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Lombardo also said Paddock had personal protection equipment in his room, and that he had attempted to shoot at gas tanks in a possible effort to divert attention while he tried to get away. | 2024-05-31T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9627 |
Thrilling news for the over 70 million fans of Gunship Battle! Take the battle to the seas in WARSHIP BATTLE, a 3D warship action game, with missions inspired by the historic naval clashes of World War II. From the USS Arizona to the HMS Bulldog, take control of authentic World War II era vessels and steer them through epic naval battles to glorious victory!
Game Features– High quality 3D graphics despite compact app size– Fast paced naval battles with authentic warships from the World War II era– Customize your warships with different weapons and parts to win the battle– Episodes and hidden missions based on real WWII naval battles.– No network connection is required after downloading the game
This game is free to play, but you can choose to pay real money for special in-game items.
[Access Authorizations in JOYCITY Games]
1. Access to Contacts(When logging into the game) It is essential to be able to identify the Google account registered in the device for Google Login. [Access to Contacts] includes information to read the Google account. You will be unable to login to the game if you deny the access request.
2. Access to Photos, Media, and Files(When registering/editing profile) Access to [Photos, Media, and Files] saved in the device is required when you register/edit account profile image. Login and gameplay will not be affected even if you deny the access. | 2023-11-14T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8124 |
Scott Pruitt Attorney General of Oklahoma arrives to meet with U.S. President-elect Donald Trump at Trump Tower in Manhattan, New York City, U.S., December 7, 2016. Brendan McDermid/Reuters Donald Trump has picked Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt to lead the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during his administration.
The Sierra Club, at 124 years old, is one of the most venerable environmental groups in the US. On Wednesday, the group released a statement calling Pruitt unfit to serve as EPA Administrator, and comparing the choice to "putting an arsonist in charge of fighting fires."
Pruitt, 48, has served as Attorney General for Oklahoma since 2011. In that time he's stood out among state-level politicians for his sharp opposition to EPA regulations — a position cited as a badge of honor on his official biography on his office's website.
He is part of a lawsuit designed to tear up the EPA's Clean Power Plan, a signature Obama administration effort to combat greenhouse gas emissions.
He's also part of a state administration that has taken a favorable stance toward fossil fuel extractors. During his five-year tenure as Oklahoma attorney general, a method of oil extraction that involves pumping saltwater into the ground became much more common in the state. The result was a sharp increase in earthquakes.
Pruitt does not seem to have a background in the sort of environmental issues that will reach his desk if he's confirmed by the Senate. Before his term as State Attorney General, he served eight years in the Oklahoma State Senate, where, according to his official biography, he focused on "fiscal responsibility, religious freedom and pro-life issues."
Here's the statement from the Sierra Club, titled "Scott Pruit is unfit to serve as EPA Administrator":
Having Scott Pruitt in charge of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is like putting an arsonist in charge of fighting fires. He is a climate science denier who, as Attorney General for the state of Oklahoma, regularly conspired with the fossil fuel industry to attack EPA protections.
Nothing less than our children’s health is at stake. Scott Pruitt, whose own bio describes him as ‘a leading advocate against the EPA’s activist agenda’ cannot be trusted to head the EPA, an agency charged with protecting all Americans from threats to their water, air, and health. We strongly urge Senators, who are elected to represent and protect the American people, to stand up for families across the nation and oppose this nomination. | 2023-12-15T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9793 |
Sunday, April 27, 2008
COMMENTS: SoSG will be representin' on the Loge level (free caps!) as the Dodgers try to complete the sweep of Colorado—unlikely given that Rockies ace (and pride of Vancouver, BC) Francis is going up against nominal Dodger starter Loaiza, and that the Dodgers have not yet won three in a row. Strangely, yesterday's 10-run first-inning outburst may cost the Dodgers today, as Rockies manager Clint Hurdle forced Mark Redman to serve penance for another five innings (in which he ironically held the Dodgers scoreless). Now the Rockies bullpen will be rested for today's game.
As for the bats, the only starter without a hit yesterday was...wait for it...Andruw Jones, who did draw two walks to beef up his OBP and whose glove continues to pay dividends. If Matt Kemp hasn't earned a spot in today's starting lineup after his first career grand slam yesterday, then there is no justice in the world. As Erin from Beantown West noted, Kemp's five RBIs in the first inning were "more than Jones has had all year."
30
comments:
Beantown West will be representin' in the left field pavilion this afternoon. I'm hoping the free caps will be a little better than last year's. Either I have a very large head, or those things were made for small children. I'd like one that fits me this year. | 2023-11-21T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1791 |
Q:
Alternative model of Euclidean geometry
I'm planning to teach high-school geometry. As usual, this will be by building from axioms. (The axioms used are AFAICT particular to the book I've been assigned, but they're some combination of Hilbert's, SMSG's, and God knows what.) I'm considering demonstrating that geometry's axioms need not have their usual model by presenting an alternative model of at least a few basic axioms. Can anyone recommend such a model? I'd need it to be accessible to high schoolers (so, for example, not this).
A:
The rational plane $\mathbb{Q}^2$ is a model for Euclid's five axioms, and I would think (hope?) that it is accessible to high-schoolers. Many common geometric constructions don't work as expected for it; for example, here's an excerpt from Explanation and Proof in Mathematics, p.66:
| 2024-04-30T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3398 |
+1 on the stupid comment! splitwoods is right. sometimes we change things when there fine they way they are.
i wish usars would wake up to the simple fact that quads and inlines are really two differant sports! or at least two differant designs and desires!
it's really like stock car racing and dirt track racing! sure they both use cars! but that is about the only simalarity. it's to bad they won't and don't promote quad speed and inline speed as two differant entities. you have all kinds of bicycle racing! and all kinds of motorcycle racing. why do we have to have one kind of roller speed skating! there is plenty of room for both. and just think about it from a cost factor. more companies! more choices! more grass roots programs! more teams!
why were there more skaters on quads then, then there are today on inlines? where did they go! why did they quit! WE SHOULD SIMPLY PROMOTE BOTH!
things used to be fun. the meets were creative and exciting! sure there are still awesome skaters and comp. but it's kinda gone stagnent over time. last year for example everyone was saying that the regional championships didn't matter. and that it was only a simple qualifier for nationals. that may be true today. but personaly i remember when just getting to regionals was a feet in itself! and making it to nationals was a dream come true. to be a state or regional champion was an awesome feet! and national champions were the elite of the elite! and they still are. but when did a regional championship stop meaning something. and just become a chore! just something that has to be done. like working or paying bills. we need to combine old school and new school and bring back the excitement of the sport!
it was exciting to skate in an open with 50 to 75 skaters and do relays for miles and miles!
[QUOTE=quadbob;215722]+1 on the stupid comment! splitwoods is right. sometimes we change things when there fine they way they are.
i wish usars would wake up to the simple fact that quads and inlines are really two differant sports! or at least two differant designs and desires!
it's really like stock car racing and dirt track racing! sure they both use cars! but that is about the only simalarity. it's to bad they won't and don't promote quad speed and inline speed as two differant entities. you have all kinds of bicycle racing! and all kinds of motorcycle racing. why do we have to have one kind of roller speed skating! there is plenty of room for both. and just think about it from a cost factor. more companies! more choices! more grass roots programs! more teams!
why were there more skaters on quads then, then there are today on inlines? where did they go! why did they quit! WE SHOULD SIMPLY PROMOTE BOTH!
things used to be fun. the meets were creative and exciting! sure there are still awesome skaters and comp. but it's kinda gone stagnent over time. last year for example everyone was saying that the regional championships didn't matter. and that it was only a simple qualifier for nationals. that may be true today. but personaly i remember when just getting to regionals was a feet in itself! and making it to nationals was a dream come true. to be a state or regional champion was an awesome feet! and national champions were the elite of the elite! and they still are. but when did a regional championship stop meaning something. and just become a chore! just something that has to be done. like working or paying bills. we need to combine old school and new school and bring back the excitement of the sport!
it was exciting to skate in an open with 50 to 75 skaters and do relays for miles and miles!
Excellent post there Bob.....I fully agree with your position. The State Championships were a level you HAD to compete at, if you were to get to Regionals...in my day you needed to get 1-2 or 3rd in any division or Relay to advance....
Prior to my first State Meet in '59 some States had you compete in City Championships to qualify to even participate at the State level....In my 2nd year 1960, I made it to NE Regionals by placing in Jr Boys, the next year after training hard, I was proud to win my first NY State Meet in Intermediate Men in 1961 by winning all 4 heats and the 4 finals....repeated same at NE Regionals that year, in Int, Mixed and Mens Relays.....No one could take that feeling away, the wins at States were very rewarding, and the same wins at Regionals meant we were ready to advance at Nationals in a competitive environment....NY States and NE and Eastern Regionals were no cakewalks....we had some of the best racers in the Nation back there, everyone there qualified and proved their worthiness....
To prepare I was at practice 5am 4 days a week prior to going off to school, ran cross country, and bike rode everywhere I went....cross trained...it paid off....
Nowadays, Open Nationals, I cannot even fathom that...I blame the powers that be for allowing the sport to shrink to that condition. The Open 5 mile for Sr men was as exciting a race as anyone could ever want to see, at Open meets, up to 100 racers starting the event, the noise level was akin to a Nascar race.......racing at it's zenith in my mind anyhow....
yah, i had to qualify out of state for years! i skated out of the great lakes region, and that speaks for itself.
we really need to get the coaches to get there skaters to regionals. even if there not going to nationals. so the sport can grow again! i know that used to be blastfamy,lol you'd never want to take a spot away from someone that wanted to go to nationals.
but anymore theres barely enough at regionals, and almost everything is a final! so who would you hurt? oh well just the rantings of another old man! but i still skate! on both inlines and quads! and have been fortunate enough to make it to nationals on inlines! my first love will always be quads, but if we don't adapt we die! i just beleive we don't have to give up are past to move into the future.
infact i still believe if we had a stong quad program in this country it would make are inline program that much better! but thats just my oppinion.
Hi Hey I Am Making An Appeal To Other Members Could U Please Help Me Locate The Address Or Number Of Tom Peterson 1980 World Champ. I Was Also A Participant At The World Championships In New Zealand 1980. Am Planning To Visit The States Next Year Would Like To Meet Him. Hear The Members On This Forum Mention About Him All Yhe Time But Seems Like I Am Looking For A Needle In A Haystack. Have Not Found His Add. Yet. Could Any Member Help Out. I Alse Trained At Skate Ranch Ca Under The Guidance Of Grady. There Were Other Skaters There Like Sandy Dulany And Suzanne. Spent Some Time At The Redwood City Rink Under The Guidance Of Jim Pollard N Fiona.in Sacramento Ron Has An Awesome Rinkand Jason N Pam Used To Skate There . If Anyone Of U Please Read My Message Please Get In Touch. I Am The Skater From India Who Visited In 1983 For Training.n Bill Thanks For Ur Help.cacoa
I was reading the magazines from 1977 and there were announcements about the events that took place at Nationals. It listed all of the speed skaters that were suspended and how long each of the suspensions were. I will try to go back and find it and send it to you. I was surprised to see his name. With all of the stories I have been told about that year, Buggy had never been mentioned. Besides his successes far exceed that one small negative event in his career.
Here is another picture of Buggy at Nationals in 76, Bobby Conn from Atlanta is the kid leaning up against the wall. I think that is Bobby's Mom standing beside him. Bobby was the Elementary boys Champion that year. I dont know any of the other kids in the photo.
My name's Mike Kennedy from Long Island, NY. I was on the speed team with the unidentified kids in the photo. It's the Wal Cliffe Speed Team from Elmont, NY. Bobby Lee is seated in front of the rail. Left to right are Steve Mataix, Connie Magnus (Everett & Betty Magnus' daughter - Park Circle), Dean Mauro (Joey & Marie Mauro' son - coaches - won Freshman Boys that year I believe & placed in relays also), Ellen Lee, and Christina Santa Donato. The Wal Cliffe team had great success that year with several places in the Freshman individual & relay events.
I put an intro up on the artistic skating intro thread, as my parents, sisters & I were more involved in the artstic skating end of it.
I know there are several people here who will undoubtedly know my family - Donald & Lorraine Kennedy are my parents, and my sisters Maureen & Peggy.
I remember Richie (Splitwoods) from year's ago. Nothing like getting that fresh set from C & L. I also remember the experimental pink double split plastic wheels we used. Those were great.
When I found this site, I just wanted to join to tell everyone thanks for the many years of fun I had in skating, and I look forward to getting in touch with people I have missed through the years.
wow,i found this forum by mistake,and glad I found it.I see some photos of jack countrymen,buggy almond,havent seen any of virgil dooley ,I have skated with all of these guys back in the late 60s,been to worlds with buggy ,and mike laport in 69 or 70 cant remmember anymore!!!!!!!!!! Bill
Hi Billy Ray believe it or not both Jack Countryman and Buggy are still skating.
Buggy is coaching and skating in Roanoke VA and Jack has a quad team in the Chicago area. There are a handful of quad skaters still showing up every year for quad nationals. Last year there were about 120 skaters for the meet. Most divisions had two heats. It was a great time.
Were you on the team with Buggy that Richie Levine and Donn Calvano took to England? Donn is still coaching. Richard left skating and is now into showing horses. He lives in TX. He still comes here every now and then. I have his email address if you would like to get in touch with him.
Hello xlracer,in 1969,I belonged to a club in battle creek michigan,our club belonged to the USARSA ,that year I won nationals so they took to guys from the usarsa and two guys from the RSROA.Don Rogers and I ,and then Buggy and also mike laport went to worlds in argentina,out of all those skaters I was the youngest there sixteen.In 1996 I skated the A2A and seen buggy down there ,I was really suprised to see him and talk to him,thanks for asking,and have a good week!!!!!!! Bill
Buggy and Mary are hosting the Blue Ridge meet again this year. Its Feb 12-15 in Roanoke. There will be a big turnout. Not like the old days but man these 100mm and 110mm wheels are fast. I miss the old wood and powder days of the 70's but there is no disputing that inlines are so much faster its incredible to watch the best race. If you dont have anything going on, you should try to make it.
This is John Drewry. He is one of the greatest from the past. I will defer to my friends Tony Kissing and Richard Levine to give others a history lesson on John.
John Drewry, Mike Layport and Malcolm Williamson
John Racing outdoors on ice. Prospect Park, N.Y.
Back in those days, the Senior Men's 5-mile was an open race. No heats, all 27 competitors at the Nationals all at once. I remember sitting in the stands and watching John Drewry pass the ENTIRE pack on one straightaway!
He might have used one or two steps to do so! Absolutely awesome!
Ricahrd
you probably did skate agaist David, around 1961 his coach, who i know and think of his name, did an artical for skate mag on starts using David as the model
I came into this conversation in the middle....
I had a skater named David Mageau.
I did an article on starts for skate magazine using David as the model.
I've not seen David in about 15 years. Any info?
Hey Rhettro back in those days it was skate on what ever you had.
Billy Ray, splitwoods (Richard Levine) was the guy that made Bostick.
He has not been on the board in a while. I need to shoot him an email and check on him.
I skated on all of it. Back in those days if you had a lathe, you could turn your own wheels if you could find good wood. I skated on some home made stuff. My dad had a buddy that was a machinist but we never could get our hands on wood that would hold up to the stress of racing. He could turn some good wheels. I also skated on C&L Splitwoods, Rollas, Jim Cooks, Dexters, Beadles and Big D's. Oh yea I also skated on wheels from Mr Small and the Roycraft Brothers. You can see from my Avatar I still have some. The wheels in the pic are a set of C&L Splitwoods and they have never touched a floor. They are in perfect condition and will stay that way. They are mounted on an XL and an Oberhamer 61BR with Grabber toe stops. If you raced in the 70's you know that was a fine skate in its day.
yep and i've seen em! good stuff maynard. xl i sent tremor a pm and asked him to return tony's tapes to you at are meet in march! you are going right. lets get tony back his tapes! come on tremor! and billy ray i sent you an email and a pm. i think i know you from kentwood, and some of the battlecreek boys! good days! anyone but me remember virgil dooleys bass wheels, and labeda's (precision sports)! five milers and sprinters, not as good as splitwoods but good none the less.
Ted,
IT was you i talked to at Nationals {years ago!} About David, i have that skate mag and you told me you had been his coaach... i was married to Mary Sue Wilcox at the time...in 1964 i was skating out of lakewood, NJ and David was stationed nearby...Drewry, Buggy and evne Grudza use to come to practice there once in a while...David had the fastest start i had ever seen at that time...also had the highest and fastest double boeckel
frank
Hey quadbob,im not billy fields,im billy bryant,I was good friends with billy fields,I use to date his sister sue,I still go to battle creek to visit his mom and dad every once in awhile ,I hate to say ,but billy fields past away about six years ago ,some type of cancer,it was really hard on his family.I skated for midway down in battle creek mi.Yes I knew jack countrymen,virgil dooley,don rogers all them guys.Our club was one of the best ones around ,I kinda got out of skating about 1972 ,it was alot of fun.I see that you live in atlanta ga.my ole speed skating coach lives down there ,larry mastin ,I go visit him every couple of years.I was going down to bike week at daytona ,and my buddies dropped me off at atlanta last year I stayed and visited him for a few days. He lives in peachtree city then I rode my bike from there on down.
how sad, that sucks about billy! another good freind pasted about four years ago danny storto, i remember when you and billy came over to kentwood with patsy and skated, it was only for a short time but you guys are the reason i'm still doing it. however on a smaller scale! i believe it was you, billy fields and richard lavine(maybe) he used do a wolf call or something like that! anyway sorry to here about billy fields he will be missed! but it's good to see your still kicking!
Hey Quadbob ,I pretty much just skate to stay in shape,i dont like indoors,I just skate out doors,The last time I skated in competition was the A2A about ten years ago.I tried short track ice speed skating for awhile, that was kinda interesting. yo Bill | 2024-02-07T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9713 |
OBJ_DALVIK=asm_dalvik.o
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-I../arch/dalvik ${CFLAGS} -o asm_dalvik.${EXT_SO} ${OBJ_DALVIK}
endif
| 2024-01-19T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8693 |
Disseminated Curvularia infection. Additional therapeutic and clinical considerations with evidence of medical cure.
A previously reported case of cerebral infection due to Curvularia lunata is more fully described. Medical cure was apparently achieved after 30 months' treatment with amphotericin B. Success was achieved only when the drug was given in a dose of 40 mg, three times per week, and was continued for six months after enhanced computed tomographic scans no longer showed cerebral lesions. Immunologic studies suggested the infection was accompanied by an unexplained defect in cell-mediated immunity. | 2024-05-15T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1040 |
Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against resistant clinical isolates.
The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of three new quinolones, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin, was compared against 194 recent clinical isolates, 50 S. aureus, 50 E. coli, 45 E. cloacae and 49 P. aeruginosa. About half of the strains were resistant to a standard reference antibiotic like oxacillin (S. aureus), ampicillin (E. coli), gentamicin (E. cloacae) and amikacin (P. aeruginosa). The resistant selected strains were less susceptible to the three fluoroquinolones tested than the parent isolates, but, except for pefloxacin against E. cloacae and P. aeruginosa, the decrease in susceptibility was relatively low and MICs remained below the resistance break-point. | 2023-12-26T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8538 |
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[The tasks of a rehabilitation psychology in teaching, services, and research (author's transl)].
The first Chair of rehabilitation psychology established in the Federal Republic of Germany was started at the Institute of Psychology of Freiburg University in the 1979/1980 winter semester. On the basis of the conviction that interdisciplinarity constitutes a fundamental requirement for work and research in the rehabilitation field, the author discusses the tasks of rehabilitation psychology, and its relationship with medical and vocational rehabilitation. The working conditions faced by psychologists in the rehabilitation facilities as well as the preparation they hitherto used to receive during their studies for work in the rehabilitation field, are criticised. The curriculum developed in Freiburg for "rehabilitation psychology", as one of the fields of applied psychology included the studies for a university degree in psychology, is explained. Further, the new department's service delivery functions and intended research are presented. | 2023-12-07T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5008 |
Development of an Optical Method for Detecting Platelet Aggregation for In Vitro Antithrombogenicity Evaluation of Biomaterials
Biomaterials that come in contact with blood require excellent antithrombogenicity. The antithrombogenicity of newly developed biomaterials is evaluated by in vitro tests and animal experiments. However, no in vitroevaluation system has been established that can sufficiently evaluate the complicated mechanisms of thrombus formation within the body. Even in animal experiments, it is difficult to observe the chronology of thrombus formation in real time. In this study, we aimed to develop a method for the evaluation of antithrombogenicity of biomaterials. To this end, we examined the optical detection of platelet aggregation occurring on the surface of biomaterials. An apparatus that optically detects platelet aggregation in a test tube or in an in vitro blood circulation circuit was constructed. We used the luciferin-luciferase (L-L) reaction that emits light with an intensity proportional to the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) s released from platelets after aggregation on the surface of biomaterials. Blood with L-L luminescent reagent added was allowed to aggregate, and chronological changes in intensity of the resulting emission were detected using a photomultiplier tube. This experimental apparatus was able to detect the emission intensity corresponding to the amount of platelet aggregation. The results of in vitro blood circulation tests using a polyvinyl chloride tube or a porcine carotid artery showed a significant and strong correlation between maximum emission intensity based on platelet aggregation and dry weight of thrombus formed within the circulation circuit (r = 0.727, p = 0.007). Thus, this experimental system was proven to be useful as an alternative to animal experiments for the evaluation of antithrombogenicity of biomaterials.
Past issues
The Advanced Biomedical Engineering (ABE) is a peer reviewed online journal covering broad area in biomedical engineering. ABE is officially published by Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering.ONLINE ISSN: 2187-5219 | 2024-01-09T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/2085 |
"(male narrator) Previously on GRIMM..." "Ah!" "[gasping]" "You told him?" " Oh, my God!" " It's the new me." "You need to kill her before she kills me." "I like this power, Nick, and I know you do, too." " Stop it!" " I can't." "I'm not letting you out." "It's safer for you in here." "And safer for you." "__" "Four tents, eight sleeping bags, two axes, T.P...." " I brought some firewood..." " No, you didn't." "We collect our own firewood." "And now it is time to give me all cell phones, iPads..." "Anything that plugs in goes into this bin." "Come on, guys." "Disconnect." "Give 'em up." "Nice try, Elliott." "Water, first aid kit, check, check, check." "You boys are ready to go." "All right, let's load up." "Say good-bye to civilization." " Bye, Maggie." " Bye, Dad." "(Todd) See you, Sis." "See ya." "If Juliette is going to bars and beating people up and going to jail..." "Are you gonna leave her there?" "If I get her out, she could kill somebody." "Did she say anything along the lines of, like," ""Sorry, I didn't mean to beat up folks I'd never met before"?" "No." "She said she's having fun." "Oh, Nick, this is not looking good." "You guys haven't found anything that can stop this?" "This is a unique, like, once-in-a-lifetime," ""doesn't ever seem to have happened before"" "kind of event... conundrum." "(Rosalee) We haven't found anything that works, and we've looked through everything." "We're not giving up." "It's just, I mean, we have no idea where to go from here." "Except Adalind." "She might be the only one that knows something about this." "No." "If I see her again..." "I really doubt she'd do anything to help Juliette anyway." "Juliette is paying the price for us taking Adalind's child." "Come on, everyone." "Circle up." "Circle up." "Circle up!" "Come on." "Now, I know the natural world seems harsh to you." "That's because you don't know it." "You don't know it because we've lost touch with our past." "We've lost touch with that world and therefore with ourselves." "But that's all gonna change as we open up to reconnecting to our past..." "To who we really are." "(Bowden) You boys, you have a responsibility... to embrace your true natures." "So get ready." "This is not a game." "It's not playtime." "Are you ready?" "(all) Yeah." "I said, "Are you ready?"" "(all) Yeah!" "To the hunt!" "To the hunt!" "(all) To the hunt!" "To the hunt!" "[all screaming] [grunting] [foreboding music]" "♪ ♪" "I got it!" "I got it!" "I got it!" " I got it!" " Yes, son!" " I caught him!" " He got it." " Hold on, hold on." " Hold it high, Elliott." "Be proud." "I got it." "Yeah." "(Bowden) As our ancestors once lived, you boys are about to discover what it is to be a man, to be Wesen." "But it is not easy." "Whether you are Lowen, Blutbad, Drang-Zorn, or Balam, we are all blessed." "And when you woge for the first time, you will feel a power like you have never felt before." "But this is never to be revealed." "Normal people will never feel what you feel." "They will never know what you know." "They will never live life as deeply as you." "Do not be afraid of what you are." "It's your history." "Be proud." "And now, we feast from the hunt." "[all growling]" "[ominous music]" "♪ ♪" "[all cheering]" "[groans] [foreboding music]" "♪ ♪" "♪ ♪" "[fire gently crackling]" "(man) Aww, hey!" "Come on!" "I ain't gonna hurt you." "You can still pull over." "[Lowen roars] [man screaming]" "♪ ♪ [tense music]" "♪ ♪ [buzzer sounds] [woman speaking indistinctly over loudspeaker]" "Rosalee, it's so nice of you to pop by." "Juliette, I just..." "I wanted you to know how sorry I am for everything that's going on." "I've..." "I feel partially responsible." "You are, but I don't blame you." "In fact, I think I should thank you." "No, look." "Juliette, this isn't you." "It wasn't me." "But it sure is now." "What happened?" "Did Nick come over and do a big boo hoo with you?" "He loves you." "That's really nice, Rosalee, but can the love stuff." "I mean, life is so much more interesting now." "I mean, would you give up being a Fuchsbau if you could?" "I..." "I would if it was the only way I could be with Monroe." "And would he do the same for you?" "I believe he would." "Well, Nick wouldn't give it up for me." "He had the chance." "You can't blame Nick for that." "We needed him back because of the threats against us." " And you agreed." " No, no, no." "I'm not complaining." "Like, everything just worked out for the best." "You got your husband back, Nick is a Grimm again, and I am on top of the world." "No." "No." "You're... you're angry and you're bitter..." "And I don't blame you." "I mean, nobody..." "Nobody does." "We're your friends, though." "Juliette, I'm your friend, and I know you, and I know you're still in love with Nick." "Thanks for stopping by." "Juliette!" "(Wu) The victim appears to have been hitchhiking when he was attacked." "Assumption is he was hit where he dropped the sign, seeing that he was probably fighting for his life as he was dragged into the bushes and not thinking about getting to Salem." "(Nick) Who found the body?" "(Wu) A jogger with his dog about 6:00 this morning." "Credit goes to the dog, who probably smelled the blood." "It looks like an animal attack, which it probably wasn't." "Ah, a few dollars in his wallet, belonging to..." "Gary Goff." "Expired Illinois license." "(Nick) Here's some kind of print." "(Wu) You recognize it?" "(Nick) Not really." "But that has got to be Wesen." " Should we track it?" " Seriously?" "No." "I was just waiting for you to say we need Monroe." "We need Monroe." "Captain." " Captain." " Yeah." "Got last night's crime report you asked for." "Busy night." "GTAs, domestic," "D and Ds, urinating in public..." " Any assaults?" " Yeah, plenty of those." "Aggravated?" "Uh, there were two in ours and one in the Southeast." "Something specific you're looking for?" "I might have seen something." "Yeah, I was near this one." "Check with the victim." "See if there's any suspect description." "Yeah." "Will do." "(Monroe) Honestly, how can Juliette be okay with this?" "(Rosalee) Because we keep thinking she's the same as she was, and she's not." "I mean, what are you gonna tell Nick?" "He's on his way over here." "I think we should stay out of it." "She needs to realize she loves him, we can't tell her to." "Has she completely forgotten all the good?" "I mean, how much they loved..." " Hey." " Hey, guys." " You got that photo?" " Yeah." "Right here." "(Monroe) Oh, that looks Lowen, more than likely." "Not Fuchsbau." "Could be Blutbaden." "I'm sorry?" "With those toes?" "Yeah, well, definitely Wesen." "What was the condition of the victim?" "Sort of a midnight snack." "Oh, that's not good." "You guys want me to go out there and have a... (both) Yes." "[knocking]" "I will." "Thank you." "(Franco) Got the details on that assault." "Victim's name was James Waddell." "He was attacked at 2:45 a.m." "right next to the Skidmore Fountain..." "On his way home from a late shift at Olympia Provisions." "No witnesses." "He was semiconscious at the scene, but couldn't provide a description of his attacker." "He's at St. Joe's." "You want me to check on him?" "No." "Thanks." "That's all." "Damerov is no longer in our employ." "Sean and I came to an understanding." "I made it very clear that any more interference on your son's part would be his last." "Who are you talking to?" "The King." "You have something you'd like to say to him?" "No, sir." "Sean is well aware this comes from you." "Thank you." "Is the King gonna kill Sean?" "Considering he's the father of one of your children, does that upset you?" "Does anyone actually care what I think..." "No." "But I do have some information you might find interesting." "I just found out your little Hexenbiest chum," "Juliette, has gotten herself arrested." "She's in jail?" "She throttled a couple of people at a bar." "Apparently, they didn't have it coming." "And if that happened, that means she's starting to accept becoming a Hexenbiest." "And things are gonna get worse before they get... really bad." "Including her desire to kill you." "Yes." "Then this could be the opportunity we've been waiting for." "I'm sorry, but I don't see an opportunity anywhere near her." "Juliette knows just about everything about Mr. Burkhardt, about his mother, and therefore about where the child..." "Your child..." "Might be." "Okay, she may have beat up a couple people in a bar..." "I mean, God knows we've all done that..." "But there is no way she's gonna betray Nick if that's where you're going." "It's surprising how quickly betrayal becomes a viable option, given the right circumstances." "Which "right circumstances"?" "By the way, have you made up your mind about who the father of that one is?" "Don't strain yourself." "I know it's Mr. Burkhardt." "What?" "Appropriate indignation." "But the real question is, what will Juliette do when she finds out that you and Nick are having a love child?" "You wouldn't..." "Given the right circumstances." "I'm the mother of the child you want." "It's surprising how quickly betrayal becomes a viable option." "Cheerio." "You say the body was partially consumed?" "That's what it looked like." "The animals could've fed after he died." "Mm, I don't think so." "This feels more like a hunt." "A hunt?" "Not all of us are reformed, you know?" "Yeah, look at this." "No shoes." "Stripped down, you know, going old-school." "Yeah, my guess is this is some badass dude." "There's not much scent left." "But he might've taken a piece with him." "Maybe we can track the blood trail." "It's private property." "Wire's bent up like somebody went through here." "We should see who owns this." "If the killer got through, they could be in danger." "Or involved." "(Monroe) Wow, I've actually heard of this place." "I think it's, like, a coming-of-age camp for boys." "(Hank) Like a Boy Scout camp?" "(Monroe) Sort of, yeah." "It's word-of-mouth; it's kind of an underground thing." "It's like a Wesen Men's Movement deal, you know?" "Like that poet, Robert Bly, except getting in touch with your wild side has a whole different meaning for Wesen." "I actually went to one when I was a kid." "Then they sort of died out for a while." "I heard they were making a comeback." "(Bowden) Can I help you?" "Yeah." "I'm Detective Burkhardt." "This is Detective Griffin and Monroe." "You the owner of this property?" "I am." "Albert Bowden." "This is my son, Todd." "Is there a problem?" "We're investigating an attack." "Happened down on the highway." "A man was killed." "Then what are you doing up here?" "There's a possibility the suspect crossed through your property." "How would you know that?" "We followed the track." "You dot ok like trackers." "[growls] [both growl]" "Hey, take it easy." "(Bowden) I've heard about you." " I am not afraid of any Grimm." " Todd." "We're here on an investigation." "We needed to ask you a few questions." "Is that going to be a problem?" "(Maggie) Is everything all right?" "He's that Grimm that we heard about." "Wow." "So this is what a Grimm looks like." "(Bowden) This is my daughter, Maggie." "What do you need from us?" "We just need to know where everyone was last night." "Right here." "All of us." "You say you've heard of these camps before?" "Yeah." "I went to an Iron Hans camp with my dad when I was a kid." "It was great." "Didn't know they were still doing 'em." "So you've accepted who you are?" "You could say that." "Well, a lot of Blutbaden can't." "Yeah, it's not always easy." "What did you say your name was?" "Monroe." "I've heard of you too." "Anyone else here last night?" "We host two camps most weekends." "One Friday, another Saturday." "Last night we had three fathers and their sons here." " You were with them all night?" " Yeah." "That's the point." "We were camping out." "Except for Maggie." "Boys only." "I was here." "It was nail night." "(Todd) Maggie..." " How far is the camp?" " Just a few miles in." "We'd like to take a look at it." "Certainly." "We can take the van." "[foreboding music]" "♪ ♪" " It's a pleasure to meet you." " You too." "Ah, you seem to have the touch." "[cat yelps]" " Ooh, ow!" " I'm so sorry." "Are you okay?" "(woman) Time to go." " Where?" " Bail's been paid." "By whom?" "Not my job." "(Bowden) We like to get 'em up here around noon and get settled into camp." "You have to understand that for most of these fathers and sons, it's their first time out in the woods." "They don't even know what it's like not to sleep in a bed." "Or have a bathroom." "And the boys haven't woged yet." "And as you well know, that can be quite emotional for them and for their fathers." "We're gonna need the name of everyone who was here last night." "Sure." "Maggie can get those for you." "So, you're a Blutbad and you hang with a Grimm?" "I do." "You don't have a problem with that?" "I don't, and I'm not interested in your opinion if you do." "Looks like we got some blood." "It is." "Without the blood, you miss the whole purpose." "Who does it belong to?" "(Bowden) We went on a hunt." "And we did kill something." "A rabbit." "We gutted it right there." "We cooked it right here over the fire, and we shared its flesh." "Nothing illegal in that." "We don't go after what our ancestors did." "The days of that kind of hunt are long gone, even if you fantasize they're not." "You've been on a hunt before." "I can tell." "You know the struggle, and you've made peace with it, and now you work with a Grimm." "Fascinating." "I'd like to hear about how that happened." "Long story." "Well, maybe you can tell it tonight." "I have a new group." "Oh, no." "I don't think so." "It would be an honor to have someone like yourself..." "Someone who's lived it..." "Talk to us." "You could give a little back." "You could change the lives of some of these young boys." "[ominous music]" "♪ ♪" "Juliette." "My name's Kenneth." "We've never met." "You bailed me out." "Why?" "We have something in common." "Am I supposed to ask what?" " You're not curious?" " No." "He can't be much of a boyfriend if he left you to rot in jail." "Seems like we both have good reason to be upset: the Grimm." " What do you want?" " What we've always wanted." "Adalind's child." "No surprise there, I suppose." "You're one of the Royals." "Yes." "The one who's going to get the child back." "Well, I don't know where she is." "I believe that you don't, but I also believe that you could." "Sorry you wasted your bail money." "My God." "You're still loyal to the Grimm even after what he's done to you." "You know, I admire loyalty when it's deserved, but this borders on tragic." "You know, it might be more tragic for a Royal to die in Portland." "For me, yes." "Of course." "But I thought for sure you'd be interested to know that Adalind's pregnant again." "And that is a surprise why?" "Think about it." "Nick assumed he was sleeping with you, so you can't really blame him for cheating with Adalind." "Still, you have to appreciate the irony." "She's having what should have been your baby with your boyfriend." "No, you're wrong." "I'm not." "And the sooner you decide to help me get what I want, the sooner I can make your life a lot better." "When you're ready, I'll be at the Hotel Deluxe." "Otherwise, I'll see if I can get you an invite to the baby shower." "1What time did everyone turn in?" "I guess it was about 11:00." "We stayed up for a while, looking at the stars and talking." "Did you hear anything after you went to bed?" "(man) No." "I passed out as soon as we were in the tent." "I didn't wake up till morning, probably about 6:30." "Everyone was there in the morning?" "Yeah." "Tell us about the hunt." "Well, it's pretty primitive, you know?" "I-I-I mean, I don't know how else to describe chasing down a rabbit with our bare hands, you know?" "I have to talk to Nick." "In my humble opinion, you should get the hell out of here before Nick sees you." "I have something to tell him." "And what makes you think Nick is interested in anything you might have to s..." "That is not mine." "Of course it's not yours." "Don't you think I know who I've slept with?" "Yeah, well, who haven't you slept with?" " Let's start there." " I know who the father is." "It happened when he thought he was sleeping with Juliette." " What?" " The child is Nick's." "I haven't been with anybody else." "So where the hell is he?" "(man) Watching those boys chase that jackrabbit," "I mean, we were all connected." "It was so primal." "It was..." "It was awesome!" "Uh, look, I know this is serious, but I didn't see anything." "(Nick) Well, thanks for your time." "We got everything we need." "You can go." "We have any further questions, we'll let you know." " Could it be any of them?" " I don't think so." "I mean, I can't be certain." "They've all gone home and showered, and so, you know." "They all reek of deodorant and aftershave." "But I'm not getting any killer instinct from these guys at all." "Well, then it's got to be Hans or Todd." "What if you went back out there tonight?" "I mean, they said they wanted you to talk to the boys." "You might pick up on something." "I could do that." "Hey, Nick." "Can I see you in my office, please?" "Is there a problem?" "What the hell is she doing here?" " Ask her." " I'm not asking her anything." "I'm done with her." "She ruined Juliette's life." "I didn't know that would happen." "Wait, Nick." "What?" "Again?" "That's not mine." "It's yours." "Are you crazy?" "That's impossible." "Impossible?" "Don't I wish." "Remember that wild afternoon with "Juliette"" "before Monroe and Rosalee's wedding?" "This is not something that I wanted either." "I'm pregnant, Nick." "Look, I had no idea, believe me, and..." "Doesn't look like she's making it up, either." "I've already had one child taken from me." "I'm not losing another." "Even he wouldn't protect his child last time." "I did what I thought was best for Diana." "Yeah, well, it's a room full of heroes." "Well, now I need one." "I need you, Nick." "What do you want from me?" "I need you to protect me from Juliette." "Nobody else will." "Why the hell would I do that?" "I'm not expecting you to do this for me." "I was hoping that you would do it for your child." "But, if not for that, maybe you'll do it for Juliette." "For Juliette?" "Are you kidding me?" "I know a way to help her." "I don't believe anything you're saying." "Do you think I would risk coming here if I didn't have anything?" "Look, I'm not making any promises, and you have to understand that there's no way to cure her completely..." "Well, then what's the point of this?" "Because there is a way to suppress the Hexenbiest in her." "But she'll still be one, so what good does suppressing it do?" "Well, a lot, if it works." "If it works?" "Yeah, I've heard that before." "What kind of side effects this time?" "This isn't about changing her." "This is so that she can live a normal..." "If that's what you want..." "life." "We've been through the book that you used." "There's nothing about what you're saying." "It's not in the book, specifically." "My mother's aunt told me about this when my mother was going through a very tough time." "She didn't end up doing it, but there is a way." "It's not easy, and there is one ingredient that's almost impossible to get." " What is it?" " A dead Hexenbiest." "That shouldn't be too hard to get." "Not me." "It can't be fresh." "Besides, if anything happens to me, you'll be stuck with Juliette the way she is forever." "Now, if you're good with that, then fine." "But... it just so happens that I know where a dead Hexenbiest is buried." "That would be my mother." "Your mother killed her." "Remember?" " And you slept with her." " Right." "Well, as long as we're digging up the past, we may as well dig up your mother." "What else do you need?" "Rosalee's help." "And I need you to convince her." "'Cause I can't do that alone." "He's kicking." "Wow." "A lot." "It's a boy." "I wanted to know." "It's still kicking." "You should feel this, Nick." "He's yours." "Whether you accept this child or not, that'll never change." "You all act like I'm responsible for everything, but I only did what I did to you because you took my child from me." "He's strong like you." "[gentle music]" "♪ ♪" "[tense music]" "♪ ♪" "I'm gonna have our baby, Nick." "There's only one person who can stop me." "I'll take you to Rosalee, but I don't know if she'll help." "I honestly don't think this can get any more complicated." "This was a big shock to me too." "It never even occurred to me that something like this could..." "It happened." "Juliette..." "So it's true." "You really are gonna have a baby." "Well, congratulations." "I should've finished you off when I had the chance." "Keep her away from me, Nick." "Well, don't you two make a cute couple." "Juliette, you know how this happened." "I sure do." "Adalind told me it was a real whopper." "(Adalind) Juliette, listen to me." "I came here because I have a way of helping you." "I've had enough of your help." "Nothing's gonna happen here." "I'm sorry, Juliette, but you have to leave." "Really, Nick?" "That's what I have to do?" "Let me tell you what I'm going to do." "I'm going to rip this little bitch's throat out." " You are in a police station..." " I am in hell, Nick." "And it is time she went there with me." "No matter what you think about her, the child is innocent." " You mean your child?" " Juliette..." "No child of hers is innocent." "Don't." "You're choosing her over me." "That is not what I'm doing." "Then get out of my way." "(Wu) Hey." "Everything okay here, Nick?" "Yeah." "We're just working something out." "We're not working anything out." "She needs to leave." "She's right." "I do need to leave." "We'll catch up later." "[tense music]" "♪ ♪" "(Monroe) So how long has your dad been doing this?" "(Maggie) About ten years." "Since I was 20." "That's when my mom died." "He had a rough time with that." "He needed something to help get him through." "He remembered doing these camps as a kid, so..." "You've really done it, haven't you?" "What are you talking about?" "Hunted." "That was a long time ago." "Yeah, I could tell you were legit." "[engine turns over]" "It's a real good thing, you talking to the boys." "[bell dings]" " Hey, Nick." " Hey, Rosalee." " Oh, my God." " That won't be the last." "I thought you never wanted... oh, my God!" "Again?" "Nice to see you, too, Rosalee." "Who's the sperm donor this time?" "It happened when she was Juliette." "I think I..." "I-I-I might explode." "Does Juliette know?" "Yes." "Well, you have a surprise coming." "She's a Hexenbiest, I know." "Look, I am well aware of your help in kidnapping Diana, so nobody's perfect." "Look, if Adalind knows how to help Juliette, then we have to help her do it." "Or at least I have to help do it." "Or you may just never want to see me again..." " Nick..." " That's my mother's book." " Do you have the hat?" " Yes." "Then all we need's my mother." "I thought your mother was dead." "Well, she couldn't help if she was alive." "Can you do this?" "If there is even the slightest chance it will help Juliette, yes." "Because I have nothing." "[cell phone rings]" "Hank." "(Hank) I know this is probably not a great time." "Captain told me why Adalind was here." "You all right?" "Pretty far from that." "Yeah, well, another body was found off the same highway, half a mile south of where we found our first Vic." "I can meet you there." "He actually told me to leave her alone." "After what she's done to us..." "Well, now that he's going to be a father, his protective urges have shifted." "What's in it for me?" "A whole new life with a family that values what you are and what you can do." "This isn't about one city or one country." "This is about everything." "And not to mention, the family's very generous." "You can have anything you want." "So will you be a pawn, or will you be a queen?" "It's up to you." "What do you want me to do?" "Nick must have some way of communicating with his mother, yes?" "Yeah." "Wouldn't it be wonderful if Nick was in mortal danger and needed Mummy's help?" "I do hope she's the heroic type." "We're very fortunate to have a special guest with us tonight, a Wesen man." "An Erlangen Wieder Weidmann." "He has seen it and done it all." "Monroe, thank you for being here." "Please." "Thanks." "[sighs] [growling]" "[soft laughter]" "Any idiot can woge, okay?" "There is a hell of a lot more to being Wesen than that." "It's true, we've been persecuted down through the ages, but we've also done our share of persecuting." "We have tremendous power within our bodies and within ourselves." "But what you do with that power is ultimately up to each and every one of you." "As Wesen, we all live with a... a dichotomy, like, a split..." "A conflict between two perfectly natural but opposing instincts." "Okay?" "One is a killer." "The other very much respects life." "And every day, we have to choose which one we're gonna be." "And I admit..." "I have been both." "Now, n-no, no, no." "That is... it is nothing to be proud of." "Life is precious, and it should only be taken when your very survival is at stake." "You have to fight the instinct, basically, that draws you to blood." "The feeling of blood in your..." "In your throat and the... the... the..." "The taste of it in your..." "Yeah, that... it's..." "It's important that you, uh, that you... you don't let it get the better of you." "That's..." "Thank you." "Thank you." "Thanks." "[applause]" "(Monroe) Thanks." "And now we will use our power for the hunt." "Flush 'em out." "You got to flush 'em out." "(man) There!" "Go!" "Go!" "[Wesen growling] [growls] [intense music]" "♪ ♪" "Where the hell did he... [growling]" "Maggie?" "What are you doing?" "Sharing the hunt." "You're the real thing..." "An Erlangen Wieder Weidmann." "You've tasted Kehrseite blood before." "And tonight, you're gonna taste more." " Come on!" " What?" "No." "No, are you crazy?" "I've already picked him out." "Let's go!" "No, Maggie." "You can't do this." "Why not?" "No one'll miss him." "Look, the stronger take the weaker." "That's the old way." " The real way." " No." "Not anymore." "That's..." "Not anymore?" "Those words did not come out of your mouth." "I cannot believe you just said that." "You're weak." "You're weak, just like all the other wannabes out here, playing "find the bunny"" "just like my father and my brother." "Well, you know what, Little Miss Monroe?" "Guess who's not." "Maggie!" "Maggie!" "(Wu) Ugh." "This one is anything but fresh." "(Hank) Guesstimate at least a week." "Could still be Hans or his son." "We are close to the ranch." "Well, he says they have those camps every weekend." "I'm gonna call Monroe, see if he's still up there." "Hans!" "Hans!" " We got to stop her..." " What's wrong?" "It's Maggie." "She's on the hunt." " What?" " Maggie?" "You're crazy." " She's at the house." " I just saw her." " She wanted me to go with her." " Dad, you can't believe this..." "Shut up, Todd!" " Where did you see her?" " Down by the highway." "She said she already picked somebody out." "Nick!" "We found another body just off the highway." "Killed the same way." " You still at the ranch?" " Yeah." "I know who's doing it." "It's Hans' daughter." " It's Maggie." " His daughter?" "She's on the hunt right now." "Where are you?" "Just north of the junction." "No, you got to come back this way." "We're going to the highway." "Hurry!" "[tense music]" "♪ ♪" "Maggie!" "♪ ♪ [soft growling] [man screaming]" "Maggie!" "(Nick) There." "There." "Pull over." "Backpack's here." "No one's with it." "[man screaming]" "♪ ♪ [branch snaps]" "[Maggie gasping]" "We need an ambulance." "Knife wound." "Help." "I was attacked by an animal." "I was... no." " No!" "No!" "No!" " Maggie!" "Maggie!" "I swear to God!" " No!" "No!" "No!" " Stay right there." " Maggie, why?" " Help." "Because you never paid attention to me." "You never saw how much I wanted to be a part of your life, how much all this meant to me." "And then I found out what even you don't know..." "What being a Wesen really means." "You guys were always just playing in the woods... some big game." "[crying] No, Maggie." "I love you." "Oh, I love you, too, Dad." "I just wish you could have seen me for who I was." "I wasn't just a girl." "[Bowden crying]" "No." "No." "No!" "[sobbing]" "[soft music]" "♪ ♪" "(woman voice-over) You are what you are now." "And there's nothing we can do to change that." "[screams]" "(Juliette) You can't even look at me." "[grunts] [book slams] [clattering] [grunts] [dramatic music]" "♪ ♪ [glass shatters, Juliette screams] [flames crackling]" "[growling]" "♪ ♪" "[cell phone ringing]" "Juliette, where are you?" "You might want to stop by Aunt Marie's trailer." "What have you done?" "Just trying to stay warm, Nick." "I don't have anybody to hold me anymore." " Juliette..." " Bye, Nick." "Juliette!" "♪ ♪" | 2024-06-30T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4374 |
All posts tagged ‘sonic boom’
Orbital trajectories and relative sizes of 2012 DA14 and the meteor that streaked across the Russian skies on Friday.Image compiled by Helene McLaughlin using images from Nasa.gov
So maybe the sky isn’t falling, but it’s quite the coincidence that an asteroid and a meteor both descended upon our little plot of the universe within about 15 hours of one another. While many skywatchers have been anxiously awaiting the close approach of Asteroid 2012 DA14, they were completely taken by surprise when a 500-ton meteor streaked across the Russian Ural sky earlier the same day. The meteor — caught on video by many sources — easily rivaled the sun in brightness and struck a frozen lake outside of Chelyabinsk, Russia. The massive damage was caused by the sonic boom resulting from the speed with which the object ripped through the atmosphere, not by debris from the meteor itself.
For some reference for the uninitiated, there is a difference between an asteroid, a meteor and a meteorite. Asteroids are small rocky objects that orbit the sun and range from 600 miles across to tiny dust particles. A meteor is any object that enters the earth’s atmosphere, where friction with the air causes it to super-heat and cause a bright streak across the sky. Meteors are more commonly referred to as shooting stars. A meteorite is a meteor that survives the journey through the atmosphere and strikes the ground. Most meteorites are rock containing some combination of iron and nickel, which help them resist more heat than the average rock.
