacity, they return to the mother ship to empty their payloads and receive a fully charged battery pack before they are deployed again. ACVs would be programmed to swarm around each other to maximize efficiency in collecting debris.Ray Timm On the mother ship, Siskowet will put the plastics into a high-temp, high-pressure environment devoid of oxygen and break apart their molecules at the elemental level, leaving behind synthesis gases—primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The hydrogen will be used in fuel cells to generate enough electricity to run the entire operation. While that system is still in development, Timm said the idea of integrating environmental restoration and technology was borne at Northern, where he was a biology major and chemistry minor. “Professor John Rebers had a profound impact on me. I had not been exposed to the marriage between technology and biology before his class. He integrated a computer program that we used on Macs with 9-inch screens. It used a new interface for understanding cellular and molecular biological processes. NMU didn’t even have email for students at that time; everyone walked around with floppy discs. But John joined two different worlds in a way that really informed my academic and professional trajectory.” Timm said the urgent pollution problem requires a sophisticated solution. The most promising technologies for cleaning up macroplastics from the ocean are autonomous harvest vessels to retrieve them and high-efficiency gasification to convert the material to both thermal and stored electrical energy. “If there isn’t any formalized way to get rid of garbage, especially the types that don’t break down, ‘out of sight, out of mind’ seems to be the paradigm that is globally adopted. If we could get the UN, for example, to prioritize the problem through a cleanup fund, that might be a vehicle whereby it becomes an economically viable line of business, not only for us, but for others.” Timm said another option might be a “cradle to grave” responsibility model for plastics manufacturers. He said similar policies have been implemented in parts of Scandinavia, where automakers are obligated to recycle the cars they produce after consumers are done driving them. In the meantime, Siskowet Enterprises is moving forward with plans to address the growing problem of ocean plastics using methods inspired by historical legend, natural processes and modern technology. The company’s website states, “We’ll know our success when the plastic is gone.” Regardless of whether Timm’s enterprise fully achieves that ambitious goal, he has already demonstrated to his daughter that her concerns were justified and that he took them to heart. He willingly revamped his career in order to develop a method for sweeping the sea of potential threats to marine life—both for Maddie’s peace of mind and the health of the environment. Learn more at siskowet.com
By: Stan Popovich Have you ever been bullied at your job or in your personal life? Do you currently know someone who is being bullied? A person who is being bullied have higher rates of depression and anxiety which can be a factor in a person’s life. As a result, here are some suggestions on how to deal with a bully and how to get them to stop bothering you. 1. Show People That You Are Confident In Yourself: It is important to believe in yourself and that you display confidence when dealing with others. Bullies tend to bother people who are unsure about themselves so it is important that other people know that you have a lot of self-confidence. This will prevent a bully from targeting you. 2. Always Stand Up For Yourself: Always stand your ground when dealing with conflict from others. Let people know that you will stand up for yourself when some people get on your case. This will show others that you will not sit by and be bullied without doing anything about it. This will make the bullies think twice before bothering you. 3. There Is Safety In Numbers: If you can, it is good to hang out with a group of friends whether it is at your job or in your personal life. A bully will tend to go after somebody who is alone and by themselves. A bully will less likely bother you if they know that you have a group of people that will back you up. Even if you have trouble making friends, just having acquaintances can go a long way in preventing someone from getting on your case. 4. Learn How To Deal With A Bully: If you are being bullied, it is important to learn effective techniques on how to deal with the situation. A person can talk to a professional counselor who will help you on what you can do when you are being bullied. A person can also go to a local mental health support group in their area that can give you additional advice. The key is to learn what you need to do to stop someone from bullying you. 5. Never Show Them Your Emotions: If someone decides to get on your case, it is a good idea to not let the person know they are getting to you. Letting a bully know that they are bothering you will only make things worse. Never show the bully your fears or frustrations. Hopefully, the person will get tired of bothering you and they will find somewhere else to go. 6. Talk To The Person: If possible, talk to the person who is bothering you and find out why they are getting on your case. Ask them if you did anything wrong that made them angry. Try to find the reason why he or she is bothering you. Stay calm and be polite when talking to the person who is harassing you. Hopefully, there may be a chance to reconcile with that person. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Why Are My Dog’s Ears Cold? If you are wondering why your dog’s ears are always cold, don’t forget to ask yourself other questions like, “what should I do to keep my dogs ears warm”? Why Are My Dogs Ears Cold? There are many reasons why your dog’s ears are cold, for example, poor circulation can cause ears to become icy to the touch. Also, some breeds of dogs have longer ears, which makes them more exposed to the cold air. Subsequently, dogs with short snouts also have their ear canals exposed to the environment. My Dogs Ears Are Cold, Should I Be Worried? Cold ears in a dog is not a medical concern by any means; usually, ear chilliness occurs when dogs don’t move around enough. When dogs stay in one position or go outdoors during cold weather (or into a chilly room), their ears simply chill as a result of not moving enough. To prevent your dog from having achingly cold ears, take note of whether your dog is shivering or if its ears are down. Those are a sign of discomfort in your dog and you might want to take steps to warm up his or her ears. How Do I Warm Up My Dog’s Cold Ears? There are a few things you can do to warm up your dog’s cold ears. They include : • Wrap your dog in a blanket to raise his or her body temperature. • Warm up the air of the room or area you are in by using heaters or turning up your thermostat. • Purchase or make fabric headbands and tie around your dog’s head (it helps keep heat in!) • You can also use a heating pad under thick towels. This will help your dog to raise his body temperature. After warming up your dog’s cold ears, you’ll need to make sure the inside of their ears don’t become too warm as a result of the heat source. Excessively hot ears can cause skin irritation and ear infections that can be expensive to treat! Can A Sweater Help Warm My Dog’s Ears? In addition to giving your dog a coat or sweater during cold weather, you can also use ear muffs for dogs. Dog ear muffs are designed exactly for that – to keep your doggie’s ears warm and cozy at all times, especially when going outdoors. My Dog’s Ears Are Cold, Are They Sick? There are a few medical reasons that dog’s ears can be cold, but they are rare. They include: • Poor Circulation – Usually, poor circulation in the body causes ears to become icy to the touch – resulting in discomfort for your dog. As such, make sure that your canine companion does not stay still for long durations as this can lead to ear chilliness. • Infection/Inflammation – Ear infections are common in dogs, especially when they spend a lot of time outdoors. The affected ear canal may be red and swollen which results in poor blood circulation. Thus, it is vital to take your dog to the vet if you notice any signs of infection or inflammation. • Scratching – Cold ears can also occur with dogs who scratch their ears too much. This becomes an issue because they end up injuring their ear canals which leads to possible ear infections or inflammations. • Genetics – Genetics can also be a factor in why a dog’s ears are cold. Some dogs naturally have more hair on their ears, which is why it is important to make sure that your canine companion does not spend too much time outdoors especially during the winter months. • Lack of Activity – When dogs stay in one position or go outdoors during cold weather (or into a chilly room), their ears simply chill as a result of not moving enough. Keep your dog active during cold weather, especially by going outdoors. Also, try to avoid putting him in front of an air conditioner or heater vent because this can lead to rapid temperature changes that can offset his body temperature and make his ears cold. Can Dogs Get a Cold? Dogs can get a cold, but it isn’t like the human version of getting sick. It is usually due to environmental factors (living in unsanitary conditions) or lack of activity outdoors that may cause dogs to contract upper respiratory infections which lead to their ears becoming chilly. If this is the case, it isn’t really a “cold” but rather an infection, inflammation or irritation that needs to be treated by visiting your vet. Can Dogs Go Deaf If Their Ears Get Too Cold? If your dog’s ears are extremely cold to the point where they are blue in color, there is a chance he may go deaf. This condition could lead to frostbite and it is important to deal with it immediately by taking him to your vet or veterinary emergency room. What Can I Do if My Dog’s Ears Are Always Cold in the Winter? Unfortunately, there isn’t much you can do if your dog’s ears are always cold in the winter – other than wrapping him in blankets, putting on a sweater or using earmuffs. Try to make sure that he stays active during the winter months by going outdoors or playing indoors to keep his ears warm. Do Dogs Need Hair on Their Ears? My Dog’s Ears Droop When They’re Cold One reason why their ears might droop is due to the fact that dogs use their ears as a cooling mechanism. Heat escapes through the ears and this is why you will often notice dogs with drooping ears as a result of them not wanting to make their ear canals cold. Another reason is that dogs protect their ears from any kind of injury or infections that may happen as a result of the snow, When Should I Take My Dog To The Vet? You should take your dog to the vet if their ears are extremely cold, especially if the color is deep blue. Also, visit a local emergency clinic if your dog’s ears are fiery red or fill with pus. If the ears are merely cold and you notice swelling, discharge or any other symptom that indicates an infection or inflammation, you should also visit your vet. If the ears are itchy and full of scabs, consider taking him to the groomer for an ear cleaning. If your dog’s ears are always cold, check his activity level to see if he spends too much time indoors. Try to make sure he goes outdoors for long periods of time during the winter months or play indoors with him to keep his ears warm. If your dog’s ears are chilled, you usually don’t need to worry. Take note if they are shivering or if their ears are down because those are signs indicating discomfort in your pup, and it might be time to take steps so that his ears warm up. To stay on top of this issue, make sure that your canine companion doesn’t remain still for too long while outdoors during winter months. Also, get him active by exercising with him or playing with him in the snow. If he seems to be in pain or discomfort then visit your vet or local veterinary emergency room.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences You have accessReview article The neurobiology of syntax: beyond string sets The human capacity to acquire language is an outstanding scientific challenge to understand. Somehow our language capacities arise from the way the human brain processes, develops and learns in interaction with its environment. To set the stage, we begin with a summary of what is known about the neural organization of language and what our artificial grammar learning (AGL) studies have revealed. We then review the Chomsky hierarchy in the context of the theory of computation and formal learning theory. Finally, we outline a neurobiological model of language acquisition and processing based on an adaptive, recurrent, spiking network architecture. This architecture implements an asynchronous, event-driven, parallel system for recursive processing. We conclude that the brain represents grammars (or more precisely, the parser/generator) in its connectivity, and its ability for syntax is based on neurobiological infrastructure for structured sequence processing. The acquisition of this ability is accounted for in an adaptive dynamical systems framework. Artificial language learning (ALL) paradigms might be used to study the acquisition process within such a framework, as well as the processing properties of the underlying neurobiological infrastructure. However, it is necessary to combine and constrain the interpretation of ALL results by theoretical models and empirical studies on natural language processing. Given that the faculty of language is captured by classical computational models to a significant extent, and that these can be embedded in dynamic network architectures, there is hope that significant progress can be made in understanding the neurobiology of the language faculty. 1. Introduction Recent years have seen a renewed interest in using artificial grammar learning (AGL) as a window onto the organization of the language system. It has been exploited in cross-species comparisons, but also in studies on the neural architecture for language. Our focus is on the role AGL can play in unravelling the neural basis of human language. For this purpose, its role is relatively limited and mainly restricted to modelling aspects of structured sequence learning and structured sequence processing, uncontaminated by the semantic and phonological sources of information that co-determine the production and comprehension of natural language. Before going into more details related to the neurobiology of syntax and the role of AGL research, we outline what we think are the major conclusions from the research on the neurobiology of language: — The language network is more extensive than the classical language regions (i.e. Broca's and Wernicke's regions). It includes the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), substantial parts of the superior-middle temporal cortex, the inferior parietal cortex and the basal ganglia. Homotopic regions in the right hemisphere are also engaged in language processing [1,2]. — The division of labour between Broca's (frontal cortex) and Wernicke's (temporal cortex) region is not that of production and comprehension [36]. The LIFG is at least involved in syntactic and semantic unification during comprehension and the superior-middle temporal cortex is involved in production [7]. Here, unification refers to real-time combinatorial operations (i.e. roughly ŝ = U(s, t), where U is the unification operation, s the current state of the processing memory, t an incoming, retrieved structural primitive (treelet) from the mental lexicon and ŝ the new state of the processing memory (unification space); see [8] for technical details). — Broca's region plays a central role in what we have labelled unification [8,9]. However, this region's contributions to unification operations are neither syntax- nor language-specific. It plays a role in conceptual unification [10], integration operations in music [11,12] and in integrating language and co-speech gestures [13,14]. The specificity of the contribution of Broca's region in any given context is determined by dynamic connections with posterior (domain-specific) regions as well as other parts of the brain, including sub-cortical regions. — None of the language-relevant brain regions or neurophysiological effects appear to be language-specific. All language-relevant event-related potential effects (N400, P600, LAN) are also triggered by other than language input (e.g. music, pictures, gestures) and all known language-relevant brain regions seem to be involved in processing other stimulus types as well [1]. — For language, as for other cognitive functions, the function-to-structure mapping as one-area-one-function (as currently conceptualized) is likely to be incorrect. Brain regions typically participate dynamically as nodes in more than one functional network. For instance, the processing of syntactic information depends on dynamic network interactions between Broca's region and the superior-middle temporal cortex, where lexicalized aspects of syntax are stored, while syntactic unification operations are under the control of Broca's region [5,6]. Although language processing combines information at multiple linguistic levels, in the following we focus on syntax. This is somewhat artificial, because syntactic processing never occurs in isolation from the other linguistic levels. Here, we take natural language to be a neurobiological system, and paraphrasing Chomsky [15], two outstanding fundamental questions to be answered are: — What is the nature of the brain's ability for syntactic processing? — How does the brain acquire this capacity? An answer to the first question is that the human brain represents knowledge of syntax in its connectivity (i.e. its parametrized network topology with adaptable characteristics; see §8). This network is closely interwoven with the networks for phonological and semantic/pragmatic processing [3,4,16], all operating in close spatio-temporal contiguity during normal language processing (figure 1). We have therefore used the AGL paradigm as a relatively uncontaminated window onto the neurobiology of structured sequence processing. In this context, we take the view that natural and artificial syntax share a common abstraction—structured sequence processing [19]. AGL was originally implemented to investigate implicit learning mechanisms shared with natural language acquisition [20] and has recently been used in cross-species comparisons to understand the evolutionary origins of language and communication [2125]. Figure 1. Figure 1. Left inferior frontal regions related to phonological, syntactic and semantic processing [9]. The spheres are centred on the mean activation coordinate of the natural language fMRI studies reviewed in [17] and the radius indicates the spatial standard deviation. The brain activation displayed is related to artificial syntax processing [18]. The neurobiology of implicit sequence learning, assessed by AGL, has been investigated by means of functional neuroimaging [2,18,2628], brain stimulation [2931] and in agrammatic aphasics [32]. Frontostriatal circuits are generally involved [26,33]. The same circuits are also involved in the processing and acquisition of natural language syntax [34]. Moreover, the breakdown of syntax processing in agrammatic aphasia is associated with impairments in AGL [32] and individual variability in implicit sequence learning correlates with language processing [35,36]. Taken together, this supports the idea that AGL taps into implicit sequence learning and processes that are shared with aspects of natural syntax acquisition and processing. However, we stress one caveat relevant to much AGL work. A common assumption in the field is that if participants, after exposure to a grammar, are able to distinguish new grammatical from non-grammatical items, then they have learned some aspects of the underlying grammar. However, there is sometimes a tendency to assume more that participants process the sequences according to the grammar rules and strong claims are made about the representation acquired. However, this need not be the case. The use of a particular grammar does not ensure that subjects have learned and use this, instead of using a different and perhaps simpler way of representing the knowledge acquired. Several AGL studies have not sought to determine the minimal machinery needed to account for the observed performance, often leaving open questions about the nature of the acquired knowledge ([37] for additional remarks). 2. Multiple regular and non-regular dependencies AGL is typically used to investigate implicit learning [20,38]. However, during the last decade, it has also been used in explicit procedures in which, for instance, participants are instructed to figure out the underlying rules while they receive performance feedback. The implicit version is closer to the conditions under which nature language acquisition takes place ([39], pp. 275–276) [40] and we therefore focus on studies of implicit AGL. The implicit AGL paradigm is based on the structural mere exposure effect and it provides a tool to investigate the aspects of structural acquisition from exposure to grammatical examples without any type of feedback, teaching instruction or engaging subjects in explicit problem-solving [41,42]. Generally, AGL paradigms consist of acquisition and classification phases. During acquisition, participants are exposed to a sample generated from a formal grammar. In the standard AGL version [20,38], subjects are informed after acquisition that the sequences were generated according to a complex set of rules and are asked to classify novel items as grammatical or not (grammaticality instruction), based on their immediate impression (guessing based on gut feeling). A well-replicated AGL finding is that subjects perform well above chance after several days of implicit acquisition; they do so on regular [41,42] and non-regular grammars [43,44]. An alternative way to assess implicit acquisition, structural mere exposure AGL, is to ask the participants to make like/not-like judgements (preference instruction) and therefore it is not necessary to inform them about the presence of a complex rule system before classification, which can thus be repeated [41,42]. Moreover, from the subject's point of view, there is no correct or incorrect response, and the motivation to use explicit (problem-solving) strategies is minimized. This version is based on the finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus induces an increased preference for that stimulus compared with novel stimuli [45]. We investigated both grammaticality and preference classification after 5 days of implicit acquisition on sequences generated from a simple right-linear unification grammar [2,41]. The results showed that the participants performed well above chance on both preference and grammaticality classification. In a follow-up study [43,44], we investigated the acquisition of multiple nested (context-free type) and crossed (context-sensitive type) non-adjacent dependencies, while controlling for local subsequence familiarity, in an implicit learning paradigm over nine days. This provided enough time for both abstraction and knowledge consolidation processes to take place. Recently, it has been suggested that abstraction and consolidation depend on sleep [46], consistent with results that naps promote abstraction processes after artificial language learning (ALL) in infants [47]. In one experiment [43], we employed a between-subject design to compare the implicit acquisition of context-sensitive, crossed dependencies (e.g. A1A2A3B1B2B3), and the more commonly studied context-free, nested dependencies (e.g. A1A2A3B3B2B1). The results showed robust performance, equivalent to the levels observed with regular grammars, for both types of dependencies. Similar findings were reported in [44] (figure 2), which demonstrates the feasibility of acquisition of multiple non-adjacent dependencies in implicit AGL without performance feedback. Taken together with additional results on implicit AGL [41,42], we concluded that the acquisition of non-adjacent dependencies showed quantitative, but little qualitative difference compared with the acquisition of adjacent dependencies: non-adjacent dependencies took some days longer to acquire [44]. These findings show that humans implicitly acquire knowledge about the aspects of structured regularities captured by complex rule systems by mere exposure. Moreover, the results show that when given enough exposure and time, participants show robust implicit learning of multiple non-adjacent dependencies. However, these results do not answer the question to what degree AGL recruits the same neural machinery as natural language syntax does. For this, we have to turn to neuroimaging methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Figure 2. Figure 2. Classification performance in endorsement rates. Black bars, preference classification, which was also in the baseline (grey bars) test. White bars, grammaticality classification. Error bars indicate standard deviations [41,44]. 3. Functional MRI findings In a recent fMRI study [2], we investigated a simple right-linear unification grammar in an implicit AGL paradigm. In addition, natural language data from a sentence comprehension experiment had been acquired in the same subjects in a factorial design with the factors syntax and semantics (for details see [2,48]). The main results of this study replicate previous findings on implicit AGL [18,26]. Moreover, in contrast to claims that Broca's region is specifically related to syntactic movement in the context of language processing [4951] or the processing of nested dependencies [27,28,52], we found the left Brodmann's area (BA) 44 and 45 to be active during the processing of a well-formed sequence generated by a simple right-linear unification grammar. Furthermore, Broca's region was engaged to a greater extent for syntactic anomalies and these effects were essentially identical when masked (i.e. the spatial intersection) with activity related to natural syntax processing in the same subjects (figure 3). The results are highly consistent with functional localization of natural language syntax in the LIFG (figure 1) [9,17]. These, and other findings, suggest that the left inferior frontal cortex is a structured sequence processor that unifies information from various sources in an incremental and recursive manner, independent of whether there are requirements for syntactic movement operations or for nested non-adjacent dependency processing [2]. Figure 3. Figure 3. Brain regions engaged during correct preference classification in an implicit AGL paradigm. Preference classification after 5 days of implicit acquisition on sequences generated by a right-linear unification grammar: (a) main effect non-grammatical versus grammatical sequences in Broca's region BA 44 and 45; (b) when masked (spatial intersection) with the same main effect from grammaticality classification [2]; and (c) masked with the natural language syntax related variability observed [48] in the same subjects. Reproduced with permission from [53]. 4. Transcranial magnetic stimulation findings Given that fMRI findings are correlative, a way to test whether Broca's region (BA 44/45) is causally related to artificial syntax processing is to test whether repeated TMS (rTMS) applied to Broca's region modulates classification performance. This approach has been used to investigate natural language processing (for a review [29]). Previous results show that Broca's region is causally involved in processing sequences generated from a simple right-linear unification grammar [29]. A recent follow-up [31] showed that after participants had implicitly acquired aspects of a crossed dependency structure (multiple non-adjacent dependencies of a context-sensitive type similar to the ones described in §2), rTMS applied to Broca's region interfered with subsequent classification (figure 4). Together, these suggest that Broca's region is causally involved in processing both adjacent and non-adjacent dependencies. Figure 4. Figure 4. The difference in endorsement rates between grammatical and non-grammatical items with rTMS applied to the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) or vertex. *rTMS to Broca's region (BA 44/45) leads to significantly impaired classification performance compared with control stimulation at vertex. The zero level on the y-axis = chance performance. 5. Genetic findings A recent implicit AGL study [53] explored the potential role of the CNTNAP2 gene in artificial syntax acquisition/processing at the behavioural and brain levels. CNTNAP2 codes for a neural trans-membrane protein [54] and is downregulated by FOXP2, a gene that codes for a transcription factor [55]. Transcription factors and their genes make up complex gene regulatory networks, which control many complex biological processes, including ontogenetic development [5658]. The expression of CNTNAP2 is relatively increased in developing human fronto-temporal-subcortical networks [59]. In particular, CNTNAP2 expression in humans is enriched in frontal brain regions, in contrast to mice or rats [60], and has been linked to specific language impairment [55]. A recent study investigated the effects of a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) RS7794745 in CNTNAP2 (the same as investigated in [53]) on the brain response during language comprehension [61]. This study found both structural and functional brain differences in language comprehension related to the same SNP sub-grouping used in [53]. The behavioural findings showed that the T group (AT- and TT carriers) was sensitive to the grammaticality of the sequences independent of local subsequence familiarity. This might suggest that individuals with this genotype acquire structural knowledge more rapidly, use the acquired knowledge more effectively or are better at ignoring cues related to local subsequence familiarity in comparison with the non-T group (AA carriers). Parallel to these findings, significantly greater activation in Broca's region (BA 44/45) as well as in the left frontopolar region (BA 10) in the non-T compared with the T group was observed (figure 5). Assuming that the structured sequence learning mechanism investigated by AGL is shared between artificial and natural syntax acquisition, these results suggest that the FOXP2–CNTNAP2 pathway might be related to the development of the neural infrastructure relevant for the acquisition of structured sequence knowledge. Figure 5. Figure 5. Brain regions differentiating the T and the non-T groups. Group differences related to grammaticality classification (non-T > T). Reproduced with permission from [53]. In summary, quite an amount of knowledge has accumulated concerning the neurobiological infrastructure for implicit AGL, and firm evidence shows that the processing of artificial and natural language syntax is largely overlapping in Broca's region (BA 44/45). This lends credence to the claim that some aspects of natural language processing and its neurobiological basis can be fruitfully investigated with the help of well-designed artificial language paradigms. Before sketching a neurobiological framework for situating and interpreting results such as those reviewed here, we briefly review and comment on the Chomsky hierarchy, recursion and the competence–performance distinction to make explicit the connection between neurobiologically inspired dynamical systems and models of language formulated within the classical Turing framework of computation. 