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eval_testing_mns

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To which organs of the body do the nerves go from the ganglions
near the vertebral column?
What are the organs that receives nerves starting from the brain?
Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the
sympathetic system?
104 X Class Coordination - The liking system
Which are the organs whose activities are influenced by the
para sympathetic system?
What do you understand about the functions of para sympathetic
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system?
What do you understand about the functions of sympathetic system?
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Ganglia near the vertebral column are connected to the spinal cord by
nerves. The sympathetic system is formed by the chain of ganglia on either
sides of the vertebral column and the associated nerves. The para
sympathetic system is formed by the nerves arising from the ganglia of
the brain and the posterior part of the spinal cord. These together constitute
the autonomous nervous system. It is the part of the peripheral nervous
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system consisting of twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty one pairs of
spinal nerves.
Several functions in our body are controlled by nerves while many of
them and others are controlled by other ways as well. You might have heard
about people having diabetes and know that they have to take tablets or
insulin injections when the level of sugar in their blood rises.Let’s find
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out what insulin is and how we came to know about it. This would also give
us an idea of controls other than nerves in our body.
Coordination without nerves
The Story of insulin
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In 1868 Paul Langerhans, Professor of Pathology at the University of
Freiburg in Germany, working on the structure of the pancreas, noted certain
patches of cells quite different in appearance from the normal tissue cells
of the organ and richly supplied with blood vessels. They are known Islets
of Langerhans (Islets stands for islands), but their function remained
unknown. Many others interested in the function of pancreas and found
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that its removal from the body of an experimental animal would lead to
the development of diseases similar to a well-known human ailment ‘sugar
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diabetes’. This is a condition in which the amount of free sugar in the
blood and in the urine is abnormally high. It’s a cause in man was unknown
but evidence pointed to the pancreas as a possible role.
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fig-15: Pancreas fig-16: Paul Langerhans
Free distribution by T.S. Government 2019-20 105
The next stage was reached when it was found that tying up the
pancreatic duct that emerged from the duodenum( a part of the small
intestine) would cause the pancreas to degenerate but the Islets of
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Langerhans would remain normal. Moreover, an animal so treated would
not develop diabetes. This was really a strong evidence that the level of
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blood sugar is linked with the islet cells. By 1912, workers were convinced
that the islets produced a secretion which directly liberated into the
blood. In Latin ‘insula’ means an island. The name insulin was coined
for the secretion, even though it had not been isolated.
Ten years later in Toronto, Banting, Best, and Macleod finally
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succeeded in extracting insulin from degenerate animal pancrease whose
ducts to the intestine had been tied. When given by intravenous injection
to a dog with no pancreas, this substance kept it alive and healthy with a
low level of blood sugar. Insulin is now produced in large quantities for