Asteroid 2012 DA14
Click to see the astroid near the center of the image in motion. Image credit: LCOGT/E. Gomez/Faulkes South/Remanzacco Observatory
The asteroid we’re talking about, discovered last year, is 45 meters long and successfully missed the earth’s surface when it passed into the Earth-satellite orbiting system at 2:24 pm ET. Stargazers in Australia, Asia, and Eastern Europe were able to watch the asteroid cross their skies with the aid of a telescope or binoculars. The gif above depicts asteroid 2012 DA14 as it was seen on Feb. 14, 2013, at a distance of 465,000 miles (748,000 kilometers). The animation was created by astronomers at the Remanzacco Observatory in Italy using observations obtained remotely from the Faulkes Telescope South in Siding Springs, Australia. The asteroid is the large bright spot moving near the middle of the field of view. The other dots are stars in the background. A line that appears in one of the frames comes from a satellite that passed through the field of view.
Considering how hyped-up as this asteroid was in the news, let me be clear that there was never a fear that this would have ever been “doomsday” event. On its closest approach to Earth, it was predicted the asteroid would be traveling at 7.8 kilometers per second, roughly eight times the speed of a bullet from a high-speed rifle. If the asteroid had hit the earth, it would have hit the earth’s surface with a force of a 2.4 megatons of TNT. This force is comparable to the event in Tunguska, Russia, in 1908. That asteroid entered the atmosphere and exploded, leveling trees over an area of 820 square miles, about two-thirds the size of Rhode Island. Like that rock, 2012 DA14 would likely not have left a crater.
Since its discovery last year, Asteroid 2012 DA14′s orbital trajectories have been studied enough to determine that the object poses no danger to earth for at least the next 100 years.
Friday’s Russian Meteor
Meteor trace about taken one minute after the event.Image: Alex Alishevskikh/Cyberborean Chronicles – CC BY SA 3.0
As a complete coincidence, the meteor that streaked across the Russian Ural skies happened to arrive on the same day as the much-anticipated asteroid. The meteor, about a third the size of the asteroid arriving later that day, impacted with a force of 500 kilotons. By comparison, the nuclear bomb the United States dropped on Hiroshima, Japan in 1945 released an estimated 15 kilotons of energy. Five regions of Russia, one of them Chelyabinsk, are thought to have been affected, as well as neighboring Kazakhstan.
The resulting sonic boom shock wave that arrived after the massive meteor streaked across the sky broke windows and injured nearly 1,000 people, mostly due to falling glass. The event was caught as it happened on many dash cameras, and the resulting sonic boom was recorded by even more cell phones as on lookers took pictures of the amazing fireball. The frozen lake where the meteorite landed has been quarantined by the Russian government until the remaining meteorite can be studied and retrieved if possible.
It’s completely natural to think that the meteor and the asteroid that nearly missed us would be celestially related, but they aren’t! How do I (or any astronomer) know? Well, their orbital trajectories were completely different, meaning that they couldn’t have originated from the same object in space. If you think about how the Earth spinning, the meteor streaked around 3:25GMT. The asteroid, also viewable from the region wasn’t at its closest approach till 19:24 GMT. In those intervening hours, Russia’s location with respect to the night sky significantly changed with the earth’s rotation.
The meteor was the largest reported since the 1908 Tunguska event, which also took place in remote Siberia.
As a note, since the image at the top of the article was created on Friday, NASA revised its estimate of the meteor’s size upward late Friday from 49 feet (15 meters) to 55 feet (17 meters), and its estimated mass from 7,000 to 10,000 tons.
So why did we know about the asteroid and not the meteor?
The short answer? Astronomers were extremely lucky to have discovered asteroid 2012 DA14 ahead of time. They just happened to be looking at the right place at the right time when they found it. Most asteroids are never discovered until they enter our atmosphere as meteors. Luckily nearly all of these objects are small and simply burn up in our atmosphere.
Scientists call such space debris near-Earth objects (NEOs) and have observed nearly 10,000 of them since NASA started using telescope tracking in 1995, according to NASA’s NEO program website.This program spends all of its time scanning the skies for possible threats to earth and its orbit; unfortunately this amount of time still only covers about 5% of the sky. This is why certain objects are found ahead of time and others completely surprise us, sometimes in the same day! Once discovered, NASA generally tracks NEOs that range in size from one to approximately two kilometers in diameter and continually orbit the Earth, some closer than others.
You might wonder why NASA doesn’t just monitor more of the sky. Simple, they don’t have the resources. Only about 0.05% of NASA’s budget is allocated to the NEO program and NASA’s current budget is only 0.4% percent of the entire United States’ budget. This means that one fiftieth of one percent of the entire US budget is allocated to finding these potential “doomsday” threats to our planet. Expanding this search program is just one of the many reasons that NASA funding needs to be significantly increased. | 2024-02-24T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6979 |
A comparison of the patients and practices of recent graduates of family practice and general internal medicine residency programs.
This study compares the characteristics of the practices and patients of recent graduates of family practice and general internal medicine residency programs. National samples of 104 family physicians and 134 general internists completed questionnaires and provided log-diary data for more than 7,500 office visits and 1,100 hospitalized patients. Family physicians and general internists were generally similar in demographic and practice characteristics, though family physicians were more likely to have entered office-based practice (90% versus 70%). Among office-based physicians, family physicians saw more patients per week in ambulatory settings (117.3 versus 74.6), whereas general internists had more patients in the hospital (6.45 versus 3.81) and provided more hospital consultations per week (2.74 versus 0.45). Family physicians practiced in smaller communities and were more likely to practice on Saturday mornings, to accept walk-in patients, and to schedule appointments for new patients within 1 week. Both specialties functioned as first-contact generalists for at least 95% of office encounters. Although pediatrics and obstetrics are practiced only by family physicians and general internists see proportionately more older patients, within specific age groups the patients of general internists and family physicians were similar in terms of their main health problems, functional status, and diagnoses. | 2024-06-11T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1760 |
"Let Go Let Go Let God" Track Comments
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05/24/2018
HeartWritingsEphesians 5:19-20 in the Bible reads...(Speak to one another with psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. Sing and make music in your heart to the Lord, always giving thanks to God the Father for everything, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.) My name is Bradley of CPOL with stands for Christian Partners On Line I write and sing songs. Songs I call HeartWritings. (They are not just words to the wise. They're words written on the tender tablet; the heart.)I have more than 200 songs written to my credit. No I am not bragging, I just wanted you know. You can go listen to my HeartWritings that has past through me over the past 20 years. | 2024-07-23T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8220 |
The answer to “What is the State of Markdown?” is “Yes, it’s a f**king state.”
Markdown has been around for a long time, since John Gruber released it in 2004.
Since then everyone and their dog has come up with extensions, some of which are built as implementations then referenced almost like standards by other implementations.
PHP Markdown Extra - “Markdown Extra is an extension to PHP Markdown implementing some features currently not available with the plain Markdown syntax.”
PHP Markdown Next - “PHP Markdown Next parser, based on PHP Markdown Extra and PHP Markdown Extra Extended.”
MultiMarkdown - “MMD is a superset of the Markdown syntax, originally created by John Gruber. It adds multiple syntax features (tables, footnotes, and citations, to name a few), in addition to the various output formats listed above (Markdown only creates HTML).”
Maruku - “Maruku is a Markdown-superset interpreter. Maruku implements the original Markdown syntax, all the improvements in PHP Markdown Extra and a new meta-data syntax.”
kramdown - ”… supports standard Markdown (with some minor modifications) and various extensions that have been made popular by the PHP Markdown Extra package and Maruku.”
A Ruby implementation mentioning a PHP implementation and an obsolete Ruby implementation to try and make it clear what functionality it has itself? What an utter mess.
These are not the only implementations, but are some of the most commonly referenced amongst others. There are in fact so many implementations with completely differing results that something called Bablemark 2 has been set up to compare the outputs of the interpreters.
Some of the differences in these syntaxes are insane.
Maybe those examples seem like edge-cases or contrived examples, but I have run into a few of those and more.
Every Day Issues
The most recent issues for me came from switching this website from PyroCMS to Jekyll. The content was mostly in Markdown already so this was fairly easy, but more specifically it was using PHP Markdown Extra.
I ran into a few issues with kramdown and Redcarpet both building a version of my content that was subtly broken in various ways. One specific issue was with lists inside blockquotes.
> With PSR-0, multiple classes actually map to the same file. For example, all of the following map to the same file (Foo/Bar/Baz.php): > - \Foo\Bar\Baz > - \Foo\Bar_Baz > - \Foo_Bar_Baz
The result of that Markdown when run through kramdown looked like this:
< blockquote > < p > With PSR-0, multiple classes actually map to the same file. For example, all of the following map to the same file (Foo/Bar/Baz.php): - \Foo\Bar\Baz - \Foo\Bar_Baz - \Foo_Bar_Baz </ p > </ blockquote >
Notice how the list items are not parsed at all and just shoved in as plain-text.
I’m not just picking on kramdown here, as this one particular block of text comes out incredibly differently in most implementations when compared on Babelmark 2.
Pandoc just chews half of the content out of the list items and leaves some dashes in place:
< blockquote > < p > With PSR-0, multiple classes actually map to the same file. For example, all of the following map to the same file (Foo/Bar/Baz.php): - - _Baz - _Bar_Baz </ p > </ blockquote >
Redcarpet and PHP Markdown have some boundary issues with underscores being converted to italics:
< blockquote > < p > With PSR-0, multiple classes actually map to the same file. For example, all of the following map to the same file (Foo/Bar/Baz.php): - \Foo\Bar\Baz - \Foo\Bar < em > Baz - \Foo </ em > Bar_Baz </ p > </ blockquote >
Maruku is a little heavy on the whitespace but gets it spot on as far as the HTML goes:
< blockquote > < p > With PSR-0, multiple classes actually map to the same file. For example, all of the following map to the same file (Foo/Bar/Baz.php): </ p > < ul > < li > \Foo\Bar\Baz </ li > < li > \Foo\Bar_Baz </ li > < li > \Foo_Bar_Baz </ li > </ ul > </ blockquote >
Ask 100 different implementations to parse the same Markdown, and you’ll get about 56 different answers.
Markdown and the ecosystem around it is broken.
CommonMark
An attempt has been made by various people involved with companies that use Markdown, to make a single specification that is far less ambiguous when it comes down to what should be output from some of these tricky combinations of syntax.
This does not include John Gruber, the chap who originally made Markdown, and that has been the source of much controversy.
That controversy is mostly in the past now the “what to call it” conversation is resolved, and John Gruber has agreed with them that “CommonMark” is an acceptable name.
CommonMark is now at v1.0 and is considered “complete.” It is still being worked on, and currently misses functionality that some people expect it to have.
The premise of CommonMark was to remove ambiguity in the original specification and so far it has mostly done that. At this point though there is a big step for them to face, and that is the matter of all the extra syntax and functionality people have come to expect from working with Markdown.
Tables, and other “Extra” functionality
CommonMark does not have any support for tables, other than through using HTML <table> tags. Gruber’s Markdown does not have special syntax for tables either, but people are used to tables thanks to “PHP Markdown Extra”, “GitHub-favored Markdown” and many other implementations supporting them.
In a thread about tables on the CommonMark site, the reason cited is this:
This is meant to be a specification of core markdown features. Extensions, including tables, can come later, but let’s get the core settled first! — John MacFarlane
It looks CommonMark plans to completely cover “core Markdown” - which means Gruber’s Markdown - before moving onto any “extra syntax” like tables. That sounds reasonable enough, but a few people are a bit annoyed about fenced code blocks being added and tables still not being done. It seems a bit inconsistent to add some new syntax but refuse others, but I understand that they are trying hard not to become divergent. Really they have not changed all that much.
Plenty of Markdown-like languages have cropped up that started off similar to Markdown, but became so different that they are not commonly used. Remember Creole? Probably not. CommonMark might have added fenced code blocks, but that is not a huge leap from Gruber’s Markdown having indented code blocks, so this could be considered an acceptable addition.
Looking forwards, extensions or extras are going to be very important to avoid any further problems around what goes in and what stays out. Luckily a few options are being discussed.
I suggest someone should create a topic about how best to include simple extensibility points for extensions, ways to namespace them and handle order so they don’t conflict, etcetera. That is the best thing to discuss right now. — Jeff Atwood
How CommonMark extensions or extras end up being implemented will be interesting, and there are a few conversations discussing how it might work.
Any and all of these approaches to adding extensions or extras would solve a lot of problems in the Markdown and CommonMark eco-systems.
Multiple Levels of CommonMark
PSR-1 and PSR-2 might not be your favorite PHP standards, but splitting them in two worked out very well for the PHP-FIG. By having PSR-1 we could get people using the same method naming style, leading to consistent public APIs for classes, without enforcing tabs v spaces rules on other developers.
Very similarly, having “CommonMark Core” and “CommonMark Extra” with extra things like tables would be great.
Those still sticking to Gruber as having the one-true source of Markdown can just use the CommonMark tests as a way to make their implementations more logical and consistent whenever it does something weird.
Those interested in extra Markdown functionality like that in kramdown, PHP Markdown Extra, etc can work together on defining tables and whatnot for us all to use with a documented syntax and result, which transcends specific implementations regardless of programming language.
Directives
LeanPub have decided to make yet another standard based on what they used to call LeanPub Markdown, called Markua. That is different to Maruku, the Ruby parser mentioned earlier.
The idea is that while LeanPub are happy with Markdown, and their end-users - like myself - are happy to use Markdown, they need to have a few extra bits of syntax for asides, warning boxes, tips, etc.
I strongly disagree that they need to make their Markdown “flavor” into a whole new spec, but they could simplify Markua by making it into “CommonMark + custom LeanPub directives.” LeanPub have already expressed an interest in keeping “close” to CommonMark, but being literally CommonMark with Markua being a set of CommonMark directives would be much easier for everyone.
Make Things Better
Here is the path I see out of this mess, and it can be improved by both the end-users, and the implementation creators.
Implementation Maintainers
PHP packages on Packagist can mark themselves as deprecated, and recently a few Markdown packages have started to do that. I convinced a few people to remove old forks, and dflydev/markdown has been marked as deprecated. This should help to channel people towards the solutions that want to improve, and steer them away from solutions that are not being actively developed.
If you want to keep working on your Markdown implementations, then implement the shit out of as much of the CommonMark specification as you can. Any deviation is going to cause trouble, so the closer the better. Most of these deviations are going to be bugs or parser logic errors, so it’s not hard to use the spec and test-suite to improve your own implementations.
Also, people need to stop making new flavors of Markdown. Remember I mentioned PHP Markdown Next?
PHP Markdown Next parser, based on PHP Markdown Extra and PHP Markdown Extra Extended
Stop. Reading that hurt my brain. No more of these please.
End-Users
Use CommonMark. Pick an implementation for your blog, book or whatever that actively mentions supporting CommonMark; either as the only supported specification or as a driver. Here are a list of CommonMark compliant implementations in various languages.
If you are working with PHP, grab a copy of colinodell/commonmark-php, which will soon be moving over to The League of Extraordinary Packages. It’s specification compliant and will be following the progress of CommonMark as they work out however they’re gonna do directives or extensions.
If you notice a weird result from some specific Markdown syntax in an existing project and changing to use a CommonMark compliant library is not possible or successful, send a pull request or post an issue to that implementation and make it work according to CommonMark.
If CommonMark is doing something weird, send them a pull request too. The specification is not finished yet, but it’s considerably less ambiguous than the other implementations, most of which are just doing whatever they feel like doing.
XKCD
I talk about standards a lot, and every single time I mention anything to do with standards, some hilarious comedian links me to XKCD: Standards #927.
If StackOverflow, GitHub and the others hashing out CommonMark all had their own flavors before, then they are reducing the number of flavors out there purely by letting these folks get on with it.
If end-users ignore CommonMark then the only gain might be making a few websites work the same with user- entered Markdown, but think again about implementations. The fact that every single implementation right now is doing something entirely different, we actually have hundreds of “standards.”
With implementations starting to lean towards CommonMark as a definitive guide of how to handle certain situations, we will slowly have fewer and fewer differing results and we won’t be in the situation XKCD describes.
This XKCD comic is closer to how things should be going:
Summary
None of this is that far-fetched. No library maintainer wants their implementation to be the worst ranked on Babelfish, so implementing more and more of CommonMark over time is going to definitely make their tool better.
Having a shit-load of clones for a single problem domain is bad enough, but these Markdown implementations aren’t even clones. They’re fundamentally different in completely unexpected ways, and a specification like CommonMark is the only way we can fix that.
Comment here with any progress you see on Markdown implementations getting closer to CommonMark, or spot new problems with crooked results that diverge from the specification. | 2023-10-29T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/2339 |
Scipion Dupleix
Scipion Dupleix, lord of Clarens (Condom, 1569 – Condom, 1661), was a French historian.
Dupleix came to Paris in 1605, in Queen Margaret of Valois' retinue, who appointed him as her hotel's maitre de requêtes.
In his position as tutor of Antoine de Bourbon, the legitimated son of Henri IV, he wrote la Curiosité naturelle rédigée en questions selon l'ordre alphabétique, l'Éthique ou philosophie morale, and les Causes de la veille et du sommeil, des songes & de la vie & de la mort for his pupil.
Louis XIII made him a historiographer of France and a councilor of state in 1619.
Works
La logique ou l'art de discourir et raisonner, Paris, 1600.
La Physique ou science naturelle divisée en huit livres, Paris, 1603.
La Suite de la Physiqve ou science naturelle contenant la cognoissance de l'ame, Paris, 1604.
Les Causes de la veille et du sommeil, des songes et de la vie et de la mort, Paris, 1606.
La curiosité naturelle rédigée en questions selon l'ordre alphabétique, Paris, 1606.
L'Ethique ou philosophie morale, Paris, 1610.
La Troisiesme partie de la Métaphysique ou science surnaturelle, qui est des anges et daemons Paris, 1610.
La Quatrième partie de la Métaphysique, ou science surnaturelle, qui est de la Divinité, Paris, 1610.
Mémoires des Gaules depuis le déluge jusqu'à l'établissement de la monarchie française, 1619.
Les causes de la veille et du sommeil, des songes et de la vie et de la mort, Rouen, 1631.
Histoire romaine depuis la fondation de Rome, 1636.
Histoire générale de France, publiée de 1621 à 1643.
Liberté de la langue française dans sa pureté, 1651.
Cours de philosophie, contenant la logique, l'éthique, la physique et la métaphysique, Genève, 1627-1636. Reprint edited by Roger Ariew: La logique, Paris, 1984; La physique, Paris, 1990; La métaphysique, Paris, 1992; L'ethique, Paris, 1993.
Liberté de la langue française dans sa pureté, 1651.
Translations
R. Ariew, J. Cottingham, T: Sorell, Descartes' Meditations: Background Source Materials, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 (Extracts from the 'Corpus of Philosophy': see pp. 97–135).
Category:1569 births
Category:1661 deaths
Category:French historians
Category:French male non-fiction writers | 2024-04-04T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3796 |
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[NOT FOR PUBLICATION--NOT TO BE CITED AS PRECEDENT]
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 98-9013
IN RE: NAPOLEON SOARES,
Debtor.
NAPOLEON G. SOARES,
Appellant,
v.
BROCKTON CREDIT UNION,
Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
OF THE FIRST CIRCUIT
Before
Selya, Stahl and Lynch,
Circuit Judges.
Napoleon G. Soares on brief pro se.
Gary W. Cruickshank on brief for appellee Brockton Credit
Union.
October 22, 1998
Per Curiam. Appellant Napolean Soares seeks appellate
review of a bankruptcy court order granting relief from the
automatic stay. See 11 U.S.C. 362(d). Such order was issued
upon motion of appellee Brockton Credit Union (BCU) following
remand from this court. See Soares v. Brockton Credit Union,
107 F.3d 969 (1997). Soares appealed from that order to the
Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (BAP), but failed to secure a stay
pending appeal. In due course, BCU obtained a second judgment
of foreclosure in state court and thereafter conducted a second
foreclosure sale. As a result of the sale, the BAP dismissed
the pending appeal as moot. Soares has now appealed from that
ruling.
We agree that the property's sale has rendered the appeal
moot. Generally, "when the debtor fails to obtain a stay
pending appeal of the bankruptcy court's ... order setting
aside an automatic stay and allowing a creditor to foreclose on
property, the subsequent foreclosure and sale of the property
renders moot any appeal." In re Matos, 790 F.2d 864, 865 (11th
Cir. 1986); accord, e.g., In re 225 Park Plaza Assocs. Ltd.
Partnership, 100 F.3d 1214, 1216-1218 (6th Cir. 1996); Greylock
Glen Corp. v. Community Savings Bank, 656 F.2d 1, 4 (1st Cir.
1981) (applying former Bankr. Rule 805); cf. In re Stadium
Manag. Corp., 895 F.2d 845, 847-49 (1st Cir. 1990) (applying 11
U.S.C. 363(m)). Whether any exceptions might exist to this
rule, see, e.g., In re Mann, 907 F.2d 923, 926 (9th Cir. 1990),
is a matter we need not address, inasmuch as Soares has made no
reference thereto and (from all that appears) would derive no
benefit therefrom.
An affirmance is plainly warranted on the merits in any
event. Soares has provided no grounds for questioning the
finding that "cause" existed for lifting the automatic stay
under 362(d). And the various challenges he has advanced
prove unavailing. For example, the bankruptcy judge's action
and the other proceedings below, rather than contravening this
court's mandate from the earlier appeal, were in full
conformance therewith. Absent a stay, BCU was free to seek a
new foreclosure judgment while the BAP appeal was pending.
Whether the first judgment of foreclosure was or should have
been vacated as a matter of state law is of no pertinence here.
And it is undisputed that the second foreclosure sale occurred
only after the second judgment was obtained.
The stay of eviction ordered by this court on September 4,
1998 is hereby lifted, and the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel's
order of dismissal is affirmed.
| 2023-10-08T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/7410 |
Q:
Database not able to startup showing control file is inconsistent with another
Our windows server 2008 R2 is shutdown due to power failure. When I am trying to startup Oracle 11g database its shows an error.
SQL> startup
ORA-01081: cannot start already-running ORACLE - shut it down first
SQL> startup mount
ORA-01081: cannot start already-running ORACLE - shut it down first
SQL> shut immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 3206836224 bytes
Fixed Size 2180024 bytes
Variable Size 2415922248 bytes
Database Buffers 771751936 bytes
Redo Buffers 16982016 bytes
ORA-00214: control file 'D:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\ORADATA\ORCL\CONTROL01.CTL'
version 145627 inconsistent with file
'D:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\FLASH_RECOVERY_AREA\ORCL\CONTROL02.CTL' version 145625
Can any one help me how to resolve this issue?
A:
I have tried below steps and recovered control file from RMAN Backup. it works successfully...
SQL>shutdown abort;
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 3206836224 bytes
Fixed Size 2180024 bytes
Variable Size 2415922248 bytes
Database Buffers 771751936 bytes
Redo Buffers 16982016 bytes
SQL>
====create pfile='c:/initnew.ora' from spfile;
SQL> create pfile='c:\p.txt' from spfile;
File created.
shutdown abort;
ORACLE instance shut down.
-----Edit the pfile and delete the controlfile 02 from controlfiles parameter
-----Then boot the system from newly created pfile
SQL> startup mount pfile='c:\p.txt';
SQL>rman target /
RMAN>restore controlfile from autobackup;
RMAN> quit
SQL>shut immediate
SQL>startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 3206836224 bytes
Fixed Size 2180024 bytes
Variable Size 2415922248 bytes
Database Buffers 771751936 bytes
Redo Buffers 16982016 bytes
ORA-00214: control file
'D:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\FLASH_RECOVERY_AREA\ORCL\CONTROL02.CTL' version 145625
inconsistent with file 'D:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\ORADATA\ORCL\CONTROL01.CTL' version 144010
SQL> shut immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL>startup force mount pfile='c:\p.txt';
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 3206836224 bytes
Fixed Size 2180024 bytes
Variable Size 2415922248 bytes
Database Buffers 771751936 bytes
Redo Buffers 16982016 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL>host rman target /
RMAN>recover database;
RMAN> alter database open resetlogs;
database opened.
| 2024-05-16T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6662 |
North Butyl / Neoprene Gloves
North Butyl / Neoprene Gloves
North Butyl/Neoprene composite gloves protect the wearer’s hands against exposure to most chemicals in addition to petroleum, oil, and lubricants.
Available in a variety of sizes, thicknesses ranging from 16 to 25 mil, and with a glove length of 13”, North gloves are idea for industrial applications, refueling and other maintenance work, and HAZMAT work. | 2024-03-17T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8264 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Part of Odoo. See LICENSE file for full copyright and licensing details.
from odoo.tests.common import TransactionCase
class TestXMLID(TransactionCase):
def get_data(self, xml_id):
""" Return the 'ir.model.data' record corresponding to ``xml_id``. """
module, suffix = xml_id.split('.', 1)
domain = [('module', '=', module), ('name', '=', suffix)]
return self.env['ir.model.data'].search(domain)
def test_create(self):
model = self.env['res.partner.category']
xml_id = 'test_convert.category_foo'
# create category (flag 'noupdate' should be False by default)
data = dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Foo'})
category = model._load_records([data])
self.assertEqual(category, self.env.ref(xml_id, raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Foo')
self.assertEqual(self.get_data(xml_id).noupdate, False)
# update category
data = dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Bar'})
category1 = model._load_records([data], update=True)
self.assertEqual(category, category1)
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Bar')
self.assertEqual(self.get_data(xml_id).noupdate, False)
# update category
data = dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Baz'}, noupdate=True)
category2 = model._load_records([data], update=True)
self.assertEqual(category, category2)
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Baz')
self.assertEqual(self.get_data(xml_id).noupdate, False)
def test_create_noupdate(self):
model = self.env['res.partner.category']
xml_id = 'test_convert.category_foo'
# create category
data = dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Foo'}, noupdate=True)
category = model._load_records([data])
self.assertEqual(category, self.env.ref(xml_id, raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Foo')
self.assertEqual(self.get_data(xml_id).noupdate, True)
# update category
data = dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Bar'}, noupdate=False)
category1 = model._load_records([data], update=True)
self.assertEqual(category, category1)
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Foo')
self.assertEqual(self.get_data(xml_id).noupdate, True)
# update category
data = dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Baz'}, noupdate=True)
category2 = model._load_records([data], update=True)
self.assertEqual(category, category2)
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Foo')
self.assertEqual(self.get_data(xml_id).noupdate, True)
def test_create_noupdate_multi(self):
model = self.env['res.partner.category']
data_list = [
dict(xml_id='test_convert.category_foo', values={'name': 'Foo'}, noupdate=True),
dict(xml_id='test_convert.category_bar', values={'name': 'Bar'}, noupdate=True),
]
# create category
categories = model._load_records(data_list)
foo = self.env.ref('test_convert.category_foo')
bar = self.env.ref('test_convert.category_bar')
self.assertEqual(categories, foo + bar)
self.assertEqual(foo.name, 'Foo')
self.assertEqual(bar.name, 'Bar')
# check data
self.assertEqual(self.get_data('test_convert.category_foo').noupdate, True)
self.assertEqual(self.get_data('test_convert.category_bar').noupdate, True)
def test_create_order(self):
model = self.env['res.partner.category']
data_list = [
dict(xml_id='test_convert.category_foo', values={'name': 'Foo'}),
dict(xml_id='test_convert.category_bar', values={'name': 'Bar'}, noupdate=True),
dict(xml_id='test_convert.category_baz', values={'name': 'Baz'}),
]
# create categories
foo = model._load_records([data_list[0]])
bar = model._load_records([data_list[1]])
baz = model._load_records([data_list[2]])
self.assertEqual(foo.name, 'Foo')
self.assertEqual(bar.name, 'Bar')
self.assertEqual(baz.name, 'Baz')
# update them, and check the order of result
for data in data_list:
data['values']['name'] += 'X'
cats = model._load_records(data_list, update=True)
self.assertEqual(list(cats), [foo, bar, baz])
self.assertEqual(foo.name, 'FooX')
self.assertEqual(bar.name, 'Bar')
self.assertEqual(baz.name, 'BazX')
def test_create_inherits(self):
model = self.env['res.users']
xml_id = 'test_convert.user_foo'
par_xml_id = xml_id + '_res_partner'
# create user
user = model._load_records([dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Foo', 'login': 'foo'})])
self.assertEqual(user, self.env.ref(xml_id, raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(user.partner_id, self.env.ref(par_xml_id, raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(user.name, 'Foo')
self.assertEqual(user.login, 'foo')
def test_recreate(self):
model = self.env['res.partner.category']
xml_id = 'test_convert.category_foo'
data = dict(xml_id=xml_id, values={'name': 'Foo'})
# create category
category = model._load_records([data])
self.assertEqual(category, self.env.ref(xml_id, raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Foo')
# suppress category
category.unlink()
self.assertFalse(self.env.ref(xml_id, raise_if_not_found=False))
# update category, this should recreate it
category = model._load_records([data], update=True)
self.assertEqual(category, self.env.ref(xml_id, raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(category.name, 'Foo')
def test_create_xmlids(self):
# create users and assign them xml ids
foo, bar = self.env['res.users'].create([
{'name': 'Foo', 'login': 'foo'},
{'name': 'Bar', 'login': 'bar'},
])
self.env['ir.model.data']._update_xmlids([
dict(xml_id='test_convert.foo', record=foo, noupdate=True),
dict(xml_id='test_convert.bar', record=bar, noupdate=True),
])
self.assertEqual(foo, self.env.ref('test_convert.foo', raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(bar, self.env.ref('test_convert.bar', raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(foo.partner_id, self.env.ref('test_convert.foo_res_partner', raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(bar.partner_id, self.env.ref('test_convert.bar_res_partner', raise_if_not_found=False))
self.assertEqual(self.get_data('test_convert.foo').noupdate, True)
self.assertEqual(self.get_data('test_convert.bar').noupdate, True)
| 2023-08-10T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1522 |
#include <grass/gis.h>
#include <grass/glocale.h>
#include "local_proto.h"
void define_options(struct params *params, struct flags *flags)
{
params->input = G_define_standard_option(G_OPT_V_INPUT);
params->input->description = NULL;
params->type = G_define_standard_option(G_OPT_V3_TYPE);
params->type->options =
"point,line,boundary,centroid,area,face,kernel,auto";
params->type->answer = "auto";
params->type->guisection = _("Selection");
params->layer = G_define_standard_option(G_OPT_V_FIELD);
params->layer->description = NULL;
params->layer->guisection = _("Selection");
params->dsn = G_define_option();
params->dsn->key = "output";
params->dsn->type = TYPE_STRING;
params->dsn->required = YES;
params->dsn->label = _("Name for output PostGIS datasource");
params->dsn->description =
_("Starts with 'PG' prefix, eg. 'PG:dbname=grass'");
params->olayer = G_define_option();
params->olayer->key = "output_layer";
params->olayer->type = TYPE_STRING;
params->olayer->required = NO;
params->olayer->key_desc = "name";
params->olayer->label =
_("Name for output PostGIS layer");
params->olayer->description =
_("If not specified, input name is used");
params->olayer->guisection = _("Creation");
params->olink = G_define_standard_option(G_OPT_V_OUTPUT);
params->olink->key = "output_link";
params->olink->required = NO;
params->olink->label =
_("Name for output vector map defined as a link to the PostGIS feature table");
params->olink->description =
_("If not specified, the vector link is not created. "
"The link can be also manually created by 'v.external' module.");
params->olink->guisection = _("Creation");
params->opts = G_define_option();
params->opts->key = "options";
params->opts->label = _("Creation options");
params->opts->description = _("Examples:\n"
"\t\t'FID=cat': define feature id column 'cat'\n"
"\t\t'GEOMETRY_NAME=wkb_geometry': define geometry column 'wkb_geometry'\n"
"\t\t'SPATIAL_INDEX=NO': do not create spatial index on geometry column");
params->opts->required = NO;
params->opts->multiple = YES;
params->opts->type = TYPE_STRING;
params->opts->key_desc = "key=value";
params->opts->guisection = _("Creation");
flags->table = G_define_flag();
flags->table->key = 't';
flags->table->description =
_("Do not export attribute table");
flags->table->guisection = _("Creation");
flags->topo = G_define_flag();
flags->topo->key = 'l';
flags->topo->description =
_("Export PostGIS topology instead of simple features");
flags->topo->guisection = _("Creation");
flags->force2d = G_define_flag();
flags->force2d->key = '2';
flags->force2d->label = _("Force 2D output even if input is 3D ");
flags->force2d->description = _("Useful if input is 3D but all z coordinates are identical");
flags->force2d->guisection = _("Creation");
}
| 2023-10-29T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8104 |
BEIJING — Now that China had completed a 10,000-foot runway fit for fighter jets and dredged a huge harbor at Fiery Cross Reef, an artificial island at the center of a territorial dispute in the South China Sea, the time had come to reward the workers who built them.
One of China’s biggest navy ships, a type of amphibious assault vessel, arrived at Fiery Cross Reef this week loaded with a performance group from the People’s Liberation Army. They danced and sang for two and a half hours before a cheering crowd of military personnel and construction workers.
A video of the performance by CCTV, the Chinese state broadcaster, showed the gray hull of the Kunlunshan, a 20,000-ton warship and the second-largest vessel in the Chinese fleet, as the backdrop for the temporary stage rigged up portside. | 2023-09-19T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5623 |
Introduction
============
Increasing crop yield is a major challenge for modern agriculture ([@B24]). Regulating leaf development has been considered an effective way to achieve a breakthrough of potential yield for crops ([@B31]). Appropriate leaf shape is an important characteristic of the super-high-yield hybrid rice idiotype, in which the last three leaves from the top are long, erect, narrow, V-shaped (rolled), and thick ([@B48]). Moderate leaf rolling in rice leads to erect leaf canopies, improves photosynthetic efficiency, accelerates dry-matter accumulation, and increases grain yield ([@B17]; [@B49]; [@B53]). Isolation of genes controlling leaf rolling are expected to be beneficial for developing crops with the desired architecture ([@B49]; [@B46]).
Leaf form was regulated by complicated developmental processes, including pattern formation, polarity establishment, and cell differentiation ([@B2]; [@B21]; [@B17]). Bulliform cells are monocot-specific (with the exception of the Helobiae), large thin-walled, apparently empty, highly vacuolated and occur in groups between vascular bundles on the adaxial epidermis ([@B15]; [@B14]). In rice, two types of leaf rolling (adaxial rolling and abaxial rolling) have been related to the abnormal development of bulliform cells. Changes in the number, volume, and localization of bulliform cells can result in lack of osmotic pressure to support the normal form of the blade, and then, the leaf becomes rolled ([@B50]). Generally, a leaf displays adaxial rolling when the number and size of bulliform cells are decreased in rice. For example, the mutant of a MYB transcription factor, *sll1*, has smaller and fewer bulliform cells than wild-type (WT), resulting in adaxial leaf rolling ([@B49]). Conversely, a leaf displays abaxial rolling when the number and size of bulliform cells are increased. For example, enhanced expression of ACL1, encoding a protein with unknown conserved functional domains, causes increased bulliform cell number and abaxial leaf rolling ([@B18]).
The receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play critical roles in plant development and response to stress stimuli ([@B11]). A typical RLK contains an extracellular receptor, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular kinase domain ([@B29]). One of the RLK families lacking an extracellular domain has, therefore, been designated the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). Recent studies have shown that some RLCKs regulate both plant development and defense responses. In *Arabidopsis*, RLCKs are classed into 13 subfamilies according to the phylogenetic evaluation ([@B30]). BIK1 (Botrytis-Induced Kinase 1), functions as an early-induced kinase in response to infection by *Botrytis cinerea* and is required for BRI1 (Brassinolide-Insensitive 1) mediated growth regulation through direct interaction with BRI1 ([@B37]; [@B19]). PBL27 is an immediate downstream component of the chitin receptor CERK1 and contributes to the regulation of chitin-induced immunity in *Arabidopsis* ([@B28]). It has been predicted that rice has a total of 379 *RLCK* genes ([@B38]). To date, few *RLCK* genes have been functionally characterized in rice. Of those that have, it has been reported that *BSR1* (broad-spectrum resistance 1) positively regulates resistance against *Xoo* (*Xanthomonas oryzae* pv. *oryzae*) and *M. oryzae* (*Magnaporthe grisea*) both in *Arabidopsis* and rice ([@B9]). *OsRLCK185* and *OsRLCK55* can interact with Xoo1488, which is a Xoo effector. *OsRLCK185* also regulates PGN- and chitin-induced immunity ([@B47]). Five other *RLCK* genes, *OsRLCK102*, *OsRLCK57*, *OsRLCLK107*, *OsRLCK118*, and *OsRLCLK176* are involved in innate immunity mediated by XA21 and in development by BR signaling in rice ([@B47]; [@B1]; [@B41]; [@B52]). Most of these reported *RLCK* genes belong to the RLCK VII subfamily and are involved in disease resistance and growth development in *Arabidopsis* and rice. However, no other members of RLCK subfamilies in rice have been reported.
In this study, we characterized the *RLCK* gene *OsRRK1*, which was interacted with *OsLecRK* (a lectin RLK) that was involved in innate immune responses and seed germination ([@B5]), belongs to the RLCK VI subfamily and encodes an AtRRK1 (Rop-interacting receptor-like kinase 1) homologous protein kinase. Overexpression of *OsRRK1* caused rolling and erect leaves in rice plants. In addition, the degree of leaf rolling was positively correlated with the expression level of *OsRRK1*. *OsRRK1* is also involved in rice development as well as in defense against BPH. The result of transcriptome sequencing indicated that *OsRRK1* regulates plant development and defense to BPH mainly through receptor kinases, other RLCKs and transcription factors.
Materials and Methods {#s1}
=====================
Plant Materials
---------------
In this study, the WT rice (*Oryza sativa*) cultivar used as controls in all the morphological and molecular comparisons was a *japonica* variety, Hejiang19. The template for gene amplification was derived from the cDNA of the rice *indica* variety Kasalath. All the transgenic lines including the OE and RNAi lines are in the background of Hejiang19. All experimental materials were transplanted in the experimental field at a spacing of 16.7 cm between plants within each row and 26.7 cm between rows at the Genetics Institute at Wuhan University (Wuhan, China). The plants were tended under the routine management regime.
Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay
----------------------
The two-hybrid assay was performed using the GAL4-based transcription system. The *OsRRK1* cDNA was cloned into a bait vector pGBKT7, while the *OsLecRK* cDNA was ligated into a prey vector pGADT7. Yeast strains AH109 (Clontech) were transformed with bait and prey cotransform constructs. Yeast diploids were selected on selection plates containing SD (Synthetic Dropout) medium lacking Leu, Trp, and His. The interactions between p53 and the SV40 large T-antigen (T), and between lamin (Lam) and the T served as positive and negative controls, respectively.
*In Vivo* Co-immunoprecipitation Assays
---------------------------------------
*In vivo* co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were carried out by transient protein expression in rice protoplasts. HA- tagged OsRRK1 and MYC- tagged LecRK constructs were coexpressed in rice protoplasts, extracted in the buffer \[50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 0.1% NP-40, 1 mM PMSF, plant protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)\], immunoprecipitated with anti-MYC antibody, then detected by the anti-HA (MBL, Catalog: M180) and anti-Myc (MBL, Catalog: M047), respectively.
Plasmid Constructs and Rice Transformation
------------------------------------------
To make an overexpression construct (OE-*OsRRK1*), a 1179-bp cDNA fragment encoding the full-length of *OsRRK1* was PCR-amplified from the cDNA library of Kasalath using a pair of primers, OE-*OsRRK1*-F and OE-*OsRRK1*-R (Supplementary Table [S1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The amplified DNA fragments were ligated with pCXUN-vector, which was digested with *XcmI*. The pCXUN-vector contains the maize *ubiquitin* promoter and a nos terminator.
The *OsRRK1*-RNAi constructs were generated by an overlapping PCR approach ([@B4]). Briefly, in the first-round PCR, two 521-bp fragments between +569 and +1089 (relative to the ATG at +1 bp) were amplified from the cDNA library of 9311 using the primers RNAi-F and RNAi-R1, RNAi-F and RNAi-R2. The PDK intron loop sequence fragment was amplified from pHAN using the primers PDK-F and PDK-R. Primers RNAi-R1 and PDK-F were used to introduce complementary adapters to the amplified fragments, as RNAi-R2 and PDK-R. The three amplified fragments were fused together as an inverted-repeat cassette in the second-round PCR by using a single RNAi-F primer. The resulting fragment was then directly cloned into the plant expression pCXUN-vector. All the primers used for vector construction are shown in Supplementary Table [S1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
The constructs were introduced into *Agrobacterium tumefaciens* EHA105 via electroporation. The *Agrobacterium*-mediated transformations of rice (Hejiang19) were carried out as previously described ([@B3]).
Measurement of the Leaf Rolling Index and Leaf Erection Index
-------------------------------------------------------------
To determine the LRI, two measurements were taken, *L*~w~ (expand the leaf blade and determine the greatest width of the leaf blade) and *L*~n~ (measure the natural distance of the leaf blade margins at the same location on the leaf where *L*~w~ was measured). LRI was calculated as LRI (%) = (*L*~w~ -*L*~n~)/*L*~w~ × 100%.
To determine the LEI, two measurements were taken, *L*~nl~ (the linear distance between the lamina joint and the tip of the leaf blade in the natural position) and *L*~sl~ (the length of the straightened leaf). LEI was calculated as LEI (%) = *L*~nl~/*L*~sl~ × 100% ([@B26]).
Data were collected from the flag leaves of 20 individual plants at the heading stage.
Southern Blot Analysis
----------------------
A probe (Supplementary Table [S1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) was labeled with \[α-^32^P\] dCTP using the Prime-a-Gene labeling system (Promega). Twenty microgram genomic DNA was digested with *EcoR*I restriction enzyme (Fermentas), then separated on a 1% agarose gel and blotted onto Hybond-N^+^ nylon membrane (Amersham Biosciences). The membranes were prehybridized for 3 h at 65°C and the hybridization buffer was refreshed with the labeled probe. The membranes were then incubated for 12 h at 65°C. Washing was conducted at 65°C for 15 min in 2 × SSC and 0.2% SDS, and subsequently for 15 min at 65°C in 1 × SSC and 0.1% SDS. The membranes were then exposed to storage phosphor screens (Amersham Biosciences), and the hybridization signals were detected using a Typhoon PhosphorImager (Amersham Biosciences).
Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)
------------------------------------
Total RNA of various rice tissues including radicle and plumule in 48 h after emergence, root and leaf in the second tillering stage, flag leaf, second leaf from the top leaf, stem, leaf sheath, and young panicle at the heading stage were isolated using TRIzol reagent (TaKaRa) according to the manufacturer's protocol. One microgram RNA was treated with DNase I (Fermentas) to remove genomic DNA and then used to synthesize cDNA with a RevertAid^TM^ First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentas) following the manufacturer's recommendations. The cDNA was then amplified by specific primers and SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) in a CFX96 Real-Time System (Bio-Rad). The analysis of the results was performed as previously described ([@B44]). All primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table [S1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Histology and Microscopy Observation
------------------------------------
To determine the detailed structure of leaf, mature flag leaves containing at least the bottom 1/2 of the tissues were used for a paraffin cross-section assay. Leaves were fixed in 70% formalin--acetic acid--alcohol solution (FAA) for 24 h at 4°C. After serial dehydration in various concentrations of ethanol, the samples were transferred into xylene and then embedded in paraffin. Sections (10 μm thick) were cut with a microtome (Leica RM2245) and mounted on microscope slides. Slices were spread on a platform at 40°C overnight and stained using 0.5% Toluidine Blue O at 37°C for 30 min. After dewaxing and rehydrating, the slices were examined and photographed using a LEICA CTR5000B microscope. Bulliform cell area was measured with Image J software^[1](#fn01){ref-type="fn"}^.
Analysis of Alignments and Phylogenesis
---------------------------------------
The BLASTP program^[2](#fn02){ref-type="fn"}^ was used to identify the homologous sequence of *OsRRK1*. Before phylogenetic analysis, multiple sequence alignments were generated using ClustalX Version 1.83 ([@B35]). A phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA Version 5.1.0 using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. Bootstrap analyses of 1,000 replicates were carried out.
BPH Host Choice Test
--------------------
The host choice tests were conducted on 4-week-old rice plants in a cup (10 cm in diameter). Two WT plants and two OE-*OsRRK1* plants were planted at opposite ends of roughly perpendicular diagonals. Thirty-fourth-instar BPH nymphs were then placed in the middle of the cup and the number of nymphs that settled on each plant was recorded each day after infestation. The experiment was repeated twice, each time with 20 biological replicates.
RNA-Sequencing and Data Analysis
--------------------------------
The flag leaves of both Hejiang19 and OE-25 at the five-leaf stage were collected for RNA-sequencing analysis, with each sample containing a pool of 10 plants, each rice variety containing three biological replicates. Total RNAs were prepared using RNAiso Plus according to the manufacturer's protocol (TaKaRa Code: D9108A). Half of RNA was performed to transcription expression analysis by Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation, and the rest was used to verify the RNA-sequencing results by qRT-PCR. All subsequent procedures, including mRNA purification, cDNA preparation, end repair of cDNA, adaptor ligation, and cDNA amplification were performed according to the manufacturer's protocols accompanying the mRNA-Seq Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina). Each library had an insert size of 45 bp, and sequences of 50 bp on one end (1^∗^50 bp) were generated via Illumina HiSeq2000.
Cufflinks (version: 2.0.2^[3](#fn03){ref-type="fn"}^) was used to calculate the FPKM value of every transcript. The *P*-values of different expressions were calculated using Fisher's exact test. We used *P* \< 0.05 and the absolute value of log~2~FC ≥ 0.585 as the threshold to judge the significance of each gene expression difference ([@B36]). Cluster analysis was performed and heat maps generated with the Genesis software based on a hierarchy (version: 1.7.6^[4](#fn04){ref-type="fn"}^) ([@B32]). For pathway analysis, we mapped all DEGs using the MapMan package with the Osa_MSU_v7 mapping file ([@B34]).
Accession Numbers
-----------------
Sequence data for OsRRK1 can be found in the GenBank database under accession number [KY347802](KY347802). The RNA-Seq raw data were submitted to Short Read Archive at NCBI with accession numbers of [SAMN06448985](SAMN06448985), [SAMN06448986](SAMN06448986), [SAMN06448987](SAMN06448987), [SAMN06448988](SAMN06448988), [SAMN06448989](SAMN06448989), and [SAMN06448990](SAMN06448990).
Results
=======
Characterization of the *OsRRK1* Gene
-------------------------------------
In the previous study, OsLecRK was used as a bait to screen a rice cDNA expression library established in a yeast two-hybrid system ([@B5]). We isolated a full-length cDNA encoding a RLCK, which interacted with OsLecRK by a yeast two-hybrid assay (Supplementary Figure [S1A](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and co-immunoprecipitation (Supplementary Figure [S1B](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). BLAST analysis in the NCBI database showed that this RLCK exhibits 57% amino acid sequence identity with AtRRK1 (Rop-interacting receptor-like kinase 1) from *Arabidopsis*, we named this gene *OsRRK1* (LOC_Os06g47820). The full-length cDNA of *OsRRK1* is 1567-bp long, and consists of a 237-bp 5'UTR, 1179-bp coding region and 151-bp 3'UTR (Supplementary Figure [S2](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The open reading frame (ORF) of *OsRRK1* comprises six exons and five introns. It is predicted that it encodes a polypeptide of 392 amino acids with a serine-threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase catalytic (STYKc) domain (Supplementary Figures [S3A,B](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
The expression level of *OsRRK1* in various rice organs and at different development stages was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This demonstrated that the expression level of *OsRRK1* was highest in leaves, especially in flag leaves, and then decreased gradually in leaf sheathes, young panicles, stems, plumules, radicles, and roots (**Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**).
{#F1}
*OsRRK1* is OsRLCK216 and belongs to the RLCK VI subfamily ([@B38]; [@B11]). In order to analyze the genetic relationship between *OsRRK1* and other RLCKs in rice and *Arabidopsis*, we constructed an unrooted phylogenetic tree for OsRRK1 and found that OsRRK1 exhibits relatively higher homology with OsRLCK167 and AtRLCK VI_A2 (AtRRK1) ([@B7]) (**Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**).
Overexpression of *OsRRK1* Results in a Leaf Rolling Phenotype
--------------------------------------------------------------
In order to elucidate the function of *OsRRK1* in rice, an *OsRRK1* overexpression construct driven by the ubiquitin promoter was produced and introduced into WT plants via *A. tumefaciens*-mediated transformation. Seventeen positive transgenic lines (OE-*OsRRK1*) were generated and confirmed by Southern blot analysis (Supplementary Figure [S4](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Eight of them (OE-5, 7, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25) had a single copy of *OsRRK1* and the others had multiple copies. We chose three single copy lines (OE-22, 24, and 25) for further analysis.
Compared to WT plants, all of the OE-*OsRRK1* plants displayed the leaf rolling phenotype. During the heading stage, we were able to observe that leaves of WT plants were flat, whereas the flag leaves of OE-*OsRRK1* plants were rolled to different degrees in the field (**Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**) and the laboratory (**Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). We transected the middle part of these leaves and found that the cross-section revealed rolling to varying degrees (**Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**).
