pmcid stringlengths 6 6 | title stringlengths 9 374 | abstract stringlengths 2 4.62k ⌀ | fulltext stringlengths 167 106k | file_path stringlengths 64 64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
529319 | Distinct Genomic Integration of MLV and SIV Vectors in Primate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells | Murine leukemia virus (MLV)-derived vectors are widely used for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene transfer, but lentiviral vectors such as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) may allow higher efficiency transfer and better expression. Recent studies in cell lines have challenged the notion that retroviruses and re... | Introduction Integration of proviral DNA into the host cell genome is an essential step in the life cycle of retroviruses. The process begins after a retrovirus enters the cell and the RNA genome is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA. Preintegration complexes (PICs) containing linear proviral DNA associated w... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529319.xml |
526770 | Increased deep sleep in a medication-free, detoxified female offender with schizophrenia, alcoholism and a history of attempted homicide: Case report | Background Psychiatric sleep research has attempted to identify diagnostically sensitive and specific sleep patterns associated with particular disorders. Both schizophrenia and alcoholism are typically characterized by a severe sleep disturbance associated with decreased amounts of slow wave sleep, the physiologically... | Background Female violent behaviour has been studied less than that of men. This is partly because women commit fewer crimes than men [ 1 ], but also because female aggression is traditionally carried out in private and domestic settings [ 2 ]. Even though the rate of violent crimes among women appears to be increasing... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526770.xml |
526764 | Within you, without you: HIV-1 Rev and RNA export | Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA is one of many cellular pathways whose illumination has progressed hand in hand with understanding of retroviral mechanisms. A recent paper in Cell reports the involvement of an RNA helicase in the pathway by which HIV exports partially spliced and unspliced RNA out of the nucleus. T... | HIV must export to the cytoplasm not only full length genomic and structural gene-encoding RNA species, but also partially and fully spliced RNAs which code for a variety of overlapping structural and accessory genes. Whereas the fully spliced HIV RNA species readily exit the nucleus and undergo translation, the partia... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526764.xml |
524167 | Method for inducing experimental pneumococcal meningitis in outbred mice | Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis is associated with the highest mortality among bacterial meningitis and it may also lead to neurological sequelae despite the use of antibiotic therapy. Experimental animal models of pneumococcal meningitis are imp... | Background Bacterial meningitis is an important infection of the central nervous system (CNS), and the three major responsible bacteria are Neisseria meningitidis , Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae [ 1 ]. Despite the use of antimicrobial therapy, pneumococcal meningitis (PM) has the highest case-fata... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524167.xml |
423146 | Electroencephalographic Brain Dynamics Following Manually Responded Visual Targets | Scalp-recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) signals produced by partial synchronization of cortical field activity mix locally synchronous electrical activities of many cortical areas. Analysis of event-related EEG signals typically assumes that poststimulus potentials emerge out of a flat baseline. Signals associated... | Introduction The waking brain updates and fulfills intentions through brain processes that operate within and across multiple brain areas to integrate perception, association, and action. Fulfillment of intentions is facilitated by features of these and other processes that support informed anticipation of and selectiv... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423146.xml |
524173 | Enhancement of blood-tumor barrier permeability by Sar-[D-Phe8]des-Arg9BK, a metabolically resistant bradykinin B1 agonist, in a rat C6 glioma model | Background While it is well known that bradykinin B2 agonists increase plasma protein extravasation (PPE) in brain tumors, the bradykinin B1 agonists tested thus far are unable to produce this effect. Here we examine the effect of the selective B1 agonist bradykinin (BK) Sar-[D-Phe8]des-Arg9BK (SAR), a compound resista... | Background Bradykinin (BK) is a vasoactive peptide released from its high molecular weight precursors, the kininogens, through the action of serine proteases, the kallikreins, playing a crucial role in pathologic processes like inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer [ 1 , 2 ]. The brain and spinal cord contain a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524173.xml |
529443 | Mapping the brain's orchestration during speech comprehension: task-specific facilitation of regional synchrony in neural networks | Background How does the brain convert sounds and phonemes into comprehensible speech? In the present magnetoencephalographic study we examined the hypothesis that the coherence of electromagnetic oscillatory activity within and across brain areas indicates neurophysiological processes linked to speech comprehension. Re... | Background One key function of the cerebral cortex involves the integration of elements into a percept that separates them from the background. In this process, changes in cortical networks are formed and modified by experience through the simultaneous excitation of groups of neurons [ 1 - 3 ]. These "long-range connec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529443.xml |
555952 | Fluvastatin in the therapy of acute coronary syndrome: Rationale and design of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (The FACS Trial)[ISRCTN81331696] | Background Activation of inflammatory pathways plays an important contributory role in coronary plaque instability and subsequent rupture, which can lead to the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Elevated levels of serum inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) represent independent risk factors... | Background During the past decade, inflammation has often been cited as a major factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae, including ischemic heart disease. It was found that traditional risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking could not fully account ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555952.xml |
543473 | Good vs complementary genes for parasite resistance and the evolution of mate choice | Background Female mate choice may be adaptive when males exhibit heritable genetic variation at loci encoding resistance to infectious disease. The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis predicts that females should assess the genetic quality of males by monitoring traits that indicate health and vigor (condition-dependent choice, or... | Background Since Darwin published his classic work on sexual selection [ 1 ], biologists have puzzled over the evolutionary consequences of mate choice. As a general rule, evolutionary theory predicts that females rather than males will benefit most from discriminating among potential mates [ 2 ]. A large body of evide... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543473.xml |
555577 | Computational model of blood flow in the aorto-coronary bypass graft | Background Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery is an effective treatment modality for patients with severe coronary artery disease. The conduits used during the surgery include both the arterial and venous conduits. Long- term graft patency rate for the internal mammary arterial graft is superior, but the same is n... | Background The complex anatomy of coronary vessels has made the investigation of coronary flow and hemodynamics one of the most difficult and challenging studies until today. Leonardo Da Vinci (generally called as "man ahead of time"), developed insightful sketches (some 550 years ago) of the anatomy of the heart and i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555577.xml |
548268 | Half versus full vacuum suction drainage after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer- a prospective randomized clinical trial[ISRCTN24484328] | Background Suction drains are routinely used after modified radical mastectomy and are an important factor contributing to increased hospital stay as the patients are often discharged only after their removal. Amongst various factors that influence the amount of postoperative drainage, the negative suction pressure app... | Background Suction drainage in the management of mastectomy patients was used for the first time in 1947 [ 1 ] and has been found in various studies superior to other methods of fluid evacuation to minimize the dead space. The mechanism proposed is that the suction helps skin flaps to adhere to the chest wall and axill... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548268.xml |
