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Introduction
============
Traumatic childhood experiences alter victims' emotional development, with a negative impact on affect recognition, social interactions and self-regulation abilities. Exposure to early adverse experiences produces chronic and specific shifts in the explicit recognition of the facial expressions of negative emotions, generating a severe bias in the recognition of anger. Even if this phenomenon has been established among several samples exposed to disparate traumatic experiences and by means of different experimental procedures, to date it remains unclear if it can be associated to an overall response tendency toward anger recognition or to the greater perceptual salience attributed to the facial expressive cues of anger after trauma exposure. In this study, the mechanism underlying the bias in the recognition of angry facial expressions was investigated in Sierra Leonean adolescents exposed to the recent Ebola virus outbreak and in a local population of age-matched controls through a forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions.
Ebola virus gained widespread attention in the fall of 2014 when West Africa was plagued by the largest Ebola outbreak reported in history. Ebola virus is transmitted by direct and indirect contact with blood, feces, or body fluids from an infected person or by direct contact with the virus, as in a laboratory. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days. Death can occur within 10 days from symptoms onset. The average Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) case fatality rate is around 50%, with a range from 25 to 90% in past outbreaks. Currently, patients receive supportive and symptomatic therapy, since there is no specific treatment for the disease. West Africa countries mainly affected by Ebola outbreak were Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone where 28610 confirmed, probable, and suspected cases have been reported, with 11308 deaths since the onset of the Ebola outbreak ([@B57], [@B57]). The majority of these cases and deaths were reported between August and December 2014, date after which case incidence began to decline thanks to the scale-up of treatment, isolation, and safe burial practice in the three countries.
Specifically, in Sierra Leone the Ebola outbreak affected every district of the country. A national state of emergency was declared on July 31st, 2014; the closure of all schools, the institution of free Ebola zones controlled by check-points and the quarantine of affected communities were the measures put in place to stop the spread of the deadly virus. According to the [@B57], a total of 14122 clinical cases of Ebola have been recorded (8704 confirmed) with a total of 3955 deaths in Sierra Leone. Considering underage Sierra Leonean population, a recent report identified 12023 children orphaned by Ebola across the country and the possible existence of additional 3630 children who have not yet been identified, either because of remoteness or because they lost their parents after the report data collection ([@B51]).
This concise survey shows that underage Ebola survivors were exposed to extraordinary traumatic events: the risk of death due to the disease, the possible loss of their primary caregivers or relatives, and the following neglect, stigma, malnutrition and lack of access to education.
Empirical interest in the psychological effects of trauma on underage victims led the proliferation of studies about the consequences of the exposure during childhood to traumatic events like natural disasters, terrorist attacks, armed conflicts, health emergencies, as well as, physical and sexual abuses and neglect. From the recent literature, it has been demonstrated that adverse, maltreating, neglectful, and physically abusive developmental environments are associated with specific changes in victims' ability to explicitly recognize emotional signals like facial expressions of emotions ([@B16]). This is particularly relevant because it means that early traumatic experiences are able to deeply modify the processing of phylogenetically old behavioral patterns like the facial expression of emotions. Indeed, according to Basic Emotion Theory (BET) ([@B23]), the so-called basic emotions (i.e., fear, disgust, anger, joy, sadness, and surprise) are considered as response-coordination packages, associated with characteristic configurations of facial muscle movements sculpted by evolution to meet particular environmental challenges, such as avoiding environmental threatening ([@B21]).
The most common consequence of trauma exposure on victims' ability to recognize facial expressions of emotions is the development of an explicit recognition bias for the facial expression of anger. Specifically, when victims of maltreatment and neglect are forced to explicitly identify negative facial expressions of emotions (e.g., fear and sadness) they preferentially recognize them as anger ([@B3], [@B2]). Maltreated children also showed an overall response tendency for anger, identifying this emotion more frequently than controls ([@B2]). Similar results were found by [@B39] among physically abused children, who set a lower threshold for selecting angry faces than did their non-abused peers, demonstrating an overall bias toward facial expressions of anger.
Differently, in a subsequent study [@B43] evidenced that even if physically abused children recognized angry facial expressions on the basis of less sensory inputs with respect to controls, when they had to identify highly degraded facial expressions of emotions, they did not show an overall anger response tendency ([@B43]). These authors suggested that physically abused children's recognition of facial expressions is guided by their perceptual sensitivity for angry expressive cues rather than by an overall response bias. Coherently with this suggestion, when severely abused children were asked to identify emotional faces that had been morphed with different emotions (e.g., sadness to anger) they selectively over-identified anger only when discriminating angry faces morphed with either fearful or sad facial expressions ([@B40]). Using similar mixed morphed facial expressions, a biased pattern of facial expressions recognition has been described also among children who experienced a single life-threatening event like a terrorist attack ([@B47]). Additionally, a subsequent study conducted among traumatized children, supported the greater perceptual salience of angry facial expressive cues, demonstrating an earlier identification of facial expressions of anger even when they morphed from neutrality to the peak of emotion ([@B42]).
This plethora of studies supports two different interpretations of the explicit recognition bias for the facial expression of anger. On one hand, this phenomenon can reflect an overall response tendency toward anger recognition ([@B39]; [@B3], [@B2]). On the other, the explicit recognition bias for the facial expression of anger can be related to the increased perceptual salience of specific facial expressive cues of anger (e.g., eye-region or mouth-region) after trauma exposure ([@B40]; [@B43]; [@B42]; [@B47]).
To disentangle between these two different hypotheses, a group of underage Sierra Leonean Ebola survivors and an age-matched control group performed a forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions. The chimeric facial expressions were obtained pairing upper and lower half faces of two different negative emotions (selected from anger, fear and sadness, for a total of six different combinations).
To decode facial affects both configural and part-based information processes are involved ([@B13]). Facial expressions of basic emotions are produced with characteristic configurations of facial muscle movements that provide the perceptual basis for discriminating between distinct types of emotional expressions ([@B22]). Configurational processing refers to the role of multiple facial features and their inter-relationship in facial expressions recognition and judgment. An illustrative example is the well-known Thatcher illusion, according to which the judged pleasantness of upright and inverted smiling mouths is affected by irrelevant facial features like the location of the eyes in relation to the mouth (above or below), and the distance between the eyes and the mouth ([@B36]). Pairing upper and lower half faces of two different facial expressions displayed by the same actor create a perceptually "new composite" facial expression in which the two parts interact during an explicit recognition of the emotion ([@B13]). When a forced-choice identification judgment on the chimeric facial expressions is required, part-based information processes arise, revealing the predominance of one of the two half faces over the other ([@B18]). In other words, even if facial expressions can be considered an "holistic object," different facial areas are more responsible for the recognition of different facial expressions ([@B1]). Investigations on this issue revealed that some facial expressions of emotions are more readily recognizable from the upper face region (i.e., anger, fear, and sadness), whereas others are more readily identified from the lower face region (i.e., happiness and disgust) ([@B29]; [@B5]; [@B20]; [@B49]; [@B35]; [@B19]; [@B11]; [@B46]).
In the present study we took advantage from these perceptual processes involved in the processing of chimeric faces expressing emotions to investigate the mechanisms underlying the well know bias in the recognition of facial expressions of anger.
We used three facial expressions of negative emotions (i.e., anger, fear, and sadness) to compose the chimeras, first because the behavioral bias in the recognition of facial expressions of anger was visible mainly when victims of trauma were judging negative facial expressions. Second, because according to the literature all these three emotions are better recognized from the upper face. Starting from these assumptions, we expected to find an overall identification performance mainly guided from the eye-cue, confirming the presence of part-based information processing in the recognition of chimeric facial expressions of negative emotions.
Considering the main aim of the present study, if the explicit recognition bias for facial expressions of anger reflects a specific greater salience of angry facial expressive cues to the detriment of other emotions' expressive cues, Ebola survivors' part-based chimeric facial expressions identification should be driven by the presence of facial expressive cues of anger regardless of their position.
Differently, if the bias in the recognition of facial expressions of anger is the outcome of a mere response tendency toward anger recognition, a general propensity to recognize the facial expressions anger in Ebola survivors might be expected regardless of the emotions composing the chimeric facial expressions.
Materials and Methods {#s1}
=====================
Participants
------------
Sixty-one underage Sierra Leonean participants were recruited for the study. Of these 30 were EVD survivors (S-group: mean age 15.40 years, SE 0.35; years of schooling 8.8 years, SE 0.46; 14 males) and 31 were controls (C-group: mean age 14.55, SE 0.30; years of schooling 8.07 years, SE 0.30, 15 males). No significant between-groups difference was estimated for age (*t*~59~ = 1.84, *p* = 0.07) and years of schooling (*t*~58~ = 1.27, *p* = 0.21). The sample size exceeded the minimum amount required (*n*. 56) estimated by means of statistical power analysis (a priori sample size n. evaluated for 1-β = 0.95, α = 0.05 and effect size = 0.25). The sampling was suspended when two gender-balanced groups of enough size were obtained.
Participation in the study was completely voluntary, no participant has been repaid. Participants were recruited with the support of non-profit organizations (RCRC and FHM-Italia Onlus) working with Sierra Leonean youths. S-group participants came from Freetown East area that was the most affected by EVD. They were selected on the basis of medical records describing the date of Ebola infection, medical treatments received and recovery date. On average EVD infection lasted 22.7 days (SE 3.39) and was contracted 230 (SE 19.51) days before the execution of the study. All S-group participants were hospitalized for an average period of 296.9 days (SE 27.13) and lost, on average, 4.6 (SE 0.71) family members as a consequence of EVD. After EVD recovery, all S-group participants described stigmatization and exclusion episodes, a reduction of access to education and work opportunities. C-group participants were recruited among people from Freetown but resettled in neighboring villages monitored by checkpoints during the Ebola outbreak. As a consequence of this practice for infection prevention and control, none of C-group participants contracted EVD and lost family members.
Questionnaires and Scales
-------------------------
Participants' demographic data (i.e., gender, age, weight, height, dominant hand, level and years of schooling, first and second language, ethnic group), medical and pharmacological information about actual and past health conditions (i.e., disease duration, sanitary treatments, hospitalization, family members infected and deceased), participants' socio-economic status (i.e., family unit, members of household, occupation) and critical life events (i.e., sexual violence, physical violence, abuse, maltreatment) were collected by means of ad-hoc designed interviews. Partial or unclear information was completed and checked thanks to sanitary, educational or charitable institutions. Furthermore, self-perceived risk (P.R) and comparative perceived risk (P.C.R) about common infective and metabolic diseases were assessed. Participants were asked to evaluate the probability to contract different illnesses both in the next 12 months (P.R.) and with respect to western age- and gender-matched people (P.C.R). To exclude the presence of visual deficits, participants' visual acuity (20/20) was estimated following standard procedure by means of Snellen chart ([@B50]). Moreover, kinetic visual field test and pupillary light response (i.e., direct and consensual light reflexes) tests were conducted.
In order to evaluate participants' cognitive performance and naming skills, Standard Progressive Matrices test (SPM, [@B45]) and Boston naming test (BNT; [@B31]) were administered. No significant difference was found between the two groups for BNT (S-group: 21.70, SE 1.05; C-group: 22.97, SE 0.93; *t*~59~ = -0.90, *p* = 0.37) and SPM scores (S-group: 75.74, *SE* = 2.81; C-group: 72.62, *SE* = 1.04; *t*~46~ = 1.20, *p* = 0.24).
Moreover, three clinical scales commonly used to evaluate the psychological impact of negative events and the presence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorders were submitted to a cross-cultural adaptation process, translated from English to Krio and tested in an independent Sierra Leonean sample. The Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures ([@B6]; [@B56]) were followed for the translation of the scales. For a detailed description of the Cross-Cultural Adaptation procedure followed please, see the Supplementary Data and Table [1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5, [@B53]) is a 20-item self-report measure assessing the 20 DSM-V symptoms of PTSD. The Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R, [@B54]) is a 22-item self-report measure that assesses subjective distress caused by traumatic events. The items correspond directly to 14 DSM-IV symptoms of PTSD. Respondents were asked to identify a specific stressful life event and then indicate how much they were distressed or bothered during the past 7 days by each "difficulty" listed. To the purposes of the present study, all participants were asked to answer by considering the Ebola outbreak as the stressful life event. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire short version (CERQ-short, [@B27]) is a 18-item self report scale evaluating the role played by victims' emotion regulation in adaptation to stressful life events.
Interestingly, S-group's total scores obtained at PCL-5 (*t*~59~ = 4.42, *p* = 0.00) and IES-R (*t*~59~ = 5.68, *p* = 0.00) scales resulted significantly higher with respect to C-group's scores. Furthermore, S-group showed a significant higher incidence of rumination (*t*~59~ = 3.52; *p* = 0.001) and catastrophizing (*t*~59~ = 6.25; *p* = 0.000) tendencies but also a significant greater refocus on planning (*t*~59~ = 6.97; *p* = 0.000) and positive reappraisal (*t*~59~ = 3.61; *p* = 0.001) coping strategies with respect to C-group. See **Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}** for mean scores and significant differences between the two groups in PCL-5, IES-R and CERQ-short subscales.
######
Questionnaire scores of Ebola Virus disease Survivors (S-group) and Controls (C-group).
Scales Subscales S-group C-group Between-groups differences
-------------- ---------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------------------------
PR 1.43; SE 0.078 1.35; SE 0.031 *t*~59~ = 1; *p* = 0.320
CPR 4.19; SE 0.11 4.15; SE 0.061 *t*~59~ = 0.37; *p* = 0.712
BNT 21.70; SE 1.05 22.97; SE 0.93 *t*~59~ = -0.90; *p* = 0.370
SPM 75.74; SE 2.81 72.62; SE 1.04 *t*~46~ = -1.20; *p* = 0.240
IES-R_TOT^∗^ 1.63; SE 0.09 0.65; SE 0.14 *t*~59~ = 5.68; *p* = 0.000
Intrusion^∗∗^ 1.50; SE 0.10 0.58; SE 0.13 *t*~59~ = 5.49; *p* = 0.000
Avoidance^∗∗^ 1.89; SE 0.10 0.74; SE 0.16 *t*~59~ = 5.97; *p* = 0.000
Hyperarousal^∗∗^ 1.44; SE 0.12 0.63; SE 0.16 *t*~59~ = 4.02; *p* = 0.000
PCL5_TOT^∗^ 30.43; SE 2.01 16.55; SE 2.40 *t*~59~ = 4.42; *p* = 0.000
Cluster B^∗∗∗^ 9.07; SE 0.80 4.55; SE 0.75 *t*~59~ = 4.13; *p* = 0.000
Cluster C^∗∗∗^ 3.37; SE 0.32 1.58; SE 0.38 *t*~59~ = 3.61; *p* = 0.001
Cluster D^∗∗∗^ 9.97; SE 0.91 5.90; SE 0.90 *t*~59~ = 3.17; *p* = 0.002
Cluster E^∗∗∗^ 8.03; SE 0.82 4.52; SE 0.72 *t*~59~ = 3.24; *p* = 0.002
Pos. Prov. Diagnosis^∗^ 50% 22.6% *X*~(1)~ = 4.97; *p* = 0.026
CERQ-short
Self blame 2.53; SE 0.15 3.42; SE 0.31 *t*~59~ = -2.52; *p* = 0.014
Acceptance 4.37; SE 0.26 4.00; SE 0.38 *t*~59~ = 0.79; *p* = 0.43
Rumination^∗∗∗∗^ 5.90; SE 0.35 4.13; SE 0.36 *t*~59~ = 3.52; *p* = 0.001
Positive refocusing 6.63; SE 0.31 5.13; SE 0.47 *t*~59~ = 2.65; *p* = 0.01
Refocus on planning^∗∗∗∗^ 7.90; SE 0.25 4.58; SE 0.40 *t*~59~ = 6.97; *p* = 0.000
Positive reappraisal^∗∗∗∗^ 7.20; SE 0.33 5.16 SE 0.46 *t*~59~ = 3.61; *p* = 0.001
Putting in to perspective 5.30; SE 0.33 4.45; SE 0.41 *t*~59~ = 1.60; *p* = 0.116
Catastrophizing^∗∗∗∗^ 7.50; SE 0.24 4.32 SE 0.44 *t*~59~ = 6.25; *p* = 0.000
Other blame 3.00; SE 0.33 3.29; SE 0.28 *t*~59~ = -0.68; *p* = 0.502
Significant between-groups differences were estimated.