{#F2}
To evaluate the degree of leaf rolling accurately, we calculated the LRI, for which a higher value indicates a higher rolling degree ([@B26]). At the heading stage, we measured the maximum leaf width (*L*~w~) and natural leaf width (*L*~n~). The maximum width of flag leaves was not significantly different in WT plants and the OE-*OsRRK1* plants (**Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). However, the natural width of flag leaves in OE-*OsRRK1* plants was significantly reduced compared to WT (**Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). In WT plants, the natural width of flag leaves was almost the same as the maximum width, while in OE-*OsRRK1* plants the natural width of flag leaves was much smaller than the maximum width. The LRI of the WT plants was 0, while the LRIs of the OE-*OsRRK1* plants were at least 20% higher than that of the WT plants (**Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). These results indicate that the leaf rolling of the OE-*OsRRK1* plants could be attributed to changes in the natural width of the leaf rather than the maximum width.
{#F3}
In general, leaf rolling leads to changes in the erectness of leaves ([@B26]). Thus, we measured the LEI, which quantifies how upright the leaves are. At the heading stage, we measured the linear distance between the lamina joint and the tip of the leaf blade (*L*~nl~) and the length of the straightened leaf in its natural position (*L*~sl~). The LEIs in the flag leaves of OE-*OsRRK1* plants were clearly different from those of the WT plants. The LEI calculations yielded values for the flag leaves of OE-*OsRRK1* plants all close to 100%, while the LEIs of the WT plants averaged 95.1 ± 3.08% (Supplementary Figure [S5](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
To explain the different degrees of rolling in the three OE-*OsRRK1* plants, we tested the expression level of *OsRRK1* in these transgenic plants by qRT-PCR analyses. The results demonstrated that the expression of *OsRRK1* in these transformants was upregulated to varying degrees. They were 200 times, 500 times, and 800 times upregulated in OE-22, OE-24, and OE-25, respectively (**Figure [3D](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). The results revealed that with the increase of the *OsRRK1* relative expression level, the natural width of the flag leaves becomes smaller, so they may be negatively correlated. While with the increase of the *OsRRK1* relative expression level, the LRI also increase, so they may be positively correlated. However, LEI did not show significant correlation with the relative expression of *OsRRK1.*
To investigate the role of *OsRRK1* in rice leaf development further, RNAi analysis was also conducted. Unexpectedly, although the expression of *OsRRK1* was notably downregulated, no obvious change in leaf development was detected (Supplementary Figures [S6A--C](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The LRIs of all the RNAi plants were 0 in the flag leaves, which is similar to the WT plants. In addition, the LEIs of all the RNAi plants exhibited no obvious difference from the WT plants (Supplementary Figure [S6D](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). *OsRLCK167 is* the closest homolog of *OsRRK1*. We compared the expression abundance of *OsRRK1* and *OsRLCK167* in WT rice leaves and found they showed a similar expression level in flag leaf at heading stage (Supplementary Figure [S7A](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). And we found that the expression of *OsRLCK167* in RNAi plants showed no difference from the WT plants (Supplementary Figure [S7B](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Therefore, we suggested that functional redundancy might explain no changes in phenotypes by RNAi approaches. In addition, the transcript level of the RNAi plants was not inhibited completely, which was very possible these RNAi lines still have more than sufficient expression of OsRRK1 for normal function. Thus, we concluded that overexpression of *OsRRK1* results in a rolled-leaf phenotype, while moderate downregulation of *OsRRK1* was associated with no abnormality in leaf development.
Bulliform Cell Number and Size Are Decreased in OE-*OsRRK1* Plants
------------------------------------------------------------------
Bulliform cells are located between the vascular veins of the leaf in rice. Previous studies have demonstrated that changes in the number and area of the bulliform cells result in leaf rolling ([@B49], [@B50]; [@B18]). Therefore, we performed transverse sectioning so that we could examine the leaves of OE-*OsRRK1* and WT plants. The bulliform cells were smaller and fewer in OE-*OsRRK1* leaves than in the WT leaves, whereas no significant changes were found for other cell types and their arrangements between OE-*OsRRK1* and the WT leaves (**Figures [4A,B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}**). The bulliform cells of WT plants were typically arranged in groups of 4.64 ± 0.59 cells, whereas the bulliform cells in OE-*OsRRK1* leaves were only in groups of 4.05 ± 1.23, 3.68 ± 0.83, and 3.41 ± 0.59 cells in OE-22, OE-24, and OE-25, respectively (**Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}**). In addition, the bulliform cell area in OE-*OsRRK1* leaves was reduced compared to WT leaves (**Figure [4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}**). We also found that with the increase of the *OsRRK1* expression level, the number of bulliform cells and the average cell area were all decreased, suggesting they may be negatively correlated. These results suggest that overexpression of *OsRRK1* decreased bulliform cell number and size, which resulted in leaf rolling.
{#F4}
Overexpression of *OsRRK1* in Rice Conferred an Antixenosis Effect to BPH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
OsRRK1 was identified as an interactor of OsLecRK, which was involved in defense to BPH ([@B5]). We compared the performance of BPH on OE*-OsRRK1* and WT plants to determine whether *OsRRK1* is involved in defense to this herbivorous insect of rice. Host preference was assessed on the basis of the number of BPHs that settled on WT and OE*-OsRRK1* plants after releasing BPHs into the center of containers where BPHs could choose between WT and OE*-OsRRK1* plants. Comparing the OE*-*22 and WT plants, there was no significant difference in the number of BPHs on each from the first day to the sixth day (**Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**). However, more insects choose to settle on the WT plants than on the OE-24 and OE-25 plants. From the fourth day, the number of BPHs settled on each plant type was significantly different between the OE-24 and WT plants (**Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**). For the OE*-*25 and WT plants, a significant difference of BPH choice was observed from the first day to the sixth day (**Figure [5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**). These results indicated that *OsRRK1* confers defense to BPH attacks via antixenosis, which is known to be an important mechanism of plant defense against insect attacks ([@B39]). As the *OsRRK1* overexpression level can be ranked OE*-*25 \> OE*-*24 \> OE*-*22, our results suggest that the level of defense is determined by the accumulation level of *OsRRK1* transcripts.
{#F5}
Pleiotropic Roles of *OsRRK1* in Multiple Plant Developmental Processes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to rolled and erect leaves, other phenotype changes in OE-*OsRRK1* plants were also observed. Compared with WT plants, the plant height, tiller numbers and seed setting rate of OE*-OsRRK1* plants were significantly reduced. The height of WT plants was 60.28 ± 2.45 cm, whereas the height was 55.77 ± 3.65 cm, 58.51 ± 2.15 cm, and 57.79 ± 2.38 cm in OE-22, OE-24, and OE-25, respectively (**Figure [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). There were about 9.75 ± 1.45 tillers in WT plants, but only 7.35 ± 1.14, 7.65 ± 1.90, and 7.55 ± 0.89 tillers in OE-22, OE-24, and OE-25, respectively (**Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). In WT plants, the seed setting rate was about 88.61% ± 2.09%, but was 61.2% ± 5.48%, 65.96% ± 8.38%, and 67.67% ± 6% in OE-22, OE-24, and OE-25, respectively (**Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). These results indicate that overexpression of *OsRRK1* changed multiple plant developmental processes.
{#F6}
Transcript Profiles Are Distinct in WT Plants and OE-*OsRRK1* Plants
--------------------------------------------------------------------
To understand the molecular mechanism of rice development and defense to BPH mediated by *OsRRK1*, the expression profiles of WT plants Hejiang19 (H) and a line of OE*-OsRRK1* plants (OE-25, abbreviated as OE hereafter) were determined using deep RNA-sequencing. As a result, 116.4 million paired-end sequence reads of 50-bp in length were generated from the six samples. After removing low-quality reads, a total of 113.8 million high quality clean reads were retained, of which more than 97% were aligned to the reference genome using TopHat (Supplementary Table [S2](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
One fundamental use of transcriptome sequencing is the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups ([@B43]). In our study, we defined DEGs as the transcripts showing at least a 1.5-fold change in the FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped) (log~2~FC ≥ 0.585 or log~2~FC ≤ --0.585) and a *P*-value \< 0.05. In total, 625 DEGs were detected among the paired comparisons (H vs. OE), including 366 upregulated and 259 downregulated genes. DEGs in H and OE of the three biological replicates were hierarchically clustered in the heat map (Supplementary Figure [S8](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The majority of DEGs had similar expression patterns among three biological replicates, showing consistent upregulation or downregulation.
To enhance our understanding of the biological function of DEGs, those assigned to MapMan pathways and important classifications are provided in **Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}**. Receptor kinases and receptor-like cytoplasmatic kinase VII-related genes are important components of signal transduction and play roles in plant development. In this study, 43 genes encoding receptor kinases and receptor-like cytoplasmatic kinase VII were upregulated, 11 genes encoding receptor kinases were downregulated (**Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}**). Among them, legume lectins beta domain containing protein (LOC_Os07g04110) and receptor-like protein kinase 2 precursor (LOC_Os08g14950) are involved in plant resistance; brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (LOC_Os11g31540) and receptor-like protein kinase 2 (LOC_Os11g40480) are involved in plant development. To verify the RNA-sequencing results, the expressions of the aforementioned four genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR with gene specific primers. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with RNA-sequencing data (Supplementary Table [S3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Compared to WT, all of them were upregulated in all three OE-*OsRRK1* plants (**Figures [7A--D](#F7){ref-type="fig"}**).
######
Pathway classification by MapMan.
Pathways H_OE
-------------------------------------------------------- ------ ----
Receptor kinases and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases 43 11
Transcription factors 17 14
Biotic stress 22 12
Development 13 10
Hormone 7 6
Abiotic stress 4 3
Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) 5 1
Light signaling 4 1
ABC transporters and multidrug resistance systems 3 0
Ca^2+^ signaling 2 1
H_OE, total DEG number in comparisons of Hejiang19 and OE-25. U, upregulated;D, downregulated.
{#F7}
Transcription factors (TFs) also play important roles in defense responses and plant development ([@B42]). There are 31 TF-related DEGs between the WT and OE plants, including 17 upregulated genes and 14 downregulated genes (**Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}**). In previous studies, overexpression of *OsWRKY77* (LOC_Os01g40260) repressed growth of a pathogen by enhancing expression of defense-related *PR1*, *PR2*, and *PR5* genes, and overexpression of *OsMADS57* (LOC_Os02g49840) resulted in increased tillers ([@B40]; [@B13]; [@B16]). Moreover, MYB domain TFs and ZF domain TFs also participate in plant development and resistance ([@B33]; [@B27]; [@B40]). We also confirmed these four TF gene expressions in WT and OE plants by qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR results showed that all of them were consistent with the transcriptome data (Supplementary Table [S3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and were upregulated in all three OE-*OsRRK1* plants (**Figures [7E--H](#F7){ref-type="fig"}**). *OsRRK1* may operate by means of transducing signals activated by receptor kinases and then regulating related TFs, finally resulting in leaf rolling and a BPH-defense phenotype.
In rice, at least 35 leaf rolling mutants have been reported, 13 genes of which were related to the bulliform cells; these include *RL14, ACL1, SRL1* and *SLL1*. However, none of these genes were found differentially expressed between WT and OE-25 plants in the transcriptome data (Supplementary Table [S3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These results suggest that overexpression of the *OsRRK1* gene resulting in leaf rolling is independent of the previously reported leaf rolling-related genes.
Discussion
==========
The RLCKs represent a large gene family in plants with diverse biological roles, which include development and stress responses ([@B38]; [@B20]). They are divided into 13 subfamilies in *Arabidopsis* and 17 subfamilies in rice based on phylogenetic clades of amino acid sequences ([@B30]). Most well studied *RLCK* genes belong to the RLCK VII subfamily, while there have been few studies of the RLCK VI subfamily. In *Arabidopsis*, only four RLCK VI subfamily genes have been studied. Rop binding protein kinases 1 and 2 (RBK1 and 2) directly bind to AtRop4 GTPase, which has emerged as a central regulator of diverse signaling pathways in plant growth and pathogen defense ([@B23]). Rop-interacting receptor-like kinase 1 and 2 (AtRRK1 and 2) kinases could be specifically activated by GTP-bound Rop GTPases *in vitro* ([@B7]). However, the characterization of RLCK VI subfamily genes in rice has not been reported. In this study, we identified a RLCK VI subfamily gene *OsRRK1* as a potential novel molecular interactor of *OsLecRK* (Supplementary Figure [S7](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The overexpression of *OsRRK1* caused leaf rolling, agriculturally relevant traits and defense to BPH in rice, indicating that the RLCK VI subfamily also may play roles in both rice development and immunity.
To date, many studies have been performed to characterize genes controlling leaf rolling by analysis of mutants in rice. More than 35 leaf rolling mutants have been reported, of which 13 genes have been cloned and affected leaf rolling through the regulation of bulliform cells. For example, RL14 encodes a 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase. The *rl14* mutant reduced bulliform cell size and caused inward leaf rolling ([@B10]). ACL1, encoding a protein with unknown conserved functional domains, positively regulated bulliform cell development since the enhanced expression of ACL1 increased bulliform cell number and resulted in outward leaf rolling ([@B18]). SRL1, encoding a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, negatively regulated the bulliform cell number since its loss-of-function mutant increased bulliform cell number and led to inward leaf rolling ([@B45]). SLL1 encodes a transcriptional factor of the MYB family. The *sll1* mutant also displays inward leaf rolling due to defective development of abaxial sclerenchymatous cells and formation of bulliform cells on the abaxial epidermis ([@B49]). In this study, *OsRRK1* negatively regulates the bulliform cell number and size. The degree of rolling was positively correlated with the expression level of *OsRRK1*. Through analysis of transcriptome and qRT-PCR data between the WT and OE-25 plants, none of the 13 reported genes associated with leaf rolling were found differentially expressed (Supplementary Table [S3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and **Figures [8A--D](#F8){ref-type="fig"}**). These results suggest that leaf rolling resulting from overexpression of *OsRRK1* was activated by a novel pathway, which was independent of these previously reported genes related to leaf rolling.
{#F8}
*OsRRK1* encodes an intracellular protein with a STYKc domain (Supplementary Figure [S3](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and interacts with OsLecRK to confer defense to BPH attacks via antixenosis (**Figures [5B,C](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**), which is known to be one of the major mechanisms of plant defense against insect attacks ([@B5]). Previous studies have provided evidence that RLCKs can be phosphorylated by receptor kinases. For example, OsCERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1), a plasma membrane protein, phosphorylated OsRLCK185 with a STKc domain. OsRLCK185 is a possible transmitter which links the PRR OsCERK1 with MAP kinase cascades and regulates chitin induced immune responses ([@B47]). Other RLCKs, such as OsRLCK57, OsRLCK107, and OsRLCK176 with the STYKc domain, interact with OsBRI1, a rice brassinosteroid receptor, and they also regulate immune responses by the immune receptor XA21 ([@B52]). OsRRK1 is an interactor of OsLecRK. The BPH resistance protein BPH3 is also composed of three lectin receptor kinases (OsLeckRK1-3). Both of these lectin receptor kinases confer rice resistance to BPH. Thus, we hypothesize that OsRRK1 may be similar to other RLCKs. It can be phosphorylated by OsLecRK, which could recognize HAMPs (herbivore-associated molecular patterns), and subsequently trigger immune responses to BPH. However, how OsRRK1 accepts signals from OsLecRK and what proteins are activated by OsRRK1 remain to be determined.
To understand the molecular mechanism of rice development and defense to BPH mediated by *OsRRK1*, we determined the expression profiles of WT plants and OE*-OsRRK1* plants by deep RNA sequencing. We found that many DEGs were involved in receptor kinases and transcription factors. Receptor kinases are pivotal components of signal transduction and play roles in plant development. In this study, we selected four genes, LOC_Os07g04110, LOC_Os08g14950, LOC_Os11g31540, and LOC_Os11g40480 for qRT-PCR confirmation (**Figures [7A--D](#F7){ref-type="fig"}**). In rice, the functions of these four genes are unknown. By analysis of homologous genes in *Arabidopsis*, we found that they act roles either in the process of plant development or plant defense. Perception of pathogen (or microbe)-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. The *Arabidopsis* EF-Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and confers broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance ([@B25]). SERK1 is essential to the early events of BR signaling, which can regulate plant growth and development ([@B12]). Besides *OsLecRK*, *OsRRK1* may interact with other receptor kinases like the aforementioned ones to influence rice growth and development.
Transcription factors also play key roles in defense response and plant development ([@B42]). In this study, we also selected four genes, LOC_Os01g40260, LOC_Os02g49840, LOC_Os11g17954, and LOC_Os12g24490 for qRT-PCR analysis (**Figures [7E--H](#F7){ref-type="fig"}**). LOC_Os01g40260 (*OsWRKY77*) is a positive regulator of PR gene expression and basal resistance to the bacterial pathogen PstDC3000 ([@B16]). In *OsRRK1* overexpression lines, the expression of *OsWRKY77* was upregulated that could improve defense to BPH attacks. Overexpression of LOC_Os02g49840 (*OsMADS57*) can increase rice tillers by interacting with other proteins ([@B13]), and it was upregulated in *OsRRK1* overexpression lines. However, *OsRRK1* overexpression lines had reduced number of tillers compared to WT plants. We thought that there are a number of factors that affect the numbers of tillers, *OsMADS57* maybe just one of them. Even though the expression of *OsMADS57* was upregulated, some other genes may also affect the numbers of tillers in *OsRRK1* overexpression lines. LOC_Os11g17954 is a MYB domain TFs. LOC_Os12g24490 is a ZF domain TFs. Both MYB and ZF domain TFs participate in plant development and defense. For example, *AtMYB21* confers some features of constitutive photomorphogenesis even in the dark, and causes seedling lethality ([@B27]). NtMYB2 is involved in the stress response of the retrotransposon and defense-related genes ([@B33]). Many members of the ZF subfamily are regulated by abiotic or biotic stresses, suggesting that they could have an effective role in stress tolerance ([@B40]). OsRRK1 could activate these TF genes to control rice leaf rolling and defense to BPH.
In addition to receptor kinases and TFs, 34 DEGs were involved in biotic stress (**Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}**). Among them, 16 genes encode PR-proteins, which include NBS-LRR disease resistance protein. Plant NBS-LRR disease resistance protein is the largest protein family involved in disease resistance, pathogen sensing and host defense ([@B22]; [@B6]). Previous studies have shown that BPH resistance genes can activate PR-proteins ([@B8]). OsRRK1 conferred antixenosis to BPH and may also be related to the PR-protein. In addition, 33 DEGs were involved in development (**Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}**). Although their functions in rice remain to be elucidated, the expression changes still reflect their role in OE-*OsRRK1* development. Thirteen DEGs are related to hormones (**Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}**). Hormone signaling pathways play pivotal roles in plant development and defense. We found traditional defense hormones-related genes including three JA-related genes and two SA-related DEGs. It has been reported that JA and SA are related to defense against BPH ([@B8]; [@B51]). Three auxin-related genes were also found amongst the DEGs. Auxin biosynthesis affects the development of plants.
In summary, we characterized a gene that regulates not only development but also plant immunity. Moreover, the phenotypes of leaf rolling and BPH defense were positively correlated to the expression level of *OsRRK1.* This feature has the potential to facilitate artificial control of these phenotypes and may eventually contribute to the development of desired rice variety.
Author Contributions
====================
YM, BD, and GH designed the research; YM, YZh, XS, SS, YZe, YW, RC, AY, and LZ performed research; YM, BD, and GH analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
==============================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
This work was supported by grants from National Program on the Development of Basic Research of China (2013CB126904, 2013CBA01403), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31470102, 31071059).
<http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/>
<https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>
<http://cufflinks.cbcb.umd.edu>
<http://genome.tugraz.at>
Supplementary Material
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01783/full#supplementary-material>
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Click here for additional data file.
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Click here for additional data file.
BPH
: brown planthopper
LEI
: leaf erect index
LRI
: leaf rolling index
OE
: overexpression
RNAi
: RNA interference
[^1]: Edited by: *Madelaine Elisabeth Bartlett, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States*
[^2]: Reviewed by: *Yuguo Xiao, Brigham Young University, United States; Michael Gerard Muszynski, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States*
[^3]: This article was submitted to Plant Evolution and Development, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science
| 2024-03-01T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4462 |
---
abstract: |
There exists a special class of X-ray pulsars that exhibit very slow pulsation of $P_{\rm spin}>1000$s in the high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). We have studied the temporal and spectral properties of these superslow pulsation neutron star binaries in hard X-ray bands with observations. Long-term monitoring observations find spin period evolution of two sources: spin-down trend for 4U 2206+54 ($P_{\rm spin}\sim 5560$s with $\dot{P}_{\rm spin}\sim 4.9\times
10^{-7}$s s$^{-1}$) and long-term spin-up trend for 2S 0114+65 ($P_{\rm spin}\sim 9600$s with $\dot{P}_{\rm spin}\sim -1\times
10^{-6}$s s$^{-1}$) in the last 20 years. A Be X-ray transient, SXP 1062 ($P_{\rm spin}\sim 1062$s), also showed a fast spin-down rate of $\dot{P}_{\rm spin}\sim 3\times 10^{-6}$s s$^{-1}$ during an outburst. These superslow pulsation neutron stars cannot be produced in the standard X-ray binary evolution model unless the neutron star has a much stronger surface magnetic field ($B>10^{14}$G). The physical origin of the superslow spin period is still unclear. The possible origin and evolution channels of the superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars are discussed. Superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars could be younger X-ray binary systems, still in the fast evolution phase preceding the final equilibrium state. Alternatively, they could be a new class of neutron star system $-$ accreting magnetars.
---
Introduction
============
Recent X-ray observations discovered some superslow pulsation neutron star binaries with $P_{\rm spin}>1000$ s. In Fig. 1, the Corbet diagram for high mass X-ray binaries shows four superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars: 4U 2206+54 with $P_{\rm spin}\sim 5560$s (Wang 2009, 2010; Reig et al. 2009) and an orbital period of 19.12 days (Wang 2009); 2S 0114+65 with $P_{\rm spin}\sim 9600$s (Wang 2011) and an orbital period of 11.59 days (Crampton et al. 1985); IGR J16418-4532 with $P_{\rm spin}\sim 1246$s and $P_{\rm orb}\sim 3.7$ days (Walter et al. 2006); and SXP 1062 with $P_{\rm spin}\sim 1062$s and $P_{\rm orb}\sim 300$ days (Haberl et al. 2012). In addition, other possible superslow X-ray pulsar candidates were reported recently: 1E 161348-5055 in the young supernova remnant RCW 103 ($P_{\rm
spin}\sim 6.67$hr, De Luca et al. 2006), and two wind-accretion symbiotic low mass X-ray binaries 4U 1954+319 ($P_{\rm spin}\sim 5$hr, Mattana et al. 2006) and IGR J16358-4724 ($P_{\rm spin}\sim 1.5$hr, Patel et al. 2004).
{width="110.00000%"}
The spin period evolution of the new-born neutron star generally undergoes three states (Bhattacharya & van den Heuvel 1991): an [ *ejector state*]{} in which neutron star spins down through the conventional spin-powered pulsar energy-loss mechanisms; a [ *propeller state*]{} in which spin period decreases by means of interaction between the neutron star magnetosphere and stellar wind of the companion; and an [*accretor state*]{} in which the spin period of neutron star reaches a critical value, and the neutron star begins to accrete materials on to the surface, then switches on as the X-ray pulsar. The critical period is defined by equating the corotational radius of the neutron star to the magnetospheric radius, which induces the longest period of several hundred seconds but less than $\sim$ 1000 s for the neutron star of magnetic field $B<B_{\rm cr}=4.4\times 10^{13}$ G. Then what channels produce the superlong spin period higher than 1000s? Thus, detailed studies of these superslow X-ray pulsars will help us to understand the evolution of neutron star binaries and physical nature of these sources.
Temporal and spectral properties of superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars
=====================================================================
With the long-term INTEGRAL monitoring observations, we derived the orbital phase-resolved spectral properties for two superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars 4U 2206+54 and 2S 0114+65 (Fig. 2). The spectra are fitted with the absorbed power-law model plus high energy cut-off. The spectral variations in both two sources show a common property. There exist anti-correlations between the flux and hydrogen column density/photon index, i.e., a lower column density and harder spectrum around maximum of X-ray flux. These spectral behaviour over the orbital phase suggested that they should belong to highly obscured X-ray binary systems.
{width="4.75cm"}{width="4.75cm"}{width="4.75cm"}
In addition, we detected two cyclotron absorption lines at $\sim 30$ keV and $60$ keV in 4U 2206+54 during an active state (Wang 2009), suggesting a magnetized neutron star with the magnetic field of $\sim 3\times 10^{12}$ G located in the binary if assuming the electron absorption case. Unfortunately, we have not found evidence for the magnetic neutron star in 2S 0114+65 with different observations (Wang 2011). While a high energy tail was discovered in the X-ray spectrum of 2S 0114+65 (Wang 2011). With detailed studies show that high column density may lead to the disappearance of the hard X-ray tails in the spectra: when the derived values of column density are higher than $\sim 3\times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, no hard X-ray tails are detected. How to produce the hard X-ray tails above 70 keV for accreting neutron stars in high mass X-ray binaries especially in the wind-fed accretion systems is unclear. It is possible that hot corona exists near neutron stars for wind-fed accretion systems like 2S 014+65; and the dense accretion materials or strong winds prevent the formation of hot corona or depress the comptonization effects.
{width="7.2cm"}{width="7.2cm"}
The long-term monitoring observations also discovered the spin evolution of these superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars. In Fig. 3, we have presented the spin evolution of 4U 2206+54 and 2S 0114+65 respectively. The pulsar in 4U 2206+54 undergone a long-term spin-down trend in the last twenty years with an average spin-down rate of $4.9\times 10^{-7}$s s$^{-1}$ by different measurements (Wang 2010, 2012; Finger et al. 2010; Reig et al. 2012). But the spin period of the neutron star in 2S 0114+65 varies from 2.73hr around 1986 to 2.63hr around 2008 (Wang 2011) with the present spin-up rate of $1.09\times 10^{-6}$s s$^{-1}$. Additionally, the spin-up rate of the neutron star in 2S 0114+65 seems to be accelerating (see Fig. 3). A slow rotation neutron star of $P_{\rm spin}\sim 1062$s was also discovered in a Be X-ray transient SXP 1062 (Henault-Brunet et al. 2012). During a giant outburst, a very fast spin-down rate of $\sim 3\times 10^{-6}$s s$^{-1}$ is discovered in this X-ray pulsar (Haberl et al. 2012).
Accreting Magnetars - A new class of neutron star systems?
==========================================================
Discovery of these superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars provides the challenge to the present evolution model of X-ray binaries. Then what is physical origin for long spin period neutron stars?
Li & van den Heuvel (1999) have suggested that neutron star spins down to the spin period range longer than 1000 s if the neutron star was born as a magnetar with an initial magnetic field $\geq 10^{14}$ G. This ultra-strong magnetic field could decay to the normal value ranges of $10^{12}-10^{13}$ G within a few million years, so that superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars may be defined as magnetar descendants.
The alternative suggestion proposed by Ikhsanov (2007) shows that an additional evolution phase [*subsonic propeller*]{} state between the transition from known [*supersonic propeller*]{} state to [*accretor*]{} state could allow the spin period increases up to several thousand seconds without the assumption of magnetars, which is the so-called break period given by: P\_[br]{} 2000 [M\_[NS]{}1.4M\_]{}\^[-4/21]{}\[[B\_[surf]{}0.3B\_[cr]{}]{}\]\^[16/21]{}\[[M 10\^[15]{} [g s\^[-1]{}]{}]{}\]\^[-5/7]{} [s]{}, where $B_{\rm surf}$ is the surface magnetic field of the neutron star. However, if the above formula is applied to the case of 4U 2206+54/2S 0114+65, one find the surface magnetic field higher than $10^{14}$ G.
The fast spin-down rate is discovered in two superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars 4U 2206+54 and SXP 1062. According to the standard evolutionary scenario, the maximum spin-down rate in the accretor stage is $\dot P\sim 2\pi B^2R^6_{\rm NS}/(GMI)$, which implies $B> 10^{14}$ G for 4U 2206+54 and SXP 1062.
Recently, a new theory of quasi-spherical accretion for X-ray pulsars is developed (Shakura et al. 2012), the magnetic field in wind-fed neutron star systems is given by B\_[12]{}\~8.1M\^[1/3]{}\_[16]{}V\^[-11/3]{}\_[300]{}([P\_[1000]{}P\_[orb300]{}]{})\^[11/12]{} G. This also gives the ultrastrong magnetic field of $>10^{14}$ G.
Thus, these superslow pulsation pulsars could be accreting magnetars! It is still quite interesting that the discovery of the cyclotron absorption line feature around 30 keV would suggest a magnetic field of 3$\times 10^{12}$ G for the electron cyclotron absorption case, but a magnetic field of $\sim 5\times 10^{15}$ G for the proton cyclotron line assumption. Thus, difficulty and uncertainties in explaining the long spin period still exist. It is possible that superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars may not follow the present standard evolution models in close binaries.
The superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars undergo the fast spin evolution, not reaching the equilibrium. We suggested the possible evolution track among the superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars and supergiant binaries. Superslow pulsation X-ray pulsars should be younger binary systems, and after rapid spin-down and spin-up phases, they will become supergiant X-ray binaries in the equilibrium spin-period range.
Bhattacharya, D. & van den Heuvel, E.P.J. 1991, [*Phys. Rep.*]{}, 203, 1 Crampton, D., Hutchings, J.B., Cowley, A.P., 1985, [*ApJ*]{}, 299, 839 De Luca, A., et al. 2006, [*Science*]{}, 313, 814 Farrell, S.A. et al. 2008, [*MNRAS*]{}, 389, 608 Finger, M. H. et al. 2010, [*ApJ*]{}, 709, 1249 Haberl, F. et al. 2012, [*A&A*]{}, 537, L1 Henault-Brunet, V. et al. [*MNRAS*]{}, 420, L13 Ikhsanov, N.R. 2007, [*MNRAS*]{}, 375, 698 Li, X.D. & van den Heuvel, E.P.J. 1999, [*ApJ*]{}, 513, L45 Mattana, F. et al. 2006, [*A&A*]{}, 460, L1 Reig, P. et al. 2009, [*A&A*]{}, 494, 1073 Reig, P., Torrejón, J.M., Blay, P. 2012,[*MNRAS*]{}, 425, 595 Shakura, N. et al. 2012, [*MNRAS*]{}, 420, 216 Walter, R. et al. 2006, [*A&A*]{}, 476, 133 Wang, W. 2009, [*MNRAS*]{}, 398, 1428 Wang, W. 2010, [*A&A*]{}, 520, 22 Wang, W. 2011, [*MNRAS*]{}, 413, 1083
| 2023-11-13T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9521 |
"In the frantic days after the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, BP lied about how much oil was leaking from its Macondo well and took too long to cap it, plaintiffs' lawyers said on Monday at the opening of the second phase of the company's trial."
"A lawyer for BP told the U.S. District Court in New Orleans that the company did not misrepresent the oil flow and followed U.S. standards before and after the spill, the worst marine pollution disaster in the United States.
The British oil company is fighting to hold down fines that could hit $18 billion at the trial, which will determine damages. BP's annualized earnings, based on last quarter, are running at about $17 billion.
'BP refused to spend any time or money preparing to stop a deepwater blowout at its source,' said Brian Barr, a lawyer for the plaintiffs, which include people affected by the spill, the U.S. government and Gulf states, and BP's former contractors." | 2024-01-03T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1834 |
TOKYO (Reuters) - Japan’s Nomura Holdings has no plan to follow the lead of Wall Street rivals and seek a tie-up with a commercial lender, its chief executive told Reuters, pledging to stay independent even as the investment bank faces its first annual loss in a decade.
FILE PHOTO: Investors stand in front of a screen showing the logo of Nomura Holdings in Tokyo, Japan, in this December 1, 2015. EUTERS/Toru Hanai
Nomura in January reported a net loss of more than 101 billion yen ($903 million) in the first three quarters of the year to end-March. It has since announced an overhaul plan to cut $1 billion in cost from its wholesale business and close more than 30 of its 156 retail branches.
But it will not seek to join forces with a commercial bank, Koji Nagai said, eschewing a model that has reshaped Wall Street since the financial crisis and has seen Morgan Stanley tie up with Japan’s biggest bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.
“We can do a deal with any partner if we make the effort. We don’t belong to any banking group and that is our strength,” Nagai told Reuters in an interview this week embargoed for release on Friday.
Even without capital ties to any of Japan’s three megabanks - Mitsubishi UFJ, Mizuho Financial Group and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group - Nomura has been able to retain its formidable presence in Japanese investment banking, particularly deals.
It is advising Nippon Paint Holdings on a $2.7 billion bid for Australia’s DuluxGroup, announced this week.
But it doesn’t have the lending firepower of a rival such as Morgan Stanley, which thanks to its tie-up with Mitsubishi UFJ, has been able to leverage the Japanese bank’s massive balance sheet to offer financing alongside of advisory services.
ENVY & INDEPENDENCE
Nagai said that while he felt “envy” toward competitors with lending power, a capital alliance with one of the megabanks would sacrifice Nomura’s independence - likely closing it off from clients allied to one of the other megabanks, given the Japanese corporate practice of sticking to a “main bank” and doing business with that lender’s affiliates.
“We won’t give up our independence by joining a capital alliance,” he said.
As part of the cost-cutting overhaul Nomura also plans to axe about 100 jobs in London, the center for its European banking business, Reuters has previously reported.
The wholesale business has been squeezed by lower trading revenue in fixed income.
Credit-ratings firm Moody’s has said that Nomura’s overhaul plans, if successful, would help it refocus its business and reduce earnings volatility.
Nagai said Nomura is also focused on driving its mass-affluent customers - often defined as those with less than $1 million in investable assets - to its digital platform. The bank is looking to hire people from online brokerages to help drive that strategy, he said.
($1 = 111.9100 yen) | 2023-08-29T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1902 |
IU System Residency Rules
Effective July 1, 2011, the Rules Determining Resident and Nonresident Student Status for Indiana University Fee Purposes have been provisionally revised to comply with recent state legislation and are in effect as stated below. A full review of the Rules and formal approval will take place in coming months.
These Rules establish the policy under which students shall be classified as residents or nonresidents upon all campuses of Indiana University for University fee purposes. Nonresident students shall pay a nonresident fee in excess of fees paid by a resident student. A non-U.S. citizen will not be considered for residence classification under this policy unless the Office of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has granted the individual either lawful permanent resident status or an immigration status that would permit the non-U.S. citizen to establish a domicile in Indiana.
“Residence” as the term, or any of its variations (e.g., “resided”), as used in the context of these Rules, means the place where an individual has his or her permanent home, at which he or she remains when not called elsewhere for labor, studies, or other special or temporary purposes, and to which he or she returns in seasons of repose. It is the place a person has voluntarily fixed as a permanent habitation for himself or herself with an intent to remain in such place for an indefinite period. A person at any one time has but one residence, and a residence cannot be lost until another is gained.
A person entering the state from another state or country does not at that time acquire residence for the purpose of these Rules, but except as provided in Rule 2(c), such person must be a resident for 12 months in order to qualify as a resident student for fee purposes.
Physical presence in Indiana for the predominant purpose of attending a college, university, or other institution of higher education, shall not be counted in determining the 12-month period of residence; nor shall absence from Indiana for such purpose deprive a person of resident student status.
A person shall be classified as a “resident student” if he or she has continuously resided in Indiana for at least 12 consecutive months immediately preceding the first scheduled day of classes of the term in which the individual registers in the University, subject to the exception in (c) below.
The residence of an unemancipated person under 21 years of age who is lawfully present in the United States follows that of the parents or of a legal guardian who has actual custody of such person or administers the property of such person. In the case of divorce or separation, if either parent meets the residence requirements, such person will be considered a resident. 1
If an unemancipated person under 21 years of age who is lawfully present in the United States comes from another state or country for the predominant purpose of attending the University, he or she shall not be admitted to resident student status upon the basis of the residence of a guardian in fact, except upon appeal to the Standing Committee on Residence in each case.
An unemancipated person under 21 years of age who is lawfully present in the United States may be classified as a resident student without meeting the 12-month residence requirement within Indiana if his or her presence in Indiana results from the establishment by his or her parents of their residence within the state and if he or she proves that the move was predominantly for reasons other than to enable such person to become entitled to the status of “resident student.”
When it shall appear that the parents of a person properly classified as a “resident student” under subparagraph (c) above have removed their residence from Indiana, such person shall then be reclassified to the status of nonresident; provided, that no such reclassification shall be effective until the beginning of a term next following such removal.
A person once properly classified as a resident student shall be deemed to remain a resident student so long as lawfully residing in the United States and remaining continuously enrolled in the university until such person’s degree shall have been earned, subject to the provisions of subparagraph (d) above. 2
The foreign citizenship of a person shall not be a factor in determining resident student status if such person has legal capacity to remain permanently in the United States. 2
A person classified as a nonresident student may show that he or she is exempt from paying the nonresident fee by clear and convincing evidence that he or she has been a resident (see Rule 1 above) of Indiana for the 12 months without the predominant purpose of education prior to the first scheduled day of classes of the term in which his or her fee status is to be changed. Such a student will be allowed to present his or her evidence only after the expiration of 12 months from the residence qualifying date, i.e., the date upon which the student commenced the 12-month period for residence. The following factors will be considered relevant in evaluating a requested change in a student’s nonresident status and in evaluating whether his or her physical presence in Indiana is for the predominant purpose of attending a college, university, or other institution of higher education. The existence of one or more of these factors will not require a finding of resident student status, nor shall the non-existence of one or more require a finding of nonresident student status. All factors will be considered in combination, and ordinarily resident student status will not result from the doing of acts which are required or routinely done by sojourners in the state or which are merely auxiliary to the fulfillment of educational purposes.
The residence of a student’s parents or guardians.
The situs of the source of the student’s income.
To whom a student pays his or her taxes, including property taxes.
The state in which a student’s automobile is registered.
The state issuing the student’s driver’s license.
Where the student is registered to vote.
The marriage of the student to a resident of Indiana.
Ownership of property in Indiana and outside of Indiana.
The residence claimed by the student on loan applications, federal income tax returns, and other documents.
The place of the student’s summer employment, attendance at summer school, or vacation.
The student’s future plans including committed place of future employment or future studies.
Admission to a licensed profession in Indiana.
Membership in civic, community, and other organizations in Indiana or elsewhere.
All present and intended future connections or contacts outside of Indiana.
The facts and documents pertaining to the person’s past and existing status as a student.
Parents’ tax returns and other information, particularly when emancipation is claimed.
The fact that a person pays taxes and votes in the state does not in itself establish residence, but will be considered as hereinbefore set forth.
The registrar or the person fulfilling those duties on each campus shall classify each student as resident or nonresident and may require proof of all relevant facts. The burden of proof is upon the student making a claim to a resident student status.
A Standing Committee on Residence shall be appointed by the president of the university and shall include two students from among such as may be nominated by the student body presidents of one or more of the campuses of the university. If fewer than four are nominated, the president may appoint from among students not nominated.
A student who is not satisfied by the determination of the registrar has the right to lodge a written appeal with the Standing Committee on Residence within 30 days of receipt of written notice of the registrar’s determination, which committee shall review the appeal in a fair manner and shall afford to the student a personal hearing upon written request. A student may be represented by counsel at such hearing. The committee shall report its determination to the student in writing. If no appeal is taken within the time provided herein, the decision of the registrar shall be final and binding.
The Standing Committee on Residence is authorized to classify a student as a resident student, though not meeting the specific requirements herein set forth, if such student’s situation presents unusual circumstances and the individual classification is within the general scope of these Rules. The decision of the committee shall be final and shall be deemed equivalent to a decision of the Trustees of Indiana University.
A student or prospective student who shall knowingly provide false information or shall refuse to provide or shall conceal information for the purpose of improperly achieving resident student status shall be subject to the full range of penalties, including expulsion, provided for by the university, as well as to such other punishment which may be provided for by law.
If a student does not pay additional monies which may be due because of his or her classification as a nonresident student, his/her student financial account will be encumbered. A student whose account is encumbered may be denied certain University services, such as registration and transcripts.
A student or prospective student who fails to request resident student status within a particular term and to pursue a timely appeal (see rule 8) to the Standing Committee on Residence shall be deemed to have waived any alleged overpayment of fees for that term.
If any provision of these rules or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of these rules which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of these rules are severable.
1 Invocation of the provision in Rule 2(a) that applies to cases of divorce or separation requires appropriate legal documentation. 2 NOTE: Effective Fall 2007, students with immigration statuses which permit the establishment of a domicile in the United States may be eligible to pay resident fees, providing that all other conditions are met. Current eligible classifications are: A-1, A-2, A-3, E-1, E-2, E-3, G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, H-1B, H-4, I, L-1, L-2, O-1, O-3, V-1, V-2, and V-Continuing eligibility to remain classified as a resident student for fee-paying purpose depends upon the continued maintenance of eligible immigration status. Contact the registrar’s office for more information. | 2024-05-12T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3700 |
Q:
changing locations in django satchmo
I am using Satchmo(skeleton project that comes in the projects folder when you download Satchmo) but am not in the US. I see that by default there is a Zipcode/Postcode* and list of states on the checkout page.
My question is, is the best way to change this(location details, billing information) to edit the /satchmo/apps/satchmo_store/shop/models.py file (hard edit the Order model)
or is there a better way to maybe set your location to a place other than the USA?
The reason I'm asking is because I'm not sure what implication a change like this might have throughout the skeleton project if I just deleted the zip code column.
Thanks.
A:
go to /admin/l10n/country/ and mark the appropriate countries as active
go to /admin/shop/config/, select the site (probably localhost) and set the default shipping country and possible shipping countries
if you want to control whether the state and ZIP are requred or not, go to /settings/ , select "Satchmo Shop Settings" and modify "Required billing data", "Required shipping data" and "State required?" settings.
| 2023-09-26T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6190 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus for imaging organs within a living body and so on by transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves to generate ultrasonic images to be used for diagnoses.
2. Description of a Related Art
In medical fields, various imaging technologies have been developed for observing inside of an object to be inspected so as to make diagnoses. Especially, ultrasonic imaging for acquiring interior information of the object by transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves enables image observation in real time and provides no exposure to radiation unlike other medical image technologies such as X-ray photography or RI (radio isotope) scintillation camera. Accordingly, ultrasonic imaging is utilized as an imaging technology at a high level of safety in a wide range of departments including not only the fetal diagnosis in obstetrics, but gynecology, circulatory system, digestive system, and so on.
The principle of ultrasonic imaging is as below. Ultrasonic waves are reflected at a boundary between regions with different acoustic impedances like a boundary between structures within the object. Therefore, by transmitting ultrasonic beams into the object such as a human body, receiving ultrasonic echoes generated within the object, and obtaining reflection points where the ultrasonic echoes are generated and reflection intensity, outlines of structures (e.g., internal organs, diseased tissues, and so on) existing within the object can be extracted.
The acoustic impedance is a constant intrinsic to a material as expressed by equation (1), and the unit of MRayl (mega Rayl) is generally used therefor and 1 MRayl=1×106 kg·m−2·s−1.Z=ρ·C (1)where ρ represents density of an acoustic medium and C represents acoustic velocity within the acoustic medium.
Further, given that the acoustic impedance of the first medium is Z1 and the acoustic impedance of the second medium adjacent to the first medium is Z2, the vertical reflectance R of ultrasonic waves at the interface between the first medium and the second medium is given by the following equation (2).R=(Z2−Z1)/(Z2+Z1) (2)
Generally, an ultrasonic image is generated based on the intensity of ultrasonic waves reflected at the respective sample points within the object. Since the acoustic velocities are different depending on tissues within the object, there are problems that defocusing occurs in reception focusing processing and/or transmission focusing processing, the resolving power becomes lower, and image blurring occurs.
As related technologies, Japanese Patent Application Publication JP-A-5-329159 discloses an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus in which images in the optimum focused state can be obtained consistently regardless of variations in conditions of acoustic velocity distribution within the object and so on. The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus includes transmission focusing means for performing transmission focusing by sequentially selecting plural transmission focusing patterns and determining driving timings of plural ultrasonic vibrators according to the selected transmission focusing patterns, reception focusing means for performing reception focusing on echo signals outputted from the plural ultrasonic vibrators by providing delays according to plural reception focusing patterns in time sequence or at the same time, signal processing means for generating image data based on the echo signals reception-focused by the reception focusing means, image data storage means for storing plural image data using plural combinations of transmission focusing patterns and reception focusing patterns for the same part of the object, focusing evaluation means for selecting image data in the optimum focused state by comparing predetermined feature quantities of the respective image data of the plural image data stored in the image data storage means, and image forming means for forming tomographic images based on the image data selected by the focusing evaluation means.
Japanese Patent Application Publication JP-A-59-2127 91 discloses an ultrasonic imaging system of aperture type for automatically focusing on a part desired to be observed. According to the ultrasonic imaging system, all acoustic velocity setting values are determined such that the sharpness of the image within a small region of interest is the maximum, and then, an acoustic correction value for a partial aperture is determined such that the image within the small region due to the partial aperture has the same correlation value with the first obtained image within the small region, and the acoustic correction values corresponding to the respective parts of the entire aperture are determined while the partial aperture of interest is moved and varied in size to cover the entire aperture.
Japanese Patent Application Publication JP-P2007-7045A discloses realization of estimation of the acoustic velocity of a living body in an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus includes an ultrasonic probe having arranged plural vibrators, a transmission circuit for transmitting ultrasonic waves to the object via the ultrasonic probe, a reception circuit for receiving echo signals from the object via the ultrasonic probe, an intensity distribution generating unit for generating plural ultrasonic intensity distributions at different acoustic velocities set for delay control.
As disclosed in these documents, it is possible to obtain the optimum acoustic velocities in the respective regions within the object. However, if the optimum acoustic velocities are obtained in the small regions, there are problems that the number of data for obtaining the acoustic velocities is reduced and the calculation accuracy becomes lower, and the number of regions is increased and the time for calculation is increased. Further, if an image is formed by using acoustic velocities different with respect to each region, artifacts would occur at boundaries between regions. | 2023-12-26T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/2255 |
Q:
DateEdit value change
I would like to add minute (which is entered from a calcEdit) to starting date then it wil be set as end date.
Also when I enter the end date the subtract of start time will be set as minute .
I tried dateEdit's EditValueChanged ,Validating events and I tried both for calcedit but got wrong values.
I use g mask for dateEdits
Please help me thank you.
Here are my codes :
`private void calcEditMinute_Validating(object sender, CancelEventArgs e)
{
try
{
dtBitisZamani = Convert.ToDateTime(dateEditBas.EditValue).AddMinutes(Convert.ToDouble(calcEditMinute.Text));
dateEditBit.EditValue = dtBitisZamani;
}
catch (Exception)
{
}
}
private void dateEditBit_EditValueChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
TimeSpan span = Convert.ToDateTime(dateEditBit.EditValue).Subtract(Convert.ToDateTime(dateEditBas.EditValue));
calcEditMinute.Text = string.Format(" {0} ",
span.Minutes); span.TotalMinutes.ToString();
}`
A:
Try this:
private void calcEdit1_EditValueChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
dateEditEnd.DateTime = dateEditStart.DateTime.AddMinutes(Convert.ToDouble(calcEdit1.Value));
}
private void dateEditEnd_EditValueChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
dateEditStart.DateTime = dateEditEnd.DateTime.AddMinutes(Convert.ToDouble(calcEdit1.Value) * -1);
}
| 2024-02-12T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4058 |
9 Ariz. App. 103 (1969)
449 P.2d 637
Anna KISER, Appellant,
v.
A.J. BAYLESS MARKETS, INC., an Arizona corporation, Appellee.
No. 1 CA-CIV 654.
Court of Appeals of Arizona.
January 28, 1969.
Rehearing Denied February 20, 1969.
Review Denied March 25, 1969.
*104 Alan Philip Bayham, Jerome S. Gutkin, Raymond Huffsteter, Phoenix, for appellant.
Moore, Romley, Kaplan, Robbins & Green, by Donald R. Wilson and Craig R. Kepner, Phoenix, for appellee.
STEVENS, Judge.
This is an apeal by plaintiff from a summary judgment granted by the trial court in favor of defendant pursuant to Rule 56, Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure, 16 A.R.S.
Defendant was the lessee of a building located at 3417 North 16th Street, in Phoenix. The building was used by defendant for the purpose of conducting a grocery store. On 15 September, 1965, the plaintiff went to defendant's store for the purpose of making a purchase. While plaintiff was walking across the parking lot in the vicinity of the premises leased by defendant she fell in a sunken portion of the parking lot and was injured. On 26 April, 1966, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant to recover damages for personal injuries sustained when she fell in the parking lot. The complaint was not verified. The complaint alleged that defendant was the owner or lessee and in possession or control of the parking lot where plaintiff was injured, and that defendant was negligent in permitting the parking lot to become unsafe. It was further alleged that defendant knew of the unsafe condition of the parking lot or that said condition had existed for a sufficient period of time that the defendant should have known of such condition.
