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539331 | Major Structural Differences and Novel Potential Virulence Mechanisms from the Genomes of Multiple Campylobacter Species | Sequencing and comparative genome analysis of four strains of Campylobacter including C. lari RM2100, C. upsaliensis RM3195, and C. coli RM2228 has revealed major structural differences that are associated with the insertion of phage- and plasmid-like genomic islands, as well as major variations in the lipooligosacchar... | Introduction The Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is commensal in cattle, swine, and birds [ 1 ]. Campylobacter species, however, are the major cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis, and may be responsible for as many as 400–500 million cases worldwide each year [ 2 ]. Although the genus C... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539331.xml |
549603 | Equitable Allocation of Antiretrovirals in Resource-Constrained Countries | null | Antiretroviral drugs change the lives of patients with HIV/AIDS—if they have access to them. Most patients in resource-poor countries cannot afford the drugs. Major initiatives are under way to expand access to antiretrovirals in developing countries, but the number of individuals in need of the drugs currently vastly ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549603.xml |
545777 | Spatial patterns of transcriptional activity in the chromosome of Escherichia coli | Analysis of the transcriptional activity in Escherichia coli K12 revealed an asymmetry in the distribution of transcriptional patterns along the bacterial chromosome and showed that spatial patterns of transcription could be modulated pharmacologically and genetically. | Background Chromosomes have evolved to effectively retrieve and transmit genetic information stored in DNA. Significant progress has been made recently in our understanding of how DNA is packaged into chromosomes, particularly at low compaction levels determined by supercoiling and/or protein-dependent condensation [ 1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545777.xml |
554108 | Evaluation of dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic cancer cells or expressing tumour mRNA as potential cancer vaccines against leukemia | Background Leukemia is a clonal disorder characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of haematopoietic cells, and represents the most common form of cancer in children. Advances in therapy for childhood leukemia have relied increasingly on the use of high-dose chemotherapy often combined with stem-cell transplantation.... | Background Leukemia represents the most common form of cancer in children. There are two main types of childhood leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The success rate in treatment of childhood leukemia has improved continuously over the past decades [ 1 ], and today disease-fre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554108.xml |
543474 | A simulation model of Escherichia coli osmoregulatory switch using E-CELL system | Background Bacterial signal transduction mechanism referred to as a "two component regulatory systems" contributes to the overall adaptability of the bacteria by regulating the gene expression. Osmoregulation is one of the well-studied two component regulatory systems comprising of the sensor, EnvZ and the cognate resp... | Background Among prokaryotes, a remarkable number of cellular functions are controlled by two component regulatory systems [ 1 ]. Dedicated circuits transduce and interpret specific signals such as pH, temperature, osmolarity, light, nutrients, ions, pheromones and toxins to regulate a wide range of processes including... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543474.xml |
555558 | Automatic detection of false annotations via binary property clustering | Background Computational protein annotation methods occasionally introduce errors. False-positive (FP) errors are annotations that are mistakenly associated with a protein. Such false annotations introduce errors that may spread into databases through similarity with other proteins. Generally, methods used to minimize ... | Background Computational protein annotation is a major goal of bioinformatics and annotation methods are widely used. A wide variety of annotation methods exist, many of which rely on some kind of scoring. Typically, when testing whether a protein should be given a certain annotation, a score threshold is set, and prot... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555558.xml |
539327 | Sorghum Genome Sequencing by Methylation Filtration | Sorghum bicolor is a close relative of maize and is a staple crop in Africa and much of the developing world because of its superior tolerance of arid growth conditions. We have generated sequence from the hypomethylated portion of the sorghum genome by applying methylation filtration (MF) technology. The evidence sugg... | Introduction Sorghum bicolor is a vitally important crop in Africa and much of the developing world. It has a remarkable ability to endure both drought conditions and water-logging and it grows well on marginal lands [ 1 ]. It is the dietary staple of more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries with only ric... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539327.xml |
374242 | Artificial Prions Created from Portable Control Elements | null | For decades, scientists accepted that the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, packed with thousands of protein-coding genes, were the sole purveyors of genetic information; all inherited traits, from eye color to shoe size, must be stored and expressed through nucleic acid mechanisms. But prions are an exception. These misshap... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC374242.xml |
555564 | Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock | Background The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the master circadian clock that regulates daily rhythms of many physiological and behavioural processes in mammals. Previously we have shown that prokineticin 2 ( PK2 ) is a clock-controlled gene that may function as a critical SCN output molecule responsible for ci... | Background Light is the principal zeitgeber that entrains circadian rhythms of physiology and behaviour [ 1 , 2 ]. The major light input pathway to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the retinohypothalamic tract [ 3 ], which arises from a population of retinal ganglion cells [ 4 ]. Recent studies have demonstrated th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555564.xml |
548521 | Generation of human antibody fragments against Streptococcus mutans using a phage display chain shuffling approach | Background Common oral diseases and dental caries can be prevented effectively by passive immunization. In humans, passive immunotherapy may require the use of humanized or human antibodies to prevent adverse immune responses against murine epitopes. Therefore we generated human single chain and diabody antibody deriva... | Background Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases of humans. The main causative agent is a group of streptococcal species collectively described as the mutans streptococci [ 1 ]. Streptococcus mutans has been identified as the major etiological agent of the disease. Unlike many other diseases, dent... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548521.xml |
543448 | A model for analysis, systemic planning and strategic synthesis for health science teaching in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a vision for action | Background The problem of training human resources in health is a real concern in public health in Central Africa. What can be changed in order to train more competent health professionals? This is of utmost importance in primary health care. Methods Taking into account the level of training of secondary-level nurses i... | Background A partnership of the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) – more specifically, the directorate that is in charge of health science education – the French-speaking community of Belgium and various education and training associations made it possible to set up and carry out a teachi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543448.xml |
423155 | Escape Velocity: Why the Prospect of Extreme Human Life Extension Matters Now | Should we be considering the social and economic ramifications of a society where life-span could be limitless? | The biogerontologist David Sinclair and the bioethicist Leon Kass recently locked horns in a radio debate ( http://www.theconnection.org/shows/2004/01/20040106_b_main.asp ) on human life extension that was remarkable for one thing: on the key issue, Kass was right and Sinclair wrong. Sinclair suggested, as have other e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423155.xml |
529322 | A Neuron Survival Protein May Give Directions, Too | null | Anyone who's ever had a physical exam knows the monosynaptic stretch reflex arc. When the doctor taps your patellar tendon with a hammer, your quadriceps muscle briefly stretches and your knee responds with a quick kick. This involuntarily reflex is mediated by muscle spindles, specialized muscle structures containing ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529322.xml |