∗
p
\< 0.05,
∗∗
Bonferroni corrected
p
\< 0.016,
∗∗∗
Bonferroni corrected
p
\< 0.012,
∗∗∗∗
Bonferroni corrected
p
\< 0.005. PR, Self-perceived Risk; CPR, Comparative Perceived Risk; BNT, Boston Naming Test; SPM, Standard Progressive Matrices test; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-revised; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; Pos. Prov. Diagnosis, Positive Provisional Diagnosis; CERQ-short, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire short version.
Procedure
---------
Study general purposes and procedures were explained by local social-workers to volunteers and their legal guardians. After participants' agreement in study involvement, a written informed consent was collected. The experimental protocol was approved by the Ministry of Health and Sanitation of the Republic of Sierra Leone and it was in line with the Declaration of Helsinki 2013.
The experimental session took place in a quiet room and consisted in a forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions. Participants were asked to identify adults' chimeric facial expressions of emotions choosing one of the three proposed labels (i.e., anger, fear, and sadness).
Stimuli employed in this study were 96 images representing chimeric facial expressions obtained by pairing upper and lower half-faces of two different facial expressions of negative emotions. The gray scale images of facial expressions of negative emotions were acquired by the Montreal Set of Facial Displays of Emotion ([@B7]) that was already used in previous experiments conducted on Sierra Leonean population ([@B3], [@B2], [@B4]; [@B52]). The Montreal Set of Facial Displays of Emotion images chosen to build the chimeric facial expressions were selected pseudo-randomly from the Asian, African, Hispanic and Caucasian sets, to include 16 instances of each of the chosen expressions (i.e., anger, fear, and sadness), balanced for gender and ethnic group. The chimeric stimuli were constructed by means of Adobe Photoshop CC2015 software. The upper (i.e., from forehead to the nose) and the lower (i.e., from the nose to the chin) half-faces, of the same actor, but showing different negative facial expressions, were combined creating a chimeric expression. The obtained chimeric expressions were resized at 800 pixels × 560 pixels and presented against a black background in an oval window. Six different combinations were obtained matching the upper and the lower half-faces of each selected negative emotion. The nomenclature of the six chimeric facial expressions adopted in the present study uses the initial of the negative emotion displayed in the upper half-face followed by the initial of the negative emotion showed in the lower half-face (i.e., AF: upper half-face = anger, lower half-face = fear; AS: upper half-face = anger, lower half-face = sadness; FA: upper half-face = fear, lower half-face = anger; FS: upper half-face = fear, lower half-face = sadness; SA: upper half-face = sadness, lower half-face = anger; SF: upper half-face = sadness, lower half-face = fear). For an explicative set of six chimeric facial expressions, please see **Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**.
{#F1}
A local social-worker was always present to ensure that participants remained at ease, understood the instructions and to translate from English to Krio, whenever necessary. E-Prime 2.0 software (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.) was used for stimuli presentation.
After participants' arrival, they filled the demographic interview, the validated questionnaires and the adapted clinical scales. During the forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions, participants sat comfortably at a table, in front of a computer monitor (1024 × 768\@75 Hz). They were instructed to pay attention and to observe each stimulus for its entire duration. Each experimental trial started with the presentation of a centered cross for 1000 ms. Each stimulus, lasting 3000 ms, was displayed in random order (96 total trials, 16 trials for each of the 6 chimeric facial expressions). After each stimulus, with no time limit, participants were asked to identify which of the three alternative labels (i.e., anger, fear, and sadness) best described the chimeric facial expression displayed in the stimulus just shown. The three alternative labels were always visible and written in English and Krio. Participants' forced-choice recognition performance could follow three different strategies. They could recognize the chimeric facial expression taking advantage from the facial cues displayed by the upper half-face (eye-cue driven response) or by the lower half-face (mouth-cue driven response). Being each chimeric facial expression composed by two of the three alternative negative facial expressions, participants could also choose a sort of "third way strategy" attributing to the chimeric facial expression the identity of the third facial expression not displayed neither in the upper nor in the lower half-faces (no-cue driven response).
The total duration of the forced-choice facial expressions recognition task was approximately 10 min, depending on participants' response time.
Results
=======
Two participants were excluded from the analyses. One participant was excluded due to visual deficits incurred after EVD contraction and evidenced at the visual acuity examination. Another participant resulted outlier (2.5 SD) in task performance. The resulting sample consisted of 59 participants (28 S-group; 31 C-group). For a visual representation of the sample composition and selection, see the Supplementary Figure [1](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
The recognition bias for facial expressions of anger was investigated conducting a repeated measure ANOVA on participants' performance at the forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions. Group (S-group, C-group) was entered as between-factor; whereas Chimera (i.e., AF, AS, FA, FS, SA, and SF) and Cue (i.e., eye-cue, mouth-cue, and no-cue) as within-factors.
Mauchly's test conducted indicated that the assumption of sphericity had been violated \[Cue factor: χ^2^~(2)~ = 7.61, *p* = 0.02; Cue^∗^Chimera interaction: χ^2^~(54)~ = 233.56, *p* \< 0.001\], therefore df were adjusted using Greenhouse-Geisser correction (Cue factor: 𝜀 = 0.89; Cue^∗^Chimera interaction: 𝜀 = 0.54). The repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the factor Cue was significant (*F*~1.8,101.15~ = 76.86; *p* \< 0.001; $\eta_{p}^{2}$ = 0.57), as well as the interactions Cue by Chimera (*F*~5.4,305.5~ = 31.02; *p* \< 0.001; $\eta_{p}^{2}$ = 0.35) and Cue by Chimera by Group (*F*~10,570~ = 2.26; *p* \< 0.014; $\eta_{p}^{2}$ = 0.04).
Sidak *post hoc* test conducted on Cue main effect (**Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**) revealed that, regardless of participants' group, the cue most used for chimeric facial expressions recognition was the eye-cue (7.39, SE 0.20) followed by mouth-cue (5, SE 0.19) and no-cue (3.60, SE 0.14). All comparisons resulted significantly different (all *p*~s~ \< 0.001).
{#F2}
Sidak *post hoc* test conducted on the interaction Cue by Chimera demonstrated that considering the AF chimera, chimeric facial expressions recognition was significantly driven by no-cue, with no significant difference between eye-cue and mouth-cue (eye-cue: 4.27, SE 0.38; mouth-cue: 4.48, SE 0.41; no-cue: 6.84, SE 0.47; all *p*~s~ \< 0.048). Concerning the AS chimera, the most used cue was the eye-cue resulting significantly different from both mouth-cue and no-cue (eye-cue: 9.30, SE 0.35; mouth-cue: 3.57, SE 0.28; no-cue: 3.12, SE 0.47; all *p*~s~ \< 0.000). Regarding the FA chimera, the less used cue was no-cue with no significant difference between eye-cue and mouth-cue (eye-cue: 7.02, SE 0.40; mouth-cue: 6.89, SE 0.39; no-cue: 2.08, SE 0.29; all *p*~s~ \< 0.000). Considering the FS chimera, the most used cue was eye-cue followed by no-cue and mouth cue. All comparisons were significant (eye-cue: 8.82, SE 0.48; mouth-cue: 2.78, SE 0.28; no-cue: 4.40, SE 0.41; all *p*~s~ \< 0.009). Considering the SA chimera, again, all differences between cues were significant demonstrating that the most used cue was the mouth-cue, followed by eye-cue and no-cue (eye-cue: 5.13, SE 0.41; mouth-cue: 7.99, SE 0.39; no-cue: 2.81, SE 0.26; all *p*~s~ \< 0.001). Lastly, considering the SF chimera, the most used cue was the eye-cue followed by mouth-cue and no-cue. All comparisons were significant (eye-cue: 9.83, SE 0.49; mouth-cue: 3.91, SE 0.42; no-cue: 2.26, SE 0.31; all *p*~s~ \< 0.013).
These results can be better clarified considering the significant interaction Cue by Chimera by Group, indeed Sidak *post hoc* test conducted on this triple interaction revealed interesting differences between the two groups. Considering AF chimera (**Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), S-group participants did not show significant differences in the use of the three cues in chimeric facial expression recognition (eye-cue: 4.32, SE 0.56; mouth-cue: 5.57, SE 0.59; no-cue: 6.11, SE 0.68; all *p*~s~ \> 0.296). On the contrary, C-group participants' chimeric facial expression recognition was significantly driven by no-cue, resulting no-cue significantly different from the other two cues (eye-cue: 4.23, SE 0.53; mouth-cue: 4.19, SE 0.56; no-cue: 7.58, SE 0.65; all *p*~s~ \< 0.007). Comparing S-group's and C-group's performance during the recognition of the AF chimeric facial expressions, results showed the absence of significant between-groups differences (all *p*~s~ \> 0.097).
{#F3}
Considering the AS chimera (**Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), S-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was significantly driven by eye-cue, resulting eye-cue significantly different from the other two cues (eye-cue: 10.18, SE 0.51; mouth-cue: 2.86, SE 0.41; no-cue: 2.96, SE 0.43 all *p*~s~ \< 0.000). Similarly, C-group participants' chimeric facial expression recognition was significantly driven by eye-cue, resulting eye-cue significantly different from the other two cues (eye-cue: 8.42, SE 0.49; mouth-cue: 4.29, SE 0.39; no-cue: 3.29, SE 0.41; all *p*~s~ \< 0.000). Comparing S-group's and C-group's performance during the recognition of the AS chimeric facial expressions, results showed that chimeric facial expressions recognition of S-group was driven more by eye-cue (*p* = 0.016) but less by mouth-cue (*p* = 0.014) than C-group.
Considering the FA chimera (**Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), S-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was equally driven by eye-cue and mouth-cue, resulting these two significantly different from no-cue (eye-cue: 6.39, SE 0.58; mouth-cue: 7.86, SE 0.56; no-cue: 1.75, SE 0.41 all *p*~s~ \< 0.000). Similarly, C-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was equally driven by eye-cue and mouth-cue, resulting these two significantly different from no-cue (eye-cue: 7.64, SE 0.55; mouth-cue: 5.93, SE 0.54; no-cue: 2.42, SE 0.39; all *p*~s~ \< 0.000). Comparing S-group's and C-group's performance during the recognition of the FA chimeric facial expressions, results showed that chimeric facial expressions recognition of S-group was driven more by mouth-cue than C-group (*p* = 0.017).
Considering the FS chimera (**Figure [3D](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), S-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was mostly driven by eye-cue, followed by no-cue and mouth-cue, resulting these three cues significantly different from each other (eye-cue: 8.86, SE 0.70; mouth-cue: 2.54, SE 0.41; no-cue: 4.61, SE 0.60; all *p*~s~ \< 0.024). Differently, C-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was mostly driven by eye-cue, resulting this one significantly different from mouth-cue and no-cue (eye-cue: 8.77, SE 0.66; mouth-cue: 3.03, SE 0.39; no-cue: 4.19, SE 0.57; all *p*~s~ \< 0.001). Comparing S-group's and C-group's performance during the recognition of the FS chimeric facial expressions, results showed the absence of significant between-group differences (all *p*~s~ \> 0.387).
Regarding the SA chimera (**Figure [3E](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), S-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was mostly driven by mouth-cue, followed by eye-cue and no-cue, resulting these three cues significantly different from each other (eye-cue: 4.64, SE 0.59; mouth-cue: 8.82, SE 0.57; no-cue: 2.54, SE 0.38; all *p*~s~ \< 0.040). Differently, C-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was equally driven by eye-cue and mouth-cue, resulting these two significantly different from no-cue (eye-cue: 5.61, SE 0.56; mouth-cue: 7.16, SE 0.54; no-cue: 3.23, SE 0.37; all *p*~s~ \< 0.011). Comparing S-group's and C-group's performance during the recognition of the SA chimeric facial expressions, results showed that chimeric facial expressions recognition of S-group was driven more by mouth-cue than C-group (*p* = 0.038).
Regarding the SF chimera (**Figure [3F](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), S-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was mostly driven by eye-cue, followed by mouth-cue and no-cue, resulting these three cues significantly different from each other (eye-cue: 9.14, SE 0.71; mouth-cue: 4.54, SE 0.62; no-cue: 2.32, SE 0.45; all *p*~s~ \< 0.024). Differently, C-group participants' chimeric facial expressions recognition was mostly driven by eye-cue, with no significant difference between mouth-cue and no-cue (eye-cue: 10.52, SE 0.67; mouth-cue: 3.30, SE 0.58; no-cue: 2.19, SE 0.42; all *p*~s~ \< 0.000). Comparing S-group's and C-group's performance during the recognition of the SF chimeric facial expressions, results showed the absence of significant between-group differences (all *p*~s~ \> 0.148).
Discussion
==========
The recognition of social signals, such as facial expressions of emotions, is an important developmental ability that can be altered by the exposure to traumatic experiences during childhood. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the bias in the explicit recognition of the facial expression of anger can be described as a victims' overall response tendency toward anger recognition or whether specific facial expressive cues of anger became more salient after trauma exposure. To solve this question, a group of underage Sierra Leonean Ebola survivors and a control group performed a forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions in which upper and lower half faces displaying different negative emotions (i.e., anger, fear, and sadness) were paired. Furthermore, to assess the principal psychological and psychiatric sequelae of trauma exposure, for the first time three clinical questionnaires (i.e., IES-R, PCL-5 and CERQ-short) were translated in Krio, the Sierra Leonean de facto national language, and tested.