6. Recursion, competence grammars and performance models In this and the following sections, we make explicit that the (extended) Chomsky hierarchy attains its meaning in the context of infinite memory resources. However, any physically realizable, classical computational system is finite with respect to its memory organization. Following Chomsky [62], we call these machines strictly finite1 (i.e. finite automata or finite-state machines, FSMs). Chomsky states that ‘performance, must necessarily be strictly finite’ ([62], pp. 331–333) and argues (p. 390) that the ‘performance of the speaker or hearer must be representable by a finite automaton of some sort. The speaker–hearer has only a finite memory, a part of which he uses to store the rules of his grammar (a set of rules for a device with unbounded memory), and a part of which he uses for computation…’. The apparent contradiction is explained in this section. We argue that important issues in the neurobiology of syntax, and language more generally, are related to the nature of the neural code (i.e. the character of neural representation), the properties of processing memory, as well as finite precision (noisy) neural computation. We suggest that (bounded) recursive processing is a broader phenomenon, not restricted to the language system, and conclude that one central, not yet well-understood, issue in neurobiology is the brain's capacity to process bounded patterns of non-adjacent dependencies. A grammar G is roughly a finite set of rules that specifies how items in a lexicon (alphabet) are combined into well-formed sequences, thus generating a formal language L(G) [39,6264]. The sequence set L(G) is called G's weak generative capacity and two grammars G1 and G2 are weakly equivalent if L(G1) = L(G2). To take a recently much discussed example in the AGL literature, the Chomsky hierarchy distinguishes between the regular L(G1) = {(ab)n \| n a positive natural number} and the context-free language L(G2) = {anbn \| n a positive natural number}. These are generated by, for example, the grammars G1 = {S → aB, B → bA, A → aB, B → b} and G2 = {S → aB, B → Ab, A → aB, B → b}. We note two properties, to which we will return in the following: (i) there is little complexity difference between the competence grammars G1 and G2 (they contain the same number of rules, terminal and non-terminal symbols) and (ii) the regular language L(G1) can be described by a grammar G1 that recursively generates hierarchical phrase-structure trees (in this case right-branching); thus neither the concept recursion nor hierarchical distinguish between regular and supra-regular languages (nor does the concept non-adjacency or long-distance dependencies [65]). In the context of natural language grammars, it is important that G generates (at least) one structural description for each sequence in L(G) (e.g. labelled trees or phrase-structure markers; so-called strong generative capacity). A structural description typically represents ‘who-did-what-to-whom, when, how, and why’ relationships between words (lexical items) in a sentence, and these relationships are important to compute in order to interpret the sentence. Thus, the structural descriptions capture that part of sentence-level meaning that is represented in syntax. This information is partly encoded (decoded) in the corresponding word sequence during production (comprehension) with the help of procedures that incorporate, implicitly or explicitly, the knowledge of the underlying grammar. Two grammars G1 and G2 are strongly equivalent if their sets of generated structural descriptions are equal, SD(G1) = SD(G2). Many classes of grammars are described in the literature (see [63] for a review of some normal forms and the (extended) Chomsky hierarchy; grammar/language formalisms are however not restricted to these, [64,66,67]). Some important types of grammars generate classes of sequence (or string) sets that can be placed in a class hierarchy, the (extended) Chomsky hierarchy. From a neurobiological point of view (i.e. with a focus on neural processing), it is natural to reformulate the Chomsky hierarchy in terms of equivalent algorithms, or more precisely, computational machine classes [62,64,68], because a central goal is to identify the neurobiological mechanisms that map between ‘meaning and sound’ (generators/transducers/parsers). In these terms, the Chomsky hierarchy corresponds to: finite-state (T3) ⊂ push-down stack (T2) ⊂ linearly bounded (T1) ⊂ and unbounded Turing machines (T0; where ⊂ means strict inclusion). Thus, (in terms of the theory of computation, the Chomsky hierarchy is a memory hierarchy that specifies the necessary (approx. minimal) memory resources required to process sequences of a formal language from a given class of the hierarchy, typically in a recognition paradigm. However, it is not a complexity hierarchy for the computational mechanism (approx. algorithm or processing logic) involved—these are all FSMs2 ([62], see also [6974]). However, the distinctions made by the hierarchy in terms of minimal memory requirements, in particular the infinite memory requirements, are of unclear status from a neurobiological implementation point of view. For instance, Miller & Chomsky ([75], p. 472) state that ‘obviously, (finite memory) is beyond question’ (see also ([62], pp. 331–333). In this case, all levels in the hierarchy are special cases of the class of Turing machines with finite memory (i.e. strictly finite machines, SFMs). In order to abstract away from the finite memory limitation of real systems, Chomsky [39,62,75] introduced the competence–performance distinction. A competence grammar [76,77] is ‘a device that enumerates […] an infinite class of sentences with structural descriptions’ ([62], device A in fig. 1, pp. 329–330). The competence grammar is taken to be distinct from both the language acquisition and processing (i.e. performance) systems ([62], device C and B, respectively, in fig. 1, pp. 329–330). However, Chomsky also suggested that ‘any interesting realization of B [a performance system] that is not completely ad hoc will incorporate A [a competence grammar] as a fundamental component’, for example, Turing machines with finite tapes and register machines with a finite number of bounded registers.3 In both cases, one can view the finite-state controller (i.e. the processing logic or computational mechanism) as representing the knowledge of a competence grammar with an unbounded recursive potential, neither of which can be expressed or realized because of memory limitations. Chomsky [62] argued that if hardware constraints are disregarded, then the system can be understood as instantiating the equivalent of a competence grammar. A consequence of focusing on competence grammars is that the Chomsky hierarchy retains its meaning and this allows, among other things, the theoretical investigation of asymptotic properties of finite rule systems. Formal ideas of hierarchy and recursion, intrinsic to cognition, have been present (at least) since the formalization of these concepts in computational terms [7072]. Unbounded recursion [78] achieves discrete infinity [62,76]; or in contemporary terms, ‘since merge can apply to its own output, without limit, it generates endlessly many discrete, structured expressions, where ‘generates’ is used in its mathematical sense, as part of an idealization that abstracts away from certain performance limitations of actual biological systems’ ([79], p. 1218). Obviously, infinite recursive capacity is not realizable ([62], pp. 329–333, 390). Illustrations are empirical results showing that sentences with more than two centre embeddings are read with the same intonation as a list of random words [80], cannot easily be memorized [81,82], are difficult to paraphrase [83,84] and comprehend [8588], and are sometimes paradoxically judged ungrammatical [89]. It is arguable that over-generation is one consequence of models that support unbounded recursion, a property not shared by the underlying object, the neurobiological faculty of language [90]. This might or might not be a problem, depending on perspective. The best that can be hoped for is that classical models in some sense are abstractions (or more realistically, approximations) of the underlying neurobiology. Another, natural view on the competence–performance distinction is simply to consider bounded versions of the memory architectures entailed by, for example, the Chomsky hierarchy (or any other classical computational models). Nothing (essential) is lost from a neurobiological implementation point of view, and this shift in perspective makes explicit the role of processing memory in computation. To take one example, the unbound push-down stack (first-in-last-out memory) naturally correspond to the class of context-free grammars. It is conceivable that neural infrastructure can support, and make use of, bounded stacks during language processing, as suggested by Levelt ([66], vol. III, Psycholinguistic applications) as one possibility.4 The point here is that computation is intimately dependent on processing memory. Moreover, the computational capacities of SFMs does not have to be described by a regular (e.g. language/expression) formalism.5 Nevertheless, to the extent that classical models are relevant (in the final analysis), SFMs can represent and express all (bounded) relations and recursive types that are relevant from an empirical as well as theoretical point of view (see ch. 3, Machines with memory, in [91]). However, if one disregards memory bounds, then any SFM can be captured by a finite rule-system and investigated as a competence grammar. The properties of memory used during processing is of central importance from a neurobiological perspective. More fundamentally, two factors enter into the notion of computation: (i) processing logic (algorithm) and (ii) processing memory; there can be little interesting (recursive) processing without either of these factors; processing logic and memory are tightly integrated in computation, both in classical ([91], pp. 110–115) and non-classical models (§8). However, the algorithm equivalent to the finite-state controller is of interest and captures the essential aspect of the competence notion. In this context, certain aspects of the computational complexity theory might be more useful than the Chomsky hierarchy itself [68,78,9193]—in particular, the standard complexity metrics, which are closely related to processing complexity (roughly, the memory-use during computation and the time of computation). There are often interesting complex trade-offs between processing time and memory use in computational tasks, and understanding these might be of importance to neurobiology. Neurobiological short- and long-term memory is an integral part of neural computation and given the co-localization of memory and processing in neural infrastructure (§8), it is natural to expect that the characteristics of processing memory will be central to: (i) a characterization of neural computation in general, including those supporting natural language processing; (ii) a realistic neural model of the language faculty; and (iii) provide natural bounds and explanation for human processing limitations (see [94], for an illustration in a spiking network model). What is relevant from a neurobiological perspective is the representational properties of language models (roughly, their capacity to generate internal interpretations) and their capacity to capture neurobiological realities. These issues are orthogonal to issues related to unbounded recursion and memory (which are of little, if any, consequence [65]). Instead, more realistic neural models will shed light on, and explain, errors and other types of breakdown in human performance. It follows from the earlier-mentioned reasoning that we are free to choose a formal framework to work with, as long as this serves its purpose.6 Ultimately, it is the study object that will determine what is visible in any given formalism. This flexibility is useful when addressing the inner workings of syntax, or language, from a neurobiological point of view. Central issues in the neurobiology of syntax, and language more generally, are related to the nature of the neural code (i.e. the character of representation), the character of human processing memory and finite precision (noisy) neural computation [95,96] (see §8). Finally, we note that recurrent connectivity is a generic brain feature [97]. Therefore, it seems that (bounded) recursive processing is a latent (i.e. not necessarily realized) capacity in almost any neurobiological system and it would be surprising, indeed, if this would turn out to be unique to the neurobiological faculty of language ([37], pp. 591–599, for several examples of recursive domains outside language). 7. (non-)learnability Results in formal learning theory [98] provide additional reasons to examine the relevance of the Chomsky hierarchy in the context of language acquisition and AGL. For instance, if the class of grammars representable by the brain, M, or the learnable subset, NM, is finite, then there is little fundamental connection between these and the Chomsky hierarchy (the classes of which are infinite). Theoretical learnability results are in general negative [99,100]. For example, none of the language classes of the Chomsky hierarchy are learnable in the sense of Gold [101], that is, learnability in finite time from a representative sample of grammatical (positive) examples without performance feedback.7 The same result holds for several other notions of learnability, including notions of statistical approximation [40,98100,102]. For instance, only the class of (deterministic) FSMs is tractably learnable (see ch. 8 in [40], which also reviews the role of computational complexity in learnability). This suggests that the distinctions made by the Chomsky hierarchy might not be natural from a learning perspective, whether in AGL or in natural language acquisition. With respect to the latter, a dominant theoretical position—the principles and parameters model [100,103,104]—proposes, based on poverty-of-stimulus arguments [40,79,105,106], that natural language grammars are acquired only in a very restricted sense in a finite model-space, defined by principles and learnable (bounded discrete) parameters. If it is assumed that the brain has at its disposal a fixed number of formats for representing grammars (or alternative computational devices), and assuming a finite storage capacity, then it follows that there is a finite upper-bound, m, for the description length of representable grammars.8 This set Mm is finite and the set of learnable grammars NmMm is thus also finite. The finiteness of Mm renders the full set Mm learnable in the sense of Gold as well as in several other learning paradigms [40,98,100]. It is the finite number of grammars representable by the brain that is critical here ([19] for an argument based on analogue systems leading to the same conclusion). The point of these remarks is that the class of grammars representable by the human brain, M, or the learnable subset N, might have little fundamental connection to the Chomsky hierarchy, as seems to be the case if M or N are finite. On independent grounds, based on considerations of the evolutionary origins of the language faculty, Jackendoff argues ([37], p. 616) that ‘what is called for is a hierarchy (or lattice) of grammars—not the familiar Chomsky hierarchy, which involves un-interpreted formal languages, but rather a hierarchy of formal systems that map between sound and meaning’. Finally, Clark & Lappin ([40], p. 94) emphasize that ‘the traditional classes of the Chomsky hierarchy are defined with reference to simple machine models, but we have no grounds for thinking that the human brain operates with these particular models. It is reasonable to expect that a deeper understanding of the nature of neural computation will yield new computational paradigms and corresponding classes of languages’. 8. Neural computations and adaptive dynamical systems Analogue dynamical systems provide a non-classical alternative to classical computational architectures, and importantly, it is known that any Turing computable process can be embedded in dynamical systems instantiated by recurrent neural networks [107] that are closer in nature to real neurobiological systems. The fact that classical Turing architectures can be formalized as time-discrete dynamical systems provides a bridge between the concepts of classical and non-classical architectures [74,108,109]. The possibility of reducing classical architectures to neurobiological models is crucial, given the scientific challenge to understand how syntactic knowledge is represented in (noisy) spiking neural networks and how such networks come to develop this capacity. This reduction presupposes a neurobiologically informed theory of the language faculty. The adaptive dynamical systems framework, which we outline below, is an attempt to unify formal language theory with neurobiology, similar to the way in which chemistry and physics were unified during the 1920s. The framework represents a neurobiological implementation of the relevant aspects of formal language theory in order to make precise, from a neurobiological point of view, computational issues related to acquisition and processing of language, and structured sequences more generally. The classical notions representation and processing are formalized within the framework of time-discrete dynamical systems9 as a state–space of internal states and a transition mapping, T, that maps pairs of an internal state, s, and an input, i, to a new internal state, ŝ, and (optionally) an output, λ, given by (ŝ, λ) = T(s, i); the transition mapping T governs how input is processed in a state-dependent manner. Thus, processing is represented by an input-driven state–space trajectory constrained by T; at time-step n, the system receives input i(n), being in state s(n), and as a result of processing, the system changes state to s(n + 1) = T[s(n), i(n)]. This also captures the idea of incremental recursive processing (cf. the unification operation ŝ = U(s, t) mentioned in §1). In an entirely analogous manner, the notion of incremental recursive processing is captured in analogue noisy time-continuous systems by s(t + dt) = s(t) + ds(t), where ds(t) is given by Display Formula where a noise process ξ(t) has been added to the coupled multivariate stochastic differential equation (e.g. [110]; we will return to the role of the parameter m). Equation (8.1) is a generic noisy dynamical system, C, that interfaces its (computational) environment through an input interface i = f(u) and an output interface λ = g(s,i). Moreover, the increment ds(t), and thereby s(t + dt), is recursively determined by s(t) through T(s, m, i) (and noise; cf. figure 6). When the noise term dξ(t) is deleted from equation (8.1), the remaining terms (or more precisely T) can be understood as the competence of the system, while the full equation specifies its performance. Equation (8.1) is also a description of a spiking recurrent network, which can be seen in the following way: (i) the state s (a vector representing the information in the system) is a finite set of dynamic analogue registers (in the simplest case, membrane potentials, cf. [95,113,114]); (ii) the recurrent network topology is specified by the component equations of (8.1), which is thus naturally an asynchronous event-driven parallel architecture (i.e. the coupling pattern between the components of s specified by T; the notion of a module is captured by the notion of a sub-network) [109]; and finally, (iii) the specifics of the transfer function of the neural processing units, including synaptic characteristics and the spiking mechanism (here implicit in T, including for instance, membrane resetting, etc.). In other words, the computation of the neural system is essentially determined by T and its processing memory (cf. below and footnote 10), as in the classical case [108,115]. Figure 6. Figure 6. An adaptive dynamical system framework. A representation of equations (8.1) and (8.2) from the text. Conceptually, the graphical representation shows that learning is a dynamic consequence of information processing [111,112], and conversely, that information processing is a dynamic consequence of learning/development, typically on different time scales (for details [108]). To incorporate learning and development, the processing dynamics, T, needs to be parametrized with learning parameters, m (e.g. synaptic parameters for development as well as memory formation and retrieval) and a learning/development dynamics L (e.g. spike-time dependent plasticity, Hebbian learning, etc., figure 6). The learning parameters, m, live in a model-space M = {m \| m can be instantiated by C}. To be concrete, let C be the neurobiological language system and T the parser associated with C. Development of the parsing capacity means that T changes its processing characteristics over time. We conceptualize this as a trajectory in the model-space M, where a given m corresponds to a state of the language system; at any point in time, C is in a model state m(t). If C incorporates an innately specified prior structure, we can capture this in at least four ways: (i) by a structured initial state m(t0) (e.g. a meaningful parsing capacity present from the start); (ii) constraints on the model-space M (e.g. M is finite or compact; domain-general/specific principles); (iii) domain specifications incorporated in the learning/developmental dynamics L (e.g. L is only sensitive to structural, and not serial order, relations); and (iv) constraints on the representational state–space or its dynamics T. As C develops, it traces out a trajectory in M determined by its learning/development dynamics L according to (figure 6): Display Formula where a noise process η(t) has been added and the explicit dependence on time in L (non-stationarity) captures the idea of an innately specified developmental process (maturation). If the input streams i and the learning/development dynamics L are such that C converges (approximately) on a final model, this characterizes the end-state of the development process (e.g. adult competence). In summary, learning and development is the joint result of two coupled dynamical systems, the representation dynamics T and the learning/development dynamics L, which together form an adaptive dynamical system (figure 6). In this analysis, language acquisition is the result of an interaction between two sources of information: (i) innate prior structure, which is likely to be of a pre-linguistic, non-language specific type and, to some presumably limited extent, language-specific; and (ii) the environment, both the linguistic and extra-linguistic experience. Thus, the underlying conceptualization is similar to that of Chomsky [15,116] and other classical models of acquisition [40,100,104,117], although the formulation in terms of a spiking recurrent network is clearly more natural to neurobiology [109,118]. Finally, we note that a suitable reinterpretation of equation (8.2), and added in as an analogous equation (8.3),10 would serve as a model for an online processing memory (beyond the memory capture by pure state-dependent effects). Although there are several important differences, it is interesting to note that the form of equations (8.1)–(8.3) suggests that there is little fundamental distinction between the dynamical variables for information processing (equation (8.1)) and those implementing memory at various time scales, equations (8.2)–(8.3). This suggests the possibility that memory in neurobiological systems might be actively computing. Several non-standard computational models have been outlined (for reviews, see [107,119121]). However, their dependence on unbounded or infinite precision processing11 implies that their computations are sensitive to system noise and other forms of perturbations. In addition to system-external noise, there are several brain-internal noise sources [95] and theoretical results show that common noise types put hard limits on the set of formal languages that analogue networks can recognize [120,122,123]. Moreover, the state–space (or configuration space) of any reasonable analogue model of a given brain system will be finite dimensional and compact (i.e. closed and bounded); compactness [124] is the natural generalization of finiteness in the Turing framework. Qualitatively, it follows from compactness that finite-precision processing or realistic noise levels have the effect of coarse graining the state–space—effectively discretizing this into a finite number of elements which then become the relevant computational states. Thus, even if we model a brain system as an analogue dynamical system including noise, this would approximately behave as a finite-state analogue [74]. This is essentially what the technical results of Maass and co-workers [122,123,125] and others [107,120,126] entail. Thus, under realistic noise assumptions, the best these systems can achieve is to ‘simulate…any Turing machine with tapes of finite length’ [125]. The insight that the human brain is limited by finite precision processing, finite processing memory and finite representational capacity is originally Turing's ([70,71], for a review see [72]). 9. Conclusion The empirical results reviewed suggest that the nature of the brain's ability for syntax is based on neurobiological infrastructure for structured sequence processing. Grammars (or more precisely, the parser/generator) are represented in the connectivity of the human brain (specified by T). The acquisition of this ability is accounted for, in an adaptive dynamical system framework, by the coupling between the representation dynamics (T) and the learning dynamics (L). The neurobiological implementation of this system is still underspecified. However, given that the faculty of language is captured by classical computational models to a significant extent, and that these can be embedded in dynamic network architectures, there is hope that significant progress can be made in understanding the neurobiology of the language faculty. ALL paradigms might be used to study the acquisition process within such a framework as well as the processing properties of the underlying neurobiological infrastructure. However, it is necessary to combine and constrain the interpretation of results from ALL paradigms by theoretical models and empirical studies on natural language processing. Only within this context can investigations of ALL make a relevant, albeit limited, contribution to our understanding of the neurobiology of syntax (language). This work was supported by Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PTDC/PSI-PCO/110734/2009; IBB/CBME, LA, FEDER/POCI 2010), and Vetenskapsrådet. We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers and in particular Dr Hartmut Fitz of the Neurobiology of Language Group at Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics for commenting on an earlier version of this text. 1 The strictly finite machines (SFMs) are all characterized by the fact that they can attain a finite number of configurations or states (including the possible states of memory). Thus, independent of any particular finite memory architecture (bounded stacks, finite Turing-tapes, or a finite number of bounded registers), it is always possible to construct a finite-state machine (FSM) that is equivalent in terms of processing trajectories in configuration space (path-equivalence). Conversely, the SFM can be viewed as a particular implementation of the path-equivalent FSM. Thus, the transition graph associated with the FSM specifies how a path-equivalent SFM computes by specifying the processing trajectories in the configuration space of the SFM. This also shows that a FSM has a finite memory (coded for in the states of the transition graph; see the electronic supplementary material for technical details). Finally, path-equivalence implies that path-equivalent systems generalize in identical ways. The representation by computational paths or processing trajectories makes the connection to dynamical systems transparent (cf. §8). 2 To see this, consider Turing machines (TMs), which—by definition—have their processing logic (i.e. the computational mechanism) implemented as a finite-state machine (finite-state control) that reads and writes to the tape memory. The hierarchy is then equivalent to finite memory TMs (T3); T2–0 are all infinite memory TMs with first-in-last-out access (T2), linearly bounded access (T1) and unrestricted access [64,68,69]. 3 A Turing machine, or any other classical computing device, with finite memory is a strictly finite machine and its weak generative capacity is therefore a regular language (see the electronic supplementary material for technical details). 4 If the brain makes use of a stack memory, it is likely that the brain can support more than one stack. Two or more stacks entail full Turing (T0) computability, unless the stack memories are bounded [64,69]. 5 The class of strictly finite machines and the class of regular languages are only weakly equivalent. For instance, the rewrite grammar {S → aB, B → bA, A → aB, B → b}, which is in a context-free format, specifies the regular language {(ab)n \| n a positive natural number}. More generally, any finite rule system can be viewed as a competence grammar, if memory bounds are disregarded. 6 This includes the use of competence grammars in linguistics (e.g. to abstractly characterize knowledge by finite rule systems) and the use of infinite-state machines in the theory of computation (e.g. Turing machines; a state here includes the state of the finite-state controller and the state of the tape memory). Again, in the case of infinite-state machines, the transition graph representation of the computational paths in state-space makes the transition to the dynamical systems framework straight forward. 7 We use Gold's paradigm as an explicit example of learning theoretic results because it is relatively simple and well-understood, not because it is necessarily a realistic model of language acquisition. For instance, it is possible to ease the acquisition problem by assuming that the child's (language) environment can be modelled appropriately as a structured stochastic input source ([40] for an extensive discussion). 8 It is possible to implicitly represent an infinite class of grammars by finite means via, for example, Gödel enumeration ([79], ch. 5) and universal machines ([79], ch. 5). This type of scheme depends on the capacity to represent arbitrarily large (natural) numbers and thus runs into the same finiteness barrier as outlined in §6, at the stage of needing to decode or represent too large a number or the stage of attempting to ‘unpack’ a too complex grammar. More precisely, the inverse image of a finite set is finite under an injection; so the effective representational capacity of the brain, if it used such a scheme, would still be a finite set of grammars. 9 A dynamical system is a computing device if the dynamical variables (which carries numerical values and therefore can be regarded as analog registers) encode information or representations; thus the temporal evolution of the dynamical variables (i.e. their numerical values) is a reflection of information processing. This conceptualization is identical with, and generalises, the standard view taken in the Turing framework of classical computational architectures. 10 To be explicit, a new set of dynamical variables, n, needs to be introduced, and equation (8.3), with corresponding modifications of (8.1) and (8.2), is of the type: Display Formula the vector n instantiates the processing memory (e.g. rapid, short-term synaptic plasticity) and K its dynamics. 11 The difference between unbounded and infinite precision computation corresponds to computing with rational and real numbers, respectively. For instance, discrete-time, recurrent networks computing with rational and real numbers (synapses/internal states) correspond to Turing and super-Turing machines [107]. One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue ‘Pattern perception and computational complexity’.