526777 | Toxoplasma and coxiella infection and psychiatric morbidity: A retrospective cohort analysis | Background It has been suggested that infection with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with slow reaction and poor concentration, whilst infection with Coxiella burnetii may lead to persistent symptoms of fatigue. Methods 425 farmers completed the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) by computer between March and ... | Background It has been suggested that infections with the zoonoses Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burnetii may lead to long term neuropsychiatric morbidity. More specifically, T. gondii infection is hypothesised to be associated with slow reaction and poor concentration [ 1 , 2 ] whilst C. burnetii infection is reporte... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526777.xml |
548509 | Injury morbidity in an urban and a rural area in Tanzania: an epidemiological survey | Background Injuries are becoming a major health problem in developing countries. Few population based studies have been carried out in African countries. We examined the pattern of nonfatal injuries and associated risk factors in an urban and rural setting of Tanzania. Methods A population-based household survey was co... | Background Injuries have been recognised as a major public health problem in both developed and less developed countries [ 1 ]. It is generally acknowledged that this problem is growing rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa [ 2 ]. Studies in Tanzania show that injuries are an important cause of death among adults [ 3 ], and ac... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548509.xml |
212689 | Genetically Modified Corn— Environmental Benefits and Risks | To plant or not to plant. A discussion of the environmental benefits and risks of genetically modified crops | Corn is one of humankind's earliest innovations. It was domesticated 10,000 years ago when humans learned to cross-pollinate plants and slowly turned a scraggly nondescript grass called teosinte into plump, productive modern corn ( Figure 1 ). As needs change, so does plant breeding. Today, while biotech super-giants m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212689.xml |
544864 | Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma: cytologic findings and differential diagnosis on aspiration material | Background Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) is a rare WHO Grade I tumor of infancy that is characterized by large volume, superficial location, invariable supratentoriality, fronto-parietal lobe predilection and morphologically, by an admixture of astroglial and neuroepithelial elements in a desmoplastic mili... | Background The clinicopathologic features of 11 examples of a distinctive pediatric tumor designated desmoplastic supratentorial neuroepithelial tumors of infancy (also known as desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, [DIG]) were originally described by Vandenberg et al in 1987 [ 1 ]. Since that seminal report, at least ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544864.xml |
423141 | α-Actinin-4-Mediated FSGS: An Inherited Kidney Disease Caused by an Aggregated and Rapidly Degraded Cytoskeletal Protein | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common pattern of renal injury, seen as both a primary disorder and as a consequence of underlying insults such as diabetes, HIV infection, and hypertension. Point mutations in theα-actinin-4 gene ACTN4 cause an autosomal dominant form of human FSGS. We characterized the b... | Introduction In humans, ACTN4 mutations cause a form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) ( Kaplan et al. 2000 ). This lesion, which describes a pattern of injury characterized by regions of sclerosis in some renal glomeruli, is a common finding in kidney disease from a wide range of primary disorders, includin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423141.xml |
535537 | Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review | There are likely many scenarios and pathways that can lead to metabolic syndrome. This paper reviews mechanisms by which the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may contribute to the metabolic syndrome, and explores the paradigm of a critical VAT threshold (CVATT). Exceeding the CVATT may result in a number o... | Introduction Arguably, the major pathogenic factor in the metabolic syndrome is central obesity [ 1 , 2 ]. While abdominal obesity is determined by the accumulation of both subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), the excess accumulation of VAT appears to play a more significant pathogenic ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535537.xml |
544870 | Redesigned and chemically-modified hammerhead ribozymes with improved activity and serum stability | Background Hammerhead ribozymes are RNA-based molecules which bind and cleave other RNAs specifically. As such they have potential as laboratory reagents, diagnostics and therapeutics. Despite having been extensively studied for 15 years or so, their wide application is hampered by their instability in biological media... | Background Hammerhead ribozymes were discovered as self-cleaving motifs in a number of small, circular, pathogenic RNAs in plants [ 1 - 3 ]. Uhlenbeck [ 4 ] showed that the ribozyme was able to act in a bimolecular fashion as a true enzyme, ie each ribozyme was able to cleave multiple substrates. Haseloff and Gerlach [... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544870.xml |
529444 | Morphological correlates of injury-induced reorganization in primate somatosensory cortex | Background Topographic reorganization of central maps following peripheral nerve injury has been well characterized. Despite extensive documentation of these physiological changes, the underlying anatomical correlates have yet to be fully explored. In this study, we used Golgi impregnation and light microscopy to asses... | Background The ability of the nervous system to modify its output in accordance with experiential demands is a central tenet of neuronal plasticity. For many years, the view of critical periods permeated our beliefs; almost dictating that plasticity beyond such epochs was, at best, minimal. The seminal experiments of M... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529444.xml |
545213 | Completing the Public Health HIV/AIDS Alphabet | null | Dr. Gerberding outlines critical steps for arresting the HIV/AIDS epidemic [1] . She suggests moving ahead with “ABCs” and with “D” for diagnosis and “R” for responsibility. These are good suggestions—with increased HIV testing and individuals taking responsibility for their role in HIV spread, the epidemic might be sl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545213.xml |
555941 | A comparative sequence analysis reveals a common GBD/FH3-FH1-FH2-DAD architecture in formins from Dictyostelium, fungi and metazoa | Background Formins are multidomain proteins defined by a conserved FH2 (formin homology 2) domain with actin nucleation activity preceded by a proline-rich FH1 (formin homology 1) domain. Formins act as profilin-modulated processive actin nucleators conserved throughout a wide range of eukaryotes. Results We present a ... | Background Eukaryotic cells rely on de novo nucleation mechanisms to generate actin filaments in order to elicit spatial and temporal remodeling of their actin cytoskeleton. Besides the Arp2/3 complex, nucleation activity has been recently demonstrated also for formins (reviewed in [ 1 ]). Formins are multidomain prote... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555941.xml |
555955 | Emergence of unusual species of enterococci causing infections, South India | Background Enterococci tend to be one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, with E. faecalis and E. faecium accounting up to 90% of the clinical isolates. Nevertheless, the incidence of other species of enterococci from clinical sources shows an alarming increase with the properties of intrinsic resistance to... | Background Enterococci, generally regarded as normal flora of gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of humans, have emerged as the etiogen of several nosocomial as well community-acquired infections since last two decades. Globally, many studies have revealed that enterococci tend to be one of the leading causes of ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555955.xml |
529450 | Age-related changes in Serum Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and Somatostatin in System Lupus Erythematosus | Background Systemic lupus erythematosus is an age- and gender-associated autoimmune disorder. Previous studies suggested that defects in the hypothalamic/pituitary axis contributed to systemic lupus erythematosus disease progression which could also involve growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and somatostatin ... | Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the protean autoimmune disorder with strong familial penetrance. Immunologically, SLE is characterized by aberrations in T cell and B cell function [ 1 , 2 ], over-production of autoantibodies directed principally against nuclear antigens [ 3 ] as well as other tissue an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529450.xml |
546040 | What Does an Airline Traveler Have in Common with a Glowing Fish? | null | In William Gibson's novel Pattern Recognition , the protagonist posits a theory of jet lag: “Souls can't move that quickly, and are left behind, and must be awaited, upon arrival, like lost luggage.” Science has yet to address the issue of a spiritual speed limit, but it is generally accepted that jet lag actually resu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546040.xml |