Ebola survivors showed higher presence of PTSD related symptoms -- as evaluated by the IES-R and PCL-5 questionnaires -- with respect to controls. Emotion regulation in adaptation to stressful life events was assessed by the CERQ-short questionnaire demonstrating that Ebola survivors showed higher incidence of rumination and catastrophizing tendencies but also greater refocus on planning and positive reappraisal coping strategies with respect to controls. These results confirm the traumatic nature of Ebola infection and related adversities (e.g., family members' death, hospitalization, and subsequent stigmatization) able to induce PTSD-related sequelae and specific coping strategies among Ebola survivors. The two groups shared the same sociocultural background and came from the same area in Sierra Leon, consequently they were both exposed to Ebola outbreak but at a different degree of impact. Only Survivor group participants were infected by Ebola Virus and lost parents and close relatives during the outbreak, whereas Control group participants, thanks to the prompt dislocation and institution of sanitary check points, were not infected and did not experience mourning directly related to Ebola outbreak.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that PTSD diagnostic questionnaires and coping strategies scale were adapted, translated and applied in underage Sierra Leonean population exposed to traumatic events. A similar procedure was followed by previous studies that translated and adapted scales investigating PTSD-related symptoms and other psychiatric and psychological sequelae (i.e., major depression and anxiety) in West-African adult populations ([@B12]; [@B30]; [@B9], [@B8], [@B10]). Results demonstrate that the socio-cultural adaptation procedure followed in the present study designs sensible scales able to highlight the effect of early acute traumatic experiences in underage people even when they were exposed to different degrees of impact of the same traumatic event.
Considering participants' performance with the forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions, regardless of group membership, all participants tended to recognize the chimeric facial expressions taking advantage from the upper facial expressive cues with respect to the lower ones. This result is coherent with part-based chimeric facial expression processing according to which, particularly for the facial expression of anger, fear and sadness, the eye-region is the most significant for the identification of the new configural chimeric facial expressions ([@B13]). The relevance of the eye-region for the correct identification of negative facial expressions like anger, fear and sadness is extensively established ([@B32]; [@B33]; [@B19]; [@B28]; [@B26]; [@B46]; [@B55]; [@B24]) even if not always replicated, likely due to differences in the methodology and technique involved (see for example, [@B34]).
Focusing on the main aim of the present study, groups' performance at the forced-choice recognition task of chimeric facial expressions of emotions demonstrated that the bias in the recognition of angry facial expressions does not reflect a mere response tendency toward anger recognition but rather a specific greater salience of facial expressive cues of anger. This conclusion is supported by two main sources of evidence. First, the recognition of chimeric facial expressions not composed by facial expressive cues of anger (i.e., FS, SF chimeras) was mostly driven by eye-cue with no between-groups difference. This means that in the absence of angry facial expressive cues, participants' identification performance was not determined by a general recognition tendency toward anger of the traumatized population, but by the emotional expression derived by the upper half-face of the chimeric facial expression, in agreement with the part-based analyses processing. Second, when participants were asked to recognize chimeric facial expressions composed by facial expressive cues of anger, the two groups showed different patterns of response. Specifically, when participants were involved in the recognition of chimeric facial expressions composed by angry and sad expressive cues (i.e., AS, SA chimeras), S-group explicitly recognized the chimeric facial expressions using more than the C-group the angry facial expressive cues, regardless of their position. In other words, S-group used more the eye-cue and the mouth-cue than C-group during the recognition of the AS and SA chimeras, respectively. A similar response pattern was shown during the recognition of the FA chimera, where S-group's recognition performance was driven more by mouth-cue than the C-group. These response patterns clearly point to the unbalanced salience of facial expressive cues of anger. Indeed, both angry eye-cue and mouth-cue acquired greater perceptive salience after trauma exposure, steering Ebola victims' explicit recognition of chimeric facial expressions more than controls. These results demonstrate that facial expressive cues of anger, when present, do influence S-group's identification performance.
Unexpectedly, the greater salience of facial expressive cues of anger was not demonstrated during the recognition of AF chimeras. One explanation could be that this specific condition facilitates a holistic face processing rather than a part-based identification processing as the one shown with the other chimeras. The expected and previously demonstrated part-based analyses of the upper and lower half facial expressions was not evoked, giving way to a completely configurational analysis of the overall chimeric facial expression, as revealed by participants' response strategies. S-group participants did not show a clear preference for any of the cues (i.e., eye-cue, mouth-cue, and no-cue), in fact they solved the forced-choice recognition task by applying a "gamble response strategy," following which each response alternative was chosen with the same probability. Differently, C-group participants selected significantly more frequently the no-cue response instead of both eye-cue and mouth-cue alternatives, showing a sort of "radical third way strategy." The absence of a clear dominance of one of the two half-faces induced different holistic response strategies in the two groups, but in both cases, it did not reveal a bias in the recognition facial expressive cues of anger. The manifestation of these two different response strategies was due to the specific interaction between the nature of the facial expressions (i.e., anger and fear) and the position of the expressive cues showed (i.e., angry eye-cue and fearful mouth-cue): in fact, this response pattern was visible only during the recognition of AF chimeric facial expressions. Even if, as mentioned before, the literature is coherent in attributing to the eye region of both angry and fearful faces the highest saliency in the identification of the overall facial expressions, it can be useful to highlight here some peripheral phenomena that can account for this unexpected result. [@B33] found that in every facial expression tested (i.e., sadness, happiness, and fear), except anger, the opening of the mouth, as represented by parted lips or dropped jaw (i.e., the prototypical mouth feature of fearful facial expressions), correlated with improved recognition. Furthermore, [@B46], using the images obtained by the same database adopted in the present study, demonstrated that the occlusion of the eye region altered the effective recognition of the facial expressions of anger but not of those expressing fear. Even if this evidence cannot exhaustively explain the present result, it points out the specific interplay between angry eyes and fearful mouth, likely facilitating the holistic analysis of this specific chimeric facial expression.
Taken together, the present results demonstrate that the bias in the recognition of facial expressions of anger does not reflect a mere response tendency toward anger recognition but rather a specific greater salience of facial expressive cues of anger. Indeed, only when they were present (with the exception of the AF chimera), the recognition of chimeric facial expressions in the S-group was more strongly biased in favor of angry expressive cues than in the C-group, regardless of their position in the chimeric facial expression. The present results suggest that trauma exposure during childhood does not affect victims' overall emotion recognition abilities, but it specifically induces alterations in the perceptual mechanisms involved in the processing of phylogenetically inherited motor patterns, like facial expressions. Being exposed to traumatic events during childhood can lead victims to filter and select some environmental cues at the expense of others, leading to an unequal processing of external information and a biased recognition of others' facial expressions of emotion. These results are coherent with previous studies suggesting that early traumatic experiences affect the developing perceptual systems, in part by lowering the sensory threshold for anger-related to recruit the attentional focus ([@B38]). Several studies demonstrated both at the behavioral ([@B44]) and electrophysiological level ([@B37]; [@B41]; [@B14]; [@B48]; [@B15]) that victims of abuses and maltreatments during childhood show greater attentional focus to angry faces regardless of their contingent relevance. Relatedly, the attentional bias to angry faces was shown to be associated with anxiety individual traits ([@B17]; [@B25]).
The present results acquire greater importance by considering the interplay between evolutionary adaptive purposes and basic emotions as response-coordination 'packages' shaped by evolution to meet particular environmental challenges ([@B21]). At a phylogenetic level, one of the most important evolutionary challenge is the rapid, effective and discerning facial expressions of emotions recognition, inasmuch it allows coherent and adaptive behavioral reactions in agreement with the emotional content of facial expressions. According to BET theory, it suggests that the inherited motor pattern associated to the facial expression of emotion is the optimal facial configuration resulted from the interaction between several evolutionary demands which include the effective recognition of facial expression of emotion. This consideration can justify the role of multiple facial features and their inter-relationship in the discrimination of different facial expressions. At an ontogenetic level, the exposure to hostile and negative environment tunes the perceptual and attentional mechanisms involved in the recognition of facial expressions of emotions exacerbating the saliency of specific motor patterns conveying anger. In other words, the environment selects both the most effective facial motor pattern and the perceptive and attentive salience attributed to specific expressive facial cues influencing not only the expression but even the recognition of basic facial expressions of emotions.
Some limitations of the present study need to be highlighted. First, to avoid possible confounding effects, two populations sharing the same sociocultural background were involved in the study. Consequently, even if S-group and C-group clearly differ in the direct impact of the traumatic event here considered as demonstrated by the scoring obtained with clinical scales, both groups of participants were exposed to the Ebola outbreak. This circumstance might have partially reduced between-groups differences. Second, participants' scarce familiarity with computers prevented the collection of reaction times during the recognition task of chimeric facial expressions, which could be a useful variable to better understand the bias in the recognition of facial expressions of anger ([@B13]). Finally, to accomplish the main aim of the present study, only chimeric facial expressions were employed. In order to better understand the perceptual and attentive inspection modalities of real facial expressive cues, further studies should investigate victims' visual scan-path during facial expression recognition.
Conclusion
==========
The present study addressed an important and not yet completely clarified issue about the mechanisms underlying the bias in the recognition of facial expressions of anger following childhood trauma exposure. Results demonstrate that the perceptual salience of both eye and mouth cues of angry facial expressions increases among victims of childhood trauma. Being exposed to early adverse and negative experiences, rather than producing an overall response tendency toward anger recognition, tunes the perceptual analysis of angry facial expressive cues, leading to the explicit biased recognition of emotions.
Author Contributions
====================
MA designed the study, collected, analyzed and interpreted the data, finally she wrote the manuscript. VE was principally engaged in participants' recruitment and data collection, furthermore she gave her contribution to results interpretation. VE supervised the cross-cultural adaptation of the clinical scales employed in the present study. FF participated to data analyses and contributed to the drafting of the manuscript. MU, VG, and RR designed the study, interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
==============================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
**Funding.** This research was entirely supported by Ravera Children Rehabilitation Centre and Family Homes Movement-Italia.
Authors would like to acknowledge the volunteers involved in the study together with their parents and relatives. Furthermore, the study could not be done without the effort and the strong commitment of Ravera Children Rehabilitation Centre (RCRC) staff which was involved in all study phases. Finally, authors would like to acknowledge the supporters of RCRC and Family Homes Movement-Italia (<http://www.fhmitalia.org>).
Supplementary Material
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01026/full#supplementary-material>
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[^1]: Edited by: *Massimo Marraffa, Roma Tre University, Italy*
[^2]: Reviewed by: *Flávia L. Osório, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Joulia Smortchkova, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany*
[^3]: This article was submitted to Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology
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2023-11-22T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/2788
|
February 4th was a big day for six West Jeff seniors as they signed their letters of commitment to play ball next year as they begin their college careers. Family, friends, and coaches were on hand to witness the signings and join them in celebration after the ceremony. Those signing were: Louis Wings – Southeastern […]
Our Lady Bucs continued their winning ways, overwhelming Central Catholic by the score 59-9. Tiera Nickerson was the high scorer with 27 points. Khadijah Robertson added another 15 in the win. For the NOLA.com write-up, click here.
The West Jeff Girls Basketball team has started their season with two consecutive wins on the outstanding play of Teira Nickerson, Cassidy Clay, and Khadijah Robinson. The Lady Bucs beat McDonogh 35 on Monday, 11/17, 46-21 and on Tuesday, 11/18, beat McMain 47-23. For the NOLA.com write-ups click here and here.
The coaches all-district basketball teams have been announced and West Jeff High School is well represented. For the girls, named to the first team are Halie Matthews, with a scoring average of 18.5 points per game, and Brionne Cooper, who averaged 13.2 points per game. Named to the second team is Tierra Nickerson (10.2 ppg). […]
It’s playoffs time! After winning District for the first time in many years, the Lady Bucs of West Jefferson High School are poised to make a run for the State championship title. Please join us for the first post season game against Pineville HS on Thursday, February 20th at 6pm in the West Jeff […]
For the second time this season, Lady Buc Halie Matthews was named Large School Player of the Week by the Times Picayune / NOLA.com. Her selection was based on her clutch play against Chalmette HS and Higgins HS. For the complete story, click here.
Led by the play of Halie Matthews (18 points, 5 rebounds), West Jeff Lady Bucs easily outplayed Higgins Monday night to run their record to 17-4. The versatile hoopsters led through out the game, changing up defenses and offenses to keep the Hurricanes scrambling. For the complete story, click here
Halie Matthews, who’s headed to UNO in the fall, led the Lady Bucs to their victory over district rival Helen Cox, 47-40 on Thursday evening. She was assisted down the stretch by teammates Breionne Cooper and Khadyah Robinson. For the full story, click here.
Buc pride is showing, as Halie Matthews was named Large School Player of the Week by NOLA.com. Halie scored 27 points in a 69-43 victory against West St. John and 20 points in a 46-26 victory against St. Mary’s to help the Lady Buccaneers win their own West Jefferson Girls Basketball Tournament. A 6-foot […]
The West Jeff Girls basketball team has started their season right by blowing away their first two opponents, McMain (64-13) and McDonogh 35 (65-14). Our Lady Bucs are led by high scorers Halie Matthews and Kadija Robinson. For complete write ups of the games (short though they may be), click here and here. Well done […]
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2023-12-17T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/7190
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Q:
Low-latency, large-scale message queuing
I'm going through a bit of a re-think of large-scale multiplayer games in the age of Facebook applications and cloud computing.
Suppose I were to build something on top of existing open protocols, and I want to serve 1,000,000 simultaneous players, just to scope the problem.
Suppose each player has an incoming message queue (for chat and whatnot), and on average one more incoming message queue (guilds, zones, instances, auction, ...) so we have 2,000,000 queues. A player will listen to 1-10 queues at a time. Each queue will have on average maybe 1 message per second, but certain queues will have much higher rate and higher number of listeners (say, a "entity location" queue for a level instance). Let's assume no more than 100 milliseconds of system queuing latency, which is OK for mildly action-oriented games (but not games like Quake or Unreal Tournament).
From other systems, I know that serving 10,000 users on a single 1U or blade box is a reasonable expectation (assuming there's nothing else expensive going on, like physics simulation or whatnot).
So, with a crossbar cluster system, where clients connect to connection gateways, which in turn connect to message queue servers, we'd get 10,000 users per gateway with 100 gateway machines, and 20,000 message queues per queue server with 100 queue machines. Again, just for general scoping. The number of connections on each MQ machine would be tiny: about 100, to talk to each of the gateways. The number of connections on the gateways would be alot higher: 10,100 for the clients + connections to all the queue servers. (On top of this, add some connections for game world simulation servers or whatnot, but I'm trying to keep that separate for now)
If I didn't want to build this from scratch, I'd have to use some messaging and/or queuing infrastructure that exists. The two open protocols I can find are AMQP and XMPP. The intended use of XMPP is a little more like what this game system would need, but the overhead is quite noticeable (XML, plus the verbose presence data, plus various other channels that have to be built on top). The actual data model of AMQP is closer to what I describe above, but all the users seem to be large, enterprise-type corporations, and the workloads seem to be workflow related, not real-time game update related.
Does anyone have any daytime experience with these technologies, or implementations thereof, that you can share?
A:
@MSalters
Re 'message queue':
RabbitMQ's default operation is exactly what you describe: transient pubsub. But with TCP instead of UDP.
If you want guaranteed eventual delivery and other persistence and recovery features, then you CAN have that too - it's an option. That's the whole point of RabbitMQ and AMQP -- you can have lots of behaviours with just one message delivery system.