In the late 1960s, the world was living through a new era of technology, one that would redefine the manufacturing industry. The era was called the “fourth industrial revolution.” In this era, the use of technology would transform the way we manufactured, and manufacturing was now at the center of a wide range of industries and economies. As this revolution unfolded, it also created a new class of workers. This class, known as manufacturing workers, consisted of both workers who worked in factories and people who were employed in the larger industries of retail, food, and clothing manufacturing. Manufacturing workers were a distinct class in the United States during this time. Most manufacturing workers were male and lived in rural areas. Manufacturing was predominantly male-dominated. In the 1950s and 1960s manufacturing employment was relatively low, with only a few manufacturing firms in large metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia. In contrast, the population of the United Kingdom in 1950 was more than one-third that of the U.S. workforce. The industrial revolution also ushered in a new way of life for many workers. Industrialization and industrialization-related social and political upheaval were major factors in the growth of the manufacturing workforce during this period. In addition to the changing employment structure and the increased demand for new products and services, there was a rapid rise in population and population growth that increased the demand for labor. Manufacturing employment in the U, as a whole, rose from 5 percent in 1950 to more than 20 percent in 1960. Manufacturing grew by more than 3 million people between 1950 and 1960. This growth, combined with a shift from manufacturing to services and services to manufacturing, created an explosion in the number of manufacturing jobs. Manufacturing growth was highest in the cities, where the employment grew by about 40 percent, and in manufacturing industries in the Midwest, where it grew by nearly 30 percent. Manufacturing also continued to grow in the North, where manufacturing employment increased by more that 10 percent. In this article, we will explore how manufacturing was shaped by this new age of technological change. We will examine the role that technology played in the creation of the American manufacturing workforce. In doing so, we are looking at the rise of manufacturing as an important, and possibly even dominant, sector of the economy during the 1960s and 1970s. Manufacturing in the US Before the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing was primarily concentrated in cities. In 1950, for example, the average U.K. city employed only 9,400 manufacturing workers. By 1960, the city of Los Angeles had more than 1 million manufacturing workers; by the late 1970s, it had more factory workers than any other city in the country. The number of American manufacturing workers doubled during this era. Between 1950 and 1970, the U: S population grew by an average of about 3 million. This large population, coupled with the fact that manufacturing accounted for nearly a third of the total U.. S.: S. GDP, which was then about $7.8 trillion, meant that the U.: S.’s manufacturing sector was expanding rapidly. This rapid expansion in the manufacturing sector contributed to the growth in U. S. economic output during this decade. In 1970, there were about 17 million manufacturing jobs in the entire U. States. This is a huge increase from the level of employment that existed in 1950, which accounted for about 9 million manufacturing employment in 1950. The rapid expansion of the industrial economy during this timeframe was not limited to the United Sates. In Britain, manufacturing employment also increased significantly during this same time period, from just over 3 million manufacturing employees in 1950 up to over 7 million manufacturing employee in 1970. This expansion of employment in manufacturing also contributed to rapid growth in the size of the British economy. During the 1970s and 1980s, manufacturing jobs grew in the UK by about 10 million people, which equated to an increase of more than 5 million manufacturing and service jobs. This increased employment contributed to a dramatic increase in U.:S. GDP growth during this particular decade. The growth of manufacturing employment is also evident in the employment of workers who were formerly in manufacturing. Between 1990 and 2000, there had been a steady increase in the average number of workers employed in manufacturing since 1950. Between 2000 and 2010, the number for manufacturing jobs had increased by about 25 percent. While manufacturing employment declined in the 1970 and 1980 years, it did not disappear entirely. Manufacturing jobs increased by nearly a quarter during the 1990s and 2000s. This rise in employment contributed greatly to the overall increase in overall employment during this periods. Manufacturing Jobs and Growth During the Industrial Era, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) estimated that during this transition from a rural to urban economy, more than 4.6 million manufacturing positions were created, with approximately 4.2 million of these jobs being full-time. The jobs created during this phase of economic growth have been described as being of two types: high-paying,
Menu Close Articles on Food and Drug Administration Displaying 1 - 20 of 23 articles Ethics are important to vaccination decisions because while science can clarify some of the costs and benefits, it cannot tell us which costs and benefits matter most to us. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Frank Gunn Ethical decisions: Weighing risks and benefits of approving COVID-19 vaccination in children ages 5-11 When making the decision whether to vaccinate children aged five to 11 against COVID-19, regulators in Canada must rely on sound ethics as well as sound science. Though drug recalls are relatively uncommon in the U.S., reduced inspections increase the likelihood of manufacturing errors that slip through the cracks. AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool The FDA’s weak drug manufacturing oversight is a potentially deadly problem COVID-19 has exacerbated a backlog of domestic and foreign drug manufacturing inspections that the FDA is still too short-staffed to adequately deal with. Easy, fast coronavirus testing is critical to controlling the virus. AP Photo/Elaine Thompson Will the new 15-minute COVID-19 test solve US testing problems? The new BinaxNOW antigen test is quick, easy, accurate and cheap. It could solve the US testing problem, but the emergency use authorization only allows people with COVID-19 symptoms to get tested. Laboratories around the world are working round the clock to find treatments or a vaccine for COVID-19. Getty Images / Kena Betancur Could pressure for COVID-19 drugs lead the FDA to lower its standards? The FDA has sped up its approval process for coronavirus treatments, creating a new division to expedite the regulatory process. But is safety being sidelined for speed? Embedded medical devices will continue to be vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. The pacemaker depicted is not made by Abbott’s. REUTERS/Fabrizio Bensch Three reasons why pacemakers are vulnerable to hacking Pacemakers are Internet of Things devices for the human body, but they’re still not particularly secure. A sales clerk exhales vapor while smoking with a vaporizer during a wait for customers at the e-cigarette shop Henley Vaporium in New York. Lucas Jackson/Reuters Could FDA e-cigarette regulations help more people quit smoking? Federal officials could give the FDA authority to develop e-cigarette regulations. But developing regulations that maximize their benefits and minimize their risks is harder than it looks. Why did thalidomide’s makers ignore warnings about their drug? Why biologics were such a big deal in the Trans Pacific Partnership Top contributors
Organizational Planning And Decision Making 1342 Words6 Pages In modern society a bureaucracy is defined as any system or government where important decisions are made by state appointed officials as opposed to elected officials. In the 1930’s, a German sociologist named Max Weber coined the term bureaucracy as an ideal way of organizing governmental agencies relating to civil service. A bureaucracy represents a governmental hierarchy in which a large number of people effectively work together towards a common goal. Weber’s belief on bureaucracies quickly spread to private organizations as an effective way to organize businesses as well. According to Max Weber, the main characteristics of a bureaucracy include six main principles. The first is that a bureaucracy is a formal hierarchy where an…show more content… Specialists are typically grouped by their specialty, the type of work they do. This may allow for more efficiency and increased results. The mission is also a very important principle of a bureaucracy. Weber described two types of missions; in-focus and up-focus. If the organization’s mission is an in-focus mission, the mission serves the organization and the people within the organization. The focus is on achieving high profits. If the organization’s mission is categorized as up-focus then the organization’s focus is to serve the agency that runs it, such as the board of directors or stock holders. The bureaucracy operates on the belief that all people within the organization are to be treated equally. The organization does not recognize individual differences. Even people outside the organization, such as customers, are to be treated equally. The organization does not recognize individual differences and purposefully remain impersonal. The last of Weber’s principles is that employment in an organization is based on qualifications. Employees are not arbitrarily selected and hired. They must meet technical qualifications that are outlined at each level. A bureaucracy is thought to have many positive aspects. Although many think the red tape that bureaucracies create is a negative aspect, it can also be a positive aspect. Red tape refers to the paperwork that is required to complete a task within a bureaucratic organization. By having Get Access
• Erin Dietz, L.Ac. 4 Reasons We Get Sick In The Fall If you feel like you experience seasons where you just can’t catch a break and continuously fall ill, there’s likely a few areas you may be shortcutting yourself and your immune system and a worse-than-usual flu season may not be, solely, where the blame should lie. Below are 4 ways you could be weakening your immune system and how to combat that. Vitamin D Deficiency Not only is Vitamin D helpful in staving off or reducing your chances of getting cancer, it also guards against colds and flu as well as helping to combat risk of infection. So how do you get more Vitamin D if you feel like you’re not getting enough? From the sun! Not only does it provide our bodies with an adequate amount, but it also helps to balance Qi which helps nourish our Kidney Yang. This helps to give our body warmth, thus keeping our tissues and organs functioning properly. Not enough sun? Not to worry! There is a large variety of Vitamin D supplements that can be taken, but be sure to consult with us and your doctor before use. Lacking In Sleep The National Heart Blood and Lung Institute states that "during sleep, your body is working to support healthy brain function and maintain your physical health. In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development. The damage from sleep deficiency can occur in an instant (such as a car crash), or it can harm you over time. For example, ongoing sleep deficiency can raise your risk for some chronic health problems, including an improper balance of Cytokines. Cytokines are inflammation and infection targeting proteins both produced and released during sleep. In short, skipping the shut eye can affect how well you think, react, work, learn, and even get along with others. The National Sleep Foundation suggests the following sleep range based on your age: Newborns (0-3 months): Sleep range narrowed to 14-17 hours each day (previously it was 12-18) School age children (6-13): Sleep range widened by one hour to 9-11 hours (previously it was 10-11) Teenagers (14-17): Sleep range widened by one hour to 8-10 hours (previously it was 8.5-9.5) Adults (18-64): Sleep range is 7-9 hours (new age category) Older adults (65+): Sleep range is 7-8 hours (new age category) Washing Your Hands Washing your hands is key in preventing illness or infection. Not only does the act of washing your hands matter, but the duration of how long you’re washing them for is important too! We have some disturbing statistics for you that will hopefully encourage you to take more time in the realm of hygiene. A few studies from the American Society of Microbiology and Michigan State University found the following: - 83% of women washed their hands after using a public restroom - 74% of men washed their hands after using a public restroom - 95% of us don’t wash our hands well enough to kill bacteria - 1 in 3 people use soap when washing their hands Stress One of the ways that your body heals itself is by producing T cells (a substance in your blood that fights infection). There’s a lot that’s impacted within your body when you become stressed. At a basic level, your body will release cortisol, which impairs T cell production and the ability to fight infection from foreign invaders. Being stressed directly impacts your immune system, so it’s important to find ways to relax! Another way to combat stress is by using Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupressure points! Yes! Acupuncture can absolutely alleviate stress and anxiety! By activating specific points known to address these problems, we can actively affect positive change in ones emotional and mental wellbeing! Here are a couple points that can be used: Ear Shen Men - This point, Heart 7, is also called Shen Men meaning Spirit Gate. This point reduces excesses that disturb the spirit and the balance of yin/yang. This point is so powerful that TCM practitioners often praise Shen Men as being the most calming and relaxing point in the body, while also being highly accessible. Union Valley (LI 4)- The point is known reduce stress, headaches, and neck pain. It’s also used to treat swelling and pain of the eye, nasal obstruction, sore throat and much more. This point is located on the back of the hand at the apex of the webbed triangle between the thumb and the index finger. CV 17 - Conception Vessel 17 (CV 17) is a great self-help point for many reasons. Conception Vessel 17 is easy to find, and matches the location for the heart chakra, at the center of the sternum. With this point you will find potent stress and anxiety relief, as well as an opening of the chest and relief of acid indigestion. For more educational content, follow us on social media or favorite our blog in your browser to stay up-to-date on the latest Traditional Chinese Medicine news and education. If you’re ready to start living a healthier lifestyle with Acupuncture and TCM, don’t wait, reach out and schedule an appointment today! 0 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
Psoriasis - A serious problem? Psoriasis is a chronic disease which occurs worldwide and people of all ages and gender can be affected by this disease. Psoriasis is basically a skin condition which is considered to be an autoimmune disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a significant role. Psoriasis is not very common as it is believed to affect 2% of the total population. Psoriasis is said to be a non-contagious, dry, inflammatory and ugly skin disorder, which can involve the entire system of a person and most often, it is inherited. Primarily, it is characterized by sharply marginated scaly, erythematous plaques that develop in a relatively symmetrical distribution. Although psoriasis can affect any part of the body, the most commonly affected sites on the body are scalp, palms, tips of fingers and toes, soles, umbilicus, gluteus, under the breasts and genitals, elbows, knees, and shins. It can affect people of all age, but most commonly it appears for the first time between the ages of 15 and 25 years. Psoriasis - A serious problem Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder and it occurs when the immune system in the body sends some faulty signals and leads to an increase in the speed of the growth cycle of the skin cells. This results in the occurrence of symptoms of psoriasis such as itchy and painful patches on the skin and builds up of dead skin cells. Studies have stated that psoriasis is more than a skin disease as the people who have psoriasis are more likely to suffer from other medical conditions as well such as arthritis, heart disease, and diabetes. Psoriasis is of various types: 1. Chronic plaque Psoriasis Chronic plaque psoriasis is characterized by well defined contour plaque which is covered with whitish scaly skin. Most commonly, this type of psoriasis is found on the body sites like elbows, knees, lumbosacral area and scalp. It is a most common type of psoriasis and almost 80% of all cases of psoriasis are chronic plaque psoriasis. Most often, chronic plaque psoriasis is present with some other problems such as depression, low self esteem, sexual dysfunctions, and anxiety disorder. There can be many different forms of plaque and these plaque are distinguished depending on the size, distribution, and the dynamics of the plaque. 2. Guttate Psoriasis Guttate psoriasis, also known as teardrop is characterized by rashes which look like small spots. This type of psoriasis looks like a small, red spot on the skin and usually, it appears on the limb and trunk. Most often, this type of psoriasis occurs in children, teenagers, and young adults. But it can occur in elder as well. There are various factors that can trigger the occurrence of guttate psoriasis such as streptococcal throat infection. People who suffer from this infection are more likely to experience repeated bouts of guttate psoriasis. It is a common type of psoriasis after chronic plaque psoriasis. Also Read: What You Can Eat To Improve Your Immune System 3. Pustular Psoriasis Pustular psoriasis is characterized by the presence of pustules, primarily on the palms and soles only. It is categorized into two types: • Palmoplantar pustulosis - It is a skin condition which causes yellow pus spots which occur on one or both palm or soles. It causes the affected area to look red, scaly and thickened. These pustules are filled with fluid which gives them a yellow color, and they may dry up and turn brown or crusty after they have burst. • Generalized pustular psoriasis - There are some chances when pustules occur on areas other than palms and soles, it is known as generalized pustular psoriasis. It is characterized by the small pustules on a background of very red or dark skin, on any area of the body and these pustules are filled with fluid which gives them a yellow color. Also, they often merge into one another to create large areas of pus. 4. Erythrodermic Psoriasis Erythrodermic psoriasis is one of the most serious types of psoriasis as it is widespread almost all over the body and can be accompanied by severe itching, swelling, and pain. It is a life threatening condition and it increases the risk of health problems such as hypothermia, anemia, a risk of heart failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Erythrodermic psoriasis results when there is a lack of management of an already existing psoriasis and it worsens. It is associated with severe itching and pain. 5. Psoriatic Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis is a serious joint condition which is characterized by painful inflammation in any of the body’s joints. Psoriatic arthritis is associated with a wide range of symptoms such as swollen, stiff, and painful joints, fatigue, discoloration of the nails, and a red and scaly rash. Symptoms that occur in psoriatic arthritis is similar to other forms of arthritis. Most often, it affects people who already have psoriasis and it has a significant impact on health related quality of life of an individual. It affects both men and women, and usually, it develops in people between the ages of 30 to 55. Tags: Amazing Tips For Healthy SkinSerious Effects Of HIV On The SkinKnow About Chicken SkinSay goodbye to dry skin in winter
23 11 When Is The First Day Of The Jewish Calendar? The Jewish year begins when does it does a Jewish year begin? In the Gregorian calendar, the first day of the year is Rosh HaShanah, which occurs on 1 Tishri, after the first day of the previous year was a leap year. What Day Does The Jewish Calendar Start? It is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul, which is the same day as the Jewish calendar’s epoch (reference date), 1 Tishrei AM 1,761 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar. What Is The First Month Of The Biblical Calendar? Month # in Bible Month name in English Number of days What Year Is 2021 On The Hebrew Calendar? We are in year 5871 of the Jewish calendar (September 19, 2020 – September 6, 2021), and in September the calendar will enter year 5872 (September 6, 2021 – May 19, 2022). When Did The Jewish Day Begin And End? sundown, and the Jewish day begins and ends there. The following calendar shows that all holidays begin at sundown on the first day and end at nightfall on the last. What Are The Days In The Jewish Calendar? It is the Jewish calendar that is lunisolar — i.e. The position of the moon and the sun is regulated, i.e., the moon is positioned in the center of the sun. Each lunar month consists of 12 alternating days of 29 and 30 (except for *eshvan and Kislev, which each have 29 or 30 days), and each year has 353, 354, or 355 days. What Is Year 0 In The Jewish Calendar? According to Judaism, the year zero is calculated by adding up the ages of all the descendants of Adam and Eve. As a result, the year zero was the year of the Biblical creation. The Bible says Jesus was born 3,760 years before that. Why Is Jewish Year 5781? It is always 3,760 years or 3,761 years more than the Gregorian calendar that most people use. As an example, in 2020, the Hebrew year number will be 5780 to 5781 (the discrepancy is due to the fall change in the Hebrew year number at Rosh Hashanah, rather than January 1). Does The Jewish Calendar Begin With Adam? Rabbis in the 2nd Century, however, used the estimated time Adam left the Garden of Eden as the basis for their Jewish calendar. Adam is the species in Hebrew, which means humankind. Adam was the first human being to be born into a civilized society. Based on his chronological order, the Jewish calendar is currently in use. Why Does The Jewish Day Start In The Evening? According to Jewish tradition, the day begins at sunset. Passover2, the Day of Atonement, and the Day of Judgment are the two most important religious festivals celebrated by Jews during the evening. What Is The First Month In The Biblical Calendar? Although Nisan occurs six or seven months after the start of the calendar year, it is considered the first month. At the Hashana, apples and honey are served. What Month Is It In The Hebrew Calendar? Jewish Calendar Gregorian Calendar Adar (29 days or 30 days on a leap year) Is Tishrei The First Month? The first month of the Jewish year, Tishrei, is the first month of the lunar cycle. What Year Is It In Israel 2021? On Monday, Sept. 11, the Jewish calendar will begin its 782nd year. As a result of the pandemic, most San Diego-area synagogues held services on Rosh Hashanah 2021 on 6. Watch when is the first day of the jewish calendar Video Add your comment
gnome (n.1) "dwarf-like earth-dwelling spirit," 1712, from French gnome (16c.), from Medieval Latin gnomus, used 16c. in a treatise by Paracelsus, who gave the name pigmaei or gnomi to elemental earth beings, possibly from Greek genomos "earth-dweller" (compare thalassonomos "inhabitant of the sea"). A less-likely suggestion is that Paracelsus based it on the homonym that means "intelligence" (see gnome (n.2)). Popularized in England in children's literature from early 19c. as a name for red-capped German and Swiss folklore dwarfs. Garden figurines of them were first imported to England late 1860s from Germany; garden-gnome attested from 1933. Gnomes of Zurich for "international financiers" is from 1964. gnome (n.2) "short, pithy statement of general truth," 1570s, from Greek gnōmē "judgment, opinion; maxim, the opinion of wise men," from PIE root gno- "to know." Others are reading Definitions of gnome gnome (n.) Synonyms: dwarf gnome (n.) a short pithy saying expressing a general truth;
The Glory of Bhakti in the Vishnupurana and the Bhagavatam This article is part 15 of 20 in the series Puranas Since childhood, Krishna continued to reveal his divinity at every turn. Every danger that he encountered were splintered into pieces akin to thick clouds in the face of a typhoon. No matter the gravity of the threat, he never lapsed into worry even for a single moment. He regarded the world as a plaything and conducted himself accordingly. There is no rule that says that the conduct of divine beings must be acceptable to us although their teachings are enlightening. Sri Rama conducted himself entirely like a human being. He was consonant with the common rules of the world and Sastric dictums and lived his life accordingly. Never once did he cross the line of Dharma. However, Krishna was genuinely otherworldly. He became the cause for Sastras. The line of Dharma is applicable to people who are bound by Karma and not to Devatas. Who can draw the line of Dharma to a divinity that proclaims, “na māṃ karmāṇi badhnanti na me karmaphale spṛhā?” A question must be posed to the modernists who object to Krishna’s conduct: “How did you learn of Srikrishna’s dalliances with the Gopis?” Their answer: “It is written in the Bhagavatam.” To which we ask: “The selfsame Bhagavatam also says that Srikrishna was the Paramatman incarnate and that he is not bound by any Karma.” To this response, their reply will be in violation of all rules of logical debate. They are incapable of responding honestly. It is my conviction that the Gopika episode was inserted by the Bhagavatas in order to expound a certain nuance of Dharma. But for that, they would have omitted the Gopika episode entirely. Indeed, who really forced them to include it? The Bhagavatam says that even the sworn enemies of Krishna such as Shishupala attained Moksha through the constant contemplation of Srikrishna. In which case, was it Dharma on the part of Prahlada who rebelled against his own father? Was it Dharma on the part of the hunter Kannappa who touched the Shivalinga and placed his feet on it? The truth is that in the Empire of Bhakti, there are no rules and restrictions. Bhakti by itself is the greatest Dharma which burns all rules and restrictions to ashes. In essence, the unflinching love of the Gopis is just another facet of the most exalted Bhakti towards Bhagavan. In my opinion, the eleventh and twelfth Skandas of the Bhagavatam are the most important. The philosophical tenets spread over this Great Purana in other Skandas have been presented in these two Skandas in their best essence. Srikrishna has discoursed the essence of the Vedanta to Uddhava in these Skandas. These mark the closure of Srikrishna’s Avatara. At this stage, this is his final discourse delivered to his most favourite friend, disciple and devotee, Uddhava. The Bhagavan kept Uddhava merely as an excuse and gave his immortal message of divinity for the benefit of the world. It is also his great benediction. Additionally, this is the same message that the Rishis Shuka and sūta-purāṇika preached in consonance with the Bhagavan’s discourse. Chapter 6: Sri Vishnupurana and Sri Bhagavatam Among the ten renowned Avatars of Mahavishnu, the Vishnupurana narrates details about the five famous ones, namely, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Srirama and Srikrishna. Among these, the story of Srikrishna appears extensively. The episode where Nrsimha slays the demon Hiranyakashyipu occurs only incidentally. Although this episode indicates the glory of Bhakti, the story is not elaborated. However, in the Bhagavatam, all these episodes are narrated in a detailed fashion. It may be recalled that the Bhagavatam was composed to explicitly uphold the greatness of Bhakti. The hymns related to Vāsudeva and others in the Caturvyūha (literally, “four emanations” of Vishnu) occur in both puranas. The similarities between both these puranas are marked with respect to matters such as their premises and philosophical expositions. It is not incorrect to say that the Bhagavatam is the exalted detailing of the Vishnupurana. The Greatness of the Bhagavatam The Bhagavatam has occupied the topmost spot of honour among Puranas and remains popular. The Bhagavatam itself declares that it is the distilled essence of the entire Vedantic corpus. The Padmapurana says that the Bhagavatam is the fruit filled with the juice of Amruta which dropped from the Kalpataru of Vedanta. Indeed, the sheer number of commentaries on the Bhagavatam is itself proof of its eminence and popularity. As of now, thirty-five commentaries are available. Among these, Sridhara Swamin’s bhāvārthadīpikā, Veeraraghavacharya’s bhagavatacandracandrikā and Vijayadhvaja’s padaratnāvalī remain the most acclaimed commentaries, respectively belonging to the Advaita, Dvaita and Vishishtadvaita schools. And then, Vallabhacharya’s subodhini is another notable commentary belonging to the Shuddhadvaita school. In the thirteenth century CE, a famous Vidvan named Bopadeva earned extraordinary scholarship in the Bhagavatam and authored a commentary titled harilīlāmruta. Although it reads like a table of contents of the Bhagavatam, he has captured the essence of the philosophical hypothesis of the work. This work has a commentary by Madhusudana Saraswati. The eminence of the Bhagavatam lies in its showing us the easiest path to realize the Paramatman. The Bhagavatam clearly demonstrates the fact that the path of Bhakti is the easiest as far as ordinary people are concerned. The Bhagavatam contains a section that says that Veda Vyasa was not satisfied even after composing the Mahabharata and that his heart found fulfilment after authoring the Bhagavatam. The section in the Padmapurana that extols the glory of the Bhagavatam avers thus: when Bhakti is not given enough prominence, both Jnana (Pure Knowledge/Realization) and Vairagya (Renunication) lost their strength and eventually decayed. They were revived after Bhakti regained its primacy only after listening to the Bhagavatam. The summary of this is as follows: Jnana and Vairagya, the vehicles for attaining Moksha will be spurred into action only through Bhakti. The story of Prahlada shows the innate necessity of Bhakti. The Bhagavan is pleased more quickly by Bhakti than through conduct, charity and penance: “priyatenanyayā bhaktyā hariranyadviḍambanam.” Likewise, the Bhagavatam also teaches the Yoga of non-attachment in which the devotee must sincerely perform his Karma and offer the fruits thereof to the Bhagavan. Karma supplies the purity of consciousness required for attaining Jnana. However, the path of Karma must essentially be accompanied by Bhakti. If the efforts that a person invests towards attaining Jnana are not imbued with Bhakti, all such efforts will be fruitless and will bring sorrow. Bhakti is nine-fold: śravaṇa, kīrtana, smaraṇa, pādasevana, arcana, vandana, dāsya, sakhya, and ātmanivedana. Or listening intently (to Bhagavan’s name and glories), singing, contemplation, feet-worship, homage, salutation, servanthood, friendship and offering of the Self. Indeed, even Moksha is not as enjoyable as Bhakti. Indeed, a genuine Bhakta does not want Moksha and wishes to remain an eternal devotee. In this fashion, the Bhagavatam extolls the infinite joy of Bhakti. ātmārāmāś ca munayo nirgranthā apyurukrame\| kurvantyahaitukīṁ bhaktimittham bhūtaguṇo hariḥ \|\| (1.7.10) To be continued Mahamahopadhyaya Vidwan Ranganatha Sharma was a renowned Sanskrit scholar and an authority on Vyakarana or Grammar. He is noted for his translation of the entire Valmiki Ramayana into Kannada, which was published with a foreword by DVG. He has authored several books in Kannada and Sanskrit. He is a recipient of the national award for Sanskrit learning and has received the Rajyotsava Award. Prekshaa Publications Shiva Rama Krishna சிவன். ராமன். கிருஷ்ணன். இந்திய பாரம்பரியத்தின் முப்பெரும் கதாநாயகர்கள். உயர் இந்தியாவில் தலைமுறைகள் பல கடந்தும் கடவுளர்களாக போற்றப்பட்டு வழிகாட்டிகளாக விளங்குபவர்கள். மனித ஒற்றுமை நூற்றாண்டுகால பரிணாம வளர்ச்சியின் பரிமாணம். தனிநபர்களாகவும், குடும்ப உறுப்பினர்களாகவும், சமுதாய பிரஜைகளாகவும் நாம் அனைவரும் பரிமளிக்கிறோம். சிவன் தனிமனித அடையாளமாக அமைகிறான்.... The Best of Hiriyanna Stories Behind Verses