526763 | Traumatic deep vein thrombosis in a soccer player: A case study | A 42 year-old male former semi-professional soccer player sustained a right lower extremity popliteal contusion during a soccer game. He was clinically diagnosed with a possible traumatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and sent for confirmatory tests. A duplex doppler ultrasound was positive for DVT, and the patient was a... | Introduction Athletes are susceptible to a variety of vascular injuries, secondary to either repetitive motion, or high-speed collisions [ 1 ]. The differential diagnosis for lower extremity trauma in sport seldom invites a diagnosis of vascular injury, such as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Failure of the physician to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526763.xml |
523828 | Palliative Care in Africa and the Caribbean | In many of the world's poorest countries, dying is often accompanied by avoidable pain and other distressing symptoms. How can we improve care at the end of life? | “If someone is condemned to a premature death because of the injustice of global health inequality, it is doubly unjust for that person to be condemned to an agonising death racked by preventable pain.” [ 1 ] In many resource-poor countries, death is accompanied by avoidable pain and other distressing symptoms. Unfortu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523828.xml |
340939 | Bridging the Science–Policy Divide | The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment focuses on the benefits people obtain from ecosystems and aims to improve ecosystem management and contribute to human well-being and poverty alleviation | Nobody questions the importance of good scientific information for sound environmental decision-making. But designing mechanisms to link scientific research to the decision-making process is no easy matter. Research and decision-making often seem to operate in different worlds. Policy-makers' needs for applied findings... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340939.xml |
544858 | Changing treatment patterns for coronary artery revascularization in Canada: the projected impact of drug eluting stents | Background To evaluate current treatment patterns for coronary artery revascularization in Canada and explore the potential impact of drug eluting stents (DES) on these treatment patterns. Methods Eleven cardiologists at multiple Canadian academic centers completed a questionnaire on coronary artery revascularization r... | Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common condition in western society [ 1 ]. Treatment of CAD often involves surgical revascularization, that is, removal of coronary artery stenoses to restore sufficient myocardial blood flow. Currently, there are three major treatment options for coronary artery revascular... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544858.xml |
545207 | KRAS Mutations and Primary Resistance of Lung Adenocarcinomas to Gefitinib or Erlotinib | Background Somatic mutations in the gene for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are found in adenocarcinomas of the lung and are associated with sensitivity to the kinase inhibitors gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva). Lung adenocarcinomas also harbor activating mutations in the downstream GTPase, KRAS,... | Introduction Genes of the ERBB family encode receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate cellular responses to growth signals. Somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domains of two ERBB genes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2, have been found in a proportion of lung adenocarcinomas [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. For E... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545207.xml |
535904 | Survival of patients treated with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation at a tertiary care center in Pakistan – patient characteristics and predictors of in-hospital mortality | Background Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) has an established role in the treatment of patients presenting with critical cardiac illnesses, including cardiogenic shock, refractory ischemia and for prophylaxis and treatment of complications of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Patients requiring IA... | Background Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) has an established role in the treatment of patients presenting with cardiogenic shock [ 1 - 3 ], refractory heart failure [ 4 , 5 ], ischemia [ 6 ] and arrhythmias [ 7 ] as well as for prophylaxis [ 8 , 9 ] and treatment of complications of percutaneous coronary ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535904.xml |
514699 | Alternative mapping of probes to genes for Affymetrix chips | Background Short oligonucleotide arrays have several probes measuring the expression level of each target transcript. Therefore the selection of probes is a key component for the quality of measurements. However, once probes have been selected and synthesized on an array, it is still possible to re-evaluate the results... | Background In a relatively short time microarrays have become a well established technique, widely used by researchers. Microarrays offer nothing less than to be able to monitor simultaneously the expression levels for thousands of genes. The RNA molecules from the biological sample are called targets , and the polymer... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514699.xml |
548680 | Elevated glutamine/glutamate ratio in cerebrospinal fluid of first episode and drug naive schizophrenic patients | Background Recent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies report that glutamine is altered in the brains of schizophrenic patients. There were also conflicting findings on glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of schizophrenic patients, and absent for glutamine. This study aims to clarify the question of glutami... | Background Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a dysfunction in glutamatergic neurotransmission might be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia [ 1 - 6 ]. The amino acid glutamate plays a central role in nitrogen metabolism and participates in multiple biochemical pathways. Released glutamate is taken up ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548680.xml |
514706 | Tamoxifen and the Rafoxifene analog LY117018: their effects on arachidonic acid release from cells in culture and on prostaglandin I2 production by rat liver cells | Background Tamoxifen is being used successfully to treat breast cancer. However, tamoxifen also increases the risk of developing endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene also decreases breast cancer in women at high risk and may have a lower risk at developing cancer of the uterus. Tamoxifen has been show... | Background The successful treatment and prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer in women by tamoxifen is attributed to its estrogen receptor (ER) occupancy [reviewed in [ 1 , 2 ]]. In the N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) induced breast cancer model in rats, tumor growth is estrogen dependent and tamoxifen is considerab... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514706.xml |
387282 | Evaluating Disease Trends in Marine Ecosystems | null | After the recent mad cow scare in the United States, 61% of Americans said they would start eating more fish, according to a Wall Street Journal Online poll. The respondents may not know that populations of large predatory fish, such as tuna, swordfish, and marlin, have declined 90% over the past 50 years or that less-... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387282.xml |
524174 | Regulation of membrane fatty acid composition by temperature in mutants of Arabidopsis with alterations in membrane lipid composition | Background A wide range of cellular responses occur when plants are exposed to elevated temperature, including adjustments in the unsaturation level of membrane fatty acids. Although membrane bound desaturase enzymes mediate these adjustments, it is unknown how they are regulated to achieve these specific membrane comp... | Background One of the most prevalent environmental challenges encountered by plants is the exposure to a broad range of temperatures. Plants use a variety of anatomical, metabolic and cellular strategies to deal with changing environmental temperatures. Acclimation to elevated temperatures is mediated at the cellular l... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524174.xml |
555766 | GC-compositional strand bias around transcription start sites in plants and fungi | Background A GC-compositional strand bias or GC-skew (=(C-G)/(C+G)), where C and G denote the numbers of cytosine and guanine residues, was recently reported near the transcription start sites (TSS) of Arabidopsis genes. However, it is unclear whether other eukaryotic species have equally prominent GC-skews, and the bi... | Background A prominent GC-compositional strand bias or GC-skew (=(C-G)/(C+G)), where C and G denote the numbers of cytosine and guanine residues, was reported recently around the transcription start sites (TSS) of Arabidopsis genes [ 1 ]. It is well known that GC-skews occur bi-directionally in circular bacterial genom... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555766.xml |