The model you describe is the DEFAULT behaviour, which is transient, "fire and forget", and routing messages to wherever the recipients are. People use RabbitMQ to do multicast discovery on EC2 for just that reason. You can get UDP type behaviours over unicast TCP pubsub. Neat, huh?
Re UDP:
I am not sure if UDP would be useful here. If you turn off Nagling then RabbitMQ single message roundtrip latency (client-broker-client) has been measured at 250-300 microseconds. See here for a comparison with Windows latency (which was a bit higher) http://old.nabble.com/High%28er%29-latency-with-1.5.1--p21663105.html
I cannot think of many multiplayer games that need roundtrip latency lower than 300 microseconds. You could get below 300us with TCP. TCP windowing is more expensive than raw UDP, but if you use UDP to go faster, and add a custom loss-recovery or seqno/ack/resend manager then that may slow you down again. It all depends on your use case. If you really really really need to use UDP and lazy acks and so on, then you could strip out RabbitMQ's TCP and probably pull that off.
I hope this helps clarify why I recommended RabbitMQ for Jon's use case.
A:
I am building such a system now, actually.
I have done a fair amount of evaluation of several MQs, including RabbitMQ, Qpid, and ZeroMQ. The latency and throughput of any of those are more than adequate for this type of application. What is not good, however, is queue creation time in the midst of half a million queues or more. Qpid in particular degrades quite severely after a few thousand queues. To circumvent that problem, you will typically have to create your own routing mechanisms (smaller number of total queues, and consumers on those queues are getting messages that they don't have an interest in).
My current system will probably use ZeroMQ, but in a fairly limited way, inside the cluster. Connections from clients are handled with a custom sim. daemon that I built using libev and is entirely single-threaded (and is showing very good scaling -- it should be able to handle 50,000 connections on one box without any problems -- our sim. tick rate is quite low though, and there are no physics).
XML (and therefore XMPP) is very much not suited to this, as you'll peg the CPU processing XML long before you become bound on I/O, which isn't what you want. We're using Google Protocol Buffers, at the moment, and those seem well suited to our particular needs. We're also using TCP for the client connections. I have had experience using both UDP and TCP for this in the past, and as pointed out by others, UDP does have some advantage, but it's slightly more difficult to work with.
Hopefully when we're a little closer to launch, I'll be able to share more details.
A:
Jon, this sounds like an ideal use case for AMQP and RabbitMQ.
I am not sure why you say that AMQP users are all large enterprise-type corporations. More than half of our customers are in the 'web' space ranging from huge to tiny companies. Lots of games, betting systems, chat systems, twittery type systems, and cloud computing infras have been built out of RabbitMQ. There are even mobile phone applications. Workflows are just one of many use cases.
We try to keep track of what is going on here:
http://www.rabbitmq.com/how.html (make sure you click through to the lists of use cases on del.icio.us too!)
Please do take a look. We are here to help. Feel free to email us at info@rabbitmq.com or hit me on twitter (@monadic).
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2023-09-20T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/5212
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Introduction
============
Gene duplications are prevalent in angiosperms, occurring via either whole genome or tandem duplications. Duplications can increase robustness of developmental processes through redundancy ([@B62]) or lead to the evolution of novel or partitioned functions between duplicates through the process of neo- or subfunctionalization ([@B43]; [@B15]; [@B34]). The increase in morphological complexity observed during the evolution of plants and animals is thought to be linked to functional divergence of gene duplicates ([@B43]; [@B16]). MADS box transcription factors play key roles in the gene networks directing the floral transition and floral and fruit development and through duplication have diversified dramatically in plants, particularly in seed plants ([@B56]; [@B24]). The retention of gene duplicates drove this increase in gene number, and the diversity in function that occurred subsequent to duplication contributed to the development of the complex reproductive structures that are unique to these plant lineages ([@B56]; [@B24]).
One MADS-box gene subfamily that arose via duplications is the angiosperm-specific *AP1/FUL* lineage, the members of which play key roles in several important developmental processes including flower and fruit development. Multiple duplications have occurred in this lineage, including a key event that coincided with the origin of the core eudicots; this duplication produced the *euAP1* (including *Arabidopsis AP1*) and *euFUL* (including *Arabidopsis FUL*) clades ([@B33]). This duplication is likely part of the whole genome triplication that occurred before the diversification of the core eudicots, often referred to as the gamma event ([@B23]). In *Arabidopsis*, *AP1* is required for proper specification of floral meristem identity and for sepal and petal development; in strong *ap1* mutants, petals are not formed and sepals are transformed into bract-like organs ([@B21]; [@B7]). Secondary flowers can grow from the axils of these first whorl organs, and reiterate the phenotype, so that tertiary and quaternary flowers can occur ([@B21]), indicating partial retention of inflorescence identity. In *Arabidopsis ful* mutants, fruit development is disrupted. Cells in the valves of the silique fail to elongate and differentiate, resulting in a short fruit; seed development proceeds as normal, which leads to over-crowding and premature rupture of the fruit wall ([@B18]). In addition, the cauline leaves of *ful* mutants are wider than those of wild type (WT; [@B18]). AP1 excludes *FUL* from the floral meristem ([@B36]), and the single *ful* mutant shows no defects in flower development ([@B18]). However, in *ap1-1* mutants, *FUL* is ectopically expressed in the floral meristem and further loss of floral identity is observed when *FUL* function is lost as well, indicating that *FUL* also is capable of specifying floral meristem identity; however, it cannot fully compensate for loss of *AP1* function ([@B14]). Thus, *AP1* and *FUL* are redundant for one function, floral meristem identity, but otherwise have diverged functionally, playing distinct roles in perianth identity and in cauline leaf and fruit development, respectively.
Although their sequences are similar, as is expected from paralogs, the AP1 and FUL proteins have differing conserved motifs in their C-terminal domains. All FUL proteins, as well as the related SEPALLATA (SEP) and AGAMOUS-LIKE 6 (AGL6) proteins, have a six hydrophobic amino acid motif (LPAWML), the FUL-like motif, near the C terminus ([@B33]; [@B67]; [@B53]). The function of this motif is unknown. AP1 has lost this FUL-like motif, due to a single nucleotide frame shift in the 3′ end of the coding sequence ([@B33]; [@B60]). Instead AP1 proteins have a transcription activation domain ([@B10]) and terminate in a farnesylation (a type of prenylation) domain ([@B64]; [@B33]). The farnesylation domain directs the addition of a lipid moiety to the C terminus of the protein, and AP1 proteins have been shown to be farnesylated *in vivo* ([@B64]). Farnesylation is often implicated in targeting proteins to membranes, and can be a mechanism for regulating transcription factor activity ([@B51]). Alternatively, it has been suggested that this motif may mediate protein interactions ([@B64]). Overexpression of a mutated version of the AP1 protein, in which farnesylation was abolished, in WT *Arabidopsis* did not completely recapitulate the *AP1* overexpression phenotype and additionally displayed novel phenotypes, suggesting a role for this protein modification in AP1 function ([@B64]). However, overexpression of related proteins which lack the farnesylation motif can also induce a phenotype similar to that of *AP1* overexpression ([@B5]; [@B6]; [@B8]; [@B9]). Thus the importance of these motifs to protein function is not clear; however, the presence of these sequence differences in the C-terminal protein domains, as well as other sequence differences between the proteins, is one possible explanation for the differences in function of AP1 and FUL.
A second possible explanation is that *AP1* and *FUL* are expressed in mutually exclusive domains in *Arabidopsis*. *AP1* is first expressed throughout young stages 1 and 2 floral meristems, but by stage 3 expression is restricted to the periphery of the floral meristem, where first and second whorl organs will arise ([@B35]). *AP1* expression is maintained in sepal and petal primordia as flowers develop ([@B35]). In contrast, *FUL* expression is first seen in the inflorescence meristem at the onset of reproductive development and is found in the inflorescence meristem, the stem, and cauline leaves as inflorescence development continues ([@B36]). *FUL* is not expressed in the floral meristem until stage 3, at which time it is found in the central dome, where the fourth whorl organs will arise; in later floral development, *FUL* is expressed in the valves of the developing carpels ([@B36]). Thus, there is no overlap in the WT expression patterns of *AP1* and *FUL*, at least partly because AP1 represses *FUL* expression ([@B36]), presenting another possible explanation for the functional differences seen between AP1 and FUL.
Pre-duplication *FUL*-like genes show broad expression patterns, with transcript generally present in the shoot apical meristem, leaves, inflorescence and floral meristems, and in most if not all floral organs and fruits (e.g., [@B66]; [@B48]; [@B40]; [@B59]; [@B26]; [@B31]; [@B50]; [@B45], [@B46]; [@B1]; [@B54]). Basal eudicots belong to the same clade as the core eudicots, but diverged prior to the duplication that created the *euAP1* and *euFUL* clades. *FUL*-like genes in these species are involved in regulation of flowering time, inflorescence branching, and cauline leaf, sepal, petal, carpel, and fruit development, essentially encompassing all the functions of *euAP1* and *euFUL* genes combined ([@B45]; however, see [@B46]). This suggests that subfunctionalization and partitioning of the ancestral *FUL*-like functions among the *euAP1* and *euFUL* genes occurred following the core eudicot duplication. These data from *FUL*-like genes set the stage for examination of the post-duplication evolutionary patterns of *euAP1* and *euFUL* gene lineages.
Here, we examine the basis of functional differentiation between *AP1* and *FUL* in *Arabidopsis thaliana* to determine if observed differences are due to their mutually exclusive expression domains or differences in their protein sequences. We perform promoter swap experiments and also investigate the role of conserved motifs in protein function through site-directed mutagenesis. In addition, because MADS-domain proteins act in complexes, we evaluated the ability of the mutated proteins to bind with known AP1 and FUL MADS-domain protein interacting partners. Our results suggest that the functional divergence of *AP1* and *FUL* is due to changes in both regulation and coding sequence, and that the conserved motifs of AP1 and FUL may not play major roles in protein function.
Materials and Methods {#s1}
=====================
Plant Material and Growth Conditions
------------------------------------
The following mutant lines were obtained from The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR): CS28, *ap1-1* mutant in a L*er* background; CS3759, *ful-1* mutant in a L*er* background. The *ap1-1* mutation (hereafter referred to as *ap1*) is a strong allele in which there is a mutation in the splice acceptor site of the third intron, resulting in transcript in which the third intron is retained ([@B35]). The *ful-1* mutation (hereafter referred to as *ful*) was produced via transposon-mediated enhancer trap mutagenesis, and the insertion of a DsE element into the 5′ UTR of the *FUL* gene yields a null mutation ([@B18]). WT CS20 L*er* seeds were kindly provided by Michael Purugganan (New York University, New York, NY, USA). These lines were grown under 16 h light and 8 h dark at 21°C and 60% humidity.
Cloning of *AP1* and *FUL* Genes
--------------------------------
To clone the *AP1* and *FUL* promoters, genomic DNA was extracted from WT CS20 L*er* plants using phenol:chloroform (see Supplemental Materials and Methods for details). The 1.7 kilobase (kb) *AP1* promoter ([@B19]; [@B2]) was amplified using primers GL373F and GL374R, cloned into pCR 2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen), and sequenced in both directions. For the *FUL* promoter, we used a 4.2 kb fragment upstream of the *FUL* coding sequence that includes all of the identified upstream regulatory sequence ([@B41]; [@B63]). The *FUL* promoter was amplified using primers AN19F and AN20R, cloned into pCR XL-TOPO, and sequenced in both directions. A second amplification was performed to add a SacI restriction site to the 5′ end of the *FUL* promoter (primers GL395F and AN20R); this product was also cloned into pCR XL-TOPO and sequenced in both directions. Promoter sequences used also contained the 5′ UTR of the mRNA. Primer sequences are found in Supplementary Table [S1](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, and PCR conditions are found in Supplemental Materials and Methods.
To clone the *AP1* and *FUL* coding sequences, RNA was extracted from inflorescence tissue of WT CS20 L*er* plants using the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) and DNase treated using the TURBO DNase-free kit (Ambion), according to manufacturers' instructions. Two micrograms of RNA were reverse transcribed into cDNA using SuperScript III (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The *AP1* coding sequence with the 3′ UTR was amplified using primers GL1090F and GL1091R, cloned into pCR 2.1-TOPO, and sequenced in both directions. The *FUL* coding sequence with the 3′ UTR was amplified using primers GL314F and GL315R, cloned into pCR 4-TOPO, and sequenced in both directions. Coding sequences used began with the start codon and included the 3′ UTR.
Cloning of Constructs
---------------------
Chimeric PCR was performed to link the promoters and coding sequences and, with site-directed mutagenesis, to produce mutated coding sequences. Chimeric PCR consists of three PCR reactions, the first of which (PCR1) amplifies the 5′ portion of the final product, and the second of which (PCR2) amplifies the 3′ portion; these two products contain complementary and overlapping sequence. The third PCR (PCR3) uses both of these products as template, and amplification links them together into a single product. To link promoters and coding sequences, the first PCR used a forward primer that anneals to the 5′ end of the promoter and a reverse primer that binds to the 3′ end of the promoter, but also includes sequence complementary to the beginning of the coding sequence (Supplementary Figure [S1A](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The second PCR used a forward primer that binds to the 5′ end of the coding sequence and that includes sequence complementary to the 3′ end of the promoter. The reverse primer binds to the 3′ end of the coding sequence (Supplementary Figure [S1A](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The third PCR used the products of the first two PCRs as mixed templates and primers that bind to the 5′ end of the promoter and the 3′ end of the coding sequence. Because of the design of the internal primers (the reverse primer from PCR1 and the forward primer from PCR2), the products from the first two PCRs were complementary across the promoter/coding sequence link and annealed together; extension and amplification resulted in a seamless link between promoter and coding sequence (Supplementary Figure [S1A](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric PCR were also used to create mutated coding sequences. In this case, the internal primers were complementary and annealed across the target motif (Supplementary Figure [S1B](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The primers themselves included base pair mismatches that introduced point mutations to create the mutated coding sequences required. The third PCR used primers that amplified the entire coding sequence.
Promoter Swap Constructs
------------------------
In order to examine whether *FUL* can substitute for *AP1* function when expressed in the *AP1* domain and vice versa, we created the promoter swap constructs, *pAP1:FUL* and *pFUL:AP1* along with the positive control constructs, *pAP1:AP1* and *pFUL:FUL* (**Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). We performed chimeric PCRs in which PCR1 amplified the promoter, PCR2 amplified the coding sequence, and PCR3 linked them (see above for description of chimeric PCR). The *pAP1:FUL* construct was produced using primers AN21F and AN22R for PCR1, AN24F and GL315R for PCR2, and GL373F and GL315R for PCR3, whereas the *pAP1:AP1* construct was created using primers AN21F and AN23R for PCR1, AN25F and GL1419R for PCR2, and AN21F and AN15R for PCR3. These full length promoter:coding sequence constructs (PCR3 products) were cloned into pCR TOPO-2.1, and sequenced in both directions.