543467 | Multiple synaptic and membrane sites of anesthetic action in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices | Background Anesthesia is produced by a depression of central nervous system function, however, the sites and mechanisms of action underlying this depression remain poorly defined. The present study compared and contrasted effects produced by five general anesthetics on synaptic circuitry in the CA1 region of hippocampa... | Background General anesthetics have been shown to depress neuronal responses in virtually all brain areas studied and this depression has been proposed to result from actions at GABA A -mediated inhibitory synapses and postsynaptic chloride channels [ 1 - 4 ], potassium channels [ 5 - 7 ], or calcium channels [ 8 - 11 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543467.xml |
535532 | Biotechnology approach to determination of genetic and epigenetic control in cells | A series of studies aimed at developing methods and systems for analyzing epigenetic information in cells are presented. The role of the epigenetic information of cells, which is complementary to their genetic information, was inferred by comparing the predictions of genetic information with the cell behaviour observed... | Review 1. General background Knowledge about living organisms increased dramatically during the 20th century and has produced the modern disciplines of genomics and proteomics. Despite these advances, however, there remains the great challenge of learning how the different living components of the cell are integrated a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535532.xml |
555946 | Glutamate-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons is inhibited by equine estrogens via down-regulation of caspase-3 and prevention of mitochondrial cytochrome c release | Background Apoptosis plays a key role in cell death observed in neurodegenerative diseases marked by a progressive loss of neurons as seen in Alzheimer's disease. Although the exact cause of apoptosis is not known, a number of factors such as free radicals, insufficient levels of nerve growth factors and excessive leve... | Background High concentrations (mM) of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate can accumulate in the brain and are thought to be involved in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease [ 1 - 4 ]. A number of in vitro studies indicate that at high concentrations, glutamate is ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555946.xml |
555563 | Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology | Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of public health significance. Compared with nine reporting countries in the 1950s, today the geographic distribution includes more than 100 countries worldwide. Many of these had not reported dengue for 20 or more years and several have no known history of the... | Introduction Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of public health significance. Compared to nine reporting countries in the 1950s, today the geographic distribution includes more than 100 countries worldwide. Many of these had not reported dengue for 20 or more years and several have no known his... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555563.xml |
545599 | Insertion bias and purifying selection of retrotransposons in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome | An analysis of the distribution and age of LTR retrotransposons in the Arabidopsis genome revealed that Pseudoviridae insert randomly along the chromosome and have been recently active whereas Metaviridae were more active in the past and preferentially target heterochromatin. | Background It has become increasingly clear that the activity of transposable elements (TEs) is a major cause of genome evolution. TEs are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic genomes. For example, 22% of the Drosophila melanogaster [ 1 ], 45% of the human [ 2 ], and up to 80% of the maize [ 3 ] genomes consist of TE fo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545599.xml |
519027 | Predicting declines in physical function in persons with multiple chronic medical conditions: What we can learn from the medical problem list | Background Primary care physicians are caring for increasing numbers of persons with comorbid chronic illness. Longitudinal information on health outcomes associated with specific chronic conditions may be particularly relevant in caring for these populations. Our objective was to assess the effect of certain comorbid ... | Background Comorbid chronic diseases are increasingly recognized as a significant factor in declining health. Of the 125 million Americans with chronic diseases, 48% are estimated to have at least one comorbidity, and 62% of persons over the age of 65 have two or more chronic illnesses.[ 1 , 2 ] Approximately 25% of pe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519027.xml |
519033 | Simultaneous suppression of disturbing fields and localization of magnetic markers by means of multipole expansion | Background Magnetically marked capsules serve for the analysis of peristalsis and throughput times within the intestinal tract. Moreover, they can be used for the targeted disposal of drugs. The capsules get localized in time by field measurements with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer ... | Background The transport of capsules in the alimentary tract underlies complex influencing factors like the patients peristalsis, the hydration and the form and size of the capsules. A procedure which allows the instantaneous localization of the capsules supports a number of patient examinations as well as examinations... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519033.xml |
524359 | Under-representation of developing countries in the research literature: ethical issues arising from a survey of five leading medical journals | Background It is widely acknowledged that there is a global divide on health care and health research known as the 10/90 divide. Methods A retrospective survey of articles published in the BMJ, Lancet, NEJM, Annals of Internal Medicine & JAMA in a calendar year to examine the contribution of the developing world to med... | Background National and international bodies concerned with research ethics need to confront the greatest ethical challenge-the enormous inequities in global health research [ 1 ]. Thus, less than 10% of the world's research resources are earmarked for 90% of the health problems [ 2 ]. Though 93% of the world's burden ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524359.xml |
527877 | Brain inflammation and oxidative stress in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer-like brain amyloidosis | Background An increasing body of evidence implicates both brain inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The relevance of their interaction in vivo, however, is unknown. Previously, we have shown that separate pharmacological targeting of these two components results in amelior... | Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, complex and challenging form of neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia in the elderly. Neuropathological examination of the AD brain shows extensive neuronal loss, accumulation of fibrillar proteins as extra-cellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, and as ne... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC527877.xml |
548283 | Etiology and prognosis of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain; design of a longitudinal study | Background Absence of knowledge of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP) has prompted the start of a large cohort study in the Netherlands. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and incidence of PPGP, to identify risk factors involved in the onset and to determine the prognosis of pregnanc... | Background In the Netherlands, little information is available about prevalence, incidence, etiology and prognosis of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP). It is hypothesized that during pregnancy many women (about 80%) experience some degree of pain in the pelvic region and/or the low back and that in some of t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548283.xml |
526214 | Is cumulative frequency of mitochondrial DNA variants a biomarker for colorectal tumor progression? | To examine the relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations and colorectal tumorigenesis, we used high-resolution restriction endonucleases and sequencing to assess the mitochondrial genome from three histologic subtypes of colorectal adenomas (tubular = 8; tubulovillous = 9; and villous = 8), colorectal ... | Findings Colorectal polyps are a frequent occurrence in the general population and adenomatous changes in these polyps are associated with the overwhelming majority of CRC. These adenomas are the precursor lesions of colon cancer [ 1 ]. Currently, clinical management of individuals with colorectal polyps is guided by t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526214.xml |
524365 | Improved gene delivery to human saphenous vein cells and tissue using a peptide-modified adenoviral vector | The establishment of efficient gene delivery to target human tissue is a major obstacle for transition of gene therapy from the pre-clinical phases to the clinic. The poor long-term patency rates for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a major clinical problem that lacks an effective and proven pharmacological in... | Text Long term patency rates for CABG using autologous saphenous vein are poor, showing 1, 5 and 10 years post-CABG rates of 93%, 74% and 41%, respectively [ 1 ] and therefore represent a significant clinical problem. Long-term failures are due to neointima formation and superimposed atherosclerosis [ 2 - 4 ], a pathol... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524365.xml |