Monday, April 21, 2008 Evolution and imperfect human beings Warsaw Uprising Twelve year old Vietnamese ARVN Airborne trooper working with the Americans 1968. Why do we get Hitler and mosquitoes and allergies? New Scientist, 16 April 2008, tells us that evolution does not produce perfect creatures. (Evolution myths / Evolution produces creatures perfectly adapted to their environment) For a creature to survive it has to adapt but it does not have to be perfect. Natural selection has produced humans that survive, but they are not perfect. German prisoners of war 1945 New Scientist refers to : 1. The red squirrel. If its design was perfect, it would not have had problems with the grey squirrel. 2. The Panda. The panda's thumb is not perfect. "The panda must... settle for... a somewhat clumsy, but quite workable, solution," wrote Stephen Jay Gould in 1978. Sierra Leone 3. Human beings. Humans' two-way lungs are less efficient than birds' one-way lungs. Humans cannot make vitamin C, because of a gene mutation. Humans are becoming less well adapted to the world. New Scientist asks us to think of: short-sightedness and drug addiction. According to New Scientist: "Viruses and bacteria might approach perfection, but we humans are at best a very rough first draft." No comments: Site Meter
Tuesday, May 22, 2012 Rats to Humans, the Importance of Animal Studies Michael Meaney set out to test whether baby rats who are licked more turn out differently from those who are licked and groomed less and if so, why. (Meaney is at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute and is a leading researcher in maternal care, stress gene expression and epigenetics: http://www.douglas.qc.ca/researcher/michael-meaney.) These studies on the origins of adult disease rigorously tested whether it really is the mother's behavior that makes the difference and showed what happens in the brain of the offspring to produce the adult characteristics. Meaney and his research team found that baby rats who were licked by their mothers a lot turned out to be less anxious and fearful as adults and produced lower levels of stress hormones than those who were groomed less. “All the mothers nurture their pups, provide ample milk, and the pups grow perfectly well,” Meaney said, “But there is one behavior, called licking and grooming, that some mothers do much more than others—four or five times as much. The pups who are licked more are less fearful, they produce less stress hormones when provoked, and their heart rate doesn't go up as much, so they have a more modest stress response than the pups who are licked much less”. The scientists even took the mothers out of the picture altogether and stroked the baby rats with paintbrushes. Meaney maintains, “It does the same thing that maternal licking does.” The change in the production of the brain receptors was apparent by the second week of life. “This is a very important study,” said Peter Blackman, a professor of pediatric and prenatal biology at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, who was not involved in the research. He pointed out that the expression of genes in mammals can be permanently changed by how mothers and infants interact and how that can have long-term effects on behavior and psychiatric health. If those baby rats were licked just as much weeks later, the critical period would have passed and the lifelong effects would not be evident. I am going to quote from a book called “Monkeyluv” by Stanford University biologist and neuroscientist, Robert M. Sapolsky (Scribner, N.Y. 2005). We see in his reported research on mice how early the critical period can be. Not only are early childhood events important for later life but even more important is fetal life. Sapolsky was commenting on how genetic influences are not the be-all-and-end-all that we sometimes believe; not only are life circumstances important but pre-birth influences can be critical. “Relaxed-strain mice that were raised from birth by timid-strain moms grew up to be just as relaxed as any other member of their strain (strains are genetically uniform groups of animals). With the same kind of technology used by clinics performing in vitro fertilization, the investigators cross-fostered mice as embryos (cross-fostering is letting one strain of mice raise a genetically different strain of mice). They implanted relaxed-strain eggs into timid-strain females who carried them to term. Some relaxed-strain pups were raised by timid-strain moms, and others by relaxed-strain ones. The result? When the supposedly genetically hard-wired relaxed mice went through both fetal development and early puphood with timid-strain moms, they grew up to be just as timid as any other timid-strain (inherited) mice. Same genes, different environment, different outcome.” (page 52) Sapolsky then goes on to comment: “Environmental influences don’t begin at birth. Some factors in the environment of a timid-strain mouse mother during her pregnancy—her level of stress…are affecting the anxiety levels and learning abilities of her offspring, even as adults.” He emphasizes that “relaxed-strain mice aren’t relaxed only because of their genes; their fetal and neonatal (around birth) environments are crucial factors.” (page 53) There is a growing body of research with animals, and more recently with humans, that corroborate my point: birth and pre-birth events can help determine our behavior as adults; and if we neglect these influences we shall not fully understand who and why we are what we are. Moreover, we shall not know how to treat and reverse all manner of problems we have as adults. From conception on we are building a superstructure. We need a solid foundation for that superstructure so that we can be integrated adults who can withstand the impact of the elements. Conclusion: genetics is important but life experience, even in the womb, can be equally if not more important. Whether we manifest high blood pressure, asthma or migraine not only depends on genetics but what happened to us very early on. If we ignore life in the womb we are leaving out life experience that can affect us for a lifetime. One wonders, “can we really go back and reexperience fetal events?” Let me put it this way: in evolution each new level of brain development incorporates lower, earlier levels. The thinking neocortex is a sort of an add-on from previous animal brain forms. So at birth there are already sensations from pre-birth that play a part in how the newborn reacts to that birth trauma. When a patient relives a birth trauma (if there were one), she is in fact also experiencing sensations (the base of feelings) that occurred previously. This is how we can relive pre-birth events without being aware that they come from experience in perhaps the fifth or sixth month of gestation. As a general rule, the earlier in life a need goes unmet, the more devastating the later effects of deprivation will be. The closer to the “critical period” a trauma occurs, the more harmful it is. One way we can define critical period is the irreversible quality of its effects. The more time that has elapsed after a critical period has passed, the greater the force required to create an imprint. It takes a tremendous trauma after the critical period to have a profound and lifelong effect. Why do needs go unmet? For a passel of reasons, but it is often true that parents are so immersed in their own unmet needs (with the resulting narcissism) and pain that they simply cannot attend to their child. 1. That is amazing stuff. So all those kids who are still left to cry out at night are being so damaged so early. My older brother died from terrible Spinadifida only a few days after he was born. I can imagine that my Mothers very anxious state (only her needs and feelings are important) would have reduced the folic acid in her body to very low levels so that his fate was probably sealed within the first few hours after conception. A tragic event which may Parents have hardly ever talked about. I remember being in the car driving past a very specific gate in Herefordshire when my Mother told my sister and I for the first time. The imprtance of that memory is only now clear. I was about 11. The treatment I recieved as a child was so bound up with the time I spent in the womb and also the time my Brother spent in the womb. At eleven to discover one had an older brother and to still not recognise how his death influenced my life and how my Parents treated me. Not very well. I have a God Son who has Asbergers and he spent the first few weeks in an incubator after he was born. How much of his Asbergers started there and before and was then compounded by a very Narcisistic Mother. 2. Once the mid-brain is developed, does it stop developing alogether (by nature - not just neurosis) when the neocortex starts fully developing?..interesting thought. Maybe once a certain time has passed the mid-brain's core developmental status becomes rigidly locked down, so brain development thereafter is pure "add on" from the neocortex only. (But, of course, the neocortex's development should be intimately related to the earlier brains, of which are surely the foundation that the neocortex develops from). If this is so, then there's no escape from the lost development of the earlier brains of which may have occurred from deprivation. Not even later pain-integration will provide for it [removing your neurosis is not removing your lost developmental history]. The architecture is fixed - if it is. I don't know if it really is though. Does anyone know? It would also suggest that you can know if a person is ever going to really 'grow up' from a very young age. Because the major developmental maturity (or not!) is already completed and set by the age of 6 years or so. ...hhhmmm, and maybe an emotinally simple mind (due to emotional deprivation) directly understimulates the neocortex, and likewise fails to drive the neocortex's proper development in childhood? I remember you noting a while back, Art, that love increases the neural density of the brain. Maybe this effect is in part related to direct intra-brain under-stimulation? Who knows, eh? 1. Andrew: It seems like the hippocampus is one of the few structures that go on evolving for the rest of our lives. can you make your question more precise? art 2. Hello Art, Not so much a question but one of my speculative thoughts. My "question" is that the brain develops like a concrete layer cake (and I'm talking about information-architecture - not biology alone). So I'm suggesting that once the first-line layer is developed it becomes set in it's architecture, and then so forth for the mid-brain. So, as the mid-brain develops from the brain-stem after infancy the brain-stem does not then significantly develop, because at this point it is essentially rigidified (think: set concrete). Or maybe the architecture of the brain-stem does go on evolving at the later stage? My loose guess is that it doesn't. 3. Andrew: My guess is he once the die is cast there can only be tweaks here and there. I don't see any major structural changes after that but you never know what neurology will find. art 3. It's interesting that every so often an experiment comes along to build on a previous one. This one with the mice builds on the famous one's using baby monkey's and real, wire frame and cloth Mothers but also recognises the important aspects of being touched rather than just sitting with something soft. Review of "Beyond Belief" Barry Silverstein, Freelance Writer Quotes for "Life Before Birth" Jaak Panksepp, Ph.D. Bailey Endowed Chair of Animal Well Being Science Washington State University Lou Cozolino, PsyD, Professor of Psychology, Pepperdine University "I am enthralled. Dr. Bernard Park, MD, MPH
I have explained big and little endian from time to time in my teaching career, but it is quite dry, and asking my students which direction each one goes three months later has revealed to me that my lesson doesn't make which "end" goes with which part of memory really stick for my students. I would like to explain endian-ness so that it is fun, memorable, and makes clear why the two systems exist, but I haven't found a good way yet. It's a small concept, so it can be a short demonstration, but I still want to make it effective. Does anyone have any classroom tricks up their sleeves for this one? • $\begingroup$ I remember using the concept several decades back when it was reasonable for a hobbyist with a soldering iron to put together a "state of the art" home computer. In industry, I have needed to be aware of it occasionally and handle it rarely. I still have to look it up when I need it, after decades in industry. But ... the concept is important so you can recognize when you need to look it up again. $\endgroup$ – pojo-guy Jan 11 '18 at 3:01 • $\begingroup$ Endian is named after the end of an egg that the lillyputians eat their eggs from, precisely because it does not matter. If code is written well, it does not matter. All you need is an awareness of the problem, and how not to depend on it. $\endgroup$ Jan 12 '18 at 6:51 The way it was explained to me -- how this distinction without a difference came about -- is quite simple. If we are storing text in a file, it is quite natural (for users of ASCII, which has one byte per character) to place the characters one after another, starting with the first one at position zero. If more is added to the file, it easily goes on the end. This agrees with the convention of writing left to right, say on a board (white, green, brown, black, or otherwise.). The wrinkle in the rug is that numbers are often larger than one byte (gosh darn it) and so we have two choices for how to write them in to a file, send in a stream, transmit data by radio from one Hawaiian island to another (the founding of the internet) and so on: • send the most significant byte first • send the least significant byte first Huh. Now there is a stumper for you. Which should we do? It is natural when the digits of a base-10 number are written in a text file, like "12,345", to send the first byte, well, first, eh? But someone decided that numbers should send the least significant bit first and then forward from there to the most significant bit. This makes total sense if you are writing out, say, the bits of a data stream (image file, encrypted data, etc) and so then it would be just like the ASCII text case, except bit-wise, and the bits should ascend as we write them on a board... uh, left to right. Yeah. Bits, bytes, schmytes... What does it really matter? Well, just like how we ended up with cars going on the left in some parts of the world and otherwise right, just like how we have 220 V AC in parts of the world and 110 V split phase in other parts, just like how some languages are written in letter-scripts and others are written using ideograms, it makes no difference whatsoever, unless moving from one system to the other. The real question is: "why can't we all just get along?" Or in other words: why do standards emerge only after two or more groups have already made a big investment in different schemes? That is the subject of a larger course. Mabye something here will be of use... Little-endian means the lowest byte address holds the least significant bit (and byte). Big-endian means the lowest byte address holds the most significant bit (and byte). So, Little = Lowest Least. And Big is the other one... There are multiple possible ways because storing (and retrieving) a word in multiple bytes is a form of serialization & deserialization — breaking down one large object into smaller chunks and vice versa. These processes are inherently order sensitive by nature as each smaller chunk has a different specific placement within the larger. Further, since the smaller sized chunks (here bytes) adds up to the same bit count as that of the larger item (here words), the arrangement of the ordering must be prescribed in advance (and otherwise it would take additional bits to indicate the order or encoding scheme (not to mention the additional logic to handle that)). Two of those ways are fairly obvious: lowest least and lowest most. In both those schemes, the address of a word is the lowest address of all of the bytes used in storing the word. Given this addressing constraint, there are only two schemes for storing a 16-bit value in 2-bytes, though there are more permutations of byte order for storing a 32-bit value in 4-bytes. (Further, we might also consider that the address of a word is the address of the highest address therein, which would give rise to additional schemes, but these would give up the desirable property that word aligned addresses are even.) In human terms we can write text left-to-right or right-to-left, or top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top, etc... We can relate these various schemes to lower-to-higher addresses (maybe even to higher-to-lower addresses). I consider that humans do little-endian for numbers when we line them up e.g. for long arithmetic, though right-to-left instead of lower-to-higher. When we need larger numbers we expand digits to the left, anchoring the least significant digit in the same column; little endian pointer addresses point to LSBs regardless of the size of the data type. By contrast, to get more digits, big-endian shifts the number over to higher addresses in order to insert more digits at lower addresses (rather odd IMHO). So, the byte at the address for a word points to an MSB. Human Little-Endian Big-Endian 92 29 92 + 910 019 910 1002 2001 1002 You can see that little-endian (here shown with addresses increasing left-to-right) is mirror image of human. Another approach I use is to show addresses on the right side of a word-sized dump for little endian. words address xxxxxxxx <- 0000 xxxxxxxx <- 0004 xxxxxxxx <- 0008 xxxxxxxx <- 000C • $\begingroup$ Quite similar, but I tend to use little endian = little end first, big endian = big end first. Seems to stick with the people I have explained it to. $\endgroup$ – Koekje Jan 11 '18 at 12:47 TL;DR Items are numbered (indexed). For big-endian, start the count with the most significant item and work toward the least. For little-endian start with the least significant item and work toward the highest. The Wikipedia page and the post by user Erik Edit provide good technical details, but I'd rather give a memorable "picture" of what is going on. First, if you only work on one computer architecture then endianness is automatic and of little consequence. It is when you need to transfer data from one system to another (if they have different architectures) that it matters. An early story is that in attempting to send "Unix" from one machine to another, "nUxi" showed up at the other end. Suppose that you have a large group of "marchers" (bits) in a "field" (system memory). Suppose that you want to send them all to another field, but they must pass one at a time through a "hallway" (bit stream) to another field that may be organized differently. Each field has an "organizer" (architecture) that knows something about the organization (duh) of that field. Simplest case: one level organization We will first consider the simplest case of a single level of organization at each end with some similarities between them as described below. In each field, the marchers are organized into "squads" of, say, 8 marchers per squad (note it is the same at both ends, one of the simplifications for now). Each squad has a leader (most significant bit), though the leader isn't marked in any way. The leader looks like any other marcher, but when the squad lines up the leader is always to the left. Since the marchers aren't very smart (just "bits", remember), the organizer of a field will help them arrange themselves by instructing the members of the squad to each stand in a numbered location on the field. The locations for the members of an individual squad are numbered 0 through 7. A field can be big-endian (think the big end of an egg), in which the leader of a squad stands on location 0 for that squad, with the other members arranged to its left. The last member (the least significant member) will be on slot 7. Alternatively, a field can be little-endian (eggs again), in which slot numbers are reversed so that the leader of the squad is still to the left, but on this field that slot is number 7 so that the least significant marcher (bit) winds up in slot 0. It is really only the field organizer that is responsible for the relative arrangement of the slots. If you look at a squad (or the whole field) ignoring those, a big-endian squad and a little-endian squad will look the same, with the leader to the left. Now, however, one desires to move the marchers on a field to another field. Since this happens a lot, the "association of organizers" (standards groups) have decided that when going through a hallway (in single file), the leaders will go first, followed by the rest of its squad. It could have been the other way and there are a few places in which the rules aren't obeyed, but that leads to chaos so mostly the leader-first rule is used. But it is the organizer of a field who must send marchers to the hallway and the organizer at the other end who must take marchers as they emerge from the hallway and line them up again. Let's look at the sending organizer first. The organizer will "point" at a squad and then call off slot numbers for the movement of that squad to the hallway. If it is a big-endian field, then the organizer will count upwards from 0 to 7 for that squad, so that the leader (slot 0, remember) goes first and the rest follow, with the marcher in slot 7 going last for that squad. Other squads may follow as well, but we will come to that. If the field is little-endian, however, the organizer simply counts downward from 7 to 0 instead. But this, again, sends the leader first. Now we look at the other end of the hallway. The receiving organizer has to take the squads as they emerge and assign them to positions. A position has room for a squad, and it has numbered slots for the members as usual. If this field big-endian, the slots are, as usual numbered 0-7 left to right but if it is little endian the slots are numbered 7-0 left to right. So, the organizer at this end, takes marchers as they emerge from the hallway, and knowing that the leader of a squad will be first, just points to a location and counts off slot numbers appropriately. If this is a big-endian field, the organizer counts starting from 0, but a little-endian organizer will count downward from 7. Several levels Suppose, however, that the situation is more complex. Suppose that each squad is part of a larger grouping, a "platoon". A platoon might consist of, say four squads, and they need to be treated for some purposes as a group. Again, the organizer of any given field needs to know things about that field, but as little as possible about other fields. The biggest complication is that a field might be big-endian for squads, but little-endian for platoons (mixed endian). This is really only a complication for how you think of it, however. The organizer will do the right thing. We will assume here that the squads and platoons are organized the same. The squads of a platoon stand together (think a row) with one squad next to another. There will be four sets of squad-slots making up a platoon formation. Just like the numbering of the individual squad slots, the sets are numbered for the squads of a platoon. If the numbering from left to right is 0 through 3 then the platoon organization is big-endian. If it is 3 down to 0 it is little-endian. In all cases the squad to the left is the more significant squad and the one to the right is the least significant squad whatever the numbering. Now, again, the organizer wants to send marchers through the hallway and will send the squads one after the other. The organizer knows the numbering of the platoon formation slots (0-3 or 3-0). So, to send a platoon through the hallway, supposing that we have big-endian throughout, the organizer first points to squad 0 (the most significant squad) and then counts off the marchers 0-7 as before. Squad 1 is sent next, etc, ending with the least significant squad (3). But if the field is organized little-endian at the platoon level, the organizer points to squad 3 as the start and counts off marchers, etc, ending with squad 0. Note that in mixed endian there is no particular difficulty as long as the organizer knows what to do at any level. But, importantly, the most significant elements at any level are given priority. They will have low index number in big-endian and larger index numbers in little-endian organization at that level. The situation at the receiving end is similar. The organizer there knows that the most significant squad in a platoon will come first and within a squad the leader will be first. So, having selected a place for the incoming platoon, the organizer points to what ever slot is reserved for the most significant squad (0 for big-endian, but 3 for little) and then counts off members either upward or downward depending on the appropriate ordering for that field. This will, of course be the left-most of the squad locations. The organizer then points to the next location and counts off the second squad, etc. At the end, the platoon is lined up just as before, though the indexes of the slots won't be the same for the fields at the two ends of the hallway. Even more complex: inconsistent squad and/or platoon sizes I won't attempt a complete explanation here as there are too many possibilities. It may be that the organizers at the ends need some information about both fields, not just their own. I'll assume a single level of grouping here (squads), but higher levels (platoons) would be similar. One common case is that you are sending a squad with say six members into a field in which squads have eight. The sending organizer can behave just as before, sending the leader first as usual, but counting from 0 to 5 or 5 to 0 depending on endianness. The organizer at the other end has a problem though. First it needs to know that only six marchers are coming per squad, with the leader first. It has to put the marchers into the eight slots. Normally (but not necessarily) the members would be placed so that the least significant member winds up in the least significant slot, with the two most significant slots left empty. This means that if the receiving field is big-endian, the leader of the squad winds up in slot 2, and if little-endian in slot 5. Another variation is when the sending field has a squad length that is half the size of the squad length in the receiving field. Then the receiving field can do as just above, or can "pack" two of the incoming squads into a single squad section in this field. Keeping in mind that the squads come through the hallway most-significant-first, the first four-member squad would go to the left in the eight-marcher region and the second squad would go to the right. The slot numbers of course depend on the endianness, but the organizer just points to a place and counts off slot numbers as the marchers come through. Sending from a field in which the squad sizes are larger than the receiving field is more complex and won't be described in detail here. But either some marchers get sent to the sidelines (unlikely but possible) or the incoming marchers will need to be distributed over more than one of that field's positions. The key to working out a proper protocol is that the marchers come through in most-significant-first at any level, though the organizer at the receiving end will need to know how to break up or combine the marchers into squads at that end. Remember, that all of the marchers look alike. There is nothing to distinguish any of them. The leader doesn't look anything different from any other marcher, nor is there any way to "mark" divisions between squads. That needs to be known to the organizer in advance. We note for the record that some systems are bi-endian and can be organized (either in hardware or software) either big- or little-endian. At a given moment, they are one or the other, unless you want chaos to rule. • $\begingroup$ "First, if you only work on one computer architecture then endianness is automatic and of little consequence" I have to disagree with that. When I write disassemblers on Intel which use little endianness and the code coming out is little endian and Intel Architecture Software Developer Manuals make references in big endian, then not knowing this will ruin your day. Continued $\endgroup$ – Guy Coder Jan 11 '18 at 22:45 • $\begingroup$ I can't remember how much of a problem it was because after I figured it out I was able to abstract it away in a function, but for disassemblers of little endian processors I would not say "of little consequence" :) $\endgroup$ – Guy Coder Jan 11 '18 at 22:45 Your Answer
