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What Is a Valid Argument? What Is a Valid Argument? You must post to this discussion on at least four separate days of the week, and your posts must total at least 400 words as you address the questions. Your first post must be completed by Day 3 (Thursday) and the remainder of your posts must be completed by Day 7 (Monday). You must answer all aspects of the prompt at some point during the week. Also, reply to your classmates and instructor. Attempt to take the conversation further by examining their claims or arguments in more depth or responding to the posts that they make to you. Keep the discussion on target, and analyze things in as much detail as you can. The topic of this week is deductive reasoning. Accordingly, in this discussion your task is to create a deductively valid argument for your position (the same position that you defended in the Week One discussion). Prepare Icon Prepare: To prepare to respond to this prompt, make sure to read carefully over Chapter 3 and the required portions of Chapter 4. View the deLaplante (2013) video as well as the other required media for the week. For more guidance about how to construct a valid argument for a controversial position, review the Constructing a Valid Argument video and the document How to Construct a Valid Main Argument. Based on the sources, create a deductively valid argument for the position you defended in the Week One discussion. Reflect Icon Reflect: To make your argument deductively valid, you will need to make sure that there is no possible way that your premises could be true and your conclusion false. Your premises must lead logically to the truth of your conclusion. Make sure that your argument is sound, that is in addition to being valid, make sure that the premises are true as far as you can tell. If your argument is invalid or if it has a false premise, revise it until you get an argument that you can stand behind. Write Icon Write: Identify the components and structure of your argument by presenting your deductively valid argument in standard form, and explain how your conclusion follows from your premises. Discuss Icon Guided Response: Read the arguments presented by your classmates, and analyze the reasoning that they have presented. In particular, if you believe that their argument is invalid, explain a way in which it would be possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. If you believe that their argument has a false premise, explain why a reasonable person might take it to be false. Finally, see if you can help them to improve their argument. How can they alter their premises so that all of them are true? What might they change in order to make their argument valid? this is an example of part of it. Constructing an Argument Tyler Kuthe Email this Author 9/15/2015 6:40:40 PM Capital Punishment P1: Under the current Capital Punishment Laws, the crimes that would have to be committed are worthy of death penalty and death row. P2: Most criminals are repeat offenders and cannot be rehabilitated P3: Death row inmates stay on death row for a lengthy amount of time and it is expensive Conclusion: Therefore, capital punishment should be permissible For my first premise I want to expand on the current law that the United States has for which crimes could result in capital punishment and how many states allow capital punishment. Crimes such as murder and murder is listed in many different ways: first-degree murder, murder of a foreign official, murder for hire, murder during a kidnapping, hostage, carjacking, air craft hijacking and involving torture are only a few of the crimes (Death Penalty Information Center, 2015). These crimes are not only horrible, but they all involve violent behavior that should not be allowed on our streets. For my second premise I want to show the actual numbers of repeat offenders and how many are re-rehabilitated. According to the Bureau of Justice 2002 there were 2.3 million people incarcerated both in jails and in prisons. Within 3 years of the offenders release 67% end up back in the system. (United States Department of Justice, 2015) For the third premise I want to look at the cost that tax payers spend to keep death row inmates incarcerated until their execution date. The average death row inmate stays on death row for an average of 10 years (Death Penalty Information Center, 2015). In California in 2008-2009 the average annual cost for an incarcerated inmate is $47,102. (Legislative Analyst’s Office, 2008-09). The conclusion helps tie in my premises by making the connection between Capital Punishment and why it should be allowed. This is because the crimes that are being committed that result in death penalty are deserving, most criminals are repeat offenders and it costs a lot of tax dollars to keep prisoners housed, clothed, fed and kept healthy. Not only does the fact that these criminals are repeat offenders cost more money in tax dollars to do the same job over and over again, but with the appeal process and the way that our justice system works, inmates on death row can wait on average ten plus years. That as well is driving the costs up. Order a unique copy of this paper (550 words) Approximate price: $22 Basic features • Free title page and bibliography • Unlimited revisions • Plagiarism-free guarantee • Money-back guarantee • 24/7 support On-demand options • Writer’s samples • Part-by-part delivery • Overnight delivery • Copies of used sources • Expert Proofreading Paper format • 275 words per page • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman • Double line spacing Our guarantees Money-back guarantee Read more Zero-plagiarism guarantee Read more Free-revision policy Read more Privacy policy Read more Fair-cooperation guarantee Read more Calculate the price of your order 550 words Total price: The price is based on these factors: Academic level Number of pages
How we learn How the setting supports children’s learning: We value a learning environment both inside and outside the setting which is carefully organised to enable children to develop and demonstrate characteristics of effective learning. Children are given free access to the outdoor learning space whenever it is supervised by a member of staff. Practitioners support children in playing and exploring, active learning and developing creativity and critical thinking. We value resources that promote possibility-thinking and offer limitless opportunities for play and learning. Children learn by leading their own, and by taking part in, play that is guided by adults. The child and adult engage in ‘sustained shared thinking’.
The Importance Of 3D Camera In Robotics Our society has come a long way. Only a few decades ago, we were unplugging cables from one port to plug it into another only to connect a telephone call. Nowadays, we’re travelling to outer space for fun. None of this would’ve been possible without major advancements in science and technology. Almost every aspect of our lives is beyond recognizable compared to the life we lived only 40 to 50 years ago. When we look at the past, it is obvious that we, as humans, have always been fascinated by robots, flying cars, or something along those lines. While we are still a few decades away from flying, hovering cars, robots aren’t a thing of the future anymore. They’ve been a part of our society for quite some time now. Do Robots Really Surround Us? Naturally, we’re not talking about “I, Robot” robots or the “Transformers”. We’re talking about the machinery that can help and assist humans. For instance, we no longer have to send in a human in a bomb suit to deactivate a possible threat. Instead, we send in a robot – a robot equipped with many neat components like motors, actuators, grippers, and even cameras. Giving robots a vision wasn’t easy – so let’s talk about that. It started small. But, as time went by, we’ve upgraded to HD cameras. And, once we were done upgrading to crystal clear imagery, we’ve moved on to equipping modern-day robots with 3D cameras. Now, 3D cameras aren’t quite capable of shooting in HD, so why did we take a step back in terms of image quality? Well, to answer that question, we have to understand what else 3D cameras bring to the world of robotics and to do so, we have to back up a bit. What Are Robotics? According to Wikipedia, robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of computer science and engineering, and it involves the design, construction, operation, and use of robots. Sounds simple enough, doesn’t it? The thing we have to understand is that robots aren’t only the machines we see in movies. Robotics is a much more sophisticated field, and it integrates many different fields. Mechanical, electrical and information engineering are only some of the fields that are associated with robotics. The same goes for mechatronics, electronics, bioengineering, computer engineering, software engineering, mathematics, etc. With all of this in mind, it becomes obvious just how many robots are in our midst and how much work they do. But, enough about robots and robotics. Let’s talk about 3D cameras. What Are 3D Cameras? A 3D camera is an imaging device that enables the perception of depth in images to replicate three dimensions as experienced through human binocular vision. That is why 3D cameras use more than a single lens to capture an image. Most 3D cameras use two or more lenses to capture and record several points of view. Then, by combining those captured perspectives, we get an image with depth perception. The basic principle behind a 3D camera is that of human eyes. We are able to perceive space and depth because both our eyes capture a slightly different perspective from one another, and that’s exactly what 3D cameras are trying to replicate. This principle is called stereoscopy. Why Are 3D Cameras Better Than 2D? 3D cameras in robotics allow the robots to have what is called 3D machine vision. Now, we have already said that 3D cameras aren’t as crisp as 2D ones, so why would we make the switch? Well, image quality does not really matter in applied robotics. The things that matter more are accuracy, speed, flexibility and adaptability, and when it comes to those, 3D imagery knocks 2D out of the park. Now, we’re not saying that 2D vision isn’t good. If it weren’t good, we wouldn’t have been using it for decades at this point, wouldn’t we? 2D vision in robotics is quite good. We still rely on it, and we will continue to rely on it for a really long time. However, 2D vision is quite limiting. With 2D vision, you can only perceive the world as a flat surface because that’s the image you’re getting. That makes inspection of the captured elements quite problematic. The only things you can rely on for information are colour and brightness, which is why the image quality needs to be superior. You need as much information captured if you want to somewhat properly analyze the objects on that image. But, that also requires incredibly complex algorithms because even though we may deduce what the captured object looks like in 3D – a robot can’t. That’s where 3D cameras come in. Even though you will still require complex algorithms to analyze and process an image, but the end results will be much more precise and accurate. Sure, the processing will be a lot more power-hungry and intensive because you’re working with more information, but that’s nothing modern-day robot chips can’t handle. Application Of 3D Cameras In Robotics By having an extra perspective to analyze, 3D camera-equipped robots can do more than 2D ones. For instance, bin picking is one of the “tests” that prove just how much of a difference a 3D camera makes. The basic principle is that a robot must choose a particular object, figure out how to grip it, and move it from point A to B. If the lighting’s off, the 2D camera-equipped robot will struggle with this task. On the other hand, a robot with 3D vision isn’t dependent on it because it can perceive depth more accurately, which allows it to easily pick out a certain object from the bunch and fulfil its task. Even though this might seem like a simple task and a small feat, the applications of this alone are incredible – from automated assembly lines to bomb-defusing robots with incredible precision. In addition to that, here are a few other tasks and scenarios that prove a 3D camera’s worth in the field of robotics. • Fast, precise and accurate height, volume and thickness measurements • Dimensioning and space management • Fast, precise and accurate measuring of shapes, holes, angles and curves • Detection of defective objects or surfaces in assembly lines – quality control • Quality control against 3D CAD models • Scanning and digitization of objects • Guidance and surface tracking Even though we’re only scratching the surface with modern-day robots, whether we’re talking industrial or bio-inspired robotics, it is clear that 3D cameras have a bright future in this field. Humans are visual beings, and by that same logic, man-made robots will probably be the same.
La Boca La Boca. Buenos Aires - ARGENTINA Direccion: Buenos Aires The neighborhood of La Boca owes its name to that it is located at the mouth of the Riachuelo in the Río de la Plata. La Boca was born as a natural harbor in the Riachuelo. From 1870, La Boca began to receive a large number of immigrants, mostly Italians (Genoese). The immigrants built their houses with zinc sheets and painted them with the surplus paintings in the workshops of the port, for that reason the houses were very colorful, nowadays that custom is maintained in some sectors of the neighborhood. The houses were called "conventillos", they were collective houses where many families lived sharing common spaces. Due to the frequent floods and the fires that used to happen in the "conventillos", a group of neighbors in 1884 created the first Volunteer Firefighters of South America. La Boca is the neighborhood most visited by foreign tourists but at the same time it is one of the poorest in the city. Its inhabitants have a strong sense of belonging to the neighborhood and often participate in different community activities.
What Is Angler Phishing? Many businesses and organizations emphasize the importance of cybersecurity because it can affect their brand, reputation, and credibility. That’s one of the reasons that phishing is such a major concern. As a refresher, phishing refers to a fraudulent attempt to collect sensitive data and personal information. These shady social media scammers often then use your financial information to make purchases or attempt to steal your money or identity. The objective of phishing is simple: obtain passwords, financial information, or other personal information that could potentially be valuable to social media scammers. There are different phishing types, and one of the most popular forms of phishing is angler phishing. Angler phishing refers to the practice of pretending to be a customer service account to lure victims into handing over personal information. How Does It Work? Many businesses have disgruntled customers and often take to social media to complain about a product or service. Angler phishing involves reaching out to these customers and pretending to be involved with the company that they might be complaining about. If they are experienced in phishing, there will be a significant amount of effort to make their responses seem official. These social media scammers may even utilize the company’s graphics to convince customers. Social media scammers will often even have “alerts” to find out when customers are complaining about a specific company. These social media scammers use angler phishing to appear genuine and eager to help, but they are often just after your financial information. They will offer you a link, often to “chat with an agent’, but the link won’t be an official one. Avoiding Social Media Scammers Top Tips: • Make sure to verify any unknown users who contact you through social media. • Ask for the representative to send you an email from their business address. • Never send sensitive information through social media. You might be wondering how to avoid those involved in angler phishing, and there are a couple of things to consider. First, find out whether you are speaking to someone officially involved with a company. These accounts often will be “verified” in some way, depending on the social media platform that you use. Angler phishing is often most used when the social media scammers feel like the official customer service accounts are less active. How does angler phishing remain effective? They are banking on the fact that you won’t take the time to verify that they are official representatives from a company, business, or organization. One way to avoid angler phishing is to contact the company directly through their website rather than dealing with a cybercriminal interested in phishing for information. About VelocIT VelocIT’s unique managed service delivery model builds trust. Our goal is to help you grow your business through IT Leadership. From infrastructure to end-user support, VelocIT partners with you to meet the unique technology needs specific to your business. Our integrated approach to Information Technology Support consistently reduces operational costs while increasing end-user satisfaction for our partners. Need to learn more? Just contact us at info@v-msp.com
how cite sources in apa format essay free online dictionary How cite sources in apa format top custom essay writing for hire gb How cite sources in apa format All cheap application letter editor website online are Learn more about each component of the reference citation and how to format it in the sections that follow. See an APA sample paper reference list at the end of this entire section. The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for the first and middle names. End this information with a period see Section 9. When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. You can name up to 20 authors in the reference. Use this format:. Roberts, A. Lopez, G. If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference Section 9. On an APA reference page, corporate authors are always written out in full. In the text of your paper, you may have some abbreviations such as UN for United Nations , but in the full references, always include the full names of the corporation or organization following Section 9. United Nations. Include the full date for newspapers and magazine articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no date is found on the source, include the initials, n. Narducci, M. The Philadelphia Inquirer. If using our APA Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the correct format for you automatically. Giving a retrieval date is not needed unless the online content is likely to be frequently updated and changed e. Citation Machine [ CiteMachine]. Tweets [Twitter profile]. When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other non-periodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations, and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized. For books and reports, italicize the title in the APA citation. For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the title. A common question is whether to underline your title or place it in italics or quotation marks in the reference list. If the source does not sit alone and is part of a larger whole, do not place it in italics. Books, movies, journals, and television shows are placed in italics since they stand alone. Songs on an album, episodes of television shows, chapters in books, and articles in journals are not placed in italics since they are smaller pieces of larger wholes. If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include a descriptive noun or two in brackets immediately following the title. Capitalize the first letter. Kennedy, K. Jurassic Park [Film]. USA: Universal. If you are using Citation Machine citing tools, additional information about the title is automatically added for you. For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location see Section 9. It is not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to use a brief, intelligible form. Other common terms, such as Inc. For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first, by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it, not italicized. There is no space after the closing parenthesis and before the volume number. Giannoukos, G. A study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research and Reviews , 11 9 , DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is static and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. Make sure you run your completed paper through the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader, which scans for grammar, spelling, and plagiarism. An APA annotated bibliography is a full bibliography that includes a small note for each reference citation. Each note should be short paragraphs and contain a summary or your evaluation about each source. When creating your citations on CitationMachine. Follow the publication manual guidelines on paper format and writing style. Let your instructor guide other details about your annotations. Still confused? Read our guide on annotated bibliographies. Need help with the design and formatting of your paper? Look no further! This section provides the ins and outs of properly displaying the information in your APA essay. Keep in mind that the order above is the recommendation for papers being submitted for peer review. Each journal has different rules and procedures. Just a little nudge to remind you about the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader. In older editions of APA, running heads were required for all papers. The running head displays the title of the paper and the page number on all pages of the paper. This header is found on every page of a professional paper not a student paper , even on the title page sometimes called an APA cover page and reference list taken from Section 2. It's displayed all in capital letters at the top of the page. Across from the running head, along the right margin, is the page number. A title page, sometimes called an APA cover page, graces the cover of an essay or paper. An APA title page should follow rules from Section 2. Follow the directions for the running head and page number in the section above. Below the running head, a few lines beneath, and centered in the middle of the page, should be the title. All components on this page should be written in the same font and size as the rest of your paper. Double space the title, names, name of school or institution, and all other information on the page except for the running head and page number. Each journal is different and some may request a different type of APA format cover page. Looking to create an APA format title page? Head to CitationMachine. An abstract briefly but thoroughly summarizes dissertation contents. Abstracts are meant to help readers determine whether to continue reading the entire document. With that in mind, try to craft the lead sentence to entice the reader to continue reading. Example abstract:. If your paper includes a lot of numerical information or data, you may want to consider placing it into a table or a figure, rather than typing it all out. A visual figure or simple, organized table filled with numerical data is often easier for readers to digest and comprehend than tons of paragraphs filled with numbers. Chapter 7 of the Publication manual outlines formatting for tables and figures. Let's cover the basics below. The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was released in The current 7th edition came out in the fall of and was designed to be more student focused, provide more guidance on accessibility, and address changes that have developed over the last 10 years. For example:. Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, , 61— There are few new guidelines when you are citing a book. First, the publisher location no longer needs to be indicated. The font should be blue and underlined, or black and not underlined. Flood, A. Britain has closed almost libraries since , figures show. The Guardian. Within a full APA citation, you may spell out up to 20 author names. For sources with 21 or more authors, structure it as follows:. Trump, D. This helps abbreviate the mention. Instead of having different formats for tables and figures, both use one standardized format. Worry less about a determiner , preposition , or adverb out of place and focus on your research! American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 7th ed. Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since and is an expert in citing sources. Choose your source. Website Book Journal More. Keep all of your citations in one safe place Create an account to save all of your citations. What is it? Common ways students and scholars accidentally plagiarize Believe it or not, there are instances when you could attempt to include in-text and full references in the appropriate places, but still accidentally plagiarize. Here are some common mistakes to be aware of: Mistake 1 - Misquoting sources: If you plan to use a direct quote, make sure you copy it exactly as is. Make sure you quote and paraphrase properly in order to prevent accidental plagiarism. Why was this style created? The evolution of this style The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in Details on the differences between the 6th and 7th editions is addressed later in this guide. Date published. To start, simply click on the source type you're citing: Website Books Journal articles YouTube Images Moviews Interview Newspaper Magazines PDF In-text citations An APA in-text citation is included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source. In-text citation APA example: According to a study done by Kent and Giles , student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers. Structure for two authors Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Last name Author 1 et al. Agbayani et al. Jackson, a OR Jackson a Writers can even lump dates together. Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa a, b. On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full references. Groups and organizations Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets. Example: Obama, ; Monroe et al. Reference list citation components References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a research project. Some things to keep in mind when it comes to the references: All references sit together on their own page, which is usually the last page s of a paper. Keep the title in the same font and size as the references. Do not italicize, underline, place the title in quotation marks, or increase the font size. The entire page is double spaced. If the source lacks an author, alphabetize the source by the title ignore A, An, or The All references have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is indented in half an inch. See examples throughout this guide. Remember, each and every citation in the text of the paper MUST have a full reference displayed in the reference list. The citations in the text provide the reader with a quick glimpse about the sources used, but the references in the reference list provide the reader with all the information needed to seek out the source themselves. Format: Last name, F. Example: Angelou, M. Doyle, A. Two or more authors When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. Use this format: Last name, F. OR Last name, F. Photographs are simple to find, and because of this, many students enjoy using them in their papers. If you have a photograph you would like to include in your project, here are some guidelines from the American Psychological Association. While sharing and explaining the methods and results of studies, science writers often use verbs. Further details are in the publication manual p. We tested the solution to identify the possible contaminants. Researchers often test solutions by placing them under a microscope. Notice that the first sentence is in the past tense while the second sentence is in the present tense. This can be confusing for readers. The American Psychological Association strongly objects to any bias towards gender, racial groups, ages of individuals or subjects, disabilities, and sexual orientation pp. Thanks to helpful tools and features, such as the spell checker, in word processing programs, most of us think we have everything we need right in our document. However, quite a few helpful features are found elsewhere. Where can you find a full grammar editor? Right here, on EasyBib. The EasyBib Plus paper checker scans your paper for spelling, but also for any conjunction , determiner, or adverb out of place. Try it out and unlock the magic of an edited paper. Abbreviations can be tricky. Readers need to pause and comprehend the meaning of abbreviations and quite often stumble over them. The manual recommends using one space after most punctuation marks, including punctuation at the end of a sentence p. To see an example of an APA format research paper, with the spacing we believe is most commonly and acceptable to use, scroll down and see section D. Example of APA format for commas: The medication caused drowsiness, upset stomach, and fatigue. When writing a possessive singular noun, you should place the apostrophe before the s. For possessive plural nouns, the apostrophe is placed after the s. Em dashes long dash are used to bring focus to a particular point or an aside. There are no spaces after these dashes p. Use en dashes short dash in compound adjectives. Do not place a space before or after the dash. Here are a few examples:. Science papers often include the use of numbers, usually displayed in data, tables, and experiment information. The golden rule to keep in mind is that numbers less than 10 are written out in text. If the number is more than 10, use numerals. Need help with other writing topics? Our plagiarism checker is a great resource for anyone looking for writing help. Say goodbye to an out of place noun , preposition , or adjective, and hello to a fully edited paper. Not doing so can be considered plagiarism , possibly leading to a failed grade or loss of a job. APA style is one of the most commonly used citation styles used to prevent plagiarism. References are placed on the final page of a research project. These are found within your paper, anytime a quote or paraphrase is included. They usually only include the name of the author and the date the source was published. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is even discussed in the book, The Emperor of Any Place. A writer must use both types in a paper. If you cite something in the text, it must have a full reference on the final page of the project. Where there is one, there must be the other! Middle initial. Year published. Title of source. For more information on APA format for sources and how to reference specific types of sources, use the other guides on EasyBib. Looking for a full visual of a page of references? Scroll down and take a peek at our APA format essay example towards the bottom of this page. Did you find the perfect quote or piece of information to include in your project? Way to go! Displaying where the original information came from is much easier than you think. This allows the reader of your work to see where the information originated. APA allows for the use of two different forms of in-text citation, parenthetical and narrative Both forms of citation require two elements:. Parenthetical citations are the more commonly seen form of in-text citations for academic work, in which both required reference elements are presented at the end of the sentence in parentheses. Narrative citations allow the author to present one or both of the required reference elements inside of the running sentence, which prevents the text from being too repetitive or burdensome. When only one of the two reference elements is included in the sentence, the other is provided parenthetically. According to Belafonte , Harlem was full of artists and musicians in the late s. If there are two authors listed in the source entry, then the parenthetical reference must list them both:. There is also more information in the official manual in chapter 8. You might want to also check out his guide on parenthetical citing. Would you benefit from having a tool that helps you easily generate citations that are in the text? Check out EasyBib Plus! An APA format reference page is easier to create than you probably think. We go into detail on how to create this page on our APA reference page. Here are some pointers to keep in mind when it comes to the references page in APA format:. Try it out! Prior to submitting your paper, check to make sure you have everything you need and everything in its place:. Congratulations for making it this far! Can we offer one last suggestion? We promise it will only take a minute. Copy and paste or upload your paper into our checker. If it sounds too good to be true, then head on over to our innovative tool and give it a whirl. Information on how to cite sources can be found on our APA citation page. However, this page is not associated with the association. What are behavioral sciences? Behavioral sciences study human and animal behavior. They can include:. What are social sciences? Social sciences focus on one specific aspect of human behavior, specifically social and cultural relationships. Social sciences can include:. This citation style was created by the American Psychological Association. Its rules and guidelines can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The information provided in the guide above follows the 6th edition of the manual. The 7th edition was published in and is the most recent version. The 7th edition of the Publication Manual is in full color and includes 12 sections compared to 8 sections in the 6th edition. In general, this new edition differentiates between professional and student papers, includes guidance with accessibility in mind, provides new examples to follow, and has updated guidelines. New citing information. There is new guidance on citing classroom or intranet resources, and oral traditions or traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples. Visit our EasyBib Twitter feed to discover more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates. American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 7th ed. Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing. Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style. Get Started. Certain features require a modern browser to function. Please use a different browser, like Firefox , Chrome , or Safari. Table of Contents Citation Generator. Empirical studies Empirical studies take data from observations and experiments to generate research reports. Methodological articles These articles showcase new advances, or modifications to an existing practice, in a scientific method or procedure. Case studies Case studies present information related an individual, group, or larger set of individuals. Here are key guidelines to developing your title page: The title of the paper should capture the main idea of the essay, but should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Center the title on the page and place it about lines from the top. The title should be bolded, in title case, and the same font size as your other page text. Do not underline or italicize the title. Other text on the page should be plain not bolded , underlined, or italicized. All text on the title page should be double-spaced. The APA format examples paper below displays proper spacing, so go take a look! The institutional affiliation is the school the author attends or the location where the author conducted the research. Sample of an APA format title page for a student paper: Sample of title page for a professional paper:. Here are some helpful suggestions to create a dynamic abstract: Abstracts are found on their own page, directly after the title or cover page. Professional papers only not student papers : Include the running head on the top of the page. On the following line, write a summary of the key points of your research. Your abstract summary is a way to introduce readers to your research topic, the questions that will be answered, the process you took, and any findings or conclusions you drew. Use concise, brief, informative language. You only have a few sentences to share the summary of your entire document, so be direct with your wording. This summary should not be indented, but should be double-spaced and less than words. If applicable, help researchers find your work in databases by listing keywords from your paper after your summary. Active voice: The subjects reacted to the medication. Passive voice: There was a reaction from the subjects taking the medication. Instead of evaluating your project in the abstract, simply report what it contains. View our in-depth APA Abstract guide. Most papers follow this format: At the top of the page, add the page number in the upper right corner of all pages, including the title page. On the next line write the title in bold font and center it. Do not underline or italicize it. Begin with the introduction and indent the first line of the paragraph. All paragraphs in the body are indented. The heading title should be in capital letters. The abstract page should be page 2. The introduction presents the problem and premise upon which the research was based. It goes into more detail about this problem than the abstract. Begin a new section with the Method and use this word as the subtitle. Bold and center this subtitle. The Method section shows how the study was run and conducted. Be sure to describe the methods through which data was collected. Begin a new section with the Results. The Results section summarizes your data. Use charts and graphs to display this data. Begin a new section with the Discussion. This Discussion section is a chance to analyze and interpret your results. Draw conclusions and support how your data led to these conclusions. Discuss whether or not your hypothesis was confirmed or not supported by your results. Determine the limitations of the study and next steps to improve research for future studies. Sample body for a professional paper:. In APA format, there are five levels of headings, each with a different formatting: Level 1: This is the title of your paper The title should be centered in the middle of the page The title should be bolded Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary called title capitalization Level 2: Place this heading against the left margin Use bold letters Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary Level 3: Place this heading against the left side margin Use bold letters Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary End the heading with a period Level 4: Indented in from the left margin Bolded Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary End the heading with a period Level 5: Indented Bolded Italicized Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary End the heading with a period Following general formatting rules, all headings are double spaced and there are no extra lines or spaces between sections. Here is a visual APA format template for levels of headings:. The first graphic, labeled as 1, should be the first one mentioned in the text. Follow them in the appropriate numerical order in which they appear in the text of your paper. Example : Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Figure 3. Example: Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Figure 3 Only use graphics if they will supplement the material in your text. If they reinstate what you already have in your text, then it is not necessary to include a graphic. Include enough wording in the graphic so that the reader is able to understand its meaning, even if it is isolated from the corresponding text. However, do not go overboard with adding a ton of wording in your graphic. Tables: Is there anything better than seeing a neatly organized data table? General format of a table should be: Table number Title Table Note Here are a few pointers to keep in mind: Choose to type out your data OR create a table. Choose one or the other. If you choose to create a table, discuss it very briefly in the text. Table 1 is the first table discussed in the paper. Table 2 is the next table mentioned, and so on. This should be in bold. Add a title under the number. Create a brief, descriptive title. Capitalize the first letter for each important word. Italicize the title and place it under the table number. Formatting: Only use horizontal lines. Limit use of cell shading. Keep the font at point size and use single or double spacing. If you use single spacing in one table, make sure all of the others use single spaces as well. Keep it consistent. Your sample resume horse breeder apologise
¡El destructor de aflatoxina B1, mantiene su aceite comestible fuera del riesgo de cáncer de hígado! What causes liver cancer? The Main Factor is Aflatoxin. Posted on November 11, 2019 by Josephine Is liver cancer fatal? Yes of course! If someone has liver cancer, then we think that he is not far from death. People are dread to think and avoid talking about cancer, because the degree of malignancy is high and the mortality rate is high. So what are the factors cause liver cancer? According to the epidemiological study, liver cancer is closely related to viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, long-term drinking, water sources contaminated by algal toxins, genetic factors, and some chemical carcinogens. In China, aflatoxin and chronic viral hepatitis are the main causes of liver cancer. What is aflatoxin? What foods contain aflatoxin? Aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and parasitic molds, and aflatoxin contamination is likely to occur in foods and feeds in hot and humid regions. They are often found in food and oil products such as peanuts, corn, soybeans, rice, and wheat. Aflatoxin poses a serious threat to human health and life for its great toxicity. In the next, we will share a real story. The Main Factor for Liver Cancer is Aflatoxin. In the 1960s, there were 100,000 turkeys died suddenly in the UK. At that time, it shocked the whole world. In the later, the investigation found that it was related to the peanut meal imported from Brazil. The peanut meal that these dead turkeys eat is the residue extracted from the peanut oil. The researchers found a large amount of aflatoxin and its metabolite aflatoxin in these peanut meals. Peanut meal is rich in protein and is a good feed for poultry. After being contaminated by a large amount of Aspergillus, it became the "culprit" of killing 100,000 turkeys. Besides, in 1961, there was a report that rats are infected with primary liver cancer, after feeding with feed contaminated with aflatoxin in 30 weeks later. Since then, aflatoxin has attracted the attention of scientists and carried out researches more extensive and in-depth. According to research reports, there are more than a dozen in the class of aflatoxin, of which B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the representative of aflatoxin appeared in agricultural products mainly. If the agricultural products containing B1 and B2 are eaten by the cows, some of them will be converted into M1 and M2 in milk. The product of conversion is the main source of aflatoxin in milk. For example, in 2011 the State Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine announced the results of sampling in the inspection of liquid milk products nationwide. A batch of products produced by Mengniu Dairy (Meishan) Co., Ltd. was found to exceed 140% of the standard in aflatoxin M1. Mengniu Vice President explained that Meishan is located in Sichuan with rainy weather and some suppliers have improper management of feed. This condition is suitable for mildew growth and producing aflatoxin in milk. Therefore, to be healthy everyone should take precautions in food safety, stay away from toxic, and harmful foods. How much is the toxicity of aflatoxin? How harmful is it to the body of human or animal? In 1993, aflatoxin was classified as a Class A carcinogen by the World Health Organization's Cancer Research Institute, and it is a highly toxic substance. Its toxicity second to botulinum is 68 times that of arsenic. It mainly causes different degrees of damage to the liver of humans and animals. After aflatoxin enters the human body, it is mainly metabolized under the action of the endoplasmic reticulum microsomal oxidase with the mixed functions of hepatocytes. The toxicity of aflatoxin after metabolism is much higher than that of cyanide, arsenide and organic pesticides. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic class. When the body ingests AFB1 in large quantities, it can cause acute poisoning, acute hepatitis, hemorrhagic liver necrosis, hepatic steatosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. When the body ingests a small amount of ingestion continually, it may cause chronic poisoning, growth disorders, fibrotic lesions causing proliferation in fibrous tissue and even death in the severe case. The Main Factor for Liver Cancer is Aflatoxin. Scientists have also carried out a lot of research for aflatoxins, especially the highly toxic substances AFB1 and found out the general mechanism causing liver cancer. When AFB1 enters the body, it can form AFB1-N7-guanine adduct. Besides, the AFB1-lysine adduct may also be formed in the blood, and the two adducts are the main markers of aflatoxin. On further research, the AFB1-N7-guanine adduct has a strong biological effect, which can chemically and biologically form a more stable AFB1 formamide adduct lasting longer in the body. AFB1-N7-guanine adduct and AFB1 formamide adduct may be the main form of AFB1 toxic, effecting in the body. Related studies have also reported the toxic effects of these adducts in humans. A study reported that by detecting the AFB1-albumin adducts in the serum of 20 patients with liver cancer and 86 healthy people, it was found that 65% of patients with liver cancer were positive, and the positive rate of healthy people was only 37%. It is proven that AFB1-albumin adducts have a great effect on carcinogenesis. Besides, a study on hepatitis B virus carried out in Taiwan and Guangxi also has shown that AFB1-N7-guanine adduct and AFB1-albumin adduct are positive. The people with liver cancer are of a higher incidence than other groups. Therefore, AFB1-related adducts have a great effect on inducing human liver cancer. According to related research reports, the hepatitis B virus and AFB1 have a synergistic effect. It will produce a large amount of AFBI, which is equivalent to ingest the excessive consumption of foods containing AFB1. If people have hepatitis B, their chances of developing liver cancer will increase greatly. How can we prevent it from harming us? The Main Factor for Liver Cancer is Aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is almost ubiquitous in agricultural products, and humans ingested it more or less. Therefore, all countries in the world have set a limited standard according to their national conditions. The danger can be neglected under that standard. In China's AFB1 permissible standard in food (GB 2761-2011) is in the following. Corn, peanut kernels and peanut oil should not exceed 20 ug/kg. Rice and edible oil should not exceed 10 ug/kg. Other food, beans, and fermented food beyond 5 ug/kg. Therefore, to reduce unnecessary damage to the body, we should try our best to make a healthy diet, try to keep the food in a dry and ventilated place and get away from grain and oil products in the mold such as peanuts, corn, and wheat. In summary, there are many inducements and pathogens of liver cancer, but the carcinogenicity of aflatoxin can not be ignored. The carcinogenicity of aflatoxin is too toxic and too close to us, and if you don't pay attention at one time, you will get sick from the food you eat. Therefore, by understanding the mechanism and pathway of aflatoxin carcinogenesis, it can be a good guide for people to reduce the pollution or intake of aflatoxin in daily life and play an active and effective role in the prevention of liver cancer.
Where do we use had been? Where do we use had been? Has been and have been are both used with the present perfect tense, which is used when we want to talk about something that started in the past but (1) is still going on right now in the present OR (2) is still relevant / true today. How do you use has had in a sentence? To understand “had had,” we need to take a look at the present perfect and past perfect tenses. Take this sentence: “I have had too many chocolates today.” That sentence is in the present perfect tense. You use that tense when you're talking about a past action that is continuing into the present. Can had be used with past tense? To form the past perfect, use had and the past participle of a verb in one part of the sentence. Often, the regular past tense is used in the other part of the sentence. … Just using the regular past tense for both parts of the sentence doesn't work because one event happened before the other event. What is the meaning of had been? "They have been studying every waking hour." Had been" is the Past Perfect tense, which means that you are looking back at a past event from the perspective of the past: "He hated dogs because he had been bitten by one." "I had been very unhappy for a long time." What is the past tense of had? The PAST PERFECT TENSE indicates that an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past before something else happened. This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (HAD) plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form): When we use had been in a sentence? 2 Answers. Had/has/have been is usually used for something that was done in the past and still applies (multiple events). Was/were usually applies to something done in the past that no longer applies (single event). Had been has been have been? "Has been" and "have been" are both in the present perfect tense. … "Had been" is the past perfect tense and is used in all cases, singular and plural. The past perfect tense refers to something that began in the past and was still true at another time that also was in the past. What is the meaning of has being? The words 'being' and 'been' are sometimes confused. As a rule the word 'been' is always used after 'have' whereas 'being' is never used after 'have'. It is used after 'be'. 'Been' is the past participle of the verb 'be' and is usually used with the perfect aspect with 'have' in all its forms i.e. had and has.
Difference between revisions of "File:Renal histology 02.jpg" From Embryology Line 1: Line 1: ==Renal Histology== ==Renal Histology== * glomerulus (x20) * glomerulus (x20) {{HE}} * juxtaglomerular (macula-densa) * juxtaglomerular (macula-densa) * '''Stain:''' [[Histology_Stains#Haematoxylin_and_Eosin\|Haematoxylin Eosin]] (HE, H&E) * [[:File:Nephron_histology_02.jpg\|labeled image]] * [[:File:Nephron_histology_02.jpg\|labeled image]] {{Renal Histology}} {{Renal Histology}} Revision as of 15:01, 23 February 2013 Renal Histology The glomerulus (or renal corpuscle) in humans is the round (~0.2 mm in diameter) blind beginning of the nephron. It is invaginated by a tuft of capillaries at the vascular pole of the glomerulus. The tuft of capillaries and other cells in contact with them form the anatomical glomerulus. Substances which leave the capillaries enter the renal tubule at the urinary pole of the glomerulus. The anatomical glomerulus is enclosed by two layers of epithelium, Bowman's capsule. 1. Cells of the outer or parietal layer of Bowman's capsule form a simple squamous epithelium. 2. Cells of the inner layer, podocytes in the visceral layer, are extremely complex in shape. Small foot-like processes, pedicles, of their cytoplasm form a fenestrated epithelium around the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus. The openings between the pedicles are called filtration slits. They are spanned by a thin membrane, the filtration slit membrane. Between the podocytes and the endothelial cells of the capillaries we find a comparatively thick basal lamina, which can be subdivided into an outer lamina rara externa, a middle lamina densa and an inner lamina rara interna. The basal lamina and the slit membranes form the glomerular filtration barrier, which prevents some large molecules from entering the capsular space between the outer and inner epithelial layers of Bowman's capsule. • Blood pressure is the driving force in the formation of about 125 ml of glomerular filtrate per minute. • About 124 ml of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules of the nephron. Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2021, December 4) Embryology Renal histology 02.jpg. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Renal_histology_02.jpg What Links Here? Original File name: kid21he.jpg File history current12:23, 4 September 2011Thumbnail for version as of 12:23, 4 September 20111,280 × 1,024 (376 KB)S8600021 (talk \| contribs)Human-Kidney-kid21he.jpg-glomerulus,-juxtaglomerular--(macula-densa)-x20.jpg The following 2 pages link to this file:
Springfield, Illinois: Essential Information Chaco Culture National Monument In NW New Mexico: Mac High Res Simulation Software Some early archeological scientists assumed that the anasazi had gone unprepared, with a 5-story town "home apartment" with 800 areas at Chaco Culture National Historic Site in New Mexico, a half million gallon reservor at the Mesa Verde National Monument in Colorado and an enormous subterranean kiva with a 95-ton roof.Many clans regarding the Indians of today trace their beginnings into the Anasazi.You say, "we are here again!"There is substantial scientific evidence that the Ancients did maybe not magically go missing, but that, for perhaps over a hundred years, the great centers of culture like Chaco, Mesa Green and Kayenta have been evacuated, joining what exactly are today the communities Hopi and Zuni in Arizona, New Mexico and Pueblo into the river Grande.Contemporary scientists have no idea why the Ancients left their rocky houses and pueblos, although most presume they were either hungry or forced to escape.Except from the symbolic pictographs and petroglyphs in rock walls, the Anasazi left little writing.A serious drought from around A.D.Maybe from 1275 to 1300 is a substantial deviation element.There is also proof that they may be pushed out by a marauding enemy. The typical household size in Springfield, IL is 2.92 household members, with 61.4% owning their very own houses. The mean home appraisal is $132412. For individuals paying rent, they spend an average of $805 per month. 47.6% of households have 2 sources of income, and a median household income of $54648. Average individual income is $31670. 18.6% of town residents survive at or beneath the poverty line, and 14.9% are handicapped. 8% of residents are ex-members associated with the armed forces. The labor force participation rate in Springfield is 61.6%, with an unemployment rate of 7.1%. For everyone located in the labor pool, the common commute time is 17.7 minutes. 14.3% of Springfield’s community have a masters degree, and 21.5% have earned a bachelors degree. For people without a college degree, 29.6% have some college, 25.9% have a high school diploma, and only 8.7% possess an education lower than twelfth grade. 4.3% are not covered by medical insurance.
Subject-Verb Agreement Worksheet (Fill-In Part 1) Part 8 Language 8.1 Default English name conventions subjectverb Agreement 1 Practice Write your answers to the lines and then print this page. Rewrite each sentence below using the correct verb form in parentheses to create the theme. Subjectverb-conformity ws 3 name date point subject attached by and usually take a plural. o a compound subject that designates only one person or thing, adopts a singular verb. Singular subjects that are linked by or not by a singular verb. O Plural. 9 Rules of agreement on the subject for the conformity of the subject Rule 1 A verb corresponds to its subject in number. Singular subjects adopt singular verbs: the car remains in the garage. The flower smells good. There is an old proverb: oppositions attract. das. Asc Name: Grammar test 6 form a subject match a. 1. the color of fish and birds (serves) serves as protection. 2. one of these students (was, was) still too late. 3. Conformity to the object/verb ws 4 Name Date point i underlines the verb in parentheses that best complements each sentence. Example: here is (here) the recipe for my triple chocolate brownies. 1. The Pep Club (health, cheer) at every football match. Print menu Name Class Language Manual 2 Agreement Worksheet 6 Exercise a date plus SubjectBeb Chord problems (rules 2 kn) underline the correct verb in parentheses in each of the following sentences. Example 1. Civic Education (it is) a. Name: Date: SubjectVerb-Compliance Worksheet (Fill out Part 1) The basic rule is that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. Instructions: Use the presenttense form of the verb in parentheses that correspond in. 6th grade-ela-worksheets-unique-worksheet-in-english-6-best-free-printable-math-order-operation-for- Name date subject-verb agreement exercise 1 this handout accompanies exercise 1 of the grammatical bytes! Get the answers by running the interactive version of the exercise at this address: itinerary: use in space. . Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo – San Pablo City, Laguna. . . . .
Crisis narrows China–UK gap The following link is to a video charting the growth of China and the UK over the past 200 years and projecting forward to 2014. The video is from Gapminder, a site that allows you to compare countries’ performance in terms of a large range of economic and social indicators. The introduction to this video states, “200 years ago, United Kingdom was a leading nation of the world – both in regard to health and economy. In this video, Hans Rosling details UK’s 200-year journey, to present time, and also shows that China, in the coming five years, will narrow the gap to UK faster than ever.” Crisis narrows China–UK gap Hans Rosling, Gapminder (2/6/09) 1. Why has the gap in GDP per head narrowed between the China and the UK? 2. Why is the gap likely to narrow further over the next five years? 3. Identify the factors that will determine how much the gap is likely to narrow in this period.
Scientists find protein that helps synchronize fly's internal clocks Neuroscientists from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis identified a receptor for pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) protein, which scientists previously had recognized as a molecule that helps keep different internal "clocks" synchronized. "Daily rhythms regulated by biological clocks shape our lives in important ways, affecting a wide range of functions including sleep, body temperature, cognitive ability, mood and sensitivity to drugs," says lead author Paul Taghert, Ph.D., professor of neurobiology. "Because these timekeeping processes have been highly conserved through evolution, what we learn from flies and other organisms often helps us better understand the same systems in higher organisms." "We look at where the branches of these cells go, what signals they release and when they release them, and who is listening," Taghert explains. "We want to follow the chains of cells that respond to signals from the clock cells. We're hoping that path doesn't get too complicated too fast." Beat the clock PDF is a neuropeptide that originally was identified in crabs and shrimp, where it disperses pigment in light-sensing organs at the beginning of the day, adjusting the organs for the increased light levels that begin at sunrise. In the fruit fly brain, PDF is made by 16 of the 150 brain neurons that Taghert and others have so far identified as clock cells. Taghert's group showed in an earlier study that loss of PDF altered the rhythmic behaviors of flies, changing their behavior schedule to one more appropriate for about a 22-hour day. In follow-up studies, Taghert and other scientists linked PDF to the synchronization of various kinds of clock cells. For this study, researchers in Taghert's lab used the fruit fly genome as a guide to allow them to identify all the fruit fly peptide receptor genes, express them in cell cultures, expose them to PDF and search for receptors that are specifically activated by PDF. When they found one that interacted with PDF, they produced a line of fruit flies with a mutation in the gene for that receptor protein. The new line of flies acted like the flies in which PDF had been knocked out, demonstrating that the receptor is essential to normal PDF function. Close relative in humans Mammals do not have a gene directly equivalent to PDF, but the Taghert group's new findings indicate that the PDF receptor is closely related to mammalian receptors for the proteins calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related product), a well-known molecule whose precise function has been difficult to determine, which may play a similar role in mammalian circadian systems. "We found the fruit fly PDF receptor responded both to calcitonin, which we hadn't previously linked to circadian function, and to PACAP, a mammalian neuropeptide already recognized as a part of the circadian system," Taghert says. "This suggests that the receptor systems probably evolved from a common ancestor and that what we learn from the fruit fly may be helpful in understanding circadian biology in higher organisms." Currently, Taghert's group is working to identify the locations and characteristics of fruit fly brain cells that make the PDF receptor and to trace the signals emitted by those cells back into the circadian system. Source: Washington University School of Medicine Explore further Why do fruit flies live so long? Citation: Scientists find protein that helps synchronize fly's internal clocks (2006, February 3) retrieved 4 December 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2006-02-scientists-protein-synchronize-internal-clocks.html Feedback to editors
FAQ: Why Does New Mexico Vote Democratic? How did New Mexico vote for president? New Mexico was won by Biden by a 10.79% margin of victory. Prior to the election, most news organizations making election predictions considered New Mexico as a state Biden would win, or a safe blue state. Does New Mexico have a Republican Legislature? The legislature consists of 70 representatives and 42 senators. Currently the Democratic Party holds a majority in both of the chambers of New Mexico Legislature, and holds the Governor’s office. Do Mexican citizens vote for president? The president of Mexico is elected for a six-year term by direct election of the population. The candidate who wins a plurality of votes is elected president. No president can serve more than a single term in office, therefore every presidential election in Mexico is a non-incumbent election. Which party controls the legislature in New Mexico? There are currently 45 Democrats, 24 Republicans, and 1 Other in the House of Representatives. There are currently 27 Democrats, and 15 Republicans in the Senate. You might be interested: FAQ: What Is The Population Of New Mexico 2014? Is New Mexico safe to live? Is New Mexico a good state to live? Is New Mexico controlled by Democrats? All of the state’s seven executive offices are held by Democrats. Democrats also hold supermajorities in both houses of the New Mexico State Legislature. Do New Mexico legislators get paid? New Mexico is the only state that does not pay its legislators a salary, but lawmakers do still earn per diem. The top five states with the highest-paid base legislative salaries are: California – $114,877/year. New York – $110,000/year. How long is the New Mexico legislative session? The Legislature holds 60- day sessions in odd-numbered years and 30-day sessions in even- numbered years. Daily sessions of the House and Senate begin with a roll call of members. Who won the Mexican American War? You might be interested: Quick Answer: How Big Is Carlsbad New Mexico? What is Mexican ine? The Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) (English for National Electoral Institute) (formerly Federal Electoral Institute (Instituto Federal Electoral, IFE)) is an autonomous, public organization responsible for organizing federal elections in Mexico, that is, those related to the election of the President of the United What happens directly after a bill is introduced in the New Mexico Legislature? What happens directly after a bill is introduced in the New Mexico Legislature? The bill goes through the legislative process to become a law. How many House Reps does New Mexico have? The New Mexico House of Representatives (Spanish: Cámara de representantes de Nuevo México) is the lower house of the New Mexico State Legislature. There are 70 members of the House. Leave a Reply
Featured Poem Rosa Parks on a Bus in Montgomery, Alabama, December 21, 1956 Rosa Parks on a Bus in Montgomery, Alabama New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, NYWT&S Collection, LC-DIG-ds-07979. Classroom Activities 1. Project the photograph of Rosa Parks on the bus without telling your students who she is. Ask them to look at the photograph carefully and write down what they see. It is not enough for them to write “I see a man and a woman.” They have to write as many details as possible about what they see. If they immediately recognize the subject of the photograph, ask them to write down what elements of the photograph tell them who this person is. 2. Ask your students to get in pairs and to share the details they noticed. What do they think is the situation in the photograph? What details in the photograph support this interpretation? 3. Whole-class discussion: Ask your students if they know about Rosa Parks. If some students do know, have them tell the rest of the class who she was. Add details, as necessary. If no one knows, tell them the story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, or direct them to the primary resources from the Library of Congress. 4. Project the poem “Making History” so all of your students can see it. Ask them to read the poem silently and write down all the words and phrases that jump out at them. Ask them to write down the questions they have after reading the poem. 5. Ask one student to read the poem aloud, while the other students listen and write down any new words, phrases, or questions. Ask another student to read the poem aloud and have the listening students follow the same process. 6. Ask your students to get into groups of four to share their lists and help one another answer their questions. This may involve some individual/group research to discover all the “firsts” mentioned in the poem. 7. Whole-class discussion: What is the speaker in the poem telling us is necessary to “make history?” What are the “little white lies” about which she is speaking?
Free speech is perhaps the most important liberty Americans enjoy. People exercise it every day without even thinking about it, and for good reason it is mentioned in the very first amendment to the U.S. Constitution. But free speech is more than just the words in the Bill of Rights. Before there was a law, there was the idea of free speech. The law limits the government to protect the right, but does not define the right. More than simply a legal issue, free speech is a part of American culture—an important distinction. If free speech meant only the words in the Constitution, if all it guaranteed were that the government could not jail us for our words, it would be a dead letter. Governments across the world guarantee rights in their laws yet violate them daily. Indeed, free speech was not invented in 1791. The law only codifies what the Founders and their contemporaries already believed: that a free people must be allowed to openly express themselves, and that the cure for bad ideas is good ideas, not censorship. –— Kyle Sammin
Steam traps operation and their function in power plant - ASKPOWERPLANT Steam traps operation and their function in power plant Steam traps operation and their function in power plant Steam traps operation and their function in power plant In this article we discussed about the steam traps operation and their uses and how to insure that the steam trap are correctly worked or not during operation time , and also know about the types of steam traps are used into the power plant like thermodynamic steam traps , mechanical type steam traps and float type steam traps and steam traps function ? When steam in the pipe line cools, condensate is formed. it is required to drain out this condensate from the system to avoid further cooling of steam and water hammering . For this resin traps are used into pipe line main function of steam trap is to discharge condensate and not allowed to steam escape. During start up pipe space is filled with air so the trap should capable to release air. Location of trap should be in such a position that condensate in the system can flow automatically to the trap by gravity. Normally lowest point of the steam line is ideal place for trap location. Trap location should be accessible for inspection and maintenance . Function of steam traps operations:- – There are three main function of steam trap . -TO discharge condensate as soon as it formed –Not to allow steam to escape -To be capable of discharging air and other incondensable gases. You are currently reading article Steam traps operation and their function in power plant at Types of steam traps Steam traps operation and their function There are three basic types of steam traps 1. Thermostatic (operated by changes in fluid temperature) the temperature of saturated steam is determined by its pressure. In the steam space steam gives up its enthalpy of evaporation producing condensate at steam temperature. As a result of any further beat loss the temperature of the condensate will fall. A thermostatic trap will pass condensate when this lower temperature is sensed. After that condensate is removed and steam reaches the trap the temperature increases and the trap closes. 2. Mechanical ( operated by changes in fluid density ) This range of steam traps operates by sensing the difference in density between steam and condensate The steam traps include ball float traps and inverted bucket traps . In the ball float trap system the ball lift in the presence of accumulation of condensate opening a valve which passes the denser condensate. With the inverted bucket trap the inverted bucket floats when steam reaches the trap and rises to shut the valve. Both are essentially mechanical in their method of operation. 3. Thermodynamic or disc trap (operated by changes in fluid dynamic) Thermodynamic steam trap relay partly on the formation of flash steam from condensate. These groups include thermodynamic disc impulse and labyrinth steam traps. Performance assessment methods of steam traps: Steam trap performance assessment is totally based on following two questions : -Is the trap working correctly or not ? -Steam trap should not be failed during open or closed position? Traps that fail open result in a loss of steam and its energy. Where condensate is not returned the water is lost as well. That’s results significant economic loss of plant and also directly increased boiler plant costs or installation and potentially indirectly via decreased steam heating capacity traps that fail closed do not result in energy or water losses, but can result in significantly reduced heating capacity and or damage to steam heating equipment. Most of the time people ignore a faulty trap leaking or blocking of trap both are undesirable impurities , corrosion water hammer and poor maintenance practice are the most common causes responsible for trap failure so proper inspection and maintenance practice can help to dedicate leaking or blocking tarps 1. Visual Testing: in visual testing the trap is inspected to find whether it is discharging condensate or steam. In every case the flow or variation of flow is visually observed. This procedure works better with traps which on / off, cycle or dribbles on light load. When high volume of water and flash steam comes out the line its becomes less viable. If condensate can be diverted ahead of the trap or a secondary flow can be turned off, the load on the trap will drop to zero or a very minimal amount so the visual test will allow in determining the leakage. 2. Sound testing Sound testing procedure is a very unique testing in steam traps operation it includes ultrasonic leak detectors mechanics stethoscope, screwdriver or metal road with a human ear against it. All these use the sound created by flow to determine the trap function like the visual method. This method works best with traps that cycle on/off or dribbles on light load. Traps which have modulating type discharge pattern are hard to check on high flows. Again by diverting condensate flow ahead of the trap or shutting off secondary flows as mentioned under visual testing the noise level will drop to zero or a very low level if the trap is operating correctly. If the trap continuous to flow heavily after diversion it would be leaking or blowing through. 3. Temperature testing Temperature testing includes infrared guns pyrometers temperature tapes and temperature crayons. Typically they are used to gauge the discharge temperature on the outlet side of the trap. Temperature tapes or crayons they are worked on predetermined temperature and they indicate when the temperature exceeds that level. Infrared guns and surface pyrometers can detect temperatures on both sides of the trap. For the infrared and surface pyrometers require bare pipe and a clean surface to getting effective reading. The temperature reading will typically be lower than actual internal pipe temperature due to the fact that steel does have some heat flow resistance. Scale depositing inside the pipe can also affect the heat transfer. Some of the more expensive infrared guns can compensate for wall thickness and materials differences. Blocked or turned off traps can easily be dedicated by infrared guns and surface pyrometers as they will show low or cold temperature. 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Skip to main content TinkerCAD Tutorials What is TinkerCAD? TinkerCAD is a free, online Computer Aided Design (CAD) tool from Autodesk. Unlike other CAD programs, TinkerCAD has a very small learning curve and is easy to use. It is best suited for creating simple 3D objects or performing simple modifications to pre existing 3D objects, such as those downloaded from Thingiverse. These tutorials will go through all the necessary steps for you to become an expert in TinkerCAD.
