Datasets:
karthikmns
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eval_testing_mns

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both have very different biochemical pathways and are essential for a plant’s
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metabolism.
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast to produce sugars, starch
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and other carbohydrates for the plant’s metabolic needs. Cellular respiration
occurs in mitochondria where these carbohydrates are “burned” to produce
chemical energy to function at the cellular level. During day time, the rate
of photosynthesis is usually higher than that of respiration while at night it
is just reverse in most plants. Temperature, humidity, light intensity etc.
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seem to affect the ratio of photosynthesis and respiration in plants.
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Key words
Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration, Alveoli, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi,
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Bronchioles, Epiglottis, Anabolicprocess, Catabolicprocess, Aerial roots, Lenticels,
Fermentation, energy currency.
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What we have learnt
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By “respiratory system” we usually mean the passages that transport air to the lungs and to the
microscopic air sacs in them, called alveoli (where gases are exchanged) and vice versa.
The term ‘respiration’ refers to the whole chain of processes from the inhalation of air to the use of
oxygen in the cells.
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Lavoisier found that the air that we breathe out precipitated lime water
Air passes from nostrils to nasal cavity to pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, bronchioles to
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alveoli and blood and back through the same route.
Gas exchange in the lungs takes place in the tiny air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. The lungs have
millions of alveoli and each lies in contact with capillaries.
Diaphragm is a muscular tissue present at the floor of the chest cavity.
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During inspiration (inhalation) the volume of the chest cavity is increased as the diaphragm contracts
and dome flattens out, its internal pressure decreases and the air from the outside rushes into the
lungs.
During expiration, the chest wall is lowered and moves inward, and the diaphragm relaxes and
assumes its dome shape. These changes increase the pressure on the lungs; their elastic tissue
contracts and squeezes the air out through the nose to the external atmosphere.
Air is filtered in the nasal cavity and the whole length of the trachea.
Free distribution by T.S. Government 2019-20 43
The moist surface of the lining of the nasal cavity, and the hairs growing from its sides, remove some
of the tiny particles of dirt in the air. In addition, as the inhaled air passes through the nasal cavity, its
temperature is brought close to that of the body, and it takes up water vapour. So that it becomes
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more moist than before.
Pharynx is a common passage of digestive and respiratory system. Epiglottis, a flap like muscular
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valve controls movement of air and food towards their respective passages.
Larynx is a stiff box like structure containing our vocal cords. When air passes out of the lungs and
over the vocal cords, it causes them to vibrate. This produces sounds on the basis of our speech,
song etc.
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Trachea is the wind pipe channeling air to lungs.
At its lower end the trachea or the wind pipe divides into two bronchi-one leading to each lung.
The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller branches called bronchioles.
These finally terminate in clusters of air sacs called alveolus in the lungs which are very small and
numerous. Gaseous exchange takes place here as blood capillaries take up oxygen and expel
carbon dioxide here.
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