How big was the Milne Ice Shelf? How big was the Milne Ice Shelf? 290 km2 It is the second largest ice shelf in the Arctic Ocean. Situated on the north-west coast of Ellesmere Island, it is located about 270 km (170 mi) west of Alert, Nunavut…. Milne Ice Shelf Area 290 km2 (110 sq mi) (1986) Thickness 100 metres (330 ft) (1986) When did the Milne Ice Shelf Collapse? Between July 30 and August 4, the Milne Ice Shelf collapsed into the Arctic Ocean. As Canada’s last fully intact ice shelf, it was estimated to have shrunk the remaining mass by 43 percent, losing more than 30 square miles of land area, which is bigger than the size of Manhattan. How old was the last intact Canadian ice shelf? What is the Arctic shelf? The Siberian Shelf, one of the Arctic Ocean coastal shelves (such as the Milne Ice Shelf), is the largest continental shelf of the Earth, a part of the continental shelf of Russia. It extends from the continent of Eurasia in the general area of North Siberia (hence the name) into the Arctic Ocean. How big is the iceberg that broke off Antarctica? around 4320 sq km The iceberg, dubbed A-76, measures around 4320 sq km in size – currently making it the largest berg in the world. A huge ice block has broken off from western Antarctica into the Weddell Sea, becoming the largest iceberg in the world and earning the name A-76. Is an ice shelf a glacier? Unlike ice shelves, glaciers are land-based. While glaciers are defined as large sheets of ice and snow on land, ice shelves are technically part of the ocean. Where is the ice shelf that broke off? The iceberg, dubbed A-76, calved off the Ronne Ice Shelf into the Weddell Sea. The European Space Agency’s twin Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites spotted the giant slab of ice breaking away on May 13. What ice shelf recently broke off? The world’s largest iceberg — thrice the size of Delhi — has broken off from Antarctica last week. It split off the western side of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica’s Weddell Sea, the European Space Agency (ESA) informed. What ice shelf just broke off? Named A-76, the iceberg broke off the Ronne ice shelf into the Weddell Sea in recent days, according to the European Space Agency. The area has been spared an influx of warm ocean water affecting other parts of western Antarctica, which is threatening to release huge glaciers such as one called Thwaites. What is the largest ice shelf on Earth? Ross Ice Shelf Ross Ice Shelf, world’s largest body of floating ice, lying at the head of Ross Sea, itself an enormous indentation in the continent of Antarctica. The ice shelf lies between about 155° W and 160° E longitude and about 78° S and 86° S latitude. What happens if Antarctic ice shelf breaks? Where is the iceberg that broke off Antarctica now? That iceberg, which covers an area just under 1,500 square miles, is also currently afloat in the Weddell Sea. While A-76 is huge, it’s only about one-third the size of the biggest iceberg in recorded history. That designation belongs to an iceberg named B-15 that calved off of Antarctica’s Ross Ice Shelf 21 years ago. Where is the world’s biggest iceberg that broke off in 2021 now floating? Published: Monday 24 May 2021 It split off the western side of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica’s Weddell Sea, the European Space Agency (ESA) informed. The iceberg, named A-76, has a surface area of around 4,320 square kilometres, making it the biggest berg currently afloat in the world. What is the biggest ice shelf? What would happen if the Ross Ice Shelf broke off? Its magnitude, and the fact that thinning of the ice shelf will speed up the flow of Antarctica’s ice sheets into the ocean, mean that it carries significant sea level rise potential if it were to melt. Melting ice shelves like the Ross could cause seas to rise by several feet over the next few centuries. What happens if Antarctica melts? Under this scenario, the ice sheet could be responsible for closer to 6 inches of global sea level rise by 2100. At that point, Antarctic melt causes the seas to rise by 5 millimeters a year—more than double what occurs at lower warming levels. Can a massive ice shelf collapse? When they collapse, it’s like a giant cork being removed from a bottle, allowing unimaginable amounts of water from glaciers to pour into the sea. “We know that when melted ice accumulates on the surface of ice shelves, it can make them fracture and collapse spectacularly. How big is the iceberg that just broke off? The finger-shaped iceberg is roughly 105 miles long and 15 miles wide, according to the European Space Agency. Its total area is more than 70 times that of Manhattan, New York. It’s not uncommon for an ice shelf to shed, and calving events occur naturally as these sprawling frozen platforms advance and contract. How fast is the Ross Ice Shelf melting? The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day. Other glaciers gradually add bulk to it. What happens when an ice shelf breaks off?
9 Neuroscience and Careers John Stead, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University Alex Wiseman, B.Sc., Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University Kim Hellemans, PhD, Chair, Instructor III, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University What is Neuroscience? Neuroscience is a highly interdisciplinary science that explores the relationship between the nervous system, behaviour, cognition, and disease. While the study of the nervous system harkens back to Egyptian times, modern neuroscience combines aspects of physiology, anatomy, psychology, biology, and mathematics to explore how the nervous system works at the cellular, molecular, cognitive, and societal level (Squire et al., 2012). Broadly, neuroscientists are interested in understanding how cells in the brain (primarily neurons and glia) communicate with one another, how they are organized to form circuits, how external and internal stimuli influence these circuits, and how they might go awry in the context of disease or trauma. Recent technological innovations in the 20th century with regard to both molecular biological and neuroimaging techniques have led to significant advancements in our understanding of brain function. However, despite these advances, exactly how the brain combines external and internal signals to create a perceptual reality remains elusive. The last 50 years has seen a massive increase in Neuroscience research, incorporating expertise from a wide range of scientific disciplines. To begin to understand the current state of neuroscience, it is useful to briefly review some of the major milestones across the history of research into the nervous system. History of Neuroscience: Significant Scholarly Findings Pre-18th century The study of the brain dates back through millennia (see Kandel, Schwartz, Jessell, Siegelbaum, & Hudspeth, 2013). The earliest written record referring to the brain dates from the 17th century BC, with an Ancient Egyptian medical text called the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which describes the symptoms associated with head injuries in two patients. Early descriptions of basic neuroanatomy have been found in Egyptian texts from the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, including reference to the cerebrum, cerebellum and ventricles. The idea that the brain was the physical location of the mind was suggested as early as the 5th century BC by the Greek philosophers Alcmaeon of Croton and Hippocrates. This relationship between brain and mind was not universally accepted however, with Aristotle (4th century BC) believing that the brain acted to cool the blood, with intelligence instead located in the heart. The importance of the relationship between the brain and body was highlighted by the Roman physician Galen in the 2nd century AD, who correctly identified 7 of the 12 cranial nerves, proposing that these nerves carry fluid from the brain towards the rest of the body. While further detailed characterization of the anatomy of the central nervous system would take place over the next 1500 years, including the contributions in 14th century by de Luzzi and da Vigevano, in the 15th-16th century by da Vinci, Vesalius and in the 17th century by Willis, substantial advancements in understanding the detailed functionality of nervous tissue would not be seen until the late 18th century. 18th to mid-19th century Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) was an Italian physician who first discovered the link between electricity and activity of the body. By applying static electricity to a nerve in the leg of a dissected frog he revealed that electrical stimulation could produce contraction of the leg muscles. These experiments represent the origin of the discipline of electrophysiology. Demonstration that the brain and not the heart was the physical location of the ‘mind’ was not achieved until the 19th century, in part through the work of the French physiologist Jean Pierre Flourens (1794-1867). Working with rabbits and pigeons, Flourens lesioned areas of the brain and found impairments in sensory and motor skills. His work however was consistent with the prevailing view at that time that the brain was a unitary and indivisible organ, and that specific functions were not localized to specific brain areas. This view was ultimately challenged by explorations of linguistic deficiencies in humans. In the mid-19th century, the French neurologist Paul Broca described a patient who has suffered stroke resulting in specific impairments in his ability to speak, although his ability to understand language was seemingly unaffected. Following the death of the patient, Broca undertook a post-mortem examination and identified a specific region of the left frontal lobe that was damaged. Further studies of a total of eight similar individuals with similar impairments and similar patterns of damage led Broca to the conclusion that specific functions, such as language, are associated with specific areas of the brain. A few decades later, work from the Italian biologist Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) would produce a watershed in our conceptualization of the organization of tissue in the brain. In the 1870s, Golgi invented a procedure for staining brain tissue with silver chromate salts. This technique, still widely used today, has the remarkable effect of completely staining a small subset (1-5%) of neurons in the brain. There is still no clear explanation for why some cells take up this stain while others do not. This technique was employed extensively by Santiago Ramón y Cajal beginning in 1887, allowing him to detail the shapes of hundreds of individual neurons across many different parts of the brain. This led Cajal to various conclusions including that brain tissue was a network of individual cells, with individual cells varying dramatically in their shapes and complexities depending on their location within the brain. Despite this morphological variability, neurons all seemed to have a cell body to which were connected two types of process, with many branching dendrites providing the input to the neuron, and a single axon providing the output from the neuron. These observations were used by Cajal to strongly support the neuron doctrine, that the neuron is the fundamental unit of signalling in nervous systems. Golgi and Cajal were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, for their pioneering contributions to understanding of the fine anatomy and organization of neural tissue. The legacy of these early microscopic anatomical studies is still clearly visible in neuroscience textbooks today, most of which still carry drawings of cells made by Golgi or Cajal, and invariably include images of Golgi-stained cells. In the late 19th century, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Johannes Peter Müller, and Hermann von Helmholtz demonstrated that these neurons were electrically excitable and were therefore likely to be the cells carrying those signals that were first identified by Galvani. Furthermore, they found that electrically excited neurons were able to create changes in the electrical states of other nearby neurons. 20th to early 21st Century The question of exactly what caused the transmission of electrical activity from one neuron to another was finally answered in 1921 by the German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873-1961). In what has become a very famous experiment, Loewi took a frog heart which was bathed in a saline solution and electrically stimulated it via the vagus nerve, causing the heart to beat more slowly. He then took some of the surrounding solution and applied it to a second heart that had not been electrically stimulated and found that this caused the second heart to also beat more slowly. He concluded that electrical stimulation of the heart caused the release of a chemical into solution, and this chemical by itself was sufficient to stimulate the second heart to beat more slowly. The chemical was later identified as acetylcholine, which was the first of many neurotransmitters that would ultimately be identified. For this research, Loewi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936, together with Sir Henry Dale who was able to demonstrate that the active chemical from Leowi’s experiments was indeed acetylcholine. Subsequent work by Sherrington found that these chemical messengers were usually released at small specialized structures called synapses, where chemical messages allowed one neuron to either excite or inhibit another; research for which Sherrington was awarded the Nobel in 1932. By the 1930s, an emerging picture of the central nervous system had thus been established. The brain was the physical location of the mind, and controlled thought, sensation and movement. Brain tissue was composed of individual neurons each of which had an input and an output. Information was transmitted along neurons in the form of electrical impulses, with intercellular communication mediated by chemical messengers which we now call neurotransmitters. The last century has built upon this foundation with extraordinarily rapid advances in our understanding of the nervous system. Any summary of these advances will by its nature be very incomplete. We here choose to review progress by focusing exclusively on those neuroscientists whose research has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Names and dates of Nobel prize awards are indicated in parentheses below after “NP”. See www.nobelprize.org for all awards. The 20th century saw enormous advances in our understanding of neuronal communication, both in terms of how information is transmitted along an individual cell, and also between different cells. New techniques that allowed visualization and recording of electrical signals were developed in the 1920, and different neurons were shown to transmit electrical signals at different speeds, depending on the thickness of the neuron (NP: Erlanger & Gasser, 1944). These tools led to an elegant series of experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley that elucidated the molecular basis of electrical signaling. Using the giant axon of the squid they were able to record electrical potential across the neuronal membrane. By manipulating the ionic solution in which the neuron was bathed, and the electrical potential across the membrane, while recording the magnitude of current flowing across the membrane, they developed a model of how an electrical impulse is produced and propagated along neuronal axons, mediated by the flow of different types of charged ions both along and through the membrane. Eccles extended these findings by describing how electrical activity at the synapse could lead to excitation or inhibition of adjacent cells (NP: Eccles, Hodgkin Huxley, 1963). Elucidation of the properties of individual ion channels that underlie changes in electrical currents across neuronal membranes was finally achieved through development of the patch-clamp technique, which allowed recording of electrical activity across microscopically small areas of cell membranes (NP: Neher & Sakmann, 1991). In parallel with the detailed characterization of electrical properties of neurons, other neuroscientists were focused on understanding the basis of the chemical signals that mediated communication between neurons at the synapse. Building upon the earlier work of Loewi and Dale which identified acetylcholine as the first neurotransmitter, von Euler and Axelrood described a second neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which functioned (in part) to regulate blood pressure, and made the important observation that some antidepressants acted by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter at the synapse. Katz demonstrated that neurotransmitters were stored in small vesicles in one neuron, with vesicles released into the synapse following electrical stimulation, in a mechanism that required changes in intracellular calcium signalling (NP: Katz, von Euler, Axelrod, 1970). The complex process of vesicle release was carefully elucidated by Südhof, Rothman, Schekman (NP: 2013). Many additional neurotransmitters were also identified by other researchers including dopamine, the deficiency of which was associated with Parkinson’s disease, leading to novel therapies for the disorder. Synaptic signalling was further refined with an understanding that while some neurotransmitters result in electrical changes in target cells, others change the chemical signalling environment of their targets, including mediating changes in synaptic strength as a form of learning and memory (NP: Carlsson, Greengard, Kandel, 2000). The above studies describe how signals move along neurons, and between closely adjacent neurons. However, signals can also be transmitted across much larger distances, in some cases by hormones that are released by the brain and that act on neuronal and non-neuronal targets throughout the body. Guillemin and Schally identified the specific factors that were released by the brain that cause the release of hormones from the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. To allow the effects of such hormones to be characterized, Rosalyn Yalow developed a technique that combined radioactive isotopes with highly specific antibodies to track levels of such hormones in the body (NP: Guillemin, Schally, & Yalow, 1977). In addition to hormones released by the brain acting on non-neuronal tissue, extensive work characterized the effect of other factors released by non-neuronal tissue on the brain. For example, Levi-Montalcini identified nerve growth factor (NGF) – a substance isolated from tumours in mice that would cause growth of the nervous system in chick embryos. This formed the basis of detailed characterization of the role of various growth factors in the development and adaptation of the nervous system (NP: Cohen & Levi-Montalcini, 1986). Beyond understanding the functionality of individual molecules and cells of the nervous system, other neuroscience pioneers explored various systems, including sensory systems by which the brain receives information from the outside world, and motor systems by which the brain acts on and interacts with the outside world. As an example of motor systems, early work on anesthetized cats revealed that weak electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic region of the brain could produce complex behavioural responses including both defensive and aggressive behaviours (NP: Hess & Moniz, 1949). For sensory systems, Nobel prizes have been awarded for the elucidation of both visual and olfactory systems. Collectively, Granit, Hartline and Wald pioneered research that enhanced our understanding of the operation of the retina, including characterizing chemical changes that resulted from exposure to photons of light, the presence of different types of photosensitive cells resulting in colour vision, and how signals received by nearby retinal cells are compared within the retina to highlight contrasts in our visual fields (NP: Granit, Hartline, & Wald, 1967). In the following decades, Hubel and Wiesel explored how these retinal signals were then processed by the brain, with separate processing streams focused on different aspects of the visual input such as movement, contrast, and linear orientation (NP: Hubel & Wiesel, 1981). Research on the olfactory system was awarded the Nobel in 2004, for research demonstrating that the rich diversity of smells that are detectable are the result of the combined actions of hundreds of different chemical receptors called olfactory receptors, which in turn are the product of hundreds of different olfactory receptor genes. Individual smells are the result of the combined signalling of different odorants across a wide spectrum of different receptors (NP: Axel & Buck, 2004). Other advances of the last century that led to receipt of the Nobel Prize include an understanding of functional differences between the left and right hemispheres of the brain (NP: Sperry, 1981), characterization of prions as agents of infectious disease (NP: Blumberg & Gajdusek, 1976; NP: Prusiner, 1997), and an understanding of how specific cells (termed place cells and grid cells) in the hippocampus and nearby entorhinal cortex contribute to the brain developing an internal map of the surrounding environment, and one’s location within that environment (NP: O’Keefe, Moser, & Moser, 2014). The above description of neuroscience advances represents the research of a small number of exceptionally talented and celebrated neuroscientists, and of course represents a small fraction of the research output for the discipline. For example, each year, >20,000 neuroscientists meet at the annual Society for Neuroscience conference to discuss their recent finding and celebrate our discipline. While much of the research is not considered directly applied, basic research can potentially lead to various societal changes, both in the present and anticipated for the future. Branches of Neuroscience Modern neuroscience can be broadly organized into several major branches: 1) Cellular and Molecular neuroscience 2) Systems Neuroscience 3) Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience 4) Social and Translational Neuroscience. Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Cellular and Molecular neuroscientists are focused on understanding how cells of the nervous system express and respond to molecular signals. These scientists typically employ techniques and concepts of molecular biology to study how the brain develops, how cells communicate with one another, how genes and the environment might influence these processes, and how the brain can change and adapt (“neuroplasticity”) over the course of one’s lifetime. Systems Neuroscience Systems Neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience focused on understanding how different cell groups in the nervous system work together to create circuits, or pathways that have a functional outcome. For example, a systems neuroscientist might ask how specific anatomical regions and/or cell groups are involved in the higher order cognitive processes of learning and memory, or sensory functions such as vision. One branch of systems neuroscience is neuroethology, which involves the study of non-human model organisms to explore how certain sensory or cognitive functions exist in other species. By contrast, neuropsychologists explore how specific neural substrates may be implicated in human behaviour (and how damage to specific brain regions may yield unique deficits in cognition or behaviour). Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive neuroscience is the third major Neuroscience branch and emerged out the fields of psychology and computer science. Cognitive neuroscientists are interested in understanding how specific brain circuits may relate to higher order psychological functions such as learning and memory, language, and thought. The field of cognitive neuroscience has benefited greatly from advances in neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), in addition to electroencephalography (EEG). Behavioural neuroscientists (also known as physiological or biological psychologists) employ basic techniques of biology and chemistry to study the function of the nervous system, with a specific application to how cells and cell circuits relate to all aspects of behaviour. Most of the experimental literature has employed model organisms such as rodents or non-human primates, with more recent research using molecular biological techniques to explore how genes and/or epigenetics may modulate behaviour. Social and Translational Neuroscience Social and translational neuroscience are the most recently developed fields of neuroscience. Social neuroscience borrows heavily from social psychology and seeks to understand how specific brain substrates, circuits, signals, and / or genes are related to behaviour, with an emphasis on domains of social behaviour. As humans are primarily a social species, this field has a focus on how higher order cognitive domains such as language and thought, as well as pathological conditions such as depression, may influence, and be influenced by, social behaviour. Related to social neuroscience, translational neuroscience is a field of study which translates study and knowledge of neuroscience to clinical applications. Translational neuroscientists are interested in applying technological advances in the field of neuroscience to address various societal needs, including novel treatments or therapies for neurological and psychiatric disease. Methods in Neuroscience Neuroscientists working within each of the major branches would typically apply a different set of techniques to answer questions about the brain (See Table 1 for a summary of some of the more common techniques). For example, while neuroscientists in general may be concerned with determining the neural basis for clinical depression, molecular-, systems-, cognitive-, and social-neuroscientists will employ differing techniques and methods to explore how proteins, cells, circuits, and brain regions may each be implicated in the aetiology of the disease. Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience A molecular neuroscientist may focus heavily on the application of molecular biology to the nervous system to answer questions regarding the pathophysiology of depression. For instance, they might be interested in identifying key changes in gene expression that are associated with depressive symptoms. This could be achieved by analysing expression levels of thousands of genes in various regions of the human brain using post-mortem tissues derived from individuals with and without depression. If the expression level of a specific gene was consistently higher or lower in the brains of depression patients compared with controls, that suggests that the gene may have a functional role in depression. These genetic profiles can also give us hints as to which proteins may be increased or decreased, and in which specific area of the brain. Furthermore, finding a biomarker that strongly correlates with depression has high diagnostic value in research and in medicine – a biomarker is an easily detectable molecule in our body that is correlated with, and used to predict the presence of disease, infection, symptom, or toxic exposure. To be useful, the biomarker must be detectable in tissues that can be easily obtained from patients (typically saliva, urine or blood). There are extensive interactions between the central nervous system and the periphery – our bodies can tell us numerous things about our brains. As such, a molecular neuroscientist might be interested in searching tissues outside of the central nervous system for candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of depression. A major component of molecular neuroscience involves the manipulation of genes within model organisms (rats, mice, zebrafish) in order to understand the function of that gene, including potential functions in the development of disease. Manipulations include changing the amount of gene product, changing the timing or location of gene expression, or changing the actual protein product that is generated by the gene. Molecular neuroscientists might therefore be interested in studying one of the differentially expressed genes identified through gene expression studies. Potential research questions might include, “What is the importance of this gene during development?”, “If we restore this gene back to ‘normal’ levels, what does it do to depressive-like symptoms?”, or “If we change gene expression levels in a similar manner to those that were observed in gene expression studies, does it induce depressive-like behaviours?”. Answering these questions requires the genetic engineering of non-human animals, a technique which had grown in prevalence over the last two decades as the technology becomes increasingly sophisticated, reliable and affordable. While genetic manipulations can alter the amount, location, or sequence of a protein, there are other methods for manipulating protein functions within cells. Pharmacological manipulations can include the use of competitive agonists (which activate proteins), competitive antagonists (which inactivate proteins), and neutralizing antibodies that interfere with the ability of specific molecules to bind to their specific receptors. Whether by genetic-engineering, or pharmacological manipulation, molecular neuroscientists are concerned with the molecular and cellular changes that underpin diseases. Other techniques in the arsenal of the molecular neuroscientist include using radiolabelled tracers to visualize, in real-time, the movement of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles down an axon. Use of fluorescent or bioluminescent markers to visualize specific interactions between individual molecules (the fluorescence resonance energy transfer [FRET] or bioluminescence resonance energy transfer [BRET] techniques), such as for measuring the recruitment of receptors to the membrane, the coupling of a ligand to its receptor, the coupling of two or more receptors, and the change in conformation of an existing receptor. Researchers use microdialysis to measure the concentration of a specific molecule in the synapse between two neurons or use retrograde and anterograde tracers to determine the physical pathways linking one neuron to another. Ultimately, cellular and molecular neuroscientists interested in depression might employ a broad range of tools to understand how proteins and cells are implicated in disease, and whether these changes may represent either the cause or consequence of the disorder. Systems Neuroscience Questions about individual cells and molecules may also be of interest to a systems neuroscientist, but they would typically be exploring how cells and molecules modulate the function of brain regions, or circuits composed of multiple anatomical and functional components. One example to illustrate the systems neuroscience approach would be to investigate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates the release of the stress hormone cortisol in humans (corticosterone in rodents) and has been heavily implicated in the aetiology of depression. Release of the stress hormone is mediated by a cascade of signalling factors released from various organs including the brain and regulated in a manner that involves multiple different brain regions. As an example, a systems neuroscientist might explore signalling interactions between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus (the hippocampus senses levels of stress hormone and suppresses any further release of the hormone from the hypothalamus). To that end, they may manipulate hippocampal function in one of many possible ways (including through using a transgenic animal model, or ablation, or by stereotaxic delivery of a drug to the hippocampus, or through electrical stimulation; see table 1 for details) and measure consequent changes in hypothalamic hormone release. This could be followed by post-mortem analyses of brain tissues by immunohistochemistry to determine whether patterns or levels of expression of specific proteins has altered in several interconnected brain regions. In the context of depressive disorders, any or all the above could be explored in the context of how these manipulations also impact depressive symptoms in model organisms. Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience In the study of depression, a cognitive neuroscientist could ask questions regarding how depression might affect activity levels of different regions of the brain, by for example using imaging techniques to search for changes in metabolic processes of specific brain regions between depressed patients and healthy controls. Cognitive neuroscientists heavily rely on modern neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI, to measure cerebral blood flow), or positron emission tomography (PET, to measure the metabolism of glucose within brain regions). While MRI technologies have been used in diagnostic medicine since the 1970s, novel analysis of MRI sequences using specialized software developed by computer scientists allows for alternative forms of MRI such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) which allows high resolution mapping of the major connections that link and allow communication between different regions of the brain. Electroencephalography (EEG) is another technique that can be used to measure the electrical activity of the brain. EEGs are an inexpensive means of measuring brain activity in awake humans. A cognitive neuroscientist might use EEG to explore differences in the patterns of electrical activity between depressed individuals and healthy controls while they are engaged in specific cognitive tasks that are designed to assess processes such as attention, inference, reaction time, working memory, or cognitive flexibility. Behavioural neuroscience, wherein researchers are concerned primarily with physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour, investigates the influence depression has on behaviour, and often involves use of animal models (such as rodents or zebrafish). Animal models could be generated by various methods including selective breeding for a desired trait (such as anxiety or aggression), by genetic mutation (such as metabolic diseases), or conditioning an animal to elicit a desired behaviour (such as social defeat paradigms and the production of a socially anxious animal). Behavioural neuroscientists have developed a wide array of behavioural paradigms to explore different aspects of depressive-like behaviour including measures of learned helplessness (to model despair), sucrose preference (to model hedonic feeding), food intake, or locomotor activity. Social and Translational Neuroscience Social neuroscientists are fundamentally interested in how the brain mediates social interaction; behaviours that are meaningful, elicited by one individual agency, directed towards another individual agency, and receive a response. Most applicable to depression, social neuroscience could explore how social behaviours such as work-place deviance manifest in the neurological condition. Alternatively, social neuroscientists might be interested in how specific gene polymorphisms influence individual vulnerability to depression following exposure to bullying – both in humans or non-human animals. Translational neuroscientists apply basic neuroscientific research relating to structure and function of the brain in a clinical setting. For example, basic research might indicate that cerebral stimulation has a significant positive effect on depression. A translational neuroscientist might thus investigate the use of a transcranial magnetic stimulator (TMS) as a viable means for brain stimulation to decrease depressive symptoms, and determine the precise stimulation procedure (electrical frequency, duration, etc.) that generates the best results in patients. Alternatively, translational neuroscientists might explore new pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disease, determining appropriate dose and duration of the drug to maximize efficacy. Neurorehabilitation is another area encompassed in translational neuroscience, wherein researchers develop, test, and optimize sensory prostheses for the implantation into humans suffering from sensory loss. Animal Ethics in Neuroscience Research. The use of animals in experimental research has always been a point of controversy. However, the use of animals in research is highly regulated, with usage most carefully controlled for animals with higher sentience (primates, then other mammals, then other vertebrates and certain molluscs). As such, research that induces suffering in any capacity (e.g., pain, adverse changes in psychological states, stress) must be stringently justified, and will often not be approved. That is, the expected benefits from the proposed research must outweigh the potential suffering of the animal. Governing the subjective nature of such decision-making is an institutional animal care committee composed of both scientists and members of the non-scientific community that decides whether or not the research merits the use of animals. In Canada, the federal government does not have jurisdiction to legislate animal experimentation but does exert influence through the Criminal Code of Canada, Health of Animals Act (1990), and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. In order for institutions to be federally funded for animal research they must receive accreditation from the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), which is the national peer-reviewed organization that oversees and implements standards for animal ethics and care. Institutions that are accredited are eligible to receive funding from federal granting agencies, such as Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR), and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). In addition, provinces in Canada have legislated their own animal-welfare protection acts, and similarly operate provincial-level regulatory agencies similar to the national CCAC body. Because of such system, each research project that includes the use of animals must first have their proposal approved by their institutions committee, and such proposals must abide by the standards set out by the CCAC. Table 1: Examples of common techniques in Neuroscience Name of the technique Description/Purpose of the technique Imaging and Microscopy Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Use of strong magnetic fields and electrical currents to visualize brain structure in a non-invasive manner Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Form of MRI that measures changes in blood flow to brain regions, from which localized brain activity can be inferred Diffusion tensor MRI Form of MRI that reveals major pathways of communication between regions of the brain Computerized tomography (CT) Use of X-rays to visualize brain structure in a non-invasive manner Cerebral angiogram Use of X-rays and an injected iodine tracer to visualize blood vessels in brain Positron emission tomography (PET) Use of injected radioactive tracers combined with imaging techniques to measure metabolic activity in brain Electroencephalography Use of external electrodes on the scalp to measure electrical activity of the cortex Light microscopy Visualize microscopic brain structure (i.e., neurons, glia) Fluorescence microscopy Visualize microscopic brain structures that have been tagged with a fluorescent marker, allowing the location of specific known molecules to be seen Electron microscopy Visualize microscopic brain structures at considerably higher magnification than is possible through light microscopy Rodent behavioural paradigms Rotarod Measure of coordinated movement Vertical pole test Measure of balance Visual cliff assay Measure of visual acuity Morris water maze Measure of cue-associated spatial learning and memory Radial arm maze Measure of spatial learning and memory Novel object recognition Measure of non-spatial learning and memory Social approach/avoidance Measure of social behaviours Open field test Measure of anxious behaviour Elevated plus maze Measure of anxious behaviour Forced swim test Measure of disparity Tail suspension assay Measure of learned helplessness Sucrose preference test Measure of anhedonia Surgical manipulations Stereotaxic surgery Surgery that reproducibly targets a very specific region of the brain Cannulation Introduction of a cannula into a specific region of the brain to allow for controlled delivery of drug or electrode Microdialysis Continuously samples extracellular fluid from the brain allowing concentration of specific molecules to be determined in real time Ablation Removal/destruction of a specific brain region to investigate normal function of that region Manipulation of cells and tissues Cell culture Living cells are grown in vitro, allowing various manipulations to be tested in controlled living systems Electrophysiology Use of electrodes placed on or in cells to manipulate and record electrical activity, to explore factors that affect excitability of neurons In situ hybridization Labelled nucleic acid sequences are used to visualize the location and concentration of RNA molecules generated from specific genes Immunohistochemistry Labelled antibodies are used to visualize the location and concentration of specific proteins in slices of tissue Immunocytochemistry Labelled antibodies are used to visualize the location and concentration of specific proteins in cells Anterograde and retrograde tracers Use of chemicals that travel along cells in the same direction or opposite direction compared to the flow of information, in order to determine anatomical connections between cells Molecular biology, genetics and genomics Southern/Northern/Western blots Semi-quantitative methods to detect specific molecules of DNA/RNA/proteins Immunoprecipitation Use of an antibody to precipitate a specific protein out of solution, concentrating the solution, and potentially identifying other molecules to which the target protein binds Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Detection and quantification of peptides, proteins, hormone, and antibodies Selective breeding paradigms Selectively breeding animals over many generations to enrich for genetic variants that may underlie specific traits Genetic modification of animals Model organisms have specific genes modified, inserted, or removed, in order to determine the function of the gene Viral vector-mediated gene transfer Use of viruses modified to contain specific genetic sequences, in order to introduce gene expression changes into animal tissues Optogenetics Insertion of light-sensitive receptor into membrane of neurons. Give experiment control over neuron excitation/inhibition Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) Analysis of DNA variation across the genome to screen for genes that associate with specific diseases or characteristics Whole genome sequencing Sequencing of the entire genome to screen for mutations, or genetic variations that associate with specific diseases or characteristics Bisulphite sequencing Modified DNA sequencing paradigm used to detect epigenetic (methylation) signatures on DNA molecules Polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) Amplification of DNA and RNA molecules Real-time PCR PCR-based quantification of DNA/RNA (commonly used for determining levels of gene expression) RNA-seq/whole transcriptome sequencing High-throughput sequence analysis of RNA extracted from tissues, to determine amounts of all genes expressed in those tissues The above techniques were often developed in the context of academic research and remain used in that setting. However, neuroscientists use these and other techniques while working in a range of different career paths. Neuroscience and Careers What Do Neuroscientists do? Neuroscientists are scientists who are engaged in activities that seek to improve our understanding of the nervous system and its relationship to behaviour and/or disease. Neuroscientists who are principle investigators (and who therefore determine their own research directions) have typically followed a training path consisting of an undergraduate degree in Science (B.Sc.) or Arts (B.A.), usually followed by a Master’s degree, then a Ph.D. in Neuroscience or a related discipline. For those wishing to pursue an academic career, it is common to complete one or more post-doctoral positions, typically at an internationally reputed laboratory. Postdoctoral positions (commonly referred to as postdocs) involve working in the research lab of a principle investigator and leading individual research projects. Post-doctoral fellows also typically take on supervisory responsibilities for other members of the research lab, including graduate students. However, unlike undergraduate or graduate studies, post-doctoral positions do not involve any course work. Instead, the focus is on acquiring techniques and publishing research. An academic, tenure-track appointment at a university is the typical desired outcome for people who have pursued each step of this pathway. However, these jobs have been relatively scarce in the past decade. In a university environment, neuroscientists may be spread across many different academic units, and departments fully dedicated to the discipline of Neuroscience are relatively rare in North America. For example, neuroscientists may be housed in a department of Psychology, Biology, Pharmacology, Cognitive or Computer Science. From a programmatic perspective, this can be challenging, as students who wish to obtain a degree in Neuroscience often may find that their degree has no ‘home base’, and instead consists of courses that may have a focus on neuroscience, but are housed in multiple, related units. Further compounding this issue is that neuroscience is not commonly taught in high school but may sometimes be included as part of a Biology curriculum. As such, many students graduate from high school not being aware that neuroscience does exist as a discipline of study. That said, neuroscience has been growing over the last few decades, and is becoming more defined as a stand-alone discipline. Common misconceptions about what Neuroscientists do There are several common misconceptions regarding what neuroscientists do. For example, it is common to confuse a doctoral (PhD) degree with a medical (MD) degree. However, neuroscientists (who have earned a PhD) are not trained to deliver therapy and they do not treat patients with medicine (as would someone with an MD). Neurologists are specialized medical practitioners who have earned an MD followed by residency training in neurology. Neurologists treat individuals with neurological disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. Neurosurgeons have earned a medical degree followed by residency training in neurosurgery; as a surgical profession, neurosurgeons would operate on patients with any damage or trauma to their nervous systems, e.g., tumor excision. Similarly, there are branches of psychological practice that often are confused with neuroscience: Clinical Neuropsychologists are individuals who have earned a PhD in Clinical Psychology, followed by, or with a specialization in neuropsychology. These individuals have the training to do both research and clinical practice, though they do not have training in medicine. Moreover, they are specialized to assess, diagnose, and treat patients with either congenital or acquired brain injury. Although a fundamental understanding of how the nervous system works is a key component of each of these above-mentioned disciplines (and indeed, it is common for someone interested in pursuing one of these careers to complete a Master’s in Neuroscience prior to completing an MD or Clinical Psychology PhD), it is important to emphasize that research neuroscientists do not treat or provide therapy to patients. Common careers in Neuroscience Undergraduate degrees Students graduating with an undergraduate degree in Neuroscience will have developed a range of technical and analytical skills, and the ability to synthesize and communicate research findings in an effective manner. For example, they have developed investigative and research skills in the collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of data, use of appropriate laboratory techniques, application of logical reasoning and critical/analytical thinking, proficiency in computing skills, familiarity with a wide range of scientific/lab equipment, and extensive oral and written communication skills. They are creative thinkers, can work effectively both as individuals and as part of a team, and they have advanced time-management skills. As with most university degree programs, neuroscience is not a vocational program – it does not lead directly into a specific and defined career. Instead, training received as an undergraduate provides students with an excellent foundation for a range of possible careers. Based on our experience over the last decade, over half of students who graduated with an undergraduate degree in Neuroscience have secured employment in either a scientific research setting, in health care, or are in continuing education. Common research paths for Neuroscience graduates include coordinating clinical research trials or working as research scientists and research technicians in the government, academia or industry. While many graduates are therefore directly employed in a scientific environment, other students chose to pursue graduate degrees in neuroscience or a related discipline (including psychology, biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, ethics). Graduate degrees Graduate degrees can lead towards careers within academia or increase a student’s opportunities of employment in non-academic environments. Health care professions are very popular with Neuroscience graduates. Many students wish to pursue medicine, though being a doctor is just one of many career options in health. Neuroscience graduates have successfully pursued continuing education to train in a variety of professions including psychologists, speech pathologists, occupational therapists, psychologists, medical assistants, nurses, or polysomnographic technicians. While science, healthcare, and future education are the main career paths pursued by neuroscience graduates, almost as many of our graduates have followed alternative routes following graduation, including training as school teachers, working for government funding agencies, regulatory agencies, or the civil service, working in knowledge brokerage, law, or following careers as emergency responders (police, ambulance, firefighters). Tailoring degrees with minors In some cases, undergraduate students who have specific career interests are able to tailor their degrees in a manner that facilitate employment in those areas, such as obtaining a degree in Neuroscience with a Minor in Law, or a Minor in Social Work, if these specializations fit their individual career aspirations. In this way, an education in Neuroscience opens the door to many possible careers, without restricting graduates to a limited number of career options. While it impossible to predict the major growth areas in terms of neuroscience career paths, some of the more promising areas for future expansion are described in detail in the following section. Applications of Neuroscience in Society Over 1000 neurological and neurodegenerative diseases affect the lives of almost 100 million people in the USA alone (Gooch, Pracht, & Borenstein, 2017), and neuroscience research has led to a diversity of therapeutic approaches to the treatment of diseases including mood disorders, chronic pain, neurodegeneration, stroke, and addiction. Many of these treatments are pharmacological, with widespread use of drugs including antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication, etc., though non-pharmacological treatments have also been supported by neuroscientific research, including behavioural/lifestyle modification or external brain stimulation. Unfortunately, many of the pharmacological interventions have been successful in only a subset of patients, with individuals often having to try several different treatment paths before finding one that is successful. This may be due to many disorders being commonly diagnosed through somewhat imperfect tests, often including self-report measures. A specific disease, defined by a collection of symptoms, may not be a unitary condition but instead a spectrum of related disorders, which collectively have a diversity of different potential origins and associated cellular and molecular signatures. While symptoms may be similar across individuals, the best route for treatment may be very different. Current research attempts to better define subsets of patients for various diseases, to facilitate more efficient targeting of specific treatment to the individual. Understanding the specific cellular and molecular deficits in an individual may be informative as to which molecules would be the best targets for pharmacological treatment. Public Health: Recreational drugs Outside of drug development for medical purposes, there is a need for still more neuroscience research on recreational drugs. Use of legal means to control the misuse of recreational drugs (i.e., the ‘war on drugs’) has been of limited success, with a growing interest amongst some nations including Canada towards tolerance and education. We are continually exposed to the use in society of drugs that alter brain activity including some drugs that are common and largely accepted (e.g., nicotine, caffeine, alcohol), drugs prescribed to patients but for which dependency develops (e.g., our current opioid crisis), classical illegal drugs that