548694 | Autonomic nervous system dysfunction predicts poor prognosis in patients with mild to moderate tetanus | Background Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction is present in up to one third of patients with tetanus. The prognostic value of ANS dysfunction is known in severe tetanus but its value is not well established in mild to moderate tetanus. Methods Medical records of all patients admitted with tetanus at two academi... | Background Tetanus is still a major health problem in developing world. Care of this potentially fatal, though preventable, disease has been revolutionized with advent of mechanical ventilation. However, still a significant minority, at least 10%, would die despite every effort [ 1 ]. Respiratory arrest used to be a co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548694.xml |
514712 | The solution structure of ChaB, a putative membrane ion antiporter regulator from Escherichia coli | Background ChaB is a putative regulator of ChaA, a Na + /H + antiporter that also has Ca + /H + activity in E. coli . ChaB contains a conserved 60-residue region of unknown function found in other bacteria, archaeabacteria and a series of baculoviral proteins. As part of a structural genomics project, the structure of ... | Background The regulation of cellular ion concentrations is an essential process in all organisms, necessary to sustain a multitude of physiological processes including pH balance and ion homeostasis. This process is accomplished mainly through membrane ion transporters. In Escherichia coli , among the membrane protein... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514712.xml |
387269 | Avoiding URL Reference Degradation in Scientific Publications | Arguments are presented concerning the deposit of Internet-based information into the Internet Archive, a digital library of Internet sites and other digital data | While we applaud PloS' use of Digital Object Identifiers (“The What and Whys of DOIs,” PLoS Biol 1: e57 doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000057 ), we also note the lack of provisions in your instructions for authors for preserving access to electronic information residing at a cited Internet addresses via Uniform Resource Lo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387269.xml |
539045 | Is It Ethical to Use Enhancement Technologies to Make Us Better than Well? | Background to the debate: A variety of biomedical technologies are being developed that can be used for purposes other than treating disease. Such “enhancement technologies” can be used to improve our appearance and regulate our emotions, with the goal of feeling “better than well.” While these technologies can help pe... | Arthur Caplan's Viewpoint: Nobody Is Perfect—But Why Not Try to Be Better? Perfection has come in for a lot of bad press recently. A torrent of books and articles has recently appeared [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], all raising serious ethical questions about the wisdom and morality of trying to use biomedical ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539045.xml |
524028 | Amino acids as regulators of gene expression | The role of amino acids as substrates for protein synthesis is well documented. However, a function for amino acids in modulating the signal transduction pathways that regulate mRNA translation has only recently been described. Interesting, some of the signaling pathways regulated by amino acids overlap with those clas... | Introduction Recent advances in biomedical research reveal a key role for amino acids as nutritional signals in the regulation of a number of cellular processes. Studies employing a variety of cell types and different tissues demonstrate that one such process affected is the regulation of gene expression through modula... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524028.xml |
514896 | Primary care follow up of patients discharged from the emergency department: a retrospective study | Background The visit to the emergency department (ED) constitutes a brief, yet an important point in the continuum of medical care. The aim of our study was to evaluate the continuity of care of adult ED visitors. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all ED discharge summaries for over a month 's period. The ED chart, r... | Background The emergency department (ED) is intended to treat medical urgencies or emergencies, but a large proportion of visits are due to problems that could be treated in the primary care setting [ 1 , 2 ]. ED services are available 24 hours a day while primary care facilities have limited service hours. In the Isra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514896.xml |
535938 | GOtcha: a new method for prediction of protein function assessed by the annotation of seven genomes | Background The function of a novel gene product is typically predicted by transitive assignment of annotation from similar sequences. We describe a novel method, GOtcha, for predicting gene product function by annotation with Gene Ontology (GO) terms. GOtcha predicts GO term associations with term-specific probability ... | Background It is now often possible to obtain the complete genome sequence of an organism in a few months, but without a directed approach, determining the function of potential gene products through biological experimentation is inefficient. Accordingly, methods for function prediction are required to direct experimen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535938.xml |
521193 | Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients hospitalised for heart failure | Background Previous studies showing a strong relationship between Cheyne-Stokes respiration and the severity of left ventricular systolic dysfunction have usually been done in selected patient populations with lower age and a higher proportion of males than the "typical" in-hospital patient with heart failure. The purp... | Background Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) during sleep, is common in patients with heart failure [ 1 , 2 ]. Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep has been claimed to be an independent risk factor for death [ 3 , 4 ], speculatively through increased neurohumoral stress on the heart [ 5 ]. Results from other studies ha... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521193.xml |
529256 | Potentially inappropriate prescriptions for older patients in long-term care | Background Inappropriate medication use is a major healthcare issue for the elderly population. This study explored the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) in long-term care in metropolitan Quebec. Methods A cross sectional chart review of 2,633 long-term care older patients of the Quebec City ... | Background Inappropriate medication use is a major health care issue for the elderly population [ 1 - 3 ]. Older patients are more at risk for adverse medication outcomes because they often have complex drug regimens and because of the age-related changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [ 1 ]. Potentially... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529256.xml |
549549 | The responses of Ht22 cells to oxidative stress induced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) | Background glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells. It directly reacts with reactive oxygen species (ROS), functions as a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes, and maintains thiol redox potential in cells. GSH depletion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, par... | Background Glutathione (GSH, tripeptide γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is the most abundant thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells. It reacts directly with reactive oxygen species (ROS), or functions as a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as the glutathione peroxidases (GPxs). In addition, GSH keeps sulfhydryl grou... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549549.xml |
544938 | Homologs of wingless and decapentaplegic display a complex and dynamic expression profile during appendage development in the millipede Glomeris marginata (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) | Background The Drosophila genes wingless ( wg ) and decapentaplegic ( dpp ) comprise the top level of a hierarchical gene cascade involved in proximal-distal (PD) patterning of the legs. It remains unclear, whether this cascade is common to the appendages of all arthropods. Here, wg and dpp are studied in the millipede... | Background The genes wingless ( wg ) and decapentaplegic ( dpp ) are important factors for the normal development of the Drosophila legs. Both genes encode secreted morphogens that generate combinatorial gradients across the developing imaginal leg discs (e.g. [ 1 ]). These gradients form the top level in a PD axis pat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544938.xml |
499542 | Significant receptor affinities of metabolites and a degradation product of mometasone furoate | Mometasone furoate (MF) is a highly potent glucocorticoid used topically to treat inflammation in the lung, nose and on the skin. However, so far no information has been published on the human glucocorticoid receptor activity of the metabolites or degradation products of MF. We have now determined the relative receptor... | Introduction Mometasone furoate (MF) is a highly potent topical glucocorticoid for the treatment of asthma [ 1 ], allergic rhinitis [ 2 ] and various skin diseases [ 3 ]. The clinical efficacy of MF is comparable to that of fluticasone propionate [ 4 ]. Both compounds have a very high affinity to the human glucocortico... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC499542.xml |