545957 | SS-Wrapper: a package of wrapper applications for similarity searches on Linux clusters | Background Large-scale sequence comparison is a powerful tool for biological inference in modern molecular biology. Comparing new sequences to those in annotated databases is a useful source of functional and structural information about these sequences. Using software such as the basic local alignment search tool (BLA... | Background Evolution can be measured and studied on a number of different scales, one of which is through the determination and comparison of genetic sequence information. Current-day gene sequences in living organisms have arisen through modifications of an array of ancestral sequences. Duplication with modification i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545957.xml |
548297 | Extragonadal aromatization increases with time after ovariectomy in rats | Background The circulating estrogen concentration elevated gradually along with time after ovariectomy in rats. To explore the source of the increased circulation estrogen, the extragonadal aromatization as well as the synthesis of androgen in the adrenal cortex of the ovariectomized rats was evaluated. Methods Female ... | Background Ovaries are the primary source of estrogen. In ovariectomized rats, the production of estrogen is shifted from ovary to a number of extragonadal sites [ 1 , 2 ]. Simpson developed the intriguing concept of extragonadal aromatization, i.e. androgens, particularly androstenedione produced primarily in the adre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548297.xml |
549189 | Influence of language and ancestry on genetic structure of contiguous populations: A microsatellite based study on populations of Orissa | Background We have examined genetic diversity at fifteen autosomal microsatellite loci in seven predominant populations of Orissa to decipher whether populations inhabiting the same geographic region can be differentiated on the basis of language or ancestry. The studied populations have diverse historical accounts of ... | Background Human society in a geographic area develops when colonizing populations bring along with them different languages, cultures and technological advancements over a period of time. As more populations migrate to settle in the same area, they are either eliminated, subjugated or absorbed [ 1 ]. In India, majorit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549189.xml |
529457 | Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for resectable esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Background Carcinoma of the esophagus is an aggressive malignancy with an increasing incidence. Its virulence, in terms of symptoms and mortality, justifies a continued search for optimal therapy. The large and growing number of patients affected, the high mortality rates, the worldwide geographic variation in practice... | Background Carcinoma of the esophagus is an aggressive malignancy that continues to kill more than 90% of people with the disease within five years [ 1 ]. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is rising faster than any other malignancy [ 2 ]. In 2001, there were at least 1,450 deaths due to esophageal cancer... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529457.xml |
545943 | Vascular consequences of passive Aβ immunization for Alzheimer's disease. Is avoidance of "malactivation" of microglia enough? | The role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been controversial since its first consideration. As with most instances of neuroinflammation, the possibility must be considered that activation of glia and cytokine networks in AD arises merely as a reaction to neurodegeneration. Active, healthy neurons produce... | Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degeneration of neural structure and function that arises in the cerebral cortex. Behaviorally, affected individuals usually present with semantic difficulty, followed by a deficiency in episodic memory, spatial disorientation, sleep disturbances, depression, agita... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545943.xml |
515180 | Effects of evening light conditions on salivary melatonin of Japanese junior high school students | Background In a previous study, when adult subjects were exposed to a level of 400 lux light for more than 30 min or a level of 300 lux light for more than 2 hours, salivary melatonin concentration during the night dropped lower than when the subjects were exposed to dim illumination. It was suggested that such light e... | Background Night sleep duration of Japanese children aged 10–18 y has become shorter by one hour during the last 30 years in Japan [ 1 ]. The so called "24-hour society", which is currently in progress in Japan, seems to change environmental conditions surrounding children. For example, mobile phones are used by more t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515180.xml |
555588 | Nanopores: maltoporin channel as a sensor for maltodextrin and lambda-phage | Background To harvest nutrition from the outside bacteria e.g. E. coli developed in the outer cell wall a number of sophisticated channels called porins. One of them, maltoporin, is a passive specific channel for the maltodextrin uptake. This channel was also named LamB as the bacterial virus phage Lambda mis-uses this... | Nature created and optimized proteins for specific tasks which makes them often interesting in material science. For example, membrane transporters could control the permeability of artificial nanometer sized container. A typical application could be to control the enzymatic activity in a liposome [ 1 ]. Another possib... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555588.xml |
539324 | Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle | Prior to human settlement 700 years ago New Zealand had no terrestrial mammals—apart from three species of bats—instead, approximately 250 avian species dominated the ecosystem. At the top of the food chain was the extinct Haast's eagle, Harpagornis moorei. H. moorei (10–15 kg; 2–3 m wingspan) was 30%–40% heavier than ... | Introduction Since the discovery of the first fossil in 1872 the sheer size of Harpagornis moorei ( Figure 1 A) has fuelled speculation about its evolutionary history, ecology, and extinction, which like many other New Zealand bird species, is linked ultimately to human arrival in the 13th century. Even though morpholo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539324.xml |
524371 | Few amino acid positions in rpoB are associated with most of the rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Background Mutations in rpoB , the gene encoding the β subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, are associated with rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Several studies have been conducted where minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, which is defined as the minimum concentration of the antibiotic in a gi... | Background Rifampin, one of the principal drugs used in tuberculosis treatment, is a semi-synthetic antibiotic that inhibits transcription by preventing RNA synthesis. Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to rifampin occur at low to moderate frequencies in many regions of the world [ 1 ]. Mutations in rpoB ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524371.xml |
548293 | Harnessing genomics to improve health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region – an executive course in genomics policy | Background While innovations in medicine, science and technology have resulted in improved health and quality of life for many people, the benefits of modern medicine continue to elude millions of people in many parts of the world. To assess the potential of genomics to address health needs in EMR, the World Health Org... | Background In a recent study, University of Toronto researchers identified the "Top 10 Biotechnologies to Improve Health in Developing Countries" [ 1 ]. The study underscores the importance of harnessing new technologies to improve global health and development, a belief that is gaining widespread acceptance. For insta... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548293.xml |
535536 | The role of d-dimer as first marker of thrombophilia in women affected by sterility: implications in pathophysiology and diagnosis of thrombophilia induced sterility | Background D-dimer is considered a marker of hypercoagulable state and of endogenous fibrinolysis, so increased d-dimer is detectable in patients affected by thrombosis. Yet, several studies showed that also infertility, in particular secondary infertility due to recurrent fetal losses, has been often related to thromb... | Introduction D-dimer is considered a marker of hypercoagulable state besides of endogenous fibrinolysis, so increased d-dimer is detectable in patients affected by arterial and/or venous thrombosis [ 1 ]. Yet, several studies showed increased d-dimer also in patients affected by subclinical thrombophilia without ongoin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535536.xml |
549199 | Proteins with two SUMO-like domains in chromatin-associated complexes: The RENi (Rad60-Esc2-NIP45) family | Background Post-translational modification by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers (SUMO) has been implicated in protein targeting, in the maintenance of genomic integrity and in transcriptional control. But the specific molecular effects of SUMO modification on many target proteins remain to be elucidated. Recent findings p... | Background Among ubiquitin-related proteins, containing at least one domain with a ubiquitin-like fold, one can distinguish ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) and ubiquitin domain proteins (UDPs) [ 1 ]. UBLs can be covalently attached to target proteins analogously to ubiquitin. Unlike ubiquitin, UBLs mostly do not direct... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549199.xml |