stimulate our reward systems (e.g., cocaine, heroin) or alter consciousness (e.g., amphetamine, MDMA), drugs used to improve performance (e.g., Ritalin and Adderall for exam performance), or drugs that have been weaponized and used widely (including the date-rape drugs GHB or rohypnol). An important part of any strategy to deal with drug use and misuse is to understand the biological effects (both in the short and long terms) of these various drugs, for which additional neuroscience research and outreach to the community is required. Public Health: Mental Illness On a related topic, one of the most compelling (and difficult to measure directly) applications of neuroscience on public health has been the impact of increased understanding of the role of the nervous system in psychiatric and neurological disease. Indeed, over the last 50 years, we have made great strides in our understanding of how key neural circuits and signals are disrupted in several disorders, including (but not limited to) depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and dementias such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease, among others. These advances have led to not only the development of pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of these disorders, but also, crucially, the de-stigmatization of mental health. More specifically, when we educate the public around the role of brain (dys)function underlying psychiatric disorders, it can lead to increased awareness and knowledge, and reduced blame for mental illness (Corrigan & Watson, 2004). Neuroscience and Technology: Neural interface devices In addition to pharmacological interventions, neuroscience research is likely to result in growth in the number, efficacy and complexity of neural interface devices. Devices are being developed that both enhance existing sensory inputs (including replacing deficiencies in inputs) or enhance/replace motor outputs. The range of applications is diverse, from the purely medical, to military, to recreational. Neurobionics, a rapidly advancing subfield of neuroscience, explores bionic therapies for sensory and motor impairments. One example of bionic therapy is for blindness, which affects millions of people worldwide, with a subset of that population suffering from complete retinal degeneration. Among potential treatment options is sensory substitution, wherein an inoperable sensory organ is replaced with an artificial sensor. Most recently, cortical prostheses have taken a leap forward, featuring arrays that are upwards of 192 electrodes in size that are moulded to the occipital lobe of experimental subjects. Miniaturized computers connecting the electrode plates to light-sensing glasses worn by the subject can simulate a small, but promising, degree of vision (Maghbami, Sodagar, Lashay, Riazi-Esfahani, & Riazi-Esfahani, 2014). There are currently several groups of researchers actively engineering and developing visual prosthetics to better the quality of life for those suffering from blindness, Groups such as the Artificial Retina (University of S. California, University of California), The Boston Retinal Implant (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary), C-Sight (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Polystim (University of Montréal), Japanese Consortium for an Artificial Retina (Osaka University), and Optoelectronic Retinal Prosthesis (Stanford University) each demonstrate unique and successful efforts to enhance vision for those impaired. Many of these projects combine an external visual processing source (i.e., a camera attached to the frames of glasses), a processor that breaks down visual images into similar bits of information that the brain uses to construct visual images, and a transducer that turns such bits of information into patterns of activation on the microarray of electrodes which then stimulates the visual cortex. Other prostheses exist that are also integrating neural interfaces, such as prosthetic hands that give amputees a functional hand, or cochlear implants that restore function back to the deaf and hearing-impaired. Neuroscience and the Law The legal and ethical ramifications of current and future research in neuroscience are likely to be diverse, from which a few examples will be introduced. In criminology, identification of structural and/or functional correlates of criminal behaviour will lead to questions of free will and determinism, and debates about the concept of criminal responsibility. Remaining with the judicial system, neuroscientific research of memory has clear implications for reliability and accuracy of witness testimony. Within pharmacology, there is limited and contentious evidence to support the efficacy of current brain-enhancing drugs (termed “nootropics”) such as Ritalin and Adderall, yet such drugs are widely used in college campuses to improve performance. If the efficacy of these, or other drugs, was clearly demonstrated, it may lead to the need for drug testing analogous to that employed in competitive sport, especially in the context of examinations that are viewed as a component of competitive entry to certain career or funding opportunities. The last decade has seen dramatic proliferation of wearable biometric technology. Most of our cell phones are quietly collecting information about our daily activity. Some phones can sense when you are looking directly at the screen. Our watches may be constantly collecting data on our heart rate, while we may be inputting data on our sleep patterns, our meditation routines, and/or our patterns of eating and drinking, to name a few. There are important ongoing conversations around the ownership, privacy and security of these data. The coming decades are likely to see growth of biometric inputs to incorporate limited neural data – data that, as with heart rate, we are often unaware of inputting to our devices. Future Considerations for the Discipline of Neuroscience The discipline of neuroscience has clearly grown and thrived over the last number of decades. Recent announcements of international, federal and local funding opportunities related to neuroscience and brain health suggest that the study of the nervous system and its application to several branches of society will continue to grow. For example, the Human Brain Project, an ongoing initiative from the European Union, was the winner of one of the largest European scientific funding competitions, with an estimated cost of $1.19 billion euros between 2013-2023. Similarly, the White House BRAIN initiative, announced in 2013, saw an initial investment of over $100 million dollars (US) in the development of neurotechnologies. Despite the dramatic advances in our understanding of the nervous system over the last century, we are just starting to make sense of the enormous complexity that underlies the structure and function of the human brain and how it underlies all thought, behaviour and perception. Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2004). At Issue: Stop the stigma: Call mental illness a brain disease. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 477-479. Gooch, C. L., Pracht, E., & Borenstein, A R. (2017). The burden of neurological disease in the United States: A summary report and call to action. Annals of Neurology, 81(4), 479-484. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., Jessell, T. M., Siegelbaum, S. A., & Hudspeth, A. J. (Eds.). (2013). Principles of neural science (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Maghami, M. H., Sodagar, A. M., Lashay, A., Riazi-Esfahani, H., & Riazi-Esfahani, M. (2014). Visual prostheses: The enabling technology to give sight to the blind. Journal of Ophthalmic and Visual Research, 9(4) 494-505. Squire, L., Berg, D., Bloom, F. E., du Lac, S., Ghosh, A., & Spitzer, N. C. (Eds.). (2012). Fundamental neuroscience (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. Latest publications of neurobionics groups Artificial retina Zhou, D. D., Dorn, J. D., & Greenberg, R.J. (2013). The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System: An Overview. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), USA, 1, 1-6. doi: 10.1109/ICMEW.2013.6618428 Boston Implant Kelly, S., Shire, D. B., Chen, J., Gingerich, M. D., Cogan, S. F., Drohan, W. A., … Rizzo, J. F. (2013) Developments on the Boston 256-Channel Retinal Implant. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), USA, 1, 1-6. doi: 10.1109/ICMEW.2013.6618445 Lu, Y., Yan, Y., Chai, X., Ren, Q., Chen, Y., & Li, L. (2013). Electrical stimulation with a penetrating optic nerve electrode array elicits visuotopic cortical responses in cats. Journal of Neural Engineering, 10(3), 036022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/10/3/036022 Optoelectronic Retinal Mathieson, K., Loudin, J., Goetz, G., Huie, P., Wang, L., Kamins, T. I., … Palanker, D. (2012). Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with high pixel density. Nature Photonics, 6(6), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.104 Japanese Consortium Ohta, J., Noda, T., Sasagawa, K., Tokuda, T., Terasawa, Y., Kanda, H., & Fujikado, T. (2013). A CMOS microchip-based retinal prosthetic device for large numbers of stimulation in wide area. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 642–645. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2013.6571924 Mohammadi, H. M., Ghafar‐Zadeh, E., & Sawan, M. (2012). An Image Processing Approach for Blind Mobility Facilitated Through Visual Intracortical Stimulation. Artificial Organs, 36(7), 616–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2011.01421.x Please reference this chapter as: Stead, J., Wiseman, A., & Hellemans, K. (2019). Neuroscience and careers. In M. E. Norris (Ed.), The Canadian Handbook for Careers in Psychological Science. Kingston, ON: eCampus Ontario. Licensed under CC BY NC 4.0. Retrieved from https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/psychologycareers/chapter/neuroscience-and-careers
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Russian 4. > 5. "Я купила хлеб, а потом посмо… "Я купила хлеб, а потом посмотрела фильм." Translation:I bought bread and then watched a movie. November 19, 2015 I was marked off for saying "the film" isntead of "a film" Is this also correct... or how do you know the difference without articles? "and then watched the film" would be "и только потом посмотрел(а) фильм" (and only after that watched the film). By inserting "only" you can shift the focus from the film and thus imply that it is the film mentioned ealier in the conversation Why а and not и? "А потом" indicates the succession of events; in other words, when 'and then' means 'and afterwards', a more preferable Russian translation is "а потом". "И потом" is mostly used to introduce new information, it means "in addition to that", "also", "besides", e.g. Я не хочу ехать, и потом у меня нога болит = I don't want to go; besides, my leg hurts. In certain cases, you don't need 'потом' to translate "and then", e.g. "He may and then may not come" = Он может прийти, а может и не прийти. When it means “and after that”, the phrase “and then” always translates into Russian as «а потом». «И потом» is only used to introduce a new argument; the English equivalent of the phrase is “besides,”. Saying «и потом» instead of «а потом» is a very common mistake made by learners of Russian. Another tip along the same line: never say, «и тоже» for “and also” or “as well as” — always say, «а также». Because the first half of the sentence had to do with shopping, I actually thought the second half might be about shopping for some film (for my camera), so, "... and then I looked for film." Would someone knowlegeable be so kind as to help me out on this? Many thanks. The word фильм refers to moving pictures only. A film for a camera is called плёнка. We also use the word фотоплёнка for a snapshot camera film and киноплёнка for a film in a an old camera for shooting movies. How is потом pronounced? When I place the word in a sentence the voice pronounces it по́том, but when it says a full sentence it says пото́м. Which one is right? When it means “then”/“after that”, потом is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable. When it is the instrumental case of the word пот (sweat), the stress falls on the first syllable. DL’s audio software can not distinguish between homographs, so the stress is often misplaced and there is nothing moderators can do about it. Ok, thank you very much! :) Hearing the male voice narrate all these female sentences really cracks me up. Totally agree; this makes no sense and is confusing Can потом be translated as "afterwards"? This is how I've always known it. I have translated it like: I had bought some bread and then I watched a movie. Is it incorrect? What is the difference between <<тогда> and <<потом>? Тогда means “at that time” or “in that case”, whereas потом means “after that”. Why "посмотрела" and now "смотрела" ? The imperfective verb смотрела means either "was watching" or "have watched more than once". To describe a succession of actions completed in the past we use perfective verbs. So why not покупила? Купить is an exceptional verb: it has no prefix, yet, it is perfective. Its imperfective counterpart is покупать. покупить does not exist. Other common perfective verbs with no prefix in them include решить, решиться, родить, родиться, дать, даться, деть, деться, стать. Their imperfective counterparts are решать, решаться, рожать, рождаться, давать, даваться, девать, деваться and становиться, respectively. The perfective verb статься has no imperfective pair and is only used in the phrase «может статься» (= it may so happen that). The aspect of женить, жениться and ранить can be determined only from the context. I'm not sure which version of this question you got, but it's посмотрела here because it has already happened, hence perfective aspect. "I bought the bread" (instead of "some bread" or just "bread") was not accepted. Why? Report it. It should be accepted, because, strictly speaking, this meaning is possible, although less likely than "I bought some bread". Lots of Russian natives actually say "купить хлеб" when "купить хлеба" is meant - nobody cares. It's like saying 'a couple times' instead of 'a couple of times'. Спасибо. I'll report it. That can happen if you have shopping centers with both supermarkets and cinemas. The bread must have been awful, if it the film is seen по́том. The text-to-speech conversion software used by DL is not artificial intelligence and its capacity to analyze context is very limited. As a result, in any pair of homographs it picks one word randomly; the choice is often wrong, and there is nothing DL can do about it. Good point to introduce воздушная кукуруза This is not female voice... How 《посмотела》and 《κупила》 ? Хлеб sounded like феб to me. Still does. Am i the only one? In the lesson, with the female voice it sounded like Феб. Still does. But here with make voice clearly хлеб. Oh well, too late ! In the lesson, with the female voice it sounded like Феб. Still does. But here with male voice clearly хлеб. Oh well, too late ! Learn Russian in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
Is this economy in recession or expansion? Explain. Problem set 2 (chapters 7 & 8) 1) A country with a civilian population of 120,000 (all over age 16) has 100,000 employed and 12,000 unemployed persons. Of the unemployed, 7,000 are frictionally unemployed and another 2,000 are structurally unemployed. On the basis of this data, answer the following questions: (show your work for credit) a. what is the size of the labor force? b. What is the unemployment rate? c. What is the natural rate of unemployment for this country? d. Is this economy in recession or expansion? Explain. 2) Visit and search through the tables on unemployment to answer the following questions a. What is the current national unemployment rate for the United States? b. What is the current national unemployment rate for teenagers? c. What is the current unemployment rate for adult women? 3) Consider a country with 200 million residents, a labor force of 170 million, and 10 million unemployed. Answer the following questions: (show your work for credit) a. What is the labor force participation rate? b. What is the unemployment rate? c. If 3 million of the unemployed become discouraged and stop looking for work, what is the new unemployment rate? 4) In 1991, the Barenaked Ladies released their hit song “if I had a Million Dollars.” How much money would the group need in 2017 to have the same amount of real purchasing power that they did in 1991? Note that the consumer price index in 1991 was 136.2 and in 2017 it was 244. Show your work for credit. 5) While rooting through the attic you discover a box of old tax forms. You find that your grandmother made $75 working part-time during December 1964 when the CPI was 31.3. How much would you need to have earned in in July of 2018 to have at least as much real income as your grandmother did in 1964? The CPI for July 2018 was 252.006. Show your work for credit. Calculate the price of your order 550 words Total price: The price is based on these factors: Academic level Number of pages Basic features • Free title page and bibliography • Unlimited revisions • Plagiarism-free guarantee • Money-back guarantee • 24/7 support On-demand options • Writer’s samples • Part-by-part delivery • Overnight delivery • Copies of used sources • Expert Proofreading Paper format • 275 words per page • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman • Double line spacing Benefits of our college essay writing service • 80+ disciplines • 4-hour deadlines • Free revision • 24/7 support Contact us anytime if you need help with your essay • Custom formatting • Plagiarism check Get a paper that’s fully original and checked for plagiarism What the numbers say? • 527 writers active • 9.5 out of 10 current average quality score • 98.40% of orders delivered on time
It's the end of coal, UK tells climate summit 77 countries have pledged to phase out coal - the dirtiest of the fossil fuels driving climate change. The announcement was made at the COP26 U.N. conference by host Britain on Thursday (November 4). The signatories have vowed to phase out coal-fueled power generation - which makes up more than 35% of the world's power. They will also stop building new plants. COP26 president Alok Sharma: "Today I think we can say that the end of coal is in sight. The progress we've seen over the last two years would have seemed like a lofty ambition when we took on the COP presidency back in 2019. Who would have thought back then that today we are able to say that we are choking off international coal financing." Twenty countries also pledged on Thursday to stop public financing for fossil fuel projects abroad by the end of next year. Instead, the United States, Canada and 18 others will invest in clean energy. Campaigners called the commitment a 'historic step'. The deal covers coal, oil and gas projects which burn fossil fuels without using technology to capture CO2 emissions. One drawback, though, was that it did not include major Asian countries responsible for most financing abroad. China, Japan and South Korea are the biggest backers of foreign fossil fuel projects in the G20. But those countries have committed to stop overseas funding for coal - a pledge made by all G20 nations. The International Energy Agency has said ending investments in oil, coal or gas supply projects is needed for the world to reach net-zero global emissions by 2050. Scientists say achieving that is crucial for keeping the average global temperature from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius beyond preindustrial levels.
'Missing link' pterosaur found in China New type of flying reptile discovered This is a drawing of Darwinopterus hunting a small feathered dinosaur (Anchiornis). Credit: Mark Witton, University of Portsmouth (PhysOrg.com) -- An international group of researchers from the University of Leicester (UK), and the Geological Institute, Beijing (China) have identified a new type of flying reptile - providing the first clear evidence of an unusual and controversial type of evolution. Pterosaurs, flying reptiles, also known as pterodactyls, dominated the skies in the Mesozoic Era, the age of dinosaurs, 220-65 million years ago. Scientists have long recognized two different groups of : primitive long-tailed forms and their descendants, advanced short-tailed pterosaurs some of which reached gigantic size. These groups are separated by a large evolutionary gap, identified in Darwin's time, that looked as if it would never be filled - until now. Details of a new pterosaur, published today in the : Biological Sciences fits exactly in the middle of that gap. Christened Darwinopterus, meaning Darwin's wing, the name of the new pterosaur honours the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the origin of species. New type of flying reptile discovered This is the skull of Darwinopterus (skull 185 mm long). Credit: Lü Junchang More than 20 skeletons of Darwinopterus, some of them complete, were found earlier this year in north-east in rocks dated at around 160 million years old. This is close to the boundary between the Middle and Late Jurassic and at least 10 million years older than the first bird, . The long jaws, rows of sharp-pointed teeth and rather flexible neck of this crow-sized pterosaur suggest that it might have been hawk-like, catching and killing other contemporary flying creatures. These included various pterosaurs, tiny gliding mammals and small, pigeon-sized, meat-eating dinosaurs that, aided by their feathered arms and legs had recently taken to the air, and would later evolve into birds. "Darwinopterus came as quite a shock to us" explained David Unwin part of the research team and based at the University of Leicester's School of Museum Studies. "We had always expected a gap-filler with typically intermediate features such as a moderately elongate tail - neither long nor short - but the strange thing about Darwinopterus is that it has a head and neck just like that of advanced pterosaurs, while the rest of the skeleton, including a very long tail, is identical to that of primitive forms". New type of flying reptile discovered This is the fossil skeleton of Darwinopterus (skull 185 mm long). Credit: Lü Junchang The research team warns that much more work is needed to substantiate this idea of modular evolution but, if it proves to be true, then it might help explain not just how primitive pterosaurs evolved into more advanced forms, but many other cases among animals and plants where we know that rapid large scale evolution must have taken place. The extraordinary evolutionary radiation of mammals following the extinction of dinosaurs is just one of many examples. 'Missing link' pterosaur found in China Evolution in action. Primitive long-tailed pterosaur (top), advanced, short-tailed pterosaur (bottom). Darwinopterus (middle) exhibits features of primitive pterosaurs such as the body (monochrome) and tail (blue) and advanced pterosaurs including the skull (red) and neck (yellow). Arrow denotes direction of evolution. Picture credit: Dave Unwin Said Dr Unwin: "Frustratingly, these events, which are responsible for much of the variety of life that we see all around us, are only rarely recorded by fossils. Darwin was acutely aware of this, as he noted in the Origin of species, and hoped that one day fossils would help to fill these gaps. Darwinopterus is a small but important step in that direction." Source: University of Leicester (news : web) Explore further Air-filled bones helped prehistoric reptiles take first flight Citation: 'Missing link' pterosaur found in China (2009, October 13) retrieved 4 December 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2009-10-link-pterosaur-china.html Feedback to editors
Why should I learn and understand more about making predictions? Why is it important to develop skills in predicting? This skill is worth nurturing from an early age because it develops thinking skills in general. In science, it helps learners to reflect on what has happened in practical work when they check their conclusions against their prediction. … With younger learners, a prediction may seem little more than a ‘guess’. What is the importance of predicting a situation as a student? Predicting is an important part of any inquiry. Predicting supports the development of critical thinking skills by requiring students to draw upon their prior knowledge and experiences as well as observations to anticipate what might happen. Why is making predictions important in science? Predictions provide a reference point for the scientist. If predictions are confirmed, the scientist has supported the hypothesis. If the predictions are not supported, the hypothesis is falsified. Either way, the scientist has increased knowledge of the process being studied. Why is making predictions important for children? Predicting is an essential thought process, an intellectual tool, that we need to make sense of the world around us. … Being able to predict aids children’s learning across the curriculum. It enables them to make comparisons and build on their understanding of pattern and cause and effect. IT IS IMPORTANT: Do you put predicted grades on UCAS? Why is it important to make predictions while reading? Teacher script: Making predictions is important because it helps us check our understanding of important information while we read. To help us make a prediction, we can use clues, or text evidence, to figure out more about story parts. How do you make predictions? When making predictions, students envision what will come next in the text, based on their prior knowledge. Predicting encourages children to actively think ahead and ask questions. It also allows students to understand the story better, make connections to what they are reading, and interact with the text. What are examples of prediction? How do you test predictions? 1. Collect data using your senses, remember you use your senses to make observations. 2. Search for patterns of behavior and or characteristics. 3. Develop statements about you think future observations will be. 4. Test the prediction and observe what happens. What is the meaning of making predictions? to make predictions: to predict, to forecast, to guess something about the future.
Treatment Guideline Chart Osteomyelitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the bone due to an infection resulting from hematogenous spread, contiguous spread from soft tissues and joints to bone, or direct inoculation into bone from surgery or trauma. The infection is generally due to a single microorganism but polymicrobial infections may also occur. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of infection. Signs and symptoms include fever; inflammatory findings of erythema, warmth, pain and swelling over the involved area; draining sinus tracts over affected bone; limited movement of affected extremity; pain in the chest, back, abdomen or leg, and tenderness over involved vertebrae in patients with vertebral osteomyelitis; anorexia, vomiting and malaise. Osteomyelitis News Editor's Recommendations Special Reports
In this discussion of Clinical Assessment (Part A) will require you to choose one of the clinical contexts discussed in chapter 2 reading (READING ATTACHED) and develop a fictional client who is being assessed under the context that you have chosen as well as one or two specific assessments that can be administered. Different contexts discussed in the readings include the psychiatric setting, the general medical setting, the legal context, the educational context, and the psychological clinic. Please be sure to discuss ethical concerns as it pertains to the client within the context that you choose. Your discussion on the Assessment Interview (Part B) will require you to discuss the rationale for the clinical interview and the methods, strengths and limitations of several types of assessment interviews (i.e. structured, unstructured, etc.). (See ATTACHED READING) Why is a clinical interview necessary as an initial component to the assessment process? How does the interview contribute to the assessment process? Be sure to discuss ethical considerations related to the clinical interview. Answer should be a minimum of 400 words and should address each aspect of the discussion questions A and B adequately. Order Now Just Browsing Free Revisions Plagiarism Free 24x7 Support
It's been 100 years since women gained the right to vote. What will it take to reach women's equality in America? (CNN)The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in August 1920, granting women of America the legal right to vote. It would take decades more before all women were able to exercise that right. One hundred years later, how far have we come? Women and girls of America, we'd like to hear from you.