212702 | What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color? | There is a large range of human skin color, yet we know very little about the underlying genetic architecture. Is the number of skin color genes close to five, 50, or 500? | Diversity of human appearance and form has intrigued biologists for centuries, but nearly 100 years after the term “genetics” was coined by William Bateson in 1906, the genes that underlie this diversity are an unsolved mystery. One of the most obvious phenotypes that distinguish members of our species, differences in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212702.xml |
539051 | Cancer as a Complex Phenotype: Pattern of Cancer Distribution within and beyond the Nuclear Family | Background The contribution of low-penetrant susceptibility variants to cancer is not clear. With the aim of searching for genetic factors that contribute to cancer at one or more sites in the body, we have analyzed familial aggregation of cancer in extended families based on all cancer cases diagnosed in Iceland over ... | Introduction Highly penetrant susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the genetics of all cancer cases. As an example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for around 2%–3% of all breast cancer cases [ 1 , 2 ], although more prevalent founder mutations in these genes can explain up to about 1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539051.xml |
549207 | Assessing stability and change of four performance measures: a longitudinal study evaluating outcome following total hip and knee arthroplasty | Background Physical performance measures play an important role in the measurement of outcome in patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty. However, many of the commonly used measures lack information on their psychometric properties in this population. The purposes of this study were to examine the reliability and... | Background Osteoarthritis, the most common reason for total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA), accounts for more difficulty with climbing stairs and walking than any other disease [ 1 , 2 ]. Physical performance measures, therefore, play an important role in the measurement of outcome in patients undergoing total j... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549207.xml |
548131 | Immunoreactivity of the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein | Background The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein has been reported to stimulate both T and B cell responses as well as induce a number of Th1 cytokines. In order to evaluate the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ( M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ) 19-kDa lipoprotein as an immunomodulator in cattl... | Background Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (referred to hereafter as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ) and induces a chronic enteritis in ruminants. The disease signs include weight loss, diarrhea, and decreased milk production. In the United States alone the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548131.xml |
535864 | Family physicians' perspectives on practice guidelines related to cancer control | Background Family physicians (FPs) play an important role in cancer control. While FPs' attitudes towards, and use of guidelines in general have been explored, no study has looked at the needs of FPs with respect to guidelines for the continuum of cancer control. The objective of this study was to understand which guid... | Background Family physicians (FPs) play an important role in cancer control. Their traditional involvement has been primarily focused on opposite ends of the cancer control continuum: prevention, screening and diagnosis at the beginning of the continuum, and provision of palliative care at the other end. Treatment and ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535864.xml |
554097 | Mammalian cells lack checkpoints for tetraploidy, aberrant centrosome number, and cytokinesis failure | Background Mammalian cells have been reported to have a p53-dependent tetraploidy checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression in G1 in response to failure of cell division. In most cases where the tetraploidy checkpoint has been observed cell division was perturbed by anti-cytoskeleton drug treatments. However, other... | Background Cell cycle checkpoints preserve genome integrity by monitoring the fidelity of DNA replication and segregation. In mammalian somatic cells, the best-characterized checkpoints are the DNA damage/replication checkpoints and the mitotic spindle checkpoint. The DNA damage/replication checkpoints result in cell c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554097.xml |
549561 | Effects of the search technique on the measurement of the change in quality of randomized controlled trials over time in the field of brain injury | Background To determine if the search technique that is used to sample randomized controlled trial (RCT) manuscripts from a field of medical science can influence the measurement of the change in quality over time in that field. Methods RCT manuscripts in the field of brain injury were identified using two readily-avai... | Background Considerable effort has been directed toward improving randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, execution, and reporting [ 1 - 6 , 14 ]. Such efforts to define standards of quality for RCTs beg the question: are RCTs improving in quality over time? Many reviews have attempted to answer this question. In gen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549561.xml |
300886 | “Suicide” Proteins Contribute to Sperm Creation | null | You might say that caspases are obsessed with death. The primary agents of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, caspases kill cells by destroying proteins that sustain cellular processes. Apoptosis, a highly controlled sequence of events that eliminates dangerous or unnecessary cells, contributes to a wide variety of d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC300886.xml |
539247 | The unmasking of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia during reversal of immunosuppression: case reports and literature review | Background Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) is an important opportunistic infection among immunosuppressed patients, especially in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The clinical presentation of PCP in immunosuppressed patients have been well-reported in the literature. However, the clinical i... | Background Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pj) (previously known as Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis ) was first identified as a pathogen in premature infants suffering from interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in European countries during and after World War II, occasionally occurring in epidemics [ 1 - 3 ]. Since then Pneumo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539247.xml |
526373 | Long-term patterns in European brown hare population dynamics in Denmark: effects of agriculture, predation and climate | Background In Denmark and many other European countries, harvest records suggest a marked decline in European brown hare numbers, a decline often attributed to the agricultural practice. In the present study, we analyse the association between agricultural land-use, predator abundance and winter severity on the number ... | Background In most countries in Western Europe, the landscape has undergone dramatic changes during the last century due to changes in the agricultural practices. In Denmark, both the uncultivated land and the semi-cultivated land, such as permanent grass areas, have been reduced dramatically, reflecting the general in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526373.xml |
546336 | The Bottleneck of Central Processing: Clues from Reaction Times | null | Between stimulus and response lies a black box—the mind—whose inner workings are largely unmapped. One of the essential questions about those inner workings concerns the serial versus parallel nature of their processing capabilities. Parallel processing allows multiple tasks to proceed at once, while serial processing ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546336.xml |
545603 | A reverse genetic screen in Drosophila using a deletion-inducing mutagen | A new reverse-genetics mutagenesis method that uses the crosslinking drug hexamethylphosphoramide to introduce small deletions has been used to generate and screen pools of mutagenized Drosophila , identifying two mutants. | Background The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster has been the prime genetic model organism for almost a century. This success story is mainly founded on countless so-called forward genetic screens designed to elucidate gene functions on the basis of their mutant phenotypes. Many of those screens reached a scale that has... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545603.xml |
549039 | Postpartum maternal morbidity requiring hospital admission in Lusaka, Zambia – a descriptive study | Background Information on the extent of postpartum maternal morbidity in developing countries is extremely limited. In many settings, data from hospital-based studies is hard to interpret because of the small proportion of women that have access to medical care. However, in those areas with good uptake of health care, ... | Background Maternal morbidity refers to complications that have arisen during the pregnancy, delivery or postpartum period. Every year an estimated 50 million women are affected by maternal morbidity. Defining, interpreting and measuring maternal morbidity, however, is recognised to be difficult and the prevalence of s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549039.xml |
