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eval_testing_mns

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but was not present below it. If it is left for some more time, the stem
increases in thickness immediately above the ring, but no growth occurred
68 X Class Transportation - The circulatory system
below it. So, any damage to the phloem all around the stem will prevent the food from
passing down to the roots and the tree will eventually die. This is a fact of great economic
importance because certain mammals scratching the bark of trees to get the food stored in
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the phloem, especially during hard winters when food is scarce. Voles (rat like rodents) do
this to young saplings at ground level and rabbits can do much damage to older ones.
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Foresters find it economically worthwhile to enclose new plantations with wire netting to
prevent rabbits from entering.
Foresters also encourage predators such as foxes, badgers, hawks and owls as they help
to keep down the population of voles and rabbits. Grey squirrels too do great damage,
particularly Casurina crop grown at beech and seashore, and for this reason, in some parts
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it is impossible to grow these trees as a crop. Observe barks of trees in your surroundings
for evidence of bark having been gnawed off saplings and trees. Note the species of tree,
the position of the damage, whether the damage is recent or old, and the size of tooth marks
if these are visible. From these observations you could find out which species had caused
the damage. Also look out for the effect of such damage on the tree as a whole.
LA
Key words
Circulation, Auricles, Ventricles, Pulse, Artery, Vein, Stethoscope, Aorta, Capillary,
Systole, Diastole, Cardiac cycle, Blood pressure, Lymph, Single circulation, Double
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circulation, Coagulation of blood, Sphygmomanometer, Prothrombin, Thrombin,
Fibrinogen, Fibrin, Root hair, Radical, Root pressure, Plant nutrients, Xylem, Phloem,
Vascular bundles.
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What we have learnt
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The pulse rate is equal to heart beat. We can count the heart beat without the aid of any instrument.
Rene Laennec discovered the first stethoscope.
The heart is covered with two pericardial membranes filled with pericardial fluid which protects it
from shocks.
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Rigid blood vessels attached to the heart are called arteries. The two rigid blood vessels are
arteries which supplies blood to body parts and lungs.
The less rigid vessels are veins, which brings blood from body parts.
Heart has four chambers, two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
Atrium and ventricle of the same side are connected by atrio ventricular aperture.
Atria are separated from each other by interatrial septum, ventricles by interventricular septum.
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Free distribution by T.S. Government 2019-20 69
The atrioventricular apertures are guarded by valves. There are valves in the aorta and pulmonary
artery also.
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The right side of heart receives blood from body and sends to lungs.
The left side of the body receives blood from lungs and send it to body parts.
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The arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery. The veins carry deoxygenated blood
except pulmonary veins.
One contraction and relaxation of heart is called cardiac cycle.
If the blood goes to heart only once before it reaches all the body parts. It is called single circulation.
If it goes twice it is called double circulation.
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Vitamin K deficiency leads to delayed coagulation of blood.
Plants absorb soil water through roots by the process of osmosis.
Water travels through xylem vessels and food material travels through phloem tissues.
There is a relation between tranportation and transpiration in plants.
Biologists studied about phloem tubes with the help of aphids.
LA
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