Defendant filed its answer on 18 May, 1966, admitting that it was the lessee of a building located at 3417 North 16th Street, but specifically denying that it was lessee or in possession or control of the parking lot *105 alleged in plaintiff's complaint. The answer also denied negligence and contained a denial of each and every allegation of plaintiff's complaint not specifically admitted.
On 20 December, 1966, defendant moved for summary judgment on the grounds that it did not own, possess or control the parking lot where plaintiff was allegedly injured. Defendant conceded in its supporting memorandum that plaintiff was injured in the parking lot but urged that it was entitled to summary judgment because it had no control over the parking lot. Defendant's motion for summary judgment was supported by an affidavit of Ralph Kagi, who was property manager of A.J. Bayless Markets, Inc. The affidavit of Kagi appears as follows:
"RALPH KAGI, being first duly sworn, upon oath deposes and says:
"That he is Property Manager of A.J. Bayless Markets, Inc.; that as such he is in charge of the leasing of all property by A.J. Bayless Markets, Inc.; That on December 28, 1954 A.J. Bayless Markets, Inc. leased from Arizona Television Company, an Arizona corporation, a building located on property owned by Arizona Television Company, which property was located at 3417 North 16th Street, Phoenix, Arizona; and that said lease describes the leased premises as follows:
`A building 102 feet by 202 feet to be constructed by the lessor upon a portion of said Section 27 on the East side of Sixteenth Street between Osborn Road and Mitchell Street; the said leased premises having a frontage on Sixteenth Street of One Hundred Two Feet, after completion shall be designated as 3417 North Sixteenth Street, Phoenix, Arizona.'
"Affiant further states that the lease in question also includes the following provision in Paragraph III, subsection 2:
`Lessor shall keep and maintain the parking area planned for said shopping center in a good state of repair * *.'
"Affiant further states that the aforequoted lease provisions were in full force and effect on September 15, 1965, and that on said date A.J. Bayless Markets, Inc. was not the owner, lessee, occupier or possessor of any parking lot premises at 3417 North 16th Street, Phoenix, Arizona".
Plaintiff opposed the motion and in support thereof filed an affidavit which, in substance, repeated the allegations of negligence contained in her complaint, and stated that plaintiff had assumed that the parking lot in question had been provided by defendant for his customers.
On 18 April, 1967, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant, a formal written judgment was entered, and plaintiff appealed.
Plaintiff's main argument on appeal is that there was a factual dispute as to the negligence of defendant in failing to maintain the parking lot in a safe condition. In support of this contention, plaintiff urges that the allegations contained in her complaint must be viewed by this Court as being true, and that when so viewed, the allegations were sufficient to create an issue of fact precluding summary judgment.
We agree with plaintiff that in reviewing the order of the trial court granting defendant's motion for summary judgment, we must construe the record in a light most favorable to plaintiff, the party opposing the motion. Hensley v. A.J. Bayless Stores, Inc., 5 Ariz. App. 550, 429 P.2d 1 (1967); Patton v. Paradise Hills Shopping Center, Inc., 4 Ariz. App. 11, 417 P.2d 382 (1966). We do not agree, however, that the allegations contained in plaintiff's non-verified complaint are sufficient to controvert the specific facts contained in the sworn affidavit supporting defendant's motion for summary judgment.
Rule 56 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, 16 A.R.S., is the rule governing motions for summary judgments. Rule 56(b) provides that a defending party in an action "may, at any time, move with or without supporting affidavits for a summary judgment in *106 his favor as to all or any part thereof." Rule 56(c) establishes the standard for determining whether summary judgment should be granted to a moving party.
"The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, deposition, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law."
Rule 56(e) relates to a motion for summary judgment supported by sworn affidavits, and is as follows:
"Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein. * * When a motion for summary judgment is made and supported as provided in this rule, an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but his response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If he does not so respond, the summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against him." (Emphasis added.)
Rule 56(e), quoted above, makes it clear that when a party moves for summary judgment with supporting affidavits containing sworn facts on material issues, it is incumbent upon the adverse party to contradict the facts in a positive manner with sworn proof. The adverse party may not merely rely upon the allegations of his unverified complaint but must come forward with sworn facts disclosing an issue of material fact. Hensley; Patton; Wakeham v. Omega Construction Company, 96 Ariz. 336, 395 P.2d 613 (1964). The holding in the case now under consideration does not negative the legal principle that under some circumstances the allegations contained in a verified complaint may be adequate, in substance and in form, to satisfactorily controvert the affidavits of the moving party and meet the requirements of the rule.
In Patton we find the following statement concerning a defendant's motion for summary judgment supported by sworn affidavits:
"Where the motion for summary judgment filed by a defendant points out an absence of facts sufficient to establish a claim for relief, the plaintiff may not rest upon the allegations of the complaint but must come forward with facts which meet the test of the rules sufficient to support that claim for relief."
In Hensley, the Court stated at page 552 of 5 Ariz. App., at page 3 of 429 P.2d:
"When a moving party to a motion for summary judgment furnishes positive sworn facts on a material issue and makes a prima facie case, it is incumbent upon the adverse party to contradict this in a positive manner by sworn proof. Testimony of a witness, even under oath, has no probative value if it merely asserts or denies allegations, or relates only to a conclusion of the witness, or is in the realm of pure speculation, or states an immaterial or irrelevant fact. Absent statements of fact under oath as to the existence of material facts, the allegations in the pleadings and the arguments and legal memoranda in support of a party's position can carry no weight whatsoever in determining the merits of a motion for summary judgment."
If a party opposing a motion for summary judgment fails to controvert the facts contained in the moving party's affidavit, summary judgment is mandatory unless the papers of the moving party fail to show that he is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Eastwood Elec. Co. v. R.L. Branaman Contractor, Inc., 102 Ariz. 406, 432 P.2d 139 (1967).
The mere fact that an accident has occurred is not proof of negligence. It is fundamental that before a plaintiff may recover in a negligence action she must show a duty owed by defendant to plaintiff, *107 a breach of duty, and an injury proximately caused by the breach of the duty. Berne v. Greyhound Parks of Arizona, Inc., 104 Ariz. 38, 448 P.2d 388 (1968.)
Plaintiff's theory of recovery in this instance was that defendant owed a duty to plaintiff as invitee to maintain the parking lot adjoining the building leased by defendant in a safe condition.
In the instant case plaintiff offered no facts to controvert the specific facts contained in defendant's supporting affidavit. These sworn facts affirmatively show that the parking lot wherein plaintiff was injured was not part of the premises leased by defendant and that the responsibility for maintaining the parking lot was upon the lessor. The plaintiff did not present sworn facts sufficient to overcome this legal principle.
The plaintiff did not seek the aid of the Court pursuant to Rule 56(f) which provides as follows:
"56(f) When affidavits are unavailable. Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that he cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify his opposition, the court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just."
It is our opinion that the specific facts alleged in the uncontroverted affidavit of Kagi negated the existence of any duty owing by defendant to plaintiff with reference to the condition of the parking lot, and that as a matter of law defendant was not negligent. We hold that since plaintiff failed to come forward with sufficient proof to controvert defendant's affidavit and failed to set forth reasons in her affidavit explaining her failure to controvert defendant's affidavit, summary judgment was properly granted in favor of the defendant.
Judgment affirmed.
DONOFRIO, C.J., and CAMERON, J., concur.
| 2023-10-17T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6434 |
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| 2023-10-20T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4658 |
Long overlooked during the CBD focus of the past three years, some of the best real estate investment opportunities in the office sector today are appearing in rapidly urbanizing suburbs that bring the workplace close to home. Much has been made of the caché offered by downtown office investment and the perceived attraction to high-tech companies and their millennial employees who want to work, shop, and live downtown close to cultural amenities and entertainment. However, for investors staying ahead of the curve, the data tells a different story.
1. CBDs = Scarcity and Prohibitive Costs
The demand for downtown locations has put the squeeze on CBD tenants, increasing rents and reducing availability in CBD locations. In Q2 2016, according to Jones Lang LaSalle, CBD supply constraints and the resulting cost increases continue to affect the market at large. Rents are rising even for Class B properties in downtowns where vacancies are low and/or demand is high.
2. Life in the City Is Not All That It Promises
The “end of the suburbs” is a myth. Surveys have shown that twice as many millennials prefer to live in the suburbs, as opposed to the CBD. Young professionals start families and move back to suburban communities and high quality public schools to raise their children. Concrete is replaced by an abundance of trees, open green space and overall, a healthier environment. In Q1 2016, the Wall Street Journal reported that the rate at which Americans are moving to the suburbs is once again outpacing the rate at which they are moving to cities: “People flocking to cities remain a select class, mostly of the young, educated and affluent who can afford rising prices.” Meanwhile, “urban counties grew by 0.8% in 2015 to roughly 77 million people, compared with suburban counties, which grew by nearly 1% to 159 million people.”
3. Strike While the Iron Is Hot
Today is the optimum time to invest in suburban office properties, as increasing numbers of investors are moving in to take advantage of the improving prospects for this market. Emerging suburban markets still offer outstanding opportunities to acquire high quality real estate assets at well below replacement cost.
The traditional suburbs are gradually changing to meet the needs and desires of younger, millennial suburban communities that increasingly are creating more urbanized amenities and transportation. Suburban office properties whose value will rise fastest are those in transit-oriented suburbs, where people live chose to commuter lines and shopping. The more desirable the location, the higher the rents, and the greater the ROI. | 2024-05-29T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5150 |
By Shivani
This is in response to K. R. Claviger’s post Why Weren’t Some Potential Witnesses Called By The Prosecution?
By the way, that photo of Clare Bronfman is bone chilling and freakish. I’ve never seen it before.
She looks demonic and it is as if it’s a mugshot in a bad movie kind of a facial expression, too.
Claviger mentioned – among those who could have been called as witnesses but were not called – Joe O’Hara – writing that he was a convicted felon.
Claviger wrote “which automatically means he would have no credibility” to testify for the prosecution in Raniere’s case.
Nancy and Lauren Salzman, Allison Mack and Clare Bronfman are convicted felons too.
From a variant point of view, here’s.another slate of reasons how come these goblins didn’t get to testify, with Lauren being the exception here.
1) Allison Mack: Mack would have had to come up as witness before so many other witnesses were called who crucified her during their testimony. She lost credibility as a potential witness by exactly what was exposed about her in court.
Also, as the trial progressed, additional input from more witnesses became unnecessary to convict Raniere, and it would have become too repetitive. You learn to get a feel for the jury and never risk losing any of them to oversaturation.
2) Clare Bronfman: She arranged or at least semi-arranged an “understanding” that she would not be testifying, probably as part of her plea deal and perhaps somewhat nebulously. Her ivory tower is going to crash later.
3) Nancy Salzman: She was seen coming and going as a clever swine of a woman. She was not only a buffoon trying to act like a qualified therapist/executive. Nancy Salzman handed her daughters’ lives over to Raniere, and the prosecution team was well aware of this. It’s very likely, especially after deposing Lauren Salzman, that the prosecutors would find it more expedient to do their work without a word from Nancy Salzman’s twisted mouth.
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| 2024-01-05T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8120 |
dbservice returns the result of the query (res.rows). When I get the result I want to create the lazy repeat list but I get this error:
delegate" parameter must be an object.
If I put the delegate initialization code outside the select function then the list renders ok (but without the data i need to show).
Is there a proper way to create the list when I have the data? Is it a good idea to call the select function inside the configureItemScope field of the delegate object? That would mean that it would make too many calls to the database while scrolling… right?
When you specify the delegate it must be an object and it should contain at least the countItems and configureItemScope methods.
You seem to have already found your solution, in my opinion that is probably the best one out there.
Alternatives may include things like loading the page with the lazy repeat only after you receive the data or calling it from configureItemScope but in a smart way.
In general if you’re using lazy repeat it makes sense only when the number of items is around 1000+, in which case maybe you could get them from the server in chunks rather than all of them from the beginning.
Also if you’ve already gotten something from the server you should remember it rather than making another request for it.
But you can see that these things look a little ugly and need changes to the server/dbService, so maybe you try out things like these only at a later point and only if you think that it’s necessary.
It all depends on the amount of data which you’re working with.
Anyway for now I think what you have should be enough. Just don’t forget to unindent properly | 2023-10-24T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4562 |
Mazen al-Tumeizi
Mazen al-Tumeizi ( also transliterated Mazen Tumesi, c. July 5, 1979 – September 12, 2004) was a Palestinian journalist, killed on-camera in Baghdad, Iraq by U.S. helicopter gunfire while covering the Haifa Street helicopter incident. His last moments were recorded by the camera he had been reporting into, including his dying words as he gasped to his cameraman. The graphic tape of his death sparked an increase in concern for journalists reporting in occupied Iraq, as well as outrage in the Arab world.
Tumeizi was a Palestinian reporter for Saudi-owned news networks al-Arabiya and al-Ikhbariya. He was the third al-Arabiya journalist to be killed in Iraq by U.S. forces, after reporter Ali al-Khatib and cameraman Ali Abdelaziz.
Tumeizi died during the Haifa Street helicopter incident. The footage shows Tumeizi covering a group of curious Iraqis ululating around the wreckage of a U.S. Bradley Fighting Vehicle that had been recently abandoned after suffering damage from an improvised roadside bomb attack. A loud explosion can then be heard, followed by layers of smoke and debris. Tumeizi collapses from the impact, falling toward the camera, and the camera's lens is spattered with his blood as he falls. The cameraman (identified by Tumeizi as "Seif") loses focus, but Tumeizi's last words are captured in the camera's audio feed:
I'm going to die. I'm going to die. Seif. Seif. I'm going to die.
"Seif" would later be identified as Reuters camera operator Seif Fouad, who was also injured in a subsequent rocket strike.
Reactions
Mazen al-Tumeizi was among 11 civilians killed in the Haifa Street attack on Sept. 12, 2004, after fighting between insurgents and members of the 1st Battalion, 9th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division when a United States Apache helicopter was called in to destroy a damaged Bradley Fighting Vehicle to prevent insurgents from looting its weapons and ammunition.
International news agencies reported that Tumeizi began filming the abandoned vehicle's location three hours after it had been ambushed, a claim disputed by the U.S. military. The official military report places the time of the helicopter strike only 40 minutes after the Bradley's being ambushed, and states that the airstrike on the wrecked Bradley was called "to prevent looting and harm to the Iraqi people."
Naim Tubasi, chief of the Palestinian Journalists' Union, suggested Tumeizi's killing to have been a deliberate targeting of Arab journalists in Iraq, and called Tumeizi's killing "one more American crime in Iraq." Najwa Kasem, an Al Arabiya anchor and former colleague of Tumeizi, reacted to American suggestions that Tumeizi was "one of the terrorists" by describing them as "really surprising and sad."
External links
Media spotlight on Baghdad deaths, September 13, 2004, BBC News
Fatal sign-off: Reporter's last words in Iraq mayhem, The Sydney Morning Herald
Interview with Al Arabiya reporter Najwa Kasem, former colleague of Tumeizi, Democracy Now!
Footage of Mazen Tumeisi's death, BBC
Category:2004 deaths
Category:Palestinian journalists
Category:Journalists killed while covering the Iraq War
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Filmed killings | 2023-08-18T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4970 |
The present invention relates to a glow discharge lamp which is suitable as a glow starter for starting a fluorescent lamp or a hot-cathode fluorescent lamp to operate, a luminaire utilizing the glow discharge lamp and an electrode for a glow discharge lamp.
A glow discharge lamp has been in heavy usage as a glow starter for starting a discharge lamp such as a cold-cathode discharge lamp, a hot-cathode fluorescent lamp etc., and a discharge lamp for display units.
The starting time of the glow discharge lamp used as a glow starter tends to become longer in the dark. Therefore, it has been desired to shorten the discharge starting time in the dark. Here, the discharge starting time of the glow starter is the sum of the discharge delay time, the glow discharge duration, the extinction time, and the pulse generating time. The reason of the discharge starting time becoming longer in the dark is because the supply amount of primary electrons runs short, and the discharge delay time becomes longer.
Conventionally, radioisotopes as described below have been employed for shortening the discharge delay time.
A very small amount of a radioisotope such as 147Pm are coated or adhered by an electrochemical process on the vicinity of the electrode, and then metal such as Ni is further plated on it (known art I).
Gaseous radioisotope such as 85Kr or 3H is filled in a discharge vessel (known art II).
Since in the known arts I and II ionizable filling in the discharge vessel is able to be constantly ionized by the radioisotope, a discharge promptly starts at the time of lighting operation. Thus an effect of shortening the discharge delay time is remarkable. However, manufacturing of radioisotope applications require production facilities which must conform a radiation safety standard and requires a strict control for safety handling even if a very small amount of radioisotope is contained therein.
For averting the drawbacks of radioisotope, a glow starter free from radioisotopes has been sought. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Hei.10-255724 (hereinafter, referred to as xe2x80x9cknown art IIIxe2x80x9d), discloses an application of phosphorescent phosphor for glow starters. According to the known art III, persistence is applied to an electrode surface even in the dark, so that photoelectrons are emitted, and primary electrons are supplied. Therefore, the discharge delay time is shortened. However, there is a limit to how long the specific amounts of the persistence can be preserved in a phosphorescent phosphor. According to the document, it is described that the limit of the time to preserve the specific amounts of the persistence in the Type-FL15 fluorescent lamp in the dark is 60 hours (2.5 days) to 90 hours (3.75 days) after turning on for 30 minutes with 100 lxc3x97 of light per day. Furthermore, since the phosphorescent phosphor has to be provided at a portion to which the outside light reaches, there is a restriction that a light shielding material cannot be used for a discharge vessel.
Moreover, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Sho.54-64873 (hereinafter, referred to as xe2x80x9cknown art IVxe2x80x9d), discloses an electroplating of zinc on electrodes in order to shorten the discharge starting time in the dark. In the known art IV, even though the plated zinc layer is oxidized, the oxidized layer sputters out by the glow discharge. So that the plated zinc layer is kept clean and tolerably active. Furthermore, the sputtering zinc atoms mate with impurity gases in the discharge vessel and adhere to the inner surface of the glass tube. Therefore, the ionizable filling is defecated and the releasing of the impurity gases from the glass tube is suppressed.
Therefore, according to the known art IV, since primary electrons are easily emitted from the electrode surface, the drawbacks shown in the known arts I to III are resolved.
However, according to the inventor""s investigation, the known art IV has a problem that zinc adhering to a bimetal movable electrode or a fixed electrode quickly sputters out in accompany with the glow discharge or the high voltage pulsing discharge. Therefore, the known art IV is impossible to preserve a quick-starting feature.
Especially, the higher the gas pressure of the ionizable filling is for suppressing the sputtering of emissive materials, the higher the discharge starting voltage will be. Accordingly, there will be the drawbacks that the discharge delay time becomes longer, and the discharge starting time also becomes longer.
Furthermore, in the known art IV, it is found to accompany a drawback that the discharge starting probability changes with the thickness of the zinc film.
Furthermore, in the known art IV, although the discharge starting operation voltage may be lowered by using zinc for an emissive material, the discharge starting voltage elevates according to the gradual exhaustion of the emissive material during the life performance, so that it becomes hard to discharge. As a result, there was a problem of the discharge starting time becoming longer.
The present invention has an object to provide a glow discharge lamp, a glow starter and an electrode for glow discharge lamps and glow starters wherein discharge starting property in the dark is improved by shortening the discharge starting time, and a luminaire using thereof.
The present invention still has an object to provide a glow discharge lamp, a glow starter and an electrode for glow discharge lamps and glow starters wherein a sputtering of emissive material is extensively decreased, and a luminaire using thereof. The present invention still has an object to provide a glow discharge lamp, a glow starter and an electrode for glow discharge lamps and glow starters wherein impurity gases in a gaseous ionizable filling is eliminated so as to suppress an undesirable discharge delay or a rise of the discharge starting voltage, and a luminaire using thereof.
The present invention still has an object to provide a glow discharge lamp, a glow starter and an electrode for glow discharge lamps and glow starters wherein the decrease of the restarting voltage is suppressed so as to stabilize their operations during the life performance, and a luminaire using thereof.
To achieve the above objects, a glow discharge lamp according to the first aspect of the present invention, comprises a discharge vessel, a pair of electrodes mounted in the discharge vessel, ionizable filling which is principally made of a rare gas filled in the discharge vessel, and an emissive material which is made of zinc simple substance adhering to at least one of the electrodes.
To achieve the above objects, a glow discharge lamp according to the second aspect of the present invention, comprises a discharge vessel, a pair of electrodes mounted in the discharge vessel, ionizable filling which is principally made of a rare gas filled in the discharge vessel, and an emissive material which is made of zinc-alloy adhering to at least one of the electrodes.
To achieve the above objects, a glow discharge lamp according to the third aspect of the present invention, comprises a discharge vessel, a pair of electrodes mounted on inside the discharge vessel, ionizable filling in the discharge vessel which is principally made of a mixture of a first gas including neon (Ne) and a second gas including at least one of krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and argon (Ar), and emissive material containing a zinc formed on at least one of the electrodes.
To achieve the above objects, a luminaire according to the fourth aspect of the present invention, comprises a luminaire main body, the glow discharge lamp as defined in any one of the above aspects, which is mounted on the luminaire main body and a fluorescent electrode mounted on the luminaire main body.
Additional objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to persons skilled in the art from a study of the following description and the accompanying drawings, which are hereby incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. | 2024-01-17T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5235 |
Sheikh Zayed Mosque
Hello! This post is about our visit to Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi.
It was our second time visiting this Mosque in Abu Dhabi. Actually my husband was very surprised when I asked him to return to this place for the second time. All I can say that it is the most beautiful place in the UAE, one of the most beautiful temples where people can worship God. Inside the Mosque I felt very peacefully and calm. All people of Abu Dhabi are really lucky to have an opportunity to pray in such a beautiful Mosque.
So if you come to the United Arab Emirates, you have to visit this Mosque, which is the largest mosque in the UAE and the eighth largest mosque in the world. The mosque is large enough to accommodate over 40,000 worshipers. The main prayer hall can accommodate over 7,000 worshipers. But make sure you do not come on Friday or during Eid, because during the prayers visitors are not allowed to come inside. Thus you will have to wait till the prayer is finished.
If you are interested to have more detailed information about the Mosque, Islamic world or the United Arab Emirates you can visit Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque Center. We have not visited it, although I think we should have to.
Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque Center (SZGMC) offices are located in the east minarets. SZGMC manages the day to day operations, as a place of worship and Friday gathering and also a center of learning and discovery through its educational cultural activities and visitor programs.
The library, located in the north/east minaret, serves the community with classic books and publications addressing a range of Islamic subjects: sciences, civilization, calligraphy, the arts, coins and includes some rare publications dating back more than 200 years. In reflection of the diversity of the Islamic world and the United Arab Emirates, the collection comprises material in a broad range of languages including Arabic, English, French, Italian, Spanish, German and Korean.
If you are a visitor you should enter the Mosque from the main entrance. There you will find a information upon the right way of being dressed in order to be allowed to walk around the Mosque or enter inside. If you wear European style cloth, most likely you will have to change and wear abaya due to the Mosque dress code.
After you change, just before the entrance to the Mosque you will need to remove your shoes, just like it is done at the entrances of all mosques around the world.
The design of the Mosque can be best described as a fusion of Arab, Mughal (the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan) and Moorish (the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco) architecture.
The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque's design and construction 'unites the world', using artisans and materials from many countries including Italy, Germany, Morocco, Pakistan, India, Turkey, Malaysia, Iran, China, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Greece and UAE.
One can feel that he is int the special place from the entrance of the Mosque. The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque has many special and unique elements, but the first thing all visitors notice are chandeliers. The Mosque has seven imported chandeliers from Germany that incorporate millions of Swarowski cristals. The largest chandelier is the second largest known chandelier inside a mosque.
The 99 names of Allah are featured on the Qibla wall in traditional Kufik calligraphy. In total, three calligraphy styles - Naskhi, Thuluth and Kufic – are used throughout the Mosque.
And if you take your time outside, walk near pools along the arcades that reflect the mosque's spectacular columns.
The Mosque becomes even more glorious at night. The unique lightning system was designed to reflect the phases of the moon. Beautiful lights reflected on the external walls get brighter and darker according to the phase of the moon.
There are so many things in this mosque that amaze me, and one of these things is its carpet in the main prayer hall. It is not only soft and very nice to step onto, but also very beautiful. I can literally stand and watch its patterns for hours.
The carpet in the main prayer hall is considered to be the world's largest carpet made by Iran's Carpet Company and designed by Iranian artist Ali Khaliqi. This carpet measures 5,627 m2 (60,570 sq ft), and was made by around 1,200-1,300 carpet knotters. The weight of this carpet is 35 ton and is predominantly made from wool (originating from New Zealand and Iran). There are 2,268,000,000 knots within the carpet and it took approximately two years to complete. | 2023-10-25T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9388 |
The development of practical and cost-effective methods of producing patterned microstructures is currently of great interest, especially in the field of surface studies[@b1], cell adhesion[@b2], and microfluidic[@b3]. The wavy pattern is highly desirable features, as it is eminently useful for biological applications[@b4][@b5] and for adjusting surface properties such as adhesion[@b6][@b7], friction[@b6], and hydrophobicity[@b8]. A standard technique to create micro-wavy features is depositing thin metal films onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with some degree of thermally-induced pre-strain[@b9]. Releasing of the strain is capable of generating wavy patterns with a uniform wavelength. Success has also been found in pre-straining substrates using mechanical force. Studies by Yang's group found that a sequential mechanical stretching and unstretching of an oxidized PDMS membrane was sufficient to induce a highly ordered, uniform herringbone pattern[@b8].
However, methods which rely on pre-straining a substrate are inherently limited in the wave shapes, dimensions, and diversity of the pattern profiles. In particular, the sequential and unequal biaxial stretching method cannot produce features with a wavelength greater than 50 μm, which creates a clear barrier for making large-scale wavy patterns[@b8]. In addition, the ratio of amplitude to wavelength reaches a limit at approximately 30%, greatly restricting the wave shapes which can be created. Furthermore, there is a more obvious limitation in that only select profiles, namely wavy and wavy-herringbone patterns, can be produced by the pre-strain method. The standard method of applying thin metal films is also incapable of producing a pattern with a wavelength beyond the range of 20--50 μm[@b9]. This metal deposition method also has significant shortcomings in cost and complexity, as it typically uses electron beam evaporation to deposit 50-nm-thick layers of gold with a 5-nm adhesion interlayer of titanium or chromium, requiring a complex fabrication process and high material cost. There are a few other methods of creating micro-wavy patterns based on the lithography approach. Crosby's group has developed a method of generating wrinkled patterns in UV-cured polymer films, using a diffusion induced oxygen concentration gradient to inhibit polymerization during UV-curing and form an uncured liquid layer that spontaneously swells the film[@b10]. This approach has generated wrinkle patterns with controllable wavelength and amplitude, distribution of the wavy structures is random. Thus, the method is incapable of creating a micro-wavy pattern with specific profiles, such as wavy-herringbone patterns.
As an alternative, the grayscale lithography method allows for the rapid fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures with greatly reduced complexity[@b11][@b12][@b13]. Whitesides' group used a grayscale mask in photolithography to create microlens[@b14]. However, generating the photomask is time consuming and not cost-effective, making it difficult and impractical to customize the patterns for a specific application.
Another method relies upon the use of digital micro-mirror devices (DMD), which are capable of adjusting the hue of each pixel in an image; this is known as Digital Light Processing (DLP). Using a standard grayscale color mapping, 256 different light levels are thus possible, creating a highly capable curing device when the DMD chip is combined with an appropriate light source[@b15]. As such, an image with multiple grayscale levels can be used to directly create three-dimensional features in a single exposure. Park's group achieved success in fabricating three-dimensional structures using this type of mask-free lithography method[@b16]. Kwon's group utilized a similar approach as an *in situ* polymerization technique to generate gradational micropatterning[@b17]. His group also developed a method that utilizes the light overlap to fabricate microstructures as polymer microtaggants for anti-counterfeiting of drugs[@b18]. However, to generate precisely customizable microstructures, both the light distortion effects and mathematical models need to be considered comprehensively to predict intended results.
This paper outlines a direct image lithography technique which uses grayscale mapping in conjunction with a mathematical model for light distortion to create a wavy pattern with diverse geometries in a precise and controllable manner.
Results and Discussion
======================
UV Induced Polymerization Model
-------------------------------
In UV radiation curing processes, light absorbed by the photoinitiator generates free radicals, which induce further polymerization and cross-linking. The three basic steps of chain-growth polymerization are initiation, propagation, and termination. According to the Jacobs model[@b19], a photocurable resin is cured only if the exposure received by each point is greater than the threshold exposure of polymerization. On the other hand, Beer Lambert's law of absorption provides a relation between curing depth, exposure energy and depth of penetration of the resin[@b20].
In this paper, a direct image lithography system is developed to project a target pattern onto the polymer resin. The key element of this system is the DMD, which creates the pattern by rotating an array of micro-mirrors to reflect the UV light and harden the photocurable resin. The pixels projected on the resin which correspond to those individual mirrors determine the theoretical resolution of the pattern. In reality, the energy of a single pixel projected on the surface of resin is distributed uniformly in the desired area. In the real situation, the energy distribution of each pixel follows a Gaussian distribution and diffuses to the nearby area due to optical dispersion, spherical aberration, astigmatism, spatial incoherence and distortion[@b15]. [Figure 1(a)](#f1){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the difference between the theoretical curing assumption and the actual curing result.
This Gaussian distribution effect can be utilized together with the grayscale effect to generate three dimensional patterns with smooth surfaces. A digital grayscale image has a certain value for each pixel that carries the light intensity information, varying from black at the weakest intensity (with grayscale value = 0) to white at the strongest (with grayscale value = 255). The micro-mirror on the DMD chip is capable of displaying 256 grayscale levels by adjusting the frequency with which each mirror switches between "ON" and "OFF". When projecting UV light to cure the photocurable resin, a higher grayscale value (corresponding to greater light intensity) will lead to a greater curing depth. [Figure 1(b)](#f1){ref-type="fig"} shows a side view of the polymerized photocurable resin under the exposure of grayscale gradient from 0 to 255. [Figure 1(c)](#f1){ref-type="fig"} shows a curve fitted to the experimental result, providing an equation that can express the relationship between grayscale level G and curing depth D as[@b20]:
where k~1~, k~2~, and k~3~ are 58.89, 120.55 and 198.43, respectively. The values of k~1~, k~2~, and k~3~ are dependent on the type of photocurable material and the exposure time. This equation provides a method of controlling the curing thickness by choosing proper grayscale values. Based on the optical system and photocurable material used in this paper, the curing threshold grayscale value is 150. An image with grayscale level less than 150 will not polymerize the liquid resin regardless of how long the exposure time is.
In the mathematical model, a row of DMD micro-mirrors has been selected to study the curing shape generated under different grayscale levels. Side view of a single pixel's curing shape with increasing of grayscale level is illustrated in [Fig. 2(a)](#f2){ref-type="fig"}. As the grayscale level increases, the curing depth increases and the top part of the cured shape gets more flat.
A curing model of a single white pixel with grayscale value of 255 can be expressed as:
where D is the curing depth *x* is the horizontal coordinate position, and *k*~0~ is a factor of proportionality related with the material system and exposure time. In the current system setup, the values of k~0~, σ and n are 2.87, 0.15 and 10, respectively.
When a pattern containing multiple pixels is projected, the actual light intensity of a certain projected point is the summation of the light intensities contributed by the pixel projecting directly onto that point as well as by nearby pixels. As shown in [Fig. 2(b)](#f2){ref-type="fig"}, when an image of several continuous pixels in a row with a grayscale value of 200 is projected, a planar top surface with smooth edges is formed. The diffusion of light among neighboring pixels compensates for the lower energy near the edge of each pixel; the result is that the gaps in the cumulative light profile are filled in, forming a flat surface. A wave form can be generated by projecting a pattern of gray pixels (with grayscale value from 150 to 255) alternating with black pixels (with grayscale value 0). The gray pixel can be called "effective" pixels while the black pixels are called "ineffective" pixels. [Figure 2(c--e)](#f2){ref-type="fig"} show the curing shapes formed with different numbers of "ineffective" pixels between two effective pixels. An approximately sinusoidal wavy pattern is generated when there is only one "ineffective" pixel between two "effective" pixels. By increasing the number of sandwiched "ineffective" pixels, the bottom part of the wave becomes wider and more flat until a section with a completely flat bottom is formed. Once two nearby "effective" pixels are separated by a certain distance, their energy can no longer affect the entire area between them. As a result, the planar bottom is formed - this limits the wavelengths for which a smoothly curved wavy pattern is possible for pixels at a single grayscale level. To create a wavy pattern with unlimited wavelength and shape, the curing system must be able to create a wave using multiple pixels at different grayscale levels. This paper develops a method of implementing multiple simultaneous grayscale levels to fabricate micro-wavy patterns across a wide range of wavelengths.
With multiple grayscale levels, the wavelength depends primarily on the number of grayscale pixels for each wave rather than size or influential are of each pixel. In [Fig. 2(f)](#f2){ref-type="fig"}, a single wave is formed by five adjacent grayscale pixels. In [Fig. 2(g--i)](#f2){ref-type="fig"}, three series of waves with various wavelengths and shapes are formed by introducing multiple grayscale pixels and values. [Figure 2(j)](#f2){ref-type="fig"} shows a simulation of seven groups of wave shapes with different pixel numbers and grayscale values that decrease from the peak to the bottom according to the grayscale parameters given in [Fig. 2(k)](#f2){ref-type="fig"}. Each point represents a pixel with a specific grayscale value. In this model, the wavelength is determined by the number of pixels, while the amplitude is determined by the difference between the maximum and minimum grayscale value in each wave. The shape of the wave (triangular, sinusoid, square, etc.) can be specified by using a particular combination of grayscale values.
Programmable Pattern Generation
-------------------------------
The grayscale image necessary to produce a given profile is generated via a specialized pattern generation program. As shown in [Fig. 3(a,b)](#f3){ref-type="fig"}, a pattern of 2D lines is drawn using CAD software and saved as a .dxf format file. The distance between two lines determines the wavelength of the micro-features - the pattern generation code reads the .dxf file and creates a grayscale exposure image which is used in the lithography process to form the desired features. The exposure image can be created by inputting different combinations of grayscale values for different lines in the CAD file. Once the target wavelength and wave shape are decided, the mathematical model can provide grayscale values to be input into the pattern generation code. The output image, such as [Fig. 3(c,d)](#f3){ref-type="fig"} can be directly used for exposure through the projecting system. This pattern generation program is capable of generating complex grayscale images for a variety of desired shapes.
Material
========
The photocurable material created in this paper is a mixture of Etermer 6210G (a modified epoxy acrylate, Eterner Chem. Co.), 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA, BASF Co.), Tripropylene Glycol Diacrylate (TPGDA, BASF Co.), ethoxylatedtrimethylolpropanetriacrylate (TMP3EOTA, Eterner Chem. Co.) and lauryl acrylate (LA, Esstech Co.), using the photoinitiators, Irgacure 754 (a mixture of Oxy-phenyl-acetic acid 2-\[2-oxo-2-phenyl-acetoxy-ethoxy\]-ethyl ester and Oxy-phenyl-acetic acid 2-\[2-hydroxy-ethoxy\]-ethyl ester) and Irgacure 4265 (a mixture of Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-phosphine oxide and 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one)) from BASF. Tinopal OB (BASF) is utilized as a UV absorber.
System Setup
============
The micro-pattern generation system has an optical platform including a light source, condensing lens, shaping lens, a DMD chip (digital micro-mirror device, SXGA+, Texas Instruments, USA), projection lens, and front lens as shown in [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}. The optical projection system is designed for projecting grayscale images, and the SXGA+ DMD chip is capable of instantaneous exposure (with a minimum exposure time of 10^−4^ second). The front lens system is installed to fix the image distortion as well as adjust the printing resolution. A xenon lamp is used as the light source with a main wavelength ranges from 330 nm to 580 nm. However, only the UV portion of the projection spectrum (ranging from 330 nm to 390 nm wavelength) is effective in the polymerization process, because the reaction range of the photocurable resin is less than 390 nm. The optical system can reduce size of pixels projected on the glass substrate to a minimum size of 10 μm, which determines the minimum wavelength of the wavy-pattern that can be fabricated with the apparatus.
Results and Analysis
====================
To ensure the fabricated wave shape matches with the mathematical simulation, the wavy pattern is measured and compared with the theoretical result. A contact profilometer is used to obtain the profile of the fabricated micro-wavy patterns. After considering the surface properties of the material, the stylus force in the profilometer was set to the minimum value of to 0.03 milligrams. Four types of wavy pattern -- semi-sinusoidal wave, inverse semi-sinusoidal wave, triangular wave and trapezoidal wave - were selected for testing purposes. [Figure 5(a--d)](#f5){ref-type="fig"} show curves in four groups; each group includes the simulated curve based on mathematical model (top), the measured curing shape (center), and a comparison plot (bottom). The grayscale exposure images are shown in [Fig. 5(e--h)](#f5){ref-type="fig"}. The digital microscope images of the corresponding wavy pattern are given in [Fig. 5(i--l)](#f5){ref-type="fig"}. All of the wavy features shown in [Fig. 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"} illustrate good agreement between the mathematical simulation and the actual surface measurements. Therefore, the established mathematical model and the corresponding grayscale exposure image can be used to accurately create a desired wavy pattern.
The current experimental setup is capable of generating wavy patterns with wavelengths ranging from 12 μm ([Fig. 6(a)](#f6){ref-type="fig"}) to 2100 μm ([Fig. 6(d)](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). Wavy patterns of even larger wavelength could be achieved by modifying the optic system to adjust the projected pixel size. The ratio of the amplitude to wavelength has an approximate upper limit of 300%, while most common method has an approximate 30% ratio limitation[@b8]. This method provides an easy way to fabricate three-dimensional wavy structures according to customizable 2D patterns, such as herringbone ([Fig. 6(b)](#f6){ref-type="fig"}), and concentric circles ([Fig. 6(g,h)](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). Wavy patterns with different wavelengths can be fabricated simultaneously, such as a wavy pattern with a gradient of wavelength ([Fig. 6(e)](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). A customized exposure pattern for any profile can be created by simply making CAD drawings and selecting the target wave shape through numerical modeling. The UV curing process takes less than 20 seconds, which speeds up the fabrication process significantly compared to existing methods. The entire fabrication process -from a preliminary sketch to a ready-to-use micro-feature device can be accomplished in less than 30 minutes. Features generated using this method can be further embedded into microfluidic devices for more extensive applications. Our polymerized photocurable material is appropriate for FDTS-treatment, which facilitates the replication and separation of the PDMS molding ([Fig. 6(c)](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). As such, a completely customized microfluidic device with wavy patterns ([Fig. 6(f)](#f6){ref-type="fig"}) can be created within a few hours without access to clean room or commercial photolithography equipment using this method.
Application: Cell Capture Test
------------------------------
To demonstrate a potential application for this micro-feature fabrication technique, microfluidic devices with pure wavy and wavy-herringbone patterns were made to capture circulating tumor cells (CTCs).
In the recent decade, microfluidic devices have been widely used for CTC detection, as summarized in several comprehensive review papers[@b21][@b22]. In our lab, a microfluidic device with integrated with wavy-herringbone patterns has been developed for CTC isolation with highly efficient and selectivity. With the advantage of flexible design and short processing time, the mask-free grayscale lithography method fits the need of a vast array of varying designs for CTC detection. In the section below, the application of a wavy-herringbone pattern printed by grayscale method in CTC detection has been described.
HCT-116 cells were selected as the target CTCs for the microfluidic test. Cells were cultured with McCoy's 5a supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin. Incubation was obtained at 37 °C in 5% CO2 with media refreshed every 2--3 days. Before microfluidic tests, CTCs were detached from the flask through 5 minutes' incubation in 0.05% Trysin-0.53 mM EDTA. Cells were then diluted in 4 mg/ml alginated PBS solution with a concentration around 10^5^/ml.
A standard protocol for coating anti-EpCAM was adopted to functionalize the microfluidic chip[@b23]. Before the cell flow test, the device was incubated with 5% BSA solution for 30 minutes and then flushed with PBS solution. Cell solution was then injected into the microfluidic chip under a certain flow rate through a syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus). After 5 minutes' flow at a rate of 2 ml/hr, PBS solution was used to flush out all free cells at 2 ml/hr. Both regular microscope images and fluorescent images DAPI staining images were used to identify if all captured objects were CTCs.
[Figure 7(a,b)](#f7){ref-type="fig"} illustrate the flow system. The printed device is the typical size of a microfluidic device. Distributions of CTCs after the flow test in our pure wavy and wavy-herringbone patterns are shown in [Fig. 7(c,d)](#f7){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. Due to the vortex induced in the microfluidic device, CTCs are captured both in the ridge and trough sections on the patterns.
Compared to previous methods in generating wavy patterns for CTC capture applications, this fabrication technique shows advantages of fast and precisely tuning the geometry parameters, as it is essential in determining the optimized settings of the CTC capture. In addition, the wavelength usually exceeds 100 μm in optimized CTC capture work[@b24][@b25]. The method presented in this paper is capable of fabricating wavy patterns with a wavelength greater than 100 μm, which cannot be achieved by some standard techniques[@b8][@b9].
Conclusion
==========
This study provides a method of generating highly customizable, precisely controlled micro-wavy patterns. Compared with current approaches[@b8][@b9][@b10], this method is capable of generating patterns with much wider range of wavelengths (12 μm to 2100 μm) and higher amplitude-to-wavelength ratio (up to 300%). Furthermore, since this method does not require a clean room or expensive lithography equipment, it brings not only high efficiency but great convenience and low cost to the fabrication of lab-on-a-chip devices with complex patterns. This grayscale lithography approach of generating surface patterns can also be developed as a versatile tool in surface studies. To achieve wavy-patterns with a wavelength shorter than 10 μm, more precise optical systems need to be introduced to reduce the optical interference of the light reflected from the DMD micro-mirrors.
Experimental Methods
====================
The first step in fabrication of micro-wavy patterns using this method is to adjust the top surface of the glass substrate to the focus level of the optical projecting system. Then transparent photocurable resin is poured inside the substrate container. During the pattern exposure process, the exposed part of the resin is cured and will adhere to the bottom glass substrate. After exposure, the glass substrate, containing the printed pattern and any uncured resin, is immersed into acetone to develop for 15 minutes. Isopropyl Alcohol 99% can also serve as the developer, but it takes a longer time to dissolve the uncured resin (30--45 minutes) and is unable to completely remove uncured resin if the wavelength of the features is particularly small. The substrate is then taken out of the acetone and dried off completely. A post-curing process uses a strong UV light source with a wavelength of 365 nm to further harden the polymerized patterns. The post-curing device in this experimental setup is an OmniCure s1500 that is capable of radiating 365 nm-wavelength UV light with high intensity irradiance of 23 W/cm^2^.
To make a microfluidic device by replicating the fabricated features with PDMS, the pattern surface is oxygen plasma treated and coated with a layer of 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) (Alfa Aesar) to make it hydrophobic. PDMS devices are then replicated from the FDTS-treated substrates and assembled into an integrated microfluidic chip. If the target pattern is the inverse shape of the exposure pattern, only one PDMS replication process is necessary. If the target pattern is the same as the exposure pattern, the final PDMS device needs to be formed from the PDMS substrate which has in turn been formed from the original device produced by the lithography process.
Additional Information
======================
**How to cite this article**: He, R. *et al.* Generation of Customizable Micro-wavy Pattern through Grayscale Direct Image Lithography. *Sci. Rep.* **6**, 21621; doi: 10.1038/srep21621 (2016).
The authors acknowledge the partial supports of this work from National Science Foundation (NSF) grant CBET-1113040, CBET-1264808, DMS-1516236, and National Institute of Health (NIH) grant EB015105.
**Author Contributions** Y.L. provided the basic idea and guidance during the work. R.H. and S.W. wrote the manuscript. R.H. established the mathematical models, designed experiments and fabricated the patterns. S.W. pursued the PDMS replication, profilometer data collection, and the cell capture test. G.A. and R.H. generated the programmable patterning code. G.A. pursued early experiments and edited the manuscript. W.S. made the photocurable materials. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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| 2023-09-04T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3179 |
Empty office complexes signal slow job growth
A recession and the overbuilding of office complexes have hit the market with a one-two punch, leaving high vacancy rates and foreclosures scattered throughout the southeast Valley, experts say.
Dozens of commercial lease or for-sale signs dot office complexes along East Baseline Road between Val Vista Drive and Power Road. They also can be seen in the Superstition Springs business-park area along Hampton Avenue between Power and Sossaman roads and elsewhere.
Although there has been a slight uptick in leasing, vacancy rates remain high in Mesa, a reflection that job growth remains slow.
Those that are leasing are small businesses and some out-of-state companies looking to open satellite offices in the East Valley.
In the southeast Valley, there is 9.2 million square feet of office space available with roughly 3 million square feet vacant, reports Cassidy Turley BRE Commercial, a Phoenix-based real-estate firm.
"That's an aggregate southeast Valley vacancy rate of 35.5 percent, with east Mesa taking the biggest hit at a vacancy rate of 68.4 percent," said Gregg Sherman, a senior associate at the firm.
"The Mesa office market continues to be under significant pressure. Vacancy rates are expected to stay the same for calendar year 2011," he said, adding that absorption will be flat to negative this year and slightly up in 2011.
On a positive note, lower rents are a plus for tenants and companies looking to relocate, he said. | 2023-10-30T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9477 |
MOSCOW -- The United States is intolerant of other nations acting autonomously and can longer be trusted, former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev said Wednesday.
In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, Gorbachev said pledges made to the world during the Cold War by the United States are no longer honored.
"The Americans promised that NATO wouldn't move beyond the boundaries of Germany after the Cold War but now half of central and Eastern Europe are members, so what happened to their promises? It shows they cannot be trusted," he said.
He criticized plans by the United States to deploy a missile defense shield in central Europe saying the measure could provoke the next Cold War, RIA Novosti reported.
"The United States cannot tolerate anyone acting independently. Every U.S. president has to have a war," he added. "I sometimes have a feeling that the United States is going to wage war against the entire world." | 2024-02-09T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1184 |
Rachel rubbed his knee. "Everything will be ok. Torie's strong, just like her father."
Alex nodded. "Stanley, if you don't mind, I would like the bedroom upstairs. To be closer to her, ya know."
~
Mike sighed. "Ella, please, reconsider. You don't have to do this." He pleaded.
Being single doesn't make you weak, it means that you are strong enough to be on your own; Being alone could be a good thing, because there is no drama involved in your life, no pain, and free to do what ever you want. Life is too short to be chasing those who aren't even worth fighting for, you are worth more than that.
Rachel kissed him back and then leaned into his ear. "Not here. Wait til we get back to the hotel room." She whispered.
~
"You're welcome. Dr. Stanley's number and my own is on the nightstand if you need us. I will come back by tomorrow. Sweet dreams, Torie." Shelly said, before walking back downstairs.
~
Torie let out a sigh of relief as the door closed. She stood up and walked into the bathroom, turning on the shower. She turned it on as hot as she could stand it and then jumped in.
~
Shelly came back downstairs and poured herself a cup. "Torie is upstairs in the master suite." She informed them.
~
Mike smiled. "Then if we are both saying the same thing, maybe you should listen."
Being single doesn't make you weak, it means that you are strong enough to be on your own; Being alone could be a good thing, because there is no drama involved in your life, no pain, and free to do what ever you want. Life is too short to be chasing those who aren't even worth fighting for, you are worth more than that.
Kevin was so confused. When Shelley came back down, he told Shelley, "Alex and I are also staying the night. I'm going to stay on the couch."
-
Ella pulled away from Mike, looking at the ground, she mumbled "Anyway, I just wanted to say I'm sorry..."
"Let me just say good bye to Victoria." Rachel replied. She stood up and walked upstairs, knocking on the door. "Victoria." She said, before entering the room.
Torie was still in the shower, so Rachel knocked on the bathroom door. "Victoria, its Mom." She said, opening the door. "I am leaving, ok. Call me if you need anything."
"Ok." Torie replied, standing under the water.
"I love you."
"Love you too." Torie replied, sounding automatic-like.
Rachel frowned and closed the door, walking back downstairs. She looked at David. "Ready?" She asked, upset.
Shelly nodded. "Thanks Kevin. Either you or Alex need to be here at all times so she at least has someone around her. You have my number if you need anything as well as all of the servants here."
~
"And I am sorry too." He replied.
Being single doesn't make you weak, it means that you are strong enough to be on your own; Being alone could be a good thing, because there is no drama involved in your life, no pain, and free to do what ever you want. Life is too short to be chasing those who aren't even worth fighting for, you are worth more than that.
Alex nodded to his dad. "Of course. I'll call you if anything changes." He added.
Rachel nodded and looked at Kevin and Alex. "Thank you for watching her." She said, before walking out.
Shelly nodded to Kevin. "I will be back by tomorrow. Have a good night everyone." She added, before leaving.