539253 | The family as a determinant of stunting in children living in conditions of extreme poverty: a case-control study | Background Malnutrition in children can be a consequence of unfavourable socioeconomic conditions. However, some families maintain adequate nutritional status in their children despite living in poverty. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether family-related factors are determinants of stunting in young Mexican ... | Background Despite improvements in the health of children under five years of age, malnutrition remains as an important public health problem in Mexico [ 1 ] and in other developing countries [ 2 - 7 ]. Malnutrition in young children affects linear and brain growth and intelligence quotient, and is synergistically asso... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539253.xml |
534788 | Ubiquitin is associated with the survival of ectopic stromal cells in endometriosis | Background Endometriosis is a condition that affects women of reproductive age, where the glandular and/or stromal tissues from the eutopic endometrium implant in ectopic locations. It is well established that the survival of ectopic implants is due to lower levels of apoptosis, but no consensus exists as to which path... | Background Endometriosis is a condition that affects 10% of women of reproductive age [ 1 ]. In the condition, endometrial glands and/or stroma from the eutopic endometrium lodge and survive at ectopic sites such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries and peritoneal cavity. The most accepted theory as to how these cells migra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534788.xml |
539284 | Integrating partonomic hierarchies in anatomy ontologies | Background Anatomy ontologies play an increasingly important role in developing integrated bioinformatics applications. One of the primary relationships between anatomical tissues represented in such ontologies is part-of . As there are a number of ways to divide up the anatomical structure of an organism, each may be ... | Background Introduction As the bioinformatics emphasis has shifted from gene sequence analysis to functional genomics and proteomics, the need to describe gene function in the context of specific tissues of an organism has increased. Hence, in addition to anatomy ontologies built for medical purposes, e.g. GALEN [ 1 ],... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539284.xml |
509409 | Recognition and Accommodation at the Androgen Receptor Coactivator Binding Interface | Prostate cancer is a leading killer of men in the industrialized world. Underlying this disease is the aberrant action of the androgen receptor (AR). AR is distinguished from other nuclear receptors in that after hormone binding, it preferentially responds to a specialized set of coactivators bearing aromatic-rich moti... | Introduction The androgen receptor (AR) is the cellular mediator of the actions of the hormone 5-α dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Androgen binding to AR leads to activation of genes involved in the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and other tissues such as bone and muscle. However, it is the pivo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509409.xml |
539291 | Functional effects of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) on human myometrial contractility in vitro | Background 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) administration reportedly improves outcome for women with a previous spontaneous preterm delivery. This study, using in vitro strips of human uterine smooth muscle, aimed to investigate the direct non-genomic effects of 17P on spontaneous and induced contractions in... | Background Preterm delivery constitutes a major problem in obstetric practice because of the large associated contribution to perinatal mortality and morbidity [ 1 , 2 ]. A significant proportion of all preterm deliveries are due to spontaneous preterm labor [ 2 ]. Despite much research effort, until recently, no effec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539291.xml |
509420 | Corneal topographic changes following retinal surgery | Background To study the effect of retinal/ vitreoretinal surgeries on corneal elevations. Methods Patients who underwent retinal/ vitreoretinal surgeries were divided into 3 groups. Scleral buckling was performed in 11 eyes (Group 1). In 8 (25%) eyes, vitreoretinal surgery was performed along with scleral buckling (Gro... | Background Changes in corneal curvature and axial length have been reported following scleral buckling procedure using keratometer [ 1 - 7 ]. Videokeratography has also been used to assess the corneal surface changes after buckling procedure[ 8 ]. All these studies have reported a change in the corneal curvature in its... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509420.xml |
509421 | Brain choline concentrations may not be altered in euthymic bipolar disorder patients chronically treated with either lithium or sodium valproate | Background It has been suggested that lithium increases choline concentrations, although previous human studies examining this possibility using 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) have had mixed results: some found increases while most found no differences. Methods The present study utilized 1 H MRS, in a 3... | Background Bipolar disorder is a chronic severe mental illness affecting approximately 1% of the adult population. The most widely used mood stabilizer for this condition is lithium [ 1 ], although the exact mechanism by which it is clinically effective remains undetermined. One suggestion is that it acts via effects o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509421.xml |
521178 | Human MicroRNA Targets | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) interact with target mRNAs at specific sites to induce cleavage of the message or inhibit translation. The specific function of most mammalian miRNAs is unknown. We have predicted target sites on the 3′ untranslated regions of human gene transcripts for all currently known 218 mammalian miRNAs to fac... | Introduction The Functions of MicroRNAs In the past three years, several hundred novel genes encoding transcripts containing short double-stranded RNA hairpins, named microRNAs (miRNAs), were identified in plants and animals ( Lee et al. 1993 ; Reinhart et al. 2000 , 2002 ; Lagos-Quintana et al. 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ; La... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521178.xml |
522869 | Global nucleosome occupancy in yeast | A genome-wide study of nucleosome occupancy at yeast promoters shows that promoters that regulate active genes, contain multiple conserved motifs, or contain Rap1 binding sites tend to be depleted of nucleosomes. | Background Global gene-expression patterns are established and maintained by the concerted actions of transcription factors and the proteins that constitute chromatin. The global network of interactions between transcription factors and promoters in yeast is increasingly being characterized [ 1 ]. The role of chromatin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522869.xml |
534789 | CP-31398, a putative p53-stabilizing molecule tested in mammalian cells and in yeast for its effects on p53 transcriptional activity | Background CP-31398 is a small molecule that has been reported to stabilize the DNA-binding core domain of the human tumor suppressor protein p53 in vitro . The compound was also reported to function as a potential anti-cancer drug by rescuing the DNA-binding activity and, consequently, the transcription activation fun... | Background The tumor suppressor protein p53 protects organisms from malignancy by either inducing programmed cell death or by arresting the cell cycle in response to cellular stress. The intracellular concentration of p53 is tightly regulated at the posttranslational level and the protein is very unstable under physiol... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534789.xml |
539290 | Antigenized antibodies expressing Vβ8.2 TCR peptides immunize against rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis | Background Immunity against the T cell receptor (TCR) is considered to play a central role in the regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model system of autoimmune disease characterized by a restricted usage of TCR genes. Methods of specific vaccination against the TCR of pathogenetic T cells ha... | Introduction Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an experimentally induced autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. It can be induced in susceptible animals either by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) or proteolipid protein PLP, or by immunization with synthetic peptides from the MBP sequence [ 1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539290.xml |
539285 | Anti-Plasmodium activity of ceramide analogs | Background Sphingolipids are key molecules regulating many essential functions in eukaryotic cells and ceramide plays a central role in sphingolipid metabolism. A sphingolipid metabolism occurs in the intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and is associated with essential biological processes. It constitutes... | Background Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cell membranes, predominantly found in the outer leaflet. Sphingosine and ceramide (Figure 1 ) are the two simplest molecules structurally, which belong to the sphingolipid family. Sphingosine represents the sphingoid backbone, and ceramide has a fatty aci... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539285.xml |