Blue Boxes 1: Arm and Cubital Fossa/Forearm/Hand Flashcards Preview IUSM Anatomy KG > Blue Boxes 1: Arm and Cubital Fossa/Forearm/Hand > Flashcards Flashcards in Blue Boxes 1: Arm and Cubital Fossa/Forearm/Hand Deck (35) Loading flashcards... What does the biceps reflex test? Musculocutaneous nerve and the C5 and C6 spinal cord segments What is biceps tendinitis? Inflammation of the tendon of the long head of the biceps that moves back and forth withing the bicipital groove inside its synovial sheath Where is the common place for the biceps tendon to tear? From its attachment to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula What is the clinical term for stopping bleeding through manual or surgical control of blood flow? Where is the best place to compress the brachial artery to control hemorrhage? Medial to the humerus near the middle of the arm How long can muscles and nerves tolerate ischemia? Up to 6 hours What is ischemic compartment syndrome? When scar tissue replaces necrotic tissue and causes the involved muscles to shorten permanently A midhumeral fracture may injure what nerve? Radial going through the radial groove Will a lesion of the radial nerve in the redial groove paralyze the triceps? No because of the high origin of the nerves to two of its three heads, only medial head is affected A musculocutaneous nerve injury results in the paralysis of what muscles? coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis What is the cutaneous innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve What is the characteristic clinical sign of radial nerve injury? wrist drop What vein is most commonlyy selected for venus punctures? Median cubital What provides some protection during venus blood draws in the cubital fossa region? bicipital aponeurosis It separates the median cubital vein from the underlying brachial artery and median nerve Where is tennis elbow pain felt? Over the lateral epicondyle, they often feel pain when they open a door or lift a glass Tennis elbow is a problem with tendons What tendon usually causes the pain in tennis elbow? What is mallet finger? The extensor tendon is torn off the distal ip joint Why is a fracture of the olecranon common? Because the olecranon is subcutaneous and protrusive Why is pinning usually required to repair a fractured olecranon? The fractured olecranon is pulled away by the active and tonic contraction of the triceps. Where on the hand are synovial cysts usually found? Dorsum of the wrist The distal attachment of ECRB tendon to the base of the 3rd metacarpal Where is the common place to measure pulse rate? Where the radial artery lies on the anterior surface of the distal end of the radius, lateral to the tendon of the FCR Why shouldn't you use the pulp of the thumb when measuring the radial pulse rate? Because the thumb has its own pulse When a superficial vessel is pulsating near the wrist, it is probably a superficial what? Radial artery Is FDP affected when the median nerve is severed in the elbow? Only the lateral head of FDP would be affected, the medial part is innervated by the ulnar What lesion produces the hand of benediction? Median nerve lesion When the anterior interosseous nerve is injured, what is affected? The thenar muscles are unaffected, by partial paralysis of the flexor digitorumm profundus and flexor pollicis longus occurs Anterior interosseous syndrome is characterized by what hand position? Abnormal "pinch" sign rather than a normal "ok" sign Can't flex the distal IP joint of first finger (FDP) and the IP of the thumb (FPL) What nerve is compressed in pronator syndrome? The median nerve is compressed between the heads of the pronator teres. Often caused by activities that require consistent pronation Communication between median and ulnar nerves is uncommon. What clinical challenge does it provide? Even if there is a complete lesion of one nerve, some muscles may not be paralyzed Where are the common places for the ulnar nerve to become entraped? Posterior to the medial epicondyle of the hmerus In the cubital tunnel between the humeral and ulnar heads of the FCU In the hand In Guyon's Canal
Craniofacial Research Instrumentation Laboratory 3D Craniofacial Measurement Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a medical imaging technique consisting of X-ray computed tomography where the X-rays are divergent, forming a cone. CBCT has become increasingly important in treatment planning and diagnosis in implant dentistry, ENT, orthopedics, and interventional radiology (IR), among other things. During dental/orthopedic imaging, the CBCT scanner rotates around the patient’s head, obtaining up to nearly 600 distinct images. For interventional radiology, the patient is positioned offset to the table so that the region of interest is centered in the field of view for the cone beam. A single 200-degree rotation over the region of interest acquires a volumetric data set. The scanning software collects the data and reconstructs it, producing what is termed a digital volume. (Description: © Wikipedia) This is an outline and brief introduction to investigations in the area of integrated three-dimensional (3D) craniofacial measurement currently in progress at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry. To demystify some of the underlying principles, we address these questions: 1. Why should orthodontists be interested in 3D craniofacial measurement? Figure 1. The goal of all orthodontic measurement: a unified craniofacial model. (after Simon) The goal of craniofacial measurement has always been the re-assembly of information from multiple sources (study casts of the teeth and jaws, x-ray images of the teeth and skull, and photographs of the face) into a common integrated map. Our region of interest, the skull and face, can be considered conceptually to consist of three layers: an overlying soft tissue layer which we image on facial photographs, an underlying array of teeth which we image primarily on study casts, and an intermediate bony layer, the skull and jaws, which is perceivable only on x-ray images. But the several layers of the skull make it too complex to be grasped as a whole. In the natural state, some layers obscure other layers. For example, from the outside of the mouth, we cannot see the teeth; from the inside of the mouth, we can see the teeth but not the bony armature which supports them. So orthodontists have very cleverly learned to strip away the layers of the system to see the underlying details more clearly. They do this by constructing a series of physical transforms. The usual physical transforms of orthodontics are study casts, cephalometric x-ray images, facial photographs, and panoramic x-ray images. (See Figure 2.) Figure 2. The typical physical transforms of orthodontics. Each of these transforms, taken by itself, gives us a clearer picture of part of the total system, by completely discarding information about the rest of the system. For example, study casts provide good information about the teeth, but discard all information about the overlying soft issues or the underlying bony scaffolding. Cephalometric x-rays (cephs) provide good information on the scaffold but lose all information about the face surface and retain only attenuated information about the teeth. Facial photographs give us good information about the facial surface, but lose all information about the deeper structures, i.e., the teeth and bones which are perhaps our major concern. Panoramic x-ray images give us valuable information on root contours, but lose all information about arch form and the relationship of the teeth to the facial surface. However, when orthodontists decompose the skull into separate components, we do not typically retain information on how to put the parts back together with quantitative accuracy. That is why until now the composite illustration from Graber’s text has remained a metaphor —something between a wish and a dream. In current practice, the clinician can do no more than reassemble the information from several transforms conceptually–as a mental operation, in a process called “clinical judgement”. Experienced clinicians do remarkably well at this conceptual task, but with better information we believe that we could deliver even better service to the public. Figure 3a. Measuring between the commissure of the lips and the canine cusp tip. For example, for purposes of diagnosis and treatment evaluation, we would like to be able to make accurate measurements between physical records of different types (i.e., between study casts and facial photographs, or between study casts and cephalograms). We would like for example to be able to measure precisely how thick the lips are over the canines, how thick the cheeks are over the molars, and what is the relationship between expansion of the maxillary arch and changes in the drape of the buccal soft tissues. Figure 3 attempts to illustrate such relationships, but as may be seen, the very concept is difficult to convey on a two-dimensional image. Information about these and other “tooth to soft tissue” or “tooth to skull” relationships is currently available only for mid-sagittal structures on lateral cephs, and even in that plane the information we have is only marginally trustworthy. Figure 3b. Measuring between the cheek surface and the buccal surface of the upper first molar. The problem in making accurate measurements of these kinds is that there is a constraining geometrical law that limits the merging of information from different sources. Although 3D information can be extracted from study casts, conventional facial photographs and x-ray images contain only 2D information. For registration of data from two 2D images it is sufficient to have 2D information for two points that are common to both images. This strategy is used when orthodontists use two “hash marks” to superimpose a pair of lateral cephs. To merge data from two 3D coordinate maps generated from physical records of the same or different kind, one needs to have 3D information (i.e., “x”, “y”, and “z”) for three points common to both maps. This crucial geometric principle will be explored in greater detail later. In the remainder of this presentation, we will try to outline methods which have now made possible the quantitative re-integration of fully 3D information from different types of physical record. 2. What is the basic principle underlying non-contact 3D measurement from images? Figure 4. Conventional lateral and frontal cephs are generated using what is known as projection geometry. The x-rays originating at the focal spot of the x-ray tube radiate such that a small beam collimated near the tube source will cover a progressively larger area the further it is projected from the tube. This phenomenon is well known to orthodontists and is illustrated schematically in Figure 4. Figure 4 illustrates the path of a single ray from the focal spot on the left through the subject’s head to the film plane on the right. Three planes are drawn, passing through the patient’s head parallel to the film plane but different distances from it. At the point at which the ray strikes the film, information from one point on each para-sagittal plane are “stacked” at the same point demonstrating that the enlargement factor from each plane is different. The distance from each plane to the film represents the “third dimension” for the point on that plane. Only if one knows this third dimension can the point be located uniquely in three dimensional space. The only para-sagittal plane whose distance from the film plane is considered to be known in conventional cephalometry is the mid-sagittal plane itself. This distance is “known” because it is defined by convention as 60 inches in the U.S. and 1500 millimeters in Europe. Also by convention, paired cephalometric landmarks that are positioned lateral to sagittal plane are averaged, a process which ignores the possibility of asymmetry and in any event does not yield a measurement in the third dimension. For unpaired points lying off the sagittal plane or in cases of known asymmetry, no method for estimation of the third dimension is possible on single projection images. However, we can measure the third dimension from 2D projection images if we use the images in pairs, as will now be demonstrated. Figure 5a. Natural stereovision. The angle from the left eye to the subject to the right eye varies with the distance to the subject. The closer the subject the larger will be the angle subtended. If one knows the distance between the eyes and the angle to the subject the distance can be calculated with precision. In typical mammalian vision, the viewer performs this operation automatically without being aware of the process unless the subject is so far away that the lines of sight from the two eyes become effectively parallel. The paradigm for 3D measurement from paried 2D image is taken from nature — from the stereoscopic vision of man and most mammals. It depends on viewing the subject from two different perspectives, which is to say from two eyes located some known distance apart. See Figure 5. The magnitude of the angle from the left eye to the object being viewed to the right eye is a function of the distance between the viewer and the object viewed. Note that in Figure 5, objects which are further from the viewer will have more acute angles than objects nearer the viewer. Of course, the ability to range the distance to any object from two “eyes” or “cameras” presupposes the ability to identify the same point from both viewing stations. Figure 5b. If a plane parallel to the line between the eyes is interposed between the eyes and the subject, the length of the line segment between the rays from the two eyes will differ proportionally to the difference in the angles. Thus the line segment 1′ to 1″ is a measure of the angle 1 and of the distance between the eyes and point 1. Similarly, the longer line segment 2′ to 2″ is a measurement of the angle 2 and of the distance to point 2. The application of this principle is the basis for stereoscopic 3D measurement in topographic engineering, cartography, and robotics. In the sections which follow, we demonstrate how it can also be used to make 3D measurements in orthodontics. 1. Baumrind S, Moffitt FH. Mapping the Skull in 3D. Journal of the California Dental Association 1972; 48:22. 2. Baumrind S. A System for Craniofacial Mapping Through the Integration of Data from Stereo X-Ray Films and Stereophotographs. Technical Papers from the Symposium on Close Range Photgrammetric System, American Society of Photogrammetry, University of Illinois, Urbana 1975;142-66. 3. How can one obtain 3D information about structures in the skull from 2D projection images? In reality, any pair of images in which an object of interest is viewed from two different perspectives can be used to generate 3D information, provided only that 1) the distance between the two viewing points is known and 2) the same point of interest can be seen from both perspectives. In practice, however, certain geometric arrangements between the two viewing perspective and the object of interest have lower error rates than others so that the geometrcial arrangement between viewing stations and the object being measured bear careful consideration. In stereometric measurements of the skull, two different viewing arrangements have been most widely used. These are bi-planar stereometry in which the film casettes for the two exposures are positioned at right angels top each other, and co-planar geometry, in which the two film casettes are oriented parallel to each other. We will consider these in turn. Bi-planar Stereocephalometry Figure 6a. The original Broadbent apparatus. (From Broadbent, B.H.: Angle Orthodontist 51: 93, 1981.) and a representative Broadbent stereopair. The first attempts at 3D x-ray cephalometrics by Broadbent 1 and Hofrath 2 retained the most fundamental principle of stereoscopic measurement in that they were based on combining 2D information generated by viewing the subject from two different perspectives. See Figure 6a. Their elegant contributions, while of enormous importance to our specialty, suffered from an unfortunate limitation imposed by the fact that most cranial landmarks have sharply different appearances when viewed from different projections and particularly between lateral and posterio-anterior cephs. Thus there was difficulty meeting the requirement that the same physical point must be located on both images of each stereo-pair. This problem is compounded in the Broadbent geometry by virtue of the fact that the same anatomical landmark typically lies at different distances from the film plane on each of the paired images, as illustrated on Figure 6b. Figure 6b. The geometry of a bi-planar stereopair. Note that each of the three points in the patient’s head (A, B, and C) is located a different distance from the frontal and lateral film planes. For this reason, the points will be enlarged differently on the two films and therefore will have different y coordinates. Because most landmarks of interest do not lie at the same distance from the film plane on the two images of a Broadbent-Bolton film pair they will have different vertical (y) locations as well as different as well as different horizontal (x) locations. This compounds the problem of locating the same physical point uniquely on both films. Broadbent and his associates attempted to reduce the impact of this problem by constructing a template for matching which they called the Orientator. The use of this device is explained and demonstrated in the accompanying paper presented by Hans and associates. Co-planar Stereocephalometry To reduce the difficulty of locating the same physical landmark on both images of a stereopair, our laboratory has for some time been investigating an alternative “co-planar” geometry borrowed directly from photogrammetry and robotics. First we examine a photogrammetric prototype: Figure 7a. A mapping aircraft or satellite takes a photograph using a camera pointing straight down. The film plane of the camera is represented schematically below the aircraft. Note that the film plane of the camera is parallel to the surface of the ground. The ray from a point on a hill to the film plane of the camera is shown. Figure 7b. The plane flies some desired distance and another photograph is taken, again with the camera pointing straight down. The ray from the point on the hill to the repositioned film plane is shown. Figure 7c. Figures 7a and 7b are overlayed. Note that this figure precisely analogizes Figure 5b with each position of the aircraft being the equivalent of one eye. Figure 7d. The region of terrain captured by the camera in each of the two locations is shown. Note that the intersection of rays can only be captured in the area of overlap between the two films. Figure 7e. The analogous intersecting rays to a representative additional point on the ground at the bottom of the hill are shown. Theywill subtend a more acute angle than the rays from the point at the top of the hill. Also, a perpendicular is dropped along the central axis of the camera from each of the two viewing positions. The horizontal distance between the points on the ground directly below the camera is a measure of the distance between thepositions from which the two photographs were taken. Figure 7f. Schematic two-dimensional representation of Figure 7e. Examine the intersections of the lines with the horizontal film plane; note that the distance between the the blue lines meeting at the top of the hill is less than the distance between the red lines meeting at the bottom of the hill. At CRIL, we have constructed a co-planar stereocephalometer which uses two x-ray emitters to precisely analogize the geometry of the aerial system in Figure 7 “laid on its side”. See Figure 8a. Figure 8a. A stereocephalometer is shown so oriented that emitter 1 generates a standard cephalogram according to the geometry of the Second Roentgenographic Workshop and yields standard lateral or frontal cephalograms. A second emitter is positioned 18 inches lateral to the first and yields oblique views. Figure 8b. Enlarged view of the two emitters. Figure 8c A schematic representation (not to scale) of a lateral cephalogram. The blue ray (analogous to Figure 7a) passes through a point on the jaw and falls upon the film plane. The path of the central ray along the porion-porion axis is shown. Figure 8d (Analogous to Figure 7b above) The ray from the second emitter through the same point is shown. Note its point of prejection upon the film plane. Figure 8e (Analogous to Figure 7c above) The paths from both emitters through the same point on the chin are shown. The plane view shows both films superimposed. The line connecting the two points on the film plane is a measure of the “height” of the point above the film surface. Figure 8f (Analogous to Figure 7d above) The points on the film plane representing the central rays from both emitters are shown. Note that the black line connecting these two points is an exact measureof the distance between the focal spots of the two emitters. Figure 8g (Analogous to Figure 7e above) Two additional “red” rays passing through the tip of the nose, a point nearer to the film plane, have been added. Note that the line segment connecting these two points on the film plane is shorter than the segment connecting the blue points. The differences in the lengths of the two line segments is proportional to the heights above the film plane of the nose point and chin point. Note further that the line segments connecting the two images of these and any other point are parallel to the line connecting the focal spots of the emitters. Figure 8h A schematic top view of the stereocephalometric system (analogous to Figure 7f above). Three points lying on the same ray from the standard emitter but lying at different planes within the skull are shown. Viewed on the single standard lateral cephalogram, these three points would be superimposed on the film plane and their heights would be indistinguishable. However when information from the second emitter is added, it will be noted that the line connecting the two images on the film plane will be of different length, proportional to the heights of the points above the film plane. A Comparison of Bi-planar and Co-planar Geometries for Craniofacial Mapping Figure 9a shows the relationship between the two alternative geometries just discussed. Four projection images of the same skull are presented. Figure 9a The upper row constitutes a “coplanar” lateral skull stereopair. “A” shows a conventional lateral ceph taken from Emitter 1 while “b” shows the associated offset lateral ceph taken from Emitter 2. The lower row constitutes the analogous frontal skull stereopair; “C” is a conventional frontal ceph taken from Emitter 1 while “D” is an offset frontal ceph from Emitter 2. The left Column, the stereopair “A” and “C”, constitutes a biplanar, Broadbent-Bolton type stereopair (both of whose images have been generated by Emitter 1). An examination of these four component images of Figure 9a demonstrates dramatically that it is much easier to locate the same anatomical structure on the two images of a coplanar stereopair (say, for example, sella or pogonion on “A” and “B”) than it is to locate the same anatomical structure on both images of the biplanar steropair, “A” and “C”. This is true mainly because the image of any given structure changes less between the two views of a coplanar pair than it does between the two views of a biplanar steropair. But there is an important additional reason why locating the same anatomical structure on a biplanar stereopair is more difficult than it is on a coplanar stereopair. This is because there is an important additional clue for checking that one has located the same structure on both images of the steropair which do not exist in the biplanar case. Recall that for a biplanar pair, one locates the “x” and “y” positions of a point on the lateral ceph and its “y” and “z” positions on the frontal ceph. At first glance, one might think that an important clue for checking that you have indeed located the same physical point on both images would be that the “y” coordinates on both images would be the same. (Indeed this appears to be what at least some of Broadbent’s co-workers originally believed.) Unfortunately, this assumption is incorrect as may be seen in Figure 9b. Figure 9b Figure 9c Here it may be seen that each of the three points in the skull (represented by A, B. and C) is located a different perpendicular distance from the surfaces of the frontal and lateral film surfaces. This means that the paired images of each point will fall on different heights (i.e., have different “y” coordinates) on the frontal and lateral film surfaces. In fact, only points lying along the bisecting plane represented by the line E in Figure 9b will have the same “y” coordinate on both the lateral and fronatal cephs of a Broadbent-Bolton stereopair. Indeed, this is precisely the problem that Broadbent’s “Orientator” sought to correct, although the method was a bit too cumbersome in practice to ever catch on. A much simpler alternative is available in coplanar systems where, as may be seen in Figure 9c, the perpendicular distance from each point in the skull to the film surface is automatically the same for both films of any stereo pair. For this reason, correlation of the two images of the same point or structure on co-planar stereo pairs is further simplified as is demonstrated in Figure 9d. Figure 9d Here we see co-planar lateral ceph images of a dried skull with metal markers at left and right gonion and also at pogonion or menton. The pairing of the poginion and menton points on the centered and offset lateral images is quite straightforward, because we can easily tell menton from pogonion on each of the two different views considered separately. But how do we keep from confusing the images of right and left gonion on the two images. Indeed, they look remarkably similar! The answer lies in the geometrically determined fact that each structure has the same “Y” coordinate on both the centered and the offset image. For this reason we need only link the upper image of gonion on one image with the upper image of gonion on the other image; (similarly, lower with lower). In the stereo pair shown, the longer gonion-gonion line (i.e., the upper line) represents the side near the x-ray source, while the shorter gonion-gonion line represents the side further from the x-ray source and nearer to the film plan. Note that the poginion-pogonion line and the menton-menton line are of equal length because they both lie the same distance from the film plan. For points not unambiguously identifiable this “Y to Y” correspondence is a powerful error control mechanism; if the y coordinate of any given point is not the same on both the centered and offset images, it has been misidentified on at least one of the images. 1. American Journal of Orthodontics 1983;84:292-312. 2. Baumrind S, Moffitt FH, Curry S. The Geometry of Three-Dimensional Measurment from Paired Coplanar X-Ray Images. American Journal of Orthodontics 1983;84:313-22. 4. How is 3D information about the surface of the face obtained? Figure 10a. Ranging the location of two representative points on the face from a pair of cameras located a known distance apart. The task of generating 3D information about the facial surface is conceptually no different from that outlined above for terrestrial and x-ray photogrammetry as may be seen in Figure 10a (compare to Figures 7f and 8h). However, whereas in stereocephalometry it is still necessary to locate each point of interest manually on both images of a stereo pair, recent advances in imaging technology now make it possible to assemble 3D surface maps of the face fairly automatically. These methods utilize technologies known collectively as “structured light imaging.” Briefly stated, they involve projecting a known grid or similar image on the facial surface from one perspective and then photographing the distortion of the projected image with a single camera whose spatial location is known with respect to the location of the projector. The general method of projecting a grid on a subject to be mapped has been known for many years but was not considered practical for clinical use earlier because locating large numbers of grid intersections by hand, even on a single image, was prohibitively labor-intensive. This objection is now overcome in a number of structured light systems. In general, vertically oriented series of rainbow stripes is projected on the subject by a specialized projector and then photographed by a digital camera located a known distance from the projector. Figure 10b. In a more recent development, a second digital camera (C), mounted between the fixed projector (A) and digital camera (B) captures a true-color image a few milliseconds after the primary image. A known pattern is projected upon the subject from a light source (A) and photographed by a digital camera (B). See Figure 10b. The 3D information from the primary-camera-light-projector assembly is synchronized with the 2D pixel map from Camera C and is stored in a kind of look-up table. In this way, the location of each pixel on the monitor-displayed image from Camera C uniquely identifies the three dimensional coordinates of a particular point on the surface map generated by Camera B and its associated projector (A). Figure 10c. The 3D Metrics Camera System currently in use at CRIL. A camera system utilizing this approach (manufactured by 3D Metrics, Petaluma, California) is shown in Figure 10c. In this implementation, one of the usual cameras of the stereo pair is replaced by a light projector which casts a grid-like pattern or array upon the subject from a known location and orientation. A dedicated computer chip built into the digital camera has the ability to distinguish different frequencies of light and hence can tell, from the color of each light ray, the direction in which that particular ray has traveled from the light projector. Figure 10d. Figure 10e. The projected pattern falling upon the subject is photographed by Camera 1 which is mounted a known distance from the Projector. When viewed from the perspective of the Projector, the shape of the projected pattern remains unaltered regardless of the shape of the object it falls upon (see Figure 10d). When viewed from the perspective of Camera 1, the projected pattern is distorted as a function of the height of the various features of the subject’s face (see Figure 10e). Since the view of the pattern from the vantage point of the projector is always an unaltered representation of the pattern itself, it need not be digitized at each exposure. Instead, the heights of the various facial features can be calculated solely from the distortion of the pattern when viewed from the vantage point of Camera 1. The reconstructed representation of the face can be rotated on a standard computer monitor and the 3D coordinates of any visible point can be captured by pointing and clicking with a standard mouse or other similar device (see Figure 10f). Figure 10f. 5. How is 3D information about tooth size and arch form obtained? The structured light methods just described are quite sufficient to locate landmarks to an accuracy of about one millimeter on the surface of the face. However, they are not capable at this time of the greater accuracy required for more detailed automated measurement of tooth surfaces. Additionally, like all photographic measurements, they are subject to “line of sight” problems which means that they cannot see around undercuts. For the greater accuracy required to make detailed maps of structures with multiple undercuts (like orthodontic study casts), alternative methods are required. Perhaps the best of these currently available for our purposes is the technique of “destructive scanning.” Destructive scanning is a one of a number of methods used in engineering to assess the quality of electronic circuits by slicing them into component layers. By disassembling, testing, and inspecting a device, a complete profile can be created to determine how well a device conforms to design and process requirements. For biologically trained observers like orthodontists, perhaps the best analogy for understanding destructive scanning is the “serial section” which we all remember from our earlier studies of histology and pathology. Recall that when we want to understand the 3D structure of a block of tissue in those disciplines, we invest the block after suitable preparation in a material of matched cutting properties and then make a series of slices with a microtome. The surfaces of the slices are then examined sequentially under a microscope and a 3D picture is constructed by mentally comparing the appearance of slices which lay and different depths into the block. In the destructive scanning of dental study casts, a carefully fabricated white stone cast is invested in black epoxy plastic of similar cutting properties. After the epoxy has set, the surface of the block is cut or milled until the first trace of white study cast appears. At that point, the 2D surface of the block is scanned with a flying spot laser scanner and the limits of the outline of the area of white study cast are mapped and stored in the computer. The entire surface of the block is then milled to a depth of approximately three thousands of an inch (~0.1 mm) and the process of laser scanning and 2D mapping is repeated. This process of slicing and mapping is repeated until the entire tooth-bearing portion of the cast has been milled and mapped. In place of a physical study cast, we now have a series of stackable computer stored 2D outlines from which a 3D virtual map of great accuracy can be generated as desired. Note that this method of serial slicing and scanning completely eliminates the undercut problem which is such a major issue in many dental applications. The resulting virtual 3D map can be represented on a computer screen. (See Figure 11a.) Figure 11a The virtual study casts can be manipulated, measured, or modified as desired on screen through the use of specialized software. Also, if desired, the virtual models can be used to regenerate physical 3D replicas of the original or of some desired modification of the original) using another new technology called stereolithography. Stereo-lithography (SLA) is one of a number of new technologies for constructing 3D physical models from virtual 3D digital maps stored in computers. It uses a photo-curable liquid resin (either epoxy, vinyl-ether, or acrylate) which has the property of solidifying or “curing” when exposed to an ultra-violet beam from a HeNe (helium-neon) laser. The laser can be moved and positioned over a pool of the photo-curable liquid under the control of a computer file such as the 3D coordinate map previously generated during the course of the destructive scanning process described above. Thus, stereo-lithography offers us the ability to reconstruct a physical three-dimensional object from the virtual 3D computer map. The process is illustrated schematically in Figure 11b. Figure 11b A vertically operating elevator is suspended in a tank of photo-curable liquid resin such that a support for the 3D object to be re-created lies slightly below the surface of the liquid. Under computer control, the laser then scans onto the surface of the liquid, the shape of the apical-most slice of the virtual study cast model. This causes a thin slice of the liquid resin to congeal. The elevator is now lowered .0003 inch deeper into the liquid bath and the laser scans the next digital layer of its virtual model onto the resin bath, causing the second layer to congeal. The chemical properties of the resin are such that the sequenced layers of congealed resin bind to each other spontaneously. The elevator is lowered another .003 inch and the laser scanning process is repeated. This series of steps is iterated until a solid plastic representation of the original study cast is created. Although both technologies have become practical only in the last decade, variants of destructive scanning and stereolithography are already used in many industries. Among their most rapidly growing applications is that in orthodontics where they are employed for different applications by both Invisalign and Orthocad, We wish to thank the Invisalign Corporation for its considerable assistance in developing the CRIL application that we report here. 6. How do we merge 3D maps of the skull, face, and teeth? The final task is the merging of data from different 3D digital maps. The conceptual basis for merging is again an idea adapted from terrestrial photogrammetry. In that domain, it is frequently desirable to merge data from overlapping 3-dimesional maps generated by aircraft or satellites surveying targets from different directions and altitudes. Figure 12 illustrates schematically the rationale for such an operation. Figure 12a Figure 12b Detail 12a shows in plan view an aircraft taking an overlapping stereo pair of images while flying over the terrain from left to right. The region of overlap of the two images of the stereo pair, shown here shaded in red, is called the “neat” region and is analogous to the overlapping regions of Figures 7d and 7e, and also of Figures 8f and 8g. From information contained in this neat region, the 3D model shown in Detail 12b can be constructed. Note that three unambiguous landmarks—A, B, and C—have been located in the region of overlap in Detail 12a and have accordingly also been identified in the 3D model shown in 12b. At a different time, a second aircraft flying over the terrain from a different direction generates another stereo pair of images (Detail 12c) from which a second 3D model can be constructed (Detail 12d). Figure 12c Figure 12d Because the two stereo pairs were generated from different perspectives they and the 3D models generated from them do not overlap completely. However, they and the two 3D models generated from them do share in common three unambiguous landmarks: A, B, and C. If the two 3D models could be rotated and translated through space until their paired images of A, B, and C could be brought into consonance, the neat areas of the two stereo pairs could be merged to yield a continuous 3D model. A plan view of such a model is shown in Detail 12e with the neat portions of the two stereo pairs overlapping and continuous. Figure 12e. (Please note: this is an animation. If the points aren’t blinking, check your browser’s settings to make sure that animated GIFs play continuously.) At this point any landmark unambiguously identifiable on one 3D model can be precisely related to any point unambiguously identifiable on the other model. Two such points are represented by the red and blue blinking points in Figure 12e. In many terrestrial mapping situations (for example, in desert areas), few or no unambiguous markers like A, B, and C common to 2 or more stereo pairs exist in the terrain. In such cases, artificial markers, called “tie points” are placed on the ground before the overflight in which the stereo images are generated. An analogous situation exists in craniofacial imaging. Therefore we take a leaf from photogrammetrists and from the work of Bjork, and add our own unambiguous metal markers. But in this case we fasten the tie points only temporarily to the surfaces of the teeth and face. Such an application is presented in the section on Clinical Implementation which follows. 7. Clinical Implementation Figure 13a. In our current implementation, an accurate poly vinyl siloxane (PVC) impression of each arch is obtained and stereo-lithographic models of the upper and lower dentitions are generated in the laboratory using the methods described above. Conventional pull-down overlay retainers are fabricated on the stereo-lithographic casts with radiopaque metal spheres replacing their resin precursors on the SLA models. The overlay appliances are inserted in the mouth and their occlusal interferences are adjusted (Figure 13b). A hard wax checkbite is generated in centric relation. Additional triads of radiopaque markers are affixed to the surface of the face (Figure 13a) and images of the face are generated using the specialized 3D camera. Lateral and frontal x-ray stereopairs (Figure 13c) are generated with the apparatus shown in Figure 8 using the DenOptix digital image capture system. Figure 13b. The 3D coordinates of the radiopaque tie points are located (at high precision and in replicate) on each the several images. Those on the facial images are located from the 3D camera images projected directly upon a conventional computer monitor (see Figure 10f). Those on the study cast tie points have been quantified earlier during the process of destructive scanning, SLA fabrication, and overlay retainer construction. The coordinates of all landmarks visible on the digital x-ray images are located separately on each image of each stereo pair using on-screen variants of previously developed 2D methods for locating landmarks on x-ray images 16. Finally, using software constructed to our specifications, the coordinates of all tie points on all images are merged into a unified 3D data set and a computer graphics program carries along available contour information on the tooth, bone, and facial soft tissue surfaces in proper orientation. The output of these operations is an integrated 3D coordinate map of the multiple layers of the skull and face that can be displayed, manipulated, and measured as desired on a conventional computer monitor. The several movies which follow are examples of integrated craniofacial maps generated using the methods outlined above. Figure 13c. 1. Baumrind S, Moffitt FH. Mapping the Skull in 3D. Journal of the California Dental Association, 1972; 48:22. 3. Baumrind S, Moffitt FH, Curry S. Three-Dimensional X-Ray Stereometry from Paired Coplanar Images: A Progress Report. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1983; 84:292-312. 4. Baumrind S, Moffitt FH, Curry S. The Geometry of Three-Dimensional Measurment from Paired Coplanar X-Ray Images. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1983; 84:313-22.
Lunar Eclipse (2021) Traditional names for November Moons are: Beaver Moon, Turkey Moon, Frosty Moon, Dark Moon The Blood Beaver Moon lunar eclipse of 2021 will be the longest partial lunar eclipse in nearly 600 years. lasting 3 hours, 28 minutes and 23 seconds and visible over most of the earth. The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are three distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after impinging on an opaque object. This moonshadowing will take place in the predawn hours, with the visible stages ending before moonset, with the Moon sliding through the southern portion of the Earth’s dark umbra, and by mid eclipse, all but 2.6 percent of the Moon’s diameter will be immersed in the shadow. Because some of the sunlight striking the Earth is diffused and scattered by our atmosphere, the Earth’s shadow is not completely dark. Enough of this light reaches the Moon to give it a faint coppery glow. Combined with the remaining uneclipsed yellow sliver will create what some call the “Japanese Lantern Effect”. Check your local astronomer for eclipse viewing for the best timetable this November 18th and 19th. 🌘 🌑 🌒 Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes through the shadow of the Earth. They only occur during a full moon when the Earth is between the moon and the sun. There can be total, partial, and penumbral lunar eclipses. Similarly, solar eclipses occur when the Earth passes through the Moon's shadow. This umbra illusion tartan created by designer Carol A.L. Martin, uses amongst other shades of black, white, and grey, a particular shade called "eclipse." In August 2008, the Full Moon slid across the northern edge of the umbra. Entertaining moon watchers throughout Earth's eastern hemisphere, the lunar passage created a deep but partial lunar eclipse. This composite image above uses successive pictures recorded during the eclipse from Athens, Greece to trace out a large part of the umbra's curved edge. The result nicely illustrates the relative size of the umbra's cross section at the distance of the Moon, as well as the Moon's path through the Earth's shadow. And for spectacular moon umbra pictures taken from space during the great eclipse of 2017, click the umbra above.
Skip to main content Premium Trial: Request an Annual Quote Harvard, Oxford-Developed Algorithm Uses Evolutionary Data to Predict Disease Variants NEW YORK – Researchers at Harvard Medical School and the University of Oxford have developed an AI tool that predicts the meaning of genetic variants based on their evolutionary conservation across species. The tool, an unsupervised, deep generative model called the evolutionary model of variant effect, or EVE, could help researchers decide which variants of unknown significance to focus on by predicting which ones are more likely to be pathogenic. The researchers described the model recently in Nature. "This data captures the result of millions of years of evolutionary experiments and selection," Mafalda Dias, one of the study's authors, said in an email. "In that sense, patterns of amino acids that are preserved, or that co-evolve, across many species are likely to be viable, and variants thereof likely to be pathogenic. By making use of deep learning, together with this new wealth of sequences, we can uncover complex patterns we would not be able to see otherwise." The researchers, part of the international Atlas of Variant Effects, used roughly 250 million protein sequences from over 140,000 organisms, including several extinct ones, to get a sense of how constrained various sequences are across evolution. This enabled them to estimate an "evolutionary index," or the relative likelihood of seeing each amino acid variant, with respect to a wild-type sequence. The evolutionary index assigned to protein variants closely tracked those variants' clinical labels, which assigned them as either benign or pathological. Rather than a binary "benign or pathological" decision, EVE assigns each variant a probability — an "EVE score," running from zero to one — representing its likelihood of being harmful to health. Correctly interpreting the meaning of genetic variation remains a challenge in systems biology and carries clear clinical consequences. Calling a benign variation pathogenic could trigger a misdiagnosis, while reading a pathogenic variation as benign could delay diagnosis and treatment. EVE's probability scoring stems from the different ways that variants are classified, such as benign, pathogenic, or uncertain, and introduces a trade-off between predicted accuracy and variant coverage. Essentially, EVE's accuracy correlated with the number variants of uncertain classification in a dataset. Excluding more of the most uncertain variants, for example, improved the algorithm's predictive accuracy for more of the benign and pathogenic variants. "In practice," the authors wrote, "we envision researchers deciding on specific trade-offs on a gene-by-gene and use case basis." Dias and her colleagues applied EVE to a set of 3,219 known disease-associated human genes containing 36 million single amino acid variants. EVE outperformed several other supervised and unsupervised algorithms, correctly predicting the clinical significance of all labeled variants in all genes, including 60 clinically actionable genes. EVE's predictions also accurately recapitulated experimental results related to five well-studied genes associated with cancer, cancer syndromes, and heart rhythm disorders. Overall, the researchers used EVE to generate possible interpretations of approximately 27 million variants, including over 800,000 of the variants seen to date in humans. The algorithm, made freely available via GitHub and a dedicated EVE website, has already begun to attract some attention. Genetic information company Invitae came across the EVE study preprint on bioRxiv. "The high accuracy of its results made it clear that we could further benefit individuals tested at Invitae by incorporating this algorithm within Invitae’s Functional Modeling Platform (FMP)," John Nicoludis, a computational biologist at Invitae, explained via email. In evaluating how to add EVE model predictions to the FMP, Invitae is clinically validating EVE model predictions, seeking to ensure that they have over 95 percent accuracy. "Following our validation of the EVE model predictions, we plan to incorporate them into the FMP so they can be utilized during clinical variant interpretation," Nicoludis wrote. "In the coming months, we expect EVE models to contribute to more definitive classifications and benefit thousands of Invitae patients with improved test results." Dias and her colleagues have several other projects underway both to put EVE's predictions to work and to further refine the algorithm. Together with colleagues at the Atlas of Variant Effects, Dias is working to establish how to prioritize genes for further investigation, taking into consideration criteria such as clinical relevance and urgency and complementarity to experimental methods. This, they hope, will help researchers narrow experimental efforts to those genes most likely to deliver actionable results, particularly in more challenging experimental disease contexts. "A great example are genes involved in many neurodegenerative diseases, which are very hard to study experimentally," Dias stated. The team continues to update their server, aiming to generate predictions covering the entire human proteome. "We believe we have only just scratched the surface of what can be learned from evolution about human health, and there are many aspects of these types of models that we don’t fully understand," Dias said. "For example, while our model is uncovering complex patterns of interactions between amino acids, we currently only make predictions for the effect of single amino acid variants. We are looking forward to extending our approach to predicting the effect of different combinations of variants, and dependencies with respect to the global genetic background of a person." The Scan Steps for Quick Review Moving Away From Using Term 'Race' Point of the Program
Groundwork Suffolk and the Environment Agency are working together to raise awareness of pollution in Saxmundham, Framlingham, and Halesworth. What the project involved During the project residents, businesses, and schools in the towns received information and practical advice on how to reduce environmental pollution. Together we can make a difference! This project began in 2018 but many activities are still ongoing. Activities during the project There were a series of events, workshops, and sessions with businesses, community organisations and schools taking place in the three towns. Many local people were engaged to discuss the Yellow Fish Campaign and what people could do to help improve their local water environment. Businesses helped promote the campaign by displaying posters and window stickers on their premises. Yellow Fish stencils were added to many surface water drains in the three towns to grab the attention of local people to find out more and make people think before letting anything but rain water enter these drains. Residents in the areas were also visited so they were made aware of the campaign and to ensure as many people as possible knew what Yellow Fish meant. Latest events
Spread the love Facing life challenges can always disrupt people’s peace of mind. Sometimes, it even leads to mental and emotional distress, which distracts people from going about their lives. Other people even experience severe symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other mental and emotional-induced health conditions. This often happens when people don’t have the ability to change their thoughts and handle their emotions. As a result, some of them turn to activities that harm their health and overall well-being. If you are one of those who tend to develop bad habits, you need to start finding effective ways to manage your emotions. It would help if you also learned new and effective ways to improve your ability to cope with stress, pressure, and all kinds of negative experiences. This is crucial, especially if you want to achieve huge milestones in life. If you are serious about fulfilling life goals, you also need to start making significant improvements in handling your life. Why People Tend to Develop Bad Habits Before you explore effective strategies in fixing your life and overcoming bad habits, you need to understand the cause of the problem. This means you need to learn why you always tend to stick to bad habits to cope with significant issues. According to experts, people develop bad habits because of the following reasons: • Lack of knowledge about the risks • Inability to look for better coping alternatives • Lack of social and emotional support • Inability to question one’s decisions • Genetic predisposition Surefire Ways to Break Bad Habits Most of the time, people want to get over a bad situation quickly. As a result, they tend to distract themselves with activities that are readily available and accessible. Thus, people often turn to smoking, drinking alcohol, binge-watching, sleeping, or eating all day. Even if they try their best to distance themselves from bad habits, they often find themselves doing the same coping methods. If you want to change your bad habits, consider following these healthy recommendations: green tea • Identify destructive behaviors—If you want to start making changes, ensure that you know what specific habits are bad for you. List down all your bad habits and behavior. Knowing that they are bad for you, especially your health, help you think more about your actions. • Determine what factors trigger bad habits—Identify what triggers your emotions or bad habits. Is it your workplace or your home environment? Is it caused by a particular individual or a specific situation? Knowing what triggers your bad habits help you find effective ways to distance yourself from particular factors. • Focus on making small changes first—Start by making small changes instead of trying to make tremendous improvements. Remember, you need to take the first step towards change. The key is to stick to quick, easy, and doable modifications first. This way, you are at least making progress towards a better life. • Try imagining your future—Change your focus, especially when you are exposed to a bad situation. Instead of overthinking about your present, consider imagining your life in the future. This provides you with additional reasons to stay motivated. Imagining your future also helps you stop yourself from doing things that will affect your life. • Consider changing your environment—Consider distancing yourself from a toxic environment. Sometimes, your bad habits are only triggered because you keep staying in a stressful place. Consider transferring to a new home or workplace. Find a healthy and happy environment to protect your physical, mental, and emotional health. • Seek professional help—If you have tried everything, yet you still can’t break bad habits, it’s time to consider seeking professional help. For instance, you can check out treatment options for bulimia nervosa if you can’t stop yourself from getting over bad eating habits. If you have trouble coping with anxiety and depression, you can consult a reliable therapist. The key is to find an expert who can help you manage your emotions and improve your health and lifestyle. You need to understand that bad habits can never be eliminated if you don’t have an alternative option to focus on. Thus, you have to discover new activities to help you cope with stress, pressure, and other adverse situations. If you are having trouble making healthy choices, find a support system so that you can have someone to assist you and be with you whenever you have difficulty handling your problems. If you still can’t change your bad habits, consider seeking professional help. Use the tips mentioned above so you can start making huge, positive changes in your lifestyle. Scroll to Top
The National Health Service (NHS) is the [[Publicly funded medicine\| publicly-funded healthcare system]] of the United Kingdom. It was created on 5 July 1948 by Clement Attlee's Labour government, under health and housing minister Nye Bevan. The NHS followed on from the "Panel" system set up in 1911 under the aegis of Lloyd-George, and the primary care records are still stored in "Lloyd-George" envelopes although nowadays most working records in primary care are computerised. The NHS was, and largely remains, a system of medicine, intended to be "free at the point of delivery" and paid for by taxes. Private medical care remained, and remains, available in the UK. The NHS continues to provide the vast majority of healthcare in the UK. The long-term future of the NHS and its day to day organisation are major issues in British politics. Chronic underfunding under successive goverments, combined with an exponential increase in unrealistic central directives, have led to a worsening situation of understaffing and low morale. Contrary to popular misconception, the founding principles of the NHS called for its funding out of general taxation, not through national insurance. External links See Also
Art Theft Lissitzky Photogram In 1998, a frantic New York photo dealer contacted the Art Theft Detail. The dealer had driven to the Los Angeles area from San Francisco in order to show a client a rare, valuable photogram by Russian painter and designer El Lissitzky (1891-1941). On the day of his meeting, the dealer discovered the photo missing from his hotel room in Santa Monica. The untitled mannequin study had been exhibited at the Guggenheim Museum in the past and was valued at $200,000. The photo, made during the 1920s, actually belonged to a collector in New York who had consigned it to the photo dealer. The Art Theft Detail prepared a Stolen Art Bulletin that was distributed to the art community. This information was also digitized and placed on the LAPD Art Theft Detail website. The investigation languished for five years until detectives received a phone call from the manager of a hotel in Oakland, California. A portfolio containing a framed photo was first discovered in the hotel luggage storage room in 1999. No owner could be identified and the manager was unaware of the photo’s value. A Guggenheim Museum label was noted on the back of the frame so the manager called the museum and left a message, but no one returned the call. The photo was returned to the storage room where it remained unclaimed for another four years. In 2002, as a last resort, the manager researched the artist’s name on the internet. The manager learned that LAPD’s Art Theft Detail had information about a stolen Lissitzky photo. He phoned the art detective who immediately recognized the photo as the one reported stolen in 1998.
Readers ask: How To Discipline Children At Sunday School? How do you handle Sunday school effectively? 7 Tips to Give Children A Great Sunday School Experience 1. Prepare Your Classes in Advance. 2. Avoid Passing the Buck. 3. Be a Positive Disciplinarian. 4. Encourage Parent & Child Spiritual Conversations. 5. Keep the Parents Updated. 6. Constructively Criticize Yourself. 7. Delegate. How do I make my child more disciplined? 10 Healthy Discipline Strategies That Work 2. Set limits. 3. Give consequences. 4. Hear them out. 5. Give them your attention. 6. Catch them being good. 7. Know when not to respond. 8. Be prepared for trouble. How do you effectively discipline students? Teachers, Here Are 2 Ways to Discipline Your Students 1. Positive Reinforcement: Giving extra credit for a question answered with much thought. 2. Positive Punishment: A meeting with a Principal. 3. Negative Reinforcement: Removal of an activity that the student does not enjoy. 4. Negative Punishment: Decrease in free time. What are some examples of acceptable discipline for a child? Acceptable means of discipline include withdrawal or delay of privileges, consequences and time-out. Example: The child destroys toys. Instead of replacing these toys, let the child learn the logical consequences. Destroying toys will result in no toys to play with. You might be interested: Often asked: Teach Us What Sunday School Students Want? What are the responsibilities of a Sunday school teacher? Ellen Perkins wrote: “Without doubt, the number one most psychologically damaging thing you can say to a child is ‘ I don’t love you ‘ or ‘you were a mistake’. What are the 3 types of discipline? The three types of discipline are preventative, supportive, and corrective discipline. PREVENTATIVE discipline is about establishing expectations, guidelines, and classroom rules for behavior during the first days of lessons in order to proactively prevent disruptions. How do you discipline a child that won’t listen? Discipline: Top Do’s and Don’ts When Your Kids Won’t Listen 2. Do find opportunities for praise. 3. Do set limits and keep them. 4. Do be specific. 5. You’re their parent, not their buddy. How do you discipline a difficult student? Tips to Deal with Difficult Students to Improve Classroom 1. Develop a Relationship. The first, and arguably the most important, tip for dealing with difficult students is developing a relationship with them. 2. Expectations and Accountability. 3. Be Consistent. 4. Home-to-School Communication. 5. Peer Support. How do you discipline a disrespectful student? How To Respond To A Disrespectful Student 3. Stay calm. 4. Pause. 5. End it. 6. Move on. 7. Do nothing. 8. Enforce. You might be interested: Often asked: What Topics Adult Sunday School? How do you help learners in difficult circumstances? The 10 Commandments of Reaching Difficult Students 1. Keep Calm and Breathe. You may find that this is the best thing you can do first and foremost. 2. Give Voice to Feelings. 3. Don’t Use Labels. 4. Step Outside the Moment. 5. Avoid “Win-Lose” Situations. 6. Keep It Private. 7. Document Everything. 8. Use Empowering Language. What happens if you don’t discipline your child? How do you handle a difficult child? How to handle difficult behaviour 1. Do what feels right. What you do has to be right for your child, yourself and the family. 2. Do not give up. Once you’ve decided to do something, continue to do it. 3. Be consistent. 4. Try not to overreact. 5. Talk to your child. 6. Be positive about the good things. 7. Offer rewards. 8. Avoid smacking. Leave a Reply
Growth is essential for survival. It involves adaptation and evolution working in synergy—allowing the individual to develop the required qualities to perform day-to-day activities with ease. They pick up new skills from our surroundings. After all, nobody is growing in isolation. Some competition or a set of supportive audiences become catalysts to the growth process in the time to come. Each day is a fight or a flight to reach the same result. To become someone that matters and achieve greatness. The goal we chose to have, something different, something unique, something no one else has thought of, or something majestic which strikes awe in the minds of the observer. Cities are not any different from people! What if we built without restraints? - Sheet1 Modern Day Cityscapes ©Stock Images Adaptation and Order Cities don’t have any particular fixed way of growth (no two cities are alike). They adapt to the existing situation and grow to accommodate the different activities in themselves. A City acts as organisms within a fixed set of norms, which determine the upper and lower limits of its spread. These set of norms were set up by prominent thinkers of history, who understood the need to set some boundaries to the growth of spaces. Pablo Picasso also says that one must understand the different rules and learn them like a professional. At the same time, he talks about breaking the rules like an artist. These so-called rules are in place to establish a specific order in the lives of people. This adaptive ability of humans – to set rules where all of the species (including themselves) are affected by it makes them unique. What if we built without restraints? - Sheet2 Restriction on Development © Restraints and Entropy The constitution of different countries lay down guiding principles for its citizens to follow. Failing to live within this set of the established and accepted order of the society leads to punishment. But even so, people are not away from doing things their way and often committing punishable offenses in the dark. It is common to see the breaking of rules to be associated with a sense of accomplishment. It is common to see such behavioral patterns in teenagers, where the rebellious character of people comes out evidently. Anybody who has energy tends to move towards a state of entropy. Growing takes such energies to a large extent and involves a large number of elements working within a set of rules. But what if these restraints are lifted? What if we built without restraints? - Sheet3 Human Entropy Project by David O. Brian ©David O. Brian City and Future We often come across futuristic cities in sci-fi movies or abstract drawings. Embellished with space cars, tall buildings, no greens, sophisticated devices, levitating structures, and more marvelous characteristics, it sparks a sense of creativity and awe in the mind of people. Even the games of today break the realities of the existing world and provide us an experience of how the world would look like in the future. The level of detailing and striking similarity to elements make such works highly appreciated and captivating. However, the main catch here is most of them don’t talk about the process that is involved to reach that futuristic state. It’s fun to see the result of a process, but most of us forget that the journey to that point is what makes it unique. The city of the future does not merely pop up overnight. Every settlement has a story behind its growth. It reflects the people living in it and accentuates the culture of the place. However, the common concern of most planners and thinkers in the far deviation from the culture and values, to make way for innovation and modernization. What if we built without restraints? - Sheet4 Night City – Essence of Future © What if we built without restraints? - Sheet5 Dystopian City by Cristiano Rinaldi ©Pinterest Building without Restrictions If we allow the growth, people will grow as per their needs and profit. The available land would be taken up gradually by people having more resources. However, this process would happen in phases. Phase 1 would mark horizontal growth, covering larger spans of land (with diminishing green spaces). And there would be less or no land left green by the end of the century. Also, city centers would start to grow upwards due to space crunch. Cities would cover the land with urban built spaces with occasional aesthetically pleasing parks. Phase 2 would mark a period with higher conscious community involvement in the growth. The remaining weaker sections would start to retaliate against the rich. It would be the age of extreme chaos where people would fight over resources and spaces. The city would keep growing upwards, using the smaller buildings as a base. A thick canopy of skyscrapers would grow-restricting the entry of light into the lower levels of the city. What if we built without restraints? - Sheet6 Dystopian Living ©Stock Images Phase 3 would be the time when peace would be attained out of the sweet chaos of life. Technology would finally catch up with the fast blooming growth and account for all the things which were not possible before. The cities that have developed into different levels would now have every facility at each level, which would become one civilization. This synergy would lead to a Utopian civilization that was born out of a dystopia. Destruction or dysfunctional systems drive society towards a proper functional system incorporating the aspirations of those living in it. It is an ode to the statement, “To get, one must sacrifice.” Currently pursuing bachelor's in urban planning, with a keen interest in art and design. His works have a sense of fantasy and practicality and he is obsessed with the word ‘Why.’ He enjoys learning complicated concepts and finds their application in life. Write A Comment
Blue corn has become the definitive cliche of “contemporary Southwestern” cooking. But it is no post-Mark Miller gimmick. It is an ancient and important constituent of the native New Mexican diet—and there are a few things about it that might surprise you. For instance: 1. Blue corn can be traced back at least 1,100 years, to the time of the Anasazi. 2. Blue corn plants have only 20 to 30 percent of the yield of yellow corn plants. 3. Blue corn is about 21 percent higher in protein than white and yellow corn, and the protein is more complete, due to its amino acid profile. 4. Blue corn is higher in zinc and iron than yellow, and perhaps lower in fat. 5. Blue corn turns pink when cooked unless treated with an alkaline. 6. The Pueblo Indians solve the alkaline problem by grinding the ashes of juniper branches or the chamisa shrub with blue corn. 7. This process increases the calcium content of the corn substantially. 8. Blue corn tortillas tend to crack or break when they’re rolled—which is why blue corn enchiladas are usually layered instead. 9. Cooking blue corn batter in a cast-iron pan will turn the batter purple. 10. The longer blue corn batter sits, the bluer it becomes.