< Back Entrepreneurship 101 Cutting Wood This content will teach you the basics of entrepreneurship. You’ll consider if entrepreneurship is right for you and learn the basic steps of creating your own business. At the end of the content, you’ll have a solid foundation to start your entrepreneurial journey. Identify the traits of an entrepreneur and assess their entrepreneurial capabilities Outline and evaluate a business idea Develop a product idea Identify their target market and customers Develop a value proposition Understand different types of business ownership and structures Evaluate franchising and business purchasing opportunities Create financial projections for their business Identify where to find business funding Create a product development plan, marketing plan, and sales strategy Identify ways to protect their intellectual property Describe effective ways to brand their product Choose the right location for their business Launch and grow their business Demonstrate the behaviours of an entrepreneurial leader Find appropriate resources to help them on their journey
Mr. Williams Welcome to STEM at James Madison High School! • Principles of Technology is a course where students will conduct laboratory and field investigations, use scientific practices, and make informed decisions using critical thinking and scientific problem-solving. Engineering Mathematics is a course where students solve and analyze problems using a variety of mathematical methods and models that represent a range of real-world engineering applications. Principles of Applied Engineering (formerly Concepts of Engineering) will introduce students to basic engineering concepts and allow them to explore a variety of engineering disciplines.
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Module aims This module will introduce you to the fundamental concepts of normal tissue development and how researchers have used this information to imitate nature in a lab setting, engineering cells and tissues that may be used to model diseases, treat disease, or develop drugs. Topics that you have the opportunity to discuss include: Societal challenges for tissue engineering Cell building blocks Normal tissue development and regeneration Adult stem cells -Induced pluripotent stem cells Challenges in imitating nature Cell and tissue therapy Gene therapy Drug development Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this module you will be able to: • Explain the pillars and principles of tissue engineering • Define cell building blocks, and be able to explain how these building blocks are composed and can be changed to make cells with different functions • Explain why different cell types are required in different tissues. • Describe common stem cell techniques such as those for generating induced pluripotent stem cells and for stem cell differentiation and how these protocols were developed (imitating nature). • Discuss where gene therapy and cell and tissue therapy are beneficial and any ethical implications of these therapies. • Describe how tissue engineering can be beneficial in drug development. • Propose tissue engineering solutions for different diseases. • Design experimental protocols for processing of tissue samples, including the screening of a blood samples or tissue biopsies for a defined range of diseases. Module syllabus Cell building blocks: How do cells take a DNA code to make proteins? Amino acid structure and charge. INDELS and SNPS and their impact on protein structures. Cells: Molecules that organise cell structure. Intermediate filaments, adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix. Tissue development: Complexity of tissues. Challenges in imitating nature. Hox codes and positional identity. Stem cells: Adult stem cells and their niche. Embryonic stem cells and development. Reprogramming; Induced pluripotent stem cells and cloning. Ethical and scientific obstacles. Tissue engineering: Directed differentiation, transdifferentiation, reporters, imaging techniques, 3D printing. In vitro differentiation-examples include neuronal and heart tissue. In vivo organ regeneration. Organs on a chip. Cell and gene therapies: Fibroblast and bone marrow therapy. Role of the immune system and implications for transplantation. Revertant mosacism, and gene correction. Drug development. Drug delivery challenges. Routes of drug delivery. IPSC and drug discovery. BE1-HCMP Molecules, cells and processes BE1-HMS1 Medical Science 1 BE2-HMS2 Medical Science 2 Teaching methods Lectures: 18 hours Tutorials: 10 hours ● Written exam: Main exam; 60% weighting Rubrics: 1 hour, 5 Qs No type of previous exam answers or solutions will be available ● Poster: Poster Coursework; 40% weighting
Tying is the anti-competitive practice of requiring de facto or de jure the customer to purchase a certain package of goods together. It is implied in this that one or more components of the package are sold individually by other businesses as their primary product, and thereby this packaging would hurt their business. It is also implied that the company doing this packaging has a significantly large market share so that it would hurt the other companies who sell only single components. Horizontal tying is the practice of requiring customers to pay for an unrelated product or service together with the desired one. For example all Acme woodburners come with Acme iceskates. Vertical tying is the practice of requiring customers to purchase related products or services from the same company. For example, an Acme automobile only runs on Acme gas and can only be serviced by Acme dealers. Tying need not be done by a single company; companies can conspire to enage in this practice. See also:
Risk-On or Risk-Off Risk-on and Risk-off is an investment concept that refers to the actions taken by investors as the result of changes in investors’ risk tolerance levels. In risk-on situations, investors will take a higher degree of risks by bidding up prices higher. In risk-off scenarios, investors are more risk-averse and will sell, sending prices lower. Investors’ appetites for risk tend to rise and fall over time. Individual investors are more willing to take on more market risks by buying higher-risk assets when confident about the economy and optimistic about their financial situation than when they lack confidence. Changing market sentiments occur with fluctuations in corporate earnings, economic data, central bank monetary policies and statements, speculative behavior, and other fundamental and technical factors. Not all assets and securities carry the same degree of risk. Investors will often switch between different asset classes depending on their perceived risk in the marketplace. Within asset classes, stocks are generally considered the riskiest class of assets. Stocks are at higher risk than bonds, and in turn, bonds are at higher risk than cash. A market environment where stocks are outperforming bonds is a reflection of a risk-on market. On the other hand, when bonds or gold outperform stocks, the environment is a risk-off market. Even within the same asset class and sectors, there are various degrees of risk. For instance, in the fixed income market, US Treasury bonds (BND) and Investment Grade corporates (LQD) are perceived to be safer than High Yield Junk bonds (JNK and HYG). In stocks, high beta (SPHB) or momentum (MTUM) are riskier than low-volatility (SPLV) or quality (QUAL). Within commodities, Gold (GLD) is considered a defensive and risk-off commodity that relatively outperforms its peers during market uncertainties. Cooper (JJC), on the other hand, is a risk-on commodity that performs well during periods of economic stability and growth. Although S&P 500 sectors are considered liquid and safe investments, they also are subject to differing risk-on/risk-off classifications. For example, classic risk-on sectors include Technology (XLK), Communications (XLC), and Consumer Discretionary (XLY). Defensive and risk-off sectors are Utilities (XLU), Healthcare (XLV), and Consumer Staples (XLP). Within different market capitalization levels, investors tend to favor different classifications based on their perceived level of risk-taking. For example, Large-caps (SPX) are more stable, liquid, and of higher quality than small-caps (SML), mid-caps (MDY), and micro-caps (IWC). International stocks offer a varying degree of market and currency risks. Emerging equity markets (EEM) tend to be more volatile and riskier than developed equity markets (EFA). Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin (BTCUSD) and Ethereum (ETHUSD) have become popular crypto investments, increasing risk exposure for individual investors. Bitcoin may compete with the US dollar (USD) as a counter-cyclical protective currency hedge. However, retail investors appear to be buying cryptocurrencies as a risk-on and high-growth investment rather than as a hedge against a weaker US dollar. Ahead of the Fed policy meeting, this Wednesday one would expect investors to be nervous and cautious. You would not know from the recent Relative Rotation Graph (RRG) for the eight weeks ending November 1, 2021. The RRG study shows a decisive tilt in favor of risk-on assets. Most of the risk-on assets (i.e., Bitcoin, Consumer Discretionary, momentum, high beta, etc.) are firmly situated in the Leading and Improving Quadrants. On the opposite side of the risk spectrum, most of the risk-off assets (i.e., Low volatility, Consumer Staples, Utilities, investment-grade corporates, etc.) continue to struggle within the Weakening and Lagging Quadrants. If the market is indeed transitioning into the melt-up phase, then the above relative rotations further support the basis for continued risk-taking, at least into the end of the year and early-2022. Source: Charts courtesy of StockCharts.com Source: Charts courtesy of StockCharts.com Source: Charts courtesy of StockCharts.com Source: Charts courtesy of StockCharts.com Source: Charts courtesy of StockCharts.com Source: Charts courtesy of StockCharts.com 47 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
And his mommy-deer, and daddy-deer, and a lot of his siblings and friends too. When you think about it, Rudolph was born in 1939, and the average lifespan of a reindeer is 12 to 15 years, so by now, he would have been dead for a long time anyway. Some of you might be a bit confused by now, maybe you thought reindeer weren’t real. Like unicorns and leprechauns, which sound similar, but don’t really have that much in common. Except their regional origins. Leprechauns are from Ireland and unicorns are Scotland’s national animals. And last I checked, Ireland and Scotland were pretty close to each other, geographically. Reindeer are in fact real, but they can’t fly sadly. If they could, it might just break the laws of physics, but it would be fun, riding our flying reindeer into battle. And even though they are magical, since all animals have a little magic in them, and very Finnish, the reindeer is not Finland’s national animal. That would be the brown bear. And apparently, we also get a national fish, a national bird, and a national insect too. And a national tree, a national flower, and a national rock. A little greedy on the national symbols for a nation this small… Photo by Marcus Löfvenberg, cover photo by Joe Green. Back to the eating! A traditional Finnish dish is Poronkäristys, sautéed reindeer in english, which makes it sound so much fancier than it is. It’s thinly sliced reindeer meat, frozen because it’s easier to slice, fried in fat. Served with mashed potatoes and lingonberry preserves. Another traditional Finnish way to eat reindeer is jerky it. Like beef jerky, but better, since it’s reindeer and organic and Finnish. “Why would you eat such a magical animal?” Because protein. Why would people in other cultures eat spiders and snails and horses? And cows and dogs and bunnies? Because at some point it was decided by the early humans that eating other animals was a good idea. And now animal protein is a big part of our diet. For Finns eating a reindeer is no different than eating a cow for you. Except, that reindeer survive the Finnish winters a lot better than cows, at least outside. You don’t have to build a house for reindeer for the colder months. Reindeer happen to be native animals in Finland, as other animals used for food are mostly imported. Like bees. No wild bees in Finland. And no we don’t eat bees, but we eat their honey. And we are trying to learn how to eat crickets in Finland too, to save the planet earth. Hashtag globalwarmingisreal. Finnish people, especially the Sámi people of Lapland, have a long history with reindeer. The connection is thousands of years old, and there are archaeological sources, such as hunting pits, stone carvings and settlement excavations that tell us this. First it was hunting, then domestication and herding. Reindeer were used to travel long distances. Now we have snowmobiles, but the long distances still remain. Reindeer pelts are used to keep us warm, and the antlers and hooves are still sold for decorations, souvenirs and for folk medicine and magic. Ground antlers have been used to treat impotence for a long time. Anything to help us make more Finns. Photo by Vidar Nordli-Mathisen. — Editors The writer of this story is a member of the Mom of Finland community. Current category: Check out other categories: Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
nanomaterials, batteries, greentech Nanom creates nano-enhanced materials that can be integrated into the battery technologies of tomorrow. Nanotechnology can greatly increase the size and surface of battery electrodes by creating more efficient energy storage through material innovation. Structures can also be enhanced or even become the battery itself.
The military takeover of Myanmar early in the morning of Feb. 1 reversed the country’s slow climb toward democracy after five decades of army rule. But Myanmar’s citizens were not shy about demanding their democracy be restored. They poured into the streets of cities and towns, carrying banners calling for the release of civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi, whose party they reelected to office by a landslide last November. The turnouts were enormous, and the country’s military rulers felt threatened. With a partial understanding of the situation, they tried to block social media platforms, which they knew could be used for organizing protests. But their more technologically adept opponents devised workarounds and activated word-of-mouth networks. The vast marches and demonstrations continued. Gatherings were declared illegal, curfews imposed, the media muzzled, internet access limited even more. Still the protests went on. The security forces turned more forceful, but demonstrators remained defiant. Terror and lethal force was unleashed on them, with the predictably tragic results. Hundreds of protesters and bystanders have been killed, including dozens of children. In the 100 days since its takeover, the military has failed to secure its position and faces battles on more fronts, as armed ethnic minority groups seeking more autonomy join their struggle to that of the democracy activists. The street protests are fewer and much smaller now. Enraged citizens have taken up active self-defense, countering violence with violence. In the cities, small bombings with homemade devices have become a daily occurrence, while hundreds, perhaps thousands, of activists have fled to join the ethnic guerrillas in the jungles along the borders, seeking safety as well as military training to continue the fight.
stars above the mountains with tent highlighted by lamp and trees on background Want better sleep? Head for the hills. The Guardian has an opinion piece about a new study by US scientists that indicates that camping can dramatically improve your sleep. The secret isn’t S’Mores or mosquitos, but the direct exposure to the environment that will reset your body’s natural internal clock. Human physiology naturally responds to the rising and setting of the sun, and artificial light can interfere with this process. Not so in the great outdoors, where it’s just the sun and the moon. Plus, since cellular network and Wi-Fi signals are hard to come by out in nature, you won’t have the distraction of your mobile device to keep you up past the time when your body is naturally telling you to go to sleep. And, there’s more: But it’s not just getting more natural light that makes being outdoors beneficial. The biophilia hypothesis suggests humans have an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life. It’s believed that the deep affiliations we have with other life forms and nature as a whole are in our biology. The full piece is worth a read. More from Sleep Central Sleep and Sound Sensitivity for Furry Friends If Your Partner Snores… Mother trying to put her baby to sleep Worn Out? Here Are a Few Tips for Baby to Sleep Sound Want to be in the know? Join our VIP list. *We never sell or share your information. Don't just take our word for it. Sleeping Pills Addiction and Treatment How White Noise Helps You Sleep Sleep hygiene: 8 ways to train your brain for better sleep Study Reveals A Surprising New Natural Painkiller
Follow Us: Catastrophic space junk could destroy satellites IANS \| Melbourne \| An estimated 170 million pieces of space junk may put satellites such as the International Space Station at the risk of being destroyed, which could have disastrous consequences for the world economy, scientists warned on Wednesday. Accumulating debris from old rockets and defunct satellites orbit the Earth at very high speeds, and may soon render the upper reaches of the atmosphere unusable, according to experts. Over 3,000 active satellites currently in orbit are essential for everything from observing the effects of climate change to monitoring for defence purposes. The satellites in orbit at any given time are worth over AUD 700 billion, and generate about AUD 2 trillion in business every year. Any damage to them could have disastrous consequences, for our economies and our lives. "There is so much debris that it is colliding with itself, and creating more debris. A catastrophic avalanche of collisions which could quickly destroy all orbiting satellites is now possible," said Ben Greene, CEO of Space Environment Research Centre in Australia. Only 22,000 of the estimated 170 million pieces of space debris in orbit are currently being tracked. Researchers from across the globe met at a conference in Canberra, Australia to tackle the threat and develop a model to manage space traffic, 'ABC News' reported The threat is growing as it has become easier for companies to launch objects into orbit, said Moribah Jah, from the University of Texas in the US. Without action, a catastrophic collision is inevitable, Jah said.
Christmas in Namibia Namibia is in the Southern Hemisphere, so Christmas takes place during one of the hottest parts of the year. However, many Christmas traditions in Namibia come from Germany as it was a German colony between 1884 and 1915. Christmas celebration start with Advent an advent crown is used in many churches and some homes (although as it's so hot often electric candles are used as wax ones can melt in the heat). On St Nicholas' Day, 6th December, some children will hope for a visit from St Nicholas and there might be a St Nicholas party at schools. This is often the time that Christmas lights are switched on in the big towns and cities. As well as 'traditional' Christmas light decorations like snowmen and candles, you might also see Namibian animals like elephants! Having a Christmas Tree is also popular. Some German speaking Namibians like to import pine trees from South Africa. But often a branch of a thorn tree is used instead. The tree is normally put up and decorated on Christmas Eve. The main Christmas meal is also eaten on Christmas Eve. German style Christmas cookies, often made from gingerbread or marzipan, are popular to have with the meal. Following the Christmas Eve meal, it's common for people to go to a Midnight Mass service. People from the parts of northern Namibia where the Oshiwambo language believe that Christmas is all about sharing. Their Christmas meals are often braais (barbecues) which are shared among family, friends and the local community. People often travel back to their home villages from the cities to spend Christmas with their families. Having weddings at this time is also now becoming popular. Other people head to the coast of Namibia where it's a bit cooler - and you might even build a 'sandman' rather than a 'snowman'!. In Namibia, three of the main languages spoken are English, German and Afrikaans. So you can say 'Merry Christmas', 'Frohe Weihnachten' and 'Geseënde Kersfees'. Happy/Merry Christmas in lots more languages.
Why our Arm Hurt (Sore Arm) after getting the COVID-19 Vaccine Shot? Explanation Sore Arm after inoculation Covid-19 Vaccine Sore Arm after inoculation Covid-19 Vaccine: One of the most common side effects reported after receiving the COVID-19 vaccination injection in 18+ years or 45+ years people is a painful arm. People have posted their ordeals on social media to share their experiences with others. Some people have discomfort that lasts more than a day. Some people require therapy to alleviate the pain, such as cold compresses and simple arm exercises. Why does the COVID-19 vaccination cause arm pain? A painful arm following the COVID-19 vaccine, according to medical professionals, is an indication that your body is behaving normally. Your immunity is functioning normally and intact. Some COVID-19 vaccine side effects have been reported in inoculation recipients all around the world. A side-effect simply implies that your immune system is working as it should. They can cause discomfort in our everyday activities but these symptoms are harmless and will go away on their own. The most frequent side effects of the COVID-19 inoculation include soreness, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was administered and some may have headaches, tiredness, muscle discomfort, fever, chills, and nausea. Some people report that the second injection causes more side effects than the first. But this is very normal and harmless. Inflammation is one of the immune system's earliest reactions to infection. Inflammation symptoms include redness, swelling, heat, and discomfort, which are produced by increased blood flow into tissue. Eicosanoids and cytokines, which are secreted by damaged or infected cells, cause inflammation. Prostaglandins, which cause fever and blood vessel dilatation in response to inflammation, and leukotrienes, which attract certain white blood cells, are examples of eicosanoids (leukocytes). What makes to causes the sore arm? COVID-19 vaccinations are administered intramuscularly. This implies that it is injected straight into the arm muscle. In general, the deltoid muscle is the major muscle that helps the shoulder's range of motion. The vaccination causes inflammation at the site of administration. This indicates that your immunity is being triggered. Our bodies fight infections in some ways. Our immune system attempts to destroy bacteria, viruses, and dead cells. It generates antibodies, which subsequently target the debris left over after the breakdown. Virus fragments left behind by macrophages Our immune system also fights infected cells in our bodies. Vaccines work by “tricking the immune system.” Our body believes there is an actual infection that must be removed as soon as possible. The pain in the arm is explained by experts using the example of a battlefield. The arm is the scene of a full-fledged battle between our white blood cells and the vaccine's immune-stimulating components. How long will sore arm last? It may take few days for your body's reaction to the jab to go away. This is why some people may feel arm pain for a short period of time. It can be compared to the discomfort felt when twisting a knee or ankle. Muscle soreness might take many days to go away. Keep your arm moving to increase blood flow to the region, which aids in the reduction of pain. You might use a cold compress to relieve the discomfort. You may have some pain with your sleeping position for a day or two. But keep in mind that discomfort in the arm is a positive indication, and the discomfort will ultimately go away. Source: DNA Learn More: Health News Post a Comment Previous Post Next Post
What is the K factor in auto transformer? What is transformer K factor? K factor is defined as a ratio between the additional losses due to harmonics and the eddy current losses at 60Hz. It is used to specify transformers for non-linear loads. Transformers with a rated K factor of 4, 9, 13, 20 are available. … That is the trade-off to be able to handle higher harmonic factors. What is K factor in power system? K-Factor determines the total harmonic current which a transformer can withstand without going beyond its specified temperature threshold limits. Under normal circumstances the value of K-Factor ranges from 1-50. It is the load that determines the K-Factor of the specific transformer. What is K-rated? K-rated transformers are manufactured with heavier gauge copper and a double sized neutral conductor and have higher magnetic to resistive properties than a standard transformer which enables them to handle the heat generated by harmonic currents. What is the use of auto transformer? Autotransformers serve the purpose buck and boost transformer as it functions to increase or decrease the supply voltage by a minimum amount. These are the excellent replacements for full transformers in case the voltage ratio is fairly small lower than four in between the primary and secondary. What is the formula for K transformation ratio? Detailed Solution. Transformation ratio of transformer is given by K = V2/V1 = E2/E1 = N2/N1. THIS IS IMPORTANT: How does workers compensation work for federal employees?
About Seesaw Sign Up Teachers, save “Junior Achievement: Our City - Session 3…” to assign it to your class. Andy Leiser Student Instructions Junior Achievement: Our City - Session 3: How Do I Become an Entrepreneur add Tap add to begin this Activity pages 1: Topic pages 2: Video 1 pages 3: Video 2 pages 4: Fill in the Blank and Explain voice move mic arrow Listen to the definitions for each set of boxes. Move the white letters in the grey circle to unscramble the word. Tap the mic and move the pictures onto the tv to explain what they mean to you. Green check to end recording. pages 5: Revealing Money move mic Use the move tool to drag the white square around the black areas. Locate all the invisible money. When you find the visible money, leave the box and tap the mic. Record an explanation about how you know this is visible money. pages 6: What's Going On Here?! audio move pen Write a check to someone in your family. Listen to the audio for each section. Double-tap the areas of the check to write the information. Use the pen to sign it at the bottom. pages 7: Goods and Services Sort move mic Drag out all the hidden goods and services from the black rectangle. Sort them by their type (good or service) Tap the mic to explain how you know what makes a service a service. check check to turn it in or draft to finish it later 3rd Grade, 2nd Grade, 4th Grade, Social Studies 3 teachers like this Students will edit this template: Teacher Notes (not visible to students) Resources: https://sites.google.com/view/jaum-k-5-self-guided-curriculu/ja-our-city
Referenced from lesson Player Animation Directions: The player moves up and down by 20 pixels each time. Write a function called update-player, which takes in the player’s y-coordinate and the name of the key pressed ("up" or "down"), and returns the new y-coordinate. Contract and Purpose Statement Every contract has three parts… ; _____________:______________->______ ; _______________________________________________________________________ Write some examples, then circle and label what changes… (EXAMPLE (_____________ _________)___________) (EXAMPLE (_____________ _________)___________) (EXAMPLE (_____________ ___________)___________) (EXAMPLE (_____________ ___________)___________) Write the definition, giving variable names to all your input values… (define (_____________ ______) _____[___________________ _________] _____[_____________________ _________] _____[____ __]

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