{#F1}
In order to prevent the introduction of errors via unnecessary reamplification of the long, previously cloned *FUL* promoter, we used a combination of chimeric PCR and restriction digests in the creation of the *pFUL:AP1* and *pFUL:FUL* constructs. Chimeric PCR was performed to link the *AP1* and *FUL* coding sequences with a 200 bp fragment of the 3′ end of the *FUL* promoter, using, for *pFUL:AP1*, primers AN10F and AN12R for PCR1, AN14F and AN15R for PCR2, and AN10F and AN15R for PCR3, and for *pFUL:FUL*, primers AN10F and AN11R for PCR1, AN13F and GL315R for PCR2, and AN10F and GL315R for PCR3. The 200 bp fragment of the promoter includes a naturally occurring AccI restriction site, and the reverse primer in PCR3 introduced a BamHI restriction site at the end of the 3′ UTRs. PCR3 products, which consisted of 200 bp of the promoter and the coding sequence with the BamHI site, were cloned into pCR 2.1-TOPO and sequenced in both directions. Restriction digest with AccI \[New England Biolabs (NEBs)\] and BamHI (NEB) was performed on both the full-length *FUL* promoter clone in the pCR TOPO-XL vector and on PCR3 clones. Fragments of the appropriate length were excised from an agarose gel, purified using the QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen), ligated using T4 DNA ligase (NEB), and sequenced in both directions.
Mutated Protein Constructs
--------------------------
Site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric PCR were used to create mutated coding sequences in order to examine the role of conserved motifs in protein function. To abolish the AP1 farnesylation motif, following [@B64], the receptor cysteine was replaced by serine to create the *mAP1* mutated coding sequence (**Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). Reactions used primers GL1090F and AN186R to amplify from the start codon to the farnesylation motif (PCR1), AN185F and AN15R to amplify from the farnesylation motif to the end of the 3′ UTR (PCR2), and GL1090F and AN15R to amplify the entire mutated coding sequence (PCR3).
To evaluate the function of the FUL-like motif, we constructed three mutated coding sequences (**Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**). In all three cases, PCR1 amplified from the start codon to the FUL-like motif, PCR2 amplified from the FUL-like motif to the end of the 3′ UTR, and PCR3 amplified the entire mutated coding sequence. To produce the *tFUL* mutated coding sequence, a stop codon was introduced just before the FUL-like motif, truncating the FUL protein and eliminating the motif; *tFUL* was produced using primers GL314F and GL769R for PCR1, GL768F and GL315R for PCR2, and GL314F and GL315R for PCR3. To generate the *mFULp* mutated coding sequence, which resulted in a protein in which the non-polar proline of the FUL-like motif (LPAWML) was replaced with a polar serine, we used primers GL10F and GL1238R for PCR1, GL1237F and GL315R for PCR2, and GL314F and GL315R for PCR3. To create the *mFULw* mutated coding sequence, which resulted in a protein in which the non-polar tryptophan of the FUL-like motif was replaced with a polar glutamine, we used primers GL10F and GL1236R for PCR1, GL1235F and GL315R for PCR2, and GL314F and GL315R for PCR3.
Chimeric PCR was used to link the *AP1* and *FUL* promoters to the various mutated coding sequences. PCR1 amplified the promoter, PCR2 amplified the coding sequence, and PCR3 linked the promoter and coding sequence. The *pAP1:mAP1* construct was created using primers AN21F and AN23R for PCR1, AN25F and GL1419R for PCR2, and AN21F and AN15R for PCR3. Products from PCR3 were cloned into pCR TOPO-2.1 and sequenced in both directions.
For the *pFUL:tFUL*, *pFUL:mFULp*, and *pFUL:mFULw* constructs, primers AN10F and AN11R were used for PCR1, AN13F and GL315R for PCR2, and AN10F and GL315R for PCR3. The PCR3 product for each mutated coding sequence was cloned into pCR TOPO-2.1 and sequenced in both directions. Restriction digests, gel excision and purification, ligation, and sequencing were performed as described above.
Cloning into Binary Vectors
---------------------------
All constructs were reamplified to introduce the sequence CACC at the 5′ end of the promoter for directional cloning. *pAP1:AP1* and *pAP1:mAP1* were amplified using primers AN305F and AN15R; *pAP1:FUL* was amplified using primers AN305F and AN306R; *pFUL:FUL*, *pFUL:tFUL*, *pFUL:mFULp*, and *pFUL:mFULw* were amplified using primers AN303F and GL315R; and *pFUL:AP1* was amplified using primers AN304F and GL1419R. The resulting PCR products were cloned into pENTR/D-TOPO (Invitrogen) and sequenced. Constructs with the *AP1* promoter were recombined into the Gateway pK7WG binary vector, and those with the *FUL* promoter were recombined into the pH7WG binary vector (Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Belgium) using LR Clonase II (Invitrogen). Empty pK7WG and pH7WG vectors were created by recombination with an empty pENTR/D-TOPO vector in order to remove the *ccd*B screening gene. Each construct was transformed into *Agrobacterium tumefaciens* strain GV3101 (pMP90).
Plant Transformation
--------------------
Floral dip transformation with *Agrobacterium* was performed following [@B11]. Briefly, *Agrobacterium* cultures were resuspended in infiltration medium (0.5x Murashige and Skoog salts with Gamborg's vitamins, 5% sucrose, 0.05% MES, 0.044 μM benzylaminopurine, 0.02% Silwet L-77) to OD~600~ = 0.8. Plants (*ap1* mutants for constructs using the *AP1* promoter and *ful* mutants for constructs using *FUL* promoter) were dipped into the *Agrobacterium* solution for 15 min and then pots were placed on their sides, covered to maintain humidity, and left in the dark overnight. Pots were placed upright, returned to the growth chamber (16 h light and 8 h dark, 21°C, 60% humidity), and left to grow until siliques matured. Seed was collected and screened for transformants.
Transformant Screening
----------------------
T~1~ and T~2~ seed from all constructs was screened on MS plates (1x Murashige and Skoog with Gamborg's vitamins, 1% sucrose, 0.05% MES, 0.8% agar) with the appropriate antibiotic: 50 μg/mL kanamycin for pK7WG constructs and 15 μg/mL hygromycin for pH7WG constructs (hygromycin plates had no sucrose). Seedlings on plates were grown under 16 h light and 8 h dark at 21°C and 60% humidity, and seedlings that grew true leaves were deemed putative transformants and transferred to soil.
RNA was extracted from putative transformants from inflorescence tissue for *ap1* mutants and from inflorescence and silique tissue for *ful* mutants, and cDNA was synthesized as described above. The resulting cDNA was screened for presence of transgene insertion using PCR for kanamycin, using primers GL418F and GL419F, or hygromycin, using primers AN210F and AN211R, and for expression of the construct using the following strategies.
The *ap1-1* mutant has a point mutation that disrupts the splice acceptor site for the third intron, but transcript is still expressed ([@B35]). Therefore, we designed screening primers (primers AN334F and AN215R) that amplify only the WT *AP1* transcript from our *pAP1:AP1* and *pAP1:mAP1* constructs, but not the endogenous transcript from the *ap1* mutant (see Results for further information). Similarly, to distinguish between expression of *FUL* transcript from our *pAP1:FUL* construct and endogenous *FUL* mRNA in *ap1* mutants, we designed a forward primer in the *AP1* 5′ UTR and a reverse primer in the *FUL* coding sequence (primers AN299F and AN301R).
The *ful-1* mutation is an insertion of a DsE transposable enhancer trap element in the 5′ UTR of the *FUL* gene, and no mRNA transcript is produced ([@B18]). However, to be certain that we were only amplifying expression from our constructs, we designed a forward primer (AN379F) that includes sequence on either side of the DsE insertion site in order to screen for expression in the *ful-1* mutant background. To screen for the expression of the *pFUL:FUL*, *pFUL:tFUL, pFUL:mFULp*, and *pFUL:mFULw* constructs in putative transformants, we used primers AN379F and AN380R. To screen for the expression of the *pFUL:AP1* construct, we used primers AN379F and AN381R. To distinguish between transcripts expressed from *pFUL:FUL*, *pFUL:tFUL*, *pFUL:mFULp*, and *pFUL:mFULw* constructs, we designed additional reverse primers across the engineered point mutations in the FUL-like motif: AN383R for *tFUL*, AN385R for *mFULp*, and AN386R for *mFULw*, all used with forward primer AN382F. We used actin as a control (primers AN221F and AN222R). Primer sequences are found in Supplementary Table [S1](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, and PCR conditions are found in Supplemental Materials and Methods.
Scoring Transformant Phenotypes
-------------------------------
Both T~1~ and T~2~ transformants were scored for phenotypes; results are reported for T~2~ plants. For experiments that tested the ability of a construct to complement the *ap1* mutant (*pAP1:FUL ap1* and *pAP1:mAP1 ap1* lines), flowers 1--5 and 11--15 were scored for the number of flowers per pedicel. In addition, the number of petals per flower and the identity of first and second whorl organs were recorded for both primary and secondary flowers for flowers 1--5 and 11--15. For experiments that tested the ability of a construct to complement the *ful* mutant (*pFUL:AP1 ful, pFUL:tFUL ful*, *pFUL:mFULp ful*, and *pFUL:mFULw ful* lines), cauline leaf length and width were scored for the primary inflorescence and flowers 1--15 were scored for silique length. ANOVAs and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference tests were performed in RStudio version 0.98.490, and Bonferroni corrections were applied to all statistical tests conducted.
Yeast Two-hybrid Analysis
-------------------------
Yeast two-hybrid analyses were performed to determine whether the mutated AP1 and FUL coding sequences created here could still bind with known MADS-domain AP1 and FUL interaction partners. Yeast two-hybrid vectors were obtained from TAIR ([www.arabidopsis.com](http://www.arabidopsis.com)) for AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24), AP1, APETALA3 (AP3), FUL, PISTILLATA (PI), SEP1, and SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) and created for mAP1, tFUL, mFULp, mFULw, AGAMOUS (AG), AGL6, SEP3, SEP4-II, and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP). We amplified full-length coding sequences using the following primer combinations: AG (primers AN237F and AN238R), AGL6 (primers AN235F and AN373R), SEP3 (primers AN233F and AN234R), SEP4-II (primers AN241F and AN242R), and SVP (primers AN239F and AN240R). We amplified the full-length coding sequences for *tFUL*, *mFULp*, and *mFULw* using primers AN246F and AN247R. AP1 has been reported to have autoactivation capability ([@B47]), so we used chimeric PCR to create additional vectors (designated AP1-PGA and mAP1-PGA) for both WT AP1 and mAP1 in which the proline- and glutamine-rich regions and the activation domain were removed from the C-terminal region of the protein (Supplementary Figure [S2A](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We used this approach instead of protein truncation because we were evaluating whether the farnesylation motif at the C terminus of the protein is necessary for protein--protein interactions. We performed chimeric PCR in which PCR1 amplified from the start codon until just before the proline-rich domain, PCR2 amplified from just after the activation domain to the stop codon, and PCR3 linked these two regions, creating a coding sequence from which the proline- and glutamine-rich regions and the activation domain were removed. For AP1-PGA, we used the following primers: AN243F and AN248R (PCR1), AN249F and AN244R (PCR2), and AN243F and AN244R (PCR3). For mAP1-PGA, we used the following primers: AN243F and AN248R (PCR1), AN249F and AN245R (PCR2), and AN243F and AN245R (PCR3). These vectors were no longer capable of autoactivation (Supplementary Figure [S2B](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Full-length coding sequences were cloned into pENTR/D-TOPO, sequenced in both directions, and recombined into both pDEST-AD and pDEST-DB vectors, kindly provided by David Hall (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA), using LR Clonase II (Invitrogen). Interactions were tested by co-transforming pairs of vectors into yeast strain AH109. AP1, mAP1, AP1-PGA, mAP1-PGA, FUL, tFUL, mFULp, and mFULw were each tested against a panel of interactors: AG, AGL6, AGL24, AP3, PI, SEP1, SEP3, SEP4-II, SOC1, and SVP in both pDEST-AD and pDEST-DB vectors. Empty pDEST-AD and pDEST-DB vectors were added to the panel as negative controls. Co-transformed yeast was plated onto selective plates (synthetic drop-out; -HWL with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mM 3AT, -AWL, and -AHWL) and growth was monitored after 3 and 6 days. The interaction patterns of the mutated proteins were compared to those of their WT counterparts to determine whether the mutation disrupted normal protein--protein interactions.
Results
=======
The *ap1-1* Mutant Produces Multiple Transcripts
------------------------------------------------
In developing a strategy to screen for expression of the *pAP1:AP1* and *pAP1:mAP1* constructs in the *ap1-1* mutant background, we discovered that the *ap1* transcript pool is variable in this mutant. The *ap1-1* mutant has a point mutation in the splice acceptor site of the third intron and is predicted to produce a longer fragment that includes the third intron. We originally designed screening primers across the third and fourth exon boundary, but amplification yielded a 'wild type' sized fragment as well as the expected longer one. Sequencing established that transcripts of three different lengths are expressed. These included a long transcript (1118 bp) in which the third intron is retained, a short transcript (925 bp) in which the third intron, fourth exon, and fourth intron are spliced out, and a 'wild type' length transcript (1023 bp) in which the third intron has been spliced out along with one extra base pair. This 'wild type' length transcript occurs because the point mutation creates a second 'AG' splice acceptor site one base pair downstream of the original site; splicing of the transcript at this site yields a frame shift mutation. To avoid confusion when using PCR amplification to screen for construct expression, we designed new primers (AN334F/AN215R, see Supplementary Table [S1](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for sequences) for screening transformants that only amplify WT *AP1* transcript, utilizing the single nucleotide difference between WT and the 'wild type' length *ap1-1* mutant transcripts.
The Basis of Functional Divergence between AP1 and FUL
------------------------------------------------------
*AP1* and *FUL* have different functions, are expressed in mutually exclusive domains and are divergent in sequence. To determine if the functional divergence between *AP1* and *FUL* is due to changes in regulation, we created promoter swap constructs in which the *FUL* coding sequence is driven by the *AP1* promoter (*pAP1:FUL*) and vice versa (*pFUL:AP1*). If differences in expression underlie the observed functional differences, we would expect our promoter swap constructs to completely complement the corresponding mutant phenotype. If differences in sequence contribute to the functional divergence, we would not expect these constructs to rescue the mutants. We therefore introduced the *pAP1:FUL* construct into the strong *ap1-1* mutant and the *pFUL:AP1* construct into the strong *ful-1* mutant. Plants transformed with the promoter swap constructs were compared to WT and the corresponding mutant as well as positive (*pAP1:AP1 ap1* or *pFUL:FUL ful* ) and negative (empty vector) controls.