524375 | Isolation of suppressor genes that restore retrovirus susceptibility to a virus-resistant cell line | Background Genetic selections in mammalian cell lines have recently been developed for the isolation of mutant cells that are refractory to infection by retroviruses. These selections have been used to recover lines that block early postentry stages of infection, either before reverse transcription or before nuclear en... | Background It is becoming increasingly apparent that mammalian cells harbor numerous genes that induce intracellular blocks to retrovirus infection [ 1 , 2 ]. These genes have presumably evolved and been maintained in the genome in response to the pathogenic and lethal consequences of infection, and are now thought to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524375.xml |
536007 | A Gradual Process of Recombination Restriction in the Evolutionary History of the Sex Chromosomes in Dioecious Plants | To help understand the evolution of suppressed recombination between sex chromosomes, and its consequences for evolution of the sequences of Y-linked genes, we have studied four X-Y gene pairs, including one gene not previously characterized, in plants in a group of closely related dioecious species of Silene which hav... | Introduction Newly evolved sex chromosome systems, such as those in plants [ 1 ] and fish [ 2 ] allow study of the evolutionary processes causing degeneration of Y chromosomes. The genetic theory of sex chromosome evolution [ 3 ] predicts that initially one part of a chromosome pair containing the sex-determining genes... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC536007.xml |
526204 | Effect of the G-308A polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene promoter site on plasma levels of TNF-α and C-reactive protein in smokers: a cross-sectional study | Background Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and of C-reactive protein (CRP) are elevated in smokers. Previous studies failed to show an association between the G-308A polymorphism in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene and coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated whether smoking would interact wit... | Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with chronic inflammatory processes in which blood-derived macrophages play a key role [ 1 ]. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is essentially produced by monocytes and macrophages, and, in turn, it is the strongest known paracrine activator of monocytes and macrophage... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526204.xml |
555598 | Using item response theory to explore the psychometric properties of extended matching questions examination in undergraduate medical education | Background As assessment has been shown to direct learning, it is critical that the examinations developed to test clinical competence in medical undergraduates are valid and reliable. The use of extended matching questions (EMQ) has been advocated to overcome some of the criticisms of using multiple-choice questions t... | Background It is acknowledged from medical student learning behaviour that assessment often drives learning [ 1 ]. Therefore, if students are learning what is being assessed then it is vital that the content of the assessment reflects the learning objectives. This process, known as blueprinting, maps the content of ass... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555598.xml |
555567 | Ethmoidal osteoid osteoma with orbital and intracranial extension – a case report | Background Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone neoplasm which is seen in the long bones of appendicular skeleton. It is rarely seen in the cranium. Skull base osteoid osteoma is extremely rare and has been anecdotally reported. Case presentation The authors report a case of a large osteoid osteoma of the ethmoid with intr... | Background Osteoid osteoma is a rare benign osteoblastic lesion usually involving the long bones of the lower limbs. Cranial involvement has been mainly localised to the skull vault. Osteoid osteoma of the skull base is a rare entity [ 1 ]. Surgical management of skull base osteoid osteoma may be challenging due to its... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555567.xml |
526210 | Community nursing needs more silver surfers: a questionnaire survey of primary care nurses' use of information technology | Background In the UK the health service is investing more than ever before in information technology (IT) and primary care nurses will have to work with computers. Information about patients will be almost exclusively held in electronic patient records; and much of the information about best practice is most readily ac... | Background In the UK its National Health Service (NHS) is investing in computerisation. Large contracts have been set that will run until 2013 to provide electronic patient records [ 1 ]. Over this timeframe, with the exception of patient-held records, written medical records will largely be phased out, and replaced by... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526210.xml |
549600 | Injections and HIV in Rural Zimbabwe | null | Of the 40 million people worldwide with HIV, 30 million live in the developing world. By far the worst hit region is sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly four million children have lost one or both parents to HIV/AIDS since 2000. Is heterosexual transmission the driving force behind the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa? ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549600.xml |
548287 | Patient-focused measures of functional health status and health-related quality of life in pediatric orthopedics: A case study in measurement selection | The objectives of this report are to review the assessment of patient-focused outcomes in pediatric orthopedic surgery, to describe a framework for identifying appropriate sets of measures, and to illustrate an application of the framework to a challenging orthopedic problem. A detailed framework of study design and me... | Review Assessments of patient-focused health status and health-related quality of life (HRQL) are being recognized increasingly by clinicians, patient advocates, regulatory authorities, administrators and policy makers as primary measures of the need, efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency associated with health care s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548287.xml |
545947 | Young age: an independent risk factor for disease-free survival in women with operable breast cancer | Background The incidence of breast cancer in young women (age < 35) is low. The biology of the disease in this age group is poorly understood, and there are conflicting data regarding the prognosis for these women compared to older patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 2040 consecutive primary invasive breast c... | Background Breast cancer is relatively rare in women less than 35 years of age, with this group accounting for less than 4% of the total number of breast cancer cases diagnosed in Western countries [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite the disease being relatively uncommon, it has a severe negative effect on the patients and their famili... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545947.xml |
548278 | CASCAD: a database of annotated candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with expressed sequences | Background With the recent progress made in large-scale genome sequencing projects a vast amount of novel data is becoming available. A comparative sequence analysis, exploiting sequence information from various resources, can be used to uncover hidden information, such as genetic variation. Although there are enormous... | Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genetic variation within species. As a result, SNPs are now becoming the most popular type of marker in genetic association and mapping studies. SNPs are also most likely to be the molecular basis for the majority of phenotypic variation in (... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548278.xml |
524361 | Generation of competent bone marrow-derived antigen presenting cells from the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) | Background Human infections with Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and related New World hantaviruses often lead to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a sometimes fatal illness. Lungs of patients who die from HCPS exhibit cytokine-producing mononuclear infiltrates and pronounced pulmonary inflammation. Deer mice ( Peromy... | Background Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae ) are rodent-borne and can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS 4 ) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) [ 1 ]. While HFRS is usually associated with Eurasian hantaviruses, HCPS is caused by any of several recently described New World hantaviruses [ 2 -... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524361.xml |
423156 | Taking the Stem Cell Debate to the Public | In response to the Blackburn and Rowley essay on the President's Council on Bioethics, several thought-provoking opinions on ethical challenges in biomedical research are expressed by prominent stakeholders | In their essay in the April 2004 issue of PLoS Biology , Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley (2004) , two distinguished cellular biologists and members of the President's Council on Bioethics, strongly question the scientific foundation of two reports from the Council ( President's Council on Bioethics 2003 , 2004 ). ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423156.xml |