Life is full of challenges. Why let your allergies add to them? If you suffer from terrible allergy symptoms, then read the following article. You will learn some excellent advice on how to manage your allergies so that you can focus on the more important aspects of your life. It may seem bizarre, but you can actually be allergic to your own body! Depending on how you live, you could be causing your reactions. All throughout the day, your body takes in lots of pollen and dust which can stick to your clothes and hair. At the end of the day, especially as you get into bed, these substances can wreak havoc on your airways. Shower or put on clean clothing before you lay your head down to rest. Think about taking the carpet out of your house. Carpet is notorious for gathering allergens. Tile, laminate or wood floors can be considered to replace wall-to-wall carpet. Just this change will really make a big difference in the allergy-inducing substances you inhale everyday. If you cannot switch to these kinds of floors, vacuum everyday. In western states, olive trees are very popular when it comes to landscaping. These trees produce a lot of pollen. Learning how to identify this type of tree can help you decide your plan of action for protecting yourself from allergies. Many folks reduce the pollen in their environment by running a hose on the problem tree for several minutes each day. If all previous efforts have failed and your allergies are still bothersome, it may make sense to consult with a physician. Your doctor will probably have just the right medicine for you! Your doctor can also give you guidance. TIP! Dust mites are a very difficult allergen to control. Like their name describes, they live in pillows and mattresses feeding on flakes of skin. If you have a documented latex allergy, you should avoid coming into contact with it at all costs. Make sure you avoid latex bandages, clothing, gloves, and condoms. There are many different alternatives to these items. Ask you doctor for advice on how to find them. In addition, be certain to carefully investigate labels to see if there are latex warnings so you know in advance. Allergens may leave your eyes feeling swollen, itchy and dry, but you should never use your hands to rub the area around the eyes. Instilling an antihistamine in eye drop form can offer relief from these symptoms. If your continually rub your eyes, you can cause follicle irritation in the lashes. The result can be ongoing allergic styes. TIP! Reactions to certain allergens can happen at different times in life. For example, food allergies are more common in infants as they are exposed to different things for the first time. One cause of your allergies could be mold in your house. Make cleaning the seals of your refrigerator a part of your weekly routine. That portion of the appliance tends to accumulate water which can foster mold growth. If you do not clean the door and the seal, you could be releasing dangerous mold into your home each and every time the door is opened. When you come in from outside, shower and wash your hair to avoid allergy symptoms. This will remove any allergens and keep them out of your home. Homeopathic Remedies TIP! To prevent mold and mildew, you should keep your bathroom ventilated well. Allergens like these tend to do very well in warm and damp surroundings. Research homeopathic solutions for your allergies. A lot of people take medicine for their allergies, but give homeopathic remedies a try. Typically, natural remedies don’t have bothersome side effects like prescriptions do. There are many places to find homeopathic remedies, including your local health food store or even local pharmacies. In the middle of day, the pollen count outside jumps way up; this makes it a good idea to keep your home’s windows closed. Allow only air conditioned air into your home because it is treated to reduce allergens, humidity and mold. Completely remove the carpets in your home, to remove a primary source of allergens. Carpets typically gather lots of dust and hair, which are both common triggers of allergies. Making sure to replace carpet with hardwood, linoleum, tile or another other substance that doesn’t trap allergens will go a long way to ensuring a clean and healthy homestead. A great way to avoid food allergies, is to create a diet free of allergy causing foods for the whole family. Get rid of any foods your family is allergic to so you can avoid any amount of allergens while cooking. Avoid smoking, or being in enclosed spaces with anyone who smokes, as this could cause an allergic reaction. If you do smoke, quit now. Stay away from wood-burning fireplaces and stoves too since the smoke can trigger your symptoms. Vitamin C TIP! To cut down significantly on allergens in the home, you could always try to remove your carpeting. Carpet is well known for being a host for pollen, dust, and dust mites. Increase your intake of vitamin C, or consider some supplements so you can build up your immune system. Oranges, lemons and strawberries are packed with vitamin C, and most stores sell affordable vitamin C supplements. Any of these options are ideal for strengthening your immune system against attack from allergens. It is important to vacuum your floors frequently if you have a significant issue with indoor dust and dander allergies. Use vacuums that have a HEPA filter. HEPA filters will trap the allergens that are making you miserable. Some people have an allergic reaction to even a little bit of pollen, so it is imperative to reduce it by as much as possible. The Japanese have it right when it comes to allergy reduction. Before entering your home, take off your shoes. Also, keep your coat near the entryway rather than wearing it into the house. So can jumping in the shower to ensure that you’re washing the pollen out of your hair after you’ve been outside. TIP! Steer clear of products made with coloring or dye, because you might be allergic to those substances. Even simple things like printed toilet paper can be an issue. This article has provided you with some great solutions to your allergy problems, offering you relief from the discomforts they have caused you in the past. Given the fast-paced nature of everyday life, allergies can pose a serious nuisance. Be in control of the symptoms and regain your life.
Circus of Nero From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Nero’s Circus) Jump to navigation Jump to search One possible modern interpretation[1] The Circus of Nero or Circus of Caligula was a circus in ancient Rome, located mostly in the present-day Vatican City. Location and dimensions[edit] In both interpretations the circus building is centred on the obelisk; is aligned on a similar east–west line to that of the Basilicas; and lies to the south of the axis of the current Basilica (to the left looking at the western front from the piazza). The major differences are in the relocation of the starting gates to the eastern end, and the change in proportions of the circus itself. Nearby Roman cemetery[edit] Place of martyrdom[edit] The circus was the site of the first organized, state-sponsored martyrdoms of Christians in 65 AD. Tradition holds that two years later, Saint Peter and many other Christians shared their fate. The circumstances were described in detail by Tacitus in a well-known passage of the Annals (xv.44). The site for crucifixions in the Circus would have been along the spina ("spine"), as suggested by the 2nd century Acts of Peter describing the spot of his martyrdom as inter duas metas ("between the two metae or turning-posts", which would have been equidistant between the two ends of the circus). However, the existing Latin manuscript of the Acts of Peter belongs to the 6th-7th century and is believed to be a 4th-5th century translation of the original Greek. The Greek text has survived in 9th century and later manuscripts only, which does not allow to determine the exact date of this description precisely.[2] The obelisk at the centre of this circus's spina always remained standing, until it was re-erected in Saint Peter's Square in the 16th century by the architect Domenico Fontana. The obelisk was originally brought to Rome by Caligula. Constantine's basilica[edit] A reconstruction of the Basilica around 1450. See also[edit] 1. ^ Based on "Outline of St. Peter's, Old St. Peter's, and Circus of Nero". 2. ^ J. K. Elliott, The Apocryphal New Testament, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993, 390-392. External links[edit] • - Largest online source of information on St. Peter's Basilica and Square in the Vatican City.
All Floras Advanced Search FNA Vol. 6 Login \| eFloras Home \| Help FNA \| Family List \| FNA Vol. 6 \| Malvaceae \| Alcea 1. Alcea rosea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 687. 1753. [F I W] Common hollyhock, rose trémière Common hollyhock, rose trémière Alcea ficifolia Linnaeus; A. glabrata Alefeld; Althaea ficifolia (Linnaeus) Cavanilles; A. mexicana Kunze; A. rosea (Linnaeus) Cavanilles; A. rosea var. sinensis (Cavanilles) S. Y. Hu; A. sinensis Cavanilles Plants 1–2.5+ m, roughly stellate-hairy to hirsute. Leaves: stipules ovate, 8 mm, apically 3-lobed; petiole equaling or longer than blade; blade suborbiculate to 5–7-angled or shallowly triangular-lobed, sometimes more deeply channeled and winged dorsally, 6–8 mm. Seeds tuberculate or not, often minutely hairy. 2n = 42. Flowering May–Oct; fruiting Jun–Oct. Disturbed sites, roadsides, vacant lots; 0–3000 m; introduced; N.B., Ont., Que.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Asia (China); introduced also nearly worldwide. Alcea rosea is a showy and popular ornamental that is essentially cosmopolitan in cultivation. The species is thought to have originated in the southwestern provinces of China but is apparently not known in the wild. It occasionally escapes and naturalizes in disturbed temperate areas nearly worldwide. However, it is often difficult to determine if a given specimen was cultivated or an established adventive. Plants with more deeply lobed leaves and rose-pink flowers have been called A. ficifolia; plants in cultivation under this name are most likely a mix of A. rosea and A. rugosa or of hybrid origin. Related Objects Image Gallery • Distribution Map • Map • Illustration • Illustration Flora of China • Illustration • Illustration
Foucault Pendulum Posted on Feb 5, 2014 On the poles, the plane of the pendulum swing would make one rotation each day. On the equator, however, the plane will not rotate at all. This begs the question of why the plane rotates. Due to rotating reference frames and the Coriolis force, the pendulum rotates at a different rate at different latitudes. If your frame of reference were on the earth, then depending on where you stand, the earth will be moving at different speeds. Foucault Pendulum Click here to download the full size of the above Circuit. Suppose we were standing on the North Pole. In our reference frame, the earth would rotate clockwise making hanging objects appear as though they were rotating counterclockwise. At the North Pole, you are on the axis of spin, and would therefore only see the affects of rotation. If you stand on the equator, keeping the axis of rotation at a constant angle, the earth does not rotate in your reference frame. As you move closer to the pole, the rotation in your reference frame becomes greater and greater. This allows for different amounts of rotation on different latitudes for the Foucault Pendulum. The amount of rotation per day for the pendulum can be found using the following formula. N=360*sin(x), where x is the latitude in degrees and N is the amount of rotation per day. Another way to think about the rotating frame of reference is to think of a child on a merry-go-round. If the child is spinning around and lets go of a ball, anybody watching would see the ball go in a straight line off the merry-go-round. But in the reference frame of the child, it appears that there is some force making the ball curve, as the child must turn his or her head in order to keep seeing the ball. So, just as the child on the merry-go-round thinks there is some force pulling on the ball after it left their hand, we think there is a force pulling things in directions since we are on a spinning ball. This is the Coriolis force that we mentioned... Leave Comment characters left: Related Circuits • New Circuits Popular Circuits QRP Antenna Tuner Voltage Regulator Second-Order Polynomial Generator Circuit FT232RL USB to Serial Adapter for PIC AVR ATMEGA ARDUINO MCUs Adjustable 1-10 Minute Timer Project Descrete Multistage Light Sequencer Turning analog inputs into multi-switch digital inputs float charger for nimh cells Precision Monostable Multivibrator Circuit An Add-On Current Limiter For Your PSU circuit The Stunning Camera Circuit Micropower monostable circuit diagram Plant-Pot Water Level Indicator Circuit
Top 10 Shockingly Large Animals that Ever Lived on Earth We all know that dinosaurs appeared on our planet around 235 million years ago. For tens of millions of years, these giant lizards have been the real kings of the world. Back in those days, flora and fauna were incredible in size, so archaeological finds never cease to amaze our imagination. That said, our modern world also has quite a few giants to spare. Here are the most amazing giant animals that have ever roamed the Earth. 1. Titanoboa Titanoboa is an ancestor of the boa constrictor now living on Earth. This death noodle lived on the planet about 60 million years ago and could grow up to 13 meters in length. Modern snakes like pythons can only reach half that size at best. This thing could easily squeeze the juices out of a person and swallow them whole. 2. Syrian camel This giant desert-dwelling sand horse lived in Syria about 100,000 years ago. The remains of the animal were first discovered in 2005, and according to the archaeologists, the creature could easily reach 4 meters in height, which is pretty much the size of a small giraffe. According to scientists, the local tribes of early humans loved this camel’s meat, so they just wiped it from the face of the planet. 3. Arthropleura Giant centipedes and dragonflies the size of a helicopter are by no means only found in Monster Hunter games and horror films. These creatures existed on Earth long before the dinosaurs – in the Carboniferous period. Arthropleura, the largest of the terrestrial invertebrates, lived in what is now Europe and North America. Its segmented body reached 2.5 meters in length, and it used 30 pairs of the world’s creepiest legs to move around. 4. Megalodon Megalodon – the beast, the myth, the legend. Thanks to all the movies, books, and games dedicated to this monster, even pre-schoolers have heard of the world’s biggest shark. Megalodon was a 22-meter creature with jaws so huge that it could swallow a standing man whole. According to the ichthyologists, Megalodons lived from 25 to 1.5 million years ago, and some say they may still lurk in the deepest oceans. 5. Gigantopithecus It is clear even from the name that the creature we deal with here is characterized by its enormous size and is somehow related to our ancestors. Gigantopithecus lived a million years ago. It was a 4-meter-tall primate, weighing over 500 kg, who loved eating bamboo. 6. Spinosaurus The largest carnivorous dinosaur of all time terrorized the territory of modern North Africa during the Cretaceous period. Spinosaurus was freaking ginormous! About 18 meters in length and weighing up to 20 tons, this flawless killing machine could swim like a fish and run up to 50km/h. In other words, unless you had wings – you were screwed. 7. Brontosaurus The largest land creatures lived in North America during the late Jurassic period. These docile herbivores reached 23 meters in length and weighed, according to various estimates, up to 32 tons. It is believed that these giants could stand on their hind legs to reach for the juicy leaves and use their whip-like, powerful tails to fight off predators. 8. Meganeura The Carboniferous period is famous for its giant predatory insects, who were dominating the land and air due to the increased oxygen content in the atmosphere. The wingspan of the colossal dragonfly Meganeura could reach 80 cm. Imagine these bad boys landing on your head. Gross! 9. Giant water scorpion The recently discovered giant water scorpion known as Jaekelopterus rhenaniae, which lived 400 million years ago, could reach up to two meters in length. Experts believe the giant scorpion could have evolved to this ridiculous size as a way to win the “evolutionary arms race” with the shellfish. Some experts say that this long-extinct creature was the progenitor of today’s land scorpions. 10. Blue whale The blue whale is the largest modern animal and probably, the largest animal that ever lived on Earth. Its length reaches 33 m, and its weight can exceed 150 tons. The length of a newborn baby whale is 6-8 meters, and it requires around 90 liters of milk every day. Sadly, humans have been killing these majestic creatures for centuries, so they may become extinct too.
Choose a country to see content specific to your location Skip to main content Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis Apple Scab A close up of a leaf infected with Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis, Venturia inaequalis 01 by AfroBrazilian (CC BY-SA 3.0) 1 of 4 Primarily a superficial disease. However, apples infected with the fungus cannot be sold and large lesions can be points of infection for more serious diseases. Extreme infections of this can also weaken the tree. The fruit develops dark spots that turn green which can become cracked and corky. The leaves develop round greenish-brown blotches that become necrotic and blister which can lead to premature leaf drop. The twigs develop blistered swellings which the burst during the spring to reveal greenish-brown pustules. Growth factors Wet weather Greenish-brown blotches or blisters on leaves. Premature leaf fall. Blistered swellings on twigs Greenish-brown pustules on twigs in the Spring Dark spots or cracked and corky blisters on fruit. Biological treatment Removing fallen leaves from diseased plants can interrupt the disease cycle. Pruning out infected branches and burning them. Chemical treatment In foliage outbreaks, spraying with an approved fungicide once a fortnight from when the buds first break until the blossoms drop. If the wood is infected also, then the spraying will need to continue until harvest. Rigorous spraying can eliminate the apple scab by the third growing season. Spores land on the plant and infect the wood where they multiply and spread. The fungi can overwinter inside the wood or in dead debris on the ground. General hygiene around plants eg. Removing dead material from the base of the trees etc. Taking care of the tree, apple scab is often a sign of neglect. Affected plants A close up of Malus domestica apple fruits Apple Tree Malus domestica Pyrus spp. Poplar Tree Populus spp. Pyracantha spp. Rowan Tree Sorbus spp. Salix spp. Be the first to download the app Download on the App StoreGet it on Google Play
The Turnip (Brassica Rapa), belonging really to the cabbage order of plants, has become by cultivation from its wild state a most valuable food for cattle in the winter, and an excellent vegetable for our domestic uses. It exercises some aperient action, and the water wherein turnips are boiled will increase the flow of urine. The rind is acrid, but the green tops, especially of the Swede, when young, and tender, make a wholesome vegetable dish, being a succulent source of potash, and other mineral salts, in the spring-time. When properly cooked, turnips serve to sweeten the blood; but the rind particularly, and the pulp in a less degree, contain an essential volatile oil which is apt to disagree by provoking flatulent distension. The turnip root is sometimes cut up, and partly substituted for the peel and pulp of oranges in marmalade; but it is a remarkable fact that there is no starch in the composition of the turnip; seeing, therefore, that starch and sugar are absent in the root, there seems to be but little reason why turnips should not be allowed to diabetic patients. The white turnip eaten at table, though finer in flavour, is of less nutritive value than the coarser Swede. It contains scarcely any proteid elements, and "pectose" bodies make up the bulk of its carbohydrates, instead of starch. If turnips are properly grown, in dry, lean, sandy earth, a wholesome agreeable bread can be contrived from them, "of which we have eaten at the greatest persons' tables, and which is hardly to be distinguished from the best of wheat." Let the turnips be first peeled, and boiled in water till soft and tender, then strongly pressing out the juice, mix these together (after being beaten, or pounded finely) with their weight of wheat meal. Season it as you do other bread, and knead it up; then letting the dough remain a little to ferment, fashion the paste into loaves, and bake them like ordinary bread. A nice wholesome Piedmontese dish of turnips is prepared thus: "Half boil your turnip, and cut it in slices like half-crowns; butter a pie dish, and put in the slices; moisten them with a little milk, and weak broth; sprinkle over lightly with bread crumbs, adding pepper and salt; then bake in the oven until the turnips become of a light golden colour." Horace advised field-grown turnips as preferable at a banquet to those of garden culture. Comprising these with various other vegetable productions of the kitchen garden under the name Caulis, he has pronounced: - "Caulis suburbano qui siccis crevit in agris Dulcior: irriguis nihil est elutius hortis." . "Plants from dry fields those of the town excel, Nothing more tasteless is than watered soil". Turnips may be safely eaten when raw, having been at one time in favourite use thus in Russia by the upper classes. A boiled leg of mutton with turnips was the almost daily, and much loved dish for dinner of George III. In his quaint essay on Grace before Meat, Elia has said, "A man may feel thankful, heartily thankful, over a dish of plain mutton with turnips, and give himself leisure to reflect upon the ordinance, and institution of eating these; when he shall confess a pertubation of mind inconsistent with the purposes of saying his grace before meat, on sitting down to venison, or turtle." Dr. Johnson's famous illustration of false logic bears a familiar reference to these roots: "If a man fresh Turnips cries, But cries not when his father dies, Is this a proof the man would rather Possess fresh Turnips than a father? "
Boost your Grades with us today! Cultural and diversity characteristics map Complete the Cultural and Diversity Characteristics Map. Follow the instructions to describe yourself in the map. Prepare a 525- to 700-word reflection in which you detail the findings of your self-examination. Additionally, explore any significant multicultural challenges or opportunities you have faced or encountered in an educational, employment, and business environment. Include details about how globalization has influenced those challenges and opportunities.
Studies related to Diarrhea and Zinc Zinc Gluconate Lozenges For Common Cold. A Double-blind Clinical Trial Effect Decrease Values Rate and percentage. Placebo: 16 (32.0 Zinc: 10 (20.0) Duration (median and IQR days). Placebo: 0.0 (0.0–1.0) Zinc: 0 Trial Design Randomized trial Trial Length 1-6 months Number of Subjects 100 Sex Both Genders Age Range 7-12, 13-17 Notes for this study: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 100 healthy children 8-13 years old were given 15 mg of zinc bis-glycinate chelate once daily or placebo for 3 months. The primary outcome was the occurrence of any symptom of cold at any time during the 3-months. There was notably less cough and rhinorrhoea but more fever in the zinc group, but none of the differences were statistically significant. There was less vomiting, diarrhea, antibiotic use, school absence, or cold-related school absence, though none of these differences were statistically significant either. The number of participants with at least one symptom of coughs, fever, and rhinorrhoea wasn't different between groups, but the number experiencing 2 or 3 was nonsignificantly lower. Coughs and rhinorrhoea lasted for significantly less time in the zinc groups.
How to Move Better and Relieve Pain Neuroplasticity and Pain Relief Pain is one of the most common human experiences. It affects every aspect of our lives: from how we feel physically, mentally or emotionally to how we live our daily life. For many years scientists have been trying to understand why some people experience less pain than others, while other people are able to cope with painful situations without any problems. One hypothesis suggests that different parts of the nervous system may respond differently when it comes to dealing with pain. The pain response is influenced by several factors such as genetics, age, gender and health status. There are also environmental factors like stressors and medications that can affect the way we perceive pain. However, there is no single factor that explains all cases of chronic pain. Some people seem to be resistant to the effects of physical stimuli (e.g., heat) while others seem to react better to these same stimuli (e.g., cold). In general, pain is thought to be caused by damage to the body’s central nervous system. Damage occurs when nerve cells become damaged or die due to various causes including injury, disease and aging. When these cells die they release chemicals called neurotransmitters into the bloodstream which then travel throughout the body causing changes in how nerves function. These chemical reactions cause changes in how our bodies respond to pain. Pain signals can either be blocked, dulled or amplified. The brain uses these signals to decide how we should react to pain. Just as some people respond well to painful stimuli and don’t feel much pain, others can’t stand the smallest pin prick and feel immense pain. The differences between pain responses are influenced by several factors (e.g., depression, anxiety, personality, previous experiences with pain etc.) and it is this interaction of factors that is called pain perception. Pain and Your Brain Pain affects every organ in your body. Pain is a very complex experience that can be difficult to describe or even understand. It can be hard to believe that something as intangible as pain can cause you so much suffering but the reality is this: the brain is the most important tool we have to stay alive. It protects us in many ways and one of these ways is by preventing us from doing things that cause damage to our bodies. Pain is your brain’s way of telling you that something is wrong with your body. It is there to make you aware that a particular part of your body is being put at risk and if you don’t take some sort of action then this risk may cause serious consequences. One helpful strategy to manage pain is to break it down into smaller pieces, so that it’s not so overwhelming. Pain comes in many forms and each form causes different suffering for the sufferer. For example, if you are experiencing a back pain it may be helpful to separate the pain into three groups: emotional, mental and physical. The Emotional Pain Pain is not just an experience of the body but also of the mind. Emotional pain can make you feel distressed, hopeless or even desperate. This type of pain usually causes feelings of loss, sadness or frustration. You may feel like you’re in a very dark place and that nothing can make you happy anymore. How to Move Better and Relieve Pain - at GYMFITWORKOUT Emotional pain usually has a strong effect on your mental state and your ability to think clearly. If you’re experiencing a lot of emotional pain then you may feel exhausted or distracted. It can be very difficult to focus on other tasks because your thoughts just keep drifting back to the event that caused your pain. The Mental Pain Mental pain is often described as the experience of feeling sick, dizzy or faint. You may also feel like you’re unable to focus on anything else except the pain you’re experiencing. The Physical Pain Physical pain can be described as the most obvious and intense type of pain. It’s the pain that causes you to shout out or wince when you accidentally hit your thumb with a hammer. This type of pain is usually sharp and localized to a particular part of the body. Other times, it can feel like a throbbing or burning sensation. The intensity can range anywhere from mildly uncomfortable to completely excruciating. Even though the physical pain is the most obvious to you and other people, it can sometimes be the easiest one to handle. This is because your body reacts in a certain way such as flinching or crying out when you’re in pain. These physical responses to pain can help detract your mind from focusing on it and can give you something else to concentrate on. The Physical Pain When most people think of pain, they usually are referring to physical pain rather than emotional or mental pain. This type of pain is usually easy to spot as it causes reactions in your body like crying out or jumping away from the source of pain. Your brain is very good at telling you when something is causing physical discomfort in your body. Managing Your Pain In order to manage your pain, you first need to break it down into the different types. Think about why you’re feeling a particular type of pain and try to come up with ways that you can make this pain easier to handle. Some common ways include distraction techniques like listening to music or meditation. One of the most important things to do is not to ignore the pain. Sources & references used in this article: Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain by BW Koes, MW Van Tulder, S Thomas – Bmj, 2006 – Analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain: a cautious move to improved pain management by FD Armstrong – Pediatrics, 2005 – Am Acad Pediatrics Low back strengthening for the prevention and treatment of low back pain by DM Carpenter, BW Nelson – … and science in …, 1999 – Treat your own back by R McKenzie, P Van Wijmen – 1985 – Clinical pain assessment: from bedside to better treatment by G Wasner, R Baron – Nature Reviews Neurology, 2009 – Acupuncture for pain relief in labour: a systematic review and meta‐analysis by SH Cho, H Lee, E Ernst – BJOG: An International Journal of …, 2010 – Wiley Online Library PURLs: More isn’t better with acute low back pain treatment by K Frazer, J Stevermer – The Journal of family practice, 2016 –
A diet that promotes sleep is comparable to one that promotes overall health and helps a person maintain a healthy weight. A well-balanced diet emphasizes nutrient-dense meals while restricting those heavy in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. Diet and sleep are both difficult to research, and it’s crucial to keep in mind that everyone’s nutritional requirements are varied. Talking to a doctor or nutritionist before making any dietary changes can be a good place to start if you want to improve your sleep through diet. Diet and Sleep Relationship It would be best to balance your exercise, eating, and sleep schedules to get your body to its optimal operating level. Exercise, diet, and sleep all work together to provide a solid foundation for long-term health and happiness. A nutritious diet can help you fall asleep quickly, improve your sleep quality and duration, and obtain consistency. High-quality sleep can help you eat better. According to studies, those who are sleep-deprived are more inclined to consume high-calorie, fat, and sugar foods. A sleep-promoting diet consists of various fruits and vegetables, healthy grains, lean proteins, and dairy products. A sleep-friendly diet also controls portion sizes and minimizes the quantity of high-sugar, extensively processed meals you consume each day. Sleep advantages are provided by nutrients contained in a variety of healthful diets. How A Well-Balanced Diet For a Better Sleep Eating balanced, nutritious meals and snacks regularly throughout the day is the first step toward improved sleep. If you eat too little throughout the day, you’ll overeat in the evening, resulting in a restless night of tossing and turning and indigestion. If you eat too little for supper, you may find yourself lying awake at night, wishing for a trip to the refrigerator. Here’s how to modify your nutrition so you can get a good night’s sleep. Supplement Your Diet With Omega-3 Supplements With no adjustments, omega-3 supplementation can help an individual sleep an extra hour. Better sleep is linked to higher levels of omega-3 DHA, a category of long-chain fatty acids found in algae and shellfish. A bottle of Nordics naturals from Supplement First can help you get a restful night’s sleep. Many people find it difficult to acquire the necessary eight hours of sleep in today’s world. A lost night of sleep is a fairly typical occurrence for many people, and though it might occasionally be due to circumstances beyond your control. The body is deprived of a crucial component for optimum health and vitality due to a sleepless night. Skip Caffeine and Alcohol You already know that drinking an espresso or a cup of caffeinated tea late in the day isn’t a good idea. Caffeine is a stimulant that prevents the release of a hormone that makes you sleepy. It disrupts your sleeping patterns, particularly REM sleep, which is a critical phase in which regions of your brain involved in learning and memory retention are stimulated. Alcohol is a sedative, so it may help you fall asleep faster, according to sleepfoundation.org. However, because you will most likely fall into a deep sleep soon, it may disrupt your sleep cycles, causing an imbalance in which you get less slow-wave sleep and more REM sleep, lowering your overall sleep quality. As a result, you’re more likely to sleep for fewer hours and have more sleep interruptions. Breakfast Like a King and Super Like a Pauper Similarly, eating a significant amount of food in a short period takes longer to digest and is more taxing on your body. But keep in mind that everyone’s body is unique. As a result, some people may need to be more cautious about overeating before night than others. There’s no need to adjust your routines if heavy dinners don’t disturb your sleep. However, if you’re looking for factors that could be affecting your sleep quality, meal timing is an important factor to consider. Also, keep in mind that these effects may be increased in persons who have acid reflux illness or other digestive issues. Try Tart Cherry Juice Before Bed Drinking sour cherry juice can help you sleep better and longer. One of the best natural sources of melatonin is ruby juice. After sunset, the pineal gland produces and releases the hormone melatonin into the bloodstream, which helps your body maintain its circadian rhythm and makes you feel less alert and more tired. So sour cherries can help you sleep better by increasing your melatonin levels. The amount of time between your last meal or beverage and when you go to bed can significantly impact how much sleep you receive. You may have observed that eating a heavy dinner close to bedtime makes it difficult to fall asleep. It may also wake you up in the middle of the night. Avoid eating for at least a few hours before night to get the best sleep.
The Seven Ravens Fairy Tale The Seven Ravens “Where are those blasted boys!”, a father grumbles. “I wish they were all turned into ravens.” And so they were. Will their sister ever see them again? The Seven Ravens is a Brothers Grimm fairy tale about a sister and seven brothers. After their sister is born, the father wishes in a fit of anger the seven brothers to be ravens. She grows up and journeys into the world to save her brothers. She finds them and they turn back into humans again. The Seven Ravens in 2 Minutes Complete text The Seven Ravens After seven sons, a daughter is born Once upon a time there was a man who had seven sons. He still had no daughter, however much he wished for one. At last his wife again gave him hope of a child. When it came into the world it was a girl. The joy was great, but the child was sickly and small. She had to be privately baptized because she was so weak. The father sent one of the boys in haste to the spring to fetch water for the baptism. The other six went with him. As each of them wanted to be the first to fill it, the jug fell into the well. There they stood and did not know what to do. None of them dared to go home. When then did not return, the father grew impatient, and said, “They have certainly forgotten it for some game, those wicked boys!” The sons turned into ravens He became afraid that the girl would die without being baptized. In anger he shouted, “I wish the boys were all turned into ravens.” Hardly was the word spoken before he heard a whirring of wings over his head in the air. He looked up and saw seven coal black ravens flying away. The parents could not revoke the curse. Sad as they were at the loss of their seven sons, they still to some extent comforted themselves with their dear little daughter. The daughter grew strong and became more beautiful every day. For a long time she did not know that she had had brothers. Her parents were careful not to mention them before her, but one day she accidentally heard some people saying of herself, “that the girl is certainly beautiful, but she is to blame for the misfortune which has befallen her seven brothers.” She was very troubled, went to her father and mother and asked if it was true that she had had brothers, and what had become of them? The parents did not dare to keep the secret any longer. They told her that what had befallen her brothers was the will of Heaven and that her birth had only been the innocent cause. The young woman thought about it every day, and came to the conclusion that she had to deliver her brothers. The daughter on a rescue mission She had no rest nor peace until she set out secretly. Going into the wide world to trace out her brothers and set them free, whatever the cost would be. She took nothing with her but a little ring belonging to her parents as a keepsake, a loaf of bread against hunger, a little pitcher of water against thirst, and a little chair as a provision against weariness. On and on she went, far, far to the very end of the world. She came to the sun, but it was too hot and terrible, and devoured little children. Hastily she ran away to the moon, but it was far too cold, and also awful and malicious. When it saw her, it said, “I smell, I smell the flesh of men.” Swiftly she ran away and came to the stars. They were kind and good to her and each of them sat on its own particular little chair. The morning star arose, gave her the drumstick of a chicken and said, “You need this drumstick to open the Glass mountain, there are your brothers.” The maiden took the drumstick, wrapped it carefully in a cloth and went onward again until she came to the Glass mountain. The door was shut. She wanted to take out the drumstick, but when she undid the cloth it was empty. She had lost the good star’s present. Journeying into the Glass mountain What to do now? She wished to rescue her brothers, but had no key to the Glass mountain. The good sister took a knife, cut off one of her little fingers, put it in the door and succeeded in opening it. When she had gone inside, a little dwarf came to meet her and said, “My child, what are you looking for?” The dwarf said, “The lord ravens are not at home, but if you want to wait here until they come, step in.” The little dwarf carried the ravens’ dinner in on seven little plates and in seven little glasses. The little sister ate a morsel from each plate and from each little glass she took a sip, but in the last little glass she dropped the ring she had taken with her. The brothers are restored to their human form Suddenly she heard a whirring of wings and a rushing through the air. “Now the lord ravens are flying home”, the little dwarf said. There they came, wanting to eat and drink and looking for their little plates and glasses. One after the other said, “Who has eaten something from my plate? Who has drunk out of my little glass? It was a human mouth.” When the seventh came to the bottom of the glass, the ring rolled against his mouth. He looked at it and saw that it was a ring belonging to his father and mother. He said, “God grant that our sister may be here and then we shall be free.” When the sister, standing behind the door, watching, heard that wish, she came forth. At that moment all the ravens were restored to their human form again. They embraced and kissed each other and went joyfully home. Tips for Telling The Seven Ravens Storyteller Rudolf Roos • The part where the sister seeks her brothers is pure magic. Dreamlike. Meeting the sun, the moon and the stars. The little details of the chairs and the chicken drumstick. The sacrifice of the finger. You need to feel this magic and wonder yourself when telling it. • When you tell a fairy tale, it helps to find the images in the story that speak the most to you. I find the image of the sister cutting off her finger and red blood leaking out very strong. So I will visualize this image and it will reinforce my telling of the tale. Also the image of the stars sitting on little chairs speaks to me. What images speak the most to you? • Make sure you stay in connection with your audience during the telling. They hear this tale for the first time. The time they need to process it and see the images for themselves is the time you need to take in telling it. A reading of The Seven Ravens All Questions Answered Who wrote the story The Seven Ravens? The tale was published by the Brothers Grimm in their first edition of Grimms’ Fairy Tales. However at that moment it was called ‘The Three Ravens’. In the second edition the Grimms’ rewrote the tale and it was named ‘The Seven Ravens’. They heard the tale from the Hassenpflug family and Clemens Brentano. When was The Seven Ravens written? The fairy tale was included in the first edition of the Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales (1812). However it was heavily rewritten for the second edition in 1819. More useful information Fairy tales with a raven Photo credits: JAM on Unsplash See the complete list of The Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales Similar Posts
MCQsLlearn App Download MCQsLearn Free App As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Pipelining Implementation MCQ Questions with Answers PDF Download eBook Practice Pipelining Implementation Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), pipelining implementation quiz answers PDF worksheet, computer architecture test for online computer science degree. Solve exploiting memory Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs), "Pipelining Implementation" quiz questions and answers for online degrees. Learn cloud computing, 32 bits mips addressing, computer instructions and languages, cache optimization techniques test prep for information and communication technology. "Which type of cache can service multiple memory requests at the same time?" Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on pipelining implementation with choices non-blocking cache, blocking cache, cache buffer, and none of above for online degrees. Solve pipelining implementation quiz questions for merit scholarship test and certificate programs for associates in computer science. MCQs on Pipelining Implementation PDF Download eBook MCQ: Which type of cache can service multiple memory requests at the same time? 1. non-blocking cache 2. blocking cache 3. cache buffer 4. none of above MCQ: The compiler of the system is an example of 1. system hardware 2. input 3. system software 4. output MCQ: The ratio of bandwidth leaving rack is known as 1. oversubscription 2. flow chart 3. k-map 4. sequential consistency MCQ: The time when a read instruction is requested and when the desired instruction arrives, is referred to as 1. cycle time 2. access time 3. hit time 4. miss time MCQ: A processor for going from a user-mode to a supervisor mode, needs 1. system call 2. kernel call 3. supervisor call 4. digital call
Pick from the Past Natural History, November-December 1930 Caudal Appendages Adapted by Nature to the Needs of Her Creatures The raccoon’s tail am ringed all ’round; the ’possum's tail am bare; The rabbit’s got no tail at all; but the white spot’s always there. Woodpeckers have developed the practical habit of clinging to vertical surfaces and bracing themselves by means of their tail feathers, which in turn have become stiffened and thereby definitely modified for the purpose. In the birds, the tail is formed internally by a short bony support, the pygostyle, and by the surrounding muscles, and externally by dermal elements, particularly feathers. It is in the feathers that the most obvious and interesting avian variation exists. Perhaps in no group of animals have the tails become more specialized for purposes of ornamentation or display than in the birds, particularly in the males. In this regard, it is only necessary to mention such striking examples as the lyre bird, the bird of paradise, and the peacock. On the other hand, woodpeckers and chimney-swifts have developed the more practical habit of clinging to vertical surfaces and bracing themselves by means of their tail feathers, which in turn have become stiffened and thereby definitely modified for the purpose. The wide variations shown by the tails of mammals are thoroughly interesting. For instance monkeys of the New World, belonging to the family Cebidae, nearly all have prehensile or grasping tails, but monkeys of the Old World, curiously enough, have only ordinary, non-prehensile ones, which may, perhaps, be considered decorative, but which perform no useful arboreal or gymnastic duties. Then, there is the very short tail of the "cottontail" rabbit, which is covered by thick, soft, white, downy fur, as the common flame implies, and is consequently incapable of any monkey-like uses, but for all that it is still useful enough. Since the back and sides are brownish and much darker in color, this fluffy little ball is very conspicuous when the rabbit is running. Therefore, an enemy in pursuit of "bunny," be it man or beast, usually finds his attention fixed upon the "cottontail" rather than upon the prospective victim as a whole. This frequently results in the rabbit’s escape, for when it suddenly ceases its zigzag run and as suddenly squats to hide the tail from view, the pursuer frequently finds himself completely baffled, for with the disappearance of the "white spot" the whole animal seems to disappear. The flying squirrel has a large, flattened, hairy tail, which serves as a balancer in his soaring jumps from tree to tree, but the opossum has a long hairless, prehensile tail that could not possibly aid its owner in the same manner. In contrast to the rabbit’s type, the tail of the jumping mouse is sparsely haired and of an inconspicuous color. Moreover, instead of being short, and rounded, it is very elongate, measuring about twice the length of the body. The flying squirrel has a large, flattened, hairy tail, which serves as a balancer in his soaring jumps from branch to branch and tree to tree, but the opossum has a long, hairless, prehensile tail that could not possibly aid its owner in the same manner. Instead, the opossum often grasps objects by winding its tail about them. This trait appears early in life, for each baby opossum thus clings tightly to "mamma" opossum’s tail as she swings it over her back and goes for a quiet evening stroll; while later, in the adult, the entire weight of the body may be easily supported from some convenient limb by this remarkable appendage alone. There is an old saying that "if you pick up a guinea pig by the tail, its eyes will drop out." Since the caudal appendage is so short, being a mere vestige, guinea pig eyes seem perfectly safe. How fortunate it is, however, that the guinea pig does not feel called upon to show its feelings in the same way as does the dog, for it would have to wag the whole end of its body energetically to express a happy emotional state. The muskrat and the beaver have much in common, for both of these rodents live in the vicinity of water, both are very fond of vegetable food, and both build more or less elaborate houses or dens for themselves, but when it comes to tails-the resemblances seemingly end. The muskrat’s tail is flattened vertically along its length, and while it may serve as a rudder in swimming, it is too weak to be used as a beaver uses his. The beaver’s tail, which is flattened cross-wise into a broad, paddle-like appendage, has developed an unusually strong set of muscles, so that it may be maneuvered both easily and effectually. This tool is used particularly in swimming and in personal broadcasting when danger threatens. Loud danger signals are often sent out to fellow beavers by a vigorous slap of the alert one’s tail on the surface of the water. In remarkable contrast to the types just discussed, the whale and the porpoise have fleshy, bilobed tails, which suggest the fins of fishes but are set cross-wise of the body rather than perpendicular to it. In addition, they lack the bony supporting rays. Like many fishes, both the whale and the porpoise are specialized for life in the open seas. Again, Nature has been especially generous with the kangaroo, in so far as his tail is concerned, whereas it has decidedly slighted the world’s champion heavy-weights, the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. So strong is the kangaroo’s large tail that in times of danger it may support the entire weight of the body while the animal kicks viciously with its hind feet. At other times it is regularly used as a prop in sitting or as a spring or propelling force in locomotion. Exactly contrary to this condition, the elephant’s most useful appendage was placed in front of the body instead of behind, while the unlucky hippopotamus was cheated at both ends. Return to Web Site Archive, Picks from the Past
Wake Up… – October 18, 2021 50 years ago.. NASA had technology in Shuttle crafts to travel 230,000 miles away to the moon….. This Shuttle needed only one tank of gas and could easily (supposedly) travel through the Van Allen radiation belt with no problems//// today [they] ,[NASA] can and has ONLY travel 1/Thousandth of the distance since 50 years ago.. back then [they] had technology that was only 1/millionth as strong and capable of today’s Smart phone… ///Today all EVIDENCE of APOLLO 11 Shuttle craft/ blue prints and original videos have been destroyed….(nothing has been saved from this historic journey and records)… All that remains are edited videos of a moon landing that shows three different shadows from the different lighting sources in some clips…. No stars in the back ground..(later added)/// Only one photo of EARTH 🌍 was made public for 50 years… The astronauts were WARNED not to give interviews <<<and seldom do…. ////By FACT.. If NASA did go to moon 50 years ago… They would would have technology and videos to this day of life traveling to MARS & beyond now… But NASA can’t even duplicate their APOLLO 11 journey , even with the most sophisticated computers and technology to this day that is 1 million times stronger than in 1969/////… >All APOLLO 11 equipment DESTROYED >DESTROYED all original video Tapes >Original Blue prints //( No one would ever do this destruction of a historical land mark and journey in U.S. /World history…>>>Unless they were destroying evidence<<) Today you can’t get good phone service in the forest or far from the city in high terrains or canyons or the oceans….//// But evidently back in 1969 you had perfect technology to speak with astronauts 150,000 miles away????///// ))) There is footage coming out by NASA whistleblowers who have LEAKED the fake videos of APOLLO 11. Astronauts pretending to be traveling half way to the moon<<< The Radiation Field between the Earth is moon i25,000 miles think… And to this day they don’t have the technology to travel through the radition belt >> >>NASA Astronauts Col. Terry Virts, Dr. Kathleen Rubins, and Dr. Kelly Smith (NASA Engineer) say in official NASA videos that no one has gone beyond low Earth orbit yet, through the Van Allen Belts of dangerous radiation. This means no one has landed on the Moon yet. //// (Now all three NASA employees are banned from talking to the public)…. +Think>> how can a small Space Shuttle LEAVE the Earth. Which is spinning 1000 miles on it’s axis and flying the through the universe at 4× times the speed of a bullet>>>> how does a NASA shuttle leave Earth to travel a half million miles round trip on a tank of gas>> make through 25,000 miles of radition belt, have perfect radio communication in 1969 when NASA only had less than 1/millionth of computing power of today’s Smart phone…. Why was all EVIDENCE of APOLLO 11 destroyed???? >>This isn’t about an another ELECTION<<<This about the By cindyloucbp Leave a comment WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s Hidden in the Crag I talk about what others won't Rose Rambles... Quantum Quickening Sunny's Journal We are going Quantum! Welcome to Brenda's Blog Helping others access and implement new creative skills. Captain's Blog News for the Collective Cosmic Journey Denise Le Fay Starship Earth: The Big Picture What's happening on our planet---and why Judith Kusel Soul Empowerment and Inspirational Conscious Thought: Driven by Intelligent Awareness I Write The Music Pushing At The Edges Of Creativity Higher Density Blog Love Is Always The Answer Gaia Energy Messages Éireport Blog Éireport Group Energy Reporting %d bloggers like this:
What is a pterygium? A pterygium is a type of growth that is not cancer. It won't spread to other parts of your body. If you have a pterygium, it may stop growing at some point. Or it might keep growing during your life. It may grow for months or years and then stop for a while. If it grows and covers your cornea, it is more likely to cause vision problems. These growths are most common in adults in their 20s to 40s. But people of all ages can get them. Pterygium growths occur more commonly in sunny climates and in people who do outdoor work. They may be slightly more common in men than in women. What causes a pterygium? The cause of a pterygium is not known. But exposure to ultraviolet light may play some role. Having certain genes may help lead to a pterygium in some people as well. Infection with human papillomavirus may also play a role. But this theory still remains controversial. Who is at risk for a pterygium? What are the symptoms of a pterygium? • Eye irritation and burning • Eye dryness • Eye redness • Restriction of eye movement (this is rare) Some people don't like the way a pterygium looks. Typically, it is a triangle-shaped growth, but the shape may vary. Some people notice it only after the growth has covered a major part of their cornea and blocks their iris. The growth might be white, pink, or red. How is a pterygium diagnosed? Often, a health history and exam provide enough information for a diagnosis. Your eye care provider will closely examine your growth. This can help to make sure it is not another condition that may need different treatment. In some rare cases, your eye care provider might take a small sample (biopsy) of the pterygium and have it looked at under a microscope to make sure it isn’t a cancer growth. How is a pterygium treated? • Over-the-counter products to help with discomfort, redness, or irritation, such as artificial tears or other lubricating eye drops, gels, or ointments • Prescription eye drops, gels, or ointments, such as steroid eye drops, if the over-the-counter products don't help • Surgery • Your growth is causing vision problems or is getting larger • You can’t move your eye normally • Your eye’s appearance bothers you a lot What are possible complications of a pterygium? A pterygium itself may not cause problems other than redness and eye irritation. If the pterygium grows into your cornea, it may cause vision problems. Treatment can also sometimes cause complications. For example, you might get an eye infection after surgery. What can I do to prevent a pterygium? When should I call my healthcare provider? If your pterygium has started to affect your vision, see your eye care provider as soon as possible. Call right away or seek get medical attention for any severe symptoms, such as sudden vision loss. Key points about pterygium • Many people don’t have any symptoms, or you might have symptoms such as eye irritation, itching, burning, or redness. • Some people need surgery to remove their growth, especially if it is causing major symptoms. But it may grow back after surgery. Next steps • Before your visit, write down questions you want answered. • Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways. Online Medical Reviewer: Chris Haupert MD Online Medical Reviewer: Rita Sather RN Online Medical Reviewer: Stacey Wojcik MBA BSN RN Date Last Reviewed: 4/1/2021
You asked: Who believed that dreams are the manifestation of unconscious? Reflect the Unconscious What does Freud believe about dreams? Freudian theory How did Freud believe dreams related to the unconscious? It could also offer you inspiration for interpreting your own dreams. Freud believed that the unconscious (id) expresses itself in dreams as a way of resolving repressed or unwanted emotions, experiences, and aggressive impulses. There are a number of assumptions that Sigmund Freud used to construct his dream theory. What is Rosalind Cartwright dream theory? Are dreams unconscious? Once widely regarded as visions or portents of what the future might hold, today, dreams are more commonly considered as a window into the unconscious mind, a theory popularized by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s. What are the 3 types of dreams? 3 Main Types of Dreams \| Psychology • Type # 1. Dreaming is Passive Imagination: • Type # 2. Dream Illusions: • Type # 3. Dream-Hallucinations: What was Jung’s theory? Carl Jung’s theory is the collective unconscious. He believed that human beings are connected to each other and their ancestors through a shared set of experiences. We use this collective consciousness to give meaning to the world. IT IS IMPORTANT: What does it mean when you dream about your mom hating you? Why do dreams feel so real? What are the three major dream theories? • The Freudian Theory on Dreams. • The Jungian Theory on Dreams. • Modern Theory on Dreams. What are the most effective methods of remembering dreams? One of the simplest and most effective methods of remembering dreams is to record dreams in a dream journal as soon as one wakes up. After waking, the practice should be to lie in bed with closed eyes, thinking about the dream. What is the dreams for survival theory?
If you are wondering about the difference between 3 phase vs single stage AC motors, remember this. Single phase AC motors usually operate on a single phase way to obtain power while 3 phase AC motors operate on a three phase source of power. The single phase alternating electric current is the most typical source of power utilized by many households and non industrial businesses. It’s the power that is utilized to light homes and power TVs in THE UNITED STATES. Today, most commercial buildings in the US utilize the 3 phase alternating electric current motors due to its versatility an power density. The 3 phase AC motor is specially common in large businesses which includes in the manufacturing and industrial businesses. Data centers today have become power intensive, to ensure that they can end up being able to offer storage and computing capabilities. It has resulted in the growth in demand of power supply to meet the needs of the data centers. The single phase alternating electric current power motor can’t meet the power needs of these data centers since it requires costly rewiring. Three stage alternating current power electric motor is economical to provide capacity to data center since it requires much 3 phase ac motor201909101613531826430less conductor material to provide electrical power. This explains why 3 phase alternating current motor is used in electric transmission, era and distribution in most countries globally. The single phase alternating current motor is much less reliable and more costly to be used in a national electrical power grid compared to 3 phase alternating current motor. Both 3 phase and one phase ac motors contain two parts, namely the rotor and stator. The stator is the part of the engine, which is stationary while the rotor is simply the rotating area of the motor.
