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karthikmns
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eval_testing_mns

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Spinal Cord
Spinal cord extends from the back of the hind brain(Medulla
oblongata) to the back of the stomach or lumbar region, through the neural
canal of the vertebral column. It is almost cylindrical in shape. Unlike
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the brain, the white matter is towards periphery while grey matter is
towards the center of the spinal cord. The myelinated axons leave the
spinal cord from both sides of the vertebral column. See fig-11.
The role of the spinal cord in nervous control was studied largely by
fig-11: Spinal
the experimentalists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They
cord
found that the Greeks concept of control by the brain was erroneous.
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Animals were shown to have the ability to respond to stimuli even when
the brain was removed. ‘Leonardo da Vinci’ (1452-1519) and ‘Stephen
Hales’ (1677-1771) both recorded the survival of frogs whose brain had
been destroyed. The animal still produced muscular movements if its
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skin was pinched or pricked. Both observers further recorded that the
animal died as soon as spinal cord was damaged by pushing a needle
down it.
fig-12: Leonardo Such evidence suggested that the spinal cord was not simply a trunk
da vinci road for instructions from the brain, but might be a control center in its
own right.
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According to you what would be the function of the spinal cord?
Are all functions of our body under direct control of the brain and spinal cord? Why
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do you think so?
Do you know ?
Scientists have been able to trace out the nerves that originate from brain called
cranial nerves and those that originate from spinal cord called spinal nerves. There
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are 12 pairs of cranial nerves which arise from the brain. There are 31 pairs of spinal
nerves.
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Peripheral nervous system
Figure-13 shows you that nerves attached to the spinal cord have two
types of connections or roots – One to the back or dorsal side and other to
front or the ventral side of cord. The experimental work of two men, Charles
102 X Class Coordination - The liking system
Bell in Scotland and Francois Magendie
dorsal root
in France, in the early nineteenth dorsal root
dorsal horn
century, showed that these roots have ganglion
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different functions. If the dorsal roots
of an experimental animal were cut the
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animal made no obvious reaction. If,
however, the ventral roots were even
lightly touched, the muscles to which
the nerve was connected switched ventral horn spinal nerve
violently. The ventral root evidently ventral root
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T.S of spinal cord
controlled muscular activity, the dorsal fig-13: Peripheral nerves system
root did not.
In 1822 they suggested that dorsal root carried messages of sensation
inwards while the ventral pathway carried outwards the instruction for
muscular contraction.
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Which root according to you gets signals from afferent nerves?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a vast system of the dorsal
and ventral root nerve cell heads and the network of spinal and cranial
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