~
"And a minute ago you told me what upset you." He replied.
Being single doesn't make you weak, it means that you are strong enough to be on your own; Being alone could be a good thing, because there is no drama involved in your life, no pain, and free to do what ever you want. Life is too short to be chasing those who aren't even worth fighting for, you are worth more than that.
David followed Rachel out and went into his limo with her, telling the driver to take them back to his hotel room.
-
Dr. Martin yawned, "You know you're getting old when it's 8PM and you're falling asleep. I am going to head to bed."
Kevin turned on the TV, which only had a few channels, and put it on the news. "Okay, Stanley, have a good night."
Stanley replied, "Goodnight." and then went to his room on the main floor.
"So... ready to talk about this complication?" Kevin asked Alex.
-
She took out a cigarette from her purse and quickly lit it, taking a puff. "I still don't believe you're sorry. You can't be sorry if you didn't feel like you did anything wrong."
Once inside the limo, Rachel curled up next to David. "Who did that to her?" She asked quietly.
~
Torie finally got out of the shower and dried herself off. She started to comb her hair, feeling only slightly better.
~
Alex laughed. "Ok, so you have to promise not to say or repeat anything I say." He replied.
~
"I never said that I didn't feel like I didn't do anything wrong. I said I didn't know what I did wrong."
Being single doesn't make you weak, it means that you are strong enough to be on your own; Being alone could be a good thing, because there is no drama involved in your life, no pain, and free to do what ever you want. Life is too short to be chasing those who aren't even worth fighting for, you are worth more than that.
"Dr. Amon." David responded. "He'll be lucky if I only decide to fire him for this."
-
"Yeah, yeah, no problem." Kevin shrugged, "I have no one to tell anyway."
-
"Whatever. It's not important." Ella shook her head, taking another puff from her cigarette. "So... Are you still planning on acting like a jack@ss whenever I come over for meetings, or are we semi-friends again?" | 2024-06-08T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9069 |
Q:
execute script at startup
What would be the simplest way to launch a script during the boot or desktop startup process in debian?
The script in question consists of a single command (ifup wlan0) to connect the wifi and requires root privileges.
My system is debian testing, slim login manager, and jwm as window manager.
I have tried the following:
creating the .service way with systemd. It starts the script, but turns it off at desktop login, can't figure out why.
using the startup command in Jwm, but it fails I assume because launching ifup requires root privileges.
put the command in the .bashrc file. same as the above
place the script in the /etc/rc5.d directory.
nothing worked so far. suggestions?
A:
In case anyone else needs to know, this is what eventually worked.
create a /etc/rc.local file
chmod it 755
in the rc.local file I put:
Code:
#!/bin/sh -e
# This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel
/path/to/my/script
exit 0
| 2024-07-18T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/7593 |
Q:
Format date with StringFormat in TextBlock in WPF
I have stored date in database without slashing for some reason . it means that I have a date field like 20110602.
As i want to retrieve this date and show it in a textblock I need a formatting to show this date as a normal date with slash.
How can i use StringFormat in this way ? ... does anyone konw what format should I use to convert "20110602" to 2011/06/02 ?
<TextBlock Text="{Binding CreatedDate, StringFormat=?????"
A:
If you perfer the route of implementing a converter:
class dateTimeConverter : IValueConverter
{
public object Convert(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture)
{
string dateString = (string)value;
return DateTime.ParseExact(dateString, "yyyyMMdd", System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
}
public object ConvertBack(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture)
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
}
Then in your xaml
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Path=<path>, Converter={StaticResource <dateTimeConverterKey>}, StringFormat=\{0:yyyy/MM/dd\}}"/>
| 2024-05-11T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8846 |
NEMA 6-20P To IEC-320 C-13
This selection of heavy duty, high voltage power cords include a NEMA 6-20P plug to a IEC-320 C-13. These heavy duty power cords are available in a variety of different sizes, gauges, lengths, amperages and jacket types. These power cords are usually in stock and will ship in 3-5 business days. Contact our customer service with any additional questions you may have regarding this category. | 2024-04-04T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4045 |
This hasn't been the best summer for the New York Knicks. Their new cross-town rivals, the Brooklyn Nets, made a huge splash with the acquisitions of Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett, and Andrei Kirilenko while Knicks brought in Andrea Bargnani. James Dolan was again made to look like a vindictive fool with the revelation that he had threatened to trade Iman Shumpert over a refusal to participate in Summer League. Newly re-signed J.R. Smith had surgery on his knee. And to top it all off, the Knicks were basically just given 10 years to get their stuff out of Madison Square Garden so it could be leveled as part of a renovation of Penn Station.
Most people now rank the Knicks no higher than fifth in the East. And to make matters worse, the Los Angeles Lakers are circling the waters, waiting for Carmelo Anthony to dive into free agency so they can snap him up. That leaves the Knicks in a precarious position: either trade Carmelo Anthony or let him walk after the 2014-15 season as part of a "blow it up" style rebuild, or give him a pile of cash and the keys to the franchise.
On the Anthony front, there is a chance he looks at greener pastures in 2014, but sources close to the process say the Knicks have already let Anthony know that their books will be basically clear in 2015 and he can pick his teammates much as Wade did in Miami.
A closer look at that Summer of 2015 for the Knickerbockers shows us the team has NO guaranteed money on the books going into that season. The contracts of Amar'e Stoudemire, Tyson Chandler, Bargnani, and Anthony all expire at the end of the 2014 season. Smith and Raymond Felton have player options. Shumpert and C.J. Leslie are due qualifying offers. The team holds an option on Tim Hardaway, Jr. And Pablo Prigioni's salary is not guaranteed that season.
The Knicks can assemble an entirely new team in 2015. If they do decide to give a then 31-year-old Anthony a max extension, they'll still have plenty of money to throw at guys like Rajon Rondo and LaMarcus Aldridge to create a three All Star squad and make another deep playoff run. They can give Shumpert a proper extension, see if Tyson Chandler will take a reasonable deal to stay, and then fill out the rest of the roster with reasonable deals and potentially draft picks that have blossomed into productive players.
The key to this plan, though, is to not panic and make moves to match the Brooklyn Nets. The Nets may be on a misguided mission to win New York before anything else. If the Knicks get caught up in that game (which it seems they did with the Bargnani move), then they could blow up the space they have sitting there in a couple of seasons.
This calls for more responsibility than the Knicks have shown in the past. The new CBA has had the intended effect and forced a bit of responsibility onto teams. But there is still plenty of room for teams to make crippling mistakes. Some might debate whether Melo deserves that much money and power, but if you surround him with the right pieces, it can pay off.
The Knicks seem unwilling to let their star walk and unwilling to go the full nuclear re-build route and cede the spotlight to Brooklyn. But if they can just manage to preserve the space looming in a couple of years, they could be making the big, splashy moves while Brooklyn picks up the shattered pieces of its very expensive roster. | 2024-04-06T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9747 |
Q:
Contracting non-adjacent points in the icosahedron
Are there $2$ non-adjacent points in the icosahedron graph $G$ such that contracting them leaves the Hadwiger number unchanged?
A:
No.
The icosahedron graph is distance transitive, meaning that for any two pairs $(a,b)$ and $(c,d)$ of vertices of the icosahedral graph such that $\text{dist}(a,b) = \text{dist}(c,d)$, there is an automorphism $\sigma$ such that $\sigma(a) = c$ and $\sigma(b) = d$. Since the icosahedral graph has diameter 3, there are only two choices of pairs of non-adjacent vertices up to automorphisms: those pairs at distance 2 and those at distance 3. Note that the icosahedral graph is planar, and thus it does not have $K_5$ as a minor. This means that its Hadwiger number is at most 4 (and it is actually equal to this according to Sage). By computation in Sage, you can quickly show that merging two vertices at distance 2 or at distance 3 results in graphs with $K_5$ as a minor, thus the Hadwiger number does increase.
| 2024-01-19T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1973 |
20 now the limit on pioneering Lambeth’s roads
All roads controlled by the council will be covered by a 20mph speed limit.
“Driving slower on residential roads has been proven to reduce accidents, creating a safer environment for drivers – as well as pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists, who make up 80% of serious and fatal collisions,” the council said.
Cllr Jennifer Brathwaite, council cabinet member for environment and sustainability, said: “It is widely known that the difference between 30mph and 20mph can be someone’s life.
“When driving at 30mph you have far less time to react to any incident – a car braking from 30 mph will still be travelling at 22mph when one braking from 20mph will have stopped.
“By driving at a more steady speed we can all feel safer and more confident on the roads, whether we’re in a car, on a bike or on foot.”
Lambeth council is in charge of the majority of roads in the borough, apart from the major routes into and around London, which are controlled by Transport for London.
As well as all council controlled roads becoming 20mph, TfL plans to introduce the same limit on roads it manages in the borough from April, including Brixton town centre, Clapham High Street and Stamford Street.
Lilli Matson, TfL head of strategy and outcome planning, said: “We are working closely with pioneering boroughs like Lambeth who are moving ahead with borough-wide programmes for 20mph zones.”
They would not only reduce the number of road casualties but also increase active travel like walking and cycling and enhance areas where people live, work and shop, she said.
“These lower speed limits form a key part of our continuing work to make London safer, pleasant and more attractive for all.”
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About the Author
Alan Slingsby moved to Brixton just as the 1981 uprising began. His nearest pub was the Effra and nearest off licence the Frontline — long gone in an earlier wave of closures of treasured community establishments. Has edited newspapers for the National Union of Students and National Union of Teachers. Now makes a living designing magazines and books and anything else people will pay him for.
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11 Comments on "20 now the limit on pioneering Lambeth’s roads"
RichardApril 9, 2016 at 8:23 am ·
Are Lambeth Council really moving ahead with borough wide 20 mph limit? Sticking the odd 20 sign up and painting a nice big 20 on the road will not and has not made a bit of difference where I live in Tulse Hill. TFL and Lambeth Council are in a fantasy land if they think that by doing this it will slow traffic to 20mph and below. It needs proper investment in traffic calming measures and cameras to reduce speed by any significant amount otherwise it is nothing more than a gimmick. As I said in my last comment get out on the roadside and see how many vehicles travel at 20. Even some of your buses don’t bother with the 20 limit so that does not bode well for other vehicles.
AndApril 8, 2016 at 11:42 am ·
I’m a driver. And in favour of slowing traffic in populated areas. But without speed cameras in every side road, speeding drivers will continue to speed.
Kenny AsareApril 6, 2016 at 7:13 am ·
Absolutely stupid idea. Bringing the most vulnerable road users(Cyclists) in line with the most dangerous speed wise.
Hows this for a plan of action.
Cyclists have to be insured. Why not other road users have to be.
Chips on bikes to identify those who jump red lights or use pelican crossing to avoid the red lights.
Road safety awareness courses for cyclists. Buy a bike then get on the road. Can’t count the number of times I’ve been passed on the right and left by a cyclists. Danger to themselves.
If the safety of cyclists is paramount then finish the bike lanes.
Peter YoungApril 5, 2016 at 7:45 am ·
Completely bonkers to put this limit on main roads like Coldharbour Lane, Acre Lane, Effra Road etc. Will we all waste petrol driving in 3rd gear? How will it be enforced? Why didn’t they just rigidly enforce the widely flouted 30 limit? Why are the traffic lights still timed at 30 mph? Is the signage legal?
I suppose they will claim success when average speeds have been reduced to 25 mph. All they will have succeeded in will be turning all drivers into law-breakers.
Jonathan, this is completely meaningless. The 30mph limits were very rarely enforced, why should the 20mph limit be any different? In Tulse Hill we have had ’20’ signs painted onto the road surface. No other speed reduction measures have been installed, no other signage, no cameras, absolutely nothing. Vehicles speed down Tulse Hill and no doubt many are the same vehicles Alastair (comment below) witnesses speeding along Effra Road as both roads connect at Brixton Water Lane. Any Lambeth Councillor, especially the Tulse Hill Labour Councillors, the Cabinet member for transport, yourself and/or any Lambeth Officer from the Transport Department should stand at the roadside in Tulse Hill, besides the Tesco Express is ideal and watch the vehicles speed down. At night this is even worse with speeds in excess of 50-60 mph from some drivers. 20 mph is completely irrelevant and it is not just an individual isolated driver, it is numerous vehicles that speed down this road. What is really concerning is that Tulse Hill has a number of park entrances, two schools and around 10 bus stops on it right beside the kerb with no barrier between it and the road. Painted numbers on the road surface will not change anything as these comments clearly show, but go and see it for yourself.
Alastair ScottApril 5, 2016 at 10:37 am ·
As per my other remark – I notice rather too many politicians and people in the public realm who seem to believe that “we talked about it” or “we passed a law about it” is the same as “it took place”. Not so.
Alastair ScottApril 4, 2016 at 11:32 am ·
The first comment hits the nail on the head – the existing speed limit, never mind the new one, is not enforced as far as I can tell except on Brixton Hill (where there is a speed camera), and blue banners hanging from lamp-posts are not going to do anything – too many people could not care less about the safety of others.
Early this morning there were cars and vans doing 50mph easily on Effra Road and, as for my residential road, that can often be topped even though it is three and a half cars wide.
I recall that, some months ago, there was a call from Lambeth Council for volunteers with radar guns, which seemed to me to amount to “how to be assaulted or worse without trying” for anyone crazy enough to volunteer.
Is there ever going to be any real enforcement?
Adam KeelanApril 4, 2016 at 9:24 am ·
Thoroughly approve of this. But do these limits have ANY legal standing at ALL? If someone speeds down eg Railton Rd do the police have any powers to prosecute if you’re going over the 20 ‘speed limit’.? I look forward to many tickets and ticking a off to miscreants, but in reality it’s just a meaningless ‘nudge’ with no legal teeth. Do hope I’m wrong. Can Lambeth clarify the position please?
NickApril 6, 2016 at 1:27 pm ·
They have the same legal standing as any other speed limit, so will no doubt be ignored by most motorists and the police. But if enough drivers do abide by the new limits, then others and even the police will have to fall into line. Which will be better for all.
Comments are now closed for this article.
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Got an idea for a story? Comments or criticisms? Email info@brixtonblog.com. | 2024-01-18T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1610 |
Food and Stories
My husband and I arrived in Devon in Sept 2006. In November, I bought a cookery book for his birthday. By Christmas, he declared the book to be the best gift he’d ever been given. I was rather surprised by this, but as the two of us cooked our way through this book, I understood what he meant. Our everyday life had been changed forever, for the better.
The book is Made in Italy: Food & Stories, by Giorgio Locatelli.
What did I learn that was so life-altering? Well, I learned a new respect for the people who grow the food we eat, which takes on a personal dimension when you’re living in a region famous for its farmland, complete with farmer’s markets every weekend. I was introduced to foods that, coming from North America, seemed exotic (everything from saffron to porcini mushrooms—it’s a pretty long list, actually), and I learned about foods I’d long taken for granted (olive oil and salt, for example). I also learned how to prepare food so that can be enjoyed at its best.
The emphasis on quality and taste was vastly different from what I’d grown up with in North America. We were taught in primary school that a well-balanced meal consisted of foods from four groups (milk and mild products, meat and alternatives, breads and cereals, fruits and vegetables). There’s nothing wrong with this, and in fact I still rely on this thinking all the time as I try to plan healthy meals. But there’s a decided absence of passion, a way of thinking about food that reduces it to fuel that keeps us alive, rather than an integral part of living well.
A spirit of adventure underwrites this particular idea of living well. After all, we’re talking about Food and Stories, and what is a story if not an adventure rendered in words? Adventures, I discovered, don’t need to be grand things like trekking through mountains or moving to a foreign country (though obviously, they can be). The first time I made gnocchi, every surface and utensil in my kitchen was decidedly sticky, and I began asking myself the same question I’ve asked on many a mountain trek: why on earth did I think this was a good idea? Then we ate the gnocchi. It was so delicious that un-stickifying the kitchen afterwards became a minor detail (granted, I had help!). Adventure, living well, stories–they come out of trying new things, even small things, and seeing where those things lead. | 2023-10-22T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1203 |
Chicken Manicotti with White & Red Sauce
Oh, so good. This Chicken Manicotti is oh, so good. It’s not as rich and heavy as lasagna, but just as delicious. A few months back, I ate at the Olive Garden and had an appetizer with white and red sauce together, it was of course the best thing I’ve ever put my mouth and I was inspired to create something similar with this manicotti. I confess I used pasta sauce out of a jar, it’s quick and better than what I usually make, I just really like this particular one, use your own if you wish. I did make the white sauce and I think that counts for something, right? This was something the whole family enjoyed, except the little one, he couldn’t quite get a handle on the ricotta, but loved the outsides! You’ve got to try this it is good, good, good!
In a medium size bowl combine, ricotta, 1/2 cup parmesan, eggs, and mozzarella. Stir in basil, garlic, salt, pepper, and chicken until well combined. Set aside.
In a saucepan, melt butter and whisk in flour, and salt. Cook for a few minutes, stirring constantly just until mixture starts to brown. Whisk in half and half, stirring until becomes thick. Remove from heat and stir in 1/2 cup parmesan and nutmeg. Pour into large casserole dish, spreading around to completely coat the bottom.
Place filling into a large ziplock bag. Clip one corner and fill manicotti from both sides and place over white sauce. Repeat with remaining manicotti and filling. Pour red sauce over manicotti evenly. Sprinkle with remaining 1/2 cup of mozzarella (or more if you like). Bake at 375 degrees for about 25 minutes or until filling is heated through. Serve with a green salad and garlic bread.
Hey Y’all, welcome to Miss in the Kitchen! I’m here to share my love of cooking and adventures of raising 3 boys with my husband on our cattle ranch. Thanks for stopping by, I hope you stay awhile, you are bound to find some delicious food! ...read more
Virtual Potluck
Hey Y’all, welcome to Miss in the Kitchen! I’m here to share my love of cooking and adventures of raising 3 boys with my husband on our cattle ranch. Thanks for stopping by, I hope you stay awhile, you are bound to find some delicious food! ...read more | 2024-05-16T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9864 |
With major votes occurring within the span of five months this year, the European Union and Canadian federal elections are critical in deciding our planet’s future.
The results of the EU election — in which each European country elects an allotted number of representatives to the EU parliament — have already resulted in big changes, largely due to youth getting involved in politics.
Young people around the world are demonstrating a thorough understanding of the larger economic and environmental threats that are endangering not only individual freedom, but the very survival of our own species and more than a million others.
Around the world, youth protest movements like #FridaysForFuture have been growing steadily. Student protesters recently turned out in 120 countries and 1,700 cities to demand action on climate change just days before the EU elections on May 26. The next global student strike has already been announced for Sept. 20 and is expected to draw even bigger numbers.
It’s clear that young voters are bringing critical issues to the fore.
(Boris Roessler/dpa via AP)
As Europeans headed to the polls to elect a new European Parliament, the notion of a European “Green New Deal” was a big campaign issue. The German Green Party made history by coming in second place with 20.5 per cent thanks in part to the increased voter turnout in Germany (61.4 per cent).
The shift was due mostly to many first-time voters casting their ballots for the Greens, who won the highest support in the 18-to-24 cohort — 34 per cent — and 27 per cent in the 25-to-35 age group..
European Green New Deal
There was a renewed brawl pitting democratic eco-socialists and liberals against conservatives and far-right parties, as Europeans witnessed most strikingly in the first debate of the lead candidates of the pan-European parties.
The debate focused on “digital Europe,” “sustainable Europe” and the future of Europe.
The prospect of a European Green New Deal — popular among young voters — has been increasingly paired with renewed discussions about democratizing the European Union not just politically, but also economically.
Yanis Varoufakis’s transnational party European Spring included a Green New Deal in its platform, with the following pledges: “To dismantle the habitual domination of corporate power over the will of citizens; to re-politicize the rules that govern our single market and common currency.”
The party only marginally missed the threshold for securing seats in Germany and Greece, but more than 1.4 millions Europeans voted for a Green New Deal. In Spain, the Socialist Party (PSOE) won on a Green New Deal platform.
As World Economic Forum writer Katie Whiting explained, a European Green New Deal would invest “at least five per cent of Europe’s GDP in emissions-free transportation infrastructure, renewable energies and innovative technologies, while creating jobs and transitioning Europe to zero-emissions — all without raising taxes.”
Read more: The Green New Deal is going global
The European Greens, with 69 projected MEPs in the European Parliament, will certainly need to respond to calls from the Left Bloc (38 seats) and the Socialists and Democrats (153 seats) to work together on making Europe environmentally green and socially just.
They’ll have to do so while dealing with MEPs from pan-European parties like Volt Europa who want to democratize the European Union as far-right parties like Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) embrace increasingly nationalist and isolationist views.
The EU environmental agenda is also being shaped by particular national New Green debates. For example, in Germany, there is talk of reappropriating apartment units and car manufacturers to alleviate inequality and establish a more sustainable Europe.
Nationalize BMW?
Soon after discussions about nationalizing real estate properties emerged in the state of Berlin, Kevin Kühnert, the head of the 80,000-member-strong youth movement of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), was recently in the news for public remarks calling for the nationalization of corporations like BMW as well.
BMW is in the spotlight due to allegations it “breached EU antitrust rules from 2006 to 2014,” according to the European Commission. It’s being investigated for allegedly using illegal defeat devices to cheat regulatory emissions tests.
It’s not just young people making the case for abolishing private ownership of some entities. These daring remarks by young people, sometimes considered taboo, have inspired older generations too. As Germany celebrates the 70th anniversary of the Federal Republic and its German Basic Law, even Baby Boomers are reminding the public about the law’s Article 15 that allows the nationalization of private property.
Demands for action on climate change are growing louder every day. British parliament recently declared a climate emergency due in part to ongoing protests organized by the Extinction Rebellion movement, which has also been supported by #FridaysForFuture student activist Greta Thunberg.
(Ermindo Armino/AP Images for Avaaz)
Growing movement?
The strong representation of Democratic Socialists federally in Germany, including young socialists up to the age of 35, is beginning to take hold across the Atlantic, where the Democratic Socialists of America, whose membership stands at 60,000, have also amassed more than 200,000 followers on Twitter.
While Canada seems to be lagging behind when compared to the European youth activism, voter turnout for those aged 18-24 increased by 18 percentage points from the 2011 federal election to 57.1 per cent in 2015
And although provincial elections in Alberta and Prince Edward Island resulted in Progressive Conservative governments, the Green Party of P.E.I. are the first Greens in Canada to become the official opposition.
The progress is happening as many young Europeans and Canadians look up to young leaders like Germany’s Kühnert and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez in the United States as they advocate Green New Deals. It’s time for young people in Canada to get more involved politically if they want to have a shot at saving the planet. For now, #FridaysForFuture may be a good way to start. | 2024-02-16T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3497 |
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@if ( App::environment() === 'production' )
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/* * * CONFIGURATION VARIABLES: EDIT BEFORE PASTING INTO YOUR WEBPAGE * * */
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| 2023-11-07T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4422 |
/*
* Carsten Langgaard, carstenl@mips.com
* Copyright (C) 2000 MIPS Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can distribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License (Version 2) as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
* with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
* 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
* Defines of the Malta board specific address-MAP, registers, etc.
*/
#ifndef __ASM_MIPS_BOARDS_MALTA_H
#define __ASM_MIPS_BOARDS_MALTA_H
#include <asm/addrspace.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/gt64120/gt64120.h>
#include <asm/mips-boards/msc01_pci.h>
/*
* Malta I/O ports base address for the Galileo GT64120 and Algorithmics
* Bonito system controllers.
*/
#define MALTA_GT_PORT_BASE get_gt_port_base(GT_PCI0IOLD_OFS)
#define MALTA_BONITO_PORT_BASE (KSEG1ADDR(0x1fd00000))
#define MALTA_MSC_PORT_BASE get_msc_port_base(MSC01_PCI_SC2PIOBASL)
static inline unsigned long get_gt_port_base(unsigned long reg)
{
unsigned long addr;
addr = GT_READ(reg);
return KSEG1ADDR((addr & 0xffff) << 21);
}
static inline unsigned long get_msc_port_base(unsigned long reg)
{
unsigned long addr;
MSC_READ(reg, addr);
return KSEG1ADDR(addr);
}
/*
* Malta RTC-device indirect register access.
*/
#define MALTA_RTC_ADR_REG 0x70
#define MALTA_RTC_DAT_REG 0x71
/*
* Malta SMSC FDC37M817 Super I/O Controller register.
*/
#define SMSC_CONFIG_REG 0x3f0
#define SMSC_DATA_REG 0x3f1
#define SMSC_CONFIG_DEVNUM 0x7
#define SMSC_CONFIG_ACTIVATE 0x30
#define SMSC_CONFIG_ENTER 0x55
#define SMSC_CONFIG_EXIT 0xaa
#define SMSC_CONFIG_DEVNUM_FLOPPY 0
#define SMSC_CONFIG_ACTIVATE_ENABLE 1
#define SMSC_WRITE(x,a) outb(x,a)
#define MALTA_JMPRS_REG (KSEG1ADDR(0x1f000210))
#endif /* __ASM_MIPS_BOARDS_MALTA_H */
| 2024-02-22T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4312 |
COMMERCE CITY — For the first half of the season, U.S. national team midfielder Jermaine Jones was one of the most exciting players on the Rapids’ roster, but he has not played since July 4 because of a knee injury. Rapids coach Pablo Mastroeni concedes the injury has taken longer to heal than anyone expected.
“People’s recovery times, people’s body shapes, people’s age, how they receive treatment, there’s one billion different variables that go into this,” Mastroeni said Tuesday. “According to the objective standards that hold true for this injury, well, this is the exception … He’s got a little bit of pain. I’m saying, ‘Why do you want to set him back?’ If he’s got pain, pain is the human metric you use to say, ‘I’m not ready yet.'” | 2024-07-19T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8879 |
class CreateEnterprises < ActiveRecord::Migration
def self.up
create_table :enterprises, :options => 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8' do |t|
t.column :name, :string, :limit => 50, :null => false
t.column :active, :boolean, :default => true, :null => false
t.column :lock_version, :integer, :default => 0
t.timestamps
end
add_index :enterprises, :name, :unique => true
end
def self.down
drop_table :enterprises
end
end | 2023-08-22T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3211 |
Biocultural orchestration of developmental plasticity across levels: the interplay of biology and culture in shaping the mind and behavior across the life span.
The author reviews reemerging coconstructive conceptions of development and recent empirical findings of developmental plasticity at different levels spanning several fields of developmental and life sciences. A cross-level dynamic biocultural coconstructive framework is endorsed to understand cognitive and behavioral development across the life span. This framework integrates main conceptions of earlier views into a unifying frame, viewing the dynamics of life span development as occurring simultaneously within different time scales (i.e., moment-to-moment microgenesis, life span ontogeny, and human phylogeny) and encompassing multiple levels (i.e., neurobiological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural). Viewed through this metatheoretical framework, new insights of potential interfaces for reciprocal cultural and experiential influences to be integrated with behavioral genetics and cognitive neuroscience research can be more easily prescribed. | 2023-08-18T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8469 |
Pseudoginsenoside F11
Pseudoginsenoside F11 is a chemical natural product found in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) but not in Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), although it has similar properties to the Asian ginseng compound ginsenoside Rf. The molecule is a triterpenoid saponin member of the dammarane family and contains a four-ring rigid skeleton. Compounds in the ginsenoside family are found almost exclusively in plants of the genus Panax. A wide variety of difficult-to-characterize in vitro effects have been reported for the compounds in isolation. Pseudoginsenoside F11 and its derivatives are sometimes referred to as having an ocotillol-type skeleton structure.
Studies in mice have identified antagonistic effects on the actions of other well-characterized drugs, such as scopolamine, morphine, and methamphetamine.
References
Category:Saponins
Category:Terpenes and terpenoids
Category:Glycosides | 2023-11-14T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4486 |
Rediscovery of the Biggest Bee on Earth - zakki
https://www.wired.com/story/wallaces-giant-bee/
======
zakki
It is in Maluku Utara (North Moluccas) Island.
Source: [https://www.npr.org/2019/02/21/696626918/worlds-largest-
bee-...](https://www.npr.org/2019/02/21/696626918/worlds-largest-bee-is-
spotted-for-first-time-in-decades)
| 2024-07-20T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8033 |
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Locals Furious At Plan To Dump Radioactive Water From Fukushima Into Pacific Ocean
In the latest sign that the area surrounding the destroyed Fukushima power plant is far from ready for the return of human inhabitants, locals and fishing groups are criticizing a plan to release water containing radioactive tritium from the ruined Fukushima power plant into the ocean, according to the Telegraph. Officials of Tokyo Electric Power Co., the operator of the plant, say tritium poses little risk to human health and is quickly diluted by the ocean. But for some, the plan undoubtedly dredges up uncomfortable memories from 2013, when it was revealed that 300 tonnes of radioactive material had been leaking into the Pacific Ocean from the devastated plant every day. It was also revealed that TEPCO had known about the leaks, but had tried to cover them up.
TEPCO has been tasked with decommissioning the plant, and has been using robots to find and clean the melted nuclear fuel debris that is believed to be creating exorbitant levels of radiation in the area surrounding the plant. Though the company had to pull some of its robots out in February after radiation reached such high levels that not even machinery could function correctly, according to the International Business Times.
In March 2011, a magnitude 9 undersea megaquake triggered a massive tsunami that battered coastal North Eastern Japan, and triggered the level seven meltdowns of three nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, and the evacuation of 160,000 residents and the implementation of a 310 square mile uninhabitable zone. The quake was the worst to ever hit Japan, and it caused the worst nuclear disaster the world had seen since Ukraine’s Chernobyl meltdown in 1986. The three reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant melted down when the tsunami caused a blackout at the plant that shut off its cooling systems.
Six years after the disaster, some residents are beginning to return as the Japanese government prepares to lift restrictions on four towns in the affected area. But a completed cleanup effort could take decades, and the government must still find a way to exterminate the radioactive boars that have overrun the area.
Takashi Kawamura, chairman of TEPCO, told local media "The decision has already been made” regarding the tritium infused water. He added, however, that the utility is waiting for approval from the Japanese government before going ahead with the plan and is seeking the understanding of local residents.
The tritium is building up in water that has been used to cool three reactors that suffered fuel melt-downs after cooling equipment was destroyed during the earthquake and tsunami. Around 770,000 tons of highly radioactive water is being stored in 580 tanks at the site. Many of the contaminants can be filtered out, but the technology does not presently exist to remove tritium from water.
Environmental activist say dumping the tritium-infused water is part of a pattern of negligence on the part of TEPCO stretching back to before the earthquake even happened, when the company failed to take proper precautions to reinforce the cooling systems at the plants’ reactors.
"This accident happened more than six years ago and the authorities should have been able to devise a way to remove the tritium instead of simply announcing that they are going to dump it into the ocean", said Aileen Mioko-Smith, an anti-nuclear campaigner with Kyoto-based Green Action Japan.
"They say that it will be safe because the ocean is large so it will be diluted, but that sets a precedent that can be copied, essentially permitting anyone to dump nuclear waste into our seas", she told The Telegraph.
Fishermen who operate in waters off the plant say the release of any radioactive material will devastate their industry, which is still struggling to recover from the initial nuclear disaster, according to the Telegraph.
"Releasing [tritium] into the sea will create a new wave of unfounded rumours, making all our efforts for naught", Kanji Tachiya, head of a local fishing cooperative, told Kyodo News. | 2023-12-12T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3490 |
Our History
The North Queensland Land Council Native Title Representative Body Aboriginal Corporation (NQLC) was registered as an Indigenous Corporation on 28 March 1994.
The North Queensland Land Council (NQLC) is recognised as a Native Title Representative Body (NTRB) under s. 203AD of the Native Title Act 1993 (NTA). The NQLC invitation area extends from the Daintree and Bloomfield Rivers in the north to just south-east of Sarina and west to beyond Richmond and Croydon and extends east to include the waters that are within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Australia. The land and waters of the NQLC is approximately 943,300 km2, with approximately 411,164 km2 of this being land.
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census there are 37,303 Indigenous people within NQLC region that covers two census regions (Cairns (IREG10) and Townsville (IREG16) Indigenous Regions). The Indigenous population is 5.6 per cent of the total population and 9.1 per cent of the Cairns Indigenous Region alone. Thirty thousand, two hundred and twelve (30,212) or 81 per cent of Indigenous people within the Cairns and Townsville Indigenous census regions identify as being of Aboriginal descent.
There is a major concentration of Indigenous population on the coast that becomes less dense as you move westwards. The region contains two large Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) communities governed by Yarrabah and Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Councils. There are also major Indigenous populations in Townsville/Thuringowa, Cairns, Mackay, Innisfail, Mareeba, Burdekin, Charters Towers, Mossman, Bowen, Atherton, Sarina, Ingham, Tully, Cardwell, Richmond, Nebo/Mirani, Herberton, Ravenshoe, Kuranda, Mount Garnet, Croydon and Jumbun Community.
The region is as diverse in its landscapes as it is in its cultural diversity, from the marine environment of the Great Barrier Reef to the coast & upland areas to the western areas which covers seven bioregions on land. These bioregions include the Central Queensland Coast, Brigalow Belt and Wet Tropics of the coastal and upland areas, then the Einaseligh Uplands and Desert Uplands to out west to the Mitchell Grass Downs and the savannah Gulf Plains.
From the 1 July 2008 the Commonwealth Minister decided that the geographic area (which is looked after by the NQLC) should be expanded to include the area that was formerly covered by Central Queensland Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (CQLCAC) Native Title Representative Body. Before this date NQLC was responsible for an area that extended from the Daintree & Bloomfield Rivers in the north to Mission Beach in the south and west to beyond Croydon. An approximate area of 139,000 km2 with 18,269 individuals who identified as being of Aboriginal descent according to the 2006 census.
As a result of this expansion of area NQLC’s Rule Book needed to be changed to allow for an election to the board for members living in the former CQLCAC area. On 12 May 2009 the Registrar of Aboriginal Corporations approved of changes to the NQLC Rules which amongst other things provided for an additional four Ward areas covering the former CQLCAC area. The number of members of the Board was revised downwards to twelve being the maximum number allowed under the CATSI Act without special exception.
In order to provide legal services to the Native Title claimants and traditional owners in this increased area the NQLC opened a regional office in the Townsville and maintained a smaller office in Mackay where the CQLCAC had an office. The NQLC head office continues to be in Cairns.
Roles and Functions
The primary legislation which the NQLC is concerned with is the Commonwealth NTAwhich defines the statutory functions of an NTRB. The NQLC, in the context of representing native title claims also deals with the Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 and other relevant Federal and State Legislation.
Our main corporate governance practice starts with the clear statement in our Rule Book which provides for the roles of the Board and the Executive Officer in accordance with the ‘separation of powers principle’. The formal adoption of this principle by the NQLC in 2001 set the platform for the continued good governance of the organisation over the ensuing years. | 2024-01-19T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6112 |
In the past centuries governing has become more centralized, out of necessity and because it made the most sense. The state and its organizations, national as well as international, will not disappear as sources of power and government. However, they can no longer govern alone.
Many things will have to be radically re-organized. Districts organize their own waste collection and every home is energy supplier. The adage for the next decennium will be: Radical Decentralization.
Sun and waste
Governed from Beijing and in its well-known particular brand of go getting, China is creating giant fields full of solar panels in the Gobi desert. The European Union has found the spirit after the accession of 10 new countries in 2004 and is getting ready to accept the rest of former Yugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia) after the accession of Slovenia. The role of centralized government is far from played out. And yet a different trend marks the second decennium of this century: Radical decentralization, meaning organizing general interest issues on a micro scale. The size of the scale varies, and ends with the individual. Currently, individualism is not a popular term and brings to mind images of self-enriching bankers. That is one side of the coin. Thanks to the high level of education of for instance Western societies and ongoing technological advancements, we are more than ever capable of shaping our own lives, which creates great opportunities for the individual as well as for society at large. It does require changes from bureaucrats and administrators. In the next decade they will either have to adjust or make room for new ones.
Radical decentralization is made possible by the technological advances of the past twenty years and an increasingly higher educated population. Since we are now both intellectually and practically able to shape a large part of our lives as we see fit, we expect the same from the service providers we encounter in our daily lives. It doesn’t matter whether these are housing corporations, banks or (local) governments. We expect all these providers to function quickly, efficiently and customer focused. If they don’t, we will take matters into our own hands. Why? Because we can! A telling example can be found in England. A number of districts have started organizing their own waste collection. The inhabitants were not satisfied with the frequency and quality of the municipal service. Organizing the inhabitants of a district is a breeze with the help of a Facebook page, making it easy to set up an initiative such as this one. The municipality pays 75% of what they would have spent and the inhabitants buy the service from a private party. Everybody benefits: The city spends less money and the people are now responsible for something they always complain about. The net return: Probably less nagging about politics and more unity within the district.
The Netherlands is not standing still and a better distribution of responsibilities between citizen and government is made possible by technological advances. The city of Eindhoven premiered an iPhone app called BuitenBeter (OutsideBetter) this year. This app makes it easy to file a complaint about trash on the streets or streetlights that don’t work. Take a picture of the complaint with your iPhone and with one tap the complaint is not only filed, but sends along the exact location. Instead of turning the government into Big Brother, the iPhone makes individual citizens into “Little Brothers”. Whether it serves our privacy remains to be seen, but fact is that the Internet plays a central role in these developments. Social media offer the possibility of self-organization and growing access to mobile Internet makes it easier to take action. Services that previously could only be centrally organized are now returning to those who want and are able to take responsibility for the lives they lead. The same trend can be observed in the way people are increasingly able to decide how and where they choose to work for their employers.
No place like hub
Thanks to, among other things, the Internet and the service economy, more and more employees work from home, one or more days a week. Combined with the fact that increasingly more Dutch people choose to be entrepreneurs, many homes have become a part-time office. While running a business from the attic or spending a workday with a view of dirty dishes is all well and good, people are social creatures and prefer the company of a group. The result is the rise of the hub: An office for small businesses and freelancers aimed at inspiring each other, or at the very least having social interaction at the coffee machine. It’s simply more fun working with other people than pining away with your laptop behind the geraniums. A place in the neighborhood where you can set up your laptop, get a nice cappuccino and meet potential business partners – this is the main attraction of a hub. Since one of the reasons for working at home is the time wasted on commuting, every neighborhood should have a hub.
A housing corporation could easily fill this need. Bank branches that have become obsolete with the rise of online banking may also have a second life this way. Services that were previously only available at a bank branch are now Internet only. An easy way of cutting costs, but it also cuts down on interaction with the client. Bank branches are perfect to redesign into hubs. Clients and potential clients of the bank work there for a day (or two) and schedule their meetings there. When projects come up that require financial advice or assistance, it is a no-brainer where to find it.
Energy
One of the sectors that will for sure encounter radical decentralization in the next decade is the energy sector. For the longest time it made the most sense to generate energy centrally and then distribute it. It meant the end of coal stoves. Although it is still convenient to havea central power grid, in ten years time we may be better off decentralizing it. The advance of solar panel technology will have turned our homes into the main energy producers, with solar panels on the roofs and in our windows. Combined with windmills and bio mass technology, the more than 7 million home in the Netherlands will produce the energy necessary for powering our houses, cars and industry. One might say we have written off the light bulb too soon.
Since housing corporations (there they are again) own over 2,5 million homes, in ten years time they will potentially be the largest energy producer in the Netherlands. A keen member of the House of Parliament still has to file a motion: By law housing corporations can only occupy themselves with housing. Meaning the building or buying of houses and subsequently managing, renting or selling these houses. One could argue that installing solar panels is part of managing, but it involves huge investments. It is no wonder many corporations are hesitant. Smart homeowners are already working on it. All those sleeping Owners Associations will be wide-awake in a few years. There is money to be made with the house we live in, by producing decentralized energy and selling it to the central grid. It’s radical decentralization in optima forma!
Do it yourself
The social implications of widespread decentralization are manifold. The current generation of young citizens has grown up in a society in which marching in a demonstration or the membership of a political youth organization or union is no longer an important political act. It’s much more interesting to try and change something yourself than to surrender to an organization on which you have little to no influence. We all shape society with the thousands of decisions we make each day and when we use these decisions for the good, then we are really acting in a revolutionary way. Do it yourself – future adult generations will shape their citizenship by solving small and big issues themselves. Add to this the fact that the citizen of the future will – more than ever – be able to have a fast and big impact on society with a good idea by using the available network and means. In order to achieve this we must combine commercial and social interests in a new way of “doing business in public”. In doing this, we will radically transform today’s problems into tomorrows opportunities by using new insights and techniques. Such a bottom-up approach gets the best out of citizens and is one of the most empowering forces of the future.
A bigger contrast with last century is virtually impossible. Where the 20th century was top-down, the 21st is not only bottom-up but also horizontal: Networks take the place of organizations, the power of the group is replaced by the power of your connections. The number is interesting, but even more important is the quality (how well can you relate to another?) and the diversity (how do you and your network improve the network of your connections?). Most connections will be local, just like now, but the rest of the world is never more than 3 connections away. Hyper local and global will go hand in hand. For environmental organizations, which will be able to stop worrying about clean energy, there’s a good chance that in the future more money will be raised from networks like that than from the government. The question will be whether that’s still an issue. From energy shortages we will go to food and space shortages, and environmental organizations will organize themselves around these themes. They could do this by advising all those districts making money by selling energy about how they can produce their own food locally. You have to do something with your money and investing in tomatoes from your own district will become an interesting option. Environmental organizations will roll up their sleeves, bring together local and global networks of people and organizations and work on realizing their ideals.
Other institutions will have to roll up their sleeves as well. Knowledge is an important condition for taking initiative at any level. In order to gain knowledge we need transparency. The fact that they had insight in the costs of waste collection for the city, helped make it possible for citizens in England to unite and organize their own waste collection. Both England and the United States are radically transparent in a number of ways. Whether it’s government costs, crimes committed in a district or licenses granted by the local government, it can all be found on the Internet.
Knowledge is power, and citizens and corporations will become more powerful by transparency. It allows people to take action when they feel things can be done differently: Cheaper, more humane, more sustainable or whatever cause they pursue. Dutch society can no longer be caught in the web of 100-year-old institutional arrangements. We are consumers, citizens, entrepreneurs and much more. All these roles have taught us better. Let’s transform this attitude of “knowing it all” into action. Let the consumer, citizen, entrepreneur or employee take the wheel and start the engine. It’s in our common interest.
—
Farid Tabarki is founder and director of Studio Zeitgeist. He has been researching the (European) zeitgeist since 2000. His insights are successfully used in several (international) organizations. He has been involved with Coolpolitics since its beginnings, has advised Internet company Hyves, the International Filmfestival Rotterdam and ‘The City’- European Centre for Culture and Debate in Belgrade. Farid has done research for the Open Society Institute and the Netherlands Institute for Social Research (Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau) and has organized the Berlin Conference (for the civil society initiative ‘A Soul for Europe’. He presents TV shows such as MTV Coolpolitics and Durf te Denken, van Socrates tot Sartre (Dare to Think, from Socrates to Sartre). As co-founder of The Finishing School Farid supports and encourages top talent from governments and corporations to develop further. More information can be found at www.studiozeitgeist.eu, www.finishingschool.nl and www.radicaldecentralisation.com
IMPORTANT! To be able to proceed, you need to solve the following simple math (so we know that you are a human) :-)
Rozenberg Quarterly
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Rozenberg Quarterly aims to be a platform for academics, scientists, journalists, authors and artists, in order to offer background information and scholarly reflections that contribute to mutual understanding and dialogue in a seemingly divided world. By offering this platform, the Quarterly wants to be part of the public debate because we believe mutual understanding and the acceptance of diversity are vital conditions for universal progress. Read more...
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Rozenberg Quarterly does not receive subsidies or grants of any kind, which is why your financial support in maintaining, expanding and keeping the site running is always welcome. You may donate any amount you wish and all donations go toward maintaining and expanding this website. | 2023-10-16T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8674 |
Q:
difference between destructor and garbage collector
I want to know is there any difference between destructor and garbage collector, destructor is used to dispose of all unused objects at the end of the lifetime of the application, same is the use of the garbage collector, garbage collector can be manually called or done at the end of the application, same with the destructor, both are optional and use to dispose the unreferenced object, can anyone point me to whats the exact difference
A:
The garbage collector and finalizer/destructor are intrinsically linked - however, most objects do not need (and do not have) a destructor. They are actually very rare in managed code, and are usually used to ensure unmanaged resources are released. If an object has a destructor/finalizer, the garbage collector invokes it around the same time as collection (maybe in the next pass). Garbage collection is non-deterministic - it happens when it happens - often relating to memory pressure.
Far more common, however, is IDisposable. This allows a more predictable pattern for releasing resources now (rather than when GC next happens). Often, classes that have a finalizer will also be IDisposable, with the Dispose() implementation disabling the destructor (it isn't needed if we've already cleaned up). Note that Dispose() is unrelated to garbage collection, but has language support via the "using" statement.
IDisposable is much more common than finalizers. You are responsible for ensuring anything IDisposable gets disposed. Additional note: disposing something does not cause the object to get collected; that is done only by the GC on whatever schedule the GC chooses. Disposal, rather, release associated resources. As an example, you wouldn't want a file being locked open until GC happens; the Dispose() here unlocks the file (by releasing the OS file handle).
A:
The destructor is a special member function which is invoked when an object is destroyed. It is the last method run by a class.
The garbage collector is part of the framework, automatically manages memory, and non-deterministically collects unreferenced objects to avoid memory leaks.
A:
The garbage collector is a part of the .NET environment that keeps track of objects and makes sure that objects are removed from memory when they are no longer needed.
A destructor is a part of a class design. It's the opposite of a constructor. When you declare it the GC will call it when it destroys an object.
Here is the MSDN documentation.
| 2023-10-08T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/7039 |
What Is Boiling in Home Beer Brewing?
Learn about boiling, a process used in brewing beer at home, from home brewer Chris Cuzme in this Howcast video.
Transcript
Hi, my name is Chris Cuzme. I am a long-time member and current president of the New York City Home Brewer's Guild. I've been home brewing since about 2001, and I love it. I'm crazy addicted to it, and I'm happy to share it with you today. I'm also part of the New York City Degustation Advisory Team which I formed with my partner, Mary Izett, NYCDAT.com. I'll be showing you how to home brew today. Cheers!
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Now we've gotten our wort to a nice rolling boil. Inside here is bubbling like mad, and protein is all coagulating and coming to the top. Most brewers only boil for 60 minutes, I tend to go on the 90 minutes side. What that means for me when I'm getting to the boil though, is also that I have to start with six and a half gallons instead of six gallons. About a gallon evaporates per hour. But if you are just doing a 60 minute batch, now or shortly after now would be when you put in your bittering hops. We've talked a little bit before about how hops come in three different forms. They come in whole leaf hops, they come in pellets; which are generally the most consistent, and they also come in hop plugs. Today we're just going to use pellets, and whole leaf. Pellets as bittering hop and pellets as a flavor, and then we are going to add a flame out. We're gonna throw in some whole leaf hops.
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So here we go, let the count down begin, 60 minutes from here. So 45 minutes have passed and we are gonna put in our flavor hops now. I just under an ounce of UK Ken Goldings. But also this time what I'm going to do is put in my method of cooling is to use a wort chiller. Now I've washed this, but by putting this in 15 minutes before the end of the boil or 45 minutes in, this will sanitize the wort chiller. And this way we don't risk any sort of contamination when we get to the end of the boil and when we start using it. But also at this time, we are gonna put in a little bit of Irish moss, about a table spoon of Irish moss. Now what this does is it helps for clarifying, it's a clarifying agent. It's really good for getting all the solids to kind of like settle at the bottom of your beer in the end.
60 Minutes have passed and we're ready to turn off our boil. Now is crunch time, this is the most dangerous part of our entire brew day. Now is the time in between our boil where everything is totally sanitized, and everything is totally; things are cranking , this is totally clean, nothing is wrong over here. Only thing we are scared of right now are these little floating crazy things that we can't even see but are everywhere, they're everywhere. Do not be fooled they're everywhere, they will kill your beer. Be scared, be very scared. Make this next part, make this cooling thing as fast as you can.
So we are going to turn off our brew kettle, turn off the flame. We are going to take our final hop addition. This , this hop bag has been sterilized. We are going to dump our whole leaf hops in here. And this is flame out, this is going to give us the aroma, the bouquet of our beer. We get it in at the same time as we go into the cooling process. | 2023-10-02T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6957 |
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Monday, February 19, 2007
National Spay and Neuter Day sponsored by HSUS
Why a National Spay and Neuter Day?
Because hundreds of puppies and kittens are born every minute in the US. And while almost everyone loves baby animals, many people do not train their baby animals and suddenly the adorable dog or cat is a problem that ends up in the local shelter or worse. The fate of many of these adorable animals is tragic.