How Does Psychology Impact Society – Role of Psychology An application of psychology is the ability to forecast human nature. It is a necessary feature for human survival on this planet. What is the role of psychology in society, or how does psychology impact society? There is no need for me to get into the details of what psychology is. The main topic of this article will be how does psychology impact society? In order to learn more about psychology, visit our Psychology Section, where we will show you what psychology is from various aspects in a comprehensive manner. How Does Psychology Impact Society: What is the impact of Psychology on society? Many people today underestimate the power of Psychology. However, I want you to know that Psychology is still relevant and has an impact on your everyday life. We are living in an age of technology and a lot of people underestimate the power of Psychology. In the absence of psychology, there will be no emotions, no feelings. We can never judge someone’s intentions if we do not understand psychology. Everyone will eventually realize the power of psychology, if not as a whole then at least personally. The purpose of this article is to explain how psychology has positive impacts on society. There are numerous benefits of psychology that impact our society positively and lead our society towards a positive direction. The field of psychology offers many benefits to society, as well as improving the lives of individuals. Psychology is still underrated, as I said earlier, but if we take a close look at it, we will be able to see that it is the greatest and the most significant contributor and supporter of our society. Our society cannot progress without understanding psychology. I will explain a few major benefits of psychology to our society, including health and education. People cannot progress without health and education, which are two of the most essential aspects of our society. My readers are familiar with health and education, but it is also important to understand how these factors affect our society psychologically. Role of Psychology in Society: In a person’s life, health is the most important aspect since we all know that “Health is Wealth”. • The purpose of health psychology is to improve health. • In the prevention of diseases, health psychology plays an important role. • Not only does health psychology examine health problems and preventions, but it also examines how individuals react to, live with, and recover from health problems. • Psychology can help you create a positive attitude. As a result of illness, a person’s mood and attitude instantly change. Usually, they become depressed. It makes the suffering patient feel so down and lazy. So health psychology then plays an important role in both the mental and physical recovery of the patient. Societies can only progress and succeed if they are healthy. To summarize, health psychology is beneficial to society as a whole. To change the world, education is the most powerful weapon. Nelson Mandela. Everyone should be educated. It can have a very positive impact on our society if the people around us are educated. We will not be able to live in peace as a society if we are uneducated. The rights of each other can only be protected by educated people. Rules and regulations can only be followed by educated people. For society to be brought up better, education is crucial. Psychologically, it is an area in which an individual’s educational background and learning patterns are examined. • Psychology of education emphasizes learning methods primarily. • Using it to study a person’s mental power or strength in learning is helpful. • Our children can learn to solve their problems independently by using educational psychology. • Children benefit from this by learning more about education and becoming more interested in it. Since educational psychology is such a broad topic, I have much more to say about it. However, I have highlighted some of the most important information for my readers. Those who are interested in educational psychology can read more about it in the following articles: The impact of Psychology on society should be known to most of you now. Feel free to comment below and let me know if you have any questions. I will get back to you as soon as I can. Continue to read and learn. Spread the word to your friends and family. Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
Why are some fonts so expensive? In the past decade, a number of major font families have emerged as major players in the font industry, which has become more and more expensive to produce, especially in the past few years. The most expensive typeface is La Fontaine Sans, the family of fonts known as the sans serif family. Its name means “the letter that follows” in French. It was originally developed for the United States during the Vietnam War, but has since become a standard for many other countries. Another famously expensive font is the Gotham typeface. Gotham is designed by Edward Kahn, a German graphic designer who has been famous for his bold fonts, including the Helvetica font. Gotham has become the most expensive type used in the world. In the last five years, the font gotha has grown from just a few thousand units to more than 1.3 million. It is currently used by a large number of large international companies including Facebook, which is the world’s largest social network, and Google, which runs Google. There are some other expensive fonts, such as the Sans Mono font, the same family of typefaces used by Microsoft, Apple, and Adobe. Other fonts that are becoming more and the more expensive include Courier New, Arial, Cursive, Lucida Grande, and the Lucido typeface for the font-maker Fotolia. The average cost of a typeface today is about $2,500, and this will likely increase in the years ahead. What makes these fonts expensive? Fonts can be designed and printed in a number of different ways, including for a variety of different purposes, such as for print, advertising, and educational marketing. Some of these fonts are designed for specific applications, such a typefaces designed for printing. Others are designed for general use, such fonts that can be used on almost any typeface and are available in a wide range of sizes. How do these fonts affect the prices of your fonts? When you design and print a type, it is important to think about what is available on the market. One way to determine the price of a font is to take the average cost for the previous year for the most popular typeface in the market, and multiply that by the number of copies sold. For example, a font for a large company would have a cost of $6,000 per copy. So if a font costs $6k per copy, it would sell at a price of $7,000. This is called a market rate, and is the price that the font is being sold at today. If the font has sold over 10 million copies, you know that a font is selling very well. A font’s market rate can be adjusted over time, depending on the demand for a type. For instance, if the market rate of a company’s typeface has dropped in the last few years, it may be more important for a font to be priced higher than in the previous year. Do these fonts cost too much? Many font families are also designed to be used in print, which means they have to be printed on high quality paper. However, printing on high-quality paper costs money, and font families often struggle to make money off of printing on that paper. To make up for the extra cost, font families like LaFontaine Sans can be designed to have a smaller font size than the one that is printed on it. For example, LaFontaine is a font that has a size that is the same as a standard 12 pt font. However the size of the font for the LaFontain Sans family is larger than the size for a standard 15 pt font, so that makes the LaFonte Sans size about 3 times larger than a standard 14 pt font that would be printed. Is it possible to design a font that is cheaper than the most expensive font in the industry? It is very difficult to design an expensive font. For one thing, the fonts are designed in different ways. For another, the size and weight of a printable font varies. The design process for a print-on-demand font can be a complex and time-consuming process, and a font designer needs to be creative to keep costs down. However, a number of fonts are becoming more expensive, especially those that are more expensive than their cost of production. Does it matter? There is a lot of controversy around the issue of font prices. Font designers want to make sure that the fonts they make for their clients are not too expensive. But the cost of the production can make a big difference to how many customers are willing to pay for How to use Rockwell typefaces The typeface “Rockwell” has long been used in design. It’s a mix of weights and weights of different weights of weights, which makes it a bit difficult to pick out exactly what you’re looking for. Today, however, we’re going to look at how to make use of it, and see how it looks on a web page. The typefaces Wikipedia uses is from 1950. How did they choose it? According to the website, the design was “inspired by the work of the Swiss mathematician and designer Max Born”. What did they use it for? They used it for the design of the first version of the internet. Born used it to design the first web browser. Born was also responsible for the font family “Arial”, which was used on the first versions of Google and Microsoft. What about the history of Rockwell? Born created a typeface in 1950 that was “based on the weights of the weights from the weights in the weights list”. For example, the weight of a pound of gold is given as 1.618 x 10^8. The weight of one pound of coal is given 1.944. This was to ensure that the weights listed for a single item were comparable. The weights were not uniform across the board, but they were all given equal weight. In fact, Born used this weighting scheme in many of his designs, and used the system for weights on the other pages of the typeface. So the typeset of this article was born of this weight. Is it too heavy? The page looks a bit more like a scrapbook than a design. In particular, the font is slightly off. The letterforms are a bit different and not quite matching the letterforms of the actual word. For example: The italic has a slight curve, while the bold has a much smoother curve. However, these differences are slight. What does this mean for the readability? It’s true that some people might find the font a bit off, especially if they’re used to other weights. However if you’re not used to using weights in a specific style, this might not be an issue for you. You might prefer a lighter weight. If you’re used, though, this may be the best option. How can you change it? You can change the weights using the typefaces tool. Just go to the “Tools” menu and click on “Tools”. For this example, I’m using a different weight than the one in the article, but if you do the same you can adjust the weights. The tool has a menu that lets you change weights and it’s really easy to do. I’ve just done the math on the page. What if I want a different font? You’re probably wondering how you can use a different typeface to match up with a font like the one Wikipedia uses. The answer is quite simple. You can use the weights calculator. For this article, I’ve set the weights to be 1.7 x 10 and the font to be “Aria”. When you use the tool, it gives you a number. If it’s less than 1, it’s too heavy. If the weights are equal, it will look like this. This is just an example. The same weights are applied to the page and the result is the same. You’re good to go. You could change the font and have a different look to the final page, but this won’t affect the readibility. What’s the best way to read the article? Here’s a good article on the topic to help you decide: How to read Wikipedia: How much is too much? How to Create a Free Typeface for your Website By now you probably know how to typeface. Now that you have mastered the basics, you should start practicing your creativity and get creative. There are many free typefaces out there to choose from and if you haven’t already, here are a few to try out. Typefaces for your Blogs or Articles Typefaces to Use for Your Blogs and Articles Typeface Free Free Typefaces Typeface Fonts Free Fonts Typeface Bembo Free Free Free Fontfaces Typefaces Bembos Free Free (for free) Free Free. Free Free Bembor Free Free “I’m Not an A**hole” typeface is going to change the face of the Internet. The Internet, as it turns out, is a very strange place. You have your real-life counterparts. You also have fake ones. It all depends on your point of view. We sat down with one of the creators of the Carved typefaces to get the scoop on the phenomenon. The Carved is one of three Carveds in existence. The others are the Classic Carved and the Classic Regular. The Classic Carves are an old-school style with a new take on it. It’s a classic sans serif. It comes in both serif and sans-serif variants. We asked them what the big deal is about this new typeface. Carved:The Classic Regular and Carved are similar, but not the same typeface at all. They are very different from each other, but they both have the same thing. The Carved has a very different feel to it, but the Classic is still very close to the original. The Classic Regular has a different feel, but it also has a lot of the same elements. The original Classic Carve has a much more traditional feel. What do you think makes the Carves so unique? The Classic regular has a really strong, old-fashioned feel to the typeface and is very much a traditional typeface with very little of the modernism. It really comes down to the style and the look. What we’re really looking for is to make a typeface that really brings that old-world feel to a modern world. It has a bit of the old-time feel and a bit more modernity. The Vintage Carves is one that is a little bit different, but also a little more modern. It is very old-style, very much an old style typeface but a bit modern. It has a modern look to it. The Vintage Carve is a great example of a typefaces that have really grown in popularity over the years. It also has some very, very classic elements. It really is very, really simple to do. You just have to start with a classic, old style. You’ve got your old sans seriff, you’ve got the type, and you’ve just got to do a little adjustment. It takes a little while to get it to work but it’s a really easy typeface to work with. Is there anything you would change about the Carving? There are a couple of things I would definitely change about it. I would change the name of the type. I like the old Carved but I really like the Carve and I think the Carvains name is just a little too strong. We really don’t like the type that is called Carved. The typeface was originally designed to be used in the UK in the 1920s, but was changed to be more of a UK-centric typeface in the 1950s and 1960s. The typeface has changed a lot in that time, but I think it still has a strong, classic feel to how it was originally conceived. Is it a type of style or just a type? I think the type is more of an old school typeface because it’s so much more a British typeface than a modern typeface like Carved or Classic Regular or Classic Carving. The name Carved, for example, is very British and so is Carved Regular, but Carved Carved isn’t really Carved anymore. Carving is very different to the old style that is used today in typefaces, so it’s really important that it’s modern and contemporary. It doesn’t need to be the same old style but it should reflect the current era of modernism that we’re living in. What typeface does Carved come in? Carved is available in two variants, the Classic and the Vintage. The new version is slightly smaller and more compact than the old versions, but that’s not to say it’s not an interesting new take. The first variant is the Classic. The classic style is very modern, it’s very different, and it’s the first one to be called Carvain. That’s a little weird, because I’ve never seen the old Classic Carvaine called Carving and it looks so much like it does. It might just be a type for the Classic version. Is the vintage version of Carved more of the classic style? The vintage Carved version of the original Classic was called Carve Regular. I think that was a bit strange. I guess you can call the original Carved a regular. The old version was called Regular Regular, and that was kind of odd, because it had the very same type as Carved with a slightly different look. The vintage version has that same look, but now it’s much more compact and less distinct from the old version. How to choose a typeface for a title How to Choose a Typeface for A Title How to Choose A Typeface For A Title By Richard R. LehnerA new breed of typefaces is in the making, and its called typeface renaissance. The new breed is centered around a handful of highly influential designers, some of whom have won awards for their work in the past. The result is a type design landscape dominated by designers like John Romero and Steve Wozniak, and a slew of typeface icons, such as Triton, Glamour, Arial, and Futura. But what makes the typeface landscape so unique? We spoke to the people behind some of the biggest names in typeface design to find out what makes a good choice. Read more of The Lad’s Type and Text series. Read this on the Web How to find the right typeface for your web page From the outset, a good font choice should be a mix of bold, italic, and underline, said Mark Schildt, president of Font Design Associates. “A typeface needs to be bold and it needs to make sense,” Schilds said. To help you choose, the Webfonts.com tool helps you pick the right font for your site, with detailed instructions on how to create and use it. There are also online fonts that can help you get your fonts to the right size. Typography expert Michael D. D’Antonio has worked with hundreds of designers, developers, and publishers to make sure they have a good sense of typography and typefaces. The typeface he uses for the book he is writing about is Arial, but D’Anonio said that’s not all you need to choose a typeface. “When you are designing something, you need a certain typeface to make the text legible,” he said. For example, a font like Arial could be the typeface of a type of newspaper or a magazine. “You need a font that is legible, readable, and has a certain weight,” D’Angelo said. And if you need something to be legible with a very small space between the letters, use a serif font. Ditto for a font designed for a small space. Determining which typeface is right for your website is a bit like choosing a car. “It’s very difficult, but there are a number of factors that go into that,” Dolan said. A good typeface can make your website stand out from other websites. It can help the page look like it’s designed by a professional type designer. It could help distinguish between a business page and a non-business page, for example. And it can make the page more legible. “People will spend more time looking at a website if it’s legible and looks professional,” Dola said. Typographic experts have been studying typography for centuries. A typeface helps a website stand apart from other types of websites. Dolan, who has designed for the likes of Dell, Dell Computer, and Google, said he thinks a good typefaces will help a website look more professional. He said the typefaces he uses are not as legible as some of the more popular fonts used on websites, such as Arial or Times New Roman. “Times New Roman, if you look at the type, it’s very boring and not legible to me,” Dolas said. “But, it looks better than Arial because Arial is a lot more readable.” But it doesn’t mean a type is bad. A lot of web designers and type designers say they think that typefaces are a great way to convey style and style is a big part of online publishing. It’s not just about the fonts themselves. It depends on the brand of the site you’re writing for, and the type of content on the site. “Typography is a tool to help us tell a story, and that story has to be relevant and compelling,” Dameron said. In order to make a website appear more professional, Dolan recommends using a type that is well suited to the type you’re designing for. “In this day and age, we have a lot of data about what people are looking for in websites,” he added. And the data shows that type is important. In 2015, for instance, a survey conducted by Nielsen found that the average length of time users spent on a website is 4 minutes, according to WebMD. “We are now using technology to help designers tell the story of their content, so designers need to make use of that technology,” said Dolan. If you want to learn more about how type is used on the web, check out this presentation. For more about typography, check with your type designer to find out what to look for in the fonts you use. Typographists, too, need to understand how their work is used in the web. Dolas and Dolan both said it’s important to use fonts that are well suited for the site and the content they’re creating. And Dolan is more than happy to share that he has seen a change in the way people are using fonts online. “The internet is changing everything,” he noted. Dola also suggested that you don’t have to spend money to make your work stand out online. Typographer and type designer Mark Schiffe said you can find free fonts online and use them on websites you design for free. “If I want to use a font for an image I’m going to buy it from the font designer, and I’m not going to pay for it,” Schiffe told me. “I want to have a really good font. I’m getting better and better at it.” There are free fonts Which Comic Style is Best for Cool Comic Typefaces? The best comic typefaces to choose from in a cool comic typeface. Here are some of the choices. Cool typefaces for cool types, like the Futurama character font or the New Comic Sans typeface , are a nice compromise. Cool Comic Sans is a slightly darker version of Comic Sans. Cool Comic Sizes and Fonts Cool type sizes are usually used for typefaces designed for graphic novel publishers, or for the fonts used for movie posters and posters for movies. Cool typefaces are also used to design text-based web sites and websites for businesses and other organizations. Tall typefaces In contrast to cool typefaces like Futuram and New Comic S, tall typefaces often are used for more formal or technical typefaces. A lot of type designers and font designers are using tall typeface fonts, and they can be useful for creating typesets for web, podcast, and other professional uses. For instance, the fonts in a few fonts used in the logo of Adobe’s Creative Suite are tall, while the same font used in Comic Sans and in the Futura fonts used by many comic book artists and publishers are usually medium-tall. Cool Comic Fonts and Font Colors Cool font colors are used in cool typeface designs, too. Some cool type designers use cool colors to emphasize text elements and make it easier for the reader to read and type. In the Futuras font family, cool colors are bold, italic, and bold-italic. This cool font has a bold-bold font, and it also has bold italic and bold italics. Cool Fonts: Bold Italic and Bold Italics, Bold, Bold Ital, and Bold Typography and Bold Colors Cool fonts are used to add an extra level of legibility and legibility to text. They are also useful in typefaces used in business cards, flyers, and advertisements. The Futuramas font family is a great example of cool fonts used to make bold typeface design easy. Cool Typefaces for Cool Comics Cool type design has a lot of overlap with comic book typesetting. It can also be useful to design typefaces that look similar to the comics that you are reading, and for the typesetting industry to be more familiar with typesetting and fonts. You might be interested in the Cool Comic Font family. Other Cool Typefaces For Cool ComicsCool typeface types are sometimes used for other typesetting projects. Type designers might use cool fonts for fonts for web sites, comic books, or even comic books in general. If you are designing typefaces or fonts for websites or applications, you might want to check out Cool Comic Sans, Futuramon, Futura Sans, and Futura Bold. How to use Dax typefaces Style is the language of the digital age. From the design of new products to the font choices of popular movies, designers and designers in digital publishing, advertising, and marketing all have to speak the language. To be sure, they are all doing it differently. And yet, there are still many, many typesetting guidelines and guidelines that everyone can learn from. The best way to do this is by doing it on a daily basis. This article aims to show you how to use each of the available typefaces and their pros and cons. The first of these typesetting principles is the “typeface principle” and its importance in type design. Typefaces, or fonts, are defined by their form and form characteristics. For instance, the letter A is a straight line. If you are working on a book or website design, the typographic style dictates how the text will be arranged on the page. However, there is also the typeface principle. The more important the shape of the typefaces in the type set, the more appropriate they are for the type. In other words, type design is a two-way street. There is always a market for different kinds of fonts, so you need to be careful with which font you use for the design you are doing. However when it comes to type, it is best to keep it simple. So let’s start by looking at the pros and the cons of each typeface. What is the pros of Dax? The Pros of Daxis A. Cons of DAxis B. Type is easy to read The main pros of type are that you can read and understand them easily. In fact, type designers are often criticized for not knowing how to read type. The pros are that, the type is easy-to-read and the font is legible. Type can be used for both business and non-business purposes, so it can be useful for branding, marketing, and communications. For example, a typeface can be great for a logo or logo font used in a logo font. A font like the Typekit Type, which is based on Dax, is a great font for logos and logo fonts. However you may want to use a font that has a more geometric or modern look. This is also an area where there is room for improvement. The main downside of Diaset is that it is hard to read the type, which makes it difficult to read when working on design documents or for product designs. A better option is to use the type on a different typeface like the FontAwesome typeface that is designed specifically for this purpose. The Cons of Type are the same as the pros, which means you will be more confused when you try to type. Type in a letter or word with the type and the text on the screen will change and become more blurry, especially if you type while working with a screen reader or while typing. This means that type is more difficult to follow when you have to type words in text editors or other typesetting software. The only real difference is that the cons are harder to read. The Pros are that it can get difficult to type with type at a glance The main advantage of DAXis the number of letters you can type at once. This can help you to work faster when designing and writing text. This also allows you to use type as a way to simplify your design. However if you want to type a lot of words at once, the pros are less important. For this reason, you may not have to worry about typing too much in order to get the job done. Type will look more readable at a distance Typefaces have a slightly different aspect ratio than standard fonts. This allows them to be more readable when working with small and large-sized documents, such as web pages. This aspect ratio makes them easy to type on smaller screen sizes, like tablets or smartphones. This factor can also make them easier to read in text editor or type on mobile devices, like smartphones. In addition, the angle of the angle between the text and the type also affects the appearance of typefaces. A typeface is either a straight-line or a curved typeface with the letter “e”. Straight-lines are easier to type because the letters are straight. Curved typefaces are easier-to type because there are fewer characters. The angle between a straight and curved type will affect the appearance and readability of the font. Therefore, straight-lines and curved types will look better when used in documents and websites. However curved types may be more legible on smaller screens. A word with a different angle between two letters is easier to identify The main disadvantage of DBA is that you will have to write the same words over and over again, even when you are not using the type to type them. This makes it harder to follow the word in a document, especially when you use the word When will you be able to use this font on your own website? The typeface is used in many different places, but the font is the most commonly used in the United States, according to the font-configuration tool FontAwesome. This typeface has been in use since the early 1900s, and is considered by some to be the most popular typeface used in print and in the digital world. In the U.S., it is commonly used as the text font for websites, and in other countries it is often used as a font for headlines, captions, images and other text elements. The fonts are available in a wide range of sizes, from a few hundred to several thousand characters per line, and are sometimes used in different ways. The typeface was created in 1912 and is still used by most print and web designers. It was first released as a free and open-source font in 1979, and its font family is now owned by Microsoft. Google recently released a free version of the typeface. Some websites, such as Google News, allow you to use a different typeface when adding text to your site. Some browsers also allow you use a typeface other than the default one. The U.K.-based company FontAwesome lists the following fonts in its list of fonts that it recommends for use on your website:As the font comes from an earlier version of Google’s font library, it has been slightly updated over the years. This means it might look a bit different in certain browsers and sites. However, Google recommends using the font, which is available for download from Google’s webfonts page. The news website Mashable, for example, says it uses the font for all of its headlines, and that it uses it in headlines, caption and other sections. How to find a great typeface for your business article It’s time to look around for the typefaces you need to succeed in business. If you’re looking for something new, check out these 16 beautiful new typefaces for businesses. Mashable has compiled a list of the best typefaces to find in your own business. Typefaces are a way to differentiate your brand from your competitors, and it’s a big deal if you’re not using a brand name yet. It’s easy to pick out the typeface that’s right for your project and style, but it’s even easier to identify typefaces that are just right for the job. Here are some of the top 16 typefaces in the marketplace for businesses today. We’ll start with the most popular and most expensive. Fonts like Bowery and Times New Roman aren’t widely available, so we’ll look at the top-end and budget options. The most popular brands on Etsy include the brand name, brand name and product name, and some brands also include the logo. The logo is typically the most expensive typeface in terms of cost, and many designers choose to use the brand and logo in their designs. If the brand logo and typeface are the same, you can get the same result. You can choose from a wide range of different font families, and they come in a wide variety of weights and sizes. The most popular fonts on Etsy are the ones you see on your desk. They’re not just a one-size-fits-all solution. The brand name can be the same as the type, and the type can be different from the logo, so choose wisely. It’s a good idea to always keep your eye on the type and font name in your design. If your product name doesn’t say something meaningful, it’s not likely to be recognized. If a typeface has a large number of letters, you might not be able to distinguish between it and the logo on a smaller type. If you need more type, look for other brand names and product names on Etsy. You can see how much money a brand or product name makes by going to the brand or selling on Etsy, and see how it compares to other brands and products on Etsy or other websites. You might want to look for a more affordable option for your design, too. Check out our guide to the best online design services for creatives. Once you’ve found a good brand name or product, it can be easier to find the right font for your needs. Some designers use different fonts for different purposes, but there are plenty of choices for your general purpose typeface. Look for one that has a small, flat shape, which is easier to read. Look for the smallest font size, and if it’s the same typeface on both sides of the body, you should be able at least to read the small letter. Find a type that’s easy on your eyes, and a small-medium font size that matches the overall size of the type. Smaller fonts can make your designs stand out, while mediums and larges help to make them stand out even more.
Last updated Thyrsodium spruceanum Salzm. ex Benth. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (14).jpg Thyrsodium spruceanum Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Anacardiaceae Subfamily: Anacardioideae Genus: Thyrsodium Salzm. ex Benth. Thyrsodium is a genus of plants in the family Anacardiaceae. As of July 2020, Plants of the World online has 6 accepted species: [1] Related Research Articles July 14 is the 195th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 170 days remain until the end of the year. Anacardiaceae Family of flowering plants that includes cashew and mango The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce urushiol, an irritant. The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably cashew, mango, poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, smoke tree, marula, yellow mombin, Peruvian pepper and cuachalalate. The genus Pistacia is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae. <i>Anacardium</i> Genus of flowering plants Anacardium, the cashews, are a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas. <i>Bulbophyllum</i> Genus of orchids Bulbophyllum is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae. It is the largest genus in the orchid family and one of the largest genera of flowering plants with more than 2,000 species, exceeded in number only by Astragalus. These orchids are found in diverse habitats throughout most of the warmer parts of the world including Africa, southern Asia, Latin America, the West Indies, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Orchids in this genus have thread-like or fibrous roots that creep over the surface of trees or rocks or hang from branches. The stem is divided into a rhizome and a pseudobulb, a feature that distinguished this genus from Dendrobium. There is usually only a single leaf at the top of the pseudobulb and from one to many flowers are arranged along an unbranched flowering stem that arises from the base of the pseudobulb. Several attempts have been made to separate Bulbophyllum into smaller genera, but most have not been accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Flora Inventory of plant species in a given region Professor Dale Sanders, FRS is a director of the John Innes Centre, an internationally leading institute for research in plant sciences and microbiology in Norwich, England. Jamie Noble American professional wrestler James Gibson is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name Jamie Noble. He is currently signed to WWE as a producer. In addition to his appearances with WWE, Noble is known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling from 1999 to 2001 as Jamie Howard, Jamie-San and Jamie Knoble and with New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Ring of Honor in 2004 and 2005 under his birth name. He is a former WWE Cruiserweight Champion and ROH World Champion. Johnny Jeter American professional wrestler John Jeter is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2006 as Johnny, a member of The Spirit Squad. Nicholas Cole Mitchell is an American mixed martial artist and retired professional wrestler who is best known for his work in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as Mitch of the Spirit Squad. The Spirit Squad Professional wrestling stable The Spirit Squad is a professional wrestling tag team that consists of Kenny and Mikey. In their initial WWE run, the team was a stable consisting of Kenny, Mikey, Johnny, Mitch, and Nicky. The team's ring personas were those of an all-male cheerleading squad. Kenny and Mikey are currently signed to Major League Wrestling (MLW) as The Spirit Squad. Maryse Ouellet French-Canadian professional wrestler and model Maryse Mizanin is a Canadian-American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, reality star, and glamour model. She is currently signed to WWE, appearing on the Raw brand as the manager of The Miz, under the ring name Maryse. After spending years modeling, including winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada in 2003, Ouellet participated in the WWE Diva Search competition and was hired by WWE in 2006. She spent time in developmental territories Ohio Valley Wrestling and Florida Championship Wrestling, before being assigned to the SmackDown brand in 2008. That year, Maryse won her first WWE Divas Championship. The Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South King of the Deathmatch is an annual professional wrestling tournament running since 1997 in which a number of wrestlers compete in various deathmatches, in a single-elimination tournament which is similar to World Wrestling Entertainment's King of the Ring tournament. These tournaments include the typical weapons used in hardcore wrestling such as barbed wire, nails, thumbtacks, fire, and light tubes, and are known for their large amount of blood loss. Anacardioideae Subfamily of flowering plants Anacardioideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Anacardiaceae. Elaeoluma is a genus of plants in the family Sapotaceae described as a genus in 1891. <i>Cyrtocarpa</i> Genus of trees Cyrtocarpa is a genus of trees in the subfamily Spondiadoideae of the cashew and sumac family Anacardiaceae. Their habitat is dry forests to open arid areas. They grow naturally in Mexico and northern South America. Diclinanona calycina is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Ludwig Diels, the German botanist who first formally described the species using the basionym Xylopia calycina, named it after its well-developed calyx. Silvia Blair Trujillo is a Colombian scientist, known for her research on antimalarial compounds found in traditional plants from her country. During her research career, Blair has received various awards and recognitions, such as the Héctor Abad Gómez Medal to merits in Public Health in 1992, an honorable mention in the area of Basic Experimental Sciences in 2000, a Francisco José de Caldas Medal for University Excellence in 2008, and was named Emeritus Professor of the University of Antioquia in 2017. <i>NCIS</i> (season 18) Season of television series The eighteenth season of NCIS, an American police procedural drama television series, originally aired on CBS from November 17, 2020 through May 25, 2021. The season contains 16 episodes, making it the shortest in the series, and includes the series' 400th episode. The season was produced by Belisarius Productions and CBS Studios. Poupartiopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. The only species is Poupartiopsis spondiocarpus. 1. Kew Science Plants of the World Online , retrieved 14 July 2020 2. Carneiro, Ana Lúcia Basílio; Teixeira, Maria Francisca Simas; Oliveira, Viviana Maria Araújo de; Fernandes, Ormezinda Celeste Cristo; Cauper, Gláucia Socorro de Barros; Pohlit, Adrian Martin (February 2008). "Screening of Amazonian plants from the Adolpho Ducke forest reserve, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil, for antimicrobial activity". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 103: 31–38. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762008000100005. ISSN 0074-0276.
Skip to Content Cover thumbnail for CA 07.09 Developments of the Reformation CA 07.09 Developments of the Reformation Students should examine the Protestant Reformation and the beliefs of Martin Luther and John Calvin. Study the history of the English Bible. What were Luther's 95 theses and what was their effect on history? Students should become aware of the growing resistance to the papacy and understand the challenges to its power over the spheres of religion, politics and economics. Study what led up to Luther's ex-communication, the revolt of the peasants, and how the Reformation spread throughout northern Europe. Study the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the revival of the Inquisition, and the religious wars that followed. Study how Germanic Europe became Protestant, and Latin Europe stayed Catholic and loyal to Pope. Study the age of kings and what divine right was, especially in relation to French monarchy. --Emily Odza Showing 1 to 12 of 40 Records Your current search criteria is: Portfolio is "CA 07.09 Developments of the Reformation".
Slow Playback I’m often asked what tools I use when teaching. I always look for free websites, apps, and downloads that anyone I work with can access. They don’t have to be specifically made for learning English pronunciation or intonation and in fact, some of my favorite ones aren’t made for that at all but are the best for learning when you know what to listen for. You’re surrounded by speech all the time so why doesn’t it just soak in automatically? You have to know what to pay attention to. Awareness is the first step of encoding something into your memory. You can’t encode something that you can’t notice. Slowing down the speed to catch these small sounds in speech is one of the best ways to increase ease and speed of encoding something new into your memory. I can tell you the rules about when vowels change their sound to the schwa “uh” sound, but until you are able to hear it, identify it, and find it meaningful in its use in a word and sentence, it’s not going to be something you just start using. The schwa is the most common sound in American English and it’s what provides the rhythm of the stress-based language. Unfortunately, it’s used in unstressed syllables that are shortened in duration so they go by by quickly and almost undetectable in regular conversation. One way to catch these short sounds is to slow down the speed of any recording you’re listening to. Listen to Other People YouTube - Most videos on YouTube have this option. Almost all videos on have this option. Choose the gear icon and then in the pop-up menu choose, “Playback Speed.” If .5 is unbearably slow to listen to, I find .7 to be a better compromise between normal speed and half speed than .75 speed. You’ll have to choose “custom” to adjust it. Here’s a screenshot of where to find it: I used my own video as an example so you can click and try it here: YouGlish - The video player on YouGlish always has a speed control. If you haven’t played with YouGlish, you’re missing out on an amazing tool for listening to speech. I hope this encourages you to try it for the first time or remind you to use it again. Screenshot is from this video. The awesomeness of YouGlish is that you can enter any word or group of words that you’d like to hear people say. YouGlish comes up with YouTube videos that contain that word/words and highlights it in the captions as the video plays. I entered “listening carefully” and it found 139 videos that contain those words. You can keep clicking to forward on to the next video. Slowing down the speed is essential to catch the small details like vowels changing to schwa, contractions, connections, and sound changes that happen in connected speech. There’s a “-5” button on the left side so you can go back 5 seconds or return to where the video clip started. You’ll get a mix of people speaking in different situations and can compare how people sound when presenting more formally to speaking casually in a conversation. Listen to Yourself Practice analyzing your own speech by recording yourself in at least three different situations: 1) reading, 2) speaking by yourself, 3) speaking with other people. When speaking with other people, it’s illegal in some US states (MA, for one) to record other people without their consent so there are other ways to catch yourself speaking naturally in conversation. Speak on a phone or online chat and use headphones to hear the other person while you record your side of the conversation on your phone or computer. You only need your side anyway. iPhone - The Voice Memo audio recorder that is in all iPhones has adjustable playback speed starting with iOS 15. Android - There isn’t one single audio recorder common to all Android phones but there are many third-party apps you can download. When looking for an app, look for variable playback speed. Listen to People All Around You Once you know what to listen for and have practiced hearing it in slow-down recordings, apply that to listen to people all around you. It’s easier to do when you’re not participating in the conversation, but if you can, listen to not just what someone is saying, but exactly how they said it.
Words related to mercury market (n.) early 12c., "a meeting at a fixed time for buying and selling livestock and provisions, an occasion on which goods are publicly exposed for sale and buyers assemble to purchase," from Old North French market "marketplace, trade, commerce" (Old French marchiet, Modern French marché), from Latin mercatus "trading, buying and selling; trade; market" (source of Italian mercato, Spanish mercado, Dutch markt, German Markt), from past participle of mercari "to trade, deal in, buy," from merx (genitive mercis) "wares, merchandise." This is from an Italic root merk-, possibly from Etruscan, referring to various aspects of economics. The god Mercurius was probably the god of exchange. According to [Walde-Hoffmann], the god's name was borrowed from Etruscan; in principle, the same is possible for the stem merk- altogether. [de Vaan] Meaning "public building or space where markets are held" is attested from late 13c. Meaning "a city, country or region considered as a place where things are bought or sold" is from 1610s. Sense of "sale as controlled by supply and demand" is from 1680s. Market-garden "plot of land on which vegetables are grown for market" is by 1789. Market-basket "large basket used to carry marketing" is by 1798. Market price "price a commodity will bring when sold in open market" is from mid-15c.; market value "value established or shown by sales" (1690s) is first attested in the writings of John Locke. Market economy is from 1948; market research is from 1921. quicksilver (n.) common popular designation of metallic mercury, Middle English quik-silver, from late Old English cwicseolfor, literally "living silver," so called for its mobility, translating Latin argentum vivum (source also of Italian argento vivo), "living silver;" so called from its liquid mobility. See quick (adj.) + silver (n.). Similar formation in Dutch kwikzilver, Old High German quecsilbar, German quecksilber, French vif-argent, Italian argenta viva. intramercurial (adj.) mercurial (adj.) late 14c., "pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Mercury," from Latin Mercurialis, from Mercurius (see Mercury). Meaning "pertaining to the god Mercury, having the form or qualities attributed to Mercury" (in reference to his role as god of trade or as herald and guide) is from 1590s. Meaning "light-hearted, sprightly, volatile, changeable, quick" (1640s) is from the qualities supposed to characterize those born under the planet Mercury (they also are the qualities of the god Mercury), probably also partly by association with the qualities of quicksilver. A variant in this sense was mercurious (1590s). Related: Mercurially; mercuriality. mercuric (adj.) 1828, in chemistry, "relating to or containing mercury," from mercury + -ic. Specifically applied to compounds in which each atom of mercury is regarded as bivalent. Mercurous (1840) is applied to those in which two atoms of mercury are regarded as forming a bivalent radical.
What are Hemorrhoids? Hemorrhoids are defined as the venous swelling of the internal and external hemorrhoid veins together with inflammation. Piles may thus be internal or external. Generally, middle-aged individuals are affected. Causes of Hemorrhoids 1. Low fibre diet. 2. Chronic constipation and straining. 3. Pregnancy. Clinical Features of Hemorrhoids 1.Bleeding per rectum. 2.Pain and itching around the anus. Complications of Hemorrhoids 1.Thrombosis of veins. 2.Prolapsed piles outside the anus resulting in an emergency. Management of Hemorrhoids 1.Improve dietary fibre intake e.g. leafy vegetables. 2.Avoid constipation. 3.Consult a doctor. Leave a reply
What is Malaria? Malaria is a disease transmitted by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. In spite of India’s National Malaria Eradication Program, this disease which had been under control has suddenly made a comeback. The resurgence of malaria is now a heavy burden on India. Clinical Features of Malaria 1. Initial Phase: Unwell feeling, headache, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, muscle aches followed by fever suggests a flu-like syndrome. 2. Sometimes malaria presents as severe headache, chest pain, abdominal pain, joint pains, body ache and diarrhea with moderate fever. 3. Classic malaria features depend upon the type of parasite involved. Symptoms develop one to four weeks after an infected mosquito bite. (a) Cold Stage: Extreme shivering with teeth chattering. (b) Hot stage: An hour later, burning fever 1030C, headache, nausea, giddiness, severe body ache, delirium. (c) Sweat Stage: Profuse sweating and a fall in temperature. 4. Spleen may be enlarged in chronic malaria cases. Anemia is present due to large-scale destruction of RBC’s by the malaria parasite. Management of Malaria 1. Complete bed rest. 2. Plenty of oral fluids. 3. Consult a doctor. Prevention of Malaria 1. Use of mosquito nets. 2. Use of insect repellants. 3. Malaria vaccination. Leave a reply
low carb diet for weight loss Low Carb Versus Low Fat Diet For Weight Loss Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in different combinations. It supplies the body with the energy it needs to function. They are found almost exclusively in plant foods such as fruits, vegetables and beans. Carbohydrates are divided into two groups: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates, sometimes called simple sugars include fructose (fruit sugar), sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar). Fruits are one of the richest sources of simple sugar. Complex carbohydrates are also made of sugar, but the sugar molecules are strung together to form longer and more complex chains. Complex carbohydrates include fiber and starches and good sources are whole grains, peas and beans. Simple or complex carbohydrates are metabolized in glucose, which is a quick-acting source of energy and the primary fuel for the brain and the muscles when exercised. Long chain glucose called glycogen gets stored in the muscle as the energy fuel. However, your body can store only 1200 to 1600 worth calories as glycogen. The rest gets stored in the muscle cells as triglycerides and your body accesses it during long periods of moderate activity, like a brisk long walk or a game of golf. Fitness enthusiasts have always contemplated between low-fat and low-carb route for weight loss. As has been the norm, health authorities have recommended calorie-restricted low-fat diets for weight loss. The problem with such diets is that they don’t last in the long run and fail to deliver results. On the contrary, a new scientific study conducted by the lead author, Dr. Lydia Bazzano of Tulane University in New Orleans supports the benefits of low carbohydrate diets in lowering weight and reversing risk factors for heart disease. A low-carb diet will result in weight loss as protein replaces the carb intake. The health benefits of such a diet improved satiety, more muscle mass resulting in greater fat loss. When you reduce the fat content of your diet, carbohydrate intake goes up. Increased amount of carbs triggers the release of insulin hormone that promotes storage of glucose as fat in the body, a diet with fewer carbohydrates is rich in protein to fill in the gap. Research has consistently proven that a diet rich in protein and fewer carbs allows blood glucose to remain on an even keel. It doesn’t cause sudden insulin spikes and curbs cravings. Your body has to work overtime to digest protein, as it is one of the toughest foods to digest. Naturally, eating a diet rich in protein is going to keep you full for a longer duration. This nixes your desire to nosh on junk foods. Your muscles are made of proteins, amino acids to be precise and need these nutrients for nourishment. When you combine a regular workout with a protein-rich diet, the outcome is increased muscle mass. Since muscles are biologically active tissues, the body has to spend extra calories for their upkeep. Thus, your BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) goes up and you spend more calories versus someone with lower BMR (a happier and enviable situation to be in) making the task of weight loss a breeze. Overall, a low-carb diet encourages weight loss, as it makes the whole diet plan easier to follow and results in greater success. Rich in proteins, such a diet also restricts the release of insulin hormone, thereby storage of fat. 100-150 grams per day If you are a healthy individual, lean and active and simply trying to maintain weight, this recommendation is for you. Yes, you can lose weight at this allowance too, provided you count calories and portion size. 50-100 grams per day This range is perfect for people suffering from metabolic syndrome and helps you maintain and lose weight without much fuss. The recommended foods for you are fruits (two to three per day), vegetables and less of starchy carbohydrates. 50 grams and less per day This is the range in where the metabolic benefits start to kick in and weight loss occurs fast. You can have 40g of digestible carbohydrates while you are sticking to this allowance. Digestible carbohydrates are carbs minus fiber. Since it is difficult to stick to this carb allocation, there is a way out. Double your carb consumption. This will push you somewhat in the first group. Now, you need to combine protein rich foods to make up the carb deficiency. This results in weight loss and improved HDL. The point to remember is that lowering carbohydrates is no way a sanction to gorge on fatty foods. Good fats from nuts and fish are okay but butter laden chicken burger doesn’t qualify at all ! Ultimately fat loss is all about calorie restriction. 3500 calorie deficit translates into the loss of one pound. Do the math to figure out the deficit score for you. Whey protein shakes can provide you a healthy dose of proteins in a calorie-controlled format in a low carb diet to lose weight sensibly.
Photomultiplier tube Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as much as 100 million times or 108 (i.e., 160 dB),[1] in multiple dynode stages, enabling (for example) individual photons to be detected when the incident flux of light is low. Dynodes inside a photomultiplier tube The combination of high gain, low noise, high frequency response or, equivalently, ultra-fast response, and large area of collection has maintained photomultipliers an essential place in low light level spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear and particle physics, astronomy, medical diagnostics including blood tests, medical imaging, motion picture film scanning (telecine), radar jamming, and high-end image scanners known as drum scanners. Elements of photomultiplier technology, when integrated differently, are the basis of night vision devices. Research that analyzes light scattering, such as the study of polymers in solution, often uses a laser and a PMT to collect the scattered light data. Semiconductor devices, particularly silicon photomultipliers and avalanche photodiodes, are alternatives to classical photomultipliers; however, photomultipliers are uniquely well-suited for applications requiring low-noise, high-sensitivity detection of light that is imperfectly collimated. Structure and operating principles Fig.1: Schematic of a photomultiplier tube coupled to a scintillator. This arrangement is for detection of gamma rays. Fig. 2: Typical photomultiplier voltage divider circuit using negative high voltage. Photomultipliers are typically constructed with an evacuated glass housing (using an extremely tight and durable glass-to-metal seal like other vacuum tubes), containing a photocathode, several dynodes, and an anode. Incident photons strike the photocathode material, which is usually a thin vapor-deposited conducting layer on the inside of the entry window of the device. Electrons are ejected from the surface as a consequence of the photoelectric effect. These electrons are directed by the focusing electrode toward the electron multiplier, where electrons are multiplied by the process of secondary emission. The electron multiplier consists of a number of electrodes called dynodes. Each dynode is held at a more positive potential, by ≈100 Volts, than the preceding one. A primary electron leaves the photocathode with the energy of the incoming photon, or about 3 eV for "blue" photons, minus the work function of the photocathode. A small group of primary electrons is created by the arrival of a group of initial photons. (In Fig. 1, the number of primary electrons in the initial group is proportional to the energy of the incident high energy gamma ray.) The primary electrons move toward the first dynode because they are accelerated by the electric field. They each arrive with ≈100 eV kinetic energy imparted by the potential difference. Upon striking the first dynode, more low energy electrons are emitted, and these electrons are in turn accelerated toward the second dynode. The geometry of the dynode chain is such that a cascade occurs with an exponentially-increasing number of electrons being produced at each stage. For example, if at each stage an average of 5 new electrons are produced for each incoming electron, and if there are 12 dynode stages, then at the last stage one expects for each primary electron about 512 ≈ 108 electrons. This last stage is called the anode. This large number of electrons reaching the anode results in a sharp current pulse that is easily detectable, for example on an oscilloscope, signaling the arrival of the photon(s) at the photocathode ≈50 nanoseconds earlier. The necessary distribution of voltage along the series of dynodes is created by a voltage divider chain, as illustrated in Fig. 2. In the example, the photocathode is held at a negative high voltage of order 1000 V, while the anode is very close to ground potential. The capacitors across the final few dynodes act as local reservoirs of charge to help maintain the voltage on the dynodes while electron avalanches propagate through the tube. Many variations of design are used in practice; the design shown is merely illustrative. Internal metallisation as a protective screen against unwanted lights sources There are two common photomultiplier orientations, the head-on or end-on (transmission mode) design, as shown above, where light enters the flat, circular top of the tube and passes the photocathode, and the side-on design (reflection mode), where light enters at a particular spot on the side of the tube, and impacts on an opaque photocathode. The side-on design is used, for instance, in the type 931, the first mass-produced PMT. Besides the different photocathode materials, performance is also affected by the transmission of the window material that the light passes through, and by the arrangement of the dynodes. Many photomultiplier models are available having various combinations of these, and other, design variables. The manufacturers manuals provide the information needed to choose an appropriate design for a particular application. Temperature range It's known that at cryogenic temperatures photo multipliers demonstrate increase in (bursting) electrons emission as temperature lowers. The phenomena is still unexplained by any physics theory.[2] Photoelectric effect The first demonstration of the photoelectric effect was carried out in 1887 by Heinrich Hertz using ultraviolet light.[3] Significant for practical applications, Elster and Geitel two years later demonstrated the same effect using visible light striking alkali metals (potassium and sodium).[4] The addition of caesium, another alkali metal, has permitted the range of sensitive wavelengths to be extended towards longer wavelengths in the red portion of the visible spectrum. Secondary emission The phenomenon of secondary emission (the ability of electrons in a vacuum tube to cause the emission of additional electrons by striking an electrode) was, at first, limited to purely electronic phenomena and devices (which lacked photosensitivity). In 1899 the effect was first reported by Villard.[6] In 1902, Austin and Starke reported that the metal surfaces impacted by electron beams emitted a larger number of electrons than were incident.[7] The application of the newly discovered secondary emission to the amplification of signals was only proposed after World War I by Westinghouse scientist Joseph Slepian in a 1919 patent.[8] The race towards a practical electronic television camera First photomultiplier, single-stage (early 1934) Magnetic photomultipliers (mid 1934–1937) In the USSR, RCA-manufactured radio equipment was introduced on a large scale by Joseph Stalin to construct broadcast networks, and the newly formed All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Television was gearing up a research program in vacuum tubes that was advanced for its time and place. Numerous visits were made by RCA scientific personnel to the USSR in the 1930s, prior to the Cold War, to instruct the Soviet customers on the capabilities of RCA equipment and to investigate customer needs.[10] During one of these visits, in September 1934, RCA's Vladimir Zworykin was shown the first multiple-dynode photomultiplier, or photoelectron multiplier. This pioneering device was proposed by Leonid A. Kubetsky in 1930[11] which he subsequently built in 1934. The device achieved gains of 1000x or more when demonstrated in June 1934. The work was submitted for print publication only two years later, in July 1936[12] as emphasized in a recent 2006 publication of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS),[13] which terms it "Kubetsky's Tube." The Soviet device used a magnetic field to confine the secondary electrons and relied on the Ag-O-Cs photocathode which had been demonstrated by General Electric in the 1920s. Electrostatic photomultipliers (1937–present) Improved photocathodes Spectral response of photocathodes RCA Corporation For decades, RCA was responsible for performing the most important work in developing and refining photomultipliers. RCA was also largely responsible for the commercialization of photomultiplers. The company compiled and published an authoritative and widely used Photomultiplier Handbook.[19] RCA provided printed copies free upon request. The handbook, which continues to be made available online at no cost by the successors to RCA, is considered to be an essential reference. Lancaster, Pennsylvania facility The Lancaster, Pennsylvania facility was opened by the U.S. Navy in 1942 and operated by RCA for the manufacture of radio and microwave tubes. Following World War II, the naval facility was acquired by RCA. RCA Lancaster, as it became known, was the base for the development and the production of commercial television products. In subsequent years other products were added, such as "cathode-ray" tubes, photomultiplier tubes, motion-sensing light control switches, and closed-circuit television systems. Burle Industries In 2005, after eighteen years as an independent enterprise, Burle Industries and a key subsidiary were acquired by Photonis, a European holding company Photonis Group. Following the acquisition, Photonis was composed of Photonis Netherlands, Photonis France, Photonis USA, and Burle Industries. Photonis USA operates the former Galileo Corporation Scientific Detector Products Group (Sturbridge, Massachusetts), which had been purchased by Burle Industries in 1999. The group is known for microchannel plate detector (MCP) electron multipliers—an integrated micro-vacuum tube version of photomultipliers. MCPs are used for imaging and scientific applications, including night vision devices. The Japan-based company Hamamatsu Photonics (also known as Hamamatsu) has emerged since the 1950s as a leader in the photomultiplier industry. Hamamatsu, in the tradition of RCA, has published its own handbook, which is available without cost on the company's website.[21] Hamamatsu uses different designations for particular photocathode formulations and introduces modifications to these designations based on Hamamatsu's proprietary research and development. Photocathode materials The photocathodes can be made of a variety of materials, with different properties. Typically the materials have low work function and are therefore prone to thermionic emission, causing noise and dark current, especially the materials sensitive in infrared; cooling the photocathode lowers this thermal noise. The most common photocathode materials are[22] Ag-O-Cs (also called S1) transmission-mode, sensitive from 300–1200 nm. High dark current; used mainly in near-infrared, with the photocathode cooled; GaAs:Cs, caesium-activated gallium arsenide, flat response from 300 to 850 nm, fading towards ultraviolet and to 930 nm; InGaAs:Cs, caesium-activated indium gallium arsenide, higher infrared sensitivity than GaAs:Cs, between 900–1000 nm much higher signal-to-noise ratio than Ag-O-Cs; Sb-Cs, (also called S11) caesium-activated antimony, used for reflective mode photocathodes; response range from ultraviolet to visible, widely used; bialkali (Sb-K-Cs, Sb-Rb-Cs), caesium-activated antimony-rubidium or antimony-potassium alloy, similar to Sb:Cs, with higher sensitivity and lower noise. can be used for transmission-mode; favorable response to a NaI:Tl scintillator flashes makes them widely used in gamma spectroscopy and radiation detection; high-temperature bialkali (Na-K-Sb), can operate up to 175 °C, used in well logging, low dark current at room temperature; multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs), (also called S20), wide spectral response from ultraviolet to near-infrared, special cathode processing can extend range to 930 nm, used in broadband spectrophotometers; solar-blind (Cs-Te, Cs-I), sensitive to vacuum-UV and ultraviolet, insensitive to visible light and infrared (Cs-Te has cutoff at 320 nm, Cs-I at 200 nm). Window materials The windows of the photomultipliers act as wavelength filters; this may be irrelevant if the cutoff wavelengths are outside of the application range or outside of the photocathode sensitivity range, but special care has to be taken for uncommon wavelengths. Borosilicate glass is commonly used for near-infrared to about 300 nm. High borate borosilicate glasses exist also in high UV transmission versions with high transmission also at 254 nm.[23] Glass with very low content of potassium can be used with bialkali photocathodes to lower the background radiation from the potassium-40 isotope. Ultraviolet glass transmits visible and ultraviolet down to 185 nm. Used in spectroscopy. Synthetic silica transmits down to 160 nm, absorbs less UV than fused silica. Different thermal expansion than kovar (and than borosilicate glass that's expansion-matched to kovar), a graded seal needed between the window and the rest of the tube. The seal is vulnerable to mechanical shocks. Magnesium fluoride transmits ultraviolet down to 115 nm. Hygroscopic, though less than other alkali halides usable for UV windows. Usage considerations Photomultiplier tubes typically utilize 1000 to 2000 volts to accelerate electrons within the chain of dynodes. (See Figure near top of article.) The most negative voltage is connected to the cathode, and the most positive voltage is connected to the anode. Negative high-voltage supplies (with the positive terminal grounded) are often preferred, because this configuration enables the photocurrent to be measured at the low voltage side of the circuit for amplification by subsequent electronic circuits operating at low voltage. However, with the photocathode at high voltage, leakage currents sometimes result in unwanted "dark current" pulses that may affect the operation. Voltages are distributed to the dynodes by a resistive voltage divider, although variations such as active designs (with transistors or diodes) are possible. The divider design, which influences frequency response or rise time, can be selected to suit varying applications. Some instruments that use photomultipliers have provisions to vary the anode voltage to control the gain of the system. Photomultipliers were the first electric eye devices, being used to measure interruptions in beams of light. Photomultipliers are used in conjunction with scintillators to detect Ionizing radiation by means of hand held and fixed radiation protection instruments, and particle radiation in physics experiments.[24] Photomultipliers are used in research laboratories to measure the intensity and spectrum of light-emitting materials such as compound semiconductors and quantum dots. Photomultipliers are used as the detector in many spectrophotometers. This allows an instrument design that escapes the thermal noise limit on sensitivity, and which can therefore substantially increase the dynamic range of the instrument. Photomultipliers are used in numerous medical equipment designs. For example, blood analysis devices used by clinical medical laboratories, such as flow cytometers, utilize photomultipliers to determine the relative concentration of various components in blood samples, in combination with optical filters and incandescent lamps. An array of photomultipliers is used in a gamma camera. Photomultipliers are typically used as the detectors in flying-spot scanners. High-sensitivity applications After 50 years, during which solid-state electronic components have largely displaced the vacuum tube, the photomultiplier remains a unique and important optoelectronic component. Perhaps its most useful quality is that it acts, electronically, as a nearly perfect current source, owing to the high voltage utilized in extracting the tiny currents associated with weak light signals. There is no Johnson noise associated with photomultiplier signal currents, even though they are greatly amplified, e.g., by 100 thousand times (i.e., 100 dB) or more. The photocurrent still contains shot noise. A photomultiplier will produce a small current even without incident photons; this is called the dark current. Photon-counting applications generally demand photomultipliers designed to minimise dark current. Nonetheless, the ability to detect single photons striking the primary photosensitive surface itself reveals the quantization principle that Einstein put forth. Photon counting (as it is called) reveals that light, not only being a wave, consists of discrete particles (i.e., photons). See also 1. ^ Decibels are power ratios. Power is proportional to I2 (current squared). Thus a current gain of 108 produces a power gain of 1016, or 160 dB 2. ^ Meyer, H. O. (February 2010). "Spontaneous electron emission from a cold surface". EPL (Europhysics Letters). 89 (5): 58001. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/89/58001. ISSN 0295-5075. 3. ^ H. Hertz (1887). "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung". Annalen der Physik. 267 (8): 983–1000. Bibcode:1887AnP...267..983H. doi:10.1002/andp.18872670827. 4. ^ Elster, Julius; Geitel, Hans (1889). "Ueber die Entladung negativ electrischer Körper durch das Sonnen- und Tageslicht". Annalen der Physik. 274 (12): 497. Bibcode:1889AnP...274..497E. doi:10.1002/andp.18892741202. 5. ^ A. Einstein (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (PDF). Annalen der Physik. 322 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-09. 6. ^ Arifov, U. A. (14 December 2013). Interaction of Atomic Particles with a Solid Surface / Vzaimodeistvie Atomnykh Chastits S Poverkhnost'yu Tverdogo Tela / Взаимодействие Атомных Частиц С Поверхностью Твердого Тела. Springer. ISBN 9781489948090. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 – via Google Books. 9. ^ Iams, H.; Salzberg, B. (1935). "The Secondary Emission Phototube". Proceedings of the IRE. 23: 55. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1935.227243. S2CID 51654002. 10. ^ A.B. Magoun Adding Sight to Sound in Stalin’s Russia: RCA and the Transfer of Television Technology to the Soviet Union Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Society for the History of Technology (SHOT), Amsterdam (2004) 11. ^ "Кубецкий Леонид Александрович" [Kubetsky Leonid Aleksandrovich]. Большая советская энциклопедия [Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian). 13 (3 ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. 1973. 12. ^ Kubetsky, L.A. (1937). "Multiple Amplifier". Proceedings of the IRE. 25 (4): 421. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1937.229045. S2CID 51643186. 13. ^ Lubsandorzhiev, B (2006). "On the history of photomultiplier tube invention". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 567 (1): 236. arXiv:physics/0601159. Bibcode:2006NIMPA.567..236L. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.221. 14. ^ Zworykin, V.K.; Morton, G.A.; Malter, L. (1936). "The Secondary Emission Multiplier-A New Electronic Device". Proceedings of the IRE. 24 (3): 351. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1936.226435. S2CID 51654458. 16. ^ Görlich, P. (1936). "Über zusammengesetzte, durchsichtige Photokathoden". Zeitschrift für Physik. 101 (5–6): 335. Bibcode:1936ZPhy..101..335G. doi:10.1007/BF01342330. S2CID 121613539. 18. ^ "Hamamatsu PMT Handbook" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2009-04-21. p. 34, Table 4-1: Typical Spectral Response Characteristics, Transmission Mode Photocathodes 19. ^ RCA Corporation (1970). RCA Photomultiplier Manual. Archived from the original on 2016-06-12. 20. ^ PHOTONIS will stop its Photomultiplier activity 21. ^ Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. (2007). PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES Basics and Applications (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-17. 23. ^ "SCHOTT - Glass Tubing Explorer". Archived from the original on 2016-07-11. 24. ^ "HP-265 Pancake G-M Probe". • Wright, A.G., "The Photomultiplier Handbook", 616pp, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England (2017). • Engstrom, Ralph W., Photomultiplier Handbook, RCA/Burle (1980). External links • Molecular Expressions – Java-based simulation and tutorial on photomultiplier tubes • Photomultiplier Handbook (4MB PDF) from Burle Industries, essentially the Engstrom-RCA Handbook reprinted • Photomultiplier technical papers from ET-Enterprises • Photomultiplier tubes basics and applications from Hamamatsu Photonics • Electron Multiplier – simulation of an electron multiplier tube
Rubin Observatory Mirror Design M1M3 Monolith In the Rubin Observatory optical design, the 8.4 m primary (M1) and 5.0 m tertiary (M3) mirrors form a continuous surface. Because the two mirrors curve differently, a slight cusp is formed where they meet, as seen in the picture below. This design makes it possible to fabricate both the primary and tertiary mirrors from a single monolithic substrate, the M1M3 monolith. A solid substrate of 8.4 m in diameter (26.7 ft) would be too heavy to move as the telescope changes position on the sky, and would take too much time to equalize its temperature with the ambient air from day to night, resulting in blurred images. An innovative design used a honeycomb structure as a stiff but lightweight backing to hold the mirror surfaces. The mirror mold was built with the honeycomb cores, the glass was layered on top, and as the mirror oven heated and spun, the glass slumped into the mold forming the back of the substrate. Spinning the hot glass created a roughly parabolic surface that was ground and polished into its final shape. The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab at the University of Arizona began casting this mirror in the spring of 2008, and final polish was completed in February 2015. On May 19th 2015, the completed Rubin Observatory Primary/Tertiary mirror (M1M3) was safely moved from the UA's Richard F. Carris Mirror Lab (formerly SOML) to long-term secure storage at Tucson International Airport. In late 2018 the mirror was returned to the Mirror Lab for optical testing, and in early 2019 it was shipped to the summit facility on Cerro Pachón. Secondary Mirror M2 The blank for LSST's secondary mirror is 3.5 meters in diameter. At 3.42 m in diameter, the LSST secondary mirror (M2) is the largest convex mirror ever made. The mirror was created using a 100 mm-thick, solid blank made of a low expansion glass similar to that used for the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) and Discovery Channel telescopes. The mirror is supported above and facing the M1M3 monolith and the alignment of the three mirror surfaces is maintained using systems of actuators—small motors that can make tiny adjustments to the position of the mirror from several angles. A large conical baffle prevents the direct reflection of starlight from the tertiary mirror into the camera. Because of this configuration, weight is a concern for the M2 mirror assembly and without modifications, the solid glass mirror and assembly would weigh 11,450 lbs (5205 kg). To reduce the weight, 1735 lbs of glass were removed from the back, leaving a ribbed structure behind a 19 mm sheet of glass as the mirror's face (see above). The final weight of the mirror is 1500 lbs (680 kg), while the total weight of the assembly is now 5970 lbs (2714 kg), 52% of its initial weight. The lighter assembly dramatically reduces the demand on the supporting structures, cell and actuators required to support the mirror. L3Harris Technologies (formerly Harris Corporation) manufactured the M2, as well as the mirror's cell assembly, which consists of the polished secondary mirror, mirror support system, mirror cell electronics and sensors, thermal control system, and the mirror control system. The M2 was shipped to Cerro Pachón in early 2019. Image Credit: Rubin Obs/NSF/AURA Contact \| We are Hiring \| Business with Rubin Observatory Admin Login Back to Top
Skip to content Where does Chocolate come from? From Latin America to the modern day, chocolate has come a long way to get to you. Intrigued? From where did chocolate originate to how it became the Magnum we enjoy today, join us for a journey through the fascinating history of chocolate, the world’s favorite sweet treat... The History of Chocolate Who invented chocolate? The History of Chocolate Chocolate reaches Spain Chocolate seduces Europe The Spanish kept chocolate quiet for a very long time. It was nearly a century before the treat reached neighboring France, and then the rest of Europe. The History of Chocolate A Chocolate Revolution The history of chocolate continues as the treat remained immensely popular among European aristocracy. Royals and the upper classes consumed chocolate for its health benefits as well as its decadence. In 1828, the invention of the chocolate press revolutionized chocolate making. This innovative device could squeeze cocoa butter from roasted cacao beans, leaving a fine cocoa powder behind. The powder was then mixed with liquids and poured into a mold, where it solidified into an edible bar of chocolate. The History of Chocolate Modern-Day Magnum Fast forward a couple of centuries and the Magnum Classic ice cream bar appears on the scene. In 1989, Magnum first launched the classic chocolate ice cream you know and love. Magnum’s origins lie in Belgium, where our premium Belgian chocolate producer developed a unique chocolate coating with the signature crack to complement smooth vanilla ice cream. But just one flavor was not enough. In 1992, several new Magnums were released, including Magnum White and Almond. From Magnum Mini and more recently to Magnum Double, our most indulgent Magnum, we’ve been innovating ever since. So next time you take a bite into your favorite Magnum, take a moment to savor the taste of chocolate history.