549038 | Cross-talk between phosphatidic acid and ceramide during ethanol-induced apoptosis in astrocytes | Background Ethanol inhibits proliferation in astrocytes, an effect that was recently linked to the suppression of phosphatidic acid (PA) formation by phospholipase D (PLD). The present study investigates ethanol's effect on the induction of apoptosis in astrocytes and the formation of ceramide, an apoptotic signal. Evi... | Background The proliferation of astrocytes is stimulated by polypeptide growth factors such as PDGF, EGF, bFGF and IGF-1 acting on cellular signaling pathways which involve tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, and the Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway [ 1 , 2 ]. Astroglial proliferation is also stimulated by neurotransmitters ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549038.xml |
549213 | Inter-species horizontal transfer resulting in core-genome and niche-adaptive variation within Helicobacter pylori | Background Horizontal gene transfer is central to evolution in most bacterial species. The detection of exchanged regions is often based upon analysis of compositional characteristics and their comparison to the organism as a whole. In this study we describe a new methodology combining aspects of established signature ... | Background Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and rare lymphomas [ 1 ]. It has a highly panmictic population structure in which homologous recombination makes the predominant contribution to sequence differences within a highly diverse populatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549213.xml |
509408 | Amplification of Trial-to-Trial Response Variability by Neurons in Visual Cortex | The visual cortex responds to repeated presentations of the same stimulus with high variability. Because the firing mechanism is remarkably noiseless, the source of this variability is thought to lie in the membrane potential fluctuations that result from summated synaptic input. Here this hypothesis is tested through ... | Introduction In the primary visual cortex (V1), different trials of presentation of an identical stimulus yield highly variable firing rates ( Heggelund and Albus 1978 ). This trial-to-trial variability is not inherited from subcortical inputs, as these respond in a much more consistent fashion ( Kara et al. 2000 ). In... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509408.xml |
526372 | Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania | Background Antimicrobial resistance is particularly harmful to infectious disease management in low-income countries since expensive second-line drugs are not readily available. The objective of this study was to implement and evaluate a computerized system for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary hos... | Background Exaggerated and irrational use of drugs, availability of antibiotics without prescription, the use of pharmaceuticals of doubtful quality and the HIV epidemic may all contribute to the current worldwide surge in antimicrobial drug resistance. Emerging resistance to antimicrobial drugs increases morbidity and... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526372.xml |
549212 | In vitro bioassay as a predictor of in vivo response | Background There is a substantial discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo experiments. The purpose of the present work was development of a theoretical framework to enable improved prediction of in vivo response from in vitro bioassay results. Results For dose-response curve reaches a plateau in vitro we demonstrated ... | Background In vitro bioassay is very useful in biomedical experiments. It has the potential to yield very important data about molecular mechanism of action of any biologically active compounds. However, the major challenge for such experiments is extrapolation to in vivo responses. Unfortunately, there is a substantia... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549212.xml |
499543 | Structural characterization of genomes by large scale sequence-structure threading: application of reliability analysis in structural genomics | Background We establish that the occurrence of protein folds among genomes can be accurately described with a Weibull function. Systems which exhibit Weibull character can be interpreted with reliability theory commonly used in engineering analysis. For instance, Weibull distributions are widely used in reliability, ma... | Background Recent advances in networks theory have demonstrated a key role of uneven distributions occurring in many natural processes. It has been found that seemingly unrelated systems such as economic, professional, sexual and social networks, airline routing, power lines connections, language networks and internet ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC499543.xml |
212703 | Large-Scale Association Study Confirms Genetic Complexity Underlying Type 2 Diabetes | null | A leading cause of death and disability, diabetes affects some 16 million Americans and up to 135 million people worldwide. While environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle are known to influence an individual's risk of getting adult-onset, or Type 2, diabetes, there is also a substantial inherited component, tho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212703.xml |
539246 | Tissue engineering, stem cells, cloning, and parthenogenesis: new paradigms for therapy | Patients suffering from diseased and injured organs may be treated with transplanted organs. However, there is a severe shortage of donor organs which is worsening yearly due to the aging population. Scientists in the field of tissue engineering apply the principles of cell transplantation, materials science, and bioen... | Introduction The goal of tissue engineering is to repair organ pathologies such as those acquired congenitally or by cancer, trauma, infection, or inflammation. It is based upon the foundations of cell transplantation and materials science. Tissue can be engineered 1) in vivo - by stimulating the body's own regeneratio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539246.xml |
539252 | The lack of public health research output from India | Background Systematic assessment of recent health research output from India, and its relation with the estimated disease burden, is not available. This information would help understand the areas in health research that need improvement in India to enhance the health of India's population. Methods The health research ... | Background India suffers a large proportion of the disease burden of the world, which has been estimated to be more than its 16.8% share of the world's population [ 1 , 2 ]. One of the vital elements in improving this situation is the need for a comprehensive and relevant evidence base that would equip India to take in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539252.xml |
545602 | Genome-wide mutagenesis of Zea mays L. using RescueMu transposons | The authors describe a large-scale transposon-tagging study in maize using the RescueMu system. The study provides a large resource of tagged and sequenced maize alleles, as well as some insights into the biology of RescueMu . | Background MuDR/Mu transposable elements are widely used for mutagenesis and as tags for gene cloning in maize [ 1 , 2 ]. The high efficiency of Mu insertional mutagenesis regulated by MuDR in highly active Mutator lines reflects four features of this transposon family. First, a plant typically has 10-50 copies of the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545602.xml |
548130 | Identification of novel prognostic markers in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using LDMAS (LOH Data Management and Analysis Software) | Background Detection of Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) is one of the most common molecular applications in the study of human diseases, in particular cancer. The technique is commonly used to examine whether a known tumour suppressor gene is inactivated or to map unknown tumour suppressor gene(s). However, with the incre... | Background Detection of LOH is one of the most common molecular applications in the study of human diseases, in particular cancer. It is commonly used to examine whether a known tumour suppressor gene is inactivated or to map unknown tumour suppressor gene(s). Detection of LOH not only helps in understanding the molecu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548130.xml |
549560 | Specialized microbial databases for inductive exploration of microbial genome sequences | Background The enormous amount of genome sequence data asks for user-oriented databases to manage sequences and annotations. Queries must include search tools permitting function identification through exploration of related objects. Methods The GenoList package for collecting and mining microbial genome databases has ... | Background We are facing a deluge of genome sequences. As of January 14th, 2005, the GOLD site identified 1248 completed or ongoing genome programs , and this certainly reflects only a partial view of the existing programs. While this shows that we implicitely possess an enormous wealth of information about the functio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549560.xml |
528834 | Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer | Background The phylogenetic relationships among the holoparasites of Rafflesiales have remained enigmatic for over a century. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies using the mitochondrial matR gene placed Rafflesia , Rhizanthes and Sapria (Rafflesiaceae s. str.) in the angiosperm order Malpighiales and Mitrastema (Mitr... | Background Combining gene sequences from multiple subcellular compartments continues to provide increasingly well-resolved flowering plant phylogenies [ 1 ] and these have precipitated a new classification for angiosperms [ 2 ]. Whereas most groups have been placed at the ordinal level, seven of the 18 "taxa of uncerta... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528834.xml |