### *FUL* Can Partially Rescue the *ap1* Mutant When Expressed in the *AP1* Domain
Wild type flowers have one flower per pedicel with four sepals and four petals (**Figures [2A,D--H](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). In contrast, *ap1* mutant flowers have multiple flowers per pedicel, and these flowers have predominantly bract-like organs in the first whorl (**Figures [2C,E--G](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). However, we observed some carpelloid bracts (in which stigmatic papillae and/or ovules are formed), a few unfused carpels (with stigmatic papillae at the distal end and ovules along the margins), and some filamentous organs in the first whorl in *ap1* mutants (**Figures [2F,G](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). Approximately half of both first and second whorl organs are missing (**Figures [2F--H](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**); when second whorl organs are present, they are mainly stamen-like or filamentous structures, but a few bract-like organs are observed as well (**Figure [2H](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). The stamen-like organs are either stamens (with anthers), petaloid stamens (in which petal tissue is fused to the anther), or carpelloid stamens (in which carpelloid structures are either fused to the anther or replace the anther on the filament; **Figure [2H](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). Our observations of second whorl organs differ from published descriptions of the *ap1-1* mutant in that we see a greater percentage of organs in this whorl (53% as opposed to 6% in [@B7] and none in [@B21]); however, the types of organs we observe are consistent with what [@B7] recorded for other *ap1* alleles. The *pAP1:AP1* construct (the positive control) rescues the phenotype to WT; these lines have one flower per pedicel, with petals and predominantly normal sepals, although some sepals have the Y-shaped trichomes characteristic of leaves (Supplementary Figure [S3](#SM5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Empty vector *ap1* lines resemble *ap1* mutants (Supplementary Figure [S3](#SM5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{#F2}
The promoter swap *pAP1:FUL ap1* lines, in which the *FUL* coding sequence was expressed in the *AP1* domain in an *ap1* mutant background, have mainly bract-like organs in the first whorl; however, we also observed carpelloid bracts, filamentous structures, and a few unfused carpels, similar to *ap1* mutants (**Figures [2B,F,G](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). These lines have no petals (ANOVA: *F* = 17530, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^), and approximately half of the second whorl organs are missing, but when present, they are mainly stamen-like and filamentous structures, similar to the *ap1* mutant (**Figures [2B,D--H](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). However, 98% of adaxial and abaxial first whorl organs are present in the *pAP1:FUL ap1* lines, compared to only 61% in *ap1* mutants (**Figures [2B,F,G](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). The identity of the first and second whorl organs of the secondary flowers (which arise from the axils of first whorl organs) is also the same as in *ap1* mutants (ANOVA: *F* = 137.1, df = 2, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; Supplementary Figure [S4](#SM6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, in contrast to *ap1* mutants, *pAP1:FUL ap1* lines show a reduced number of flowers per pedicel with an average of 2.04 compared to 5.34 in *ap1* mutants and 1.0 in WT (ANOVA: *F* = 109.2, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; **Figure [2E](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). Although *pAP1:FUL ap1* lines are not significantly different from WT in number of flowers per pedicel after Bonferroni correction, they do show some secondary flowers whereas WT plants never do. Although no petals are produced in *pAP1:FUL ap1* lines, the reduced number of flowers per pedicel and the increase in the number of first whorl organs in these lines show that *FUL* can at least partially substitute for *AP1* not only in floral meristem identity, as expected, but also in some elements of floral structure.
### *AP1* Can Partially Rescue the *ful* Mutant When Expressed in the *FUL* Domain
Wild type plants produce siliques with an average length of 11.47 mm and their cauline leaves have a width:length ratio of 0.48 (**Figures [3A,D,H,I](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). In contrast, *ful* mutants have siliques with an average length of 3.73 mm and a cauline leaf width:length ratio of 0.63 (**Figures [3C,F,H,I](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). The positive control *pFUL:FUL* construct rescues the *ful* mutant phenotype, with an average silique length of 9.63 mm. This is similar to, but slightly shorter than, siliques in WT, but significantly longer than the *ful* mutant siliques (ANOVA: *F* = 3995, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; Supplementary Figure [S5](#SM7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The cauline leaf width:length ratio in *pFUL:FUL ful* lines is 0.45 and is not significantly different from WT (ANOVA: *F* = 106.7, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; Supplementary Figure [S5](#SM7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Empty vector *ful* lines resemble *ful* mutants (Supplementary Figure [S5](#SM7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{#F3}
The *pFUL:AP1 ful* lines, in which the *AP1* coding sequence is expressed in the *FUL* domain in a *ful* mutant background, have lumpy, sometimes curved siliques that are significantly longer (5.30 mm) than *ful* mutants, but significantly shorter than WT (ANOVA: *F* = 3995, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; **Figures [3B,H](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). The *pFUL:AP1 ful* lines have curled cauline leaves with an average width:length ratio of 0.55; this is significantly larger than the WT average of 0.48, but significantly smaller than the average of 0.63 seen in *ful* mutants (ANOVA: *F* = 106.7, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; **Figure [3I](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). The *pFUL:AP1 ful* lines have terminal flowers (**Figure [3G](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), which are not present in WT plants; these likely result from *AP1* expression in the inflorescence meristem under the control of the *FUL* promoter. Longer siliques and relatively narrower cauline leaves in the *pFUL:AP1 ful* lines show that *AP1* can partially substitute for *FUL* when expressed in the *FUL* domain.
The Function of Conserved Motifs
--------------------------------
### The Farnesylation Motif is not Required for *AP1* Function
To determine if the AP1 farnesylation motif is required for protein function, we generated a construct in which the receptor cysteine was mutated to a serine (*pAP1:mAP1*; **Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**), which prevents the attachment of the farnesyl molecule. The *pAP1:mAP1 ap1* lines resemble WT; they have only one flower per pedicel (ANOVA: *F* = 138.5, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; **Figures [4A,B,D--H](#F4){ref-type="fig"}**), and those flowers have petals (ANOVA: *F* = 18495, df = 4, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^) and sepals (sometimes with Y-shaped trichomes). The fact that the mutated AP1 protein can complement the *ap1* mutant shows that farnesylation of the AP1 protein is not necessary for proper protein function.
{#F4}
### FUL Protein Function is Largely not Dependent on the FUL-like Motif
We examined whether the FUL-like motif is necessary for FUL protein function by creating three mutated coding sequences: *tFUL*, which creates a protein that is truncated just before the FUL-like motif; *mFULp*, in which the proline in the FUL-like motif is replaced with a serine; and *mFULw*, in which the tryptophan is replaced with a glutamine. The tryptophan in the fourth position of the motif is strictly conserved in all proteins from the AP1/FUL, SEP, and AGL6 lineages, and the proline in the second position is conserved across angiosperm sequences ([@B33]). In both mFULp and mFULw, a non-polar amino acid was replaced with a polar amino acid, disrupting the hydrophobic motif.
Average silique length was similar in all three sets of plants transformed with mutated *FUL* constructs: *pFUL:tFUL ful* (8.10 mm), *pFUL:mFULp ful* (8.09 mm), and *pFUL:mFULw ful* (8.52 mm). These lengths were significantly longer than *ful* mutants (3.73 mm), but significantly shorter than WT (11.47 mm; ANOVA: *F* = 1895, df = 6, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; **Figures [5A--E,K](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**), suggesting that this conserved amino acid motif may have a minor role in silique elongation. The cauline leaf width:length ratio in all three mutated *FUL ful* lines was not significantly different than WT (0.48); however, the ratio in *pFUL:mFULp ful* lines (0.45) is significantly smaller than in *pFUL:tFUL ful* (0.51) and *pFUL:mFULw ful* (0.57) lines (ANOVA: *F* = 108.8, df = 6, *p* \< 2 × 10^-16^; **Figures [5F--J,L](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**). This observation, that a protein lacking the proline is more successful at complementing the phenotype than one lacking the tryptophan or lacking the motif entirely, suggests that the proline plays a less significant role than the tryptophan in protein function. Nonetheless, none of the ratios were significantly different from WT, suggesting that this motif is not required for proper cauline leaf development. These results, which show that the mutated protein constructs complement the *ful* cauline leaf phenotype and partially complement the silique defect, suggest that the FUL-like motif plays only a minor role in FUL protein function.
{#F5}
Protein--protein Interactions
-----------------------------
MADS-domain proteins are thought to act in multimeric complexes ([@B13]; [@B20]; [@B55]; [@B57]; [@B38]; [@B39]). [@B64] suggested that farnesylation, which adds a hydrophobic tail to the C terminus of the AP1 protein, might mediate such interactions. Furthermore, the conserved FUL-like motif consists of hydrophobic amino acids, suggesting a possible role in protein--protein interactions. We therefore conducted yeast two-hybrid experiments to determine whether mutations in these motifs disrupt known protein--protein interactions. AP1 is capable of autoactivation, so yeast two-hybrid constructs were made in which the proline- and glutamine-rich regions and activation domain were removed from the C terminus of the protein for both AP1 and mAP1 (Supplementary Figure [S2](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
In our experiments, AP1 and FUL proteins interacted with AGL6, AGL24, SEP1, SEP3, and SVP, but not AG, AP3, PI, SEP4-II, or SOC1 (**Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). The mAP1 protein interactions were identical (**Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**), indicating that, at least in yeast, the farnesylation motif is not required for dimerization with the MADS-domain proteins we investigated. FUL proteins with mutated motifs also have largely the same interaction partners as WT when grown on lower stringency plates (-HLW with 20 mM 3AT). An exception is that mFULp, in which the proline of the FUL-like motif is replaced by a serine, interacts with AG (**Figure [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**), whereas WT protein does not, under our conditions. However, this interaction is no longer seen on higher stringency plates (-HLW with 30 mM 3AT; **Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). The interactions of tFUL (truncated) and mFULw (tryptophan replaced with glutamine) with AGL6 and SVP are also weaker or absent on the higher stringency plates (**Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**), suggesting that the FUL-like motif may play at least some role in protein--protein interactions.
{ref-type="supplementary-material"} for diagram).](fpls-06-01076-g006){#F6}
Discussion
==========
Both Changes in Regulation and Coding Sequence Underlie Functional Differentiation of *AP1* and *FUL*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our results show that the *FUL* coding sequence can partially complement the *ap1* mutant when expressed in the *AP1* domain and that the *AP1* coding sequence can partially rescue the *ful* mutant when expressed in the *FUL* domain (**Figures [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}** and **[3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**). These results suggest that the divergence in function between these two genes is the result of changes in coding sequence as well as changes in regulation. Our *pFUL:AP1 ful* lines show partial rescue of the silique length and cauline leaf shape defects of the *ful* mutant (**Figures [3A--F,H,I](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**), showing that the AP1 protein has some ability, albeit limited, to substitute for FUL. Our *pAP1:FUL ap1* lines had fewer flowers per pedicel, showing that *FUL* can moderate the inflorescence meristem defects of *ap1* (**Figure [2E](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**). This is consistent with the fact that *FUL*, as well as *AP1*, is capable of promoting floral meristem identity ([@B14]). The *pAP1:FUL ap1* lines also had an increase in first whorl organ number. However, no petals are formed in these lines (**Figure [2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**), showing that FUL does not have all of the functional capabilities of AP1. Previous experiments expressing a *FUL*-like gene from the grass *Lolium temulentum* in the *Arabidopsis ap1* mutant under the control of the *AP1* promoter similarly showed that this gene could not rescue the petal defect but was able to partially complement the defects in flower number per pedicel and first whorl organ number ([@B17]). The fact that expression of either *AP1* or *FUL* in the domain of the other produces only partial mutant complementation indicates that the proteins are not functionally equivalent, and that differences in sequence do have functional consequences.
Conserved AP1 and FUL Amino Acid Motifs are not Necessary for Protein Function
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
### AP1 farnesylation motif
Our mutated *AP1 ap1* lines, in which the receptor cysteine of the farnesylation motif was replaced with serine thus preventing farnesylation of the AP1 protein, show complete complementation of the mutant phenotype (**Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}**). The only exception is that sepals sometimes have Y-shaped trichomes, which is also seen in our *pAP1:AP1 ap1* positive control lines. These results suggest that this post-translational modification of the AP1 protein, which has been demonstrated to occur *in planta* ([@B64]), is not necessary for proper AP1 function. [@B64] generated the same mutated AP1 protein, in which the receptor cysteine was replaced with serine, and expressed it in WT *Arabidopsis* plants under the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter ([@B4]). Although their mutated AP1 lines flowered early, similar to what is seen when WT AP1 is overexpressed, these lines failed to show the terminal flower phenotype that is typical of AP1 overexpression ([@B37]). Instead they displayed novel phenotypes, including increased density of trichomes on rosette leaves and sepals and sometimes lack of chlorophyll in leaves and inflorescences; this led them to conclude that farnesylation played an important role in AP1 function ([@B64]). Because overexpression phenotypes may not reflect the function of a protein during normal plant development, we instead expressed the mutated *AP1* sequence under the control of the WT *AP1* promoter in the *ap1* mutant to see if it could replace the WT protein. Our results suggest that it can, and that addition of a farnesyl molecule is not required for normal AP1 function. Nevertheless, [@B64] did show that the protein is farnesylated in *Arabidopsis*, thus the purpose of this modification remains unknown.
Evidence from studies with *AP1/FUL* genes from other species also suggests that this post-translational modification is not required for AP1 function. The AP1 ortholog in pea, PEAM4, lacks a farnesylation motif, but can restore petal production when constitutively expressed in *Arabidopsis ap1-1* mutants ([@B5]). The average number of petals per flower in these lines is less than that seen in WT or 35S:*AP1* lines ([@B5]), but this may be due to additional sequence changes that arose since the divergence of *Arabidopsis* and pea. Similarly, overexpression of a *euFUL* gene from tobacco and *FUL*-like genes from *Lilium* and rice, which all lack the farnesylation motif, produced petals; although, in fewer numbers than in WT plants ([@B22]; [@B9]).
*Arabidopsis* has another *AP1* paralog, *CAULIFLOWER* (*CAL*), which arose from a more recent duplication than *AP1* and *FUL*. *CAL* possesses a farnesylation motif, but kinetic analyses suggest that it is unlikely to be farnesylated *in planta* ([@B64]). When expressed under the *AP1* promoter, *CAL* cannot rescue the *ap1-1* mutant phenotype; however, chimeric proteins, in which the M-, I-, and K-domains of AP1 are fused to the C-domain of CAL, nearly completely rescue *ap1-1* ([@B2]). This suggests that the inability of CAL to substitute for AP1 is due to sequence in the M-, I-, and K-domains, and not the C-terminal domain that contains the farnesylation motif.
### FUL-like Motif
The *ful* mutant phenotype is nearly completely rescued by all three of our mutated *FUL* constructs (**Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**), in which either the entire motif was absent or the most highly conserved residues were substituted. This suggests that the FUL protein can function nearly normally without the FUL-like motif; however, silique length in all three mutated *FUL ful* lines is significantly shorter than WT (**Figures [5A--E,K](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**), indicating that the FUL-like motif plays at least some role in silique elongation.
The FUL-like motif is highly conserved not only in all euFUL proteins, but also in the FUL-like proteins found in plant lineages outside the core eudicots (which predate the euAP1/euFUL duplication), and in the closely related *SEP* and *AGL6* gene clades. These latter genes are also implicated in flowering and floral development, and arose via duplication from the same lineage as *AP1/FUL* ([@B33]). Only the *AGL6* lineage predates angiosperms, being found in gymnosperms as well; *AP1/FUL* and *SEP* genes are restricted to flowering plants and are required for flowering ([@B56]; [@B33]). The tryptophan in the fourth position of the six amino acid motif appears to be strictly conserved across not only FUL and FUL-like proteins, but also the SEP and AGL6 lineages ([@B33]). This suggests an important function for this residue; however, our results suggest only a minor role in silique elongation. The proline in the second position is conserved in angiosperm euFUL and FUL-like proteins ([@B33]), and similarly, only seems to play a minor role in silique elongation. Our results suggest that the mutated proline transcript may be better able to complement the cauline leaf width:length ratio defect of the mutant; nonetheless, none of these lines were significantly different from WT for this trait (**Figures [5F--J,L](#F5){ref-type="fig"}**). The fact that SEP proteins have this same motif, and that several SEP proteins are co-expressed with FUL ([@B12]), suggests that SEP proteins may be able to substitute to some extent, although certainly not completely, for FUL, thereby masking the significance of the loss or alteration of the FUL-like motif in FUL.