By Susan Bauer Newswise — In-home storage of electricity—which can be generated by residential solar panels—can save a homeowner money on their electric bills. It also can benefit the electric company and the power grid. That’s the takeaway from simulations of residential power use coupled with a battery, directed by a smart controller, conducted by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). To study various scenarios, PNNL researchers created a special testbed to run simulations for Orison—a company that developed a plug-in home energy storage system. The self-installable battery stores energy that can be generated by solar panels or other distributed sources. Owners can export this stored energy to the grid when it's not needed or use it to power their own electricity needs at a later time. Orison participated in the American-Made Solar Prize, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office. As a finalist, Orison received a voucher for technical assistance from a national laboratory and chose to work with PNNL. PNNL has decades of expertise in researching the electric grid, grid modeling, and developing co-simulation platforms, which involve linking multiple simulators and data from different domains. PNNL researchers created a testbed to assess the effects of simulated use of Orison’s energy storage wall panel on the home and power grid. “The testbed was composed of a grid model and included detailed simulations of individual electricity use in a 10-home, simulated residential neighborhood, representing varying behaviors and multiple other factors, over specific periods of time,” said Andy Reiman, a power systems engineer at PNNL. Home energy storage simulation The complex models considered the effects of minute-by-minute interactions between four elements: the home energy storage device; the rooftop photovoltaic solar energy generation system; detailed customer load data; and distribution grid for the neighborhood. The model evaluated conditions against time-of-use pricing representing an actual Southern California market. Each simulated home had one or more small-scale—2.2kWh—battery modules that would charge or discharge automatically, based on algorithms that PNNL programmed to act as a smart controller. The PNNL team ran simulations with and without the batteries. They found that by storing solar energy for use during peak loads later on, each house was able to save money. This load shifting in response to time-of-use pricing, which is available to some residential customers, enabled 13-26 percent daily cost savings for the simulated homes. Even when the overall consumption of power was slightly higher, the total cost was much less than pulling from the grid during the peak cost period. Batteries offer control The control afforded by the batteries allows homeowners to help level the load on the grid. Variability due to quickly shifting electricity demand—a summer weekday evening when people return home and turn on the air conditioning and appliances like TVs—makes it harder for grid operators to manage voltage and contributes to the cost of electricity. PNNL’s simulations found that the batteries were able to reduce peak loads on the grid when households chose to rely on their stored energy during high demand periods. Additionally, when homeowners choose to charge the batteries during periods of peak sunlight, they avoid exporting this excess energy back to a grid that is typically already flush with electricity at that time of day. Advancing solar through batteries “This project is extremely relevant to the electric industry as it clearly reflects how distributed resources on the customer side of the meter have the potential to resolve time-of-use issues and to support greater renewables, while keeping service reliable and cost-effective for consumers,” said Eric Clifton, Orison’s founder and CEO. The American-Made Solar Prize, a competition managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, is designed to accelerate and sustain American solar innovation. The prize offers a total of $3 million to competitors, plus technical support vouchers, to energize U.S. solar manufacturing with a powerful support network including national laboratory researchers. Orison’s voucher funded researchers who used advanced simulations and algorithms developed at PNNL to analyze the impact of in-home batteries or ‘behind-the-meter’ storage on load and voltage variability at the customer level. The results demonstrate a use case for both homeowners and grid operators, adding to the quantifiable benefits of solar energy thereby enabling advancement of this renewable resource. The findings may also assist household battery system vendors, like Orison, in defining control algorithms to maximize customer value and appropriately size solar inverters and storage capacity.
Harper's New Monthly Magazine, 7 (1883–84), 98–107. The Nest-builders of the Sea C F Holder Relevant illustrations: eng. [10] Comparative Anatomy, Oceanography, Natural History, Ornithology, Animal Behaviour, Engineering, Taxonomy, Functionalism Suggests that 'Among the many curious analogies born of modern investigation, none are more interesting than those showing striking cases of parallelism in the habits and customs of animals whose environments are totally dissimilar', and observes that the 'ocean bed seems peopled with forms so resembling those of land that a modification of structure to conform with their surroundings alone appears to be the point of difference'. Indeed, the 'resemblance between the creatures of land and sea is extremely striking' (98), especially those in 'gayly bedecked fishes [...] in all their motions reminding us of the birds of the shore', such as the 'gorgeous parrot-fishes [which] are the sun-birds of the sea' and the 'more [...] modest' fishes of 'our colder waters of the North, [that] call to mind the robin and the thrush, those welcome harbingers of spring'. Many of these fish, moreover, are 'nest-builders, erecting structures as complicated as those of the birds, and equalling them in design and finish'. (99) Describes the construction of several of these aquatic nests, noting in the case of the 'lamprey-eel (Petromyzon marinus)' that 'when stones that weigh several pounds are to be brought, they adopt tactics worthy of an engineer' and drag them down stream with their 'sucking mouth'. Also comments that the young of the lamprey-eel 'possess so many characteristics to distinguish them from the adult form that for a long time they were considered distinct animals, and the young described as a different genus (Ammocœtes)'. (103) Reports that in an 'area of 260,000 miles, popularly denominated the Sargasso Sea, are found numbers of animals that seem peculiarly adapted by various modifications to the pelagic life they lead', including the 'soft shelless mollusk Scyllæa' and the 'short-tailed crab Nautilograptus' which 'have assumed the exact tint of the surrounding weed—a protective resemblance that serves them well' (105). Relates how 'in the Orinoco is found the perai, whose nest, in strange analogy to that of some birds, hangs pendent from some overhanging branch, drifting in the tide, a veritable garden of aquatic plants and clinging vines', and also suggests that 'one of the most remarkable examples of jumping and land-visiting fishes is seen in Periophthalmus' which 'leaves the water and seeks the shore—in quest of food, perhaps; or, as it seems at times, for the mere pleasure of a change' (107).
Chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS), also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID), is a debilitating disorder often characterized by extreme fatigue that is long-lasting. This disorder is complicated in that it can neither go away with rest nor even be explained by an underlying medical condition. In addition, the causes of chronic fatigue syndrome are unknown, although theories are speculating about the possible causes of this disorder. Having said that, the following is a breakdown to help you understand CFS and the possible treatments. Symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Although fatigue is a common symptom of chronic fatigue syndrome, it is worth noting that the symptoms may vary from one person to another. What’s more, the severity of the symptoms may fluctuate from day to day. Other symptoms associated with CFS include: • problems with memory or concentration • Headaches • Unexplained muscle or joint pain • Unrefreshing sleep • Frequent sore throats • Tender and swollen lymph nodes in your neck and armpits • Chronic insomnia How is CFS Treated? Despite comprehensive research, the complexity of this disorder has made it difficult to find a specific cure. In addition, people diagnosed with this condition exhibit different symptoms; therefore, different medications and treatment techniques are used to manage the symptoms. As such, before taking further steps, it is imperative to speak to your physician, who can advise you on the proper treatment to undertake. That said, the following are some treatment options available helpful in managing the disorder and relieving the symptoms: Some symptoms of CFS can be managed through prescription and over-the-counter drugs. For example: Pain: can be addressed by taking medications such as ibuprofen and naproxen sodium. If over-the-counter medication doesn’t relieve the pain, your doctor may recommend medications used to treat Fibromyalgia. Depression: Many people suffering from this disorder exhibit depression as one of the symptoms. This can be dealt with by taking antidepressants that can help relieve pain and, at the same time, reduce stress. Therapy is another treatment option for people with chronic fatigue syndrome. Putting it briefly, the benefits of therapy are immense as far as CFS is concerned. Therapy typically helps address: Sleep problems: Your doctor may recommend a suitable sleep routine to the effect that it counters sleep disorders and, at the same time it helps deal with chronic pain. Worsening conditions: Exercising as a regimen helps counter the debilitating symptoms of CFS and even the worsening conditions. As such, your doctor may advise you on the various exercises to undertake and how you should go about it. Post-External Malaise People with CFS often experience a worsening of their symptoms after undertaking either physical or mental activities. This is what is known as Post-External Malaise, and it can last for an extended period. As such, CFS patients are advised not to do things overtly. Instead, they are required to maintain a balance between activity and rest. This can be achieved by keeping a daily diary of the activities and symptoms to help you stay on track. Final Thoughts Chronic fatigue syndrome can lead to immense pain. Often confused with Fibromyalgia, the disorder can be challenging to point out from the onset. Therefore, patients need to be diagnosed appropriately and ultimately subjected to the proper treatment to manage the symptoms. Having said that, if you or your loved one suspect that you have chronic fatigue syndrome, it is essential to consult a doctor immediately. In essence, a qualified physician can recommend proper care and treatment. Contact Southeast Pain and Spine Care today to learn more about Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.
Bites are incredibly common and also can cause far-ranging pain and other problems, specifically when associated with an infection. Early on recognition the warning signs and appropriate therapy are key in minimizing potential difficulties from the bite.When an pet bites, bacteria indigenous its mouth deserve to contaminate the wound. This bacteria may thrive within the wound and cause an infection. The consequences of infection range from mild discomfort to life-threatening complications.Many components may add to the infection, including the kind and location of the wound, pre-existing health conditions in the bitten person that impair immunity, such together diabetes, HIV, etc., the level of delay before treatment, the visibility of a foreign body in the wound, and the pet causing the bite. You are watching: Can a dog bite your finger off Animal Bites There room as many as three million pet bites in the United states each year. Dogs room responsible for most animal bites in this country (up to 90%), with cat bites accountancy for about 5% of together injuries. Various other biting animals include rodents (at least 2%), rabbits, ferrets, farm animals, monkeys, and also reptiles.Animal bites come the hand most typically occur ~ above the fingers of the dominant hand the children in between the eras of 5 and 14. Women room bitten more frequently by cats, and also men by dogs. Epidemic occur an ext frequently in cat bites since cats have very sharp, pointed teeth that can cause deep puncture wounds. The skin normally flaps over the bite, thereby sealing turn off the puncture wound, precluding open drainage and allowing an infection to construct (see figure 1).The major concern of every bite wounds is subsequent infection. In the unified States, about 1% the dog bites and 6% the cat bites need hospitalization. With swift and proper care, the prognosis is normally very good for recovery from these injuries.Rabies is really rare however fatal infection which may result from an pet bite. In the unified States, uneven the remainder of the world, wild pets such as bats, skunks, raccoons, and foxes spread more than 90% of rabies infection. Report pet bites to her public health department. They might ask your help in locating the pet so that it can be confined and also observed for symptoms that rabies. Human Bites Human bite wounds contain an extremely high concentrations of bacteria therefore the danger of epidemic is high. These infections have the right to progress conveniently and an outcome in an extensive complications, so early treatment is necessary (see figure 2). Often, human bites take place when a person’s fist is driven right into another’s mouth, such as throughout a fistfight. After the skin is broken, bacteria are seeded into the soft tissue and the ‘knuckle’ joint, which if left untreated frequently results in deep epidemic in the share which may ultimately destroy the joint. These problems can be effectively treated by at an early stage diagnosis, intravenous antibiotics, and also surgery to drain the epidemic out the the joint and wash that out. Symptoms of problem with pet Bites come the Hand If the bite outcomes in swelling, redness, warmth, continued pain beyond 24 hours, pus draining indigenous the bite wound, red streaks prolonging up the eight or forearm, puffy lymph nodes (“glands”) approximately the elbow or in the armpit, lose of mobility, lose of emotion in the hand or fingertip, fever, malaise, night sweats, or rigors, emergency treatment have to be sought either in her physician’s office or the emergency room. Treatment the Animal and Human Bites Your doctor will research the wound and ask about contributing components to the injury. A complete history of the bite, including the kind of animal and also its condition (general health, rabies vaccine, behavior), the time and also location that the event, situations of the bite, whereabouts the the animal, and also pre-hospital therapy will be reviewed.It is crucial to upgrade your tetanus standing if you have actually not had a booster shot within the previous ten years.X-rays may be supplied to identify any kind of damage come the bones and also joints or tooth pieces that might have broken off. If one infected bite to the hand go untreated for also long, x-rays may reveal proof of osteomyelitis, or the spread out of infection to the bone.Animal bites to the hand require meticulous cleansing. Your doctor or other clinical personnel will certainly wash the wound and also might trim away any devitalized (dead) tissue, damaged skin, blood clots, or various other particles that can be a resource of infection. The is vital to look at for indications of lymphangitis, suggested by the presence of red streaks on the forearm. Your doctor will feel the inner next of the elbow for proof of enlarged lymph nodes. When the wound is infected, a society is obtained to determine the form of bacteria that is resulting in the infection and thus assist determine the antibiotic the is most efficient for treatment.The use of antibiotics for animal bites counts on the certain circumstances of the injury, patient health and also sensitivity to assorted medications, and the appearance of the wound. Part bites call for the use of IV antibiotics, when others might be treated with oral medication. The visibility of an underlying fracture normally dictates inpatient antibiotic treatment. If you space diagnosed as having an epidemic of a flexor tendon sheath or a joint, girlfriend will require hand surgery, i beg your pardon will must be carry out as shortly as possible.Follow-up treatment is critical in the situation of animal bite wounds, to ensure that epidemic is diminishing or has actually not developed, and to regain the hand as lot as feasible to its previous condition. The details on this webpage is based on material from the American culture for surgical treatment of the Handand is because that educational objectives only. See more: Frequent Question: Can You Use Pam Grilling Spray For Baking ? Dean Smith, MD Houston Hand surgery Specialist andOrthopaedic operated doctor UT medical professionals - Orthopaedic Surgery6400 Fannin Street, Ste 1700Houston, TX, 77030 UT doctors - Orthopaedic Surgery, MHOSH 5420 West Loop South, Suite 2400Bellaire, TX, 77401 Animal and also Human BitesArthritic Hand ConditionsBasal share Arthritis/Thumb ArthritisBurns to the HandCarpal Tunnel SyndromeClavicle FractureCubital Tunnel SyndromedeQuervain"s TendinitisDupuytren"s Contracture DiseaseElbow FractureExtensor Tendon InjuryGanglion CystsHand InfectionsHand share ArthritisHand TherapyHand TumorsJoint instead of SurgeryLawnmower InjuriesNail Bed InjuryNerve InjuryRheumatoid ArthritisRotator Cuff TearScaphoid FractureSki and Snowboard InjuriesTennis ElbowTrigger Finger/Trigger ThumbWrist FractureWrist Sprain The opinions and views had on this website are Dr. Dean Smith"s own and also do not reflect the opinions or views of UT Physicians. UT medical professionals does not exert editorial manage over this website, no one makes any representations as to the accuracy or completeness that the information consisted of herein.
In the U.S., more than 42 million cows suffer and die for the meat and dairy industries every year. When they are still very young, many cows are burned with hot irons (branded), their horns are cut or burned off, and male cattle have their testicles ripped out of their scrotums (castrated)—all without painkillers. Once they have grown big enough, they are sent to massive, filthy feedlots where they are exposed to the elements, to be fattened for slaughter. Many female cows are sent to dairy farms, where they will be repeatedly impregnated and separated from their calves until their bodies give out and they are sent to be killed. Like all animals, cows form strong maternal bonds with their calves, and on dairy farms and cattle ranches, mother cows can be heard frantically crying out for their calves for several days after they have been separated. Cows are gentle giants—large in size but sweet in nature. They are curious, clever animals who have been known to go to extraordinary lengths to escape from slaughterhouses. These very social animals prefer to spend their time together, and they form complex relationships, very much like dogs form packs. Cattle are transported hundreds of miles in all weather extremes, typically without food or water, to the slaughterhouse. Many cows die on the way to slaughter, but those who survive are shot in the head with a captive-bolt gun, hung up by one leg, and taken onto the killing floor where their throats are cut and they are skinned and gutted. Some cows remain fully conscious throughout the entire process. In an interview with The Washington Post, one slaughterhouse worker said, “They die piece by piece.” To mark cows for identification, ranchers restrain the animals and press hot fire irons into their flesh, causing third-degree burns, as the cows bellow in pain and attempt to escape. Male calves’ testicles are ripped from their scrotums, often without pain relievers, and the horns of cows raised for beef are cut or burned off. While “on the range,” most cows receive inadequate veterinary care, and as a result, many die from infection and injury. Every winter, cattle freeze to death in states such as Montana, Nebraska, and North Dakota. And every summer, cows collapse from heatstroke in states such as Texas and Arizona. After about a year of facing the elements, cows are shipped to an auction lot and then across hundreds of miles to massive feedlots—feces- and mud-filled holding pens where they are crammed together by the thousands. Many arrive crippled or dead from the journey. Cattle on feedlots are fed a highly unnatural diet to fatten them up. This causes chronic digestive pain—imagine your worst case of gastritis that never goes away. The stomach becomes so full of gas (a condition called bloat) that breathing is impaired because of compression of the lungs. According to a study published in the Journal of Animal Science, this diet also causes potentially fatal liver abscesses in as many as 32 percent of cattle raised for beef. Those animals who escape this fate may still suffer from a severe increase in stomach acid, causing ulcers to form, resulting in a condition (acute acidosis) in which bloody fluid rushes into the rumen and kills the cow. The feedlot air is saturated with ammonia, methane, and other noxious chemicals, which build up from the huge amounts of manure, and the cows are forced to inhale these gases constantly. These fumes can give the cows chronic respiratory problems, making breathing painful. Cattle raised for food are also regularly dosed with drugs such as antibiotics to make them grow faster and keep them alive in these miserable conditions. Instead of taking sick cattle to see a veterinarian, many feedlot owners simply give the animals even higher doses of human-grade antibiotics in an attempt to keep them alive long enough to make it to the slaughterhouse. Research has shown that cows clearly understand cause-and-effect relationships—a sure sign of advanced cognitive abilities. For example, cows can learn how to push a lever to operate a drinking fountain when they’re thirsty or to press a button with their heads to release grain when they’re hungry. Researchers have found that not only can cows figure out problems, they also, like humans, enjoy the intellectual challenge and get excited when they find a solution.
Alphabet Filter: Definition of To: 1. Accompaniment; as, she sang to his guitar; they danced to the music of a piano. 2. Accord; adaptation; as, an occupation to his taste; she has a husband to her mind. 3. Addition; union; accumulation. 4. Apposition; connection; antithesis; opposition; as, they engaged hand to hand. 5. As sign of the infinitive, to had originally the use of last defined, governing the infinitive as a verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a preceding verb or adjective; thus, ready to go, i. e., ready unto going; good to eat, i. e., good for eating; I do my utmost to lead my life pleasantly. But it has come to be the almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situations where it has no prepositional meaning, as where the infinitive is direct object or subject; thus, I love to learn, i. e., I love learning; to die for one's country is noble, i. e., the dying for one's country. Where the infinitive denotes the design or purpose, good usage formerly allowed the prefixing of for to the to; as, what went ye out for see? ( Matt. xi. 8). 6. Character; condition of being; purpose subserved or office filled. till, until, facing, through, over, into, upon, on, toward, so, via, back, becoming, up to. Usage examples:
十大正规网赌平台_十大老品牌网赌网站_[靠谱排名] 当前位置: 首页 >> 教学工作 >> 实习风采 >> 正文发布时间：2009-12-03 编辑：admin A Teaching Plan for Unite Two 范婷王娟全淑娟龙继爽 Teaching objectives Learn to identify the ownership Learn to introduce the names of personal possessions Learn to use general questions freely Teaching procedures Step1 Greetings and lead-in T: Good morning, everyone. S: Good morning, Miss Wang. T: How are you today? S: I’m fine, thanks. And you? T: I’m OK. Step2 Warming-up T: (T walks to one of the S.) What’s your name? S: My name is YanShen. T: (asks the whole class) what’s his family name? S: Yan. T: What’s his first name? S: Shen. T: (asks a female S) what’s your name? S: I’m Wangjie. T: (asks the whole class) what’s her family name? S: Wang. T: And what’s her first name? S: Jie. T: (writes two English names on the blackboard) what’s his name? S: Tom Green. T: What’s his family name? S: Green. T: what’s his first name? S: Tom. T: (points at another name) what’s her name? S: Jenny Smith. T: What’s her family name? S: Smith. T: what’s her first name? S: Jenny. T: (also writes the two S’ names on the blackboard and points at them to explain) In China, we put family names before the first names. But in western countries, people put the first names before family names. These are different. Step3 Practicing T: OK. After we have talked about our names, let’s learn some names of school things. （T takes out a box filled with school things. T picks out a pencil） A pencil. This is a pencil. A pencil. T: What’s this in English? S: A pencil. T: Yes, a pencil. What’s this? S: A pencil. T: Do you have a pencil? (Holds the pencil and points to it) S: Yes. T: OK. Hold it up, please. S hold their pencils up. T: Now, say after me “What’s this in English?” S: What’s this in English? T: It’s a pencil. S: It’s a pencil. T: Is this your pencil? (Writes it on the blackboard) (Repeat)Is this your pencil? S: No. T: You say “No, it isn’t.” S: No. it isn’t. T: Is this your pencil? S: No, it isn’t. T: (points to A’s pencil) what’s that in English? S: It’s a pencil. T: Is that your pencil? (Writes it on the blackboard) (Repeat)Is that your pencil? S: No. it isn’t. T: Is that your pencil? S: No, it isn’t. T: OK. Now, we will learn more names of school things.( T points at these school things when saying.) Turn to page 100. 100, please. T: First, read after me. Read these words together.( from “this” to “OK”) this: What’s this in English? pencil: pen + cil pencil case in the pencil pencil sharpener book: English/Chinese book backpack: back+pack in the backpack dictionary: dic.tion.ary that: （指较远的） isn’t= is not I’m= I am what’s=what is it’s=it is excuse me: (打扰了) Excuse me, may I come in? thank: Thanks./Thank you.—— That’s OK./That’s all right./You’re welcome. T: (walks to SA and picks up some school thing of him.) Excuse me, is this your pen? SA: Yes, it is. T: (holds A’s pen and asks B)Is this your pen? SB: No, it isn’t. T: (holds A’s pen up and asks the whole class) is this B’s pen? S: No, it isn’t. T: (holds A’s pen up and points it to a boy) Is this his pen? S: No, it isn’t. T: (holds A’s pen up and points it to a girl) Is this her pen? S: No, it isn’t. T: (holds A’s pen up and points it to A) Is this his pen? S: Yes, it is. In this way, T chooses some students’ school things randomly and ask S to answer these questions. In addition, T should prepare some school things that S may not possess. T must insure that all the school things in the vocabulary list should be included. Then, T holds the box to S. T: (picks up one of the school things and chooses one S) what’s this in English? S: It’s a ruler. T: Is this your ruler? S: No, it isn’t. T chooses different S to practice. Later, T asks S to pick up the school things. S: (takes out one of them from the box) what’s this in English? T: It’s an eraser. S: Is this your eraser? T: Yes, it is. In this way, almost all the students have the chance to practice. Step4 Listening In this process, S will listen to some conversations and indentify the school things. First listen and number the conversations in 1b. Then listen to a longer one in 2a and 2b. After the recording of 1b, S read the three conversations together for twice. Eg. A: Is this your pencil? B: Yes, it is. It’s my pencil. T: Look at 2a. (points at picture No.1.) What’s this in English? S: It’s a pencil case. T: What color is it？ S: It’s green. S write down the names of these school things. T ask S to check the things they hear. Then, go on with 2b. After S have finished the blanks, T finds three S to make this dialogue. Eg. A—Tim B—Sonia C—Jane Practice as many groups as possible. T also need emphasize some language points in the conversation. (Excuse me, and的用法以及the answers to general questions.) Is this your pencil? Yes, it is. Is this my pen? No, it isn’t. Is that his book? Yes, it is. Is that her eraser? No, it isn’t. Replace the names of school things with different ones to repeat. Is this your pencil case? Yes, it is. Is this his ruler? No, it isn’t. Is that her dictionary? Yes, it is. Is that my book? No, it isn’t. Step5 Homework Recite the new words (until “OK”) Make short dialogues with friends Recite the conversation in 2b. Teaching Aims and Demands Ⅰ.Knowledge Objects Key vocabulary: baseball, watch, computer game, key, notebook, ring Target language: What’s this?/It’s a watch./How do you spell watch？/W-A-T-C-H. Ⅱ.Teaching Key Points Key vocabulary./Target language. Ⅲ. Teaching Methods Scene teaching method. Inductive teaching method. Ⅳ. Teaching Aid: Flashcards. Ⅴ. Teaching procedures Step1 Revision Game ( Find the owner) Before class, the teacher collects some students’ things and put them into the paper bag. Teacher: I have something of yours . But I’m sorry I don’t know whose these are. Could you help me find all the owners first and write the owner’s names in the chart. 1) Show the students the things that are collected before class . Ask their owners. And repeat these things “Yes , it’s a watch. How do you spell it ? ” 2) Ask several students whose are some of the things, then fill in the blank above. 3) Students ask the owner of the things each other. After they finish, all students and the teacher check them true of false. 1) Is this your math book ? Yes , it is . It’s my math book . 2) Is that your ruler ? No , it isn’t . It’s her ruler . (My ruler is blue .) 3) Li Lei , is this your dictionary ? Yes , it is . It’s my dictionary . 4) A: Look at the picture , so beautiful .Linda , is this your picture ? B: No, it isn’t . A: Whose is it ? C : It’s my picture . A: Good ! Here you are . Step2 Section B 1. Using flashcards, teach and practise key, watch and notebook. Write its name under each card. Use the same approach to teach and practice: computer game，ID card，baseball，ring and pen. Focus attention on the words in the box and the illustration in Activity 1a. After they say each word，find it in the picture. Then match the words and objects in the picture by writing the letter of the object in the space after its name. Check the answers. (This activity introduces key vocabulary.) 2. Let students point to the picture in Activity 1a. Ask a student to say the name of each object. Ask several pairs of students to say the conversation. Write it on the blackboard. Show students how to substitute the words shown in the picture. Demonstrate a conversation with a student. Use the word baseball in place of the word watch. T: What’s this？ S: It’s a baseball. T: How do you spell baseball？ Students practise conversations in pairs by talking about the things in the picture. As students work, move around the class and help them with any help they need. (This activity provides oral practice with the key vocabulary and the target language.) Step3 Homework After class, students practise “what questions” and “yes/no questions” using their own possessions with a classmate. 一换：将陈述句中的主语与be位置交换，也就是说把be(am, is, are)提到句首。例如：The girls are students. 变成一般疑问句为：Are the girls students? (注意：若含有第一人称的陈述句变一般疑问句，在按照三变一换原则做题的同时，一般把第一人称改为第二人称。例如：This is my coat. →Is this your coat? I am in Class Three. →Are you in Class Three?) 2.Yes或No其后紧跟主语，若主语是一些名词(如their friends, his sister等)，要把它们变成相应代词(如将their friends变为they, his sister变为she)。例如：Is she a student? 肯定回答为：Yes, she is. 否定回答为：No, she isn’t. 例如：Are you a worker? 肯定回答为：Yes, I am. 否定回答为：No, I am not. Period 3 Teaching goal： Revision & Write “Lost and found ” Teaching aids：Paper cards & entities Task One: Revision 1. Duty report 2. (实物) What’s this in English? It’s … How do you spell pen? P-E-N. Is this/that your/his/her pen? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. Task Two: Presentation T: 1.Have you lost your pencil? 2. Do you know how to give it back to the owners? 3. Do you know how to write Lost & Found? 1) 想一想，你曾经丢失或捡到过别人的东西吗？这时该怎么做？ 2) Ask students to lost or find something that the other lost 3) Ask them to read the samples 3a on page 9 of the book and find out how to write “Found” and “Lost” 4) Write bulletin message Teaching Procedures: Step Ⅰ Revision & lead-in The teacher gives a short greeting, then check the homework. Ask the students to practice the dialogue they’ve made before class. Present students with cards and entities. Teacher can give a sample: What’s this in English? It’s a/an—— Then add “How do you spell it?” Practice again. Then add “Is this your——?” “Yes, it is/No, it isn’t.” “Here you are.” “ Thank you.” Practice. Then ask some students to present. Step Ⅱ activity & reading The teacher shows a set of keys to students. T: look here, what’s this? S: it’s a set of keys. T: this is my set of keys. I lost them yesterday, but someone found it and give them back to me. Teach the words——lost, found, a set of keys T: have you ever picked up other’s things? What will you do with these things? T: you’re right. And one of the ways is to write a bulletin board message——found & lost. Then ask students to read the text 3a on page 9 of the book and circle the new words, then check the answers by asking them to read these words out. After that, ask students to do exercises of the workbook. Check answers. Then ask students to read 3b and put these pieces in order to make a message. Check answers. Step Ⅲ writing T: well, if you want to find the owner of the things, you can write “Found”. Please read the “Found’ in 3a and 3b again and tell me how to write a “Found”. (help them answer) Then summarize. In the same way, teacher teaches students how to write a “Lost”. After that, create situation for students to write “Found” and “Lost”. For example: T: now I found a red jacket on the playground, my phone is 123456. please help me write a “Found”. Teacher can ask one or two students to write it down on blackboard. Then teacher can also ask students to write “Found” or “Lost” for themselves After students finish writing, ask some of them to read out. Step Ⅳ Summary of the new words and expressions Step Ⅴ homework——memorize the new words; write a bulletin message. 1. This is ___ eraser. ___ eraser is in the pencil case. A. a; The B. an; The C. an; An D. the; The 2. This is Bob and that is ___ watch. A. his B. me C. you D. her 3. ----______ a jacket? ----Yes, it is. A. This is B. Are you C. Is this D. That is 4. ----What s your ______? ----It s 449-1123. A. first name B. computer game C.last name D. phone number 二．根据句意及首字母提示填空。 1. Her pencil c___ is red. 2. I l___ an English dictionary yesterday. 3. P___ spell your name. 4. This is his English book. He f___ it yesterday. 三．情境交际。将下列句子重新排序。 A. How do you spell it? B. No, it isn t. C. Excuse me. What s this in English? D. What color is it? E. Is it your computer? F. It s a computer. G. Is it Tony s computer? H. Yes, it is. I. C-O-M-P-U-T-E-R. J. It s blue. It s a blue computer. 1---5_____________ 6---10______________ 四．阅读理解。 Found: Watch. Is this your watch? Call Cindy at 448-9012. My yellow ring. My name is Linda. Phone # 202-3506. Is this your jacket? It is a red jacket. Please call Mona. The telephone number is 678-9921. ( ) 36. Cindy found a ____. A. watch B. ring C. jacket D. telephone ( ) 37. ____ lost a ring. A. Cindy B. Linda C. Mary D. Mona ( ) 38. What s Moan s telephone number? A. 448-9012 B. 202-3506 C. 678-9921 D. 202-9012 ( ) 39. What color is the jacket? A. White B. Blue C. Yellow D. Red ( ) 40. 下面哪项陈述是错误的？ A. Cindy s telephone number is 448-9012. B. Linda s telephone number is 202-3506. C. Mona lost a jacket. D. The ring is yellow. 五．书面表达。根据下面的提示，写一则招领启事。Jane捡到一串钥匙，她希望失主认领。她的电话是389－2402。不少于4句话。 [师范生教育实践专题]六中见习阳光明媚 ——英语系2018级师范生见习手记(05-18) 版权所有Copyright©2021 十大正规网赌平台_十大老品牌网赌网站_[靠谱排名] 地址：湖北省武汉市武昌区友谊大道368号
• 41 million cubic kilometers, or, about 3% of the earths water, is fresh water. According to The total volume of water on Earth is about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, around 41 million of which is fresh water. • i heard 2% • I posted this question before trying to find an answer. Then found this info: About 1.6% of the earth is fresh water. This means there would be about 40 million gallons of fresh water for each person. Problem is, I don't know where I got that, without back tracking all over again. How right does it sound? • Only 2.5% of water on the Earth is fresh water, and over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the world, and many more areas are expected to experience this imbalance in the near future. The framework for allocating water resources to water users (where such a framework exists) is known as water rights. Uses of fresh water can be categorized as consumptive and non-consumptive (sometimes called "renewable"). A use of water is consumptive if that water is not immediately available for another use. Losses to sub-surface seepage and evaporation are considered consumptive, as is water incorporated into a product (such as farm produce). Water that can be treated and returned as surface water, such as sewage, is generally considered non-consumptive if that water can be put to additional use. • Although about three-fourth of earth is water, the estimated volume of freshwater our rivers, groundwater, snow and ice, is about 2.5% only, the rest being the sea / salt water. Most of the freshwater are either in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in Antarctic/Artic regions (about 69%) or is stored underground in the form of deep underground basins/aquifers, soil moistures etc (30%). Total usable freshwater supply to ecosystem and humans from river system, lakes, wetlands, soil moisture and shallow groundwater is less than 1% of all freshwater and only 0.01% of all the WATER ON EARTH. As per WHO estimates only 0.007% of all water on earth is readily available for human world consumption. This indicates that Freshwater on earth is finite and also unevenly distributed. • It's not really as important as you think. Only 2% of the water supply is utilised but it is something like 80% recycled. Meaning freshwater is used and reused in a loop. Copyright 2020, Wired Ivy, LLC Answerbag \| Terms of Service \| Privacy Policy
Besides cicadas, what other insects swarm? So to answer this one, I’m going to stick to the continental US for the most part. There’s a lot of swarming critters all over the world, but I can’t really address each one of them. March Flies/Love Bugs/Bibionids Bibionid flies are a common insect we get a lot of questions about every spring. Every year, they emerge in huge numbers, and mate pretty much the entire time. Hence names like love bugs, two-headed flies, and the like. Haarmücken - Märzmücken (Bibionidae) They’re small flies whose larvae feed on grasses…specifically the dead grass which builds up underneath the living blades (the “thatch”). The adults don’t actually eat. They’re just here to mate and lay about 200-ish eggs before they die in less than a week. Like cicadas, their strategy is a “safety in numbers” kind of thing where they make sure everyone’s too well fed to actually bother them. Wooly Apple Aphids Wooly apple aphids are aphids which appear late in the summer, and migrate to other plants in the fall. We typically see them when they’re in their migratory mode, which is why they dominate our inbox in the fall. The Wooly Apple Aphid They get their name from the grey-white plumes of wax which cover their bodies. This wax makes it harder for predators to grab them, and harder for them to get stuck in spider webs. It’s not an uncommon defense mechanism across insects. The reason people see them is because their hosts in cities are crabapple trees, which are a common ornamental species. Some are pests of fruit trees, but unless you’re eating the crabapples in your yard, they’re not going to do too much damage to your trees in their normal numbers. They don’t swarm, but it’s more of a perception thing. Mormon Crickets Mormon crickets are large…katydids, actually. They’re not crickets. They can’t fly, but still grow to huge numbers and eat pretty much everything in their path…which makes them important rangeland pests. There was even a bit of a legendary war between them and early Mormon settlers, which was said to have been settled by a fortunate bunch of seagulls. Mormon cricket confab. The story is an exaggeration, but it’s still a pretty cool legend. Again, like the cicadas, this appears to be a “safety in numbers” strategy. Midges/Chironomid Flies Midges are kind of a unique case here. They’re a massively diverse family of flies, numbering 10,000 species. They’re on par with birds, in terms of diversity. Because midges are a family of flies, they’re almost always around. They breed in water, either lakes or streams, depending on the species, and emerge at various points during the warmer seasons. Although they look like mosquitoes, most species don’t feed as adults. This is a unique case among the swarming insects, because there’s not really any strategy here. Any time people notice a swarm of midges, chances are, it’s a unique species. These insects are just incredibly common, and they’re not really large enough to be involved in a predator satiation strategy. Lek 3 Typically, people notice them because of their mating behavior. They engage in a practice called “lekking” where males gather around a tall object and rely on the cloud to attract females. Very occasionally, the females do this to attract males. People typically notice midges for either of these reasons. Sometimes, there’s mass emergences of several different species. Sometimes, it’s because of the lekking behavior of one or more species around their area. It’s more complicated than what we see in some of these other species, which I think makes it pretty interesting. We’ll get to the locusts in a bit, but mayflies are probably the closest economic second to locusts on this list. It’s ironic, because they don’t actually eat. Instead, they reach economic “pest” status because they swarm so heavily that some states need to break out snow plows in order to sweep them off bridges to keep car accidents from getting out of hand. Mayflies are their own kind of insect. They live in water as larvae, and emerge as non-feeding adults to mate, lay eggs, and eventually die. The lore around them says they live for only a day, but in actuality, it’s about a week (not unlike the lovebugs). This is a case where the insect is suited for the habitat. Hexagenia is the mayfly which swarms, and it’s one of the hardier mayflies. They can’t live in water that’s too polluted, but they do better in polluted water than most mayflies. They live in burrows, filtering out stuff that floats in the water above. Huge numbers makes finding mates easier, and also likely provides a “safety in numbers” barrier to predation. Rocky Mountian Locust Locusts are grasshoppers. Cicadas are sometimes referred to as ‘locusts’, but that’s because both insects produce noise to find mates…and that’s their only similarity. I shouldn’t say that. They both feed on plants, but cicadas feed on sap whereas locusts feed on leaves and other vegetation. Locusts are more harmful to the plants than the cicadas, and that’s an important difference. Locusts swarm when conditions are right. This comes down mainly to weather and vegetation cover. When there’s enough of them, these conditions allow the insects to take on a whole other persona. The “swarming” form looks and acts completely different than the non-swarming form. In an article focusing on swarming insects of the United States, it might seem a bit odd to talk about locusts. A lot of people think about locust swarms as an African or Middle-Eastern phenomenon. However, the US had its own species of locust, Melanoplus spreta, which went extinct in the early 1900s. We talked about this on Twitter recently, and M. spreta, the Rocky Mountian Locust, is a really good cautionary tale. M. spreta was once the most abundant species on the planet and it went extinct as a result of a combination of forces which made its habitat too hard to live in. New livestock, forest fires, flooding, and ploughing related to agriculture all conspired to make its habitat too hard to live in. Each of these things would have been enough for M. spreta to survive, but this combination of factors drove it to extinction. The Bottom Line Insects swarm for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, it’s to make sure the predators in an area are too full to eat everyone. Sometimes, it’s just because they’re the most common insects in the area. Other times, it’s not really because they’re common but because they feed on a plant that grows really close to people. Periodical cicadas get people interested in swarming insects, and they really should. They’re beautiful insects…jet black, cherry red, and they’re proud enough to make themselves known by screaming from the rooftops. Frankly, I wish I had that confidence. They even have the perfect name: Magicicada. They’re magic. They’re cicadas. Magicicada. Still, though. Even though they happen in numbers high enough to show up on weather radar, we need to remember that insects just as numerous exist today, and some of which existed in higher numbers have gone extinct. We get a lot of questions about swarming insects in our inbox…but a lot of these bugs are really quite vulnerable to extinction. So are the periodical cicadas, if we don’t pay attention to what they need to survive. About Polistes fuscatus Hello, I'm the friendly admin for the Ask an Entomologist blog This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. Discuss with Us You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Sunday, 05 December 2021 Human colon organoids successfully tissue engineered by scientists 23 June 2017 \| News This breakthrough system of lab grown human colons will allow effective modelling of human ailments and human development. Singapore - Scientists used human pluripotent stem cells to generate human embryonic colons in a laboratory that function much like natural human tissues when transplanted into mice, according to research published in Cell Stem Cell. The technology allows diseases of the colon to be studied in unprecedented detail in a human modeling system. It also comes with the potential to one day generate human gastrointestinal (GI) tract tissues for transplant into patients, according to James Wells, PhD, senior study investigator and director of the Cincinnati Children's Pluripotent Stem Cell Center. "Diseases affecting this region of the GI tract are quite prevalent and include ailments like colitis, colon cancer, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Hirschsprung's disease and polyposis syndromes," Wells said. "We've been limited in how we can study these diseases, including the fact that animal models like mice don't precisely recreate human disease processes in the gastrointestinal tract. This system allows us to very effectively model human diseases and human development." Like other parts of the GI tract grown by the researchers, the human colon organoids also create a potential new platform for testing new drugs before the start of clinical trials. Most oral drugs are absorbed by the body through the gut. Editors Pick +Country Code-Phone Number(xxx-xxxxxxx) New User? Create Account
ET3 technology reduce 14 hours Fligh Distance to 2 hours Now you can imagine the space traveling experience on the earth, the future of transportation is ET3(Evacuated Tube Transport Technologies). This mode of transportation is clean, green, fast, comfortable, safe, faster and affordable. The traveling time for New york to Beijing is 13 hours 30 minutes through flight while through this technology this time will reduces to 2 hours The working of ET3 is explained below: Car sized passenger capsules travel in 1.5m (5′) diameter tubes on frictionless maglev. Air is permanently removed from the two-way tubes that are built along a travel route. Airlocks at stations allow transfer of capsules without admitting air. Linear electric motors accelerate the capsules, which then coast through the vacuum for the remainder of the trip using no additional power. Most of the energy is regenerated as the capsules slow down. ET3 can provide 50 times more transportation per kWh than electric cars or trains. Speed in initial ET3 systems is 600km/h (370 mph) for in state trips, and will be developed to 6,500 km/h (4,000 mph) for international travel that will allow passenger or cargo travel from New York to Beijing in 2 hours. ET3 is networked like freeways, except the capsules are automatically routed from origin to destination. This is what the future of transportation. For more explanation about the ET3 technology watch the video below: 0 0 votes Notify of Inline Feedbacks View all comments
Stick-Insect Care Sheet Stick insects Stick-insects, also known as walkingsticks or phasmids are fun and very simple insects to raise. They make great pets for kids, and are showing up in more and more classrooms and zoos. Phasmids eat a variety of leaves, but most love blackberry leaves (bramble). Some species prefer others including oak, hawthorn, and raspberry. A daily misting of the cage with a spray bottle allows phasmids to drink from small water-droplets. They seem to find this easiest. It is best to avoid spraying the insect directly, because there is the small chance that it can lead to infections. Also, nymphs can drown in a small drop of water, so be careful that your spray-bottle produces a fine mist. Aside from this, a clean cage is about all the typical phasmid requires. Some tropical species do require controlled heat and humidity though. Many of our species on this site are non-native, and it is important to remember not to release them or their eggs into the environment. Care tips If you do not already have an aquarium (terrarium) of some sort, I recommend just a standard 10-gallon glass one. We pick them up for about 5 dollars at garage sales. Keeping the ova in this one aquarium for incubation purposes will make your daily chores a little easier though, as I will explain. As they grow, you will need to separate them into the appropriate number of aquariums. Overcrowding can result in damage to one another. Once you have selected an aquarium, you will want to get some peat moss or vermiculite from a nursery/garden store. This is a good substrate to use, as it will encourage some humidity. Ideally, you will want to regulate the temperature of the cage to mimic that particular stick-insects natural habitat. For the most part, room temperature (70-80F/21-29C) is recommended. If you want to regulate the temperature of the cages, two good options are suggested. First option: provide heat from below the cage with the use of a heat pad. You will want to work out the safety concerns for yourself regarding all heating methods. We have used top heat (2nd option), with the aid of heat lamps placed directly on top of the metal screen lids, which cover our cages. It is important that your hatchlings are not able to contact the heat-source as this can fatally burn them. Make sure to put a thermometer in the cage, at least temporarily. Again, the cage should be kept between 70 and 80 degrees F (21-29 degrees C) during the day, and allowed to get only a little cooler at night, maybe 65 degrees F or about 25C. Aside from this, all you need to do for the ova (eggs) is to keep the substrate (bottom-peat moss for example) moist, but not wet. With our current system, we spray once each morning. You will have to fine tune your own set-up as different types of screened-lids will allow greater evaporation. If your ova are having hatching problems (with Phylliums for example), you may want to invest in a hygrometer to measure the humidity. Our goal was a constant 70%. Once we learned how to balance temperature, ventilation, and misting frequency, we were able to discard the hygrometer. I think the best incubation method is to put the ova on a bed of peat moss, within a small pint-sized or smaller, plastic container with small holes in it (like an alfalfa sprouts container or deli-type container). This helps regulate the humidity even more, but always be careful that the ova do not get too dry or to wet as they will dry out or worse yet, mold! It is best to check them every day if you are going to use this preferred method. Now comes the hardest part...waiting. Some of my E. tiaratum ova have hatched in 7 months, while other people have reported having to wait a year (8 mos. seems to be the average for this species). Little is known for sure in this hobby, and small differences in temp/humidity could potentially have big affects on the hatching rates, although it may have more to do genetics. Phasmids have many natural predators. So, they lay many eggs. Not all them hatch, and not all of them will hatch perfectly. If they are having trouble getting out of the egg, or it gets stuck to their leg(s), then chances are the cage is being kept too dry on a regular basis. Sometimes a pair of tweezers, or even a pin can be used to carefully help them out of the egg. When they do hatch, or you think they are about to, you will want to begin placing their food plant(s) in the cage to be ready for them. It is not uncommon for them to eat little if nothing in the first several days. You can help them get a start, by cutting the edges of the food plant (see my Photos page for specific info.). This will help them to get at the juices, and also allows a good start for their small mouths. It is especially important to give them fresh leaves (even daily) in this stage, as they will have difficulty chewing through dried leaves. Mist daily, but do not spray them directly. The container and leaves are acceptable. You must be careful that the droplets are not too big, or a young phasmid could drown. Remember, phasmids breathe through spiracles; small holes lining either side of the abdomen. So try to prevent them from having any access to a deep water source (note: some species such as Eurycantha calcarata will drink from a small lid, on occasion). A screened or covered bowl of water may be used within the cage to keep the plants fresh, and also helps to maintain the humidity. Just cut a small hole in the lid to place the plants through. As they grow they will molt (shed their skin). They will usually stop eating a day or 2 before this, and sometimes even lay on the bottom of the cage, looking sick or as if they are dying. Do not attempt to move them. There are delicate processes going on below their old skin. What comes out of the old, is often 2X as large, and sometimes unrecognizable. Again, let them rest and dry their new skin for a few days before handling them again. It is OK to handle most species, except during these times (refer to the notes section of my Photos pages for dangerous species). The female E.t.'s can be prickly (hence the nickname-Giant Prickly), but not really dangerous, just intimidating. We had one female also that was particularly moody. Maturity is marked by the appearance of wings in some species (but usually just in the males). Wing buds may appear in the last few instars (between molts). No assistance is necessary to promote mating. Some speciesSipyloidea sipylus and B. extradentatum for example, can reproduce parthenogenetically (w/o mating). Hatchlings from this process will all be female. And it should be noted that ova produced sexually hatch in greater percentages than ova produced parthenogenetically. Whatever you do, please do not release any into the wild. These are potential plant pests, and might cause a disaster if care is not taken. Every time someone new gets them, there is an increased risk of endangering the hobby for everyone else. Fortunately, no disaster has yet occurred. Extra ova can be disposed of in many ways including burning, microwaving, freezing (in most species), squishing (possibly disturbing, but very effective), etc. Remember, part of the excitement of this hobby is that so little is known. Anyone can make a discovery and contribute to the hobby, even science. (page written in 1998/99). Bugs In Cyberspace does not currently raise exotic phasmids for hobby or resale. We maintain some contacts for zoos or other permit-carrying institutions.
