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karthikmns
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eval_testing_mns

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the oral cavity. Now the mouth is closed and the floor of the oral cavity is
raised. Water is pushed into the pharynx and is forced to gill pouches
through internal branchial apertures. Gill lamellae are bathed with water
and gaseous exchange takes place.
Respiration through skin is called cutaneous respiration. Frog an
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amphibian can respire through cutaneous and pulmonary respiration
(through lungs) processes as well as Bucco-Pharyngeal Cavity. Terrestrial
animals like reptiles, birds and mammals, respire through lungs. Ask your
teacher how crocodiles and dolphins respire?
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Respiration in Plants
You already know about stomata in leaf where
gaseous exchange takes place in plants. There are
other areas on the plant body as well through which
water film
gaseous exchange take place like surface of roots,
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air spaces lenticels on stem etc. (Fig showing stomata and
stomata
stomata lenticels). Some plants have specialized structures
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like breathing roots of mangrove plants as well as
fig-14: Leaf as a respiratory organ the tissue in orchids that produces oxygen is also
required by plants to produce energy and carbon
dioxide is released. But CO2 is required elsewhere
in the plants try to identify them.
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Conduction within the plant
The stomatal openings lead to a series of spaces
between the cells inside the plant. Which form a
continuous network all over the plant. The spaces
are very large in the leaves, much smaller in other
parts of the plant. The air spaces are lined with water
fig-15: Lenticels on stem where the oxygen is dissolved in this and passes
40 X Class Respiration - The energy releasing system
through the porous cell walls into the cytoplasm. Here the sugar is broken
down into carbon dioxide and water with the liberation of the energy. The
carbon dioxide passes out into the air spaces by a similar method.
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The whole system works by diffusion; as the oxygen is used up by the
cells a gradient develops between the cells and the air in the spaces.
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Similarly between the air in the spaces and the air outside the stomata and
lenticels, so oxygen passes in. In the same way, as more carbon dioxide is
released by the cells a gradient occurs in the reverse direction and it passes
out to the environment.
Aeration of roots
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Most plants can aerate their roots by taking in the
oxygen through the lenticels or through the surface of
their root hairs (as their walls are very thin). They obtain
oxygen from the air spaces existing between the soil
particles. But, plants which grow in very wet places,
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such as ponds or marshy soils, are unable to obtain
oxygen. They are adapted to these water-logged fig-16: Aerial/respiratory roots
conditions by having much larger air spaces which connect the stems with
the aerial roots, making diffusion from the upper parts much more efficient.
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The most usual adaptation is to have a hollow stem. Next time when
you are by a pond or marsh cut the stems of some of the plants which are
growing there and see how many are hollow compared with a similar
number of species of plants growing in normal soil. The problem of air
transport is more difficult for trees and not many survive with their roots
permanently in water. An exception is the mangrove tree of the tropics
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which have aerial roots above the soil surface and takes in oxygen through
these roots.
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