527873 | Gastric T-cell lymphoma associated with hemophagocytic syndrome | Background Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (LAHS) occurs in mostly extra nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. LAHS arising from gastrointestinal lymphoma has never been reported. Here we report a case of gastric T-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Case presentation A 51-year-old woman presented wit... | Background Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in adults is characterized by reactive and systemic proliferation of benign histiocytes that phagocytose blood cells [ 1 ]. It is often associated with infections, malignant neoplasms, autoimmune diseases and various immunodeficiencies. Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrom... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC527873.xml |
544867 | Progress, challenges, and responsibilities in retrovirology | In this editorial, Retrovirology's choice for best basic science "retrovirus paper of the year" and a perspective on challenges and responsibilities facing HIV-1 and HTLV-I research are presented. | Progress The beginning of a year provides an occasion to look back upon progress made over the past 52 weeks. With the end of 2004, Retrovirology concluded its first calendar year of publishing. In actual fact, Retrovirology launched as an Open Access journal the final week of February 2004 and has been publishing cont... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544867.xml |
423142 | Information Transport across a Membrane | null | From a biochemical perspective, a living cell is a collection of molecules jampacked into a confined space by a flexible barrier, called the plasma membrane. A diverse array of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane act as conduits between the cell interior and its external environment, conveying nutrients, metabolit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423142.xml |
545953 | Gene expression in the brain and kidney of rainbow trout in response to handling stress | Background Microarray technologies are rapidly becoming available for new species including teleost fishes. We constructed a rainbow trout cDNA microarray targeted at the identification of genes which are differentially expressed in response to environmental stressors. This platform included clones from normalized and ... | Background Until recently multiple gene expression profiling was applied almost exclusively to human and a few model organisms. At present cDNA microarrays are being constructed for new species including teleost fishes [ 1 - 6 ]. Since EST sequencing projects are carried out with a large number of species, continuous d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545953.xml |
548522 | Association between fetal growth restriction and polymorphisms at sites -1 and +3 of pituitary growth hormone: a case-control study | Background Fetal growth restriction is associated with significantly increased risks of neonatal death and morbidity and with susceptibility to hypertension, cardiovascular disease and NIDDM later in life. Human birth weight has a substantial genetic component, with at least a quarter of the variation attributable to a... | Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major risk factor for illness in the perinatal period and throughout life, with the smallest 7.5 percent of infants accounting for two-thirds of infant deaths [ 1 ]. Term, low birth weight infants are at least five times more likely to die in the first year [ 2 , 3 ] and a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548522.xml |
539330 | Relaxed Molecular Clock Provides Evidence for Long-Distance Dispersal of Nothofagus (Southern Beech) | Nothofagus (southern beech), with an 80-million-year-old fossil record, has become iconic as a plant genus whose ancient Gondwanan relationships reach back into the Cretaceous era. Closely associated with Wegener's theory of “Kontinentaldrift”, Nothofagus has been regarded as the “key genus in plant biogeography”. This... | Introduction An important principle of evolutionary inference is that explanations for the past require an understanding of mechanisms and processes applicable in the present [ 1 ]. It is perhaps this sticking point more than any other that has polarised views over the relative importance of vicariance and dispersal fo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539330.xml |
519023 | Food and nutrient intake in relation to mental wellbeing | Background We studied food consumption and nutrient intake in subjects with depressed mood, anxiety and insomnia as indices of compromised mental wellbeing. Methods The study population consisted of 29,133 male smokers aged 50 to 69 years who entered the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study in 1985–1... | Background Diet has an effect on mood and cognitive function [ 1 ]. There is some evidence that deficiency or supplementation of nutrients can affect not only mood, but also behavioral patterns. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 30 patients showed that omega-3 essential fatty acid supplements alleviated symp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519023.xml |
529321 | Are Animals As Irrational As Humans? | null | Animals in the wild are constantly confronted with decisions: Where to nest? Who to mate? Where's the best forage? To explore the mechanisms underlying such decisions, animal behavior studies often incorporate concepts from economic theory. Mainstream models of choice in both economics and biology predict that preferen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529321.xml |
529309 | SIVdrl detection in captive mandrills: are mandrills infected with a third strain of simian immunodeficiency virus? | A pol-fragment of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is highly related to SIVdrl-pol from drill monkeys ( Mandrillus leucophaeus ) was detected in two mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) from Amsterdam Zoo. These captivity-born mandrills had never been in contact with drill monkeys, and were unlikely to be hybrids. T... | Findings To date over 30 strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been isolated from African primate species and sequenced [ 1 ]. Mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) are quite exceptional among African monkeys in that they harbour two distinct SIV strains, designated SIVmnd1 and SIVmnd2, with a separate geograph... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529309.xml |
526760 | Improving epidemic malaria planning, preparedness and response in Southern Africa | Malaria is a major public health problem for countries in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). While the endemicity of malaria varies enormously across this region, many of the countries have districts that are prone to periodic epidemics, which can be regional in their extent, and to resurgent outbreaks t... | Introduction The Southern African region has a long and varied history of malaria control with periodic epidemics occurring [ 1 , 2 ]. These epidemics can be regional in scale, as in 1996 and 1997, or much more focal, affecting specific districts or sub-districts. The countries of the Southern African Development Commu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526760.xml |
544873 | The Latin American Social Medicine database | Background Public health practitioners and researchers for many years have been attempting to understand more clearly the links between social conditions and the health of populations. Until recently, most public health professionals in English-speaking countries were unaware that their colleagues in Latin America had ... | Background Public health practitioners have long recognized the connections between patients' socioeconomic conditions and their health [ 1 - 8 ]. Yet these practitioners and their empirically oriented researcher colleagues have faced difficulties in establishing the precise linkages between socioeconomic variables and... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544873.xml |
555956 | Influence of immunomagnetic enrichment on gene expression of tumor cells | Background Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Bone marrow (BM) is a frequent site for the settlement of disseminated tumor cells which occurs years before overt metastases signal incurability. Methods Here we describe a new method to assess the initial stage of metastasis development in cancer pat... | Introduction Solid tumors derived from epithelial organs are the main form of cancer in industrialized countries. The first phase of the metastatic development consists of local tumor cell invasion, followed by tumor cell circulation in the blood and homing to secondary distant organs [ 1 , 2 ]. As indicator organ for ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555956.xml |
340127 | Wnt Signaling Relies on Nuclear Armadillo | null | A couple of years ago, a paper was published in a high-profile journal that challenged a long-established model of cell signaling. While researchers in the field mostly greeted the results with skepticism, some went into the lab to investigate the discrepancy. Many elements of this pathway, called the Wnt pathway, have... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340127.xml |
545210 | Predicting Tumor Responses to Gefitinib and Erlotinib | null | Tyrosine kinases regulate signaling pathways that control cell growth, proliferation, motility, and other critical cellular processes. Mutations in tyrosine kinase genes can lead to abnormal kinase activity, and some tumors become dependent upon this activity for growth and survival. Thus, kinases are attractive target... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545210.xml |