Skip to Main Content Garfield Campus \| Student Success Center (ABSE) What is an annotated bibliography? Some of the high school program research projects require students to write an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a list of all of the works (books, journals, websites, periodicals, etc.) that you cited in your paper and those items you reviewed. Each source in an annotated bibliography includes an annotation. This is a short description of the content of a book or other source, and provides a critical look and evaluation of that source. It is not enough to simply summarize the source; you must also provide a detailed description and examination of it. Most annotations are 5 - 8 sentences long. Items included in an annotated bibliography are not necessarily used as support or evidence in your paper. When writing an annotated bibliography be sure to include an annotation for each source you reviewed for your research topic. In addition to the annotation, each entry in your annotated bibliography should include a citation, written using MLA 8th Edition guidelines. An annotated bibliography is not the same as a works cited list. A works cited list includes individual entries for all of the sources used in your research paper, but does not include annotations. Below are more resources to help you understand and write an annotated bibliography for your research project. If you need more help, please visit the Garfield Campus Library to speak to a reference librarian. What to include in an annotated bibliography To write an annotation, include several details about the source's author and the work itself. Click here to open a blank form you can use to help you write an annotation. These questions below are based on the Glendale Community College Library's guide How to Complete an Annotation for a Source. Don't worry if you can find an answer to every single question. Some of these questions might not apply to your source. Answer the questions you can to the best of your ability and use the answers to guide you in writing your annotation. The following questions, along with the answers, give you an example of a completed form, using the book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America, by Barbara Ehrenreich. 1. Who is the author and why should you pay attention to what he or she has to say? How is the author qualified to write about this subject? Barbara Ehrenreich is a bestselling author with a background in science. She writes books about social issues and historical subjects and her articles have been published in Harper’s, The Nation, and other national publications. 2. What are the author's main ideas? Ehrenreich focuses on the difficulty of making a decent living for those who work at jobs that pay minimum wage or just above it. Many workers have to work more than one job to support themselves and their families, and in some cases their physical health suffers. Many live in substandard housing because they can’t afford to live elsewhere. 3. What is the purpose of the work and how well does it address the subject? Is it a broad, general overview? Does it focus on something specific? Does it leave anything out? The purpose of this work is to show how difficult it is to support oneself and a family when relying on minimum-wage jobs. By going undercover and working at several of these types of jobs, Ehrenreich provides a very focused study of these workers’ lives and the everyday struggles they face. 4. What is the author’s point of view, attitude or beliefs upon which the work is based? Are there signs of bias, such as strong language or a one-sided presentation of the facts/issues? Her first-hand account of her experiences contain some bias, but she does report on her experiences objectively. Most of her writing deals with the workers themselves and their difficulties finding good-paying jobs and decent housing and the other difficulties in their lives. 5. Does the author seem to be trying to reach or influence a particular audience? If so, who is the intended audience? Scholars? General adult population? Everyday consumers? A group of people sharing a particular point of view? Ehrenreich’s conversational writing tone and subject matter show that she’s trying to reach a general adult audience, possibly those who are fortunate enough to work in good-paying jobs with a college education and are interested in the problems of the working poor. 6. How does this source compare/contrast to others in your bibliography? This book is a first-hand account of living below the poverty line and being unable to find better work because of lack of education and skills. The other sources in my bibliography deal with the economic consequences of poverty. 7. How does this source support/influence your thesis? This supports my thesis that people who work in low-wage jobs have a difficult time getting out of poverty because of the psychological and physical toll of these jobs. 8. How is your source organized? Is there any supporting information that is helpful, such as appendices, index, notes, and list of sources cited by the author? Ehrenreich organizes her book in chronological order. Because the book is a personal account, combined with a critique of social and economic issues in the United States, it does not contain an index or notes but does end with a Reader’s Guide of discussion questions. Example of an entry in an annotated bibliography MLA Annotated Bibliography" (1:08) This short video from Craven Community College Library explains the reasons to write an annotated bibliography and what information you need to include about your sources in each annotation. chat loading... chat loading...
Blue Poodle: Complete Guide Blue Poodle If you’ve heard of the Blue Poodle, you’re probably wondering what’s so special about these dogs. There’s plenty of reasons why the Blue Poodles are special. They are loyal companions with charming demeanor. They catch your eyes with their various coat colors. But are Blue Poodles really blue? In this article, we’ll discuss everything you need to know about the Blue Poodle and dig deep into this blue spectrum. Let’s begin! What is a Blue Poodle? poodle colors blue blue standard Blue Poodle A Blue Poodle has a greyish-blue hue on its body, undercoat, and some of its head fur. In this article, we’ll see how the color appears, its genetics, and the difference between blue and other similar colors. But first, let’s try to understand what we mean by a “Blue Poodle.” What color is a Blue Poodle? blue poodle pet salon pensacola fl poodle colors blue belton The blue color in canines isn’t like blue paint or the color of the sky. Blue Poodles are naturally blue-black with a hint of grey in their coat. Sometimes, when these Poodles are young, you can almost mistake them for being chocolate brown. That browning goes away after the pooch reaches adulthood. Blue vs Silver Poodle Blue is a diluted shade of black. An all-black dog with the genetics to be a Blue Poodle will have a clear, shiny coat with some flecks of grey on her fur. You can even see their blue hue when looking at their paw pads or just under their coat. However, this bluing is gradual, so it is easy to confuse them with the standard Black Poodle until they mature. Silver is another gene altogether. Silver Poodles have a much lighter coat that resembles grey more than black. Silver Poodles get grey fur much faster than Blue Poodles. What is a Blue standard Poodle? Poodles come in three sizes: • Standard. • Mini. • Toy. The Blue Standard Poodle is the largest of the three sizes, which puts them among medium-large dogs. Blue standard Poodles grow to be about 24 inches tall and weigh anywhere from 50 to 70 pounds. Genetics behind Poodle coat colors In most other canines, blue coloration results from a dilution gene (b) or greying gene (G) that causes a black coat to become bluish-grey. It’s not that odd to come across different Blue Poodle colors and shades. Some Poodles are noticeably bluer, whereas others have a brown hue. Some aren’t that different from black, and you won’t probably notice their dilution. Here are five factors to consider when it comes to the genetics behind your Poodle’s coat color: 1. Check their nose color Blue Poodles can have blue or black nose color. If your Poodle has a black nose, that doesn’t mean they aren’t blue. Look for other signs. 2. Check their roots You will find grey or light-colored fur if you scan a Blue Poodle’s roots. 3. Check their face Blue Poodles have a greyer face than Black Poodles. 4. Check for browning Blue Poodle puppies can display a dark brown shade. This browning goes away after they grow up. 5. Get a genetic screening DNA testing can reveal your Poodle’s true colors, even if they don’t have distinct physical attributes. What is unique about the Poodle’s coat? The Poodle has curly or wavy hair that makes it unique amongst other dog breeds. Dense, soft, and puffy hair is this breed’s hallmark. The hair is flexible and can be reshaped into different styles with no difficulty. Here are four distinctive qualities of the Poodle’s coat: 1. Texture Poodle hair is soft and dense with tight curls. They can sometimes have long corded coats that give them a mop-like appearance. 2. Shedding Poodles are famous for their non-shedding coats. They shed very little, and their loose hair stays stuck between their curls until you brush them. 3. Multiple styles There are about 50 recognized coat clips for Poodles, more than any other dog. 4. Growth Poodle hair grows rapidly, which is why they need trimming every six weeks. Poodle Skin Color Poodle puppies have baby-pink skin, but the skin tone gets darker as they grow older. This phenomenon is perfectly natural, and the gradual darkening of the skin is nothing to worry about. They can also develop dark patches, which isn’t a cause for concern. However, it’s best to seek a vet’s opinion if they get too many black spots. Other Poodle Coat Colors The Blue Poodle dog is pretty unique, but Poodles come in various beautiful coat colors. Most are solid, but some have more than one color on them. Other than the Blue Poodle, Poodles also come in the following coat colors: • Black Poodle. • White Poodle. • Brown Poodle. • Cream Poodle. • Red Poodle. • Silver Poodle. • Café Au Lait Poodle. • Apricot Poodle. • Black and Grey Poodle. • Black and Brown Poodle. • Black and Silver Poodle. • Black and white Poodle. • Black and red Poodle. • Black and apricot Poodle. What’s the rarest color of Poodle? Blue Poodles are rare, but they don’t hold a candle against some even rarer coat colors. Apricot, red, café au lait and sable are some highly unique coat colors for Poodles. While Poodles mostly come in solid, it’s not odd to find them in two, and sometimes three colors. The Blue Phantom Poodle is a rare tri-colored Poodle with a blue base coat, white belly and chest, and tan patches on eyebrows and snout. Poodle coat color changes Poodles are notorious for their extreme color changes. Some Poodles are born with solid white coats that get darker with age. Most Poodle colors are dark and get fainter with time. The changes begin slowly and progress steadily to give your Poodle a completely different look. It isn’t until they are 3 years old that your Poodle’s coat will “settle” into its final color. Changing color isn’t a set rule, and many Poodle pups do maintain their original color in a phenomenon known as holding. Here are some ways Poodles change color. 1. Silver Poodles start as black and display a rapid greying of their hair, eventually turning silver. 2. Café au lait Poodles start as dark brown and lighten until they get a coffee-like color. 3. Age-related greying is also a phenomenon observed in Poodles; however, some Poodles also have a greying gene that does that. 4. Red Poodles lighten to an almost cream shade known as apricot. 5. Blue Poodles start as black and lighten over the next few years before becoming true blue. What happens when a Poodle turns gray? Poodles can turn grey with age, or they may have a grey or silver gene causing the color change. When the grey or silver gene doesn’t fully dominate in Black Poodles, the Poodle gets a slate grey or blue coat. When the gene is dominant, it can cause the Poodle to show grey hair in specific areas or turn completely silver. You may be interested in: Grey Pitbull: Complete Guide Can Poodles have blue eyes? We know that Poodles can have blue hair, but do Poodles have blue eyes? The short answer is no. However, there can be instances when a Poodle’s eye color may appear blue. It’s important to note that the American Kennel Club (AKC) doesn’t recognize the Blue-Eyed Poodle. The reasons behind a Poodle’s blue eyes can be one of the following: 1. The merle gene causes blue eyes in Poodles. 2. Crossbreeding a Poodle with a blue-eyed breed can give blue-eyed pups. 3. Underdeveloped pigmentation in young puppies gives them baby blue eyes that darken with age. 4. Albinism is an absence of pigmentation and can cause blue or pink eyes in Poodles. Blue nose Poodle Blue nose Poodles are those that carry the dilution gene. Unlike the coat color modifying silver or grey gene, the dilution gene also affects the dog’s nose, lips, paw pads, and eye rims. Blue Poodle size, height, and weight Blue Poodles can come in four sizes: • Toy. • Miniature. • Medium. • Standard. Here is a chart to compare them all. Blue Poodle Sizes Blue Standard PoodleBlue Medium PoodleBlue Miniature PoodleBlue Toy Poodle Size groupMedium-largeMediumSmallSmall Height18-24 inches14-18 inches11-14 inches9-11 inches Weight44-71 pounds33-42 pounds26-31 pounds14-17 pounds Blue Poodle temperament and personality Blue Poodles can be very energetic and playful, but they also have excellent guard-dog skills. They’re known for their loyalty and enthusiasm and consider themselves to be the center of attention. Fun Fact: The Cane Corso Husky Mix is a great guarding and working dog as well. Do Blue Poodles get along with other pets? Although Blue Poodles are very loyal to their owners, they can also get along well with other pets, particularly dogs. Their friendly nature depends on their upbringing, and they don’t play well with other pets unless raised in a multi-pet household. Blue Poodle training Blue Poodles need a firm but gentle hand when training. They’re very intelligent and eager to please, so their training sessions will go well. In fact, it’s easy to overdo the petting, so make sure you don’t give your Blue Poodle too much attention. Blue Poodle exercise requirement Blue Poodles love to run and play. They don’t need too much exercise, but they’re happiest when they’re active. A Blue Poodle that lives a sedentary life can succumb to obesity and develop behavioral issues. Blue Poodle grooming and cleaning Blue Poodles are high-maintenance dogs. For their coat to shine, they need regular brushing using a pin or slicker brush. The Blue Poodle should get a haircut once every 6 weeks. Poodle hair can grow very fast and can become an issue when it comes to hygiene. Trim the hair in your Blue Poodle’s ears regularly to prevent them from collecting wax, dirt, and moisture. If you want a show-ready Blue Poodle, you should take her to a Blue Poodle pet salon. A professional groomer knows how to groom a Blue Standard Poodle so that she’s ready to enter beauty pageants. What is a Blue moyen Poodle? Moyen is French for middle, but in dog terms, it refers to mid-size Poodles. Blue Moyen Poodles grow to about 14 to 18 inches at the shoulder and weigh between 33 to 42 pounds, putting them between standard and miniature Poodles. Blue Poodle puppies A Blue Poodle puppy looks no different from a Black Poodle puppy, and they only begin to show their actual color once they grow a bit older. However, expert dog breeders can use several methods to determine if a Blue Poodle is genuinely blue. What are the differences between a Black Poodle and a Blue Poodle? Blue Poodles look a lot like black ones, and it may be difficult for the untrained eye to detect a Blue Poodle unless it is standing beside a Black Poodle. Blue Poodles have a slate grey or gunmetal coat that distinguishes them from Black Poodles. Their face has a noticeably lighter grey coloring, whereas Black Poodles have the same shade of black all over their bodies. How much do Blue Poodles cost? Fortuantely, Blue Poodles don’t cost a lot more than regular Poodles, and you can get your hands around one for as low as $500. The coat color isn’t the only factor that determines the Blue Poodle’s price, other aspects like parentage, health, age, and size matter as well. In any case, the most you can expect to pay for a Blue Poodle is $2,000. Is Blue Poodle hypoallergenic? It may seem like the Blue Poodle doesn’t shed. This may prompt you to ask, “Are Poodle coats hypoallergenic?” The answer is yes. These furballs don’t leave their hair around and are pretty safe for people with mild dog allergies. Blue Poodle food and diet The optimum food quantity for your Poodle depends on your pup’s size, age, and level of activity. You can always ask a vet or a professional dog feeder for advice. In any case, your Poodle must get a balanced diet comprising of proteins, vitamins, and some essential minerals. Blue Poodle common health issues Poodles are famous for their gorgeous looks and low likelihood of developing major diseases. However, they aren’t entirely free from health risks. If you own a Blue Poodle or any other color in the breed, you should be on the lookout for the following issues. 1. Bloat Bloat is when the pooch eats too fast and eats more than can be digested at one time. This results in a rapid and sudden rise of internal pressure, expanding the stomach and intestines. 2. Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is a chronic illness that occurs when your dog’s thyroid gland becomes overactive. The symptoms include weight loss, excessive thirst, lots of panting, patchy hair loss, and even seizures. 3. Addison’s disease Addison’s disease is a severe illness characterized by insufficient production of enzymes by the adrenal gland. It causes adrenal insufficiency, leading to low blood pressure, vomiting, dehydration, loss of appetite, and weakness. You may also like: Dog Vomit Color Guide Health problems that affect the Poodles’ Coats A Poodle’s coat is its most striking feature and one of the reasons why they are so popular. But that coat also requires careful maintenance as it is prone to several diseases. Here are four health problems thatcan affect your Poodles’ coats. 1. Allergies Poodles may not trigger allergies in humans, but they have allergies of their own. The symptoms can include inflammation of their skin, intense scratching, and bald patches. 2. Sebaceous Adenitis The sebaceous gland secretes an oily substance that protects the fur from becoming brittle and dry. In Sebaceous Adenitis, those glands become swollen and inflamed, causing them to produce thinner oil, leading to hair loss. 3. Demodectic Mange Demodex is a kind of mite that lives in the dogs’ skin. In dogs that are prone to allergies, these mites cause itchy, inflamed skin and hair loss. This condition is called Demodectic mange. 4. Cushing’s Disease Cushing’s disease is a medical condition characterized by excessive production of cortisol, a hormone that regulates the body’s metabolism. This condition disrupts the natural hormone balance, leading to diabetes, extreme thirst, urination, and hair loss. Blue Poodle lifespan Blue Poodles purchased from a reputable breeder typically live between 10 and 18 years. Blue Poodle adoption Adoption isn’t just a nobler option; it is also easier on your pocket. The costs associated with Poodles are high since they need special diets and haircare to keep their coat looking gorgeous. So, if you can, your Blue Poodle will thank you for adopting him or her and adoption can also help you save some money. Blue Poodle for sale Valaurah Farms has some exquisite Blue Merle Standard Poodle Puppies for sale. You can also visit Merle Standard Poodles on Facebook to check out some of their Poodles. They have the Blue Merle Poodle for sale, Blue Teacup Poodle for sale, Blue Standard Poodle for sale, and even a Blue-Eyed Poodle for sale. Blue Poodle Mix Several Blue Poodle mixes have similar blueish coat colors. These Blue Poodle mixes — also known as Blue Doodles — are getting increasingly popular due to their hypoallergenic coats. They also display some desirable characteristics not present in the Poodle breed. Blue Heeler Poodle mix Blue Heeler Poodle Mix Puppies are getting increasingly popular. If you want a different color from a regular Poodle, a Blue Heeler and Poodle Mix is the way to go. Blue Heelers, or Australian cattle dogs, are an intelligent canine breed known for herding cattle in the Australian outback. Mixing them with a Poodle gives you a beautiful and capable dog that is easy to train and has a striking, non-shedding coat. Blue Heeler Poodle Puppies may resemble a standard Blue Heeler from their coat color, but they have a more Poodle look. Full-grown Blue Heeler Poodle Mix can inherit the floppy ears of the Poodle or sport erect ears of the heeler. Blue Merle Poodle Merle is a gene modifier that results in the dilution of pigment in the pooch. This causes white patches to emerge on the dog’s coat alongside its normal color. Blue merle isn’t a standard Poodle color, and breeders avoid producing it because whether it is a Blue Merle Mini Poodle, Blue Merle Toy Poodle, or Blue Merle Standard Poodle, they are all prone to several health problems that complicate their lives and reduce their lifespan. Is a Blue Poodle right for me? Blue Poodle is a beautiful dog that loves nothing more than spending time with you. Blue Poodles are a very intelligent breed and can even learn tricks. However, this kind of pet requires commitment from its owners as the Blue Poodle has high grooming needs. If you have the time and commitment, then the Blue Poodle may be the dog for you. Related Questions Are Blue Poodles rare? Yes, Blue Poodles are pretty rare. However, this rarity hasn’t resulted in them getting an overly inflated price tag. Some even rarer colors such as red, Cafe au Lait, sable, and apricot cost much more. Is there a Blue Poodle? Yes, Blue Poodles exist; however, they aren’t “blue” like the sky. There’s a gene that dilutes pigment, and this causes the Poodle’s black fur to take on a light gray hue. This greyish-black color is what we call blue.
An ohmic contact is a highly-conductive junction between a metal and a semiconductor. Ohmic contacts are used by the millions in integrated circuits to contact the gates, sources and drains of MOSFET's. Although it sounds trivial, forming low-resistance ohmic contacts was a difficult problem for the early semiconductor researchers. The problem is that unless the silicon is heavily-doped, the contact is almost sure to be a Schottky diode. If you look at the diagram of a MOSFET, you will see that the source and drain are heavily-doped "n+" or "p+" regions. Although in theory it seems that an ohmic contact to an n-type semiconductor can be made by simply using a metal with work function larger than that of the semiconductor, it turns out that charge traps at the interface cause such junctions to be Schottky diodes. In practice, the only way to make an Ohmic contact is to use a heavily-doped semiconductor. The ohmic contact works by a quantum mechanical process called tunneling. The depletion region in a metal/heavily-doped-semiconductor junction is very thin . Because of their wave nature, electrons can tunnel through the depletion region, allowing current to flow. The doping needs to be higher than 1019/cm3 (1020/cm3 is much better) to form a decent ohmic contact. or opposite for a p-type semiconductor Ohmic contacts can have non-neglible resistance. In a process I use, the contact resistance of a 2μm x 2μm square aluminum/silicon junction is 50Ω. This contact resistance seems fairly small but it results in a 5-10% drop in current. As integrated circuits shrink, contact resistance increases due to smaller contact area. While it's tempting to overlook ohmic contacts, they have real-life degrading effects on circuit performance.
Are Electronic Cigarettes Bad For YOUR WELLBEING? Are Electronic Cigarettes Bad For YOUR WELLBEING? DescriptionAn e-cigarette is a small electronic device which closely resembles tobacco smoking. It usually consists of a tank, an atomizer, and a power generator like a battery. Rather than tobacco, the smoker inhales nicotine vapor instead. Just like a cigarette, utilizing an e cigarette is frequently referred to as “smoking” instead of smoking tobacco. In america, smoking is banned in public areas, while in most other countries it is not prohibited. As with any type of smoking alternative, there are a variety of questions and misinformation surrounding the cigarettes. A few of cigarette makers claim to be tobacco while others claim to be juice. More confusion arises when some juuls claim to be an alternative solution to cigarettes while others appear to be actual cigarettes. The next Juul Compatible Pods article attempts to clarify the various claims in what a soul happens to be and what they carry out. Juuls Is An Alternative To Tobacco – This might seem obvious for some but what many people don’t understand is that a juul can have nicotine, albeit in really small doses. This means that they are an excellent option to smoking, specifically for teens who don’t desire to expose themselves to medical risks associated with smoking. They’re available in various flavours such as fruit, chocolate, mint, or additional flavors the customer may request. Several e-cigs resemble the actual appearance of a cigarette plus some even look like a cigar. Several adolescents and children utilize them, particularly anyone who has no real desire for tobacco. E Cigarettes Do Not Contain Nicotine – One of the biggest misconceptions surrounding the cigarettes is that they do not contain nicotine. This could not be further from the reality since it is highly addictive and will undoubtedly pose a serious risk to the individual if they begin using them. Nearly all e-cigs do contain little traces of nicotine, which certainly are a lot less than the amount found in cigarette smoke. However, that is still a substance which might be harmful if it’s consumed over a long period of time. Nicotine is the chemical within cigarettes, which makes them dangerous to use over a long period of time. E-Cigarettes Do Not Cause Lung Disease – It is a claim that has been generally made against them, generally by the tobacco industry. This is primarily due to the fact that e-cigs usually do not contain any tar or any chemicals which may damage the lungs at all. Tar and chemical agents found in tobacco cigarettes are known to cause cancer. The evidence demonstrates e-cigarette users are not at increased risk of developing cancer. E-Cigarettes Do Not Look Like cigarettes – It really is claimed by some experts an e-cigarette looks similar to a toy rather than a regular cigarette. You can find e-cigs which look very much like a regular cigarette and some seem to look like a pen. They have never been tried to come to be smoked in true terms so we cannot say that they are bad for your health in any way. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the nicotine content present in them will harm the health of consumers. E-Cigarettes USUALLY DO NOT Contain Any Cancer-Causing Chemicals – There has been a great deal of research carried out about cancer. The results show that there surely is absolutely no evidence that any e-smoke based products are bad for the users in any way. The major health concern that is raised is the fact that nicotine has been found to incorporate nicotine. If nicotine exists in any product then it should be assumed that it’ll be absorbed into the user’s body through the skin and this may potentially cause complications. The simple truth is that e-cigarettes do not contain any addictive substances and as long because they are kept out of the reach of children and young adults you will see no problem with them. You can find of course dangers that can come from the use of the electronic cigarettes. They will have not been found to have any addictive or toxins, but should not be utilized by people who have problems with serious nicotine addiction. In case you are one of those individuals who have problems with nicotine addiction and desire to completely stop then e-cigs will not be the best way to help you. If however you are an occasional user and only desire to free of cost yourself from the bonds of using tobacco then an e-cigarette can provide you that flexibility.
ⓘ Battle of the Somme. The Battle of the Somme took place in World War I. The battle started on 1 July 1916, and ended on 18 November 1916. The battle was named a .. Battle of the Somme ⓘ Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme took place in World War I. The battle started on 1 July 1916, and ended on 18 November 1916. The battle was named after the French River Somme where it was fought. On the first day the British Army had 57.470 casualties, of whom 19.240 were killed. The French Army had 1.590 casualties and the German Army lost 10.000–12.000 men. The Allies planned to attack together, but the French were busy with the Battle of Verdun, so the main attackers were British. The cost of the battle, and the small gains, have been a source of grief and controversy in Britain. In German and French writing, the first day of the Battle of the Somme has been little more than a footnote to the mass losses of 1914–1915 and the Battle of Verdun. During the battle of the Somme more than 1.5 million people either died, were wounded or went missing. This battle was the worst battle in WWI, especially from the point of view of Britain. For five days the British fired shells at the German trenches to destroy them. At 7:30 am on 1 July the British generals ordered the British soldiers out of their trenches and to advance towards the German trenches. The German trenches were unusually deep, and the German soldiers were able to take the machine guns down during the bombardment, and bring them up afterwards. Whole books have been written about this disaster, but it is still not clear why it happened. It is very clear, though, that the artillery barrage failed in its objective. Where enough German machine-gunners survived, supported by their artillery, the British attack failed, with many casualties. The effectiveness of the defensive weapons decided the result. In such an environment, a soldier with a bayonet was obsolete and infantry formations useless. 1.1. Weapons Poison gas The Germans used poisonous gases as weapons at first. They used chlorine gas, but had a strong smell and was green, so it could be easily seen by the enemy. It also blew back on the Germans when they used it. They began to wear dampened material over their mouths and noses. The material worked better if they used urine instead of water. The British soldiers were given cotton pads and respirators. Death from chlorine gas was very painful, causing the victim to suffocate after suffering from burning pains in their chest. The Germans began to use a different gas, called phosgene, which they mixed with the chlorine. Phosgene was more deadly than chlorine, was colourless and smelled like mouldy hay, but it took 24 hours to take effect on the victim. 1.2. Weapons Rifles guns Rifles were used by the soldiers in the trenches. The main type of rifle used was the bolt-action rifle which could fire 15 rounds per minute and could kill a person 1.4 kilometres away. This rifle was invented by a Scottish man called James Paris Lee, in America. The bolt-action rifle had a metal box where the cartridges were put on top of a spring. As the bolt opened, the spring forced the cartridges up against a stop and the bolt pushed the top cartridge into the chamber as it closed. After the rifle was fired, the opening of the bolt ejected the empty cartridge case and the return stroke loaded a fresh round. The cases held 3, 5 or 29 cartridges each. 1.3. Weapons Machine guns The machine guns used were large and needed at least four men to work them. They had to be put on a flat surface. They had the power of one rifle. Larger field guns needed up to 12 men to operate them. They fired shells which exploded when they hit. The machine guns were a major force for the Germans as they used them to their full effect as the British forces simply walked over no mans land straight into open gun fire. The British did not have access to many machine guns therefore making their task even more difficult, as the Germans had the upper hand to look upon them as their position was higher than the British. 1.4. Weapons Tanks The first tank was called Little Willie, and it had a crew of three men. The maximum speed that it could travel was three mph and it was not able to cross the trenches. The first tank battle, Flers-Courcelette named after the two villages that were the objectives for the attack, started on 15 September 1916. Out of the 49 tanks that should have been there only 36 arrived. This was the first time that tanks had been used in World War I, but because they were only armed lightly and the mechanics of them often went wrong they did not make a great impact. However, casualties were low in the tank crews. 1.5. Weapons Mines Mines are a way to blow up the enemy and really shock them. Anti-infantry land mines have been in use since the invention of gunpowder and were used in the defense of breaches of fortresses in the 18th and 19th century the British assault on the breach at Badajoz suffered many casualties from mines. However these were activated remotely by a defender lighting a very fast burning fuse at the appropriate moment. The British used 11 mines on the first morning of the Battle of Somme to startle and damage the German front line. The holes left by the mines were used by the Germans for machine guns afterwards. The soldiers that set the land mines were called sappers. 2. Trenches There was a lot of disease in the trenches. The toilets in the trenches were mainly buckets and holes. This meant that diseases like dysentery spread very quickly. Dysentery causes stomach pains and diarrhoea and sometimes sickness. The body can become very dehydrated which can cause you to die. The water supply in the trenches was not very good. They added chloride of lime to purify the dirty water that the men collected from the shell holes but the soldiers did not like the taste of the chloride of lime – it tasted a bit like our swimming pool water! The soldiers in the trenches suffered from lice. One man described them as, "pale fawn in colour, and they left blotchy red bite marks all over the body.” Another soldier said, "The things lay in the seams of trousers, in the deep furrows of long thick woolly pants, and seemed impregnable in their deep entrenchment. A lighted candle applied where they were thickest made them pop like Chinese crackers. After a session of this, my face would be covered with small blood spots from extra big fellows which had popped too vigorously." As well as causing lots of scratching, lice also carried disease. This was known as pyrrexhia or trench fever. The first symptoms were shooting pains in the legs and this was followed by a very high fever. The disease did not kill the soldiers but it did stop them from fighting. Trench Foot was an infection caused by standing in the wet for a long time and not being able to dry your shoes and socks out. Your feet would go numb at first and then turn red or blue, and if you got gangrene you may have to have your foot amputated. Brigadier-General Frank Percy Crozier argued that:" The fight against the condition known as trench-feet had been incessant and an uphill game." The only way to get rid of trench foot was to dry your feet and change your socks several times a day. Many men injured in the trenches had parts of their bodies amputated. This was from being wounded or having them blown off by mines or shells. There was also a big rat problem, because there were lots of corpses. One soldier, Harry Patch, claimed they were as big as cats. Another said" The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldnt defend himself!" The rats ate the eyes first, then burrowed into the corpse and ate the insides. The area between the two sides was called No Man’s Land and it was very dangerous because there was lots of barbed wire and shell-holes and no man’s land is usually a sea of mud. The soldiers that went over the top were easy targets for enemy machine gunners. In the battle the Allies lost about 600.000 men, but the Germans lost just as many. 3. The Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales served on the Somme as a Staff Officer. He was genuinely disappointed not to be involved in the fighting. However, the understanding his service gave him of ordinary men and the admiration he earned from them, influenced the rest of his life as Prince of Wales and Edward VIII. 4. Today Today, the place where the Battle of the Somme took place has lots of cemeteries, war memorials and museums for people to visit and pay their respects. Also, some farmers find remnants of barbed wire, that is called "iron harvesting". • river is of Celtic origins, and refers to the tranquility of the river over much of its course. The river is known for the Battle of the Somme which was • Somme can mean: Somme a department of France Somme River, a river in France Battle of the Somme • the Picardy region in the Somme department in the north of France. It is close to where the Battles of the Somme took place during World War I. The Museum • Bazentin le Petit in the Somme departement of northern France. The Battle of the Somme took place there. The French name for the wood was Bois des Foureaux • between 1 July and 18 November 1916 the Battle of the Somme was fought in Ponthieu. It was one of the most costly battles ever fought with over 1, 000, 000 • The Mauser 1918 T - Gewehr was an anti - tank rifle, of German production, used towards the end of World War I. At the Battle of the Somme the British first • Crecy - en - Ponthieu is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France, located south of Calais. It gives its name to Crecy Forest, which • northwest of Amiens. In the medieval period, it was the lowest crossing point on the Somme Edward III s army crossed nearby shortly before the Battle of Crecy
[wpvideo GniEyJ1E ] Sometimes health hazards hide in objects you use almost every day. Such is the case of aluminum foil, which was invented in 1910. This common household product blocks light, moisture and aroma, making it ideal to preserve and cook food. It is used to pack soups and drinks, to bake and to wrap food. However, scientists have discovered that over the last 50 years human exposure to aluminum has increased at least 30 times, and it is believed that 11 kg of aluminum are cast for every person on Earth every year. A growing body of research suggests that high doses of aluminum can be harmful to the human body. Read on to discover more about this metal and how it is affecting our health and the environment. Food Contamination Researchers have found that cooking in aluminum foil is not as safe as it was once thought because the food comes into direct contact with the metal. Acidic foods such as lemon juice and tomato as well as some spices react with aluminum, causing the metal to leach into the food. When this happens, the concentration of aluminum in food increases and may surpass the recommended limit (no more than 40 mg per kilogram of body weight a day) for adults. The body secrets aluminum through feces and urine, but if it accumulates in the organism it has the potential to damage the nervous system, kidneys and bones. Although more research needs to be conducted to fully understand how this metal damages the human body, it is best to avoid cooking with aluminum foil. Related Sciencing Articles Male Infertility A recent study found that aluminum may be responsible for the rise in male infertility. After analyzing sperm samples from more than 60 participants, the researchers confirmed that their semen did contain aluminum. The more aluminum the sample contained the lower the sperm count was. This could explain why male infertility has skyrocketed over the last few years. Decline of the Bee Population Pesticides, parasites and lack of flowers have contributed to the decline of the bumblebee population worldwide, but there is a new culprit on the block. Aluminum is a known neurotoxin that in large amounts affects animal behavior, and scientists have discovered that bees’ brains are contaminated with the metal, with toxicity ranging from 13 to 200 parts per million (ppm). That is an enormous amount for such a tiny creature – to put it in context, 3 ppm is considered potentially dangerous for a human brain. This discovery may explain why some bees present a type of dementia called aluminum-induced cognitive dysfunction. Aluminum foil takes about 400 years to break down and although recyclable, most of it ends up in the oceans or landfills. Leave a Reply
Frequent question: What is the biblical meaning of fear the Lord? The term can mean fear of God’s judgment. … In Proverbs 15:33, the fear of the Lord is described as the “discipline” or “instruction” of wisdom. Why is fearing God important? Fearing God means that you keep in line with His will and are kept from grave sins. It gives direction to your life. It can lead to salvation, as was the case with Noah, who in reverent fear of God built the ark (Hebrews 11:7). This passage brings us to the following theme connected to fearing God: judgment. What is the meaning of the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom? The Scripture says the fear of God is the the beginning of wisdom, and wisdom is to depart from evil. That means we must avoid evil, or anything that lures us to do evil or wickedness. Stay completely away from sin as a child of God. IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Where in the Bible does it say Jesus was bronze? Why does the Bible say to fear God? Some of Scripture and Christian tradition talk about “fear” of God, in part to emphasize the difference between God and humans. God is “Other,” which we can’t really wrap our minds around. Other times believers are told to “fear” God, because God was understood as being like their king – who was to be feared. What exactly does God-fearing mean? English Language Learners Definition of God-fearing Is God fearing in the Bible? The first mention of the fear of God in the Hebrew Bible is in Genesis 22:12, where Abraham is commended for putting his trust in God. Does fear come from God? Fear is a normal, natural flight response to a danger in our surroundings. … This kind of fear is tormenting and it does not come from our loving Father, God. How do you ask God for wisdom and understanding? James 1:5–8 How do you understand the fear of the Lord? Proverbs 9:9-11 Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be still wiser; teach a just man, and he will increase in learning. “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and the knowledge of the Holy One is understanding. For by me your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you. IT IS INTERESTING: How is religion a way of life? What God says about fear? How many times is fear the Lord in the Bible? “Fear God” occurs ten times in the King James version of the Bible. What is the gift of fear of the Lord? Fear of the Lord (Wonder and Awe): With the gift of fear of the Lord we are aware of the glory and majesty of God. … He describes the gift as a “filial fear,” like a child’s fear of offending his father, rather than a “servile fear,” that is, a fear of punishment. Also known as knowing God is all powerful. What does it mean to fear God and give him glory? We have all wondered what it means to “fear” God. In both the Hebrew and Greek, this word, when referring to God, means to have reverence for Him, rather than to be afraid of Him. … When we have true reverence for God and who He is, the part of giving Him glory comes naturally. How do you know if you are a godly man? What to look for in a Godly Man 1. He Loves the Lord. Obviously this should be the first thing to look for. … 2. He’s Gentle. … 3. He’s Polite. … 4. He Is a Leader. … 5. He Is the One Pursuing. … 6. He Seeks the Lord. … 7. He is the Initiator of Pursuing Christ Together. … 8. He Loves Your Family. IT IS INTERESTING: How do you bring unity to the church? What are characteristics of a godly man? Here are some characteristics of a godly man: • He Keeps His Heart Pure. Oh, those stupid temptations! … • He Works Hard. … • He Devotes Himself to God. … • He Never Gives Up. What do we mean when we infer? to derive by reasoning; conclude or judge from premises or evidence: They inferred his displeasure from his cool tone of voice. (of facts, circumstances, statements, etc.) to indicate or involve as a conclusion; lead to. to guess; speculate; surmise. to hint; imply; suggest. Saving grace
Can the router's ethernet interface have multiple IP's of the same subnet or different subnet mask? If yes what's the use? Can the router's ethernet interface have multiple IPs of the same subnet Generally yes, but that may be be limited by the system. or different subnet mask? No, not if there's overlap. E.g. and simultaneously aren't possible because they overlap. and (same subnet), or and (distinct subnets) are generally possible. Overlapping subnets make no sense on a single interface and normally cannot even be configured. Different subnet masks (prefix lengths) are possible for different subnets, however, e.g. and what's the use? One use is with NAT, when multiple public IP addresses are mapped across the same router and usually forwarded differently. Another use is with services bound to specific IP addresses and using different default gateways. Also, if you're renumbering your network you often use multiple IP addresses for key devices temporarily and route between them. Note that while multiple IPv4 addresses are not that common, IPv6 uses multiple addresses routinely (link-local, unique-local, global, ...), even of the same type. For instance, you can slowly phase out a changing global prefix while phasing in the new one at the same time. • Yah but u didn't explain why can't we assign another ip from same subnet mask like and – Rohit Sep 4 at 12:26 • @Rohit By networking standards, you can assign multiple IP addresses from the same subnet or from any other to a single host NIC - I've done that quite a few times. A given host might not allow that but what hosts do or don't do is explicitly off-topic here, see the help center. – Zac67 Sep 4 at 12:33 • so can we say that in IP aliasing we can add multiple ip address from same and different subnet mask? – Rohit Sep 4 at 12:43 • @Rohit Wouldn't call that "aliasing" though. As noted in the answer, you can't have overlapping subnets but anything else. – Zac67 Sep 4 at 12:52 • But in this video youtu.be/if0OM5-Sd0c he is using same subnet mask why? – Rohit Sep 4 at 13:05 Juniper router allows multiple IP addresses from the same subnet to be configured on an interface. However, practically only one is chosen to be the primary: Configuring the Preferred Address for an Interface: The preferred address on an interface is the default local address used for packets sourced by the local router to destinations on the subnet. By default, the numerically lowest local address is chosen. For example, if the addresses,, and are configured on the same interface, the preferred address on the subnet (by default, would be used as a local address when you issue a ping command. Your Answer
Sample Essay on “I Believe” I believe’ are two very important words as it is said that a person is what he believes. “I believe” is a potent remedy for many psychological hurdles to be overcome. Belief is a state in which a person thinks that something is true, although there is no evidence for it. The beliefs are primarily dealt with by philosophers. Beliefs can be justified or not. In what we believe? Faith in something is the most powerful emotion that a person may have. It is believed that there is a theory of the so-called power of belief, which says that if we believe in something strong enough, then it will be accomplished. Beliefs stimulate action. If we believe in the cause, we will fight for it. If we believe in people, we will support them. Aspects of belief Beliefs can be optimistic or pessimistic. What are the beliefs of one person depends on themselves, or her/his personality? Optimistic beliefs are the ones that stimulate positive emotions and positive view of life, while pessimistic beliefs hinder us. Basically, no matter what belief the person has, they undoubtedly have a great impact on its life. Common Uses of I believe Since songs are a very common media for entertainment and to spread a message, there have been innumerable songs titled ‘I believe,’ the most popular among them from an album by the Creed and others. Many spiritual healer and self-help proponents swear by the power of affirmations starting with ‘I believe….’ The reason given behind this that the subconscious mind listens to the uttered word and when added to the phrase ‘I believe…’ So if a person is low on confidence and is asked to affirm ‘I believe I am confident’ his subconscious alters the personality to exude confidence. A mother saying words of encouragement to her child such as ‘I believe you are a wonderful person’ or something similar is expected to have a powerful influence on the child’s self-esteem. So also the words that are said by a teacher to a student can have a positive impact. On the contrary, when negative words are attached to the phrase ‘I believe…’ they can have devastating effects. What one believes in can have a significant influence on a person’s life. So, one must choose to believe in goodness. You might also like Leave A Reply Your email address will not be published.
Tag: Precautonary behaviour The spectre of debt has awoken many of us in the night. Indebtedness is a key economic issue in the 2010s. Economists are devoting ever increasing amounts of research time trying to understand its impact on economic behaviour. This will not surprise you when you learn that the debt owed by the UK non-bank private sector to banks stood at £2.17 trillion at the end of September. This is the equivalent to 150% of annual GDP. Chart 1 shows the stock of outstanding lending by Monetary Financial Institutions (banks and building societies) to the non-bank private sector bank since 1979. Back then the non-bank private sector had bank debt to the tune of around £70 billion or 10 per cent of GDP. Today’s figure is nearly 3000 per cent higher! Of this debt, around about 55 per cent is currently held by the household sector, 27 per cent by Other Financial Corporations (such as insurance companies and pension funds) and 18 per cent by private non-financial corporations. (Click here for a PowerPoint of the chart.) Chart 2 shows the stocks of debt as percentages of annual GDP. We can infer from it that there are waves of growth in bank debt. Two notable periods are during the 1980s and again from the late 1990s up to the financial crisis of the late 2000s. During the early and mid 1990s the relative size of debt stocks tended to stabilise while in the early 2010s the actual stocks of debt, as well as relative to GDP, declined. A credit binge seems to be followed by a period of consolidation. (Click here for a PowerPoint of the chart.) It is important that we understand the drivers of the growth of debt. The impact of debt on the balance sheets of the non-bank private sector and on banks themselves has implications for economic behaviour. In the early 2010s this has been to markedly slow the pace of growth through its impact on aggregate demand. Economic agents have, in general, looked to consolidate. There is no doubt that this partly reflects a precautionary motive. An important means by which debt and the balance sheets on which it is recorded affect behaviour is through a precautionary mechanism. This is difficult to accurately quantify because it represents a psychological influence on spending. Furthermore, it is affected by the prevailing circumstances of the time. In looking to understand the factors that affect the growth of debt we may, as a result, learn more about the framework within which we may want banks and their customers to operate. Consequently, we may be in a better position to ensure sustainable longer-term growth and development. If there are cycles in credit it is important that we understand why they arise and whether, as some have suggested, they are an inherent part of the financialised economy in which we live. If they are, can we mitigate their potentially destabilising effects? Retail shares facing nightmare before Christmas The Telegraph, John Ficenec (9/11/14) Growing wealth inequality in the UK is a ticking timebomb The Guardian, Danny Dorling (15/10/14) Richest 10% of Britons now control more than half the country’s wealth: Nation is only member of G7 where inequality between rich and poor has increased this century Mail Online, Mark Duell and Corey Charlton, (15/11/14) Household debt is growing as families struggle Yorkshire Evening Post (31/10/14) Consumer spending forecast to be the highest for four years The Telegraph, Ashley Armstrong (10/11/14) Statistical Interactive Database Bank of England Quarterly National Accounts, Q2 2014 Dataset Office for National Statistics 1. What is the non-bank private sector? 2. What factors might affect the rate at which non-bank private sector debt stocks grow? 3. How might we go about assessing whether the aggregate level of lending by financial institutions to the non-bank private sector is sustainable? 4. How might we go about assessing whether the level of lending by individual financial institutions to the non-bank private sector is sustainable? 5. What information is conveyed in the balance sheets of economic agents, such as households and private non-financial corporations 6. What is meant by precautionary saving? 7. Can precautionary saving occur when the economy is growing strongly? 8. What are the mechanisms by which non-bank private sector debt could impact on economic behaviour?
The solar wind is a stream of ions emitted from the sun. Are there more positive than negative charges released? That is, is there any imbalance in the charge emitted from the sun in the solar wind? • $\begingroup$ I am sure you have read this Wikipedia article, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind but it does not give a clear, to me anyway, definitive answer. I would guess an overall negative charge, (based on the aurora being mostly produced by electrons) but hopefully someone with far more knowledge than I will answer. $\endgroup$ – user108787 May 22 '16 at 22:23 • 1 $\begingroup$ The solar wind, on average, has to be neutral, otherwise the sun will get charged, which will change the electric field in such a way that the charges that are in excess get shed slower until equilibrium is achieved, again. $\endgroup$ – CuriousOne May 22 '16 at 23:14 • $\begingroup$ My guess would be that, if the solar wind carries away unbanlanced charge, the resulting accumulating charge of the sun will soon stop any excess being blown away, because the electromagnetic force is so much stronger than gravity. $\endgroup$ – hdhondt May 22 '16 at 23:16 • 1 $\begingroup$ @CuriousOne Glad we agree. Your comment got there as I was typing mine... $\endgroup$ – hdhondt May 22 '16 at 23:17 • 1 $\begingroup$ @hdhondt: This one is fairly straight forward, but that shouldn't make one believe that the solar wind is a simple physical system. Far from it... its interactions with the galactic gas are still not fully understood, as the recent Voyager data has shown. The responsible scientists were waffling for years about the question when the probes had actually reached the shock front and what it would look like. $\endgroup$ – CuriousOne May 22 '16 at 23:20 Are there more positive than negative charges released? In general no, and this statement by itself would imply you were asking about whether the sun charges up, not about current. I wrote a detailed answer at https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/253491/59023 that explains why stars remain mostly neutral and that most observations [e.g., Bale et al., 2013; Pulupa et al., 2014] support the idea that the solar wind, on the macroscopic scale, has no net current flowing out from the sun. Since plasmas are made of roughly equal positive and negative charges and that electric fields typically act to eliminate themselves, the short and simple answer is no. If the sun were to charge up one could imagine the resulting net electric field would act to stop the solar wind from flowing. Indeed it is the case that such static models predict solar breezes instead of the observed supersonic solar wind. In summary, the most recently accepted models (which are supported by observations), called exospheric models, argue in favor of no net macroscopic current and insignificant net charging of the star. A recent paper by Wilson et al. [2019] directly calculates the net current density (normalized to the core electron thermal current density) of the electrons in the ion rest frame finding most time periods are within a few percent of zero. Note that $\mathbf{j}_{e} = -e \ \sum_{s} \ n_{s} \ \mathbf{v}_{s} = 0$ was not a constraint imposed during the fitting process of the velocity distribution components. That is, the small magnitude of the current density in the ion rest frame is a consequence of the solar wind actually maintaining $\lvert \mathbf{j}_{e} \rvert$ ~ 0 in the ion rest frame for most intervals. The deviations from this are associated with changes in the magnetic field magnitude and direction, as one would expect from Ampere's law, e.g., at the shock ramps examined in this work. Similar results were much more recently observed using data from the Parker Solar Probe mission [e.g., Halekas et al., 2019 (arXiv eprint 1912.02216v1, to be published in ApJ in Feb. of 2020)]. The data shows that this constraint appears to hold even at smaller solar radial distances, down to below ~0.3 AU. • 1 $\begingroup$ Thanks for the update and new references! I see, zero net current (or a very tiny current that time-averages to zero) certainly makes sense since the Sun is old; anything else would diverge to a huge integrated charge. I'll read these today to see if they directly address the question of a small equilibrium net-charge on the Sun that would not require any current to maintain. $\endgroup$ – uhoh Dec 31 '19 at 1:27 The sun is a ball of plasma. It is essentially a group of electrons and nuclei whizzing around. These electrons and nuclei correspond to no net charge. The get flung out into space still in the form of plasma. There is still no net charge. The individual particles have charge but no net charge. Your Answer
5-Surah Al-Maidah ( The Table spread with Food ) 46 وَقَفَّيْنَا عَلَىٰ آثَارِهِم بِعِيسَى ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ مُصَدِّقًا لِّمَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ مِنَ التَّوْرَاةِ ۖ وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْإِنجِيلَ فِيهِ هُدًى وَنُورٌ وَمُصَدِّقًا لِّمَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ مِنَ التَّوْرَاةِ وَهُدًى وَمَوْعِظَةً لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ Quran's Tafhim ( explanation) *76).The Messiah did not expound a new religion. That very religion which had been the religion of all the Prophets was also his religion, and it is towards that religion that he called people. He believed in the true teachings of the Torah which were extant in his time, and the Gospels (Injil) confirm this (see, for example, Matthew 5: 17-18). The Qur'an repeatedly stresses the fundamental fact that none of the Prophets of God, no matter in which part of the world they appeared, denied the Prophets who had preceded them. On the contrary, each Prophet confirmed the message of his predecessors and sought to promote the mission which was the sacred legacy of them all. God did not reveal any of the Books in order to repudiate the previous ones; each confirmed and supported the preceding ones. Back to top button
Study on Computing inside the Cloud In a traditional network diagram, the cloud always represented a reasonably static view of an intermediary virtual area on the Internet. It essentially had no actual feature other than passing information from one point to the alternative between servers on the Internet and patron. We cloud up our applications to run. Computing inside We cannot turn around nowadays without listening to “Cloud Computing.” So what is cloud computing? Is it the identical old stuff with a new wrapper? Cloud computing is a development model leveraged by IT to reduce infrastructure fees and/or cope with ability/scalability worries. It is the infrastructure and version of deployment. Cloud computing is set how a utility or provider is deployed and brought. Cloud computing is a deployment version leveraging on-demand computing to scale and serve applications thru a shared aid model. Are there one of a kind types of clouds? Yes, there are. There are public clouds like Amazon and Microsoft, and there will be personal clouds as properly. Because cloud computing is concerned with how programs and infrastructure resources are provisioned and delivered, the vicinity is simply inappropriate in figuring out whether a structure is or isn’t always a cloud. There is also differentiation among cloud fashions; a few are primarily based closely on virtualization and us installation packages by pushing a virtual photo of our packages and their surroundings into the cloud using net offerings. Other affords platforms upon which we develop the application and then packaged up and provisioned on-demand thru the provider’s custom surroundings. Scalability is a difficulty in all styles of software program improvement and computing. Does this include cloud computing? Absolutely, there is basically a specific form of scalability along with horizontal and vertical. Horizontal scalability approach, the utility can serve many concurrent customers, which is simple and one of the advantages of cloud computing. That’s the activity of load balancing and alertness transport answers and need to be looked after by the cloud. Then there is vertical scalability, which means that the utility continues to perform as the load will increase constantly, and that is simply aware of something the cloud affords. What about protection with regards to cloud computing? Secure cording is an absolute requirement for cloud computing, as is a wide variety of application and network layer security within the cloud computing infrastructure. Secure coding exercise is an excellent way to prevent exploits of utility common sense and unauthorized access at the same time as firewalls, web software firewalls, community(IP), and delivery layer(TCP) protection solutions are all vital to preventing as many attacks as viable from penetrating the outer rim of the cloud. Secure far off get admission to packages and services within the cloud, making an allowance for extra sensitive packages to execute within the cloud and be accessed from anywhere while defensive the communique. Cloud computing offers sincerely limitless, on-call for computing resources. Our packages now stay in a brand new platform- a computing cloud. In the cloud, our programs take blessings of the seemingly endless processor cycles, reminiscence garage, and community bandwidth in conjunction with significant software program competencies—our programs simplest pay for what they use. Cloud computing gives several application services from a new platform-an Internet running device appropriate for fee effective, dynamic, and Internet-scale solutions. An Internet operating system gives the size and services required to fulfill dynamic, worldwide software utility requirements. Computing inside In an infrastructure cloud surroundings, the scenario is greatly distinct. Our records and processing strength can get moved at win from the vicinity to place, in all likelihood with varying tiers of bodily access controls. The underlying virtualization gadget of some infrastructure cloud providers might not but be able to provide strong assurances that virtual machines sharing a hypervisor are in reality separated and immune from assault. Cloud carriers-specifically, the infrastructure range-tend to be opaque computing offerings offering little visibility into their underlying architectures and technology. Cloud computing is the natural evolution of the application provider (ASP) from the late nineties and software (SaaS) techniques from extra current yr. Vendors that offer cloud computing services deliver the statistics facilities required to host virtualized environments for their clients. Business no longer wants the equal capital expenditure to up and going for walks. They should buy extra cloud computing sources on call to fulfill the necessities of improved server load or peak intervals in their commercial enterprise. Amazon has several clouds provide. The Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) supplies customers to request “virtual machines” in the cloud. Once the request is met, the user can “provision” these virtual cloud servers to run any software program they need. This is absolutely dynamic because the consumer has manipulated over what number of virtual instances he desires to provision and run at a particular point in time. The servers can run whatever from OpenSolaris, Linux to Windows Server 2003. Other services that Amazon has consisted of S3 (Simple storage carrier)- a carrier that we could customers or programs use the limitless garage for his or her files and SimpleDB an allotted database system that can be used at the side of S3 and EC2. These offerings are to be had thru programming fashions to allow end-users the capacity to use their personal programs as properly. Google offers different units of services within the cloud computing international. The first is the famous Google Apps- a combination of services that users can use as part of their personal domain to enable unusual functionality. The Google community’s specific elements- Gmail, Calendar, Talk, Sites, and Docs- are combined right into a packaged presenting that customers can subscribe to in an organization. This enables users to have their corporation’s records stored up in Google’s “cloud” and make it reachable nearly anywhere. The other service that Google gives is the App Engine. This is an online software frame paintings in which customers can host their very own applications. However, the Google App Engine best supports a confined model of python as their programming frame paintings. It also has a database like construct with an SQL like language to use in application programs. Computing inside There Many agencies in this playing discipline as properly-IBM, HP, and Sales Force-to name only some, who are closely investing in this computing version. Since cloud computing reduces the infrastructure requirements and budgets that an employer needs to host their applications or information, this version seems to be getting more famous. One does not want to worry about shopping and provisioning hardware and software integrating it into the network and different complications. Request the provider or replace we need, and it gets performed for us transparently. Cloud computing can help us or, as a minimum, manage our infrastructure fees better and permit the availability of our application and statistics over the Internet. However, one needs to make the rain that statistics are available each time one wishes it. Having a true software program and unbroken connectivity to the provider is critical in this regard.