That's whey the Humane Society of the US has a month long program in February and a special Spay and Neuter day on February 27. Spaying or neutering is the most effective way to reduce the vast numbers of animals. Please do not consider animal disposible. Please spay and neuter your animals. There are lots of excuses for not spaying and neutering animals. But the key reason to spay and nueter is to protect the animals! Check out the HSUS Website for more information on how to support spay and neutering programs. Check out the facts at this site. For example: One out of four animals in shelters is a pure breed. | 2024-02-25T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/7774 |
Q:
Android Studio - attempt to re-open an already-closed object: SQLiteDatabase
I am making my first Android app and I am a complete novice when it comes to working with Java as I have only ever used Python. I am trying to create a database that stores the user's details through an initial set up activity, however I am getting an error
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: attempt to re-open an already-closed object: SQLiteDatabase: /data/user/0/fitness.essentials.fitnessessentials/databases/UserData.db
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteClosable.acquireReference(SQLiteClosable.java:55)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.endTransaction(SQLiteDatabase.java:525)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper.getDatabaseLocked(SQLiteOpenHelper.java:262)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper.getWritableDatabase(SQLiteOpenHelper.java:163)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at fitness.essentials.fitnessessentials.Database.<init>(Database.java:26)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at fitness.essentials.fitnessessentials.SetupScreen.onCreate(SetupScreen.java:44)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:6876)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1135)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3206)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3349)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ActivityThread.access$1100(ActivityThread.java:221)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1794)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:158)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7224)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1230)
08-13 17:24:27.400 10263-10263/? E/AndroidRuntime: at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:1120)
Here is the database class main bits
// Constructor method
public Database(Context context) {
// Superclass constructor called to create database
super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
onCreate(this.getWritableDatabase());
}
// On create the databases are created (if they don't exist)
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
db.execSQL(SQL_CREATE_USER);
db.close();
}
// Currently no special treatment for upgrading or downgrading the schema
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) { }
public void onDowngrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) { }
/* Shorthand methods for generic tasks */
// Add a single row of user data
public long addUserData(String name, String gender, String dob, String height, float currentweightNum,
float targetweightNum, String activitylevel, String weightdifference) {
// Get database that is readable
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
// Define row values
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_NAME, name);
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_GENDER, gender);
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_DOB, dob);
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_HEIGHT, height);
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_CURRENT_WEIGHT, currentweightNum);
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_TARGET_WEIGHT, targetweightNum);
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_ACTIVITY_LEVEL, activitylevel);
values.put(DataContract.UserColumns.COLUMN_WEIGHT_DIFFERENCE, weightdifference);
// Insert values into the database, in the user data table
long newRowId = db.insert(
DataContract.UserColumns.TABLE_NAME,
null,
values);
db.close();
// Return the row id that the data was inserted into
return newRowId;
}
And here is the setup screen class that I am trying to add the details from
public class SetupScreen extends AppCompatActivity implements AdapterView.OnItemSelectedListener {
private String Name;
private String Gender;
private String Height;
private String CurrentWeight;
private String TargetWeight;
private String DOB;
private String ActivityLevel;
private String WeightDifference;
private Database dbhelper;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_setup_screen);
Name = "";
Gender = "";
Height = "";
CurrentWeight = "";
TargetWeight = "";
DOB = "";
ActivityLevel = "";
WeightDifference = "";
dbhelper = new Database(getApplicationContext());
Spinner spinnerGender = (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.spinnerGender);
ArrayAdapter<CharSequence> adapterGender = ArrayAdapter.createFromResource(this,
R.array.gender, android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item);
adapterGender.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item);
spinnerGender.setAdapter(adapterGender);
spinnerGender.setOnItemSelectedListener(this);
Spinner spinnerActivityLevel = (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.spinnerActivityLevel);
ArrayAdapter<CharSequence> adapterActivity = ArrayAdapter.createFromResource(this,
R.array.activity_level, android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item);
adapterActivity.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item);
spinnerActivityLevel.setAdapter(adapterActivity);
spinnerActivityLevel.setOnItemSelectedListener(this);
Spinner spinnerWeightDifference = (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.spinnerWeightDifference);
ArrayAdapter<CharSequence> adapterWeight = ArrayAdapter.createFromResource(this,
R.array.weight_difference, android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item);
adapterWeight.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item);
spinnerWeightDifference.setAdapter(adapterWeight);
spinnerWeightDifference.setOnItemSelectedListener(this);
}
public void onItemSelected(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
Gender = parent.getItemAtPosition(position).toString();
ActivityLevel = parent.getItemAtPosition(position).toString();
WeightDifference = parent.getItemAtPosition(position).toString();
}
public void onNothingSelected(AdapterView<?> parent) {
// An interface callback
}
public void save(View view) {
Name = ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.Name)).getText().toString();
DOB = ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.DOB)).getText().toString();
Height = ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.Height)).getText().toString();
CurrentWeight = ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.CurrentWeight)).getText().toString();
TargetWeight = ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.TargetWeight)).getText().toString();
if (Name.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Name cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (Gender.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Gender cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (DOB.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "DOB cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (Height.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Height cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (CurrentWeight.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Current weight cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
Float CurrentWeightNum = Float.parseFloat(CurrentWeight);
if (CurrentWeightNum < 43.0){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Your current weight is not supported by this application", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (TargetWeight.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Target weight cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
Float TargetWeightNum = Float.parseFloat(TargetWeight);
if (TargetWeightNum > 93.0){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Your target weight is not supported by this application", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (ActivityLevel.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Activity level cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (WeightDifference.isEmpty()){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Weight difference cannot be empty!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
if (CurrentWeightNum.equals(TargetWeightNum)){
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Current and target weight can not be the same!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
return;
}
dbhelper.addUserData(Name, Gender, DOB, Height, CurrentWeightNum, TargetWeightNum, ActivityLevel, WeightDifference);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "You have been saved!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Intent intent = new Intent(this, MainActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
}
}
Sorry if formatting is not correct, the application currently does not open, however when I remove the dbhelper stuff in the set up screen class the application runs but crashes when I try to press enter which calls the adding data method. I have investigated the issue but can not see where I am going wrong.
Thanks
A:
Try to remove:
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
db.execSQL(SQL_CREATE_USER);
db.close(); // remove this line
}
And also this:
onCreate(this.getWritableDatabase());
From onUpgrade() method, add:
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + YOUR_TABLE_NAME);
onCreate(db);
| 2023-12-06T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9441 |
A new video has been released of the November 2003 raid of Michael Jackson's home by 70 members of the Santa Barbara County District Attorney's Office and Sheriff's Department which uncovered his collection of pornography and photos featuring young boys naked.
The video shows almost all of Jackson's home, from the arcade room to his bedroom and the many life-size mannequins he had throughout his Neverland Ranch.
Many of these mannequins were superheroes like Superman and Lara Croft.
This raid also revealed for the first time the King of Pop's secret closet, hidden in the back of his bedroom and kept closed with three deadlocks.
It was in here that he kept memorabilia like a signed photograph of Macaulay Culkin, stuffed animals and games, and naked photos.
Culkin signed his photo with the message: 'Don't leave me alone in the house.'
There were also racing cars, Disney merchandise and a shocking number of dolls.
Scroll down for video
Secret closet: Macaulay Culkin signed a photo to Jackson (above) with the message: 'Don't leave me alone in the house'
Out of sight: Books, some of which contained naked photos, in the concealed room
Perfect for kids: There were also racing cars, Disney merchandise and a shocking number of dolls
A coloring book, Joker doll and baby doll in the room
Arrest: Jackson was accused of sexually assaulting Gavin Arvizo, a 13-year-old cancer survivor at the time of the search (mugshot above)
Many of these books and videos found in the raid were also detailed in court papers from the time, submitted after a young boy came forward claiming that he had been sexually abused and assaulted by the singer on multiple occasions.
The police report claims that in Jackson's bedroom and bathroom alone there were at least seven collections of work found by investigators that show boys in their teenage years - and in some cases younger - fully nude or partially clothed.
One of the collections, Taormina Wilhelm Von Gloeden, is described in court papers as: 'Nude photos of teenage boys from late 1800s.'
An arrest warrant had been issued at that time as well, and Jackson later turned himself into police when he returned to California.
Radar Online first obtained the police report and court papers, and an investigator on the case told them: 'The documents exposed Jackson as a manipulative, drug-and-sex-crazed predator who used blood, gore, sexually explicit images of animal sacrifice and perverse adult sex acts to bend children to his will.'
The source added: 'He also had disgusting and downright shocking images of child torture, adult and child nudity, female bondage and sadomasochism.'
The report states that many of the materials featuring naked men and women in the home could be used for the purpose of trying to attract young men.
After the descriptions for many of the materials, the investigator notes: 'Based on my training, this type of material can be used as part of the "grooming" process, by which people (those seeking to molest children) lower the inhibitions of their intended victims and facilitate the molestation of said victims.'
These materials include 'a book depicting nude children' found in the singer's 'arcade room'; 'a book which contained nude photographs of men' in the 'master bathroom'; and multiple books found in the 'master bedroom' that included one with 'naked and semi-naked gay men' and another with 'pre-teen or early teenage individuals' who in some cases were 'nude or semi-nude'.
Site: The police report claims that in Jackson's bedroom and bathroom alone at Neverland (above) there were at least seven collections of work with nude teenage boys
Life size: Jackson filled his home with life-size mannequins and superheroes like Superman (above)
The video shows almost all of Jackson's home, from the arcade room to his bedroom
Tomb raider: Another life-size mannequin in the home was of Lara Croft (above)
Fun and games: Puzzles and children's books inside the secret closet in Jackson's home
Radar spoke with Santa Barbara Senior Assistant District Attorney Ron Zonen about the case as he was part of the prosecution team that took on Jackson in court.
'A lot of this stuff was used to desensitize the children, and Michael admitted taking one child after another into bed with him for long periods of time,' said Zonen.
'We identified five different boys, who all made allegations of sexual abuse. There’s not much question in my mind that Michael was guilty of child molestation.'
Jackson was ultimately acquitted in 2005 after being charged with seven felony counts of child molestation and two felony counts of providing an intoxicant to a minor under the age of 14 when Gavin Arvizo came forward claiming that he had been sexually assaulted by the singer.
Gavin was a 13-year-old cancer survivor at the time of the alleged incidents.
The claims made by Gavin were similar to the ones made a decade earlier when another 13-year-old boy, Jordan Chandler, came forward to say he had been molested by Jackson.
No charges were ever filed against the singer however after police discovered the Chandler's father may have been attempting to extort Jackson and the young boy's mother claimed Jackson never touched her son.
Fit for a king: A throne located inside Jackson's Neverland Ranch
Clothes horse: Jackson kept the entrance to his hidden closet hidden behind the walk-closet in his home (above)
Place to sleep: A bed with Peter Pan pillows and a troll doll in the secret closet (above)
Collection: 'He also had disgusting and downright shocking images of child torture, adult and child nudity, and sadomasochism,' said one investigator
More dolls: Every room of Jackson's home was filled with male or female dolls (above)
Farewell: Jackson left Neverland (above) and the United States after he was acquitted of charges in 2005 but later returned to California after living for a while in Bahrain
Jordan however was able to perfectly describe Jackson's buttocks, pubic hair, and distinctive marks on both his testicles and penis.
The mark on the penis could only be seen if it was lifted and was otherwise not visible.
In the end, Jackson settled with the Chandler family for $22million and no charges were ever filed against him in court.
Once the trial was over Jackson - who had been facing up to 20 years in prison if convicted on all charges - left the country, moving to the island nation of Bahrain, located in the Persian Sea.
He eventually returned to the United States and had been preparing for his comeback tour in 2009 when he was found unresponsive inside his Holmby Hills home.
Paramedics arrived on the scene and were unable to revive the singer, who they declared dead at the age of 48 while still at his residence.
The cause of death was later ruled to be acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication caused by drugs that were being prescribed to him by Dr. Conrad Murray, who was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in 2011 and charged with the singer's death. | 2023-10-17T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6738 |
Declaring that individuals have admitted to being gay, bisexual or any other sexual variance is to imply a subversive element to their genetic disposition or life choices.
Here is the standard definition of admit. Take note of the peripheral language; confess, leak etc. The second article for admit is directly tied to criminality.
I grew up in a blue collar neighbourhood and attended a fairly rough, working class school. The kind of environment where being gay was hurled as an insult. It was a sign of weakness; of effeminate tendencies.
Not very good at sport? Are you gay?
By using the word admit, as a community, what we are actually saying is “confess you are different” and we may “allow you admittance to our group / tribe”.
You are not to be accepted on meritocracy. Not to be accepted on accomplishment, prowess, reputation, honesty or proficiency. You will be accepted if you admit you are different.
Society has progressed rapidly since then and we are approaching a world of parity for those of alternative lifestyles. I am sure many in those communities can testify that we still have a long way to go but progress in any venture is incremental.
I witnessed a sign of that progress, most tellingly, in the British Army whereby being gay was waved away as a distraction. The greatest sign of acceptance for any individual or group is always when the larger homogeneous crowd treat them with a shrug. It represents acceptance, it represents normality.
Oh you are gay? So. You think that means you don’t have to do press-ups like everybody else? Start pushing them out.
As long as your uniform was pressed, your marksmanship was good and your fitness was excellent no one cared about your sexuality. That was for you to worry about.
This is why I find myself firmly on Team Thiel.
Gawker are using the historical precedent of freedom of the press in order to exploit the private lives of people for profit. It is this corrupted pursuit of salacious gossip which led to the hacking of thousands and thousands of voicemails in the United Kingdom by News International. Not just celebrities but political figures and most chillingly, victims of crime. Parents whose children had been abducted and/or murdered had their private lives hacked by an international news agency to churn out sordid headlines.
So yeh, I am Team Thiel until the press learn to wield their authority with respect and deference.
A brief google search reveals thousands of headlines which put the word gay and admit in the same headline. Like this beauty below;
Let’s get one thing straight.
People don’t need to admit shit.
Not to you. Not to me. Not to anyone. | 2024-07-04T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1300 |
Arch dimension changes from successful slow maxillary expansion of unilateral posterior crossbite.
To evaluate the long-term effects of successful slow maxillary expansion without fixed appliances or retainers in the mixed dentition on patients with unilateral crossbites, using Haas-type, hyrax, or quad helix appliances. Serial dental casts of 110 patients were evaluated at three time points: preexpansion (T1) (mean age 7 years/7 months), postexpansion (T2) (mean age 8 years/8 months), and approximately 4 years later in the permanent dentition (T3) (mean age 12 years/9 months). Maxillary and mandibular intercanine and intermolar widths, arch length, and perimeter and molar angulation were measured at all three time intervals with the Michigan published growth norms serving as a control. Successful treatment by slow maxillary expansion (SME) produced similarly favorable expansion by all three expanders in all measurements for both arches. Maxillary arch widths were narrower than controls pretreatment (T1) and wider than controls immediately post treatment (T2). Long-term (T3) maxillary intermolar width was the same as controls, with intercanine width significantly wider than controls. Maxillary intercanine and intermolar width increased from T1 to T3, by 4.5 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively, with 98% of intercanine and 80% of intermolar expansion remaining at T3. Maxillary arch circumference increased by 1 mm from T1 to T3. Mandibular width did not change significantly. Maxillary arch dimensions in early mixed dentition in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite showed good stability 4 years post treatment in the permanent dentition. | 2023-10-28T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3551 |
Q:
Remove files from an array of files and directories using PHP
I'm trying to get a list of directories in a path by using scandir and removing the files from the array but I'm getting errors from my echo.
I'm using the code
$path = "Calltypes/";
$files = scandir($path);
$files = array_diff(scandir($path), array('.', '..'));
for($i = 0; $i < sizeof($files); $i++) {
if(!is_dir($files[$i]))
array_splice($files, $i, 1);
}
echo sizeof($files);
This is the echo output:
Notice: Undefined offset: 0 in C:\xampp\htdocs\index.php on line 32
2
The Calltypes/ path has 3 folders and 1 txt file.
Edit: line 32 is
if(!is_dir($files[$i]))
A:
You can use foreach instead of for. After that use unset because array_splice will rearrange keys so you will get errors
$path = "Calltypes/";
$files = scandir($path);
$files = array_diff(scandir($path), array('.', '..'));
foreach ($files as $key => $value) {
if(!is_dir($path.$files[$key]))
unset($files[$key]);
}
echo sizeof($files);
A:
In your case, Notice: Undefined offset: 0 occurs because arry_diff returns an array containing all the entries from the 1st array without reindexing. That means, that $files array would not have 0 index after array_diff processing.
Instead of "splicing" array items while iterating in the loop - use array_filter to get only directory names:
$path = "Calltypes/";
$files = scandir($path);
$files = array_diff(scandir($path), array('.', '..'));
$files = array_filter($files, "is_dir");
| 2024-03-21T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8029 |
Ara Hamparsum
Ara Hamparsum (born 7 July 1955) is a former Iraqi football forward who played for Iraq in the 1978 Asian Games.
Ara played for the national team in 1978.
References
Category:Iraqi footballers
Category:Iraq international footballers
Category:Living people
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Footballers at the 1978 Asian Games
Category:1955 births | 2024-01-06T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/7013 |
Q:
What does "влип" mean?
In this song lyric:
Мой парень снова влип в дурные дела
The word "влип" appears (I checked two lyrics sites), but I can't find it in any online dictionaries. What does it mean? And would the sentence still be grammatically correct without it? (ie. "Мой парень снова в дурные дела")
A:
Влип is the past tense of the verb влипнуть which literally means get into something sticky. Here this word is used in colloquial meaning much close to English get into a mess.
A:
This widely used informal expression means someone's got into an unpleasant situation with inevitable consequences. There's also a famous saying "влип, очкарик!" (you got stuck, foureyes!) from a very popular Soviet movie, where those words were said to the main character wearing glasses who'd literally got stuck in a pool of tar.
| 2024-01-11T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8130 |
1. Field of the Invention
It is common practice today to apply thermal insulation in the form of loose fibers or pellets to the walls, ceilings or other area and spaces in buildings by blowing the insulation through a hose or pipe which is manipulated by an operator. The insulation is usually supplied from a bin or hopper located outside the building or elsewhere at a convenient location.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Typical equipment heretofore used for these purposes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,202,088; 2,532,318; 2,532,351; 2,614,892 and 2,621,083.
These present embodiments of such insulation blowing equipment have proved unsatisfactory in operation by reason of the irregular flow or supply of the material to the blowing device since the bin into which it is fed is usually relatively small and it is necessary for an operator to frequently replenish the supply or use a second person to maintain the supply in the bin. On the other hand if a large bin is provided the loose material often hangs up on the walls of the bin and does not flow in a continuous and orderly manner to the blowing device. It has therefore been required for one operator to tend to the supply and feeding of material while another operator handles the hose by which the loose material is distributed and discharged into place. The requirement of two operators has proven to be unduly expensive in labor costs and therefore a need has arisen for equipment usable to blow in insulation wherein all operating characteristics are controlled by the single person handling the distributing hose. | 2024-02-16T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9834 |
Prior art mechanism for attaching or detaching a filmstrip to a cartridge rely on the precise positioning of the cartridge and the tool used during the attachment or detachment procedure. The foregoing technique imposes tight restrictions on the cartridge specification, the manufacturing techniques used to make the cartridge, the precise manufacturing of the tool and mechanism used for engaging the tool with the cartridge so as to ensure proper orientation between the tool and cartridge. Certain cartridges, such as the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,215,273 and 5,013,852, require significant spacing between internal cartridge features for allowing attachment of the filmstrip directly to the spool.
Thus, there exists a problem in providing a method and apparatus which allows for the attachment or removal of a filmstrip without accounting for precise control between the tool and cartridge.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect of the present there is provided a method of attaching or detaching a filmstrip to a film cartridge having a spool rotatably mounted therein and an opening for allowing the filmstrip to be inserted or removed therefrom. The cartridge also includes a moveable section with respect for the cartridge which does not substantially effect the operation of the spool. A lock mechanism is provided for locking and unlocking the moveable section with respect to the cartridge. The method comprises the steps of:
a. opening the moveable section so as to form an access opening for allowing attachment or detachment of the filmstrip to the spool; PA1 b. providing a tool designed to attach or detach a filmstrip with respect to the spool; PA1 c. moving the tool into the cartridge through the access opening to a predetermined position for allowing attachment or detachment of the filmstrip; PA1 d. attaching or detaching the filmstrip to the spool; PA1 e. inserting or removing the filmstrip from the cartridge through the access opening; PA1 f. removing the tool from the cartridge; and PA1 g. closing the moveable section so as to return the cartridge to its normal closed position.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus and a method for attaching or detaching a filmstrip from a cartridge which eases the restrictions on the tolerances of the cartridge, the equipment used to manufacture the cartridge and the alignment of the tools used to attach or detach the filmstrip with respect to the cartridge. | 2023-10-09T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5477 |
Q:
How to compress a .net object instance using gzip
I am wanting to compress results from QUERYS of the database before adding them to the cache.
I want to be able to compress any reference type.
I have a working version of this for compressing strings.. the idea based on scott hanselman 's blog post http://shrinkster.com/173t
any ideas for compressing a .net object?
I know that it will be a read only cache since the objects in the cache will just be byte arrays..
A:
This won't work for any reference type. This will work for Serializable types. Hook up a BinaryFormatter to a compression stream which is piped to a file:
var formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
using (var outputFile = new FileStream("OutputFile", FileMode.CreateNew))
using (var compressionStream = new GZipStream(
outputFile, CompressionMode.Compress)) {
formatter.Serialize(compressionStream, objToSerialize);
compressionStream.Flush();
}
You could use a MemoryStream to hold the contents in memory, rather than writing to a file. I doubt this is really an effective solution for a cache, however.
A:
What sort of objects are you putting in the cache? Are they typed objects? Or things like DataTable? For DataTable, then perhaps store as xml compressed through GZipStream. For typed (entity) objects, you'll probably need to serialize them.
You could use BinaryFormatter and GZipStream, or you could just use something like protobuf-net serialization (free) which is already very compact (adding GZipStream typically makes the data larger - which is typical of dense binary). In particular, the advantage of things like protobuf-net is that you get the reduced size without having to pay the CPU cost of unzipping it during deserialization. In some tests before adding GZipStream, it was 4 times faster than BinaryFormatter. Add the extra time onto BinaryFormatter for GZip and it should win by a considerable margin.
A:
I just added GZipStream support for my app today, so I can share some code here;
Serialization:
using (Stream s = File.Create(PathName))
{
RijndaelManaged rm = new RijndaelManaged();
rm.Key = CryptoKey;
rm.IV = CryptoIV;
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(s, rm.CreateEncryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
using (GZipStream gs = new GZipStream(cs, CompressionMode.Compress))
{
BinaryFormatter bf = new BinaryFormatter();
bf.Serialize(gs, _instance);
}
}
}
Deserialization:
using (Stream s = File.OpenRead(PathName))
{
RijndaelManaged rm = new RijndaelManaged();
rm.Key = CryptoKey;
rm.IV = CryptoIV;
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(s, rm.CreateDecryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Read))
{
using (GZipStream gs = new GZipStream(cs, CompressionMode.Decompress))
{
BinaryFormatter bf = new BinaryFormatter();
_instance = (Storage)bf.Deserialize(gs);
}
}
}
NOTE: if you use CryptoStream, it is kinda important that you chain (un)zipping and (de)crypting right this way, because you'll want to lose your entropy BEFORE encryption creates noise from your data.
| 2023-11-05T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8123 |
Q:
Removing duplicates at the end of macro selection
I am using a macro to select a range of names based on date. I then want to remove the duplicates in the selection. My macro runs fine however it does not remove duplicates like it is supposed to and returns no errors. What am I doing wrong in my code?
sub Remove_Duplicates()
Dim mRow As Long
Dim mStart As Long, mEnd As Long
Dim rng As Range
Worksheets("Weekely").Select
For mRow = 1 To 65536
If Range("G" & mRow).Value = "2016" Then
mStart = mRow
Exit For
End If
Next mRow
' Figure out where the "2016" data ends.
For mRow = mStart To 65536
If Range("G" & mRow).Value <> "2016" Then
mEnd = mRow
Exit For
End If
Next mRow
mEnd = mEnd - 1
Set rng = Range("G" & mStart & ":G" & mEnd).Offset(0, 1)
rng.RemoveDuplicates
End Sub
A:
rng.RemoveDuplicates won't throw an error but also does nothing. You need to specifyy the Column(s) for which the duplicate needs to removed . Also specify whether you have header or not.
Assuming you don't have a header cell and just one column H
Correct way :
rng.RemoveDuplicates Columns:=1, Header:=xlNo
| 2024-03-07T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1566 |
This invention relates generally to a system and method for performing less-invasive surgical procedures, and more specifically, to a system and method for isolating a surgical site such as the site of an anastomosis of a graft vessel and a coronary artery in a thoracoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting procedure.
In coronary artery disease, the build-up of artherosclerotic plaque on the inner walls of the coronary arteries causes a narrowing or complete closure of these arteries, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the heart. This condition has become one of the most common life-threatening medical problems facing older men and women.
A number of approaches have been developed for treating coronary artery disease. In less severe cases, it is often sufficient to treat the symptoms with pharmaceuticals and lifestyle modification to lessen the underlying causes of the disease. In more severe cases, a coronary artery blockage can often be treated using endovascular techniques such as balloon angioplasty, atherectomy, laser or hot tip ablation, placement of stents, and the like.
In cases where pharmaceutical treatment and/or endovascular approaches have failed or are likely to fail, it is often necessary to perform a coronary artery bypass graft procedure using open surgical methods. Such methods require that the patient""s sternum be divided longitudinally and the chest be spread apart to provide access to the heart, known as a median sternotomy. The patient""s heart is placed under cardioplegic arrest and the patient is supported by cardiopulmonary bypass. A source of arterial blood is then connected to the diseased coronary artery downstream from the blockage. The arterial blood source may be a venous or arterial graft vessel connected between an arterial blood vessel such as the aorta and the coronary artery. Another common arterial blood source is either the left or right internal mammary artery which may be grafted to the coronary artery which is narrowed or occluded. Recent studies have suggested that the use of the mammary arteries as an arterial blood source may be advantageous over other sources due to a greater likelihood that the graft will remain patent over time.
To form an anastomosis between an internal mammary artery and a coronary artery, blood flow through the internal mammary artery must be temporarily stopped, typically by applying a removable clamp to the mammary artery. The mammary artery is then severed downstream from the clamp to create a free end. An incision is created in the target coronary artery downstream of the blockage. The free end of the mammary artery can then be connected to the incision in the coronary artery, typically by suturing, such that blood can flow from the mammary artery through the incision into the coronary artery.
To facilitate the surgeon""s view of the procedure, the heart must be positioned to expose the anastomosis site, and the anastomosis site must be cleared of fluids, tissue and debris which may obscure the site. In addition, the coronary artery or mammary artery may contain blood and other fluids near the location of the incision, which should be prevented from flowing out of the coronary artery or mammary artery during the suturing procedure. The coronary and mammary arteries must also be stabilized and held in a stationary position so that the surgeon can perform the delicate task of sewing the free end of the mammary artery to the coronary artery.
Using conventional open-chest methods, the anastomosis procedure is typically performed directly through the large opening in the patient""s chest provided by a median sternotomy. This opening enables the surgeon to see the coronary and mammary arteries directly and to position his or her hands within the chest cavity in close proximity to these arteries for manipulation of surgical instruments. The surgeon can thus utilize various instruments to reposition the heart, clear away fluid and debris and stabilize the anastomosis site during the procedure. For example, clamps may be applied to the mammary and coronary vessels to stop blood from leaking from these vessels. If tissue or fluids migrate into the anastomosis site, the surgeon can utilize an irrigation tube to wash these obstructions away from the site. The heart may be repositioned using retraction devices or simply by hand. To stabilize the mammary artery during the anastomosis, a pair of forceps can be used to grasp the mammary artery and maintain its position while it is sewn to the coronary artery. All of these tasks are accomplished without great difficulty due to the open exposure of the surgical site through the large opening provided by a median sternotomy.
While open-chest coronary artery bypass grafting is very effective in many cases, the gross thoracotomies used in conventional open heart surgery to perform coronary artery bypass grafting are highly traumatic to the patient. Therefore, new methods of performing surgery on the heart using minimally invasive thoracoscopic techniques have been recently developed. In these methods, the patient""s heart is arrested by occluding the patient""s aorta between the coronary arteries and the brachiocephalic artery with an expandable balloon on the distal end of an endovascular catheter introduced via a femoral artery. Cardioplegic fluid is then delivered to the patient""s myocardium through a lumen in the same catheter or through a separate catheter positioned in the coronary sinus. This method allows the surgeon to perform operations such as coronary artery bypass grafting without creating a large opening in the patient""s sternum. Minimally-invasive cutting and suturing instruments can be introduced thoracoscopically to connect the free end of the severed mammary artery to the coronary artery. Complete descriptions of such methods are found in commonly assigned, co-pending application Ser. No. 08/023,778, filed Feb. 22, 1993, and application Ser. No. 08/194,946, filed Feb. 11, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The new generation of thoracoscopic methods of performing coronary artery bypass grafting has, of course, created many new challenges. Such challenges include keeping the anastomosis site free of fluid and debris, positioning the heart within view of the surgeon(s), and stabilizing the coronary and mammary arteries to facilitate the anastomosis. These functions must be performed through small percutaneous incisions or cannulae positioned in intercostal spaces in the patient""s rib cage. Known devices are not capable of performing these tasks through small percutaneous penetrations and, therefore, are unsuitable for closed chest procedures.
For this reason, improved systems and methods are desired for isolating a surgical site, such as an opening in a fluid-carrying vessel, in a body cavity via a small percutaneous incision or cannula. Preferably, the system and method would be capable of isolating a site of an anastomosis between a coronary artery and a mammary artery during a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure. The system and method should allow the surgeon to apply pressure against a vessel on both sides of an opening or incision in the vessel to inhibit blood and other fluids from passing through the incision. The system and method should also allow the surgeon to stabilize the mammary artery to facilitate suturing the free end of the mammary artery to the coronary artery. The system and method should further allow the delivery of irrigation fluids to the surgical site to wash away fluid and debris. In addition, it would be desirable if the above functions were performed by a single instrument introduced through a cannula or small percutaneous incision to limit the number of incisions required to perform the procedure.
The present invention provides an endoscopic device and method for isolating a surgical site, such as an opening in a fluid-carrying vessel, through a small, percutaneous penetration in the patient. The invention allows the surgeon to position a contact surface against a vessel and exert pressure against the vessel to inhibit blood and other fluids from flowing through an opening in the vessel. The contact surface is also adapted to stabilize a second vessel for attachment to the first vessel. In addition, the invention may be used to hold an end of a suture while performing a surgical procedure such as an anastomosis. The invention further allows the delivery of an irrigation fluid to the surgical site to clear away blood and debris. The system is particularly suited for forming an anastomosis between a coronary artery and an internal mammary artery in a thoracoscopic coronary artery bypass procedure. While being especially suited for thoracoscopic procedures, the system and method of the invention are also useful in other surgical procedures, such as laparoscopic, endoscopic and arthroscopic procedures, as well as in conventional open surgical procedures.
In one aspect of the invention, the system comprises a shaft having a proximal end and a distal end configured for delivery through a small, percutaneous penetration. A foot, configured for engaging a tissue structure such as a blood vessel, is pivotally coupled to the distal end of the shaft. The foot has first and second engaging portions separated by a gap. The engaging portions each have a contact surface for engaging the tissue structure such that a surgical site on the tissue structure is disposed in the gap. A linkage is coupled to the foot, and an actuator means. coupled to the proximal end of the shaft, actuates the linkage to pivot the foot about a transverse axis so that the contact surfaces may be oriented generally parallel to the surface of the tissue structure. This allows the surgeon to apply pressure to the tissue structure on two sides of the surgical site
The tissue structure may be, for example, a blood vessel to which a second blood vessel is to be attached in an anastomosis procedure. An opening will be formed in the blood vessel to which the second blood vessel is to be connected. The first and second engaging portions of the foot may be positioned so that the opening in the blood vessel is disposed in the gap. In this way, the contact surfaces on the engaging portions may be pressed against the blood vessel to close the vessel lumen, thereby stopping the flow of blood and other fluids through the opening. At the same time, the foot stabilizes the blood vessel to maintain its position during the procedure. Additionally, the second blood vessel may be positioned under one or both contact surfaces to hold it in position as it is attached to the other vessel. Further, the foot may be used to reposition the blood vessel to improve access and/or visibility of the surgical site.
In a preferred embodiment, the linkage includes a longitudinal rod slidably disposed within an axial lumen in the shaft and having proximal and distal ends. The proximal end of the rod is coupled to the actuator means and the distal end of the rod is coupled to the foot. The foot is coupled to the shaft at a pivot point and to the rod at a coupling point separated from the pivot point. Axial movement of the rod with respect to the shaft rotates the foot about the pivot point. Preferably, the foot can pivot more than 90 degrees about the transverse axis so that the surgeon can approach the surgical site from various directions.
The actuator means is configured to pivot the foot about the transverse axis from a first position, where the foot is configured for delivery through a percutaneous penetration, to a second position, where the contact surfaces are oriented generally parallel to the surgical site. In an exemplary embodiment, the actuator means comprises a knob threadably coupled to the proximal end of the shaft. The knob is fixed to the proximal end of the rod so that rotation of the knob moves the knob and the rod in an axial direction with respect to the shaft.
In one embodiment, the foot comprises first and second arms extending distally from the distal end of the shaft. The arms are movable between an open configuration, where the arms are disposed apart, and a collapsed configuration, where the arms are disposed closer together. In the open configuration, the arms form a xe2x80x9cVxe2x80x9d shape and are configured to engage the blood vessel on both sides of the opening. In the collapsed configuration, the arms are substantially parallel so that the foot is configured for delivery through a percutaneous penetration in the patient""s body. The arms may be biased into the open configuration by a spring, or an actuator may be used for moving the arms between the open and collapsed configurations.
In a second embodiment, the foot comprises an annular ring with an inner hole. The hole preferably has a diameter larger than the opening in the vessel so that the annular ring can engage the vessel on both sides of the opening without obstructing the opening. Preferably, the annular ring is made of a flexible material so that it can be collapsed into a configuration suitable for introduction through a percutaneous penetration. Alternatively, the annular ring includes a hinge so that the ring can be folded into a collapsed configuration.
The invention may further include means for retaining a suture in contact with the foot. Preferably, the suture retaining means is a plurality of slots formed in upper surfaces of the foot for frictionally engaging the suture. The suture will include first and second free ends each connected to a needle. The first free end may be placed in and retained by one of the slots while the surgeon manipulates the second free end. The second free end may then be placed in and retained by one of the slots while the surgeon utilizes the first free end. If desired, the surgeon can apply tension to the suture by rotating the foot. This allows the surgeon to reposition or stabilize the surgical site during the operation.
For the purpose of removing fluids and debris from the surgical site, the shaft includes an irrigation lumen extending between the distal and proximal ends and the foot includes a plurality of holes fluidly coupled to the lumen at the distal end. The proximal end of the lumen is configured for being coupled to a source of irrigation fluid to allow the fluid to be delivered under positive pressure through the lumen and through the holes in the foot to the surgical site. The holes are preferably configured and positioned to direct irrigation fluid into the gap between the first and second engaging portions to clear fluid and debris from the surgical site. If desired, a reservoir of fluid can be created within the hole in the annular ring to submerge the surgical site in fluid during the surgical procedure.
The invention is also useful for repositioning an organ in a body cavity to facilitate a surgical procedure. For example, the invention is useful for repositioning the heart in a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure. To reposition the heart, the foot is introduced through a percutaneous incision or trocar sleeve and pivoted relative to the shaft so that the contact surfaces are generally parallel to the external surface of the heart. Preferably, the contact surfaces on the arms of the foot have an arcuate portion that generally conforms to the curvature of the heart. The surgeon then applies a force to the foot to frictionally engage the heart and reposition it to the desired location for the surgical procedure. To reduce the risk of damaging the heart and to augment the frictional contact force, an atraumatic high friction material, such as foam, may be attached to the contact surfaces.
The invention is particularly useful for isolating an anastomosis site between a coronary artery and an internal mammary artery during a cardiac procedure such as coronary artery bypass grafting. In this procedure, the patient""s heart is placed under cardioplegic arrest and the patient is supported by cardiopulmonary bypass. Several cannulae are positioned in percutaneous intercostal penetrations in the left anterior chest of the patient. A viewing scope is introduced through another left anterior percutaneous intercostal penetration. A small incision is made in the left lateral chest, through which instruments are introduced to dissect a portion of a mammary artery away from the chest wall. The mammary artery is clamped and then severed to create a free end downstream of the clamp. An incision is created in the coronary artery corresponding to the size of the free end of the mammary artery.
Once the mammary and coronary arteries are prepared for the anastomosis, the engaging portions of the foot are moved into the collapsed configuration and introduced through the cannula. After the foot has passed through the cannula, the engaging portions are biased back into the open configuration. The knob is then rotated to actuate the linkage and pivot the foot such that the contact surfaces are generally parallel to the surface of the heart and the wall of the target coronary artery. The shaft is advanced distally until the contact surfaces engage the coronary artery so that the incision in the artery lies in a gap between the arms. Although normal blood flow through the coronary artery will have stopped since the heart will have been placed under cardioplegic arrest, the cardioplegic fluid used to stop the heart may continue to flow through the coronary arteries during the procedure. The foot is pressed against the artery with sufficient force to inhibit fluids from flowing through the incision in the coronary artery. Preferably, a free end of the mammary artery is also placed under the contact surface of the foot to stabilize the mammary artery and hold the free end in a stationary position with respect to the incision in the coronary artery.
A suture is then introduced to sew the free end of the mammary artery to the coronary artery. To facilitate the operation, the first free end of the suture can be retained in one of the slots on the foot while suturing the vessels with the second free end. During the operation, fluid may be periodically delivered through the irrigation lumen and the holes in the foot to wash away fluids and other debris that may have migrated into the anastomosis site. If desired, a reservoir of fluid may be maintained on the wall of the heart between the contact portions of the foot to keep the opening in the coronary artery submerged during the procedure, thereby preventing the introduction of air into the coronary arteries. After the anastomosis has been completed, the foot is withdrawn from the surgical site and removed from the patient""s body through the cannula.
It should be understood that while the invention is described in the context of thoracoscopic surgery of the heart, the system and method disclosed herein are equally useful in other types of surgery, e.g. surgery on vessels and organs within the abdomen or pelvis.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings. | 2024-03-23T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3232 |
1. Introduction {#sec1-nutrients-11-01925}
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Changes in the intestinal microbiota and dysregulation of the mucosal immune response may contribute to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms which when administrated in adequate amounts confer a health benefit \[[@B1-nutrients-11-01925]\], are known to have immunomodulatory influences on leucocyte populations and lymphocyte phenotypes \[[@B2-nutrients-11-01925]\], the ability to promote the endogenous defense barrier in the human gut \[[@B3-nutrients-11-01925]\], and the ability to decrease mucosal permeability \[[@B4-nutrients-11-01925]\].
Asthma and food allergies were the first diseases where probiotics had proven anti-inflammatory effects \[[@B5-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Subsequent studies have shown that probiotics can reduce autoimmune responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by improving inflammatory status and disease activity \[[@B6-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Furthermore, the risk of islet autoimmunity was reduced by probiotics in children at the highest genetic risk of type 1 diabetes \[[@B7-nutrients-11-01925]\], and probiotics have induced and maintained remission in children with ulcerative colitis \[[@B8-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Although further studies are required to evaluate reproducibility and health promoting effects of probiotics in autoimmune diseases, several larger meta-analyses have actually shown improvements of clinical conditions \[[@B9-nutrients-11-01925],[@B10-nutrients-11-01925],[@B11-nutrients-11-01925]\]. However, the effects of probiotics are notwithstanding highly dependent on what type of microorganism that is administrated. For instance, the present combination of two *Lactobacillus* strains are chosen due to their different physiological effects, i.e., *L. plantarum* HEAL9 is targeting the permeability of the mucosa and *L. paracasei* 8700:2 is targeting the immune system \[[@B12-nutrients-11-01925],[@B13-nutrients-11-01925],[@B14-nutrients-11-01925],[@B15-nutrients-11-01925]\].
Celiac disease is a chronic small bowel enteropathy triggered by ingestion of dietary gluten or related prolamins in genetically susceptible individuals. Celiac disease is a T cell mediated disease involving CD4+/CD8+ T cells against gliadin peptides as well as production of circulating regulatory T cells and NK cells \[[@B16-nutrients-11-01925],[@B17-nutrients-11-01925],[@B18-nutrients-11-01925],[@B19-nutrients-11-01925],[@B20-nutrients-11-01925]\]. The infiltration of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 restricted gliadin-specific CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa \[[@B17-nutrients-11-01925],[@B18-nutrients-11-01925]\] lead to destruction of the intestinal villi and increased intestinal permeability \[[@B21-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Another striking feature of celiac disease is the autoimmune response against tissue transglutaminase (tTG); a calcium-dependent intracellular enzyme involved in posttranslational deamidation of proteins \[[@B22-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Elevated levels of tTG autoantibodies indicate active celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) whereas treatment with a gluten-free diet reverse the levels to normal over time \[[@B23-nutrients-11-01925]\].
Few studies have evaluated alternative treatments to a gluten-free diet and two prevention studies introducing small amounts of gluten have hitherto been unsuccessful in preventing the disease \[[@B24-nutrients-11-01925],[@B25-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Probiotics are appealing due to their proven anti-inflammatory effects in other chronic diseases and low risk of side effects. Although a Finnish clinical double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial primarily on allergy prevention could not find any protective effects of probiotics in celiac disease \[[@B26-nutrients-11-01925]\], randomized trials in genetically at risk individuals before the disease onset are still warranted.
The purpose of the present randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of two probiotic strains of lactobacilli in children with active naïve CDA prior to diagnosis and treatment with a gluten-free diet. We tested the hypothesis that the supplement had a dampening effect on CDA as compared to the placebo by analyzing a broad panel of lymphocyte subpopulations as well as tTG autoantibody levels to receive a wide understanding of the immunological reactions caused by daily oral administration of *L. plantarum* HEAL9 and *L. paracasei* 8700:2 for six months, compared to placebo.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2-nutrients-11-01925}
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2.1. Study Design and Participants {#sec2dot1-nutrients-11-01925}
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Children at genetic risk for celiac disease and on a gluten-containing diet who were screened positive for tTG autoantibodies in a prospective birth cohort study \[[@B27-nutrients-11-01925]\] were invited to the randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. The inclusion criteria were children on a gluten-containing diet with no previous diagnosis of celiac disease but with a tTG autoantibody level above the cutoff of normal (normal \< 1.31 U/mL) in two consecutive samples taken at least three months apart, here used as the definition of CDA. The levels of tTG autoantibodies were measured in radioligand binding assays as previously described \[[@B28-nutrients-11-01925],[@B29-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Using this cut-off level of normal, the assay previously achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity in the first International Transglutaminase Autoantibody Workshop \[[@B30-nutrients-11-01925]\].
A total of 118 children met the inclusion criteria and were invited to participate in the Celiac Disease Prevention with Probiotics (CiPP) study; a double-blind placebo controlled randomized clinical trial with the aim to test the effects of probiotics on the peripheral immune response in CDA, performed at the Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Diabetes and Celiac disease, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Among the invited children, 89 accepted participation and were enrolled in the study between 12 March 2012 and 25 August 2015. Of those children, 11 of 89 (12%) left the study after the initial visit (dropout). The main reasons for study dropout were low compliance (the child did not want to eat the food when the powder was included; parent forgot to give the child the powder) and symptoms such as diarrhea or vomiting. One child was also excluded due to insufficient blood sample volumes. A total of 78 children (88%) completed the study (visit three between 1 October 2012 and 26 January 2016) and were included in the final data set; 40 (52%) in the probiotic-treated group and 38 (48%) in the placebo group of whom 55% of the probiotic group and 37% of the placebo group were males ([Table 1](#nutrients-11-01925-t001){ref-type="table"}). All participants carried any of the following HLA haplotypes: DR3-DQ2/DR3-DQ2 (*n* = 35), DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 (*n* = 28), DR4-DQ8/DR4-DQ8 (*n* = 18), DR4-DQ8/DR8/DQ4 (*n* = 7), and/or DR4/DR1 (*n* = 1), ([Table 2](#nutrients-11-01925-t002){ref-type="table"}).
Written informed consent was in all cases provided by the primary guardian of the child. Before agreeing to the participation, caretakers were provided written information about the study and the contact information of the study coordinator. In accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki and Swedish law, the assent of all participants was also required (to the degree their age made it possible). While all participants were recruited from other studies currently active at Skåne University Hospital (SUS), participation in these studies was not inter-connected; participants could freely, at any time, leave the study while maintaining participation in the study they were recruited from. With informed consent provided, and no established treatments currently available to reduce the risk of CDA progressing to celiac disease, the use of a placebo arm was considered non-controversial. All children were followed longitudinally by a pediatric gastroenterologist. The decision whether to perform an intestinal biopsy was based on the decision of the pediatric gastroenterologist and occurred outside the study protocol. Throughout the experimental period, all children continued eating a regular diet containing gluten. The Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, Lund University, approved the study on 8 September 2011 (Dnr 2011/335). The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03176095). The study protocol, the Consort flow diagram, the Consort 2010 checklist and raw research data are given in [Figure S1, File S1, File S2, File S3 and the File S4](#app1-nutrients-11-01925){ref-type="app"}, respectively. The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this drug/intervention are registered.
2.2. Follow-Up Procedures {#sec2dot2-nutrients-11-01925}
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Children matching the inclusion criteria were invited for an initial meeting and scheduled for follow-up visits approximately three and six months later (visit one (V1) at the baseline, visit two (V2) at three months post-baseline, visit three (V3) at six months post-baseline). At every visit, 10 mL of venous blood was collected for phenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes and for analysis of tTG autoantibodies in the serum. Demographics and anthropometry measures were registered and a possible diagnosis of celiac disease was recorded as well as adverse events. All raw research data is given in the S3 File. Participants were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to treatment or control group and the allocation was blinded to participants, clinicians and lab personnel.
2.3. Study Product {#sec2dot3-nutrients-11-01925}
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The study products, provided by Probi AB and prepared in sachets, were handed out at the V1 and V2 visits. The participants were instructed to halt consumption of any other food products containing probiotics, to store the sachets refrigerated (2 °C--8 °C) and to ingest the powder after dissolution in 100 mL of cold liquid or after mixing with fruit/food, in association with a meal once daily, for a total period of six months. The parents were also instructed not to add the powder to hot drinks or hot food. The control product contained 1.0 g maltodextrin (Glucidex IT-19, Roquette, Lesterrand, France) together with yeast peptone (HYP-A, BioSpringer, Maisons-Alfort, France) and the probiotic product contained 1.0 g of maltodextrin and lyophilized bacteria (*L. plantarum* HEAL9 (DSM 15312) and *L. paracasei* 8700:2 (DSM 13434), at a total dose of 10^10^ CFU/sachet). The two test products were identical in appearance and taste. Storage stability of the probiotic product was analyzed throughout the study.
2.4. Staining for Flow Cytometry and Lymphocyte Gating {#sec2dot4-nutrients-11-01925}
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Staining for flow cytometry was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) within 24 h of sampling. PBMC were separated from whole blood by a density gradient centrifugation (1800 × *g*) using a hydrophilic polysaccharide (BD Vac^®^ CPT™ Cell Preparation Tube NC FICOLL™, Becton Dickinson, NJ, USA). The aspirated interphase mononuclear layer where washed three times with RPMI-1640 (Medium w L-Glutamine, GIBCO, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, Sweden). The cells where counted in an Abbott (CELL_DYN Ruby) and diluted to the final concentration 1--4 × 10^6^/mL in RPMI-1640 whereupon they were stained directly with various fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies; fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), phycoerythrin (PE), peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP) and allophycocyanin (APC), directed against the following markers: CCR9 (APC) (R&D Systems, Inc, Abingdon, England), CD45RO (APC), CD62L (APC), CD25 (FITC), CD3 (FITC), CD38 (FITC), CCR4 (PE), CD8 (PE), CD45RA (PE), Integrin beta7 (PE), CD19 (PerCP), CD4 (PerCP), CD8 (PerCP), CD16+56 (PE), (all from BD Biosciences, Mississauga, CA, USA). The stained lymphocytes were acquired in a four-colour FACSCalibur^®^ (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA) and analyzed using the CellQuestPro^®^ software (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lake, NJ, USA). Isotype-matched control antibodies (IgG2/IgG1/CD4 isotype (FITC, PE and PerCP-Cy 5.5) and IgG1 isotype (APC), BD biosciences, CA, USA) were used to set the dot plot quadrant and calculate the percent of lymphocyte populations through subtraction of contaminating non-lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were gated based on forward- (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) and presented as percentage gated. Subgroups of T cells, CD4+ (Th) or CD8+ (Tc) cells were gated from the lymphocyte gate. From these gates, naïve cells were gated as CD3+CD4/CD8+CD45RA+CD45RO− and memory cells as CD3+CD4/CD8+CD45RA-CD45RO+. Activated and differentiated effector and memory cells were gated as CD3+CD4/8+CD62L+, CD4+CD25+CD45RA+CD45RO+, CD4+CD25+CCR4+CD45RO, CD4+CD25+CCR4+CD62L+, CD8+CD45RA+CCR9+β7+, CD3+CD4+/CD8+β7+CCR9+, and CD4+CD38+β7+CD62−. To analyze B cells, CD3+ cells were gated from the lymphocyte gate. From this gate B cells were gated as CD3+CD19+ cells. From the lymphocyte gate, CD4+ cells were gated followed by gating for CD25+ cells. This population was then examined for the expression of FoxP3+ cells. From the CD4+CD25+ gate, the percent with the highest CD25 expression, CD4+CD25^high^ were determined. The CD4+CD25^high^ lymphocyte population was then examined further for the expression of FoxP3. NK cells were gated from the lymphocyte gate. From this gate NK and NKT cells were gated as CD3-CD16+/CD56+ cells and CD3+CD16+/CD56+ respectively.