521179 | Shut Down, Don't Stress Out | null | Among the many stresses faced by a cell, one of the most serious is exposure to oxidizing agents. An invading organism, for example, must defend itself against the oxidative assault mounted by a host's immune system. Since oxidation can rapidly destroy many types of molecules, cells have developed multiple means of pro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521179.xml |
387283 | The Elusive Baseline of Marine Disease: Are Diseases in Ocean Ecosystems Increasing? | Disease outbreaks alter the structure and function of marine ecosystems, directly affecting vertebrates (mammals, turtles, fish), invertebrates (corals, crustaceans, echinoderms), and plants (seagrasses). Previous studies suggest a recent increase in marine disease. However, lack of baseline data in most communities pr... | Introduction Marine organisms serve as hosts for a diversity of parasites and pathogens. Mortalities affect not only the host population, but can cascade through ecosystems. Loss of biologically engineered habitats such as seagrass beds ( Lewis 1933 ; Taylor 1933 ) and cascading trophic effects due to removal of consum... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387283.xml |
544939 | The birth of Emerging Themes in Epidemiology: a tale of Valerie, causality and epidemiology | Emerging Themes in Epidemiology (ETE) is a new, online, Open Access peer-reviewed journal. The Journal is unique in that it was conceived and is managed by research degree students in epidemiology and related public health fields. The Journal's management is overseen by its Editor-in-Chief and Associate Faculty Editors... | " Causality. There is no escape from it, we are forever slaves to it. Our only hope, our only peace is to understand it, to understand the 'why' [ 1 ]." - The Merovingian As far as we know, the Wachowski brothers' Merovingian was not an epidemiologist, but his sentiments should resonate well with those in the field. Pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544939.xml |
514883 | Monomethyl Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Play an Essential Role in Caenorhabditis elegans Development | Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) are commonly found in many organisms from bacteria to mammals. In humans, they have been detected in skin, brain, blood, and cancer cells. Despite a broad distribution, mmBCFAs remain exotic in eukaryotes, where their origin and physiological roles are not understood. Her... | Introduction Fatty acids (FAs) belong to a physiologically important class of molecules involved in energy storage, membrane structure, and various signaling pathways. Different FAs have different physical properties that determine their unique functions. Among the most abundant in animal cells as well as the most stud... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514883.xml |
539044 | Picturing AIDS: Using Images to Raise Community Awareness | In Botswana, explicit color photos of people with AIDS have been used to spread knowledge, with the aim of saving lives | Southern Africa poses special problems for AIDS educators and health care workers. Because there is a strong tradition of oral communication in the region, written educational materials often do not have as much impact as the spoken word. We have found that using colour images of HIV/AIDS in a workshop setting to provo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539044.xml |
522868 | Computational identification of developmental enhancers: conservation and function of transcription factor binding-site clusters in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila pseudoobscura | 27 predicted gene-regulatory regions in the Drosophila melanogaster genome were analyzed in vivo , confirming 15 active enhancer regions. A comparison with Drosophila pseudoobscura sequences revealed that conservation of binding-site clusters accurately discriminates functional regions from non-functional ones. | Background The transcription of protein-coding genes in distinct temporal and spatial patterns plays a central role in the differentiation and development of animal embryos. Decoding how the unique expression pattern of every transcript is encoded in DNA is essential to understanding how genome sequences specify organi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522868.xml |
539050 | Randomized, Controlled Trial of Therapy Interruption in Chronic HIV-1 Infection | Background Approaches to limiting exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs are an active area of HIV therapy research. Here we present longitudinal follow-up of a randomized, open-label, single-center study of the immune, viral, and safety outcomes of structured therapy interruptions (TIs) in patients with chroni... | Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been a milestone in the treatment of HIV infection. Current treatment guidelines for HIV-1 infection in the United States recommend the initiation of ART in patients with CD4 T cell counts of less than 350 cells/μl [ 1 ]. In implementing these guidelines, health-care provid... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539050.xml |
549548 | The evolution of the Sin1 gene product, a little known protein implicated in stress responses and type I interferon signaling in vertebrates | Background In yeast, birds and mammals, the SAPK-interacting protein 1 (Sin1) gene product has been implicated as a component of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signal transduction pathway. Recently, Sin1 has also been shown to interact with the carboxyl terminal end of the cytoplasmic domain of the ovine ty... | Background Sin1 was originally described as a human protein that modulated Ras function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 1 ]. Strains of yeast that expressed the constitutively activated RAS2 Val 19 mutation had elevated levels of cyclic AMP, impaired growth control and were acutely sensitive to heat shock. This phenotype... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549548.xml |
549206 | Comparative analysis of protein coding sequences from human, mouse and the domesticated pig | Background The availability of abundant sequence data from key model organisms has made large scale studies of molecular evolution an exciting possibility. Here we use full length cDNA alignments comprising more than 700,000 nucleotides from human, mouse, pig and the Japanese pufferfish Fugu rubrices in order to invest... | Background Large scale sequencing projects of many different species allow us to investigate phylogenetic issues in much more detail and to identify whether certain genes have had an extraordinary evolution in one or more species and thus gain insight into the actions of natural selection. Despite the sequencing of an ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549206.xml |
548695 | DNA repeat arrays in chicken and human genomes and the adaptive evolution of avian genome size | Background Birds have smaller average genome sizes than other tetrapod classes, and it has been proposed that a relatively low frequency of repeating DNA is one factor in reduction of avian genome sizes. Results DNA repeat arrays in the sequenced portion of the chicken ( Gallus gallus ) autosomes were quantified and co... | Background Genomes sizes (as measured by the DNA mass per diploid nucleus) are smaller on average in birds than in other tetrapod classes, and genome sizes within the class Aves show less variation than those of other tetrapod classes [ 1 , 2 ]. It has been proposed that reduced genome size in birds represents an adapt... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548695.xml |
554096 | Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis | Background Schizophrenia, a relatively common psychiatric syndrome, affects virtually all brain functions yet has eluded explanation for more than 100 years. Whether by developmental and/or degenerative processes, abnormalities of neurons and their synaptic connections have been the recent focus of attention. However, ... | Background When the solution to a clinical or scientific puzzle eludes us for more than a century, as with schizophrenia (formerly dementia praecox), we need new ways of thinking about the problem [ 1 , 2 ]. Efforts to understand schizophrenia have focused on neurons and, especially, the role of presumed excess dopamin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554096.xml |
387268 | Neural Activity When People Solve Verbal Problems with Insight | People sometimes solve problems with a unique process called insight, accompanied by an “Aha!” experience. It has long been unclear whether different cognitive and neural processes lead to insight versus noninsight solutions, or if solutions differ only in subsequent subjective feeling. Recent behavioral studies indica... | Introduction According to legend, Archimedes shouted “Eureka!” (“I have found it!”) when he suddenly discovered that water displacement could be used to calculate density. Since then, “Eureka!,” or “Aha!,” has often been used to express the feeling one gets when solving a problem with insight . Insight is pervasive in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387268.xml |
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