A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. Rainbows can be full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground, and centered on a line from the sun to the observer's eye. Sky and Weather Deck/File Name: Rainbow (rainbow) Made/Donated by: Aki / saya Color: Olive Released: 0000-00-00 Masterable: Yes Wished by: saya, lagoonaris, Frankie, Nea, Shiranna Mastered by: Ets, Mio, Kayori, saya, Lex, Nicolie, Kupo, Suza, Aki, andrea, Hotaru, Lina, Zenit, erin, lagoonaris, Kayori, saya, erin, Kayori, Gem, Kupo, Emelie, Crissy
The Singapore LGBT encyclopaedia Wiki Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.[1] Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.[2] Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America. The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over Template:Convert. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast: [[Niihau\|NiTemplate:Okinaihau]], [[Kauai\|KauaTemplate:Okinai]], [[Oahu\|OTemplate:Okinaahu]], [[Molokai\|MolokaTemplate:Okinai]], [[Lanai\|LānaTemplate:Okinai]], [[Kahoolawe\|KahoTemplate:Okinaolawe]], Maui, and the [[Hawaii (island)\|Island of HawaiTemplate:Okinai]]. The last is the largest island in the group; it is often called the "Big Island" or "HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania. Hawaii's diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists. Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th-century labor migration, Hawaii's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures, in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of OTemplate:Okinaahu. Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states. It is the only state with an Asian plurality. The state's coastline is about Template:Convert long, the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, and California. Template:TOC limit The state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, [[Hawaii (island)\|HawaiTemplate:Okinai]]. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of HawaiTemplate:Okinai is that was named for [[Hawaiiloa\|HawaiTemplate:Okinailoa]], a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth. He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled.[3][4] The Hawaiian language word HawaiTemplate:Okinai is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, with the reconstructed meaning "homeland".[5] Cognates of HawaiTemplate:Okinai are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori (Hawaiki), Rarotongan (ʻAvaiki) and Samoan ([[Savai'i\|SavaiTemplate:Okinai]]) . According to linguists Pukui and Elbert,[6] "[e]lsewhere in Polynesia, HawaiTemplate:Okinai or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawaii, the name has no meaning".[7] Spelling of state name[] A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language.[8] The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. ArticleTemplate:NbspXV, SectionTemplate:Nbsp1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii.[9] Diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949,[10] predates the use of the okina (Template:Okina) and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the state's name in the Hawaiian language is HawaiTemplate:Okinai.Template:Efn In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length.[11] In contrast, the National and State Parks Services, the University of HawaiTemplate:Okinai and some private enterprises implement these symbols. No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789. However, the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780, and in 1819 the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as State of Arkansas. Template:AnchorGeography and environment[] Template:Main article File:ISS-38 Hawaiian Island chain.jpg Hawaii from space, January 26, 2014[12] There are eight main Hawaiian islands, seven of which are permanently inhabited. The island of NiTemplate:Okinaihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson; access is restricted to those who have permission from the island's owners. File:Na Pali Coast, Kauai, Hawaii.jpg Nā Pali Coast State Park, Kauaʻi File:Hawaii State Map.jpg The main islands and undersea terrain of Hawaii Template:Main Hawaiian Islands File:Hawaii in Pacific Ocean.png The Hawaiian Islands are located in the North Pacific Ocean The Hawaiian archipelago is located Template:Convert southwest of the contiguous United States.[13] Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after Alaska. Hawaii, along with Alaska, does not border any other U.S. state. It is the only U.S. state that is not geographically located in North America, the only state completely surrounded by water and that is entirely an archipelago, and the only state in which coffee is commercially cultivable. In addition to the eight main islands, the state has many smaller islands and islets. [[Kaʻula\|KaTemplate:Okinaula]] is a small island near NiTemplate:Okinaihau. The Northwest Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine small, older islands to the northwest of KauaTemplate:Okinai that extend from Nihoa to Kure Atoll; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains. Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets, such as Molokini, which are either volcanic, marine sedimentary or erosional in origin.[14] Hawaii's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is Template:Convert above mean sea level;[15] it is taller than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain, which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about Template:Convert.[16] Template:Main article File:Pāhoehoe lava meets Pacific.jpg Pāhoehoe, or smooth lava, spills into the Pacific Ocean, forming new rock off the coast of the Island of Hawaii. The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawaii hotspot. The process is continuing to build islands; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Because of the hotspot's location, all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of Hawaii Island. The newest volcano, [[Loihi Seamount\|LōTemplate:Okinaihi Seamount]], is located south of the coast of Hawaii Island. The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaii Island occurred at Haleakalā on Maui before the late 18thTemplate:Nbspcentury, possibly hundreds of years earlier.[17] In 1790, Kīlauea exploded; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.[18] Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on Kīlauea were killed by the eruption.[19] Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the third-highest point among the world's islands.[20] On the flanks of the volcanoes, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis, particularly in 1868 and 1975.[21] Steep cliffs have been created by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes.[22][23] Flora and fauna[] Template:See also File:Corvus hawaiiensis.jpg Corvus hawaiiensis, the endemic Hawaiian crow (Template:Okinaalalā), is extinct in the wild. Because the islands of Hawaii are distant from other land habitats, life is thought to have arrived there by wind, waves (i.e. by ocean currents) and wings (i.e. birds, insects, and any seeds they may have carried on their feathers). This isolation, in combination with the diverse environment (including extreme altitudes, tropical climates, and arid shorelines), produced an array of endemic flora and fauna. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[24] One endemic plant, Brighamia, now requires hand-pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[25] The two species of BrighamiaB. rockii and B. insignis—are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants. To ensure these plants set seed, biologists rappel down Template:Convert cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.[26] The extant main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean for fewer than 10Template:Nbspmillion years; a fraction of the time biological colonization and evolution have occurred there. The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. On a single island, the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical (less than Template:Convert annual rainfall) to wet tropical; on the slopes, environments range from tropical rainforest (more than Template:Convert per year), through a temperate climate, to alpine conditions with a cold, dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determines ground permeability, affecting the distribution of streams and wetlands.Template:Citation needed Protected areas[] File:Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals 07.jpg French Frigate Shoals, located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, is protected as part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service.[27] Hawaii has two national parks: Haleakalā National Park located near Kula on the island of Maui, which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui, and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region of the HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island, which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones. There are three national historical parks; Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa, MolokaTemplate:Okinai, the site of a former leper colony; Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park in Kailua-Kona on HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island; and [[Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park\|PuTemplate:Okinauhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park]], an ancient place of refuge on HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island's west coast. Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on OTemplate:Okinaahu. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2006. The monument covers roughly Template:Convert of reefs, atolls, and shallow and deep sea out to Template:Convert offshore in the Pacific Ocean—an area larger than all of the national parks in the U.S. combined.[28] Template:See also A true-color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the vegetation on the islands grows on the northeast sides which face the wind. The silver glow around the southwest of the islands is the result of calmer waters.[29] Hawaii's climate is typical for the tropics, although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near-constant trade winds from the east. Summer highs usually reach around Template:Convert during the day, with the temperature reaching a low of Template:Convert at night. Winter day temperatures are usually around Template:Convert; at low elevation they seldom dip below Template:Convert at night. Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at Template:Convert on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii Island in some winter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā. [[Mount Waialeale\|Mount WaiTemplate:OkinaaleTemplate:Okinaale]] on KauaTemplate:Okinai has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about Template:Convert per year. Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April.[30] The warmest temperature recorded in the state, in Pahala on April 27, 1931, is Template:Convert, making it tied with Alaska as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state.[31] Hawaii's record low temperature is Template:Convert observed in MayTemplate:Nbsp1979 on the summit of Mauna Kea. Hawaii is the only state to have never recorded sub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures.[31] Climates vary considerably on each island; they can be divided into windward and leeward (koTemplate:Okinaolau and kona, respectively) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover.Template:Cn Template:Climate chart Template:Climate chart Template:Climate chart Template:Climate chart Template:Climate chart Template:Main article Template:HI history Hawaii is one of four U.S. states—apart from the original thirteen, along with the Vermont Republic (1791), the Republic of Texas (1845), and the California Republic (1846)—that were independent nations prior to statehood. Along with Texas, Hawaii had formal, international diplomatic recognition as a nation.[32] The [[Kingdom of Hawaii\|Kingdom of HawaiTemplate:Okinai]] was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.[33] First human settlement – Ancient HawaiTemplate:Okinai (800–1778)[] Template:Main article Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands dates to around 300 CE, probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands. A second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora took place in the Template:Ordinal century. The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate.[34] Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs, the kapu system, the practice of human sacrifice, and the building of heiau.Template:Citation needed This later immigration is detailed in Hawaiian mythology (moTemplate:Okinaolelo) about [[Pa'ao\|PaTemplate:Okinaao]]. Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that PaTemplate:Okinaao must be regarded as a myth.Template:Citation needed The history of the islands is marked by a slow, steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms, which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called [[Ali'i\|aliTemplate:Okinai]], ruled their settlements, and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Ancient Hawaii was a caste-based society, much like that of Hindus in India.[35] European arrival[] File:Tereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Captain Cook by John Webber.jpg Kalaniʻōpuʻu, King of HawaiTemplate:Okinai, brings presents to Captain Cook. It is possible that Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century—200 years before Captain James Cook's first documented visit in 1778. Ruy López de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reports describe an encounter with either HawaiTemplate:Okinai or the Marshall Islands.[36][37]Template:Better source If de Villalobos' crew spotted HawaiTemplate:Okinai, Gaetano would be considered the first European to see the islands. Some scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility.[38][39] Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as HawaiTemplate:Okinai but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands. In this manuscript, the island of Maui is named La Desgraciada (The Unfortunate Island), and what appears to be HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island is named La Mesa (The Table). Islands resembling Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai are named Los Monjes (The Monks).[40] For two-and-a-half centuries, Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of HawaiTemplate:Okinai on their way to Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers. The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaii. Cook named the archipelago as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Cook published the islands' location and rendered the native name as Owyhee. This spelling lives on in Owyhee County, Idaho. It was named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in that area. The Owyhee Mountains were also named for them.[41] File:Entrevue de l'expedition de M. Kotzebue avec le roi Tammeamea dans l'ile d'Ovayhi, Iles Sandwich (detailed).jpg King Kamehameha receiving Otto von Kotzebue's Russian naval expedition. Drawing by Louis Choris in 1816. Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands twice. As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as "firewood",[42] and a minor chief and his men took a ship's boat. Cook abducted the [[Alii Aimoku of Hawaii\|King of HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island]], [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu\|KalaniTemplate:OkinaōpuTemplate:Okinau]], and held him for ransom aboard his ship in order to gain return of Cook's boat. This tactic had worked in Tahiti and other islands.[43] Instead, KalaniTemplate:OkinaōpuTemplate:Okinau's supporters fought back, killing Cook and four marines as Cook's party retreated along the beach to their ship. They departed without the ship's boat. After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian islands attracted many European visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers, who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies. Early British influence can be seen in the design of the [[Flag of Hawaii\|flag of HawaiTemplate:Okinai]], which bears the Union Jack in the top-left corner. These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands, causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously.[44] Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases, such as influenza, smallpox and measles. By 1820, disease, famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population.[45] During the 1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawaii's people.[46] Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaii originated from Guangdong Province; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook's journey and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader, who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century. It appears that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830; as with the other new infectious diseases, it proved damaging to the Hawaiians.Template:Citation needed Kingdom of HawaiTemplate:Okinai[] Template:Main article House of Kamehameha[] File:Kamehameha I.png Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago. During the 1780s and 1790s, chiefs often fought for power. After a series of battles that ended in 1795, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler, who became known as King Kamehameha the Great. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872.[47] After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. They used their influence to end many traditional practices of the people.[48][49] During the reign of King Kamehameha III, Hawai'i turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution.[50] Hiram Bingham I, a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects.[51] Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom, but they converted a minority of the Native Hawaiian population.[52][53][54] Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on MolokaTemplate:Okinai, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century. The best known were Father Damien and Mother Marianne Cope, both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman Catholic saints. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V—who did not name an heir—resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalākaua. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and Emma, Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV. After riots broke out, the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. King Kalākaua was chosen as monarch by the Legislative Assembly by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12, 1874.[55] 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations[] In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier, white elite. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. Because the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen [[Liliuokalani\|LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani]], succeeded him; she was the last monarch of HawaiTemplate:Okinai.[56] In 1893, Queen LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani announced plans for a new constitution. On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'état against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. United States Government Minister John L. Stevens, responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. According to historian William Russ, these troops effectively rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself.[57] Overthrow of 1893 – the Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)[] Template:POV section Template:Main article Template:See also [[File:Liliuokalani in 1891.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Liliuokalani\|Queen LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani]], the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom.\|alt=Queen LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani, seated inside Template:OkinaIolani Palace.]] [[File:NORTHEAST FACADE - Iolani Palace, King and Richards Streets, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI HABS HI,2-HONLU,8-7.tif\|thumb\|The [[Iolani Palace\|Template:OkinaIolani Palace]] in Honolulu, formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii.]] In January 1893, Queen LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the American Committee of Safety. American lawyer Sanford B. Dole became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4, 1894. Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne. The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report, which concluded that the removal of LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani had been illegal. The U.S. government first demanded that Queen LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused. Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the Morgan Report, which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the Queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.[58] Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.[57][59][60][61] In 1993, the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President Bill Clinton. The resolution apologized for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and acknowledged that the United States had annexed Hawaii unlawfully.[61] Template:AnchorAnnexation – the Territory of Hawaii (1898–1959)[] Template:Main article File:USS SHAW exploding Pearl Harbor Nara 80-G-16871 2.jpg The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was the primary event that galvanized the United States into entering World War II. After William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaii. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from HawaiTemplate:Okinai. He met with three annexationists: Lorrin A. Thurston, Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney. After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.[62] The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty. Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians,[63] the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the U.S.; it became the Territory of Hawaii. The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.[64][65][66] In 1900, Hawaii was granted self-governance and retained [[Iolani Palace\|Template:OkinaIolani Palace]] as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to become a state, Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five, found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap, foreign labor. Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states.[67][68] Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes, causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii. Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century. The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.[69] OTemplate:Okinaahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II. Political changes of 1954 – the State of Hawaii (1959–present)[] Template:Main article Template:See also File:Food-Hawaii-Canning. Native girls packing pineapple into cans. - NARA - 522863.tif Prior to the postwar labor movement, Hawaii was governed by plantation owners. Here, three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928. In the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party, strongly supported by plantation owners. The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawaii, which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years. Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College, residents actively campaigned for statehood. In Washington there was talk that Hawaii would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska, seen as a Democratic Party stronghold. These predictions turned out to be inaccurate; today, Hawaii votes Democratic predominately, and Alaska votes Republican.[70][71][72][73] In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act, which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law.[74] The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii. On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.[75] The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. The United Nations' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from its list of non-self-governing territories. After attaining statehood, Hawaii quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. Later, state programs promoted Hawaiian culture.Template:Which The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture.Template:Citation needed File:Hawaii population map.png Population density map of the Hawaiian islands. Template:See also After Europeans and mainland Americans first arrived during the Kingdom of Hawaii period, the overall population of Hawaii, until that time composed soley of indigenous Hawaiians, fell dramatically. The indigenous Hawaiian population succumbed to foreign diseases, declining from 300,000 in the 1770s, to 60,000 in the 1850s, to 24,000 in 1920. The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19thTemplate:Nbspcentury.[76] The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level. As of 2010, only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian only ancestry, just over half of the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population, although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races (including other Polynesian groups, but mostly Asian and/or Caucasian). The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii was 1,431,603 on July 1, 2015; an increase of 5.24% since the 2010 United States Census.[77] Template:As of, Hawaii had an estimated population of 1,431,603; an increase of 12,042 from the previous year and an increase of 71,302 (5.24%) since 2010. This includes a natural increase of 48,111 (96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people. The center of population of Hawaii is located between the two islands of O'ahu and Moloka'i. Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to Las Vegas, which has been called the "ninth island" of Hawaii.[78][79] Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4Template:Nbspmillion, due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents. O'ahu is the most populous island; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in Template:Convert, approximately 1,650 people per square mile.Template:EfnTemplate:Citation needed Hawaii's 1.4Template:Nbsp;million residents, spread across Template:Convert of land, result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile.[80] The state has a lower population density than Ohio and Illinois.[81] The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female—longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state.[82] Template:Asof the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands.[83] Historical population[84] Year Population Notes 1778 300,000 1805 264,160 1831 130,313 Census 1850 82,000 1853 73,134 2,119 foreigners 1872 56,897 1876 53,900 1884 80,000 The native population continues to decline. 1890 40,000 native Hawaiians 1900 154,001 About 25% Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian; 40% Japanese; 16% Chinese; 12% Portuguese; and about 5% other Caucasian 1910 191,874 26,041 Hawaiians and 12,056 part-Hawaiians 1920 255,881 42.7% of the population is of Japanese descent. 1930 368,336 1940 420,770 1950 499,794 1960 632,772 1970 769,913 1980 964,691 1990 1,108,228 2000 1,211,537 239,655 native Hawaiians; Japanese: 21%; Filipino: 17.7%; Chinese: 8.3%; German: 5.8% 2010 1,360,301 10% Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders; Two or more races may include some of the remainder Template:Further information File:Hermann A. Widemann and family, ca. 1860s.jpg Mixed Hawaiian/European-American family in Honolulu, 1860s Template:US Census population According to the 2010 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301. The state's population identified as 38.6% Asian; 24.7% White (22.7% Non-Hispanic White Alone); 23.6% from two or more races; 10.0% Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders; 8.9% Hispanics and Latinos of any race; 1.6% Black or African American; 1.2% from some other race; and 0.3% Native American and Alaska Native.[85] Hawaii Racial Breakdown of Population Racial composition 1970[86] 1990[86] 2000[87] 2010[88] est. 2015[89] White 38.8% 33.4% 24.3% 24.7% 26.7% Asian 57.7% 61.8% 41.6% 38.6% 37.3% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 9.4% 10.0% 9.9% Black 1.0% 2.5% 1.8% 1.6% 2.6% Native American and Alaskan Native 0.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% Other race 2.4% 1.9% 1.2% 1.2% Two or more races 21.4% 23.6% 23.0% Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state. It is the only state where Asian Americans identify as the largest ethnic group. In 2011, 14.5% of births were to white, non-Hispanic parents.[90] Hawaii's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans, 185,000 (13.6%) Japanese Americans, roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans, and 24,000 (1.8%) Korean Americans.Template:Citation needed There are over 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians—5.9% of the population.[91] Including those with partial ancestry, Samoan Americans constitute 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6%.[92] Over 120,000 (8.8%) of Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexican Americans number over 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25% of Hawaii's population, exceeding 320,000 people. Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed-race group, numbering about 66,000 (4.9%). The Non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000—just over 20% of the population. The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people.[91] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.[93] The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%) and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of the state's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75% of foreign-born residents originate in Asia. Hawaii is a majority-minority state. It was expected to be one of three states that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014; the other two are California and New Mexico.[94] File:Early Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.jpg Japanese immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation. File:Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century.jpg Many Portuguese immigrants were Azorean or Madeiran. They brought with them Roman Catholicism and Portuguese language and cuisine. Population of Hawaii[95] Ancestry Percentage Main article: Filipino 13.6% See Filipinos in Hawaii Japanese 12.6% See Japanese in Hawaii Polynesian 9.0% See Native Hawaiians Germans 7.4% See German American Irish 5.2% See Irish American English 4.6% See English American Portuguese 4.3% See Portuguese American Chinese 4.1% See Chinese in Hawaii Korean 3.1% See Korean American Mexican 2.9% See Mexican American Puerto Rican 2.8% See Puerto Rican Italian 2.7% See Italian American African 2.4% See African American French 1.7% See French American Samoan 1.3% See Samoan American Scottish 1.2% See Scottish American The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways.[96] Template:As of, a large proportion of Hawaii's population have Asian ancestry—especially Filipino, Japanese and Chinese. Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to-late 19th century. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not approved by the then-current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate—by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration. The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kalākaua's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881.[97][98] Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations.[99] By 1901, over 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii.[100] English (General American) and Hawaiian are listed as Hawaii's "official languages" in the state's 1978 constitution. Article XV, Section 4 specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law". [[Hawaiian Pidgin\|HawaiTemplate:Okinai Creole English]], locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others.Template:Citation needed As of the 2000 Census, 73.44% of Hawaii residents aged five and older exclusively speak English at home.[101] According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents over the age of five speak only English at home.[95] In their homes, 21.0% of state residents speak an additional Asian language, 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak other Indo-European languages and 0.2% speak another language.[95] After English, other languages popularly spoken in the state are Tagalog, Japanese and Ilokano. Significant numbers of European immigrants and their descendants also speak their native languages; the most numerous are German, Portuguese, Italian and French.Template:Citation needed 5.37% of residents speak Tagalog—which includes non-native speakers of Filipino language, the national, co-official, Tagalog-based language; 4.96% speak Japanese and 4.05% speak Ilokano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.68% speak Hawaiian; 1.66% speak Spanish; 1.61% speak Korean; and 1.01% speak Samoan.[101] The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is QWERTY.[102] Template:Main article The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population.[103] According to the United States Census, there were over 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006–2008.[104] Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family.[103] It is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui (the language of Easter Island), and less closely to Samoan and Tongan.Template:Citation needed According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE[105] and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the Society Islands, Samoa and Tonga.Template:Citation needed These Polynesians remained in the islands; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and their languages evolved into the Hawaiian language.[106] Kimura and Wilson say, "[l]inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands".[107] Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826. They assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet.Template:Citation needed Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established. The University of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.Template:Citation needed Hawai'i Sign Language, a sign language for the deaf based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s. It is dwindling in numbers due to American Sign Language supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains.Template:Citation needed Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowel sounds. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a macron (kahakō). Hawaiian-language newspapers (nūpepa) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The Template:Okinaokina and kahakō are intended to help non-native speakers.Template:Citation needed The Hawaiian language uses the glottal stop ([[ʻOkina\|Template:Okinaokina]]) as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left-hanging (opening) single quotation mark.Template:Citation needed Hawaiian Pidgin[] Template:Main article Template:Unreferenced section Some residents of Hawaii speak [[Hawaiian Pidgin\|HawaiTemplate:Okinai Creole English]] (HCE), endonymically called pidgin or pidgin English. The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. During the 19th century, the increase in immigration—mainly from China, Japan, Portugal—especially from the Azores and Madeira, and Spain—catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as pidgin. By the early 20th century, pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic.Template:Clarify Most place names are retained from Hawaiian, as are some names for plants and animals. For example, tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name, ahi.Template:Citation needed HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words. For example, "aunty" and "uncle" may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder. Syntax and grammar follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English. For example, instead of "it is hot today, isn't it?", an HCE speaker would say simply "stay hot, eh?"Template:Efn The term da kine is used as a filler; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase. During the surfing boom in Hawaii, HCE was influenced by surfer slang. Some HCE expressions, such as brah and da kine, have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities.Template:Citation needed File:Perspective view of northwest elevation - Makiki Christian Church, 829 Pensacola Street, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI HABS HI-533-1.tif The Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon Japanese architecture. Christianity is the most widespread religion in Hawaii. It is mainly represented by various Protestants, Catholics and Mormons. Buddhism is the second most popular religion, especially among the archipelago's Japanese community. Unaffilliated account for one-quarter of the population. The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010[108] and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009.[109] The third-largest religious group includes all non-denominational churches, with 128 congregations and 32,000 members. The third-largest denominational group is the United Church of Christ, with 115 congregations and 20,000 members. The Southern Baptist Convention has 108 congregations and 18,000 members in Hawaii.[110] According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:[111][112] Template:Div col • Christianity: 351,000 (29%) • Buddhism: 110,000 (9%) • Judaism: 10,000 (0.8%) • Other: 100,000 (10%)Template:Efn-lg • Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51%)Template:Efn-lg Template:Div col end A Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows: Religious affiliation in Hawaii (2014)[113] Affiliation % of Hawai'i's population Christian Template:Bartable Protestant Template:Bartable Evangelical Protestant Template:Bartable Mainline Protestant Template:Bartable Black church Template:Bartable Catholic Template:Bartable Mormon Template:Bartable Jehovah's Witnesses Template:Bartable Eastern Orthodox Template:Bartable Other Christian Template:Bartable Unaffiliated Template:Bartable Nothing in particular Template:Bartable Agnostic Template:Bartable Atheist Template:Bartable Non-Christian faiths Template:Bartable Jewish Template:Bartable Muslim Template:Bartable Buddhist Template:Bartable Hindu Template:Bartable Other Non-Christian faiths Template:Bartable Don't know Template:Bartable Total Template:Bartable Birth data[] Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013[114] 2014[115] 2015[116] Asian 12,203 (64.3%) 11,535 (62.2%) 11,443 (62.1%) White: 6,045 (31.8%) 6,368 (34.3%) 6,322 (34.3%) > Non-Hispanic White 4,940 (26.0%) 4,881 (26.3%) 4,803 (26.1%) Black 671 (3.5%) 617 (3.3%) 620 (3.3%) Native 68 (0.3%) 30 (0.2%) 35 (0.2%) Hispanic (of any race) 3,003 (15.8%) 2,764 (14.9%) 2,775 (15.1%) Total Hawai'i 18,987 (100%) 18,550 (100%) 18,420 (100%) Hawaii has had a long history of queer identities. Māhū people, who often traversed gender as defined by Western standards, were a respected group of pre-colonization people who were widely known in society as healers. Another Hawaiian word, aikāne, referred to same-sex relationships. According to journals written by Captain Cook's crew, it is widely believed that many aliTemplate:Okinai engaged in aikāne relationships. Hawaiian scholar [[Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa\|Lilikalā KameTemplate:Okinaeleihiwa]] said, "If you didn't sleep with a man, how could you trust him when you went into battle? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs, if he wasn't your lover?"[117] A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, comprising an estimated adult LGBT population of 53,966 individuals. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239; a 35.45% increase of figures from a decade earlier.[118][119] In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; a University of Hawaii researcher said the law may boost tourism by $217 million.[120] Template:See also File:Pineapple field near Honolulu, Hawaii, 1907 (CHS-418).jpg Post-annexation, Hawaii's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by the agricultural sector's growth. File:'Two Surfer Girls' by William Fulton Soare, oil on canvas, c. 1935.JPG From the end of World War II onwards, depictions and photographs, such as this, of Hawaii as a tropical, leisure paradise encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii, which eventually became the largest industry of the islands. File:US Navy 111218-N-RI884-097 The U.S. Pacific Fleet Marching Band participates in a parade through downtown Waikiki honoring Japanese-American vetera.jpg The U.S. federal government's spending on Hawaii-stationed personnel, installations and materiel, either directly or through military personnel spending, amounts to Hawaii's second largest source of income, after tourism. The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries; sandalwood,[121] whaling,[122] sugarcane, pineapple, the military, tourism and education. Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The state's gross output for 2003 was Template:US$Template:Nbspbillion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was Template:US$.[123] Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the West Coast of the contiguous U.S. The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey.[124] By weight, honey bees may be the state's most valuable export.[125] According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, agricultural sales were Template:US$Template:Nbspmillion from diversified agriculture, Template:US$Template:Nbspmillion from pineapple, and Template:US$Template:Nbspmillion from sugarcane. Hawaii's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry, which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands, compared with one or two on the mainland.[126] Seeds yielded Template:US$ million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.[127] As of December 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 3.2%.[128] In 2009, the United States military spent Template:US$Template:Nbspbillion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii.[129] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.18%.[130] Hawaii residents pay the most per person in state taxes in the United States.[131] Millions of tourists pay general excise tax and hotel room tax.[131] The Hawaii Tax Foundation considers the state's tax burden too high, which it says contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.[131] State Senator Sam Slom says state taxes are comparatively higher than other states because the state government handles education, health care, and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states.[131] Cost of living[] The cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities. However, the cost of living in Honolulu is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco.[132] These numbers may not take into account some costs, such as increased travel costs for flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii,[133] many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories.Template:Citation needed Hawaiian Electric Industries, a privately owned company, provides 95% of the state's population with electricity, mostly from fossil-fuel power stations. Average electricity prices in October 2014 (Template:Convert) were nearly three times the national average (Template:Convert) and 80% higher than the second-highest state, Connecticut.[134] The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was Template:US$, while the national median home value was Template:US$. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states, including California with a median home value of Template:US$.[135] Research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii, at Template:US$ and the U.S. median sales price at Template:US$. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010, just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California (Template:US$).[136] Hawaii's very high cost of living is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy. Like other regions with desirable weather throughout the year, such as areas of California, Arizona and Florida, Hawaii's residents can be considered to be subject to a "Sunshine tax". This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs, a problem which many island states and territories suffer from as well. The situation is compounded even further by what could possibly be the single largest contributor to the high costs of living in Hawaii, a U.S. trade law known as the Jones Act, or the Merchant Marine Act of 1920. This trade regulation prohibits any foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports—a practice known as cabotage. Most consumer goods in the United States are manufactured by outsourced labor in East Asia, then transported by container ships to ports on the U.S. mainland, and Hawaii also receives the same goods. Being located in the central Pacific Ocean, right between major Pacific shipping lanes, it would be very economical to unload Hawaiian-bound goods in Honolulu, before continuing on to the mainland. However, this would effectively make the second leg of the voyage between Hawaii and the mainland a domestic route between two American ports. Because most large cargo ships operate under foreign "flags of convenience" such as Liberia, Vanuatu or Papua New Guinea, allowing them to avoid the more stringent, and thus more costly, regulations of developed nations' ports, the domestic leg of the voyage would be disallowed by the Jones Act. Instead, those cargo ships must proceed directly to the West Coast, where distributors break bulk and transport the Hawaiian-bound, Asian-manufactured goods back across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships and increasing the length of the voyage by more than 50%. This highly inefficient system of shipping Hawaii's consumer cargo comes at a very hefty price for the average Hawaiian citizen, and makes the cost of living in Hawaii much, much higher than it would otherwise be.[137][138] Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act. This law makes Hawaii less competitive than West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from countries with much higher taxes like Japan, even though prices for Asian-manufactured goods should be cheaper because Hawaii is much closer than mainland states to Asia.[139][140] Template:See also Template:Refimprove section The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian Triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society, there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of [[luau\|lūTemplate:Okinaau]] and hula, are strong enough to affect the wider United States.Template:Citation needed File:Man with a Yoke Carrying Taro by Joseph Strong, oil on canvas board, 1880, Honolulu Museum of Art, accession 12692.1.JPG Taro, or in Hawaiian kalo, was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today. The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine, and American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian and Portuguese origins. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii. Poi, a starch made by pounding taro, is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a loco moco, Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional lūTemplate:Okinaau favorites, including kālua pork and laulau. Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine.Template:Citation needed Customs and etiquette[] Template:Main article Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows: when visiting a home, it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one's host (for example, a dessert). Thus, parties are usually in the form of potlucks. Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home. It is customary for Hawaiian families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold a luau to celebrate a child's first birthday. It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for the bride and groom to do a money dance (also called the pandanggo). Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as "locals of Hawaii" or "people of Hawaii". Hawaiian mythology[] File:Ethnologisches Museum Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 009.jpg A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity, housed at a German museum. Template:Main article Hawaiian mythology comprises the legends, historical tales, and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people. It is considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before circa 1800. It is associated with the Hawaiian religion, which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day.Template:Citation needed Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua, the spirit of an ancestor or family god and Kāne, the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities.Template:Citation needed Polynesian mythology[] Template:Main article A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god 'Oro, made of woven dried coconut fibre (sennit), which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy (to'o), made of wood. Polynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto-Polynesian that was probably spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa in around 1000 BCE.Template:Citation needed Prior to the 15th century, Polynesian people migrated east to the Cook Islands, and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas. Their descendants later discovered the islands Tahiti, Rapa Nui and later the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand.Template:Citation needed The Polynesian languages are part of the Austronesian language family. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be mutually intelligible. There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in terms of social organization, childrearing, horticulture, building and textile technologies. Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales. The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history (the time of "pō") and the adventures of gods ("atua") and deified ancestors.Template:Citation needed List of state parks[] Template:Main article There are many Hawaiian state parks. • The [[Hawaii (island)\|Island of HawaiTemplate:Okinai]] has state parks, recreation areas, and historical parks. • [[Kauai\|KauaTemplate:Okinai]] has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier, six state parks, and the Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park. • Maui has two state monuments, several state parks, and the Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area. Moloka‘i has the Pala'au State Park. • [[Oahu\|OTemplate:Okinaahu]] has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and a number of monuments, including the Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument. Template:Main article The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors Kiana Davenport, Lois-Ann Yamanaka, and Kaui Hart Hemmings. Hawaiian magazines include Hana Hou!, Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu, among others. Template:Main article File:Bonnaroo08 jackjohnson2 lg.jpg Jack Johnson, folk rock musician, was born and raised on Oahu's North Shore. [[File:Chã das Caldeiras-Musicien.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|alt = A young man holds a small four-stringed instrument and strums.\|A young Cape Verdean man plays the Portuguese cavaquinho, a four-stringed instrument from which the [[ukulele\|Template:Okinaukulele]] is descended.]] The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop. Hawaii's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion to the state's small size. Styles such as slack-key guitar are well-known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks. Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar.[141] Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state's musical heritage. The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely religious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music. Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the music of other Polynesian islands; according to Peter Manuel, the influence of Hawaiian music a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".[142] Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, famous for his medley of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by NPR in 2010 in its 50 great voices series.[143] Template:Main article File:Punaluu Beach Park, Big Island, Hawaii.jpg Punalu'u Beach on the Big Island. Tourism is Hawaii's leading employer. Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy. In 2003, according to state government data, there were over 6.4 million visitors, with expenditures of over $10 billion, to the Hawaiian Islands.[144] Due to the mild year-round weather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. The major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit, especially in the winter months. Substantial numbers of Japanese tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese and Koreans due to the collapse of the value of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy. The average Japanese stays only 5 days while other Asians spend over 9.5 days and spend 25% more.[145]Template:Citation needed Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula competition.[146] The Hawaii International Film Festival is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema.[147] Honolulu hosts the state's long-running LGBT film festival, the Rainbow Film Festival.[148][149] Template:Main article Template:As of, Hawaii's health care system insures 92% of residents. Under the state's plan, businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers. Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States, while total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower.Template:Citation needed Proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans.Template:Citation needed Public schools[] Template:Main articleTemplate:See also [[File:Waianae High School (5888481033).jpg\|thumb\|alt=Façade of a public high school.\|Waianae High School, located in [[Waianae, Hawaii\|WaiTemplate:Okinaanae]], houses an educational community media center.]] Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state Board of Education, which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools, who oversees the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is divided into seven districts; four on OTemplate:Okinaahu and one for each of the other three counties. The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalities between highly populated OTemplate:Okinaahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands, and between lower-income and more affluent areas. In most of the U.S., schools are funded from local property taxes. Educators struggle with children of non-native-English-speaking immigrants, whose cultures are different from those of the mainland, where most course materials and testing standards originate.Template:Citation needed Public elementary, middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act. The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores; some other states—Texas and Michigan, for example—do not. This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading.[150] The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005, seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9),[151] but in the widely accepted SAT examinations, Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics. Private schools[] Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation.[2] During the 2011–2012 school year, Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213,[152] while private schools had 37,695.[153] Private schools educated over 17% of students in Hawaii that school year, nearly three times the approximate national average of 6%.[154] It has four of the largest independent schools; [[Iolani School\|Template:OkinaIolani School]], Kamehameha Schools, Mid-Pacific Institute and Punahou School. Pacific Buddhist Academy, the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii, was founded in 2003. The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School.Template:Citation needed Independent and charter schools can select their students, while the public schools are open to all students in their district. The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry; collectively, they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States, if not the world, having over eleven billion US dollars in estate assets.[155] In 2005, Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students, 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in the state.[156] Colleges and universities[] Template:See also Template:Unreferenced section File:University of Hawaii at Hilo.jpg Main Entrance of the University of Hawaii at Hilo Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enter directly into the workforce. Some attend colleges and universities on the mainland or other countries, and the rest attend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii. The largest is the University of Hawaii System, which consists of: the research university at Mānoa, two comprehensive campuses at Hilo and [[University of Hawaii-West Oahu\|West OTemplate:Okinaahu]], and seven community colleges. Private universities include Brigham Young University–Hawaii, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Hawaii Pacific University, and Wayland Baptist University. Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. Kona hosts the University of the Nations, which is not an accredited university. Pūnana Leo[] Template:Main article First opened in 1984 illegally in Kekaha, Kaua'i, the Pūnana Leo or "Language Nest" (lit. "Nest of Voices") were the first indigenous language immersion schools in the United States. Modelled after the Māori language Kōhanga reo of New Zealand, they provide preschool aged children the opportunity to engage in early education through a Hawaiian language medium, generally taught by elders. Graduates from the Pūnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life. As of 2006, there were a total of eleven Pūnana Leo preschools, with locations on five of the islands. Template:See also The main welcome sign for Honolulu Airport. A system of state highways encircles each main island. Only OTemplate:Okinaahu has federal highways, and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways. Narrow, winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic. Each major island has a public bus system. Honolulu International Airport (IATA:Template:NbspHNL), which shares runways with the adjacent Hickam Field (IATA:Template:NbspHIK), is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii. The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania. Hawaiian Airlines, Mokulele Airlines and go! use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu, LīhuTemplate:Okinae, Kahului, Kona and Hilo. Island Air and Pacific Wings serve smaller airports. These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands. On May 30, 2017, the airport was officially renamed as the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL), after U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye[157]. Until air passenger services began in the 1920s,[158] private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands. Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s.[159] The Hawaii Superferry operated between OTemplate:Okinaahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands. Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service, though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future.[160] Currently there are passenger ferry services in Maui County between MolokaTemplate:Okinai and Maui,[161] and between LanaTemplate:Okinai and Maui,[162] though neither of these take vehicles. Currently Norwegian Cruise Lines and Princess Cruises provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands.[163][164] At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers. Most were Template:RailGauge narrow gauge systems but there were some Template:RailGauge gauge on some of the smaller islands. The standard gauge in the U.S. is Template:RailGauge. By far the largest railroad was the Oahu Railway and Land Company (OR&L) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu.[165] The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II. Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require wigwag signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists. The main line was officially abandoned in 1947, although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970. Template:Convert of track remain; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line.[165] The Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project aims to add elevated passenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion.[2] Template:Gallery [[File:Iolani Palace (1328).JPG\|thumb\|The [[Iolani Palace\|Template:OkinaIolani Palace]] in Honolulu, formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii.]] Political subdivisions and local government[] Template:See also The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island to Maui, and subsequently to OTemplate:Okinaahu, explains the modern-day distribution of population centers. Kamehameha III chose the largest city, Honolulu, as his capital because of its natural harbor—the present-day Honolulu Harbor. Now the state capital, Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of OTemplate:Okinaahu. The previous capital was Lahaina, Maui, and before that Kailua-Kona, HawaiTemplate:Okinai. Some major towns are Hilo; [[Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i\|KāneTemplate:Okinaohe]]; Kailua; Pearl City; Waipahu; Kahului; Kailua-Kona. Kīhei; and [[Lihue, Hawaii\|LīhuTemplate:Okinae]]. Hawaii comprises five counties: the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii County, Maui County, Kauai County, and Kalawao County. Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states.[166][167] Unique to this state is the lack of municipal governments. All local governments are generally administered at the county level. The only incorporated area in the state is Honolulu County, a consolidated city–county that governs the entire island of Oahu. County executives are referred to as mayors; these are the Mayor of Hawaii County, Mayor of Honolulu, [[Mayor of Kauai\|Mayor of KauaTemplate:Okinai]], and the Mayor of Maui. The mayors are all elected in nonpartisan elections. Kalawao County has no elected government,[168] and as mentioned above there are no local school districts and instead all local public education is administered at the state level by the Hawaii Department of Education. The remaining local governments are special districts.[166][167] State government[] The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii, who is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, both of whom are elected on the same ticket. The governor is the only state public official elected statewide; all others are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor acts as the Secretary of State. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol. The official residence of the governor is Washington Place. Template:See The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Hawaii State Legislature, which is composed of the 51-member Hawaii House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House, and the 25-member Hawaii Senate led by the President of the Senate. The Legislature meets at the State Capitol. The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the Hawaii State Judiciary. The state's highest court is the Supreme Court of Hawaii, which uses [[Aliiolani Hale\|AliTemplate:Okinaiōlani Hale]] as its chambers. Federal government[] Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by two senators and two representatives. Template:As of, all four seats are held by Democrats. Colleen Hanabusa won a special election for the 1st congressional district representing southeastern Oahu, including central Honolulu, on November 8, 2016 to finish the term of Rep. Mark Takai who died July 20, 2016. Tulsi Gabbard represents the 2nd congressional district, representing the rest of the state, which is largely rural and semi-rural.[169] Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii. He was appointed to the office on December 26, 2012, by Governor Neil Abercrombie, following the death of former senator Daniel Inouye. The state's junior senator is Mazie Hirono, the former representative from the second congressional district. Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator. Hawaii incurred the biggest seniority shift between the 112th and 113th Congresses. The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty-first in seniorityTemplate:Efn to their respective replacements, relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono.[170] Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the Prince Kūhiō Federal Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internal Revenue Service and the Secret Service maintain their offices there; the building is also the site of the federal District Court for the District of Hawaii and the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii. Template:See also Gubernatorial election results[171] Year Democratic Republican align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|1959 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|48.7% 82,074 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|51.1% 86,213 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1962 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|58.3% 114,308 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|41.7% 81,707 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1966 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|51.1% 108,840 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|48.9% 104,324 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1970 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|57.7% 137,812 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|42.4% 101,249 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1974 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|54.6% 136,262 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|45.4% 113,388 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1978 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\| 54.5% 153,394 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\| 44.3% 124,610 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1982 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|45.2% 141,043 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|26.1% 81,507 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1986 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|52.0% 173,655 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|48.0% 160,460 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1990 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|59.8% 203,491 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|38.6% 131,310 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1994 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|36.6% 134,978 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|29.2% 107,908 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1998 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|50.1% 204,206 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|48.8% 198,952 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|2002 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|47.0% 179,647 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|51.6% 197,009 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|2006 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|35.4% 121,717 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|62.5% 215,313 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|2010 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|57.8% 222,724 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|40.8% 157,311 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|2014 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|49.0% 181,106 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|36.7% 135,775 Presidential election results[171] Year Democratic Republican align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1960 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|50.0% 92,410 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|50.0% 92,295 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1964 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|78.8% 163,249 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|21.2% 44,022 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1968 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|59.8% 141,324 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|38.7% 91,425 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|1972 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|37.5% 101,409 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|62.4% 168,865 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1976 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|50.6% 147,375 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|48.1% 140,003 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1980 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\| 44.8% 135,879 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\| 42.9% 130,112 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|1984 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|43.8% 147,154 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|55.1% 185,050 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1988 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|54.3% 192,364 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|44.8% 158,625 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1992 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|48.1% 179,310 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|36.7% 136,822 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|1996 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|56.9% 205,012 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|31.6% 113,943 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|2000 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|55.8% 205,286 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|37.5% 137,845 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|2004 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\| 54.0% 231,708 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|45.3% 194,191 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|2008 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|71.9% 325,871 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|26.6% 120,566 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|2012 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|70.6% 306,658 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|27.8% 121,015 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|2016 align="center" Template:Party shading/Democratic\|61.0% 266,891 align="center" Template:Party shading/Republican\|29.4% 128,847 File:United States presidential election in Hawaii, 2016.svg Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election. Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election inTemplate:Nbsp1960, Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections; 1972 andTemplate:Nbsp1984, both of which were landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan respectively. In Hawaii's statehood tenure, only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections. Hawaii hasn't elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since Hiram Fong in 1970; since 1977, both of the state's U.S. Senators have been Democrats.[172][173] In 2004, John Kerry won the state's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964, favorite son candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the Republican presidential nomination, while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972. Honolulu-born Barack Obama, then serving as United States Senator from Illinois, was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008 and was re-elected for a second term on November 6, 2012. Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19, 2008, with 76% of the vote. He was the third Hawaii-born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii.[174][175] Legal status of Hawaii[] Template:Main article While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding, the legality of this status has been raised in U.S. District Court,[176] the U.N., and other international forums.[177] Domestically, the debate is a topic covered in the Kamehameha Schools curriculum.[178] On September 29, 2015 the Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government.[179][180] Hawaiian sovereignty movement[] Template:Main article Political organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the 1880s. Generally, their focus is on self-determination and self-governance, either for Hawaii as a new relationship akin to tribal sovereignty with US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians. A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found the large majority of Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill.[181] The Hawaiian sovereignty movement, which generally views the overthrow of Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its subsequent annexation by the United States as illegal, seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as free association or independence from the United States.[182][183][184][185] Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of [[Liliuokalani\|Queen LiliTemplate:Okinauokalani]], and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation. The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal, with the Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.[182] See also[] • Index of Hawaii-related articles • Outline of Hawaii – organized list of topics about Hawaii 1. Template:Cite web 2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite journal 3. The legend of Hawaiiloa by Bruce Cartwright Template:Webarchive 4. Template:Cite web 5. Pollex—a reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994. The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form. 6. Template:Cite book 7. Pukui, Elbert, and Mookini 1974. 8. Template:Cite web 9. Template:Cite web 10. Template:Cite web 11. Template:Cite web 12. Template:Cite web 13. Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore 14. Template:Cite web 15. Template:Cite web 16. Template:Cite web 17. Template:Cite web 18. Template:Cite web 19. Template:Cite journal 20. Template:Cite web 21. Template:Cite web 22. Template:Cite book 23. Template:Cite journal 24. Template:Cite web 25. Template:Cite web 26. Template:Cite book 27. Template:Cite web 28. Template:Cite web 29. Template:Cite web 30. Template:Cite web 31. 31.0 31.1 Template:Cite web 32. Template:Cite web 33. Template:Cite web 34. Template:Cite book 35. Template:Cite book 36. Template:Cite book 37. Template:Cite web 38. By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). The Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. Template:ISBN 39. Template:Cite journal 40. Template:Cite web 41. Template:Cite web 42. Stanley D. Porteus, Calabashes and Kings: An Introduction to Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing, 2005; p. 17 43. Template:Cite book 44. Template:Britannica 45. Template:Cite book 46. Template:Cite web 47. Template:Cite web 48. Template:Cite book 49. Template:Cite book 50. Template:Cite web 51. Template:Cite book 52. Template:Cite web 53. Template:Cite book 54. Template:Cite book 55. Template:Cite web 56. 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Template:Cite web 98. Template:Cite web 99. Template:Cite journalTemplate:Subscription required See pages 332–333. 100. Template:Cite encyclopedia 101. 101.0 101.1 Template:Cite web 102. Template:Cite web 103. 103.0 103.1 Template:Cite book 104. Template:Cite web 105. Template:Cite book 106. Template:Harvcoltxt 107. Template:Cite book 108. Template:Cite web 109. Template:Cite web 110. Template:Cite web 111. Template:Cite web 112. Template:Cite web 113. Template:Cite web 117. Template:Cite AV media 118. Template:Cite web 119. Template:Cite web 120. Template:Cite news 121. Template:Cite web 122. Template:Cite web 123. Template:Cite web 124. Template:Cite web 125. Template:Cite web 126. Template:Cite news 127. Template:Cite news 128. Template:Cite web 129. Template:Cite news 130. Template:Cite web 131. 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 Template:Cite web 132. Template:Cite news 133. Template:Cite web 134. Template:Cite news 135. Template:Cite web 136. Template:Cite web 137. Template:Cite web 138. Template:Cite web 139. Template:Cite news 140. Template:Cite web 2012 resolution introduced requesting Congress to exempt Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, and Puerto Rico from the Jones Act. 141. Unterberger, pp. 465–473 142. Manuel, pp. 236–241 143. Template:Cite web 144. Template:Cite journal 145. Template:Cite web 146. Template:Cite web 147. Template:Cite journal 148. Template:Cite web 149. Template:Cite web 150. Template:Cite web 151. Honolulu Advertiser, August 17, 2005, p.Template:NbspB1 152. Template:Cite web 153. Template:Cite web 154. Template:Cite web 155. Template:Cite web 156. Template:Cite web 158. Template:Cite web 159. Template:Cite news 160. Template:Cite news 161. Template:Cite web 162. Template:Cite web 163. Template:Cite web 164. Template:Cite web 165. 165.0 165.1 Template:Cite book 166. 166.0 166.1 Template:Cite web 167. 167.0 167.1 Template:Cite web 168. Template:Cite web 169. Template:Cite web 170. Template:Cite web 171. 171.0 171.1 Template:Cite web 172. Template:Cite news 173. Template:Cite news 174. Template:Cite web 175. Template:Cite web 176. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named district 177. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named UN-forum 178. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named curriculum 179. Template:Cite news 180. Template:Cite web 181. Template:Cite web 182. 182.0 182.1 "The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century Hawai'ians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes", Perceptions Magazine, March/April 1996, p. 18-25 183. Template:Cite news 184. Template:Cite book 185. Template:Cite book • Bushnell, O. A. The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in HawaiTemplate:Okinai. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. • Holmes, T. Michael. The Specter of Communism in HawaiTemplate:Okinai. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. • Russ Jr., William Adam. The Hawaiian Republic (1894–98) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1961. • Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of HawaiTemplate:Okinai." Social Education 63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402–08. • Stokes, John F.G. "Spaniard and the Sweet Potato in HawaiTemplate:Okinai and Hawaiian-American Contacts." American Anthropologist, New Series, vol. 34, no. 4 (1932) pp.Template:Nbsp594–600. External links[] Template:Sister project links
Cookies on this website An improved enzyme immunoassay technique (EIA) was used in the diagnosis of 311 suspected Russell's viper bite cases in Myanmar [Burma], 181 of whom (58%) had systemic envenoming. Russell's viper venom was detected in the sera of 175 (56.3%), cobra or green pit viper venoms in 4 (1.3%), and no venom in the remaining 132 (42.4). Among 175 of these patients who failed to bring the dead snake, EIA achieved a specific diagnosis of Russell's viper envenoming in 101 (58%). The serum venom antigen concentration was higher in patients with systemic envenoming than in those with local or no envenoming and it increased with the development of coagulopathy. Stomach contents were examined in 101 Russell's vipers responsible for bites. The presence of prey, usually a rodent, in the snake's stomach, indicating that it had eaten recently, did not influence the severity of envenoming, the initial venom level, or the percentage circumference increase and the extent of local swelling in the bitten limb. One hundred and fifty-five Russell's vipers responsible for bites showed a bimodal distribution of total lengths. The smaller snakes had probably been born that year. Longer snakes were responsible for more severe envenoming, a shorter interval between the bite and the detection of incoagulable blood, and more extensive local swelling with a greater percentage circumference increase of the bitten limb; but their bites were not associated with higher initial venom antigenaemia or a greater risk of developing acute renal failure. Journal article Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Publication Date 804 - 808 Adult, Animals, Antigens, Biometry, Blood Coagulation Disorders, Food, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Myanmar, Snake Bites, Snakes, Viper Venoms
Theme of Global Handwashing Day necessitates conversations about the importance of hand washing beyond COVID-19 Read Article Experts speaking at a webinar organised by USAID-NISHTHA and Unilever on the occasion of Global Handwashing Day discussed the behavioral changes and evidence based social interventions required to promote healthy hygiene behaviors While COVID-19 established the importance of hand washing in preventing disease, it also pointed at the glaring lack of hand hygiene that exists across the world. As the slowly world recovers from the pandemic, the importance of hand washing necessitates conversations about the importance of hand washing beyond COVID-19. The global theme “Our Future is at Hand- Let’s Move Forward Together” continues to highlight the critical role hand hygiene plays in disease transmission with an emphasis on integrating this critical practice through behavioral changes. Studies suggest that personal behaviors cause more than 50% of illnesses and when these behaviors are optimally corrected through scientific methods, it can effectively contribute towards a healthier population aware of keeping themselves safe through preventive measures. Hand washing, though a basic and widely known method to prevent acquired infections, is often ignored, or not seriously practiced though it is the first line of defense in preventing future outbreaks. Hand Hygiene has always been the single most important way of reducing the spread of disease and infection in hospitals. It’s particularly important for healthcare professionals such as nurses, midwifes, doctors, and healthcare assistants who regularly come into close contact with patients to ensure robust hygiene practices. Speaking at a webinar organized by USAID’s flagship health system strengthening project NISHTHA implemented by Jhpiego in collaboration with Unilever on the occasion of Global Handwashing Day, Dr T Dileep Kumar, President, Indian Nursing Council highlighted, ‘A big part of personal hygiene is hand hygiene and incorporating safety measures in developing habits will help avert illnesses and reduce the spread of germs and infections. Auxiliary Nurses and midwives are instrumental in educating communities and galvanizing behavior change at grassroots towards importance of handwashing as preventive care. Creating experiential evidence-based learning with lesser educated communities through nurses and midwives can help instill importance of handwashing.’ Nurses who form 47% of the health workforce in India are often the first point of contact for those who need care the most. As per research, ‘Nurses and Midwifes’ play a major role in identifying behaviors critical to health, assessing the needs of individuals and groups and recommending specific health behaviors, preparing and delivering interventions designed to enhance engagement in health behaviors, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for individuals, groups, communities, and the nation. They also play a critical role in educating and helping people to adopt and sustain healthier lifestyle-related behaviors. Speaking on the role of nurses and midwifes in inducing behavioral change through hand washing in masses, Concluding the discussion by the panelists, Dr Somesh Kumar, Country Director, Jhpiego said, “Personal hygiene is the primary defense to preventing disease and utmost important for our and our community’s health. Even before COVID-19 pandemic, governments, and health organizations all over the world promoted the need for having clean hands and appropriate handwashing behaviors for disease prevention. Global handwashing day is dedicated to increasing awareness and understanding the importance of handwashing as an effective and affordable way to prevent diseases and save lives.” Nurses and midwifes can be the catalysts for healthier lifestyles across India as was seen during the pandemic. The point of contact for nurses and patients remains much higher than doctors as they carry out almost 80% of patient care tasks. This makes nurses the perfect ambassadors of health promotion by leveraging their professional knowledge through encouragement and teaching to deliver health messages. In their efforts to spread the importance of hand washing for disease prevention, nurses, midwives and healthcare professionals need to be equipped with right tools to educate the masses. Additionally, they must be provided the resources and training required to implement good hand hygiene practices to respond to the pandemic and to safely maintain essential services. By adopting safe means of health promotion, we will move into a new normal where the momentum of hand washing practices continues and helps build a healthier nation. Global Handwashing Dayhand hygiene Comments (0) Add Comment
Fifty genes: which are critical? IVF research could lead to improved success rates Cole Garside Highlights from our latest Rethink issue: In vitro fertilization is the last hope for many couples struggling to get pregnant. Even then, the procedure has a nearly 60 per cent failure rate. Canadian researchers are hoping to improve that by studying genes in the uterine lining to understand why sometimes a uterus accepts an embryo, while at other times it doesn’t. Until recently, examining that process meant biopsying the uterine lining, an invasive procedure that couldn’t be done while a woman was undergoing IVF treatment. Researchers at the Mount Sinai Centre for Fertility and Reproductive Health in Toronto have found a new way to extract the genetic material by using a tiny catheter inserted through the cervix to remove a small amount of uterine fluid. That’s the easy part. They now have to sort through the 50 different genes that may or may not be responsible for the process. “It’s hard to know if they’re all absolutely necessary or just innocent bystanders,” says Dr. Ellen Greenblatt, the centre’s medical director. The research could lead to new techniques or medications that improve the success rate both for women undergoing IVF and those hoping to conceive naturally, but who have suffered multiple miscarriages. But first, says Greenblatt, “we need to understand the basic biology.” Birth control pill for the brain Imagine if you could turn fertility on and off like a light switch. New research into the brain’s central role in human reproduction promises to do just that. Scientists have long known that a protein called Kisspeptin plays a critical role in puberty in all mammals. But last month, Allan Herbison’s team at the University of Otago, New Zealand, published research showing they had found the exact place in the body where Kisspeptin was working: a small group of neurons in the brain known as GnRH. They took mice that had failed to go through puberty and injected Kisspeptin into these neurons. The result was “fertility comes back, puberty comes back, everything is completely normal,” says Herbison. The discovery offers new hope for infertile couples, since nearly a third of infertility cases are likely due to problems with brain signalling. It’s also given rise to the prospect of a birth control pill for the brain. Current birth control pills work by flooding a woman’s body with hormones to stop ovulation. “It would be better to go in and much more selectively turn off fertility in one little select group of neurons in the brain,” Herbison says. Indeed, pharmaceutical companies are already feverishly working on such a pill, while treatments that could use Kisspeptin to help women undergoing in vitro fertilization improve their chances of success are as close as five years from becoming a reality.