2.5. Detection of Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) Autoantibody Levels {#sec2dot5-nutrients-11-01925}
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A radioligand binding assay (RBA) were used to assess the changes in IgA-tTG and IgG-tTG levels (U/mL) separately, as previously described \[[@B31-nutrients-11-01925]\]. In short, human tissue transglutaminase (tTG) was synthesized by in vitro transcription and translation of cDNA using the TNT SP6 Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) in the presence of 35S-methionine (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA). Both IgG-tTG and IgA-tTG were analyzed. For the IgG-tTG analysis, 35S-tTG was diluted and added to human serum and incubated overnight at 4 °C. Protein A sepharose (PAS) (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to separate free and antibody-bound 35S-tTG by binding IgG in the serum. The IgA-tTG analysis was performed similarly, except goat anti-human IgA-agarose (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was used instead of the PAS. The levels of tTG autoantibodies were calculated from standard curves containing approximately 2 U/mL, 4 U/mL, 8 U/mL, 16 U/mL, 31 U/mL, 63 U/mL, 125 U/mL, 250 U/mL, 500 U/mL and 1000 U/mL of respective IgA-tTG and IgG-tTG.
2.6. Statistical Analysis {#sec2dot6-nutrients-11-01925}
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The primary endpoints were changes in autoantibodies and regulatory T cells in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group assessed as changes in the peripheral immune response of B cells, NK and NKT cells, subpopulations of regulatory T cells and changes in serum levels of tTG autoantibodies after six months. All values are presented as medians to avoid the effect of extreme values. Comparison between groups of binary variables was done by means of the Fisher's exact test. Comparison between groups on continuous and ordered categorical data was done by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Due to large inter-individual variations but stable intra-individual values comparison within groups over time is of main importance. Comparison of the change over time within each group was done by means of the Wilcoxon signed rank test for continuous variables. The statistical analyses plan was that an "intention-to-treat analysis" and a "per-protocol analysis" (PP) should be performed. However, it appeared that only a per-protocol analysis was possible to perform as the patients excluded from the PP analysis did not have any data post randomization and the intention was to not impute any missing data. This reflects 11 patients out of 89, and there was no reason to suspect that the reason for study withdrawal was related to the randomized treatment. All presented *p*-values were nominal (i.e., not adjusted for multiplicity) and two-sided. Missing data were not imputed, i.e., the analyses are on observed cases. Statistics were calculated by mean of the StatXact version 10.1.
3. Results {#sec3-nutrients-11-01925}
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3.1. Demographics and Anthropometry Data {#sec3dot1-nutrients-11-01925}
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There were no difference in the anthropometry measures between the two groups (data not shown). Three children in the probiotic group and four children in the placebo group reported adverse events during the study (pain, flatulence or diarrhea) (*p* = 0.645) and one child in each group had gastrointestinal symptoms (*p* = 0.971). Six children in the probiotic group and four children in the placebo group used antibiotics during the study (*p* = 0.561). As of 1 February 2019, biopsy-proven celiac disease was diagnosed in six children (15%) in the probiotic group and five children (13%) in the placebo group after the study ended (*p* = 0.818).
3.2. Changes in Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets {#sec3dot2-nutrients-11-01925}
---------------------------------------------
In the placebo group, the proportion of gated Th cells (CD3+CD4+) decreased a median 2.79 (IQR −5.79--0.21) %-unit (*p* = 0.019) and T~C~ cells (CD3+CD8+) increased a median 1.12 (IQR 0.12--3.49) %-unit (*p* = 0.017) only after three months. After six months, CD3+CD4+ cells had decreased a median 4.07 (IQR −9.65--1.14) %-unit (*p* = 0.039), CD3+CD4+CD62L^low^+ cells decreased, albeit not significantly, a median 0.83 (IQR −1.91--0.49) %-units (*p* = 0.051) and CD3+CD8+CD62L^low^+ cells decreased a median 0.85 (range −1.52--0.30) %-units (*p* = 0.014) ([Table 3](#nutrients-11-01925-t003){ref-type="table"}). After six months, the population of naïve Th cells (CD4+CD45RA+CD45RO-) had similarly decreased a median 4.03 (IQR −8.75--0.88) %-units (*p* = 0.002) in the placebo group. In contrast, the population of memory Th cells (CD4+CD45RA-CD45RO+) increased a median 3.82 (IQR −0.37--7.08) %-units (*p* = 0.003). Memory Th cells expressing CCR4 (CD4+CD45RO+CCR4+) increased a median 5.86 (IQR 1.00--16.46) %-units in the placebo group (*p* = 0.003). Moreover, CD4+CD25+ cells increased a median 1.37 (IQR 0.01--3.06) %-units (*p* = 0.012), naïve CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ cells decreased a median 3.76 (IQR −13.51--2.30) %-units (*p* = 0.018), whereas memory CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ cells likewise CD4+CD25+CD45RO+CCR4+ increased a median 12.56 (IQR 4.70--18.53) %-units (*p* = 0.001) and a median 6.65 (IQR 2.83--12.86) %-units (*p* = 0.001), in the same group, respectively. Naive cells (CD8+CD45RA+CD45RO-) decreased in the placebo group a median 5.57 (IQR 3.65--9.36) %-units (*p* = 0.030). In the probiotic group over time, the population of cells remained constant and the proportion of total B cells did not change in either group.
After six months, CD4+CD25^high^+ cells increased in the placebo group a median 1.06 (IQR −0.27--1.70) %-units (*p* = 0.008) and CD4+CD25^high^+ cells expressing CD45RO or co-expressing CD45RO and CCR4 (CD4+CD25^high^+CD45RO+) increased a median 7.78 (IQR −0.50--18.90) %-units (*p* = 0.012) and a median 7.88 (IQR 0.19--15.87) %-units (*p* = 0.001) respectively. When the population of regulatory T cells were analyzed as the percentage of total number of live cells (of all CD4+ cells), CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells increased a median 0.31 (IQR −0.19--0.75) %-units in the placebo group, albeit not significantly (*p* = 0.052). In contrast, the proportion of all subpopulations of CD4+CD25^high^+ cells remained unchanged in the probiotic group. Furthermore, the proportion of NKT cells (CD3+CD56+) decreased a median 0.16 (IQR −0.34--0.11) %-units only in the probiotic group (*p* = 0.03), whereas the CD3+CD56+ cells remained constant in the placebo group.
When comparing probiotic versus placebo, differences in changes in cell populations expressing CD3-CD56+ (*p* = 0.038) as well as cells expressing CD3+CD56+ (*p* = 0.008) were observed ([Table 3](#nutrients-11-01925-t003){ref-type="table"}). Additionally, changes in cell populations of naïve Th cells (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+CD45RO-) (*p* = 0.022), memory Th cells (CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CD45RO+) (*p* = 0.020) and memory Th cells also expressing CCR4 (CD4+CCR4+CD45RO+) (*p* = 0.011) after six months were observed. Furthermore, differences in changes in cell populations expressing either CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ (*p* = 0.003), CD4+CD25^high^+CCR4+CD45RO+ (*p* = 0.045), CD3+CD4+CCR9+β7+ (*p* = 0.038) or CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (*p* = 0.028) could be seen between the two groups after six months of probiotic or placebo consumption ([Table 3](#nutrients-11-01925-t003){ref-type="table"}).
3.3. Changes in tTG Autoantibody Levels {#sec3dot3-nutrients-11-01925}
---------------------------------------
There was no difference in the number of tTG positive children between the groups. At the baseline visit after enrollment, 33 remained positive for IgA-tTG and 26 children positive for IgG-tTG in the probiotic group compared with 31 and 23 children in the placebo group, respectively. At the six-month visit, 23 remained positive for IgA-tTG and 24 children remained positive for IgG-tTG in the probiotic group compared with 25 and 18 children in the placebo group, respectively. There was no difference in the IgA-tTG or IgG-tTG levels between the groups after three months (*p* = 0.362 and 0.925, respectively) or after six months (*p* = 0.838 and 0.766, respectively). Neither were there any differences in the IgA-tTG levels within groups after three months (*p* = 0.134 in the probiotic group and *p* = 0.521 in the placebo group). As compared to baseline levels, IgG-tTG decreased a median 0.26 (IQR −0.56--0.18) U/mL in the probiotic group (*p* = 0.046) and a median 0.23 (IQR −0.82--0.18) U/mL in the placebo group (*p* = 0.034), respectively. After six months, levels of IgA-tTG had decreased a median 0.85 (IQR −3.30--0.24) U/mL (*p* = 0.013) and IgG-tTG decreased a median 0.29 (IQR −1.31--0.40) U/mL (*p* = 0.062) in the probiotic group. In the placebo group and compared to the baseline, levels of IgA-tTG decreased a median 0.79 (IQR −3.43--0.08) U/mL (*p* = 0.043) and IgG-tTG decreased a median 0.36 (IQR −1.12--−0.05) U/mL (*p* = 0.008).
4. Discussion {#sec4-nutrients-11-01925}
=============
The present exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated a probiotic food supplement containing selected *Lactobacillus* strains of two functionally different species, *L. plantarum* (strain HEAL9) and *L. paracasei* (strain 8700:2). Both *Lactobacillus* strains have been previously isolated from the gastro-intestinal mucosa of healthy humans, and have the ability to function in the intestinal environment \[[@B32-nutrients-11-01925],[@B33-nutrients-11-01925]\]. *L. plantarum* HEAL9 has a pronounced ability to attach to the human mucosa through a mannose-binding, adherence mechanism \[[@B32-nutrients-11-01925]\], and *L. paracasei* 8700:2 also express this function \[[@B34-nutrients-11-01925]\]. In addition, *L. plantarum* HEAL9 is genetically similar to the well-studied strain *L. plantarum* 299v, which reduces intestinal permeability probably as a result of adherence and decreased inflammation \[[@B12-nutrients-11-01925],[@B13-nutrients-11-01925],[@B14-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Furthermore, *L. paracasei* 8700:2 can induce cell-mediated immune functions in healthy volunteers, as it expands the NKT cell population \[[@B15-nutrients-11-01925]\]. By affecting cellular immune responses and possibly mucosal condition, oral intake of *L. plantarum* HEAL9 and *L. paracasei* 8700:2 have earlier been shown to alleviate symptoms and the duration of common colds and to reduce the risk of infections \[[@B34-nutrients-11-01925],[@B35-nutrients-11-01925]\].
The main finding of the present study was the consistent changes in the peripheral immune response involved in the regulation of T cells only observed in the placebo group and not in the probiotic group despite that both groups had ongoing CDA before intervention. This finding of importance indicates that *L. plantarum* (strain HEAL9) and *L. paracasei* (strain 8700:2) have modulatory effects on the peripheral immune response in CDA. Interestingly, the difference of most lymphocyte subsets found in the placebo group was similar to what is found in patients with active celiac disease, indicating a progression of disease development not observed in the probiotic group. The increase of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the placebo group, which remained unchanged in the probiotic group and clearly showed a difference between the two groups, could be explained by the down regulatory effects of the two *Lactobacillus* strains on activated CD4+ cells. The observed reduction in CD3+CD4+ cells in the placebo group may be considered as secondary to the compartmentalization of gluten-sensitive lymphocytes within the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, naïve Th cells (CD45RA+) were reduced meanwhile the percentage of effector and memory Th cells (CD45RO+) was higher in the placebo group, which has previously been observed in untreated celiac disease patients and explained by higher percentages of circulating CD45+ αβTcR+ and γδTcR+ lymphocytes activated by gluten \[[@B36-nutrients-11-01925]\]. This explanation is further strengthened by the finding of an increased percentage of CD45RO+ cells also expressing CCR4 in the placebo group, suggesting a re-circulation of primed regulatory T cells. CCR4 is an important chemokine receptor for recruitment of T cells to the sight of inflammation and it is highly expressed on differentiated regulatory T cells \[[@B37-nutrients-11-01925]\]. The increase of CD4+CD25^high^CD45RO+CCR4+ cells as well as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in the placebo group indicate an attempt to extinguish an ongoing intestinal inflammation and the immune response to dietary gluten antigens as previously described \[[@B19-nutrients-11-01925]\].
Another finding of importance was the peripheral changes in NKT cells over time in the probiotic group, which was not observed in the placebo-children. The population of NK and NKT cells has been found to decrease in both tissue and periphery in active celiac disease, however contradictory results have been found in comparison between adults and children \[[@B38-nutrients-11-01925]\]. Moreover, NK cells can function by promoting or even protecting against the onset of autoimmune conditions and in patients at risk of developing celiac disease the absolute count of NK cells was significantly higher in intermediate risk patients than in high-risk and low-risk patients \[[@B39-nutrients-11-01925]\].
In contrast to the peripheral immune response, the effects on the tTG autoantibody levels in both groups and for respective Ig isotype after intervention were less clear. There was overall no difference in the median levels of the tTG autoantibody between the two groups over time, albeit the decrease in levels were stronger for IgA-tTG than that of IgG-tTG. It is well known that the IgA-tTG levels decrease more rapidly than that of IgG-tTG in celiac disease patients treated with a gluten-free diet \[[@B34-nutrients-11-01925]\], and it is possible that the same phenomenon could be observed after probiotic consumption. Another reason for the divergent results could be due to a reduced power of the study to find differences between participants detected in the outer ranges of low and high tTG autoantibody levels. Using CDA and not celiac disease as an endpoint could be considered as another limitation of the study. Not all individuals with CDA necessarily develop celiac disease although the vast majority of patients have CDA prior to or at diagnosis. Furthermore, the intervention of this study was for a rather short and limited time. Therefore, this study cannot conclude that probiotics may prevent celiac disease, or have proven effects on the intestinal mucosa, albeit a peripheral response was significant already after six months of intervention. Indeed, the long-term effects of probiotics if given continuously over an extended period of time would be valuable.
5. Conclusions {#sec5-nutrients-11-01925}
==============
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that a daily oral administration of *L. plantarum* HEAL9 and *L. paracasei* 8700:2 may modulate the peripheral immune response in children with CDA. These findings need to be evaluated in larger longer follow-up studies before any potential preventive effects of *Lactobacillus* on the development of celiac disease can be attributed.
6. Patents {#sec6-nutrients-11-01925}
==========
D. Agardh (M.D., Ph.D.) is stated as inventor in a patent application based on the results of the clinical trial but have signed over all legal rights to the patent to Probi AB.
We thank all the Probi AB (Lund, Sweden) for kindly supplying the study products.
The following are available online at <https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/8/1925/s1>, File S1: The study protocol, File S2: Consort 2010 checklist, File S3: Raw research data, File S4: Raw research data; Figure S1: Consort flow diagram.
######
Click here for additional data file.
Conceptualization, D.A.; Data curation, C.A.A. and C.B.; Formal analysis, Å.H., C.A.A., C.B., E.O., G.M. and D.A.; Funding acquisition, D.A.; Investigation, C.A.A. and C.B.; Methodology, Å.H., C.A.A., C.B., G.M. and D.A.; Project administration, C.A.A. and D.A.; Resources, D.A.; Software, Å.H. and D.A.; Supervision, C.A.A. and D.A.; Validation, Å.H., C.A.A., C.B., E.O., G.M. and D.A.; Visualization, Å.H., C.A.A., C.B., E.O., G.M. and D.A.; Writing---original draft, Å.H.; Writing---review and editing, C.A.A., C.B., E.O., G.M. and D.A.
This research was funded by Stiftelsen Samariten, FoU Region Skåne, SUS fonder, Swedish Celiac Disease Foundation, Swedish Research Foundation, Crafoords stiftelse, and Dr Per Håkanssons stiftelse, which were used to finance data collection and expenses for sample analyses. Probi AB sponsored and provided the study product. The article study was written by the authors paid by their institutions. Daniel Agardh, the corresponding author, had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
D. Agardh is stated as inventor in a patent application based on the results of the clinical trial but have signed over all legal rights to the patent to Probi AB. Probi AB has developed and supplied the study material (active and placebo products) for the trial as well as financially supported the trial with minor costs for analysis material. None of the authors are employed by Probi AB and no salaries, consultancy fees etc. have been paid by Probi AB to the authors in connection with the trial. G. Molin is a minority shareholder in Probi AB. Å. Håkansson, C. Andrén Aronsson, C. Brundin and E. Oscarsson have no conflicts of interest to declare.
nutrients-11-01925-t001_Table 1
######
Demographics and study-specific measures at the baseline visit. Measures are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR), Q1--Q3.
Variable Probiotic Group Placebo Group *p*-Value ^1^
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------------
Age (years, median (IQR)) 5 (3--7) 4 (3--6) 0.284
Weight (kg, median (IQR)) 21 (18--25) 20 (17--22) 0.182
Length (cm, median (IQR)) 116 (102--126) 109 (102--117) 0.243
IgA-tTG (U/mL, median (IQR))^2^ 4.71 (1.58--12.21) 4.38 (1.90--13.19) 0.891
IgG-tTG (U/mL, median (IQR)) ^2^ 1.57 (1.11--4.74) 1.60 (1.24--4.59) 0.848
First degree relative diagnosed with celiac disease (*n* (%)) 6 (15.0) 3 (7.9) 0.334
Use of foods/supplements fortified with probiotics before study start (*n* (%)) 19 (48) 18 (47) 0.995
^1^ Wilcoxon signed rank test. Two-sided. ^2^ tTG -tissue transglutaminase.
nutrients-11-01925-t002_Table 2
######
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) distribution among the 78 children that completed the study.
HLA-Type Probiotic Group n (%) Placebo Group *n* (%) *p*-Value ^1^
----------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ---------------
DR3-DQ2/DR3-DQ2 15 (37.5) 13 (34.2) 0.8162
DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 10 (25.0) 16 (42.1) 0.1500
DR4-DQ8/DR4-DQ8 10 (25.0) 7 (18.4) 0.5869
DR4-DQ8/DR8/DQ4 4 (10.0) 2 (5.3) 0.6755
DR4/DR12 1 (2.5) 0 (0.0) 1.000
^1^ Fisher's exact test. Two-sided *p*-value.
nutrients-11-01925-t003_Table 3
######
Absolute changes in lymphocyte subsets within the groups and between groups after six months presented as median (IQR) percentage gated cells and median (IQR) percentage of total cell.
Study Outcome Probiotic Group Placebo Group Probiotic Group vs. Placebo Group
----------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------------- ------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- -------- -------
Gated
0 8.79 (5.22--11.84) 7.07 (5.56--9.47) −1.61 (−4.37--2.53) 0.264 7.18 (4.63--9.98) 7.65 (5.75--13.09) +2.18 (−1.99--6.14) 0.061 0.038
CD3+CD56+ 0.44 (0.37--0.79) 0.44 (0.23--0.69) −0.16 (−0.34--0.11) 0.03 0.46 (0.32--0.69) 0.58 (0.45--0.88) +0.18 (−0.11--0.38) 0.108 0.008
CD3+CD4+CD45RA+ CD45RO- 68.60 (60.83--71.05) 65.01 (62.70--71.12) −0.59 (−3.76--4.08) 0.746 71.52 (64.93--75.27) 68.87 (58.61--71.14) −4.03 (−8.75−0.88) 0.002 0.022
CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CD45RO+ 18.46 (13.64--23.55) 18.40 (14.12--22.06) +0.05 (−4.32--3.32) 0.851 14.89 (11.85--19.43) 17.85 (13.06--21.56) +3.82 (−0.37--7.08) 0.003 0.02
CD4+CCR4+CD45RO+ 65.03 (59.52--72.07) 66.43 (61.31--74.79) +0.50 (−5.79--6.98) 1 65.73 (56.81--72.67) 69.99 (65.23--77.56) +5.86 (1.00--16.46) 0.003 0.011
CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ 28.76 (20.95--39.98) 30.19 (23.73--39.65) −0.80 (−8.39--3.15) 0.522 39.71 (29.77--44.41) 35.89 (19.59--41.02) −3.76 (−13.51--2.30) 0.018 0.193
CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ 49.80 (38.49--62.09) 49.82 (42.48--59.20) +4.67 (−6.18--8.87) 0.416 44.76 (33.99--51.10) 48.32 (41.49--65.68) +12.56 (4.70--18.53) 0.0006 0.003
CD4+CD25+CCR4+ CD45RO+ 70.63 (64.65--77.49) 72.53 (65.35--81.45) +2.40 (−3.74--11.31) 0.237 68.36 (60.54--75.96) 75.77 (70.7--81.39) +6.65 (2.83--12.86) 0.0007 0.083
CD4+CD25^high^+CCR4+CD45RO+ 75.68 (67.80--85.28) 78.81 (68.20--83.74) +3.97 (−4.42--7.85) 0.326 73.76 (63.43--82.79) 82.87 (77.06--89.13) +7.88 (0.19--15.87) 0.001 0.045
CD3+CD4+CCR9+β7+ 1.34 (1.01--1.94) 1.46 (1.16--2.05) +0.21 (−0.44--0.40) 0.623 1.65 (1.21--2.35) 1.42 (1.06--2.13) −0.33 (−1.06--0.09) 0.024 0.038
CD4+CD25+ 8.82 (7.23--12.44) 9.11 (7.58--11.18) −0.10 (−3.31--2.51) 0.839 9.15 (7.14--12.51) 9.88 (7.63--12.37) +1.37 (0.01--3.06) 0.012 0.1
CD4+CD25^high^ 3.93 (3.10--5.34) 4.30 (3.12--4.96) +0.08 (−1.41--1.55) 0.867 4.04 (2.99--5.21) 4.63 (3.43--5.54) +1.06 (−0.27--1.7) 0.008 0.103
0 8.79 (5.22--11.84) 7.07 (5.56--9.47) −1.61 (−4.37--2.53) 0.264 7.18 (4.63--9.98) 7.65 (5.75--13.09) +2.18 (−1.99--6.14) 0.061 0.038
CD3+CD56+ 0.44 (0.37--0.79) 0.44 (0.23--0.69) −0.16 (−0.34--0.11) 0.03 0.46 (0.32--0.69) 0.58 (0.45--0.88) +0.18 (−0.11--0.38) 0.108 0.008
CD3+CD4+CD45RA+ CD45RO- 68.60 (60.83--71.05) 65.01 (62.70--71.12) −0.59 (−3.76--4.08) 0.746 71.52 (64.93--75.27) 68.87 (58.61--71.14) −4.03 (−8.75-−0.88) 0.002 0.022
CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CD45RO+ 18.46 (13.64--23.55) 18.40 (14.12--22.06) +0.05 (−4.32--3.32) 0.851 14.89 (11.85--19.43) 17.85 (13.06--21.56) +3.82 (−0.37--7.08) 0.003 0.02
CD4+CCR4+CD45RO+ 65.03 (59.52--72.07) 66.43 (61.31--74.79) +0.50 (−5.79--6.98) 1 65.73 (56.81--72.67) 69.99 (65.23--77.56) +5.86 (1.00--16.46) 0.003 0.011
CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ 28.76 (20.95--39.98) 30.19 (23.73--39.65) −0.80 (−8.39--3.15) 0.522 39.71 (29.77--44.41) 35.89 (19.59--41.02) −3.76 (−13.51--2.30) 0.018 0.193
CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ 49.80 (38.49--62.09) 49.82 (42.48--59.20) +4.67 (−6.18--8.87) 0.416 44.76 (33.99--51.10) 48.32 (41.49--65.68) +12.56 (4.70--18.53) 0.0006 0.003
CD4+CD25+CCR4+ CD45RO+ 70.63 (64.65--77.49) 72.53 (65.35--81.45) +2.40 (−3.74--11.31) 0.237 68.36 (60.54--75.96) 75.77 (70.7--81.39) +6.65 (2.83--12.86) 0.0007 0.083
CD4+CD25^high^+CCR4+CD45RO+ 75.68 (67.80--85.28) 78.81 (68.20--83.74) +3.97 (−4.42--7.85) 0.326 73.76 (63.43--82.79) 82.87 (77.06--89.13) +7.88 (0.19--15.87) 0.001 0.045
CD3+CD4+CCR9+β7+ 1.34 (1.01--1.94) 1.46 (1.16--2.05) +0.21 (−0.44--0.40) 0.623 1.65 (1.21--2.35) 1.42 (1.06--2.13) −0.33 (−1.06--0.09) 0.024 0.038
CD4+CD25+ 8.82 (7.23--12.44) 9.11 (7.58--11.18) −0.10 (−3.31--2.51) 0.839 9.15 (7.14--12.51) 9.88 (7.63--12.37) +1.37 (0.01--3.06) 0.012 0.1
CD4+CD25^high^ 3.93 (3.10--5.34) 4.30 (3.12--4.96) +0.08 (−1.41--1.55) 0.867 4.04 (2.99--5.21) 4.63 (3.43--5.54) +1.06 (−0.27--1.7) 0.008 0.103
Total
CD3+CD4+ 14.95 (10.80--20.37) 11.75 (9.27--20.92) −3.01 (−8.31--5.96) 0.229 14.04 (10.03--25.67) 13.35 (8.18--19.15) −4.07 (−9.65--1.14) 0.039 0.668
CD3+CD4+CD62L^low^+ 2.42 (1.47--3.53) 1.85 (1.46--3.03) −0.67 (−1.47--0.56) 0.333 2.56 (1.78--4.19) 2.06 (1.28--3.06) −0.83 (−1.91--0.49) 0.051 0.456
CD3+CD8+CD62L^low^+ 2.53 (1.53--3.42) 2.43 (1.71--3.31) −0.10 (−0.98--0.87) 0.792 2.70 (1.74--4.19) 2.02 (1.22--2.89) −0.85 (−1.52--0.30) 0.014 0.088
CD3+CD8+CD45RA+ CD45RO- 5.23 (3.50--8.59) 5.79 (3.73--7.99) −0.26 (−2.06--2.70) 0.402 5.57 (3.65--9.36) 4.70 (3.40--6.19) −1.71 (−4.96--1.27) 0.031 0.195
| 2023-10-31T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5966 |
This talk will cover 8 libraries through which you can measurably increase the quality of your application and improve the end-user experience. We will start with a quick overview of each library including their use cases and brief code examples. After we have been introduced to the libraries individually, we'll deep-dive into two examples of how combining these together can greatly simplify your application. The first example will cover the complexities of network request and response dispatching and how to separate its logic away from your UI. The second example will build on the first in order to leverage proper testing techniques on the desktop and on the device for an end-to-end tested solution. | 2023-08-12T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/2628 |
The present specification generally relates to image sensor arrays, and particularly to a contoured-surface cover plate for such image sensor arrays.
When a sensor array is mounted on an image sensor assembly such as a digital camera system, the sensor array is sealed for protection by bonding a cover plate on the assembly over the sensor array. Often, the cover plate is a flat piece of transparent material, such as glass, plastic or plexiglass, which provides protection only from the environment. The cover plate offers little in terms of optical enhancement.
On the other hand, competition for cheap camera systems is driving demand for high quality optics at a low price. However, such high quality optics are difficult to design and fabricate without the use of multiple lensing elements. Therefore, the use of multiple lensing elements often drives the price up. In addition, the lensing elements, once fabricated, must be mounted and aligned to the camera system at fairly tight tolerances in positioning, focus, and attitude. This also adds to the overall cost of the camera system. | 2024-04-06T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5489 |
Antisthenes of Agrigentum
Antisthenes () was a man of ancient Rome from Agrigentum. He was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as an instance of the immense wealth which private citizens possessed at Agrigentum. When his daughter was married, more than 800 carriages went in the nuptial procession.
Notes
Category:People from Agrigento
Category:Ancient Romans | 2023-12-18T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9200 |
Ipswich Town head to Rotherham in search of first League win
Paul Hurst’s Ipswich Town head to Rotherham United in search of first League win this season.
The Blues began their Sky Bet Championship campaign with an entertaining 2-2 home draw against Blackburn Rovers. Led by former Tractor Boy, Tony Mowbray, the Rovers were behind inside ten minutes as Gwion Edwards headed in on his home debut.
Striker from Danny Graham and Bradley Dack put the visitors ahead before substitute Tayo Edun – on loan from Fulham – curled in a late stoppage time equaliser to rescue a point.
Meanwhile, Rotherham were comfortably beaten 4-1 at Brentford. Neal Maupay and Sergi Canos gave the hosts a first-half lead. Second half goals from Ollie Watkins and Lewis Macleod extended their lead, while Maupay added to his tally. Will Vaulks scored in stoppage-time but it proved only to be a consolation goal for the Yorkshire side.
Darren Potter is the Miller’s only absentee as he continues his recovery from a second Achilles operation, although Jamie Proctor could return to the squad.
Blues boss Hurst – who made 438 League appearances for the Millers – may look to give new signings Toto Nsiala, Jon Nolan and Kayden Jackson debuts. Teddy Bishop, Emyr Huws and Danny Rowe have returned to training but it is too early for them to feature.
While a first win of the season will be Hurst’s prime target, a victory against Rotherham has often come hard to come by for the Tractor Boys and tomorrow’s match will be another test for the former Shrewsbury boss.
Hurst faced Rotherham three times last season but only managed one win, suffering defeat once against the Millers in the regular League campaign and in the Sky Bet League One play-off final.
The Millers have won three and drawn one of their previous five meetings with Ipswich. Meanwhile, during the 2016-17 season, their relegation season, Ipswich were the only team who were unable to beat the Millers – drawing and losing once.
Speaking ahead of the trip to Yorkshire, Blues boss Hurst spoke of his delight at capturing a number of his transfer targets.
“Overall I think we’ve had a pretty productive transfer window. We’ve brought in more players than we first envisaged we’d be able to.” he said to the Club Website.
“Obviously that’s on the back of a couple of sales, but I think we’ve used that money to strengthen the squad as a whole.” | 2024-01-28T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/8324 |
Help ID please
I am under the impression the last three are Red star, Buff Orpington, and Barnvelder......I am new and would appreciate ID and sex help of the bird in the first pic....as well as possible confirmation of the other three guesses....Thanks.
Holwachagot
The first one is a picture of a silkie chicken and I believe it is a rooster (althought I am not 100%, that would be my guess, due to the fancier feathers in the tail). I am pretty sure others in here that are more familiar with silkies will also give you their best shot. In the second picture, you have a red-sex link also know as red star, you have a buff orpington and what looks like to me a mix one, I am not sure she looks just like a barnevelder, there is something else in her. By the way she is absolutely gorgeous.
The first one looks like a male silkie. Do you have any better pictures of the chickens in the second one? Judging on the pic I think you're right for the ID of the 3 (the red star could be some type of production red)
The first bird looks like a Partridge Silkie cockerel. The red hen on the left in the second photo is a Red Sex-Link, the middle bird is a Buff Orpington, and I'm not sure on the bird on the right. It could be a Barnavelder, but the photo is kind of blurry so I'm not sure.
The first bird looks like a Partridge Silkie cockerel. The red hen on the left in the second photo is a Red Sex-Link, the middle bird is a Buff Orpington, and I'm not sure on the bird on the right. It could be a Barnavelder, but the photo is kind of blurry so I'm not sure.
Thanks guys!!
You can't tell from the pic above but Tempura Lorax is gnawing on my hand while I am tryin to photo "Big Momma"
Meanwhile I am laughing and cussing at it.....I fear my laughter was encouraging his attacks now....regardless....
his beak is gonna write a check he can't cash one day....
Mid Peck
Raring back for a stronger whack on my finger....which worked....
Frenchie with a tree frog....she squawked in celebration and tossed and pecked this frog around.....then when sure she had it like she liked it in her mouth......SWALLOWED IT WHOLE....and strutted back over where she found it to scratch for more....all the while clucking and talking like she won the lottery......I assume it's ok because she certainly knew what to do with it.....
playing with her prize....she ran the other hens off very verbally while she had this frog....I still chuckle at the noises she was making...
Thanks to you both for the replies! Big Momma is actually the sister of my neighbors bird....which were both ordered as Barnvelders from a chicken seller ....She is by far the most alert of the birds and first to be aware of our rat terrier....buffy is oblivious until big momma alerts and lil red could care less....because both to my pleasure and horror lil red has absolutely no fear of the dog...or anybody....she is the sweetest one around us too...she actually pecked susie(dog) on the nose trying to eat one of her spots....which did two weeks worth of dog training attmpts in one foul peck....
The Tempura Lorax did a full flying jumping flapping attempting to karate kick me attack this morning..... Ran across the yard at me to do it.....I laughed so hard I cried at this little rascals nerve. He won't be doing that anymore....I threw a towel over him mid attack and he won't come near me now..... BUT.....the whole point of this little story....about five minutes after that I thought a chicken was being molested ....a new sound was reverberating through the storm windows! I rushed to the back door to go save my hens and what did I find? The Lorax on the back poch...head up.....wings going on the ground and letting out the LOUDEST squawking I have ever heard. Like you guys said......HE is no SHE......anybody want a bird? He is not aggresssive AT all with the my hens....they actually dominate him....but are starting to tolerate his presence with them....I have to find him a home soon.....he is gorgeous to my untrained eye!
Holwachagot | 2024-03-13T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/5745 |
Days 10 & 11: How Things Work
I’ve written before that one of the most common reactions people have to hearing that we homeschool is, “Oh God, I could never spend that much time with my kid.”
I usually reassure them that it’s not that bad. That’s it’s like when they were babies. It’s overwhelming at first, but that you eventually settle in. Which is all true. But also kind of a lie.
There are days, like most of last week, when being around the boys feels like a long, slow tooth extraction, without pain meds. “Just get it out already!”
Which is why, even thought I miss them when they are gone for even a few hours, it’s helpful for my sanity – and theirs – that they take a few classes with someone other than me. On Wednesdays, I drop them off with at the home of one of the boys who comes here on Mondays. His mother Lisa teaches a science class from nine to ten-thirty. This semester she’s teaching a class on simple machines. Yesterday was the first day of the class, and it was amazing. They had watched a bunch of videos about simple machines before class, so they could jump right into yesterday. They talked about the properties of inclined planes and the relationship between work, effort (force), and distance. Then they started building stuff. It’s exactly the kind of science I have always wanted to do with the boys but haven’t had the energy to pull off.
After class, they eat and play for half an hour before they take a literature class with another mother, Susan, with whom I co-teach the humanities class. The kids are reading (or listening to) Tom Sawyer, and yesterday was their first class. The boys loved it. Ezra told the teacher that, “Tom Sawyer is my new role model. He gets away with everything and he’s so bad.”
And all the while, I was at Panera writing with my friend Kathy.
It’s true that you get used to spending exactly as much time with your children as you choose to. And leaning in to the dread of spending so much time with the boys has taught me a lot about myself. I’ve become less selfish by extending myself to them the way I do. But I’ve also become more appreciative of the time that I’m not with them.
For one thing, it helps me appreciate Thursdays, when I spend the day with the two boys and two of the girls from our group. And appreciate today I did. Shayla taught Zach and Ezra to use a knitting loom and they both started on hats. They did that and read for a couple of hours while Sol finished her scrapbook.
Ezra took off for an hour at noon to walk to the local public school, where he gets services for his dyslexia and fine motor skills. He loves working with the occupational therapist and special education teacher.. (Maybe it’s not just me who likes to get a break from all our togetherness.)
While he was gone, Shayla, Zach and I headed to the printer to pick up the bound copies of the books they all wrote. Lots of jumping up and down and squealing. It’s like they couldn’t quite believe that they had made them.
In the afternoon, the kids all spent an hour-and-a-half on science homework, and then we went to Whole Foods so they could eat ice cream and I could read a chapter from How Things Work about inclined planes. It was fascinating. If you’ve read this blog for a while, you’ll know that I have an engineering degree and yet know almost nothing about science. Oh well, I know a little more after this afternoon.
So there you have it : One morning to myself so that I can better be present on the next. That’s how things work around here. | 2023-11-04T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6397 |
[FLASHBACK] England's 18-year wait ends
September 12, 2005, was the last day of cricket in England for two Australian legends - Shane Warne and Glenn McGrath. But, it wasn't a memorable day for the pair as England finally regained the Ashes after 18 years at the end of one of the greatest ever Test series.
Kevin Pietersen blazed his way to a brilliant 158 in the second innings to ensure the draw that England needed to win the series. And, Michael Vaughan was able to raise the urn in triumph despite the best efforts of Warne and McGrath.
Gallery View:[FLASHBACK] England's 18-year wait ends
The England team celebrate during the presentations as they regain the Ashes during day five of the Fifth npower Ashes Test between England and Australia played at The Brit Oval on September 12, 2005 in London, United Kingdom.
The England team celebrate during the presentations as they regain the Ashes during day five of the Fifth npower Ashes Test between England and Australia played at The Brit Oval on September 12, 2005 in London, United Kingdom.
Pakistan's Wahab Riaz delivered one of the great World Cup bowling performances in the quarterfinal against Australia. Sadly for him, his lion-hearted efforts didn't translate into a win for his team. The left-arm pacer's short-pitched bowling accounted for David Warner and Michael Clarke. He could have … More » World Cup: Wahab's Incredible Spell Against Australia | 2023-11-23T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6600 |
Wild turkeys terrorized a Central Florida senior community this spring, charging octogenarians using walkers, chasing golf carts and cornering residents in their garages, according to law enforcement reports and resident accounts of the months-long bird assault.
The harassment turned more serious in March when a resident of the 120-home Wedgewood Manor neighborhood in Zephyrhills, fell and broke his hip after being attacked by two male turkeys while walking.
Jerry Danford, 81, said the turkeys repeatedly flew up at him trying to slash him with their talons.
"It was a coordinated attack," Danford said. "One would fly at me and when I was fighting that one off, the other one would come at me."
Danford needed surgery to repair his hip and stitches for slashes he suffered behind his ear.
“He was laying there 10 minutes or so before someone found him,” said Bob Dunkle, vice president of the homeowners association. “Turkeys can be scary and some of the people here are in their 90s. Having a turkey run up to you when you are getting out of your car is frightening.”
WATCH: Wild turkey goes on walks with furry Florida friend
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission officers visited the community at least twice, including in late May when Dunkle called to inquire about trapping or killing turkeys that continued to bully residents.
“Residents recounted turkeys in front yards prohibiting people from exiting dwellings, residents having to run to cars or into homes as turkeys approached, turkeys chasing vehicles and golf carts and attacking cars,” an FWC report notes. “A Chihuahua on a nearby street is said to be the only thing the turkeys fear and when he runs after them, turkeys leave the area.”
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Zephyrhills is in a hunting zone that allows turkey taking during the fall and winter, according to the FWC’s website.
Dunkle said he was told turkeys couldn’t even be trapped until hunting season.
RELATED: The northeast has colorful leaves, South Florida has vultures
Instead, he said FWC recommended “hazing” the turkeys. Hazing includes chasing the turkeys, waving your arms, clapping your hands, spraying with a “strong water jet from a hose,” and opening a large umbrella while facing them.
Also recommended is waving or swatting at them with a broom, as long as you don’t touch them, and allowing a “large dog on a leash to bark and scare them.”
“The thing about our residents trying to haze them with an umbrella or garden hose is they can’t just run around the corner to get their hose when they're using canes and walkers, so it was more difficult for us to deal with,” Dunkle said.
Wedgewood Manor resident Terry Narum said he was disappointed with FWC’s response.
“We are talking about a life or death situation,” Narum said. “My kids raised turkeys for 4H projects. They can be vicious.”
RELATED: Interactive map shows where Florida's nuisance alligators were reported
FWC did assign volunteers to haze the turkeys. They visited the community at least five times.
“I felt like they put a lot of effort into helping us,” Dunkle said about FWC.
There is a suspicion someone was feeding the turkeys, which can make them lose their natural fear of people and cause them to act aggressively.
According to FWC, wild turkeys can become a public safety concern because of they have powerful wings, have sharp spurs and can weigh more than 20 pounds. Once aggressive behavior is established, it’s difficult to change, according to FWC.
Dunkle said the aggression from the turkeys has subsided, but that the community is still considering hiring trappers in the fall when season opens.
“I don’t think anyone in our development of 120 houses thinks anything but that this will start up again next year,” Narum said.
Kmiller@pbpost.com
@KmillerWeather | 2023-12-08T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/6233 |
Calendar
Gone are those days when it was acceptable for men to just roll out of their bed and go about their day. In today’s date, it is important for men to stay groomed and look presentable irrespective of what field they’re working in. These are a few grooming tips for men that will simplify your grooming routine and ensure that you cover the essentials!
1)Take care of your beard and mustache
Do not trim your beard or mustache when it is wet. When they are wet, the hair would appear to be longer. As a result, you’ll end up trimming more than you want to.
Comb through the hair on your beard and mustache, and then cut the extra hair for the desired result.
2)Work on your eyebrows!
Work on maintaining your eyebrows yourself or go to a salon to ask for pro help. No one likes a guy with bushy eyebrows or a uni-brow. Pluck out those extra unruly hair and shape your
brows.
3)Take care of your face
Your face is probably your best feature, flaunt it. Take care of the skin on your face. Keep soap away, rather use a face-wash that suits your face type. There are face-washes available for every skin type, be it oily or dry. Figure out the perfect face-wash for your skin type, and do not forget to moisturize.
4) Do NOT pop that pimple
We know that you want to pop that pimple very badly, don’t. No matter how much you want to, don’t pop it. The only thing popping that thing is gonna do is leave a nasty scar. Let it heal on its own, it’ll get better eventually.
5) Get your acne treated
Swap your regular soap for a body wash that suits your skin. Treat the acne on your body as per its need. Visit a dermatologist if necessary.
6) Trim those extra hair
No woman likes a man with hair coming out of his ears or nose. Every woman likes a well maintained guy, so groom yourself. Trim those extra hair, even if you believe they aren’t that visible. Girls will notice, they always do.
7) Go for classic deodorants
You see ladies running after men who have sprayed a particular brand’s deodorant, but have you ever seen that happen in reality? No. And neither is it gonna ever happen. Stick with the old classic deodorants, they give you an alpha male aura.
8) Keep a clean shave if you can’t grow a beard
No beard is better than a patchy beard. A patchy beard is just gonna make you appear shabby and unkempt. Either trim that beard, or shave it off altogether.
Follow these tips if you want a simple grooming routine. Nothing can stop you from looking great. Just ensure that you take care of the basic beauty needs of your body. Grooming is an aspect which is generally overlooked by many men, do not fall into the same category as them. | 2024-01-22T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1569 |
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}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "delete",
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "=",
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "10"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "14"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "two three four"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "15"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "one two three four"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "update",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"set": [
{
"type": "assignment",
"target": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
},
"value": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "update two five"
}
}
],
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "=",
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "8"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "16"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "five"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "delete",
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "=",
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "13"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "17"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "one five"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "18"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "two five"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "19"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "one two five"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "delete",
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "=",
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "16"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "20"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "three five"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "21"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "one three five"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "insert",
"action": "insert",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "expression",
"format": "table",
"name": "t1",
"columns": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
]
},
"result": [
{
"type": "expression",
"variant": "list",
"expression": [
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "22"
},
{
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "two three five"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "delete",
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "=",
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "19"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "update",
"into": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"set": [
{
"type": "assignment",
"target": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
},
"value": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "update"
}
}
],
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "=",
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
},
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "decimal",
"value": "15"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "select",
"result": [
{
"type": "function",
"name": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "function",
"name": "count"
},
"args": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "star",
"name": "*"
}
}
],
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
}
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "select",
"result": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
}
],
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "match",
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "update"
},
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "select",
"result": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
}
],
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "match",
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "one"
},
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "select",
"result": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
}
],
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "match",
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "two"
},
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "select",
"result": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
}
],
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "match",
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "three"
},
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "select",
"result": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
}
],
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "match",
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "four"
},
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
}
]
},
{
"type": "statement",
"variant": "select",
"result": [
{
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "rowid"
}
],
"from": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "table",
"name": "t1"
},
"where": [
{
"type": "expression",
"format": "binary",
"variant": "operation",
"operation": "match",
"right": {
"type": "literal",
"variant": "text",
"value": "five"
},
"left": {
"type": "identifier",
"variant": "column",
"name": "content"
}
}
]
}
]
} | 2023-08-08T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9815 |
Ramipril: a review of the new ACE inhibitor.
Ramipril is a long acting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which exhibits similar pharmacodynamic properties to Captopril and Enalapril. Like Enalapril, it is a prodrug, which is hydrolyzed after absorption to form the active metabolite ramiprilat which has a long elimination half-life, permitting once daily administration. In the dose range 2.5-10 mg once daily the drug has been effective and well tolerated during treatment for up to two years. In dosages of 5 or 10 mg once daily the antihypertensive efficacy of Ramipril was comparable with usual therapeutic dosages of Captopril, Enalapril, and Atenolol. | 2023-09-07T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/2899 |
Mar 3, 2013
KFC Japan offers a permanent "All-You-Can-Eat" buffet in all of one location in all of Japan. It's located in Osaka and has become somewhat of a tourist destination, where some people travel from around the country to check it out. Why?
Because it has special items like this:
The Crispy Rice Bowl is currently featured at the location and features a rice bowl topped with shredded cabbage, tempura fried chicken, and finished with a generous (some might say excessive) drizzle of mayo and a sprinkling of seaweed.
Also currently featured is this biscuit-based dessert:
It's a KFC biscuit (I haven't been able to figure out why the Japanese version has a donut-like hole in the middle, but they do) topped with soft serve and maple syrup.
Beyond that you can get the stuff you'll find on the normal KFC Japan menu like Fried Chicken, chicken nuggets, fries, and biscuits, but also pasta, soup, rice, croquettes, shumai (kinda random), and a salad bar.
All-you-can-eat buffets tend to come with time limits in Japan and at this location 1290 yen or about $13.79 (1490 yen on the weekends), gets you an hour to gorge.
The buffet runs from 11:00am to 3:00pm on the weekdays and 10:00am to 8:00pm on the weekends and holidays. | 2023-10-06T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9452 |
Q:
How would I tile a section of a texture in screen space?
Do forgive me if this has been asked before, I've been looking for the answer to this all day and all I'm coming up with is help with tile based 2D games. x~x
I'm trying to create a skinnable GUI in Direct3D 9, using an XML file that has positions for each element and an option to stretch or tile them. Stretching's a simple enough procedure, but I've been unable to figure out a way to tile a small section of a texture. Traditionally to tile a texture I would just set the UV coordinates to > 1.0, but the source texture coordinates are only going to be a small subset of the whole texture, such as 0.4 to 0.5.
I have a feeling I missed something really obvious, but how would I go about simply tiling instead of stretching? My best guess is it has something to do with having more than one set of texture coordinates, but from there, I'm not sure where to go.
The project currently uses the fixed function pipeline, so I would prefer an answer using that if possible, but I would not turn down an answer that uses a shader if that's the only way.
A:
I understand you want to tile only a subset of the texture, right? Then things get complicated.
Assume we want to tile u-coord between u1 and u2 values, u1 < u2.
Then we need a function f(u), so that
f(0.0) = u1
f(0.5) = (u1+u2)/2
f(0.9999) = u2
f(1.0) = u1
f(1.5) = (u1+u2)/2
f(1.9999) = u2
f(2.0) = u1
and so on...
An appropriate function is f(u) = frac(u) * (u2-u1) + u1
The same goes for v-coord, f(v) = frac(v) * (v2-v1) + v1
Notice that it's tiling without mirroring. If you need mirroring, then the function should be a triangular-wave function, which is t(x) = arcsin(sin(pi*(x-0.5)))/pi+0.5 and f(u) = t(u) * (u2-u1) + u1. Using trigonometric functions can be expensive though.
I don't know if it's possible with fixed pipeline, but you can do it easily in pixel shader (HLSL code):
// float2 tex_coord -> (u,v) from vertex shader, in [0,n] range,
// n - number of repetitions
// float2 tex1, tex2 -> constants, subrange of [0,1] coords that will be tiled
// no mirroring
float4 color = tex2D(sampler, frac(tex_coord) * (tex2-tex1) + tex1);
or
// mirroring, t(x) = arcsin(sin(pi*(x-0.5)))/pi+0.5
float4 color = tex2D(sampler, t(tex_coord) * (tex2-tex1) + tex1);
EDIT:
a better way to compute triangular-wave function: t1(x) = abs(2(0.5x-floor(0.5x+0.5))) or t2(x) = abs(2(frac(0.5x+0.5))-1) (not exactly the same as t1 but correct for non-negative numbers).
| 2024-07-20T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/9270 |
india
Updated: May 30, 2019 17:16 IST
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) workers in Indore on Thursday celebrated the sweeping election victory of the BJP-led alliance by polishing people’s shoes.
BJP Councillor Sanjay Kataria led the activists on Radisson Chowk where surprised passers-by were invited to get their footwear polished to celebrate Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s victory.