524188 | Extraabdominal fibromatosis in retroperitoneal space | Background Fibromatosis or desmoid tumor covers a broad spectrum of benign fibrous tissue proliferations. It is characterized by infiltrative growth and a tendency towards recurrence; however, unlike sarcoma, it never metastasizes. Case presentation We report on a case of extraabdominal fibromatosis originating from th... | Background The term "fibromatosis" covers a broad spectrum of benign fibrous tissue proliferations, the biological behavior of which is similar to both benign fibrous lesions and fibrosarcoma. Like fibrosarcoma, fibromatosis is characterized by infiltrative growth and a tendency towards recurrence; however, unlike sarc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524188.xml |
529447 | Validity of the Clock Drawing Test in predicting reports of driving problems in the elderly | Background This study examined the use of the Folstein Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in predicting retrospective reports of driving problems among the elderly. The utility of existing scoring systems for the CDT was also examined. Methods Archival chart records of 325 patients of a ger... | Background Assessment of cognitive function pertaining to capacity for safe and independent living among elderly patients is a central responsibility of many geriatric medical clinics and service agencies. Specific concerns pertaining to judgments of driving capacity are also befalling upon the medical profession in pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529447.xml |
526774 | Mental health first aid training of the public in a rural area: a cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541] | Background A Mental Health First Aid course has been developed which trains members of the public in how to give initial help in mental health crisis situations and to support people developing mental health problems. This course has previously been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in a workplace setting and ... | Background Community surveys have shown that the public in many countries have poor mental health literacy [ 1 ]. Many people cannot recognise mental disorders correctly, they differ from mental health professionals in their beliefs about causes and the most effective treatments, and they have stigmatizing attitudes wh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526774.xml |
524177 | Identification of hip fracture patients from radiographs using Fourier analysis of the trabecular structure: a cross-sectional study | Background This study presents an analysis of trabecular bone structure in standard radiographs using Fourier transforms and principal components analysis (PCA) to identify contributions to hip fracture risk. Methods Radiographs were obtained from 26 hip fracture patients and 24 controls. They were digitised and five r... | Background The NIH Consensus Statement defines Osteoporosis as "a skeletal disorder characterised by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture" [ 1 ]. Bone strength was defined as "the integration of two main features: bone density and bone quality". Currently, clinical diagnosis is based ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524177.xml |
545204 | Retinoic Acid and Arsenic for Treating Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | What were the critical steps in the development of ATRA and arsenic as treatments for APL? Researchers in Shanghai tell the story and look to the future | Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was first identified as a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia in 1957 by Leif Hillestad. It is called M3 in the French–American–British classification, with a variant type referred to as microgranular (M3v in the French–American–British nomenclature) [1] . APL is characterized ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545204.xml |
543463 | Modulation of Statin-Activated Shedding of Alzheimer APP Ectodomain by ROCK | Background Statins are widely used cholesterol-lowering drugs that act by inhibiting HMGCoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Recent evidence suggests that statin use may be associated with a decreased risk for Alzheimer disease, although the mechanisms underlying this apparent risk reduc... | Introduction Alzheimer disease is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by accumulation of extracellular and vascular amyloid in the brain [ 1 ]. Amyloid deposits are composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a 4-kDa peptide released during “amyloidogenic” proteolytic processing of the Alzh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543463.xml |
529453 | Enhanced cell-permeant Cre protein for site-specific recombination in cultured cells | Background Cell-permeant Cre DNA site-specific recombinases provide an easily controlled means to regulate gene structure and function in living cells. Since recombination provides a stable and unambiguous record of protein uptake, the enzyme may also be used for quantitative studies of cis - and trans -acting factors ... | Background The Cre recombinase from bacteriophage P1 has been widely used to induce DNA sequence-specific recombination in mammalian cells [ 1 ]. The enzyme, which catalyzes recombination between 34 nucleotide LoxP sequences during P1 genome replication, has been used in a variety of genetic applications to regulate ge... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529453.xml |
514711 | A faster way to make GFP-based biosensors: Two new transposons for creating multicolored libraries of fluorescent fusion proteins | Background There are now several ways to generate fluorescent fusion proteins by randomly inserting DNA encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) into another protein's coding sequence. These approaches can be used to map regions in a protein that are permissive for GFP insertion or to create novel biosensors. While... | Background Biosensors based on GFP-fusion proteins are powerful tools for observing real-time events within living cells. Insertion of GFP within another protein has produced biosensors capable of signaling intracellular events through intrinsic fluorescence changes [ 1 , 2 ], fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FR... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514711.xml |
374241 | Dissection and Design of Yeast Prions | Many proteins can misfold into β-sheet-rich, self-seeding polymers (amyloids). Prions are exceptional among such aggregates in that they are also infectious. In fungi, prions are not pathogenic but rather act as epigenetic regulators of cell physiology, providing a powerful model for studying the mechanism of prion rep... | Introduction The aggregation of misfolded proteins underlies a diverse range of human diseases, including sporadic amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease and hereditary neuropathies such as Huntington's disease ( Dobson 1999 ). Prions are a special class of protein aggregates that replicate their conformation and spre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC374241.xml |
514705 | Is drug-induced toxicity a good predictor of response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer? -A prospective clinical study | Background Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is an integral part of multi-modality approach in the management of locally advanced breast cancer and it is vital to predict the response in order to tailor the regime for a patient. The common final pathway in the tumor cell death is believed to be apoptosis or programmed cell dea... | Background Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an integral part of multi-modality approach in the management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). It is required both for the local control (to ensure microscopically free margins during surgery) and distant or systemic control [ 1 - 5 ]. In the past few years, consi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514705.xml |
549589 | A Person-Centred Approach to Communicating Risk | Standard approaches to communicating risk to patients do not appear to be very effective, argues Alaszewski. We need a new approach that takes patients' own perceptions into account | Doctors and other health professionals play a key role in communicating risk information. They are advisers to patients, especially when patients have to make fateful decisions that can irrevocably change their lives. There is a developing body of literature on the ways in which risk information can be effectively comm... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549589.xml |
555759 | Silhouette scores for assessment of SNP genotype clusters | Background High-throughput genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generates large amounts of data. In many SNP genotyping assays, the genotype assignment is based on scatter plots of signals corresponding to the two SNP alleles. In a robust assay the three clusters that define the genotypes are well separ... | Background High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays generate large amounts of data, which usually is presented as scatter plots of signals corresponding to the two SNP alleles. A robust SNP genotyping assay is characterized by large distances between the three clusters that define the geno... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555759.xml |