Our promoter swap experiments show that sequence differences between AP1 and FUL have functional consequences; however, our results suggest that the relevant differences are not those of the highly conserved amino acid motifs present in the C-terminal domain. It goes against accepted wisdom to suggest that highly conserved motifs do not have functional significance. However, studies with a chimeric protein, in which the MADS and I domains of AP1 were fused to the K and C domains of AGAMOUS (AG), show that in fact that the specific sequence of the entire C terminus may not be required. This chimeric protein can provide nearly complete complementation of the *ap1-1* mutant phenotype when driven by the *AP1* promoter ([@B29]), yet AG has entirely different conserved amino acid motifs in its C-terminal domain ([@B28]). Studies with truncated APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) proteins that lack the conserved C-terminal motifs characteristic of those lineages ([@B49]) confirm that the conspicuous motifs of MADS-domain proteins are less significant than assumed. This raises the question of why they are so highly conserved, particularly as the rest of the C-terminal domain tends to be highly variable, even among closely related species.
### Altering or Abolishing Conserved Motifs Affects some Protein Interactions in Yeast
Our yeast-two hybrid experiments reveal that abolishing the AP1 farnesylation motif does not alter protein--protein interactions (**Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). This indicates that the farnesylation motif is not necessary for dimerization with the MADS-domain proteins we tested; however, it is still possible that this motif is involved in interaction with other proteins or plays a role in the formation of multimeric complexes. In addition, it has not been shown that AP1 is farnesylated in yeast; although yeast has the machinery to perform this post-translational modification ([@B44]). Nevertheless, our transgenic experiments, which indicate that this motif is not required for protein function, support the idea that it is not required to mediate functionally relevant protein interactions.
In contrast, tFUL (in which the FUL protein terminates before the FUL-like motif) and mFULw (in which tryptophan is replaced with glutamine) have weaker interactions with AGL6 and SVP than are seen with FUL (**Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}**). This indicates that the FUL-like motif may play a role in some protein--protein interactions, consistent with its hydrophobic nature. FUL-SVP heterodimers have been implicated in the regulation of meristem identity in the vegetative-reproductive transition ([@B3]). The specific role of FUL-AGL6 interactions has not been documented; however, both genes are co-expressed in floral development and are implicated in the regulation of flowering ([@B42]; [@B52]; [@B58]; [@B27]; [@B65]). These interactions may be at least partly dependent on the FUL-like motif. We did not observe defects in flowering time in our transgenic experiments with mutated FUL proteins, suggesting that weak interactions may be sufficient to produce the appropriate developmental outcomes; alternatively, the program that promotes flowering contains significant redundancy which may compensate for any loss of interaction.
Our yeast-two hybrid results differ from those previously published: in contrast to our findings, [@B12] found that FUL did not interact with SVP, but did interact with AG, and that both FUL and AP1 interacted with SEP4-II and SOC1. However, [@B61] observed FUL-SVP interaction, similar to what we found, and [@B3] confirmed this interaction *in planta*. Although this type of study allows comparison with previous published protein interaction studies, yeast-two hybrid experiments are known to produce both false positives and negatives, and to be sensitive to experimental conditions ([@B30]); therefore, it is not surprising that results may vary. Also, the relevance of observed interactions to *in planta* processes must be verified.
Our yeast-two hybrid experiments were limited to MADS-domain proteins, but AP1 and FUL interact with proteins of other families as well, and it is possible that these interactions may be influenced by the C-terminal motifs. Nevertheless, the data from plants transformed with our mutated protein constructs suggest that any effects that are present do not produce significant phenotypic defects. This may be due to redundancy, particularly in the case of FUL, or it may simply be that these motifs are not as critical for proper function as assumed.
Duplicate Genes Promote both Diversity and Redundancy in Developmental Networks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Functional divergence of gene duplicates can result in maintenance of both copies in the genome and lead to new gene functions that can produce novel phenotypes and increased organismal complexity ([@B43]; [@B16]). Functional divergence can be based on changes in expression, changes in sequence, or both. Our experiments indicate that in the case of the *Arabidopsis* paralogs *AP1* and *FUL*, the third option has occurred; changes in both regulation and coding sequence have driven functional divergence. More recent paralogs, *AP1* and *CAL*, share a similar expression pattern, and *CAL* is completely redundant with *AP1* function; although, the reverse is not true. Loss of *CAL* function enhances the loss of floral meristem identity ([@B25]), but *CAL* is not able to complement the floral organ defects of the *ap1* mutant when driven by the *AP1* promoter ([@B2]). In fact, *CAL* may be gradually losing its function; it has a higher rate of non-synonymous substitutions than *AP1* ([@B32]) and fewer MADS-domain protein interaction partners than *AP1* ([@B12]). Amino acid differences at two positions between *AP1* and *CAL* have been shown to account for a large portion of the interaction differences observed between the two proteins, and swapping these residues yielded gain or loss of some protein interaction partners in a yeast system ([@B61]). *FUL* shares one of these amino acid residues with *AP1*, which may explain why *FUL* is able to partially rescue the *ap1* mutant when expressed in the *AP1* domain (**Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**), whereas *CAL* cannot ([@B2]).
Intriguingly, all three of these genes that are related by duplication retain the function of promoting floral meristem identity, although to different extents and in different contexts. In WT development, *FUL* does not play this role because it is excluded from the floral meristem by *AP1* ([@B36]), providing an example of how changes in regulation can result in functional divergence between duplicates. *AP1* and *CAL* are expressed in similar domains, but *AP1* has functional capabilities that *CAL* does not have ([@B25]; [@B14]); thus sequence differences must be the differentiating factor. Nevertheless, all three genes are capable of contributing to floral meristem identity in a redundant fashion. This evidence supports the hypothesis that duplicate genes not only diversify and create novel complexity within developmental systems, but also that they strengthen already existing pathways to ensure robustness in important developmental processes, such as the transition to flowering.
Author Contributions
====================
AL developed the project. EM performed most of the experiments. AM cloned the AP1 promoter and FUL coding sequence, created the yeast-two hybrid constructs, and performed yeast-two hybrid experiments. EM and AL wrote the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
==============================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
**Funding**. This work was supported by NSF award IOS-0923748 and The New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY, USA.
We thank Maya Strahl, Leah Reilly, and high school interns Christian Carrasco, Cary Chapman, Nina Naghshineh, and Caitlin Piccorillo-Stosser for technical assistance.
Supplementary Material
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2015.01076>
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[^1]: Edited by: *Doris Wagner, University of Pennsylvania, USA*
[^2]: Reviewed by: *Gorou Horiguchi, Rikkyo University, Japan; Elizabeth Barker, University of Regina, Canada*
[^3]: This article was submitted to Plant Evolution and Development, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science
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2023-12-08T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7268
|
Extract from Thomas Jefferson to Josephus B. Stuart
MonticelloMay 10. 17.
You say I must go to writing history. while in public life, I had not time: and now
that I am retired, I am past the time. to write history requires a whole life of observation,
of enquiry, of labor and correction. it’s materials are not to be found among the
ruins of a decayed memory. at this day I should begin where I ought to have left off.
the ‘solve senescentem equum’ is a precept we learn in youth, but for the practice of age; and were I to disregard
it it would be but a proof the more of it’s soundness. if any thing has ever merited
to me the respect of my fellow-citizens, themselves, I hope, would wish me not to
lose it by exposing the decay of faculties of which it was the reward. I must then,
dear Sir, leave to yourself and your brethren of the rising generation to arraign
at your tribunal the actions of your predecessors, and to pronounce the sentence they
may have merited or incurred. if the sacrifices of that age have resulted in the good
of this, then all is well, and we shall be rewarded by their approbation, and shall
be authorised to say ‘go ye, and do likewise.’
solve senescentem equum: “Be wise in time, and turn loose the ageing horse”, a paraphrase of Horace, Epistles, 1.1.8 (Fairclough, Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, 250–1). After relating the story of the Good Samaritan, Jesus advised his listeners to go ye, and do likewise (Luke 10.37).
|
2024-06-13T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7596
|
Do you think it’s just a coincidence that bombs are sent to former President Barack Obama, to Hillary Clinton, to liberal philanthropist George Soros, to the New York office of CNN and to others during a week when President Donald Trump has been ratcheting up his race-based, fear-mongering conspiracy theories and calling himself a “nationalist?”
Trump feigns ignorance about the word, but he must know it rings like a dog whistle in the ears of every white supremacist and racist in the country, if not the world.
An article in the Nation pointed out how “white nationalists applauded Trump’s rhetorical turn.”
Words, too, can be explosive
Add to that the president’s wild claims about the immigrant caravan south of the border, saying that within the refugee families “’you’re going to find MS-13, you’re going to find Middle Eastern, you’re going to find everything.”
Trump later admitted there was no evidence to prove the claim.
This is after Trump has repeatedly called the media the “enemy of the people.” After he went soft on the supremacists who rallied in Charlottesville. After he exhorted audience members at his rallies to rough up protesters in the crowd.
Trump says he doesn’t believe the term “nationalist” is code for “white nationalist.”
He told a reporter, "I've never heard that theory about being a nationalist. I've heard them all.”
Remember Steve Bannon?
If that’s so, if Trump has “heard them all,” then he has heard what his former White House Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, has had to say about it.
It was Bannon who first embraced the “nationalist” term. Others around Trump must have told him about the inherent racist implications now associated with the word.
Bannon speaks to right-wing organizations about his philosophy. He told a group in France, "Let them call you xenophobes. Let them call you nativist. Wear it as a badge of honor. Because every day, we get stronger and they get weaker."
Needing a president, not a nationalist
Remember what the late Sen. John McCain said about this?
He said, “Half-baked, spurious nationalism cooked up by people who would rather find scapegoats than solve problems is as unpatriotic as an attachment to any other tired dogma of the past that Americans consigned to the ash heap of history.”
There’s really only one person in the country who can begin to tamp down the division and the hostilities that can lead criminals on the margins to act out their hatred in a way that goes beyond rhetoric to violence. You know who he is.
All he needs to do is stop calling himself a “nationalist” and start acting like what we need him to be: A president.
Reach Montini at ed.montini@arizonarepublic.com.
MORE BY MONTINI:
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2024-04-20T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1012
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to contactors and, more particularly, to a contactor used for a characteristic test of electronic parts such as a semiconductor device and a test method using the contactor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, a demand for miniaturization and weight-saving to electronic equipments such as a portable communication terminal, a cellular phone, a digital camera, etc., have become strong.
As a semiconductor device satisfying such a demand, there is used a semiconductor device referred to as a chip-size package (CSP: Chip Size Package), which is packaged into almost the same size as an IC chip. As a representative example of the CSP, there are FBGA (Fine-pitch Ball Grid Array), FLGA (Fine-pitch Land Grid Array), etc.
On the other hand, in a central arithmetic device of a computer, such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a number of external connection terminals has been increasing due to improvement in a degree of integration. As a result, unlike the above-mentioned CSP, an outer configuration of a CPU is enlarged and a pitch of the external connection terminals (electrodes) is decreased further. As an IC package used for a CPU, there are BGA (Ball Grid Array), LGA (Land Grid Array), etc.
Although the configuration of semiconductor devices and the configuration and size of external connection terminals vary widely and many kinds of semiconductor devices have been put on the market as mentioned above, miniaturization, weight-saving and improvement in a degree of integration have been attempted in each of the semiconductor devices and miniaturization of electrodes and reduction in an electrode pitch have been attempted.
Those semiconductor devices are subjected to a characteristic test in a manufacturing process, and it is necessary to acquire an electric conduction temporarily with external connection terminals when performing the characteristic test. In order to electrically connect a semiconductor device and a test circuit, generally, a contactor is used. In association with the miniaturization of external connection terminals of a semiconductor device and reduction in a pitch as mentioned above, it is necessary to miniaturize contact terminals of a contactor and reduce a pitch.
Here, an example of a conventional contactor is shown in FIG. 1. A contactor 2 shown in FIG. 1 is one used in a characteristic test of a semiconductor device 4 of BGA type, and has a plurality of contact pins 6. Each of the contact pins 6 has a contact part that contacts an external connection terminal 4a of the semiconductor device 4 and a contact part that is connected to an electrode part 8a of a test circuit board 8. It is a structure in which the contact pins 6 are bent by the semiconductor device 4 being pressed from above so that an appropriate contact pressure is applied to the external connection terminals 4a of the semiconductor device 4 and the electrode parts 8a of the test circuit board 8
The following patent documents, for example, are listed as a document relevant to the background art of the present invention.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application NO. 7-72212
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application NO. 7-94249
When performing a characteristic test of a semiconductor device using a conventional contactor using the above, particularly in a characteristic test of a high-frequency device, a length of a contact pin itself becomes a capacitance (inductance), which becomes a noise generating source when performing the high-frequency characteristic test, and there is a case where a sufficient characteristic test cannot be performed.
That is, an end of the conventional contact pin is pressed by an electronic part and the contact pin bends by a degree corresponding to the press, and an opposite end of the contact pin contacts and is pressed by a terminal of a test circuit board, and a conduction path between the electric part and the test circuit board is formed. If such a conventional contact pin is used for a contactor for testing, for example, an analog system high-frequency device, the length of the contact pin becomes a capacitance (inductance), which becomes causes of noise generation, cross-talk generation or the like.
Therefore, in order to reduce a length of a contact pin, that is, a conduction path length of a contact terminal, there are suggested contactors having various shapes, however, under the condition where a high-frequency band has been raised year by year, there have increasing a number of cases where it is difficult to perform a characteristic test with a contactor using the conventional contact pins. Additionally, it becomes impossible to acquire a bend amount (stroke) of a contact terminal sufficiently due to shortening the conduction path, and there also is a problem in that it cannot be applied to an automatic conveyance apparatus (a test handler or the like) in a mass-production time.
|
2023-11-11T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4773
|
--[[
Redis lua script for managing object-data mapping and queries. The script
define the odm namespace, where the pseudo-class odm.Model is the main component.
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local AUTO_ID, COMPOSITE_ID, CUSTOM_ID = 1, 2, 3
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Initialize model with model MetaData table
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self.idset = self.meta.namespace .. ':id' -- key for set containing all ids
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--[[
Commit a session to redis
num: number of instances to commit
args: table containing instances data to save. The data is an array
containing arrays of the form:
{action, id, score, N, d_1, ..., d_N]
@return an array of id saved to the database
--]]
commit = function (self, num, args)
local count, p, results = 0, 0, {}
while count < num do
local action, prev_id, id, score, idx0 = args[p+1], args[p+2], args[p+3], args[p+4], p+5
local length_data = args[idx0] + 0
local data = tabletools.slice(args, idx0+1, idx0+length_data)
count = count + 1
p = idx0 + length_data
results[count] = self:_commit_instance(action, prev_id, id, score, data)
end
return results
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--[[
Build a new query and store the resulting ids into destkey.