“Narendra Modi says no work is too small. He himself took the broom to clean (for Clean India campaign),” Kataria said, adding he had also ended the VIP culture.
(The story has been published from a wire feed without any modifications to the text, only the headline has been changed.) | 2023-12-03T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3727 |
Q:
How do I find out what version of Linux is running?
Sometimes your scripts need to behave differently on different Linux's. How can I determine which version of Linux a script is running on?
A:
There is no cross-distribution way. However:
Redhat and friends: Test for /etc/redhat-release, check contents
Debian: Test for /etc/debian_version, check contents
Mandriva and friends: Test for /etc/version, check contents
Slackware: Test for /etc/slackware-version, check contents
Etc. Generally speaking, check for /etc/*-release and /etc/*-version.
Edit: Found an old (1+ years) bash script of mine lying around that I must have cobbled together over the years (it has an impressive CVS log going back 6 years.) It might not work properly anymore as-is and I can't be bothered to find installed distros to test against, but it should provide you with a good starting point. It works fine on CentOS, Fedora and Gentoo. gyaresu tested it successfully on Debian Lenny.
#!/bin/bash
get_distribution_type()
{
local dtype
# Assume unknown
dtype="unknown"
# First test against Fedora / RHEL / CentOS / generic Redhat derivative
if [ -r /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions ]; then
source /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
[ zz`type -t passed 2>/dev/null` == "zzfunction" ] && dtype="redhat"
# Then test against SUSE (must be after Redhat,
# I've seen rc.status on Ubuntu I think? TODO: Recheck that)
elif [ -r /etc/rc.status ]; then
source /etc/rc.status
[ zz`type -t rc_reset 2>/dev/null` == "zzfunction" ] && dtype="suse"
# Then test against Debian, Ubuntu and friends
elif [ -r /lib/lsb/init-functions ]; then
source /lib/lsb/init-functions
[ zz`type -t log_begin_msg 2>/dev/null` == "zzfunction" ] && dtype="debian"
# Then test against Gentoo
elif [ -r /etc/init.d/functions.sh ]; then
source /etc/init.d/functions.sh
[ zz`type -t ebegin 2>/dev/null` == "zzfunction" ] && dtype="gentoo"
# For Slackware we currently just test if /etc/slackware-version exists
# and isn't empty (TODO: Find a better way :)
elif [ -s /etc/slackware-version ]; then
dtype="slackware"
fi
echo $dtype
}
Note that this will probably only work correctly in Bash. You could rewrite it for other shells.
That being said, you might want to test for features, not for distributions. I'm not using this anymore simply because it became a maintenance burden. It's easier to rely on cross-distribution tools and solutions.
Conceptually, what it does is, in order:
Pull in a known, "common init script function" type of file. Those are distribution-specific. If it doesn't exist, skip to next distribution check.
Check the existence of a specific, known-to-exist, often-used and unlikely to be renamed function from that core script. We do that using the type Bash builtin. type -t returns function if that symbol is a function. We prepend zz to the output from type -t 2>/dev/null because if the name isn't defined the output string would be empty and we'd get a syntax error about a missing left hand to the == operator. If the name we just checked isn't a function, skip to next distribution check, otherwise we found the distribution type.
Finally, echo the distribution type so the function output can be easily used in a case .. esac block.
Edit in case you're trying to run this as a straight script: This script is supposed to get sourced or included from other scripts. It does not output anything on its own if you run it as-is. To test it, source it and then invoke the function, e.g.:
source /path/to/this/script.sh
get_distribution_type
at the bash prompt.
Edit: Please note that this script does not require root privileges. I urge you not to run it as root. Shouldn't harm anything, but there's no need.
Found a link to a relevant mailing list post in the CVS log. Should be useful in unwrapping init script spaghetti.
A:
Don't try and make assumptions based on the distro as to what you can and cannot do, for that way lies madness (see also "User Agent detection"). Instead, detect whether what it is that you want to do is supported, and how it's done by whatever command or file location you want to use.
For example, if you wanted to install a package, you can detect whether you're on a Debian-like system or a RedHat-like system by checking for the existence of dpkg or rpm (check for dpkg first, because Debian machines can have the rpm command on them...). Make your decision as to what to do based on that, not just on whether it's a Debian or RedHat system. That way you'll automatically support any derivative distros that you didn't explicitly program in. Oh, and if your package requires specific dependencies, then test for those too and let the user know what they're missing.
Another example is fiddling with network interfaces. Work out what to do based on whether there's an /etc/network/interfaces file or an /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory, and go from there.
Yes, it's more work, but unless you want to remake all the mistakes that web developers have made over the past decade or more, you'll do it the smart way right from the start.
A:
You can find the kernel version by running uname -a, finding the distro version is dependant on the distro.
On Ubuntu and some other OS' you can run lsb_release -a or read /etc/lsb_release
Debian stores the version in /etc/debian_version
| 2023-12-27T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/2783 |
A recent Twin Cities high school football standout who committed to the Gophers but later changed his mind died in his St. Paul home Monday. Jovanny “Jojo” Garcia was 19 years old.
“Sadly, it appears” that Garcia committed suicide, police spokesman Steve Linders said in an e-mail to the Star Tribune.
Garcia was a star defensive tackle, first at Cretin-Derham Hall in St. Paul, then at East Ridge in Woodbury. However, East Ridge had to forfeit all of its 2013 and 2014 victories because Garcia was declared ineligible following a residency dispute.
“It affected him. I felt bad he had to go through that,” said John Griffin, assistant football coach at East Ridge High School.
Griffin said Garcia came from a “tough situation” at home and at one point lived in his car during high school.
“He needed football,” he said. “He needed that concept of team and family. I just worried that he would either end up in jail or dead one day.”
Garcia, who Griffin described as having a great smile and infectious personality, transferred to Simley High School in Inver Grove Heights but didn’t play football there.
Garcia committed to play for the University of Minnesota, but changed his mind when head coach Jerry Kill left in 2015. He then revealed his intention to play for Iowa Western, a junior college in Council Bluffs. That never materialized.
“The kid had unbelievable ability,” Griffin said. “It’s unfortunate.”
The Ramsey County medical examiner’s office said it’s awaiting toxicology test results before ruling on a cause and manner of death.
Paul Walsh is a general assignment reporter at the Star Tribune. He wants your news tips, especially in and near Minnesota. | 2024-05-08T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/3430 |
South Australia's big Tesla battery's output and storage will increase by 50 per cent, with help from the State and Federal Government.
Key points: The Hornsdale Power Reserve near Jamestown will be expanded by 50 per cent
The expansion will take the battery's total capacity to 150 megawatts
The upgrade is expected to be completed by mid-2020 and provide more security to the grid
Once labelled the "Hollywood solution" by Prime Minister Scott Morrison, who also likened it to the world's biggest banana or the world's biggest prawn, the expansion will be financed through the Federal Government's Clean Energy Finance Corporation.
French renewable energy company Neoen said it would take the battery's output from 100 to 150 megawatts, with the South Australian Government committing $15 million and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency contributing $8 million.
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Speculation about the expansion has been rife in renewable energy circles after a truck driver filmed several Tesla Powerpacks being delivered to the battery site, near Jamestown in the state's Mid North earlier this month.
It will also expand the battery's storage capacity to 193.5 megawatt hours, allowing it to operate at full power for more than an hour.
The battery was built in 2017 under an agreement between Tesla, Neoen and the former SA government.
Tesla boss Elon Musk flew to Adelaide to announce the battery's construction with then-premier Jay Weatherill, after promising to build it in 100 days or build it for free following a Twitter exchange with Australian tech billionaire Mike Cannon-Brookes.
The arrangement was mocked by several federal ministers, including the newly-installed Prime Minister Scott Morrison.
"By all means have the world's biggest battery, have the world's biggest banana, have the world's biggest prawn like we have on the roadside around the country," Mr Morrison said.
"But that is not solving the problem."
Former SA premier Jay Weatherill alongside Tesla boss Elon Musk in February 2018. ( Facebook )
In a statement confirming the Federal Government's investment in the battery expansion, Energy Minister Angus Taylor said it would improve response times on the worst days when demand was at its highest and the wind was not blowing and the sun was not shining.
"Projects like this, combined with the gas and pumped hydro projects that are coming online, are extremely important to the future integration of renewable energy to the South Australian grid," he said.
The original battery deal, partly funded by taxpayers, saw the battery's owner Neoen reserve some of its output to provide services to help stabilise the electricity grid.
The company claims that arrangement saved energy consumers more than $50 million over the battery's first year of operation.
Expansion expected to reduce retail energy costs
The South Australian Government's commitment to the battery's expansion will see energy consumers benefit from the arrangement even more.
SA Energy Minister Dan van Holst Pellekaan said it would result in a more secure and affordable power supply for the state.
The expansion is hoped to save consumers money. ( Tesla Motors: Timothy Artman )
"We know that the 100 megawatt capacity of the existing Hornsdale battery has saved South Australian electricity consumers $40 million per year since its inception," he said.
"This 50 per cent increase in capacity to the battery, plus the additional services that we will receive, will add an additional $47 million per year of savings to South Australia electricity consumers.
"The savings to the cost of the wholesale electricity will then, a year [or] two down the track, flow through to the retail costs that consumers pay."
Mr van Holst Pellekaan said that the expansion would enable a much faster response to system disturbances and store more power for peak demand.
"We have in the past had blackouts in South Australia, because we've had an insufficient quantity of electricity to make demand," Mr van Holst Pellekaan said.
"But we've also in the past had blackouts because the quality of the electricity has not been good enough.
"[The expansion] means that the wholesale power reserve will be able to increase or decrease frequency, increase or decrease voltage as necessary within milliseconds so that we can keep the quality to 240 volt 50 hertz supply, exactly where it needs to be."
The expansion is expected to be completed by July next year.
Tesla boss Elon Musk flew to Adelaide to announce the battery's construction. ( AAP: Ben Macmahon )
Opposition energy spokesman Tom Koutsantonis said Tuesday's announcement was a validation of the former state government's energy plan.
"It's a vindication that when South Australians work together, we can come up with breakthrough solutions," Mr Koutsantonis said.
"I just hope the Premier recognises that when he criticised the energy plan and the big battery, that criticism was misplaced.
"Indeed, I hope the Prime Minister recognises that by criticising the big battery as nothing more than a Big Banana or a Big Pineapple … that those type of demeaning remarks towards this cut-through technology doesn't serve the nation.
"A lot of the other states are still grappling with that transition, South Australia did it before everyone else.
"That's why I think we're ahead of the game."
Battery to replicate power station
The expanded battery could be used to replicate some of the features of a traditional coal or gas power station, to support further renewable energy expansion in South Australia.
The state has world-leading penetration of wind energy installed, but production is often curtailed because of technical limitations to the grid.
One of those limitations is a lack of inertia, a mechanical by-product of traditional synchronous coal, gas or hydro generators.
In a first for the National Electricity Market, the battery will also be used to test and demonstrate "digital inertia", replicating those services.
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency said the tests could help prevent the need to curtail wind or solar energy production.
The expanded battery could also help support increased power flow across the interconnector which links South Australia to Victoria, helping lower spot prices in both states. | 2023-12-29T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/1776 |
---
abstract: |
Unintegrated parton density functions (uPDFs) of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), also known as TMDPDFs, are generally used to study details of hadronic final states in high energy lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron collisions; while the integrated parton density functions (PDFs) are used for conventional deep inelastic inclusive processes. The self-similarity based Model of proton structure function $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ suggested in recent years are however based on specific uPDFs with self-similarity at small *x*. In this work, we study large *x* limit of such a Model and modify the defining uPDFs to make them compatible with theoretical expectations in such limit. Possibility of saturation of Froissart bound in this Model is discussed. We also reanalyze the PDFs in this approach using its conventional relation with TMDPDFs.\
\
\
\
author:
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$ \mathrm{Akbari \; Jahan}^{\star} $ and D K Choudhury\
Department of Physics, Gauhati University,\
Guwahati - 781 014, Assam, India.\
$ {}^{\star} $Email: akbari.jahan@gmail.com
title: 'Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Density Functions and a Self-Similarity based Model of Proton Structure Function $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ at Large and Small $ x $'
---
Introduction
============
Since nineteen eighties the notion of fractals has found its applicability in high energy physics through the self-similar nature of hadron multi-particle production processes [@1; @2; @3]. Specifically during mid-nineties, James D. Bjorken [@4] highlighted the fractality of parton cascades leading to the anomalous dimension of the phase space. Similarly in early twenties, fractal characters of hadrons had been pursued within a statistical quark model [@5] with considerable success.\
Relevance of these ideas in the contemporary physics of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) was first noted by Dremin and Levtchenko [@6] in early nineties where it was shown that saturation of hadron structure function at small *x* may proceed faster if the highly packed regions (hot spots) of proton have fractal structures. However, these ideas received wider attention in 2002 when Lastovicka [@7; @8] proposed a relevant formalism and a functional form of the structure function $ F_{2}(x,Q^2) $ at small *x*. In recent years, the formalism was further analyzed phenomenologically [@9; @10; @11].\
The study of structure functions at small *x* has become topical in view of the high energy colliders like HERA [@12] and LHC [@13; @14] where previously unexplored small *x* regime is being reached. In fixed-target DIS experiments scaling violations have been observed, i.e. the variation at fixed values of Bjorken-*x* of the structure functions with $ Q^{2} $, the squared four-momentum transfer between lepton and nucleon. These scaling violations of $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ are well described by the DGLAP evolution equations [@15; @16; @17]. The strong scaling violations observed at low *x* are attributed to the high gluon density in the proton. In the Quark Parton Model (QPM), $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ is the sum of the quark and anti-quark *x* distributions, weighted by the square of the electric quark charges, i.e. $$F_{2}(x,Q^2)= x\sum_{i}e_{i}^2(q_{i}(x,Q^2)+\bar{q_{i}}(x,Q^2))$$
The formalism of Ref. [@7; @8] was based on unintegrated parton density $ f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2}) $, or presently more familiar, Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Density Function TMDPDF [@18], where $ k_{t}^{2} $ is the parton transverse momentum squared. Structure function $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ was then obtained by using the relation $$q_{i}(x,Q^2)=\int\limits_0^{Q^{2}} \, dk_{t}^{2} \; f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2})$$
As TMDPDF $ f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ is by construction dimensionless, the integrated one $ q_{i}(x,Q^{2}) $ becomes dimension of inverse area contrary to the common expectation.\
One of the main objectives of the present paper is to study if this formalism can be reformulated by using the standard relation [@19; @20; @21]: $$q_{i}(x,Q^2)=\int\limits_0^{Q^{2}} \, \frac {dk_{t}^{2}}{k_{t}^{2}} \; f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2})$$ instead of Eq (2) so that the integrated quark density also becomes dimensionless.\
One of the boundary conditions of the structure function $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ is that it should vanish as $ x\rightarrow1 $ [@22; @23; @24], i.e. $$\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}F_{2}(x,Q^2)=0$$
In the present work we will explore if the Fractal Inspired Model of Ref. [@7; @8] is compatible with this condition. We will show that this boundary condition is not physically possible because the function becomes indeterminate. We will therefore go back to the original TMDPDF and modify it by introducing a new function $ h(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ in it.\
We also explore the possibility of incorporation of saturation of Froissart-Martin limit [@25; @26] within this approach as it has attracted attention in the recent literature [@27; @28; @29]. It is well-known that in the conventional QCD evolution equations like DGLAP [@15; @16; @17] and BFKL [@30; @31; @32], this limit is violated; while in DGLAP approach the small *x* gluons grow faster than any power of $ \ln 1/x \approx \ln (s/Q^{2}) $ [@22], in BFKL it grows as power of $ 1/x $ [@30; @31; @32; @33].\
The study of the Froissart-Martin bound in DIS is more complicated than that of the hadron-hadron case because we have the external virtual photon mass $ Q $ as an additional kinematic variable. A remarkable modification of the bound in DIS analysis has been suggested by Gribov [@34]. Later Gotsman, Levin and Maor [@35] proposed a generalization of the Gribov formula. We will comment on the implication of such generalization in the TMDPDFs.\
In the Ref. [@7; @8] the basic TMDPDFs have only one hard scale $ k_{t}^{2} $ (as in BFKL approach) but in general, it may have two hard scales: $ k_{t}^{2} $ and the photon virtuality $ Q^{2} $ [@20] as in the CCFM approach [@36; @37].\
In this paper, we will also generalize the formalism of Ref. \[7, 8\] with TMDPDFs having two hard scales.
Formalism
=========
Self-similarity based TMDPDFs with One Hard Scale
-------------------------------------------------
One of the most intriguing problems in QCD is the growth of the cross-sections for hadronic interactions with energy. Conventionally deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering is described in terms of scale-dependent parton distributions $ xg(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ and $ xq(x,k_{t}^{2}) $. These distributions correspond to the density of partons in the proton with longitudinal momentum fraction *x* and parton transverse momentum $ k_{t}^{2} $ [@17].\
The self-similarity based Model of the nucleon structure function proposed in Ref. [@7; @8] has been designed to be valid at small Bjorken-*x*. The formalism described in these references is based on the imposition of self-similarity constraints to the dimensionless TMD quark density $f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ and relate it to the integrated density. In other words, using magnification factors $ \displaystyle \frac{1}{x} $ and $ \displaystyle \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right) $, an unintegrated quark density (TMD) is given as:\
$$\log f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2})=D_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+D_{2}\log \frac{1}{x}+D_{3}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+D_{0}^{i}$$ where *i* denotes a quark flavor. Here, $ D_{2} $ and $ D_{3} $ are the fractal parameters; $ D_{1} $ is the dimensional correlation relating the two magnification factors; while $ D_{0}^{i}$ is the normalization constant. Conventional integrated quark densities \[PDF\] $ q_{i}(x,Q^{2}) $ are defined as sum over all contributions with quark virtualities smaller than that of the photon probe $ Q^{2} $. Thus $ f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ has to be integrated over $ k_{t}^{2} $ (Eq (2)) to obtain $ q_{i}(x,Q^{2})$.\
The following analytical parameterization of a quark density is obtained by using Eq (2). $$q_{i}(x,Q^{2})=\frac{e^{D_{0}^{i}}Q_{0}^{2}x^{-D_{2}}}{1+D_{3}+D_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}}\left( x^{-D_{1}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}+1}-1 \right)$$ Now using Eq (6) in Eq (1), the expression for proton structure function is obtained as:\
$$F_2(x,Q^{2})=\frac{e^{D_{0}}Q_{0}^{2}x^{-D_{2}+1}}{1+D_{3}+D_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}}\left( x^{-D_{1}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}+1}-1 \right)$$ where $ D_{0}=\Sigma_{i} D_{0}^{i} $ .\
As we have seen above, Lastovicka’s Model starts with self-similar TMDPDFs. Imposing large *x* limit, i.e. at $x \rightarrow 1$, Eq (7) becomes:\
$$F_{2}(1,Q^{2})=\frac{e^{D_{0}}Q_{0}^{2}}{1+D_{3}}\left( \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}+1}-1 \right)$$ Let $$\tilde{F}_{2}(1,Q^{2})=\frac{F_{2}(1,Q^{2})}{e^{D_{0}}Q_{0}^{2}}=\frac{1}{1+D_{3}}\left( \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}+1}-1 \right)$$\
If $ F_{2}(1,Q^{2})=0 $, then we get $ D_{3}=-1 $ and subsequently $ \tilde{F}_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ becomes indeterminate (using Eq (9)). It implies that the Model does not have correct $ x\rightarrow1 $ behavior. This calls for generalization of PDFs to add a new term in TMDPDFs. A plausible way to incorporate correct $ x\rightarrow1 $ behavior for TMDPDF is to introduce an additional term $ h(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ which does not have fractal basis.\
Now, starting with the TMDPDF, we have:\
$$\begin{aligned}
log f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2})& = & D_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+D_{2}\log \frac{1}{x}+D_{3}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+ \nonumber \\
& & {} D_{0}^{i}+\log h(x,k_{t}^{2})\end{aligned}$$ i.e. $$f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2})=\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)^{D_{1}\log\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}} \right)}\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)^{D_{2}}\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}} e^{D_{0}} h(x,k_{t}^{2})$$ Thus the integrated quark density is given as:\
$$q_{i}(x,Q^{2})=\int\limits_0^{Q^{2}}\,dk_{t}^{2}\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)^{D_{1}\log\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}} \right)}\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)^{D_{2}}\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}} e^{D_{0}^{i}} h(x,k_{t}^{2})$$\
In the simplest case, consider $ h(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ to be only *x*-dependent, i.e. $ h(x,k_{t}^{2}) \approx h(x) $.\
Then, the improved model is $$F_{2}^{I}(x,Q^{2})=F_{2}(x,Q^{2}).h(x);\qquad \qquad where \quad 0\leq x \leq 1$$ where $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ is the original Lastovicka’s model (Eq (7)).\
Neglecting $ k_{t}^{2} $ dependence of $ h(x,k_{t}^{2}) $, the most economical way of having correct large *x* behavior is $ h(x,k_{t}^{2}) \approx h(x) \sim (1-x)^{\alpha} , \mathrm{for} \; \alpha > 0 $, but in general the integration is to be carried out with its explicit $ k_{t}^{2} $ dependence in Eq (12). Thus large *x* effect should be introduced as an additional component of TMDPDF to make the PDF compatible with the theoretical expectation, i.e. $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2})\rightarrow0 $ as $ x\rightarrow1 $ [@22; @23; @24].
Self-similarity based TMDPDFs with Two Hard Scales
--------------------------------------------------
In general, TMDPDF depends on two hard scales, parton transverse momentum $ k_{t}^{2}$ and the scale $ Q^{2} $ of the probe [@20; @38; @39]. In Fractal Inspired Model (Lastovicka’s), it will therefore have three magnification factors, viz. $ \displaystyle \frac{1}{x} $, $ \displaystyle \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)$ and $ \displaystyle \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)$; and four correlation terms. The generalization of TMDs of this Model is therefore given as: $$\begin{aligned}
\lefteqn{log f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}) = } \nonumber \\
& & D_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)+D_{2}\log\frac{1}{x}+D_{3}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)+ \nonumber \\
& & D_{4}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+ D_{5}\log \frac{1}{x}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+ \nonumber \\
& & D_{6}\left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)\left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+ D_{7}\log \frac{1}{x}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)\left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)+ \nonumber \\
& & D_{8}\log h\left(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}\right)+D_{0}^{i}\end{aligned}$$\
where $ h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}) $accounts for large *x* behavior.\
In the above Eq (14), there are altogether eight parameters, viz.$ D_{2} $, $ D_{3} $, $ D_{4} $ (*Fractal dimensions*);$ D_{1} $, $ D_{5} $, $ D_{6} $, $ D_{7} $ (*Correlation parameters*) and $D_{0}^{i} $ (*Normalization constant*); as well as one unknown function $ h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}) $.\
While $ D_{1} $, $ D_{5} $, $ D_{6} $, $ D_{7} $ are the correlation parameters correlating the different magnification factors, $ h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}) $ is the additional function that cannot be constrained by the notion of fractal geometry.\
Now following the same steps as above, Eq (14) can be rewritten in the following way: $$\begin{aligned}
f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2})& = & e^{D_{0}^{i}} . h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2})\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}} \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}} \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{4}}. \nonumber \\
& & {} \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)} \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{5}\log \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)} \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{6}\log \left( 1+\frac {Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)}. \nonumber \\
& & {} \left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{7}\log \left(1+\frac {k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)\log \left(1+\frac {Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)}\end{aligned}$$ The integrated quark density is then given as:\
$$q_{i}(x,Q^{2})=e^{D_{0}^{i}} \left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{5}\log \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{4}} I(x,Q^{2})$$ where\
$$\begin{aligned}
I(x,Q^{2})& = & \int\limits_0^{Q^{2}}\,dk_{t}^{2}\; h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}) \left(\frac{1}{x} \right)^{D_{1}\log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)+D_{7}\log \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}} \right)} . \nonumber \\
& & {} \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}+D_{6}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)}\end{aligned}$$ Eq (16) is the most general form of PDF which contains two cut-off parameters: $ k_{0}^{2} $ and $ Q_{0}^{2} $ .\
In a special case, imposing the limit $ D_{4} $, $ D_{5} $, $ D_{6} $, $ D_{7}=0 $ and $ D_{8}=0 $ (i.e. $ h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2})=1 $ \[see Eq (14)\]), the above integral of Eq (17) becomes:\
$$I(x,Q^{2})=\int\limits_0^{Q^{2}}\,dk_{t}^{2}\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}}$$ which is the original Lastovicka’s Integral to obtain Eq (6). Now let us proceed to evaluate the integral of Eq (17), in more general case, with the following observation:\
The exponent of $ \displaystyle \frac {1}{x} $ in Eq (17) can be re-expressed as\
$ \log \left(1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right) \tilde{D}_{1} $ with $ \tilde{D}_{1}= \left\lbrace D_{1}+D_{7}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right) \right\rbrace $ .\
Similarly, the exponent of $ \displaystyle \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right) $ in Eq (17) is $ \tilde{D}_{3}=D_{3}+D_{6}\log \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right) $.\
Without explicit form of $ h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}) $, Eq (17) cannot be evaluated analytically.\
In the limit $ h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2})=1 $, Eq (17) then becomes:\
$$I(x,Q^{2})=\int\limits_0^{Q^{2}}\,dk_{t}^{2}\; \left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{\tilde{D}_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{\tilde{D}_{3}}$$\
which is again similar to Eq (18), i.e. Lastovicka’s Integral, except that in this case $ D_{1} $ is replaced by $ \tilde{D}_{1}$ and $ D_{3} $ by $ \tilde{D}_{3}$ . Eq (19) implies\
$$I(x,Q^{2})=\frac{Q_{0}^{2}}{1+\tilde{D}_{3}+\tilde{D}_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}}\left\lbrace x^{-\tilde{D}_{1}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{\tilde{D}_{3}+1}-1 \right\rbrace$$\
\
Now substituting this integral from Eq (20) in Eq (16), we obtain:\
$$\begin{aligned}
q_{i}(x,Q^{2})& = & \frac{e^{D_{0}^{i}}\; Q_{0}^{2}\; \left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{5}\log \left(+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}} \right)}}{1+\tilde{D}_{3}+\tilde{D}_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}} \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{4}}. \nonumber \\
& & {} \left\lbrace x^{-\tilde{D}_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{\tilde{D}_{3}+1}-1 \right\rbrace \end{aligned}$$ The expression for the proton structure function $F_{2}^{I}(x,Q^{2}) $ can thus be obtained using Eq (21) in Eq (1): $$\begin{aligned}
F_{2}^{I}(x,Q^{2})& = & \frac{e^{D_{0}}\; Q_{0}^{2}\; \left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{5}\log \left(+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}} \right)-1}}{1+\tilde{D}_{3}+\tilde{D}_{1}\log \frac{1}{x}}\left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{4}}. \nonumber \\
& & \left\lbrace x^{-\tilde{D}_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{\tilde{D}_{3}+1}-1 \right\rbrace\end{aligned}$$ where $ \tilde{D}_{1} $ and $ \tilde{D}_{3} $ are independent of $k_{t}^{2}$ .\
As in Eq (7), imposing boundary condition (Eq (4)) at $ x\rightarrow1 $, Eq (22) yields $\tilde{D}_{3}=-1$ and subsequently $ F_{2}^{I}(x,Q^{2}) $ becomes indeterminate.\
Thus the correct $ x\rightarrow1 $ limit of the structure function (Eq (22)) cannot be incorporated as in the original one. Therefore the most economic way to incorporate large *x* behavior is by putting $ h(x,k_{t}^{2})\neq 1 $ but of the factorizable form $ h(k_{t}^{2})(1-x)^{\alpha}$ so that it vanishes as $ x\rightarrow1 $. As in the original Model it can be seen that $ x\rightarrow1 $ limit of Eq (22) with $ h(x,k_{t}^{2})\sim h(k_{t}^{2})(1-x)^{\alpha}, \mathrm{for} \; \alpha > 0 $, exists. As noted earlier (with Eq (13)), we have neglected explicit $k_{t}^{2}$ (and $Q^{2}$ as well) dependence of $ h(x,k_{t}^{2},Q^{2}) $ in the most economical version of the model. However, as noted above, the integration of Eq (17) can be carried out only with its explicit $ k_{t}^{2} $ dependence.
Problem of Dimensionality
-------------------------
Exact relation between TMDPDF and PDF is still an active area of study [@38; @39; @40]. Formally, the integration over the transverse component of the parton momentum is expected to yield the PDF (Eq (2)). However, the self-silmilar TMDPDF (Eq (5), Eq (10) and Eq (14)) are by construction dimensionless in the formalism. As a result, the resulting PDF as well as the proton structure function possess dimension of inverse area. Literally speaking, PDF has become dimensional while TMDPDF is dimensionless. Phenomenologically, it matters not much but in principle, it is questionable. If instead we consider Eq (3), $ k_{t}^{2}$ in the denominator plays the role of dimensionality check. But even if dimensionality problem is solved, there arises a singularity at $ k_{t}^{2}=0 $. This can be overcome by introducing a minimum transverse cut-off momentum. The crucial point is that in order to make the PDF finite and dimensionless in the formalism, we need to have a cut-off over $ k_{t}^{2}$, say $ \tilde{k}_{0}^{2}$.\
Thus, the dimensionless Lastovicka’s integral can be written as: $$\hat{I}(x,Q^{2})=\int\limits_{\tilde{k}_{0}^{2}}^{Q^{2}}\,\frac{dk_{t}^{2}}{k_{t}^{2}}\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{3}}$$ So the dimensionless PDF in the original Lastovicka’s Model becomes:\
$$q_{i}^{*}(x,Q^{2})=e^{D_{0}^{i}}\left(\frac{1}{x} \right) ^{D_{2}} \hat{I}(x,Q^{2})$$ and the corresponding structure function becomes:\
$$F_{2}^{*}(x,Q^{2})=e^{D_{0}}\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)^{D_{2}-1} \hat{I}(x,Q^{2})$$\
to be compared with Eq (6) and Eq (7) respectively.\
The formalism can be generalized to TMDPDF with two hard scales as well. In this case, dimensionless PDF in the two-scale generalized Lastovicka’s Model is given as:\
$$\tilde{q}_{i}(x,Q^{2})=e^{D_{0}^{i}}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{5}\log \left( 1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{4}}\tilde{I}(x,Q^{2})$$ where $$\tilde{I}(x,Q^{2})=\int\limits_{\tilde{k}_{0}^{2}}^{Q^{2}}\,\frac{dk_{t}^{2}}{k_{t}^{2}}\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{\tilde{D}_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left( 1+\frac{k_{t}^{2}}{k_{0}^{2}}\right)^{\tilde{D}_{3}}$$\
and consequently, the structure function has the form:\
$$\tilde{F}_{2}(x,Q^{2})=e^{D_{0}}\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{5}\log \left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)-1}\left(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)^{D_{4}}\tilde{I}(x,Q^{2})$$\
to be compared with Eq (21) and Eq (22) respectively.
Froissart Bound and Self-Similarity
-----------------------------------
Froissart bound [@25; @26] implies that the total cross-section (or equivalently structure functions) cannot rise faster than the logarithmic growth of $ \ln^{2}\displaystyle \left(\frac{1}{x}\right) $. Such a slow logarithmic growth is however not compatible with the notion of fractal dimension as occurred in the original Fractal Inspired Model [@7; @8]. The reason is that self-similar models allow only power law growth and not the logarithmic one. This statement can be explained in a more explicit way in the following manner.\
**(i) Power law growth**\
Let $ N(R) $ be the number of self-similar objects, $ R(N) $ be the magnification factor and $ D $ the exponent of the *power law* behavior, then the relation is given as: $$N(R)=cR(N)^{-D}$$ where *c* is the proportionality constant. Eq (29) leads to\
$$D\approx \lim_{N \to \infty , R \to 0} \frac{\log N(R)}{\log \left( 1/R(N)\right)}$$\
Eq (30) shows that *D* is ultimately independent of $ N(R) $ and $ R(N) $ in the limit $ N\rightarrow \infty $ and $ R\rightarrow0 $. It implies that *D* is universal property of a self-similar object to be identified as its fractal dimension [@41].\
**(ii) Logarithmic growth**\
If, on the other hand, number of self-similar objects is assumed to grow logarithmically, i.e.\
$$N(R)=\frac{c}{(R(N))^{D}}$$ one obtains $$D_{N \to \infty}\approx -\frac{\ln N(R)}{\ln \ln R(N)}$$\
Eq (32) implies that limiting *D* is not $ N(R) $ or $ R(N) $-independent and hence it is not an intrinsic property of the object. So it cannot be identified as fractal dimension.\
Thus the logarithmic growth and hence the Froissart behavior cannot be described in a self-similar model.
Froissart Bound and TMDPDFs
---------------------------
Understanding the behavior of high energy hadron reactions from a fundamental perspective within QCD is an important goal of high energy physics. It was already observed that the total hadronic cross-section grows with the centre of mass energy $ (\sqrt{s}) $. A QCD based explanation for this rising behavior was proposed by Gaisser and Halzen [@42]: the cross-section would grow because partons would begin playing a dominant role in the hadronic reactions. At high energy, the parton distribution, especially the gluon distribution, grows very rapidly and thus leads to rising cross-section. It is expected that at very high energies the hadronic cross-sections satisfy the Froissart bound, which is a well-established property of the strong interactions [@29]. It has been shown that the Froissart bound is saturated at very high energies [@43; @44] in $ \gamma p $, $ \pi^{\pm} p $ and $\bar{p} p$ & $ pp $ scattering. Saturation of the Froissart bound refers to an energy dependence of the total cross-section rising no more rapidly than $ \ln^{2}s $ [@27].\
It is already known that the BFKL evolution equation [@30; @31; @32] sums leading logarithms $ \ln (1/x) $. The gluon distribution function, governed by this equation, is found to increase at small *x* and it has been confirmed by the recent HERA data of the proton structure function $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ which is involved in DIS [@45; @46]. The increase is however power-like, such that $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ and the DIS cross-section rise as power of $ \left( \frac{1}{x}\right) $, i.e., as power of *s* for $ x=Q^{2}/s $. This behavior does not satisfy the Froissart bound and thus violates unitarity [@47]. The BFKL equation cannot thus be the final theory for small *x* physics.\
This bound [@25; @26] derived from analyticity and unitarity demands that $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ grow no more rapidly than $ \displaystyle \ln^{2} \left( \frac{1}{x}\right) $ at very small *x* for all values of $ Q^{2} $. Therefore, for fixed $ Q^{2} $ and small *x*, if the condition\
$$F_{2}(x,Q^{2})h(x,k_{t}^{2})\leq \ln ^{2}\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)$$\
is satisfied, then the Model satisfies the Froissart bound with $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ and $ h(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ as defined in Eq (7) and Eq (11).\
Consider $ F_{2}(x,Q^{2}) $ at $ Q^{2}=Q_{0}^{2} $ and ultra small *x*. Then, $ D_{1}\log \left(\frac{1}{x} \right)>> D_{3},1 $ and therefore Eq (7) yields\
$$F_{2}(x,Q_{0}^{2})\approx \frac{\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{1}\ln 2 -1}}{\ln \left( \frac{1}{x}\right)}$$ Using Eq (34) in Eq (33), we have:\
$$h(x,Q_{0}^{2}) \lesssim \frac{\ln ^{3}\left(\frac{1}{x} \right) }{\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{1}\ln 2 -1} }$$ for a given $ k_{t}^{2} $.\
Eq (35) gives the specific limiting behavior of $ h(x,Q^{2}) $ for Froissart bound compatibility of Eq (7) at $ Q^{2}=Q_{0}^{2} $.\
Froissart compatibility condition (Eq (35)) can be generalized to any $ Q^{2} $ for ultra small *x*. $$h(x,Q^{2})\lesssim \frac{\ln ^{3}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}{\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}-1}\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{1}\log \left( 1+\frac {Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}}\right)}\left(1+\frac {Q^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}} \right)^{D_{3}+1}}$$\
In Ref. \[35\], Gotsman, Levin and Maor had improved Froissart-Martin bound for ultra small *x* at fixed $ Q^{2}$ for virtual photon-proton cross-section:\
$$\sigma(r^{\ast},p)\approx \frac{F_{2}^{p}(x,Q^{2})}{1-x} \lesssim \left( \ln ^{5/2}\frac{1}{x}\right)$$\
In that case the corresponding improved Froissart compatibility condition on the TMDPDF factor $ h(x,k_{t}^{2})$ will be\
$$h(x,k_{t}^{2})\lesssim \frac{\ln ^{3}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}{\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{1}\ln 2-1}}$$ for any given $ k_{t}^{2}$ at $ Q^{2} = Q_{0}^{2} $.
Graphical Representation of Self-similar TMDPDFs
------------------------------------------------
Specific models of TMDPDFs available in recent literature are summarized in Ref. [@48]. Here we analyze the ones of Ref. [@7; @8] alone. The TMDPDFs $ f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2})$ of the original Lastovicka’s model (Eq (5)) contain the parameters $ D_{0}^{i} $, $ D_{1} $, $ D_{2} $, $ D_{3} $ and $ Q_{0}^{2} $. These are determined from HERA data in the range: $$\begin{aligned}
0.045 \leq Q^{2} \leq 150 \; \mathrm{GeV}^{2} \nonumber \\
\mathrm{and} \quad 6.2 \times 10^{-7} \leq x \leq 0.2\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
D_{0} & = & 0.339\pm 0.145 \nonumber \\
D_{1} & = & 0.073\pm 0.001 \nonumber \\
D_{2} & = & 1.013\pm 0.01 \nonumber \\
D_{3} & = & -1.287\pm 0.01 \nonumber \\
Q_{0}^{2} & = & 0.062\pm 0.01 \; \mathrm{GeV}^{2}\end{aligned}$$ Using Eq (39) and taking $ n_{f}=4 $, $ D_{0}^{i}\approx 0.085 $ (taking $ D_{0}=\Sigma_{i}D_{0}^{i}=n_{f}D_{0}^{i}$), $ f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ is given by Eq (5), viz. $$f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2})=e^{D_{0}^{i}}\left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D_{2}+D_{1}\ln \left(1+\frac {k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{2}} \right)\left( 1+\frac {k_{t}^{2}}{Q_{0}{2}}\right)^{D_{3}}}$$ In Figure 1, $ f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ vs $ k_{t}^{2} $ is shown for representative values of $ \mathrm{(i)}\; x = 10^{-4} \mathrm{(ii)}\; x = 10^{-3} \mathrm{(iii)}\; x = 10^{-2} $ and $ \mathrm{(iv)}\; x = 0.1 $.\
{width="5in" height="5in"}
\
\
\
Similarly, $ f_{i}(x,k_{t}^{2}) $ vs *x* is shown in Figure 2 for representative values of $ \mathrm{(i)}\; k_{t}^{2}=Q_{0}^{2}=0.062 \; \mathrm{GeV}^{2} \mathrm{(ii)}\; k_{t}^{2}=0.5 \; \mathrm{GeV}^{2} \mathrm{(iii)}\;k_{t}^{2}=1 \; \mathrm{GeV}^{2} $ and $ \mathrm{(iv)}\; k_{t}^{2}=10 \; \mathrm{GeV}^{2} $.\
{width="5in" height="5in"}
Conclusion
==========
In this paper we have generalized the method of parameterization of the self-similar TMDs of Ref. [@7; @8] to two hard scales. We have shown that the redefinition of the TMDs is necessary to make them compatible with the theoretical expectation in large *x* limit. We have then studied the compatibility of saturation of the Froissart-Martin bound within this approach and obtained necessary constraints on TMDPDFs for it. Relation between the TMDPDFs and PDFs within such Fractal Inspired Model is also re-examined in the context of their relative dimensions.\
Let us now compare the present approach with other models based on self-similarity and fractals. In the statistical quark model of Ref. [@5], the proton possesses a fractal structure of fractal dimension 9/2, topological dimension 3 and anomalous dimension 3/2. The present approach falls short of such specific predictions as it has inbuilt multifractal characters. As noted earlier, in the original version of the Fractal Inspired Model [@7; @8], one has two fractal dimensions $ D_{2} $, $ D_{3} $ and one correlation parameter $ D_{1} $ fitted from HERA data. In Ref. [@49], the monofractal limit of the model [@7; @8] was indeed studied. Its analysis however indicated that only in a limited $ x-Q^{2} $ range $ (Q^{2} \leq 12 \; \mathrm{GeV}^{2}) $, such notion of monofractality makes sense. In that range, dimensional correlation $ (D_{1}) $ vanishes and the proton possesses fractality $ (D \approx 1.107) $ close to Koch curve $ (D \approx 1.26) $.\
In Ref. [@6], the proton is viewed as a collection of smaller colorless sources, filling its interior. The density of such sources has fractal structures which gives rise to faster saturation of the proton structure function at small *x*.\
It is also instructive to recall the physical interpretation of fractal dimension of proton since the notion is rather recent in its description. As is well-known [@50], the fractal dimension measures the way in which distribution of points fill a geometric space on the average. Extending the notion to TMDPDF, fractal dimension tells how densely small *x* partons fill the proton in self-similar way on the average. It is also interesting to note that in the model of Ref. [@7; @8], TMDPDF takes the simplest form\
$$f(x,k_{t}^{2})\approx \left( \frac{1}{x}\right)^{D}$$ in the limit $ D \equiv D_{2} >> D_{1}, D_{3} $.In such a case, fractal dimension is essentially close to *x*-slope [@51] or Pomeron intercept [@52; @53; @54].\
To conclude the problem of self-similarity in the gluon cascades is an interesting one and worth investigating. In this paper, we have used fractality only as a tool to provide parameterization for the TMDPDFs having one and two hard scales. These result in a set of parameters to be fitted from data, as was the case with the original model of Ref. [@7; @8]. However, in spite of this inherent limitation, it has been shown how large *x* effects and high density QCD phenomenon like Froissart saturation should appear in such fractal inspired TMDPDFs. Naturally the most interesting study would be to calculate the fractal parameters from the first principles, say from a self-similar Lagrangian [@55]. Interesting though, the solution appears to be a formidable task, beyond the reach of the present authors.
Acknowledgement {#acknowledgement .unnumbered}
===============
One of the authors (DKC) gratefully acknowledges numerous correspondences with Dr T Lastovicka while the other (AJ) thanks the UGC-RFSMS for financial support.
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<a href='/profile.php?user=<?php echo $row['creatorID'] ?>'> <img
class="profileIcon topic-icon"
src="<?php echo BuckysUser::getProfileIcon(['thumbnail' => $row['thumbnail'], 'userID' => $row['creatorID']]) ?>"
class="poster-icon"/> </a>
</td>
<td class="post-content" style="width:100%">
<a style="font-weight:bold;"
href='/profile.php?user=<?php echo $row['creatorID'] ?>'><?php echo $row['creatorName']; ?></a>
·
<span class="post-date"><?php echo buckys_format_date($row['createdDate']); ?></span>
<div class="clear"></div>
<div class="buckys-bbcode-content" style="padding-top:5px;">
<?php
$bbcodeParser = new BuckysBBCodeNodeContainerDocument();
$t_content = utf8_decode($row['replyContent']);
$html = $bbcodeParser->parse($t_content)->detect_links()->detect_emails()->detect_emoticons()->get_html();
echo $html;
?>
</div>
<span class="actions-span">
<?php if($can_block_user && $currentUserID != $row['creatorID']){ ?>
<a href="/forum/moderator.php?action=block-user&id=<?php echo $topic['categoryID'] ?>&userID=<?php echo $row['creatorID'] ?>&<?php echo buckys_get_form_token() ?>=1&return=<?php echo base64_encode($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']) ?>"
class="block-link"
onclick="return confirm('Are you sure that you want to block this user?')">Block User</a>
·
<?php } ?>
<?php if($currentUserID == $row['creatorID'] || $userID == $row['creatorID']){ ?>
<a href="/forum/post_reply.php?id=<?php echo $row['topicID'] ?>&replyID=<?php echo $row['replyID'] ?>&action=edit"
class="block-link">Edit</a> ·
<a href="/forum/post_reply.php?id=<?php echo $row['topicID'] ?>&replyID=<?php echo $row['replyID'] ?>&action=delete"
class="block-link">Delete</a>
<?php } ?>
<?php if(buckys_is_logged_in() && $userID != $row['creatorID']){ ?>
<a href="/report_object.php" data-type="reply"
data-id="<?php echo $row['replyID'] ?>"
data-idHash="<?php echo buckys_encrypt_id($row['replyID']) ?>"
class="report-link">
<?php echo !$row['reportID'] ? 'Report' : 'You reported this.' ?>
</a>
<?php } ?>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<?php
}
?>
<?php } ?>
<!-- Reply form at bottom -->
<tr class="post-reply-btm">
<td colspan="3" class="replies-header" style="background:#fff;">
<?php if(buckys_check_user_acl(USER_ACL_REGISTERED) && !BuckysForumModerator::isBlocked($TNB_GLOBALS['user']['userID'], $topic['categoryID'])){ ?>
<h2 class="titles left" style="margin-top:6px;">Reply</h2>
<?php } ?>
<?php
if(count($replies) > 0){
echo $pagination->renderPaginate('/forum/topic.php?id=' . $topic['topicID'] . '&orderby=' . $orderBy . '&');
}
?>
</td>
</tr>
<?php if(buckys_check_user_acl(USER_ACL_REGISTERED) && !BuckysForumModerator::isBlocked($TNB_GLOBALS['user']['userID'], $topic['categoryID'])){ ?>
<tr>
<td style="background:#fff;"> </td>
<td class="icon-column" style="background:#fff;">
<a href='/profile.php?user=<?php echo $TNB_GLOBALS['user']['userID'] ?>'> <img
class="profileIcon topic-icon"
src="<?php echo BuckysUser::getProfileIcon(['thumbnail' => $TNB_GLOBALS['user']['thumbnail'], 'userID' => $TNB_GLOBALS['user']['userID']]) ?>"
class="poster-icon"/> </a>
</td>
<td class="post-content" style="width:100%;background:#fff">
<form name="postreplyform" id="postreplyform"
action="/forum/post_reply.php?id=<?php echo $topic['topicID']; ?>" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="post-reply"/> <input type="hidden"
name="topicID" value="<?php echo $topic['topicID'] ?>"/> <textarea cols="20"
id="reply-content" name="content" rows="12" class="textarea"></textarea> <br/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" class="forum-action-button"
style="margin-left:1px;margin-top:2px;"/>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
<?php } ?>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<!-- Forum Right Panel -->
<section id="forum-right-bar">
<?php buckys_get_panel('forum_right_panel', ['category' => $category]); ?>
</section>
</section>
<div class="afs_ads"> </div>
<script>
(function (){
var message = "Your AdBlocker is causing problems with this site. Please select the \"Don't run on pages on this domain\" AdBlock option to fix the issues.";
// Define a function for showing the message (set a timeout of 1.5 seconds to give adblocker a chance to do its thing)
var tryMessage = function (){
setTimeout(function (){
if(!document.getElementsByClassName) return;
var ads = document.getElementsByClassName('afs_ads'), ad = ads[ads.length - 1];
if(!ad || ad.innerHTML.length == 0 || ad.clientHeight === 0){
alert(message);
// window.location.href = '[URL of the donate page. Remove the two slashes at the start of this line to enable.]';
}else{
ad.style.display = 'none';
}
}, 1500);
}
// Attach a listener for page load, then show the message
if(window.addEventListener){
window.addEventListener('load', tryMessage, false);
}else{
window.attachEvent('onload', tryMessage); //IE
}
})();
</script>
</section>
<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery(document).ready(function (){
$('.post-votes a.thumb-up,.post-votes a.thumb-down').click(function (){
if($(this).parent().hasClass('voted'))
return false;
var link = jQuery(this);
/*link.parent().find('.loading-wrapper').show();*/
jQuery.ajax({
url: '/forum/topic.php', data: {
'objectID': link.attr('data-id'),
'objectIDHash': link.attr('data-hashed'),
'objectType': link.attr('data-type'),
'action': link.attr('class')
}, type: 'post', dataType: 'xml', success: function (rsp){
if(jQuery(rsp).find('status').text() == 'success'){
link.html(jQuery(rsp).find('votes').text());
link.parent().addClass('voted votedStatus' + (link.attr('class') == 'thumb-up' ? '1' : '-1'));
}else{
alert(jQuery(rsp).find('message').text());
}
}, complete: function (){
// link.parent().find('.loading-wrapper').hide();
}
})
return false;
})
jQuery('#reply-content').sceditor({
plugins: 'bbcode',
emoticonsRoot: '/images/',
height: 250,
width: 706,
enablePasteFiltering: true,
style: "/css/sceditor/jquery.sceditor.default.css"
});
var postEditor = jQuery('#reply-content').sceditor('instance');
jQuery('#postreplyform').submit(function (){
var isValid = true;
text = postEditor.getWysiwygEditorValue();
if(text == ''){
showMessage(jQuery(this), 'Please write something hoss.', true)
postEditor.focus();
isValid = false;
}
return isValid;
})
})
</script> | 2024-02-10T01:27:15.642919 | https://example.com/article/4651 |
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