555942 | Gene fusions and gene duplications: relevance to genomic annotation and functional analysis | Background Escherichia coli a model organism provides information for annotation of other genomes. Our analysis of its genome has shown that proteins encoded by fused genes need special attention. Such composite (multimodular) proteins consist of two or more components (modules) encoding distinct functions. Multimodula... | Background Eschericia coli remains a useful resource to the genomic community as it provides important knowledge which can be applied to the analysis of most microbial genomes. Its central role devolves from two facts; first, the accumulated results of seven decades of laboratory experimentation have identified the fun... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555942.xml |
555765 | Comparative promoter region analysis powered by CORG | Background Promoters are key players in gene regulation. They receive signals from various sources (e.g. cell surface receptors) and control the level of transcription initiation, which largely determines gene expression. In vertebrates, transcription start sites and surrounding regulatory elements are often poorly def... | Background Comparative sequence analysis has been a powerful tool in bioinformatics for addressing a variety of issues. Applications range from grouping of sequences (e.g. protein sequences into families) to de novo pattern discovery of functional signatures. Speaking of gene regulation, it has been known for a long ti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555765.xml |
521184 | Endangered Frogs Coexist with Fungus Once Thought Fatal | null | Amphibian declines have reached crisis proportions in various parts of the world. In many areas, habitat loss is the likely culprit. But when mass die-offs suddenly occurred in relatively undisturbed habitats, the cause was far less obvious. Fourteen species suffered either extinctions or major declines in the pristine... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521184.xml |
212701 | Supersensitive Worms Reveal New Gene Functions | null | The past ten years saw great progress in the field of molecular genetics, as new tools gave scientists the ability to investigate entire genomes instead of just one or two genes at a time. In this paper, Ronald Plasterk and colleagues developed a systemic approach using Caenorhabditis elegans , a tiny nematode and the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212701.xml |
539046 | Human Carrying Capacity and Human Health | The issue of overpopulation has fallen out of favor among most contemporary demographers, economists, and epidemiologists. Discussing population control has become taboo. This taboo could be hazardous to public health | The issue of human overpopulation has fallen out of favor among most contemporary demographers, economists, and epidemiologists. Discussing population control has become a taboo topic. Yet, this taboo has major implications for public health. The silence around overpopulation prevents the global health community from m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539046.xml |
515369 | Genetic Response to Climatic Change: Insights from Ancient DNA and Phylochronology | Understanding how climatic change impacts biological diversity is critical to conservation. Yet despite demonstrated effects of climatic perturbation on geographic ranges and population persistence, surprisingly little is known of the genetic response of species. Even less is known over ecologically long time scales pe... | Introduction Phylogeography has advanced our understanding of the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within and between species ( Avise 2000 ). However, empirical evidence of temporal change in genetic diversity in a single locality over time has not yet been placed in a population genetic or phylogeographic fra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515369.xml |
535898 | Verbal autopsy of 80,000 adult deaths in Tamilnadu, South India | Background Registration of the fact of death is almost complete in the city of Chennai and not so in the rural Villupuram district in Tamilnadu, India. The cause of death is often inadequately recorded on the death certificate in developing countries like India. A special verbal autopsy (VA) study of 48 000 adult (aged... | Background In developed countries, data on disease-specific mortality by age are readily available from national vital registration. In developing countries, where 80% of the world's deaths occur, estimation of cause of death is more difficult because the levels of coverage of vital registration and reliability of caus... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535898.xml |
544898 | Case-based medical informatics | Background The "applied" nature distinguishes applied sciences from theoretical sciences. To emphasize this distinction, we begin with a general, meta-level overview of the scientific endeavor. We introduce the knowledge spectrum and four interconnected modalities of knowledge. In addition to the traditional differenti... | Background A meta-level view of science Our aim is to place Medical Informatics in the context of other sciences and to bring coherence in its formal education [ 1 ]. This will necessarily place the discussion at a meta-level view of science, which traditionally was the concern of philosophers. From such a general pers... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544898.xml |
529255 | The diagnostic value of endoscopy and Helicobacter pylori tests for peptic ulcer patients in late post-treatment setting | Background Guidelines for management of peptic ulcer patients after the treatment are largely directed to detection of H. pylori infection using only non-invasive tests. We compared the diagnostic value of non-invasive and endoscopy based H. pylori tests in a late post-treatment setting. Methods Altogether 34 patients ... | Background Treatment of peptic ulcer in accordance with relevant guidelines is becoming a common task for general practitioners [ 1 - 6 ]. In a post-treatment setting, in accordance with guidelines, prompt check-up of treatment results is recommended only in gastric ulcer cases with the use of 13 C-urea breath test ( 1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529255.xml |
529269 | Detecting imbalanced expression of SNP alleles by minisequencing on microarrays | Background Each of the human genes or transcriptional units is likely to contain single nucleotide polymorphisms that may give rise to sequence variation between individuals and tissues on the level of RNA. Based on recent studies, differential expression of the two alleles of heterozygous coding single nucleotide poly... | Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are highly abundant in the human genome, appearing on average at 0.1% of the nucleotide positions [ 1 ]. Thus, each gene or transcriptional unit will contain multiple SNPs that potentially give rise to sequence variation between individuals and tissues on the level of R... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529269.xml |
539052 | Sensitive, Noninvasive Detection of Lymph Node Metastases | Background Many primary malignancies spread via lymphatic dissemination, and accurate staging therefore still relies on surgical exploration. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of semiautomated noninvasive nodal cancer staging using a nanoparticle-enhanced lymphotropic magnetic resonance imaging (... | Introduction Most primary malignancies spread systemically via lymphatic dissemination [ 1 ]. For example, the finding of axillary nodal metastases predicts a much shorter disease-free survival in breast cancer [ 2 ]. The total nodal tumor burden (number of affected nodes and metastatic tumor volume) affects prognosis ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539052.xml |
523234 | Controlling the Timing of Gene Expression during Organ Development | null | For more than 2,000 years, from the time of Aristotle onwards, it was thought that the complete body plan of human beings (and that of other animals) was present in the fertilized egg. During pregnancy, a preformed miniature human being, or homunculus, grew bigger and bigger; development was simply a process of growth.... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523234.xml |
548132 | Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 at the fetal-maternal interface of rhesus monkey | To study the apoptosis and its mechanism at the fetal-maternal interface of early gestation, localization of apoptotic cells in the implantation sites of the rhesus monkey on day 17, 19, 28 and 34 of pregnancy were first examine by using the TUNEL technique. The expression of Ki67, a molecular marker of proliferating c... | Introduction Apoptosis plays important roles in placentation and embryonic development [ 1 ]. The cells undergoing apoptosis have characteristic structural changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear disintegration involves DNA cleavage into oligonucleosomal length DNA fragments [ 2 - 4 ], and the DNA fragments c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548132.xml |
548668 | Maps of the Sri Lanka malaria situation preceding the tsunami and key aspects to be considered in the emergency phase and beyond | Background Following the tsunami, a detailed overview of the area specific transmission levels is essential in assessing the risk of malaria in Sri Lanka. Recent information on vector insecticide resistance, parasite drug resistance, and insights into the national policy for malaria diagnosis and treatment are importan... | Background After the tsunami hit Sri Lanka on 26 December 2004, news reports and public health agencies warned against the possibilities of an increase of vector borne diseases, in particular malaria and dengue. Immediately after the disaster, an estimated 860,000 people were displaced and more than 820 emergency camps... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548668.xml |