Study in Ljubljana Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia, which is, due to its central and traffic location, the economic, cultural, educational, health and administrative center of the country. In the first half of the 20th century, the architectural image of the city was designed by the world-famous architect Jože Plečnik, whose image was supplemented by his students of modern architecture. Ljubljana is one of the most popular tourist destinations, offering visitors a diverse range of cultural, adventure and culinary experiences. It is the largest university city in Slovenia with more than 40,000 STUDENTS, which gives the city a special touch of youth and vibrancy. City of young people Green destination The capital of experience The 275 km² city lies in the Ljubljana basin, in the central part of Slovenia. The location at the crossroads of important roads has greatly influenced its development. Ljubljana lies approximately 140 km west of Zagreb, 250 km east of Venice, 350 km southwest of Vienna and 400 km southwest of Budapest. MLC fakulteta Ljubljana Statistical data events a year green areas educational institutions for students Short history The legend says that in the ancient times, the Greek hero Jason with Argonauts stole the golden fleece from the king Aite. On the run, they found a large lake and a swamp, where they encountered a terrible swamp monster. Jason fought and killed it. This is supposed to be the dragon of Ljubljana, which still resides on the Ljubljana’s coat-of-arms at the top of the castle tower. The first inhabitants around the swamp of Ljubljana were the bridgeheads that lived there around 2000 b.c., in wooden settlements placed on stakes, driven into the bottom of a swamp or lake. At the beginning of a.c. the area of present-day Ljubljana was inhabited by the Romans. They set up a military camp and named it Emona. The Emona center was a forum surrounded by high walls. Ljubljana acquired the city status in 1220. From the 14th century onwards was followed by the almost 600-year reign of the Hapsburg family. In 1941, Ljubljana was taken over by an Italian occupier and in fall 1943 by an German occupier. The Italians surrounded Ljubljana with a 30 km long barbed wire and bunkers (today’s Memorial and Comrades’ Path). Ljubljana became a Yugoslav city in 1945, and in 1991 Slovenia became independent and Ljubljana became the capital of Slovenia. Photos of Ljubljana Vir fotografij: Turizem Ljubljana in Mestna občina Ljubljana Entering my e-mail I cosent that MLC Management and Law College Ljubljana uses it for informing me about: I am acquainted that I have the right to revoke the given consent at any time by e-mail.
Have you ever wondered where the idea that an attractive smile signifies robust health comes from? Is it something ingrained in our human psyche, or is it a cultural norm? Since Americans are eager to show their smile while other people, especially Russians, are reluctant to show their smile, we can see that it’s more culturally dependent than a universal constant. A smile is something that everyone has, and its power is one that everyone can wield, so it’s not surprising that the smile is associated with democratic ideals—so much so that it contributed to the foundation of the French Revolution as well as the first cosmetic dentistry. During the mid-18th century in Paris, a transformation in sensibility, politeness, decorum, and scientific dentistry took place. These changes ushered in a revolution that preceded the Storming of the Bastille (which is commemorated on Bastille Day, July 14) by only a few short years. Since Antiquity, in much of Western Europe it was literally frowned upon to smile. Tooth loss and rot was rampant, and showing any emotion through an open mouth in most social situations was beyond repulsive. The perception was that showing teeth while smiling meant you were either a plebian or lacked reason. The Change Paris was the center of European enlightenment during this period. People discussed revolutionary ideas and the comingling of reason and feelings in cafés and bistros around the city. They inherently felt that showing white healthy teeth in a smile was a sign of openness and robust health. This was a marked shift from the typically disdainful or sardonic smile, or no smile at all amidst court circles. Paintings and great novels of sensibility reflected this change. These were important ideas that fed directly into the French Revolution. In this new climate, having good-looking teeth became important. People began to care for their teeth instead of just pulling bothersome teeth. The first toothbrushes came to being around this time, and even the English word for dentist is derived from the French word “dentiste”. Everything from ammonia to chalk to wooden teeth were used to help promote the look of a healthy smile. Paris became the world center of great dentistry at this time. Even George Washington had a French dentist looking after his teeth. Modern Cosmetic Dentistry to Improve Your Smile While the significance of a healthy smile may have helped spark the French Revolution, ensuing history would see a return to the more somber expressions in popular culture for the next hundred years. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that a return to the white-toothed smile was embraced as an accepted model of self-presentation. Thanks to advancements in modern dentistry over the last two hundred years, we can now give you a beautiful, individual smile by covering unattractive teeth with porcelain veneers or dental crowns, even replacing lost teeth with dental implants. A bright, beautiful smile is key to increased self-confidence and the perception by others that you are indeed healthy, attractive, intelligent, and successful. Creating a radiant, beautiful smile with cosmetic dentistry can not only be a step in the right direction for your health, but may prove to be a revolutionary, life changing experience as well. If you are looking for a revolutionary new smile in Rockland County, please call (845) 627-7645 for an appointment with a cosmetic dentist at B&D Dental Excellence in West Nyack.
Advanced Cyber Security Encyclopedia / What is a 2.4 GHz WiFi? Wireless Fidelity, or commonly known as “Wi-Fi”, is the name used to denote the wireless networking technology that had became famous at providing a very fast wireless Internet as well as network connections while making use of radio waves. The business group that has the possession over the Wi-Fi is known to be as the Wi-Fi Alliance. According to the Wi-Fi Alliance, Wi-Fi is generally any products that act as wireless local area network or WLAN, which are derived from the standards established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers or IEEE 802.11. Radio Frequency or RF As defined by the experts, RF is a type of frequency that belongs to the electromagnetic spectrum and it is related to what is considered to be as radio wave propagation. Wi-Fi functions in such a way that there is not a single physical wired connection that links a sender to its receiver and it only utilizes the technology that centers on radio frequency or RF. Sending a current of radio frequency to an antenna allows production of an electromagnetic field and this field allows dissemination of the RF through the space. Wireless Signal Computers Generally speaking, the most important aspect of a wireless network is the access point (AP). The key purpose of the access point is the distribution of the wireless signal, which is then identified by a computer. Upon spotting, the computer system will then tune into the wireless signal. Computers, however, should have wireless network adapters so as to have the capability to create a connection with the access point. The 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi is most frequently used compared to the other frequencies existing today. This has been confirmed after series of tests which proved that Wi-Fi in a 2.4 GHz frequency block truly traverses a larger range when compared to when the Wi-Fi in 5GHz frequency block is being utilized. But then, there are times when jamming occurs on some channels because the default setting of the 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g settles on similar channels during start-up. Hence, there is a great need for a user to alter the setting of his or her machine so as to modify the channel of operation for a specific access point. Pricing Click Here -> Buy from a VAR or VAD Click Here -> Get a Free Vulnerability Scan Click Here -> Ingenco2 Trustmark SecPoint Trustpilot Emaerket ➤ Related Pages All Modules Included at 1 Price Attack on Exchange Server? Encyclopedia Part 2 Encyclopedia Part 3 Encyclopedia Part 4 Encyclopedia Part 5 Encyclopedia Part 6 Encyclopedia Part 7 Security Point VPN Firewall What is ComboFix? What is Denial-of Service Attack? What is Diffie-Hellman Encryption? What is Penetration Test? What is Tunneling Protocol? What is War Dialing? What is a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi? What is a Script Kiddie? What is a Web Application Firewall? What is an Elite Hacker? What is the 5.8 GHz Wi-Fi? WiFi Pen Test Appliance Windows Operating System
Here’s What Industry Experts Say About Education. Education and learning is a procedure whereby people acquire expertise, abilities, practices, and worths. It helps with personal advancement and also learning through using different techniques. The most typical sorts of education are formal education and also casual education. Numerous types of education and learning are offered, consisting of training, discussion, training, as well as directed research study. A fine example of an academic approach is a tale or film. It can be used to impart values and morals in addition to ideas. A college is a location where an individual can develop his/her inherent potential and capabilities. As such, the process is as broad as life itself and also not restricted to the classroom. It is the process of growth from infancy with maturation. While education is basically cost-free, it does require a particular degree of control as well as is based upon the innate capabilities of children. It likewise relies upon pedagogy, a branch of social psychology that examines the processes of teaching and knowing. There are two main schools of thought. The very first school emphasizes immersion in society via induction. The second one worries the growth of the youngster from within. Induction is a concept that fosters the development of a child. The 3rd college of thought anxieties participation with existing ideas as well as a kid’s involvement at the same time. The author of this publication, Samuel Bowles, suggests that the instructional process coincides no matter the kind of academic system. An institution is an area where people can grow their feelings and experience the world around them. An education and learning fosters an understanding of emotions as well as feelings, and is very important in boosting a person’s life. The supposed thinkers have only interpreted the globe in a selection of ways. But education and learning is more than simply creating an understanding of an experience, it is the process of changing the world. According to Karl Marx, “The entire of social life is sensible. If education and learning can change the globe, after that the world will certainly be much better off for it. In the United States, official education is related to a certain phase. It shows trainees to discover realities. In some countries, it is a formal process. In the US, it is typically performed by specifically educated teachers. It complies with specific guidelines. It might consist of a formal curriculum, as well as it can also be casual, which is a type of self-education. For instance, a child can review numerous books and also websites connected to education and learning. In addition to the financial benefits of education and learning, it gives signaling. It additionally prepares individuals for the labor force. By contrast, an artist can’t live without his/her imaginative skill. A musician needs to have a clear and concrete purpose. By informing a person, they can boost culture. This is the case in several locations, however there are differences between these 3 sorts of professions. Some are better than others, while others are better. Education and learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and also habits. It makes it possible for pupils to understand and also apply expertise in their lives. Educational techniques may consist of teaching, storytelling, discussion, as well as directed study. It additionally involves training and also personal development. Along with facilitating learning, education and learning advertises morals and worths. A normal academic approach consists of official and also informal courses, as well as online as well as self-directed discovering. Among the most common kinds of education are public as well as private schools, community universities, as well as universities. The basic concept behind education and learning is exploration. It is a process through which we learn about ourselves, our area, as well as the world. According to thinker John Ellis, education is a continuum of experiences that extends from infancy to adulthood, from pre-school to college. From easy discussion to a strenuous curriculum, education establishes human capacity as well as shapes our life choices. It is a process of individual development and also growth based on the natural potential of all human beings. In the Greek and Roman cultures, education was the process of socializing. Its purpose was to forge personhood by directing a youngster toward a particular function within society. Hence, education and learning is typically considered an institution or an organization, with all activities, including play, being managed, and also rewarded, as a course. It is an important part of human growth, but it is not the key objective of education and learning. Besides fostering an individual’s development, education and learning is a vital part of society. It is crucial to have a healthy and balanced setting where children can connect with others. Educating the young will certainly help them turn into an accountable resident. With this in mind, it is important to recognize that there are different types of education and learning as well as the very best method for every kid may vary depending on their history. Despite which type of education and learning they pick, it is crucial that they are able to make informed choices and also take action. Apart from official education and learning, non-formal education is very important as it prepares an individual for the work force. It likewise gives them a better point of view on social issues. The main objective of education is to assist an individual comprehend themselves and their society. Additionally, it creates their self-esteem and also helps them to become a far better individual. Apart from being a good citizen, education makes you a better worker. A versatile individual has a strong social media network. tutoring Education and learning not only promotes private development but likewise promotes understanding of emotions. It is important to understand just how we feel and exactly how it can impact others. As an example, the way we act and also respond to social situations is crucial for the welfare of a culture. In a social setup, education plays an important duty in accomplishing this. It is the structure of the culture. It is an essential part of the growth of a country. It teaches people to regard others and enhance their lives. Leave a Reply
revolutionary war • Lexington and Concord It was the first battle of the Revolutionary war that lasted two days. Its Purpose was to cripple the American Militia. Lasted from April 18,1775-April 19,1775 • Battle of Bunker Hill It was a small battle between the British and the Colonists. The British won. • 2nd Continental Congress and the DOI They discussed important issues, such as if we should stay with Britain. This Begins the Rebellion • The Battle of Princeton Princeton, N.J. It was another surprise attack on the British by the colonists and the colonists won again while capturing the town and military supplies. • The Battle of Trenton It was a surprise attack on the British from the colonists. The colonists won and it was a big moral booster for them. 1st real battle that the Colonists have won • The Battla of Saratoga Saratoga, N.J. Americans were led by Gates, they attacked the British and win. This event is important becasue it kept the South connected with the Nourtheast. • Valley Forge Valley Forge, PA Winter 1777-1778 The soldiers get sick and die of starvation. They dont have good support, and the end up winning. • Battle of Vincennes Fort Vincennes, Indiana Sping of 1778 It was a battle between the colonists and Britain. The fought for control over the west • French Alliance Philadelphia and Paris, France. America and France sign a treaty of alliance. • The battla of Yorktown Washington moved the American and French force south. They both wanted Charlston Harbor. The last war for Independence.
Nursing Book Club The Doctors Blackwell by Janice P Nimura We've come so far It’s interesting to wonder what really motivates people, especially important historical figures. In her new book, The Doctors Blackwell, author Janice P. Nimura delves into the lives of groundbreaking 19th century female physicians Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell, hoping to better understand what made them tick. Progressive Family Elizabeth and Emily were born in Bristol, England, but their family emigrated to New York in 1832. Nimura writes that the Blackwells’ parents were “intellectually adventurous, politically engaged and prized the moral over the material.” In their family of nine children, the girls were granted “the same access to knowledge as the sons,” unusual for the time. One of the most surprising things about Elizabeth Blackwell is that she had never really wanted to be a doctor, and she found the study of anatomy and disease disgusting. However, when a family friend dying of uterine cancer lamented that she would have suffered less if she could have had “a lady doctor,” Elizabeth it took as a call to arms and a moral challenge. The First Female M.D. In the mid-1800s, the idea of a woman studying medicine, in the company of men, was unheard of. Elizabeth had a difficult time even finding a medical school that would take her. Nursing Education When the administrators of Geneva Medical College in Geneva, N.Y., asked students to vote on whether to admit a woman, most of the all-male student body (largely made up of local farm boys) assumed it was a joke. Even Elizabeth’s mother was stunned when Elizabeth actually received her medical degree in 1849 and became the first female M.D. in the U.S. Elizabeth was not welcomed by the all-male medical community. Even overseas, in Paris and London, hospitals refused to recognize her credentials. She reluctantly entered midwifery training at a Paris hospital for poor unwed mothers, where she contracted an infection that left her blind in one eye. Despite these obstacles, Elizabeth encouraged her younger sister to also study medicine. Emily Blackwell earned her M.D. from Western Reserve University in 1854. She soon joined Elizabeth and Polish physician Marie Zakrzewska to establish the New York Infirmary for Women and Children, and later a medical college taught by and solely for women. In addition to their hospital and training schools, the sisters were active in public health, establishing a staff of “health visitors” who would go into the homes of post-surgical women patients to promote better hygiene. RN Career Events A Crusader and a Scientist The Blackwells’ motivations were complicated. According to Nimura, Elizabeth Blackwell wanted to push the boundaries of what women could accomplish, but had no real feel for the work involved in healing and didn’t have much compassion for others, even other women. She was not interested in joining the women’s movement or even in promoting women’s suffrage. Emily Blackwell was less of a crusader than her sister, but Nimura says Emily developed a much greater enthusiasm for medicine and science, which helped her win over many skeptical male physicians and made her a better doctor. I found the Blackwell sisters’ private lives fascinating. They never married (although Emily had a female partner), but they remained close to their family and relied on each other for support. Elizabeth eventually adopted a daughter, Kitty, who seems to have fallen somewhere between beloved child and devoted housekeeper, following her mother to England after Elizabeth retired in the 1870s. The Doctors Blackwell is not always an easy read, but it opened my eyes to how far professional women have come in the last two centuries. It’s amazing to see how much the Blackwells had to struggle just to have their education and credentials taken seriously. All of us, men and women, owe them a debt of gratitude. The Doctors Blackwell: How Two Pioneering Sisters Brought Medicine to Women — and Women to Medicine By Janice P. Nimura (W.W. Norton & Co., 2021) Latest Articles
Skip to main content Blog post Everything you need to know about Artificial Intelligence in Hotel Technology By 1 October 2021October 21st, 2021No Comments The hotel industry (like every other one) has gone through an extensive digitization process leading to loads of data just piling up. But Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are changing all that. AI is today integrating with the technology used by the hospitality industry to help hotel owners assess their data, deliver positive results and impact guest relationships. If you are looking for an AI-powered solution to improve guest experience without the big technology investment, try our digital concierge, Ivy, for free. What you can see here What is artificial intelligence? AI and the hotel industry Where can you find AI in hotels? Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in hotel technology The future of AI in hospitality Alexa being used by Ivy digital concierge What is artificial intelligence? Artificial Intelligence describes any computer program which performs tasks that usually require human intelligence. The level of the systems’ intelligence depends on the maturity of the programming. Today’s AI tools can recognize speech, translate languages, identify objects, learn specific behaviors, answer questions and make decisions. According to Gartner research, by 2022, an American house will have at least 500 AI-driven devices in it. And as more people become familiar with using AI in homes, the demand for AI during their visits to hotels or resorts is likely to grow. As a result, for hotels and resorts, AI will be powering an entire set of opportunities, both for guests and hotel owners. AI and the hotel industry Thanks to sci-fi movies, we often like to equate AI with robots. And while AI is certainly being used in hotels to offer advanced robotic capabilities, this is only a narrow spectrum of its applications. Every day, a hotel generates huge amounts of data. Everything from guest information to orders and billing to RevPAR values has data points. This is why AI algorithms are becoming so efficient in helping hotels save money, enhance service, and improve operations. AI analyses data from prominent sources and assimilates them into patterns. By bringing together data from images, voice, video, and texts, AI can help hoteliers uncover meaningful and actionable decision-making insights. Here’s an example: way back in 2014, a US hotel chain called the ‘Red Roof Inn’ used weather and flight data to analyze flight cancellations. They applied AI analytics to create a marketing campaign, which got the attention of guests affected by flight cancellations. The hotel saw a 266% rise in non-branded mobile bookings as guests chose to stay overnight at their hotel. AI powered hotel technology systems Where can you find AI in hotels? Today, hotels use AI to improve guest experiences, automate repetitive tasks, offer personalized marketing messages, predict surges in utility demands and boost revenues. Let’s look at some of the specific AI-powered solutions that you can come across in a hotel today. Digital concierges AI is bringing down the need to interact with an actual human when it comes to answering simple questions. Think about what guests ask your hotel front desk almost every day. Wi-Fi passwords? Extra towels? Opening hours for a restaurant, the beach or a show nearby? By understanding the context of the conversation (and not just the keywords), digital concierges can handle almost 60% of guest interactions today. And for hotels who have limited staff or want to offer a contactless experience to guests, it can be a godsend. Chatbots have been around for a while now. We’ve seen them on websites, social media and even apps. Chatbots are programmed to offer responses to standard questions, making guest interactions easier. Guests can find information quickly, and hotel managers can reduce time spent answering repetitive questions. Additionally, chatbots leverage AI to translate questions, making them beneficial to global travelers as well. Voice activated rooms & IoTs In the age of Alexas and Siris, the voice-activated device needs no introduction. Voice activation relies on AI-driven Natural Language Processing (NLP) to recognize speech and respond accordingly. This application of artificial intelligence is helping hoteliers personalize their guest interactions. By bringing together AI and IoTs (devices that are connected to the internet), hotel managers are creating a unique luxury experience that guests want to come back to. Imagine being able to adjust the room temperature or open and close the blinds with voice commands. How about ordering room service without having to leave the bed? To capitalize on this unique experience for guests, the Wynn Las Vegas has installed almost 5000 of its hotel rooms with Amazon’s Echo. Guests at Wynn can control many of the room’s features, thanks to AI-powered voice recognition devices. Another way in which AI has impacted the hospitality industry is with the power of data analytics. Hospitality data is being analyzed by AI and machine learning algorithms to deliver measurable business impact insights. By analyzing patterns and trends, machine learning-based algorithms can help hospitality decision-makers to make optimal choices. Advanced data analytics in hospitality can help hotel owners make relevant offers and create personalized experiences tailored to individual hotel guests. A great example is Caesars Entertainment which uses AI-driven data analytics to enhance guest personalization and satisfaction. Caesars Total Rewards Loyalty Program has, in fact, made them an industry leader in incorporating AI-driven data analytics in their marketing and customer service strategies. Predictive insights Another way AI is being utilized within the hotel industry away from pure customer service is in predictive forecasting. AI helps businesses sort through large chunks of data to draw important conclusions about guests or potential operational issues. Consider how easy it would be to plan for a surge in utility usage if you had two days’ advance notice. Predictive analytics enables hotels to predict and plan for guests’ behavior and carry out operational tasks with ease. Until now, performing an in-depth analysis of this intensity, at scale, would have taken too long to get any beneficial results. But AI has powered up predictive analytics with advanced modeling techniques and specialized tools. The excellent news is AI can parse through your data and predict surges or fluctuations that impact your business. This powerful capability can be applied to everything from inventory forecasting to operations. Consider how easy it would be if you could allocate the ideal number of people to a task, flag gaps in scheduling or be given recommendations to meet forecasted guest demand! Email automation Email automation is not new, but its impact on hotels has been significant. One hotel to use this to its advantage is the NH Hotel Group. NH Hotels use AI to manage the massive volume of email requests it receives every day. Thanks to Natural Language Understanding algorithms, the hotel can instantly identify and process reservation requests without manually sifting through thousands of emails every day. Benefits of AI in hotel technology AI can help automate and add a personalized touch to the guest experience, at scale. Rather than replacing human personnel, AI solutions are designed to support hotel employees. Additionally, they take away the “grunt work” leaving humans to do what humans do best. Connect with your guests. Let’s look at some of the specific benefits of AI-powered hotel technology. Improved in-room experience AI is enhancing the in-room guest experience by integrating smart technology into the room amenities. Guests can use voice commands to manage their rooms or text message digital concierges to order room service. Faster speed of response AI is shortening the response time to guest issues and questions tremendously. In addition to keeping guests happy, responding or resolving issues faster has been proven to raise hotel ratings and, in turn, attract more business to the hotel. Reduced workloads Hoteliers can leverage AI devices both in the room and over their websites or devices by automating the workload. With AI handling mundane tasks or answering frequently asked questions, it allows hotel employees to focus on creating higher-value, better experiences for guests. And contrary to expectations, 86% of hoteliers agree that AI tools that reduce workload improve employee satisfaction. At one hotel group, bots have handled upwards of 2 million queries a day, a workload equivalent to around 7,000 human staff Personalized offers Guest personalization is all about data. By crunching large volumes of guest data, AI can help hotels understand guests’ personal preferences, interests and behaviors. AI can then design and deliver timely recommendations based on a guest’s stated and inferred preferences and interests. With the increased use of intelligent devices in rooms, hotels can further leverage the usage data to create personalized offers that increase profitability per guest. Dynamic pricing Hotel business runs on seasons and events to push occupancy and drive pricing. To raise occupancy levels and stay profitable, hoteliers are leveraging real-time market intelligence to create dynamic pricing. Using AI-driven predictive analytics, hotel owners and managers can take advantage of market trends to sustain RevPAR levels at attractive prices. Additional revenue channels A 2018 study showed that 70% of hotels say they “never or only sometimes” promote upgrades or upsells at check-in. AI can help maximize the value of premium inventory and improve guest satisfaction by offering guests personalized upgrades based on previous behavior. Hotels can additionally monetize and leverage room features (that otherwise aren’t captured by standard room category definitions) and optimize allocations. ML technology can create offers at any point during the guest pathway, including the front desk. Guest satisfaction and reviews The ability to drive up guest satisfaction by a few percentage points is often reason enough for any hotelier to embrace the promise of AI-enabled guest response systems. AI systems like digital concierges can intelligently sense the right time to ask for feedback or a review. Caesars effectively used a digital concierge to get their hotel rankings for its group of Las Vegas hotels on TripAdvisor, up by 30-40 positions. Additionally, hotels can use machine learning tools to automatically collect, store, and analyze review data from multiple online sources. Improved fulfilment AI can both improve guest fulfilment while reducing the time taken to problem-solve. According to a study, the time can be reduced by an average of one-third. This is likely to improve even further as AI evolves to tackle more complex guest experiences. Reduced operating costs By efficiently automating several processes, AI can reduce workloads while speeding up responses. This, in turn, helps improve operational efficiency. In fact, 89% of hoteliers agree that AI significantly reduces operating costs, primarily when used in guest supporting roles. The future of AI in hospitality The future will see AI and machine learning make in-roads in all aspects of hospitality, improving guest loyalty, making recommendations, and maximizing the experience. Additionally, advanced analytics and recommendation engines will help hotels uncover insights and capitalize on them effectively. But most importantly, we may also finally see robots. With the arrival of the Amazon Astro (think Alexa on wheels), robots may open up the world of personal butlers, offering luxury support with personalized treatment. Consider the advantages of a robot managing manual work such as luggage collection, transportation of material, and delivery tasks. Robots in hotels are getting started on tasks like bartending, cleaning, logistics. Additional benefits will depend on how the technology evolves. Leave a Reply
Tuesday, March 17, 2020 Loving it with fleas I love my job--especially when I get to identify tiny insects that no one else wants to look at. I recently received an insect from a gentleman whose daughter had been bitten at home. I could tell immediately we were dealing with a flea--usually a routine identification to confirm that the tiny insect was a cat flea. But this specimen was different, and prompted a closer look. What fun! Before I let the "cat flea" out of the bag, one of the fleas below was the flea I saw this week. Can you identify which is the one that was not a cat flea? (Hint: it doesn't have anything to do with the color, length of the body, or shape of the flea) Two adult fleas. Human flea on left, cat flea on right. Click on image for a better view. Photos by M. Merchant. If you guessed the flea on the left was my mystery flea, you'd be correct. But did you guess right for the right reason? First, it wasn't the legs. Both fleas are "host fleas", which means they live most of their adult lives on a host. Host fleas must have strong jumping legs to gain access to this host. Nest fleas, on the other hand, live in the nests of their hosts (usually rodents or birds), only living on the host long enough to take a blood meal and returning to the nest after dinner. Nest fleas rely less on jumping and and more on crawling within the nest to feed, so the third pair of legs is more like the second pair in size. The big difference between these two fleas is the presence or absence of dark, comb-like bristles on the face and behind the head. The cat flea has combs both above the mouth (called a genal comb) and on the tail-edge of the first thoracic segment (pronotal comb) behind the head. Fleas with both genal and pronotal combs are relatively rare, narrowing down their probable identity considerably. Most fleas found indoors with two combs like this in homes are either cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, or dog fleas, Ctenocephalides canis The flea on the left lacks both a genal and a pronotal comb, ruling out cat flea. This flea is a human flea, Pulex irritans. The human flea, like the cat flea, has many potential hosts including small mammals, canines, pigs, humans, and even burrowing owls. Entomologists have identified over 2,500 different kinds of fleas from around the world. Most of these fleas are highly fussy about their food, feeding on the blood of only one or a few closely related kinds of hosts. These two fleas are exceptions. Besides cats, the cat flea gladly feeds on dogs, opossums, raccoons (two frequent wildlife hosts that can bring fleas into homes when pets are not present), foxes, skunks, cattle, rats and rabbits, to name a few. [Curiously, squirrels do not seem to be a listed host of cat fleas, so are not likely to be the source of fleas in homes with no cats or dogs.] Why worry about flea identification? Because flea ID may provide clues to a possible source of a flea problem. If fleas found in a home or on a pet are not cat fleas, it's possible that the fleas are coming from rodents or other wildlife. For example, rat fleas may suggest a rat or mouse infestation. Rat fleas may pose greater risk for the homeowner from flea-borne illness such as murine typhus, or even (more rarely) plague, though the cat flea is not without its own risks. Cat fleas on opossums have been associated with increased cases of murine typhus in California and Texas and other areas. Cat scratch disease may also be carried by cat fleas. The following key is provided by the Centers for Disease Control (reprinted in the Mallis Handbook of Pest Control) and can help you identify some of the more common fleas found in structures or on pets. Combs can usually be seen by the practiced eye with a good 10X handlens. If you want to see other features in this key, however, you'll need a microscope. A 12X magnification will show genal and pronotal combs; but 25X to 50X is needed to see smaller characters shown on the key. If you do not see pronotal and genal combs on a flea collected in a home, and do not have a good microscope, it's best to save some specimens in either 70% ethanol or rubbing alcohol. Specimens can then be sent to an entomologist for positive identification. Five or more pointed teeth on both the genal and pronotal sites will narrow any flea found on a pet or in a building down to a cat or dog flea, both of which have similar host ranges and control measures. CDC Pictorial key to adult fleas Click on key for a better view. Next time you get your hands on some fleas, take a closer look. Check for combs and use the key. I predict you'll get that same thrill of satisfaction entomologists get when being able to put a name on something that most people can barely see. Your customers will be impressed too. No comments:
Small Yet Essential Points To Observe In Environment. Environmental science is interested in the study and also examination of the environment. It additionally consists of studies of exactly how individuals connect with the setting. It also relates to the clinical research of the impacts of ecological adjustment. There are several sorts of environmental science. Several of the much more famous ones are global modification, biogeochemistry, eco-friendly systems, freshwater systems, marine science, and also natural systems. Global change refers to the steady adjustments in the Earth’s environment brought on by human activity. This can be brought on by natural phenomenon such as El Nino, volcanic eruptions, and also solar flares. It can likewise be the result of financial activity, such as the development of China and various other emerging countries. Regardless, worldwide modification is worrying the environment considering that it impacts individuals residing in it as well as the way they live. A biogeochemical term explains a kind of atmosphere that exists within living points. For example, in the earth’s oceans, chemical reactions create nitrate as well as nitrite which form nitrate salts. This process occurs in a shut atmosphere, without exchange of oxygen as well as with low surface area stress. Ocean acidification as a result of human task has actually produced an acid setting in several parts of the ocean. An eco-system is a natural surroundings in which whatever exists in its natural state. It is usually the amount of all existing ecological communities, with living points such as plants, pets, and people contributing to it in some way. An eco-system can not be defined, yet rather perceived. It can exist in a state of balance where all elements remain in a state of co-ordination; otherwise it would be described as being a setting in which some exterior forces interfere with the natural equilibrium. The earth’s biosphere features as if the power needed to keep it can be totally provided by the sun, leaving nothing left over for the planet to generate warm or to soak up warmth from the environment. This leaves human beings and all various other kinds of life within the location of the natural surroundings. In terms of a limited world, words atmosphere describes any type of globe or area in which all aspects can being reproduced. For instance the globe or setting would certainly be a countless circle in which the sun, celebrities, as well as the seas are constantly producing life. It is additionally vital to acknowledge that the planet and all the living points on it are finite. A limited atmosphere can only be called a globe or area in which all components can be produced, ruined, or modified at will by some exterior force. As an example, when you look at the sea you will certainly see that it is a nonliving item, it is constructed from dead natural products. Nonetheless, you can not state that it is nonliving just because it is a living item – a creature is capable of expanding, altering, recreating, and so on. In this instance we are explaining the sea, which is a living world but not a living one therefore. Consequently the term environment can be used to define the various type of earths out in deep space. The earth is an environment, the ocean is a non-environment and the Sunlight is an environment but not a living one. In nonfiction writing, the term atmosphere often times refers to a setting which is imaginary. A setting which is entirely comprised of non-living objects and locations. A term environment also has another definition which is the set of physical variables which combine to create something genuine. This interpretation of the term atmosphere consists of the skies, the ground, ambience, water, and the world Earth. On an extremely fundamental degree, nonliving surfaces are taken into consideration to be anything that does not have a living surface area. This might consist of rock, metal, timber, plastic, ceramic, paper, material, fiber, material, and extra. This meaning of environment is very important in defining the various sort of settings. The sea as an example is both non-natural as well as living as well as it is a huge part of the globe since it includes all the living things on Earth consisting of fish, whales, crabs, and a lot more. A sea without fish would certainly not be an ocean without whales couldn’t be a whales’ setting because whales require the oxygen as well as other chemicals developed by plants as well as algae to make it through. Consequently the ocean and the non-living world are one in the same and words atmosphere encompasses all these various kinds of living things. Setting describes a set of aspects that affect the development of a culture, creating problems that promote biodiversity as well as adaptive capacity, both within the individual organisms themselves in addition to various other microorganisms and also systems. The environment influences the human population as well as just how that populace handles the environment. In turn, the environment influences the humans who live in it, both directly and also indirectly. The natural environment encompasses all living as well as non living things existing naturally, which implies in this example not male made. Words atmosphere can also be made use of in regard to the Earth, the entire earth or any specific parts of the Planet. It covers the entire of the earth, consisting of oceans, landmasses, subsoil, environment and biosphere. There are 3 significant groups of the setting: human influenced, built environments as well as biodiversity. All these groups relate to human growth and also the way we take care of the atmosphere. Human influenced is when we influence the physical environments via our activities. For instance, when people develop a structure or dam, or plant a tree, they are doing so to influence the way their environments look. Similarly when people quest animals or harm the environment, they are doing so to influence the manner in which the pets act. A term environment after that enters into play when human beings change the state of the natural world that surrounds them. Click here for info Constructed environments on the other hand are man-made. These can be constructed for different factors, yet the primary reason is to give a particular feature that has not existed previously, and to beautify the place by altering the bordering natural surroundings. Manufactured atmospheres could for that reason be regulated via environment change. Environment modification is a systematic change in the ambience arising from mankind’s tasks. There is already a good deal of concern about climate modification, and the results that it might have on the native environments. Leave a Reply
How to mainstream sustainability and circularity into the bioeconomy? • 01/09/2021 • FAO In its 2020 communiqué, the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy has urged to strengthen good practices and policies to advance the global bioeconomy. The transition from a fossil-based economy to a bioeconomy happens at three levels: technological, organizational and social. In particular, agri-food systems are key to achieve a shift to sustainable and circular production and consumption patterns, since they occupy the biggest share of the bioeconomy from an economic, value-added perspective as well as having potential for discovery and innovation. This Compendium outlines 250 sources of good practices and policies. It covers the entire continuum of economic sectors that have a stake in biological knowledge and resources. The Compendium, therefore, highlights the wide range of aspects that are included in the concept of the bioeconomy. Being an inherently multisectoral process that involves potential synergies and trade-offs among different sustainability objectives, the implementation of bioeconomy strategies presents greater challenges than activities that are focused on a single sector. The report also shows how good practices and policies contribute to the translation of bioeconomy strategies into coordinated actions for the achievement of local priorities and sustainability goals, while also addressing global issues.
Page images people had most nobly and generously supported and sustained what their representatives had promised in their name. The same Congress, fresh from their constituents, had again met, and there could be no doubt that as they had before acted so would they continue to act. It needs but to refer to the history of the Congress just closed, its prompt and thorough action, clothing the executive with the fullest power, placing at his disposal all the resources of men and money which this nation possessed, to prove that your committee judged rightly that Congress needed no prompting from them to do its entire duty. Not upon those whose duty it was to provide the means necessary to put down the rebellion, but upon those whose duty it was to rightfully apply those means, and the agents they employed for that purpose, rested the blame, if any, that the hopes of the nation have not been realized, and its expectations have been so long disappointed. Your committee therefore concluded that they would best perform their duty by endeavoring to obtain such information in respect to the conduct of the war as would best enable them to advise what mistakes had been made in the past and the proper course to be pursued in the future ; to obtain such information as the many and laborious duties of the President and his cabinet prevented them from acquiring, and to lay it before them with such recommendations and suggestions as seemed to be most imperatively demanded; and the journal of the proceedings of your committee show that, for a long time, they were in constant communication with the President and his cabinet, and neglected no opportunity of at once laying before them the information acquired by them in the course of their investigations. Many specific subjects of investigation presented themselves for the consideration of your committee, any one of which might well require the action of a committee for itself; and all of which, if fully investigated, would demand the attention of all the representatives in Congress. It was apparent from the first that your committee would be compelled to confine their attention to a few of the more prominent subjects of inquiry : to those the investigation of which would best enable them to comprehend the causes and necessity, if any, for the delay and inaction characterizing the operations of our armies in the field. And while each of those subjects has received from them the attention which its importance merited, so far as they were able to give it, the attention of your committee has been turned more particularly to the history of the army of the Potomac. In the history of that army is to be found all that is necessary to enable your committee to report upon “the conduct of the war.” Had that army fulfilled all that a generous and confiding people were justified in expecting from it, this rebellion had long since been crushed, and the blessings of peace restored to this nation. The failure of that army to fulfil those expectations has prolonged this contest to the present time, with all its expenditure of life and treasure, for it has to a great extent neutralized, if not entirely destroyed, the legitimate fruits which would otherwise have been reaped from our glorious victories in the west. Therefore, while your committee have not failed to take the testimony of witnesses in relation to military operations in other parts of the country, and also upon various subjects to which their attention has been specially directed by Congress and the War Department since the committee was first appointed, the principal part of the testimony taken by them relates to the army of the Potomac and those subjects more immediately connected with its operations. They have taken the testimony of nearly 200 witnesses, almost entirely men in the military service of the government, including about 100 generals. The disaster at Bull Run in July, 1861, was fully investigated by your committee, as being the first conflict of the national troops with armed treason upon the field of battle; and also because the troops there engaged formed the nucleus around which has since been collected the vast and magnificent army of the Potomac. The result of their investigation your committee submit in a separate report. Your committee have also investigated the disaster at Ball's Bluff, that battle being the first conflict of any extent in which any of the troops of the army of the Potomac were engaged after its reorganization. A separate report of that disaster is also submitted. Immediately upon the organization of your committee, and before proceeding to the taking of any testimony, they addressed to Geveral McClellan, who, by the retirement of General Scott, had become general-in-chief of the army, the following communication: “WASHINGTON, D. C., December 21, 1861. “Sir: You are aware that a joint committee has been appointed by the Senate and House of Representatives to inquire into the conduct of the war.' Our committee, at a meeting held this morning, unanimously expressed a desire, before proceeding in their official duties, to have an interview with you at our room at the Capitol, at such time as may suit your convenience, in view of your pressing engagements. "Our place of meeting is the room of the Committee on Territories of the Senate. "I remain, very respectfully, yours, “B. F. WADE, Chairman. “Major General Geo. B. MCCLELLAN, "General Commanding Army United States." While fully appreciating the dignity and power with which they were clothed by the concurrent action of both houses of Congress, they deemed it but just to award to his position the consideration of asking him to confer with them in relation to the best method of fulfilling those expectations which the people had a right to hope for from an administration upon which they had, through their representatives, conferred such plenary powers. A reference to the journal of your committee will show that ill health prevented General McClellan from immediately complying with this invitation. The necessities of the case, however, were so pressing and urgent that your committee concluded to proceed at once to the taking of testimony. Soon after the battle of Bull Run, in July, 1861, General McDowell was superseded, and General McClellan was called by the President to the command of the army of the Potomac. The campaign in Western Virginia, the credit of which had been generally ascribed to General McClellan; the favor with which it was understood he was regarded by General Scott, then generalin-chief of the army of the United States; even his comparative youth, holding out the promise of active and rigorous measures ; all these considerations tended to infuse hope into the public mind, and to remove the gloom and despondency which had followed the disastrous issue of the campaign just ended. Every energy of the government and all the resources of a generous and patriotic people were freely and lavishly placed at the disposal of General McClellan to enable him to gather together another army and put it in the most complete state of efficiency, so that offensive operations might be resumed at the earliest practicable moment. The army of the Potomac became the object of special care to every department of the government, and all other military movements and organizations were made subordinate to the one great purpose of collecting at Washington, and organizing there, an army which should overpower the forces of the enemy, and forever crush out any hope of success which the rebels might cherish. Even when the army of the Potomac had attained dimensions never before contemplated in the course of military operations apon this continent, and seldom, if ever, equalled in modern times, no portion of its rapidly increasing numbers was permitted to be diverted, even for a brief period, to the accomplishment of other enterprises. The generals in charge of the various expeditions from time to time inaugurated, and from which so much benefit was anticipated—General Butler, General Sherman, General Burnside, and others--were compelled to look elsewhere for the troops to compose their commands, to rely upon the continued patriotism of the people, and the zeal of the executives of the various States for the raising of those regiments which would enable them to depart for the fields of duty assigned to them. No consideration was for a moment allowed to diminish or impair the efficiency of the army of the Potomac, and the unexampled spectacle was presented to other nations, who were intently watching the course of events in this country, of the largest army of the present century being raised entirely by voluntary enlistments in the brief period of a few months. When Congress assembled in this city, in the beginning of December, 1861, so successful had been the exertions of the authorities, and so zealously had the people responded to their country's call, that the consolidated morning reports, furnished your committee by the adjutant general of the army, showed that, exclusive of the command of General Dix, at Baltimore, the army of the Potomac consisted of about 185,000 men. During the time this large army had been collecting and organizing, nothing of importance had transpired in connexion with it, except the closing of the navigation of the Potomac by the rebels, which your committee treat of more at length in another part of this report, and the melancholy disaster of Ball's Bluff, which is made the subject of a separate report. The weather during the fall season, and for some weeks after the convening of Congress, continued unusually favorable for active military operations. As month after month passed without anything being done by the army of the Potomac, the people became more and more anxious for the announcement that the work of preparation had been completed and active operations would soon be commenced. From the testimony before your committee it appeared that the army of the Potomac was well armed and equipped, and had reached a high state of discipline by the last of September or the first of October. The men were ready and eager to commence active operations. The generals in command of the various divisions were opposed to going into winter quarters, and the most of them declared they had no expectation of doing so. In reference to the proper organization of so large an army as that about Washington, in order that it might be the better able to act most effectively in the field, the testimony of the witnesses examined upon that point is remarkably unanimous. The generals most familiar with the subject seemed to regard of the utmost importance the division of the army into corps d'armée, and that, too, in time for the instruction of the troops in the movements necessary to render such an organization the most effective. Your committee deemed it so vitally necessary that they repeatedly brought the subject to the attention of the authorities, and urged its immediate adoption with all the arguments in their power. The President and the Secretary of War concurred with them in the necessity of such a measure; but it did not seem to be regarded with much favor by General McClellan. Indeed, General McClellan stated to your committee, at the time of their conference with him, that, although it might at some time be expedient to divide the army into army corps, the subject was one of great difficulty. He said it was a delicate matter to appoint major generals before they had been tried by actual service, and had shown their fitness to be selected to command 30,000 or 40,000 men. A major general could not be stowed away in a pigeon-hole, if he should prove incompetent, so easily as a brigadier general. He proposed, therefore, to himself manage this entire army in some battle or campaign, and then select from the brigadier generals in it such as should prove themselves competent for higher commands. Consequently, the division of the army into army corps was not even begun until after the movement of the army in March had commenced, and then only in pursuance of the direct and repeated orders of the President. General McClellan, however, continued to oppose the organization of the army into army corps, as will be seen from the following despatch to him from the Secretary of War, dated May 9, 1862: “The President is unwilling to have the army corps organization broken up, but also unwilling that the commanding general shall be trammelled and embarrassed in actual skirmishing, collision with the enemy, and on the eve of an expected great battle. You, therefore, may temporarily suspend that organization in the army under your immediate comma mand, and adopt any you see fit, until further orders. He also writes you privately." The provisional corps of General Fitz-John Porter and General Franklin were thereupon formed by reducing the other corps from three to two divisions. Your committee endeavored to obtain as accurate information as possible in relation to the strength and position of the enemy in front of Washington. The testimony of the officers in our army here upon that point, however, was far from satisfactory. Early in December an order had been issued from headquarters prohibiting the commanders in the front from examining any persons who sbould come into our lines from the direction of the enemy; but all such persons were to be sent, without examination, to the headquarters of the army. Restrictions were also placed upon the movements of scouts. The result was, that the generals examined appeared to be almost entirely ignorant of the force of the enemy opposed to them, having only such information as they were allowed to obtain at headquarters. The strength of the enemy was variously estimated at from 70,000 to 210,000 men. Those who formed the highest estimate based their opinion upon information received at headquarters. As to the strength of the enemy's position, the general impression seemed to be, founded upon information obtained from the same source, that it was exceedingly formidable. Subsequent events have proved that the force of the enemy was below even the lowest of these estimates, and the strength of their fortifications very greatly overestimated. Your committee also sought to ascertain what number of men could be spared from this army for offensive operations elsewhere, assuming that the works of the enemy in front were of such a character that it would not be advisable to move directly upon them. The estimate of the force necessary to be left in and around Washington to act entirely on the defensive, to render the capital secure against any attack of the enemy, as stated by the witnesses examined upon that point, was from 50,000 to 80,000 men, leaving 100,000 or upwards that could be used for expeditions at other points. In connexion with the same subject, your committee inquired in reference to what had been done to render the fortifications here, which had been constructed at such expense and with so great labor, most effective for the defence of Washington. Your committee are constrained to say that adequate provision never was made to properly man those fortifications and exercise men in the management of the guns. Several of the witnesses testified that they had repeatedly called the attention of the authorities to the matter, but without success. And when the movement of the army commenced in March, the few regiments that had been placed in the forts and partially instructed in the use of the guns, were almost entirely withdrawn, leaving the fortifications to be manned by raw and inexperienced troops. The subject of the obstruction of the navigation of the Potomac naturally demanded the consideration of your committee. Upon that point your committee would call the attention of Congress to the testimony of Captain G. V. Fox, Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Upon reference to his testimony it will appear that in June, 1861, the Navy Department proposed to the War Department that measures be adopted to take possession of Matthias Point, in order to secure the navigation of the Potomac from any danger of being interrupted. From some cause no steps were then taken for that purpose. The subject was again brought to the attention of the War Department by the Navy Department in the month of August, shortly after the battle of Bull Run. Nothing, however, was done at that time in regard to it. In October, 1861, the Navy Department again urged the matter upon the consideration of the War Department. The Port Royal expedition was then in preparation and would soon be ready to start. The Navy Department represented that it would be absolutely necessary to send with that expedition, in order to insure its success, the greater portion of the Potomac flotilla, because, being very powerful vessels, of light draught, with their machinery protected, they were better fitted for that service than any oth vessels in the possession of the Navy Department. And if anything was to be done by them to secure the uninterrupted navigation of the Potomac, it must be done before they left. It was proposed to the President and the War Department that the gunboats should take and destroy the rebel batteries which had then begun to make their appearance upon the river, and which even then endangered the safety of vessels passing up and down the Potomac. When that had been done, it was proposed that a sufficient number of troops should be landed at Matthias Point, &c., to intrench themselves, under the protection of the gunboats, until they should be able, with the assistance of the smaller boats of the Potomac flotilla, to hold their position against any force the enemy would be likely to bring against them. It was represented that unless some such steps were taken the departure of those vessels upon the Port Royal expedition would be the signal for the closing of the navigation of the Potomac, which representation the result proved to be correct. As was well urged by the Navy Department, the whole question amounted simply to this: Would the army co-operate with the navy in securing the unobstructed navigation of the Potomac, or, by withholding that co-operation at that time, permit so important a channel of communication to be closed. After repeated efforts, General McClellan promised that 4,000 men should be ready at a time named to proceed down the river. The Navy Department provided the necessary transports for the troops, and Captain Craven, commanding the Potomac flotilla, upon being notified to that effect, collected at Matthias Point all the boats of his flotilla at the time named. The troops did not arrive, and the Navy Department was informed of the fact by Captain Craven. Assistant Secretary Fox, upon inquiring of General McClellan why the troops had not been sent according to agreement, was informed by him that his engineers were of the opinion that so large a body of troops could not be landed, and therefore he had concluded not to send them. Captain Fox replied that the landing of the troops was a matter of which the Navy Department had charge; that they had provided the necessary means to accomplish the landing successfully; that no inquiry had been made of them in regard to that matter, and no notification that the troops were not to be sent. It was then agreed that the troops should be sent the next night. Captain Craven was again notified, and again had his flotilla in readiness for the arrival of the troops. But no troops were sent down at that time, nor were any ever sent down for that purpose. Captain Fox, in answer to the inquiry of the committee as to what reason was assigned for not sending the troops according to the second agreement, replied that the only reason, so far as he could ascertain, was, that General McOlellan feared it might bring on a general engagement. « PreviousContinue »

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