493285 | Transient spleen enlargement in peripheral blood progenitor cell donors given G-CSF | The administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) donors causes spleen length to increase, but the duration of enlargement is not known. Eighteen healthy subjects were given 10 μg/kg of G-CSF for 5 days and a PBSC concentrate was collected by apheresis. Ultra... | Background Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) concentrates donors are routinely given granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to increase the concentration of circulating PBPCs and hence the number of progenitors that can be collected by apheresis. Typically 10 to 16 μg/kg of G-CSF are given subcutaneously d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC493285.xml |
539278 | Effects of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, DHPG, and injection stress on striatal cell signaling in food-restricted and ad libitum fed rats | Background Chronic food restriction augments the rewarding effect of centrally administered psychostimulant drugs and this effect may involve a previously documented upregulation of D-1 dopamine receptor-mediated MAP kinase signaling in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate-putamen (CPu). Psychostimulants are known to in... | Background Chronic food restriction increases central sensitivity to rewarding and motor-activating effects of psychostimulants and direct dopamine receptor agonists [ 1 ]. Corresponding adaptive changes at the cellular level include increased psychostimulant-induced DA release in nucleus accumbens core [ 2 ], and upre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539278.xml |
514498 | Mapping the distribution of Loa loa in Cameroon in support of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control | Background Loa loa has recently emerged as a filarial worm of significant public health importance as a consequence of its impact on the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Severe, sometimes fatal, encephalopathic reactions to ivermectin (the drug of choice for onchocerciasis control) have occurred in ... | Background Knowledge of the spatial distribution of Loa loa is important in countries involved in the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) and is also now a significant issue for the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). Both programmes rely on the wide-scale distribution of anti-he... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514498.xml |
539250 | BAG-1 haplo-insufficiency impairs lung tumorigenesis | Background BAG-1 is a multifunctional co-chaperone of heat shock proteins (Hsc70/Hsp70) that is expressed in most cells. It interacts with Bcl-2 and Raf indicating that it might connect protein folding with other signaling pathways. Evidence that BAG-1 expression is frequently altered in human cancers, in particular in... | Background BAG-1 is a multifunctional protein that is expressed in most cells. Originally identified as a Bcl-2 binding protein [ 1 ], other interaction partners of BAG-1 were described, including the serine threonine kinase C-Raf [ 2 ]. The C-terminal "BAG domain" of BAG-1 mediates the interaction with the Hsc70 and H... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539250.xml |
549210 | An evaluation of the metabolic syndrome in the HyperGEN study | Background In 2001 the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) provided a categorical definition for metabolic syndrome (c-MetS). We studied the extent to which two ethnic groups, Blacks and Whites were affected by c-MetS. The groups were members of the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN), a part... | Background Metabolic and physiologic disorders for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension often cluster. This cluster is frequently identified as the "metabolic syndrome" (MetS). Reaven [ 1 ] related MetS to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549210.xml |
514895 | Co-transcriptional folding is encoded within RNA genes | Background Most of the existing RNA structure prediction programs fold a completely synthesized RNA molecule. However, within the cell, RNA molecules emerge sequentially during the directed process of transcription. Dedicated experiments with individual RNA molecules have shown that RNA folds while it is being transcri... | Background Most of the existing computational methods for RNA secondary structure prediction fold an already completely synthesized RNA molecule. This is done either by minimizing its free energy (e.g. done by MFOLD [ 1 - 3 ] and by the programs of the VIENNA package [ 4 - 8 ]) or by maximizing the probability under a ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514895.xml |
549204 | Structural comparison of metabolic networks in selected single cell organisms | Background There has been tremendous interest in the study of biological network structure. An array of measurements has been conceived to assess the topological properties of these networks. In this study, we compared the metabolic network structures of eleven single cell organisms representing the three domains of li... | Background Classification of biological organisms is of fundamental importance to evolutionary studies. It is commonly believed that there are three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryote. Currently, the most popular classification method is the so called "molecular approach", in which polymorphism informatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549204.xml |
300675 | Structural Mechanism Shows How Transferrin Receptor Binds Multiple Ligands and Sheds Light on a Hereditary Iron Disease | null | Iron is an essential nutrient for sustaining life-forms as diverse as plankton and humans. But too much iron, or too little, can spell trouble. Mammalian cells maintain the proper balance partly with the help of a specialized cell surface protein called the transferrin receptor (TfR). TfRs bind to the iron-carrying tra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC300675.xml |
548683 | FAM20: an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted proteins expressed in hematopoietic cells | Background Hematopoiesis is a complex developmental process controlled by a large number of factors that regulate stem cell renewal, lineage commitment and differentiation. Secreted proteins, including the hematopoietic growth factors, play critical roles in these processes and have important biological and clinical si... | Background Hematopoietic differentiation is a complex process whereby multiple functionally and morphologically distinct cell types arise from a population of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) [ 1 ]. The accurate and efficient regulation of hematopoietic development is controlled by a large number of regulat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548683.xml |
546335 | Opposing Fat Metabolism Pathways Triggered by a Single Gene | null | Regulating metabolism of fat is an important challenge for any animal, from nematodes to humans. Central players in the regulatory network are the nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), which are transcription factors that turn on or off a set of target genes when bound by specific lipid molecules. NHR genes number 48 in ma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546335.xml |
549562 | Surface expression, single-channel analysis and membrane topology of recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein | Background Chlamydial bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens containing a cysteine-rich porin (Major Outer Membrane Protein, MOMP) with important structural and, in many species, immunity-related roles. MOMP forms extensive disulphide bonds with other chlamydial proteins, and is difficult to purify. Leaderless, ... | Background Every Gram-negative bacterium in the order Chlamydiales is an obligate intracellular pathogen [ 1 ]. The organisms are dimorphic, and alternate between free-living, infectious "elementary bodies" (EBs) endocytosed by mucosal cells into vesicular inclusions, and metabolically active, intracellular "reticulate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549562.xml |
300885 | A Truly Broad View of Gene Expression Spotlights Evolution and Diversity | null | Bioinformatics and microarrays have given scientists powerful new tools to investigate the structure and activity of genes on a global scale. Rather than studying just a few genes, scientists can analyze tens of thousands within and across species. Microarrays flag which genes are expressed under particular cellular co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC300885.xml |
526370 | Inhibitory effects of proanthocyanidins from Ribes nigrum leaves on carrageenin acute inflammatory reactions induced in rats | Background The anti-inflammatory effects of proanthocyanidins (PACs), isolated from blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) leaves, were analysed using carrageenin-induced paw oedema and carrageenin-induced pleurisy in rats. Results Pretreatment of the animals with PACs (10, 30, 60 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced paw oedema induc... | Background Proanthocyanidins are compounds, naturally occurring in various plants, with anti-inflammatory [ 1 , 2 ] and anti-arthritic activities [ 3 ]. They are reported to prevent skin aging and heart diseases, they scavenge oxygen free radicals and inhibit UV radiation-induced peroxidation [ 4 - 10 ]. We have isolat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526370.xml |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.