It returns the size of the set in destkey.
:param field: the field to query
:param destkey: the key which will store the set of ids resulting from the query
:param queries: an array containing pairs of query_type, value where query_type
can be one of 'set', 'value' or a range filter.
--]]
query = function (self, destkey, field, queries)
local ranges, unique, qtype, oper, nested = {}, self.meta.indices[field]
for i, value in ipairs(queries) do
if 2*math.floor(i/2) == i then
if qtype == 'set' then
oper = true
self:_queryset(destkey, field, unique, value)
elseif qtype == 'value' then
oper = true
self:_queryvalue(destkey, field, unique, value)
else
-- Range queries are processed together
local selector = odm.range_selectors[qtype]
if selector then
value, nested = unpack(cjson.decode(value))
table.insert(ranges, {selector=selector, value=value, nested=nested})
else
error('Cannot understand query type "' .. qtype .. '".')
end
end
else
qtype = value
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end
if # ranges > 0 then
if not oper then
self:_selectranges(destkey, self.idset, field, ranges)
else
self:_selectranges(destkey, destkey, field, ranges)
end
end
return self:setsize(destkey)
end,
--[[
Delete a query stored in key id
--]]
delete = function (self, key)
local ids, results = redis_members(key), {}
for _, id in ipairs(ids) do
local idkey = self:object_key(id)
self:_update_indices(false, id)
local num = odm.redis.call('del', idkey) + 0
self:remove_from_set(self.idset, id)
if self.meta.multi_fields then
for _, name in ipairs(self.meta.multi_fields) do
odm.redis.call('del', idkey .. ':' .. name)
end
end
if num == 1 then
table.insert(results, id)
end
end
return results
end,
--[[
--]]
aggregate = function (self, destkey, field)
-- Loop over ids to aggregate id from a recursive-related field
local processed = {}
for _, id in ipairs(self:setids(destkey)) do
self:_aggregate(destkey, id, field, processed)
end
end,
--[[
Load instances from ids stored in a query temporary key
:param key: the key containing the set of ids
:param options: dictionary of options
--]]
load = function (self, key, options)
local result, ids, related_items
options = tabletools.json_clean(options)
if options.get and options.get ~= '' then
return redis_members(key)
elseif options.ordering == 'explicit' then
ids = self:_explicit_ordering(key, options.start, options.stop, options.order)
elseif options.ordering == 'DESC' then
ids = odm.redis.call('zrevrange', key, options.start, options.stop)
elseif options.ordering == 'ASC' then
ids = odm.redis.call('zrange', key, options.start, options.stop)
else
ids = odm.redis.call('smembers', key)
end
-- Now load fields
if options.fields and # options.fields > 0 then
if # options.fields == 1 and options.fields[1] == self.meta.id_name then
result = ids
else
result = {}
for _, id in ipairs(ids) do
table.insert(result, {id, odm.redis.call('hmget', self:object_key(id), unpack(options.fields))})
end
end
else
result = {}
for _, id in ipairs(ids) do
table.insert(result, {id, odm.redis.call('hgetall', self:object_key(id))})
end
end
if options.related then
related_items = self:_load_related(result, options.related)
else
related_items = {}
end
return {result, related_items}
end,
--
-- INTERNAL METHODS
--
object_key = function (self, id)
return self.meta.namespace .. ':obj:' .. id
end,
--
map_key = function (self, field)
return self.meta.namespace .. ':uni:' .. field
end,
--
index_key = function (self, field, value)
local idxkey = self.meta.namespace .. ':idx:' .. field .. ':'
if value then
idxkey = idxkey .. value
end
return idxkey
end,
--
--[[
A temporary key in the model namespace
--]]
temp_key = function (self)
local bk = self.meta.namespace .. ':tmp:'
while true do
local chars = {}
for loop = 1, odm.TMP_KEY_LENGTH do
chars[loop] = string.char(math.random(1, 255))
end
local key = bk .. table.concat(chars)
if odm.redis.call('exists', key) + 0 == 0 then
return key
end
end
end,
--
setsize = function(self, setid)
if self.meta.sorted then
return odm.redis.call('zcard', setid)
else
return odm.redis.call('scard', setid)
end
end,
--
setids = function(self, setid)
if self.meta.sorted then
return odm.redis.call('zrange', setid, 0, -1)
else
return odm.redis.call('smembers', setid)
end
end,
--
setadd = function(self, setid, score, id, autoincr)
if autoincr then
score = odm.redis.call('zincrby', setid, score, id)
elseif self.meta.sorted then
odm.redis.call('zadd', setid, score, id)
else
odm.redis.call('sadd', setid, id)
end
return score
end,
--
remove_from_set = function(self, setid, id)
if self.meta.sorted then
odm.redis.call('zrem', setid, id)
else
odm.redis.call('srem', setid, id)
end
end,
--
-- Check if an id is available in the setid
has_id = function(self, id)
if self.meta.sorted then
return odm.redis.call('zscore', self.idset, id)
else
return odm.redis.call('sismember', self.idset, id) + 0 == 1
end
end,
--
_queryset = function(self, destkey, field, unique, key)
if field == self.meta.id_name then
self:_add_to_dest(destkey, field, key)
elseif unique then
local mapkey, ids = self:map_key(field), self:setids(key)
for _, v in ipairs(ids) do
add(odm.redis.call('hget', mapkey, v))
end
elseif unique == false then
self:_add_to_dest(destkey, field, key, true)
else
error('Cannot query on field "' .. field .. '". Not an index.')
end
end,
--
_queryvalue = function(self, destkey, field, unique, value)
if field == self.meta.id_name then
self:_add(destkey, field, value)
elseif unique then
local mapkey = self:map_key(field)
self:_add(destkey, field, odm.redis.call('hget', mapkey, value))
elseif unique == false then
self:_union(destkey, field, value)
else
error('Cannot query on field "' .. field .. '". Not an index.')
end
end,
--
_add = function(self, destkey, field, id)
-- field is not used, but is here to have the same signature as _union
if id then
if self.meta.sorted then
local score = redis.call('zscore', self.idset, id)
if score then
redis.call('zadd', destkey, score, id)
end
else
if redis.call('sismember', self.idset, id) + 0 == 1 then
redis.call('sadd', destkey, id)
end
end
end
end,
--
_union = function(self, destkey, field, value)
local idxkey = self:index_key(field, value)
if self.meta.sorted then
odm.redis.call('zunionstore', destkey, 2, destkey, idxkey)
else
odm.redis.call('sunionstore', destkey, destkey, idxkey)
end
end,
--
_add_to_dest = function(self, destkey, field, key, as_union)
local processed = {}
for _, id in ipairs(redis_members(key)) do
if not processed[id] then
if as_union then
self:_union(destkey, field, id)
else
self:_add(destkey, field, id)
end
processed[id] = true
end
end
end,
--
_selectranges = function(self, destkey, fromkey, field, ranges)
local ordered, ids, scores, value, key, status = self.meta.sorted
if ordered then
ids, scores = {}, {}
for i, score in ipairs(self.redis.call('zrange', fromkey, 0, -1, 'withscores')) do
if 2*math.floor(i/2) == i then
table.insert(scores, score)
else
table.insert(ids, score)
end
end
else
ids = redis.call('smembers', fromkey)
end
redis.call('del', destkey)
if field ~= self.meta.id_name then
for _, range in ipairs(ranges) do
table.insert(range.nested, field)
end
end
-- loop over ids to perform range selection
for i, id in ipairs(ids) do
-- loop through range selectors
for _, range in ipairs(ranges) do
if # range.nested > 0 then
_, value = self:_nested_field(id, range.nested)
else
value = id
end
if not (value and range.selector(value, range.value)) then
value = nil
break
end
end
if value then
if ordered then
redis.call('zadd', destkey, scores[i], id)
else
redis.call('sadd', destkey, id)
end
end
end
end,
--
_commit_instance = function (self, action, prev_id, id, score, data)
-- Commit one instance and update indices
local created_id, errors = false, {}
if self.meta.id_type == AUTO_ID then
if id == '' then
created_id = true
id = odm.redis.call('incr', self.auto_ids)
else
id = id + 0 -- must be numeric
local counter = odm.redis.call('get', self.auto_ids)
if not counter or counter + 0 < id then
odm.redis.call('set', self.auto_ids, id)
end
end
end
if id == '' then
table.insert(errors, 'Id not available. Cannot commit.')
else
-- If no previous ID force the action to be add
if prev_id == '' then
prev_id = id
action = 'add'
end
local idkey, original_data, field = self:object_key(prev_id), {}
if action ~= 'add' then -- override or update
original_data = odm.redis.call('hgetall', idkey)
-- remove indices
self:_update_indices(false, prev_id)
-- when overriding, remove all data from previous hash table
-- only if the previous id is the same as the current one.
if action == 'override' and prev_id .. '' == id .. '' then
odm.redis.call('del', idkey)
end
end
-- remove previous id from the set of ids
if id ~= prev_id then
idkey = self:object_key(id)
self:remove_from_set(self.idset, prev_id)
end
-- Add id to the idset
score = self:setadd(self.idset, score, id, self.meta.autoincr)
-- set the new data in the hash table
if # data > 0 then
odm.redis.call('hmset', idkey, unpack(data))
end
errors = self:_update_indices(true, id, prev_id, score)
-- An error has occurred. Rollback changes.
if # errors > 0 then
-- Remove indices
self:_update_indices(false, id)
if action == 'add' then
self:remove_from_set(self.idset, id)
if created_id then
odm.redis.call('decr', self.auto_ids)
id = ''
end
elseif # original_data > 0 then
id = prev_id
idkey = self:object_key(id)
odm.redis.call('hmset', idkey, unpack(original_data))
self:_update_indices(true, id, prev_id, score)
end
end
end
if # errors > 0 then
return {id, 0, errors[1]}
else
return {id, 1, score}
end
end,
--
_update_indices = function (self, update, id, oldid, score)
local idkey, errors, idxkey, value = self:object_key(id), {}
for field, unique in pairs(self.meta.indices) do
-- obtain the field value
value = odm.redis.call('hget', idkey, field)
if unique then
idxkey = self:map_key(field) -- id for the hash table mapping field value to instance ids
if update then
-- Check if the unique field is already available
if odm.redis.call('hsetnx', idxkey, value, id) + 0 == 0 then
-- The value was already available! If the oldid is different from current id and the
-- index match the oldid, it is fine otherwise it is a conflict
local stored_id = odm.redis.call('hget', idxkey, value)
if oldid == id or not stored_id == oldid then
-- check that the stored_id actually exists!
if self:has_id(stored_id) then
-- remove the field from the instance hashtable so that
-- the next call to _update_indices won't delete the index. Important!
odm.redis.call('hdel', idkey, field)
table.insert(errors, 'Unique constraint "' .. field .. '" violated: "' .. value .. '" is already in database.')
else
odm.redis.call('hset', idxkey, value, id)
end
end
end
elseif value then
odm.redis.call('hdel', idxkey, value)
end
else
idxkey = self:index_key(field, value)
if update then
self:setadd(idxkey, score, id)
else
self:remove_from_set(idxkey, id)
end
end
end
return errors
end,
--
-- Perform explicit ordering via redis SORT command.
_explicit_ordering = function (self, key, start, stop, order)
local okey, tkeys, sortargs, bykey, ids, status = key, {}, {}
-- nested sorting for foreign key fields
if order.nested and # order.nested > 0 then
-- generate a temporary key where to store the hash table holding
-- the values to sort with
local skey = self:temp_key()
for i, id in ipairs(redis_members(key)) do
local value, key = redis.call('hget', self:object_key(id), order.field)
for n, name in ipairs(order.nested) do
if 2*math.floor(n/2) == n then
value = redis.call('hget', key, name)
else
-- Check test_sort_by_missing_fk_data test if fknotrequired tests
status, key = pcall(function() return name .. ':obj:' .. value end)
if status == false then
key = okey
break
end
end
end
-- store value on temporary key
tkeys[i] = skey .. id
redis.call('set', tkeys[i], value)
end
bykey = skey .. '*'
elseif order.field ~= '' then
bykey = self:object_key('*->' .. order.field)
end
-- sort by field
if bykey then
sortargs = {'BY', bykey}
end
if start > 0 or stop > 0 then
table.insert(sortargs, 'LIMIT')
table.insert(sortargs, start)
table.insert(sortargs, stop)
end
if order.method == 'ALPHA' then
table.insert(sortargs, 'ALPHA')
end
if order.desc then
table.insert(sortargs, 'DESC')
end
ids = odm.redis.call('sort', key, unpack(sortargs))
redis_delete(tkeys)
return ids
end,
--
-- Load related objects with their fields
_load_related = function (self, result, related)
local related_items = {}
for name, rel in pairs(related) do
local field_items, field, fields = {}, rel.field, rel.fields
table.insert(related_items, {name, field_items, rel.fields})
-- A structure has type defined
if # rel.type > 0 then
for i, res in ipairs(result) do
local id = res[1]
local fid = self:object_key(id .. ':' .. field)
field_items[i] = {id, redis_members(fid, true, rel.type)}
end
-- A Foreign Key
else
local rbk, processed = rel.bk, {}
for i, res in ipairs(result) do
local rid = redis.call('hget', self:object_key(res[1]), field)
if rid then
local val = processed[rid]
-- The related field needs to be loaded
if not val then
local related_key = rbk .. ':obj:' .. rid
val = 1
if redis_type(related_key) == 'hash' then
if # fields == 1 and fields[1] == '' then
table.insert(field_items, rid)
else
if # fields > 0 then
val = redis.call('hmget', related_key, unpack(fields))
else
val = redis.call('hgetall', related_key)
end
table.insert(field_items, {rid, val})
end
end
--elseif # fields == 0 then
-- -- There are no fields for this related model.
-- -- A corner case for which there few tests.
-- val = {}
-- table.insert(field_items, {rid, val})
--end
processed[rid] = val
end
end
end
end
end
return related_items
end,
-- Aggregate ids into destkey
_aggregate = function (self, destkey, id, field, processed)
if not processed[id] then
processed[id] = true
for _, rid in ipairs(self:setids(self:index_key(field, id))) do
self:_add(destkey, field, rid)
self:_aggregate(destkey, rid, field, processed)
end
end
end,
--
_nested_field = function (self, id, nested)
local key, status, value = self:object_key(id)
for n, field_model_name in ipairs(nested) do
if 2*math.floor(n/2) < n then
-- odd elements we get the value
value = redis.call('hget', key, field_model_name)
else -- even we get the next key
status, key = pcall(function() return field_model_name .. ':obj:' .. value end)
if not status then
key= nil
value = nil
break
end
end
end
return key, value
end
}
--
-- Constructor
function odm.model(meta)
return odm.Model:init(meta)
end
-- Return the module only when this module is not in REDIS
if not redis then
return odm
else
odm.redis = redis
local function first_key(keys)
if # keys > 0 then
return keys[1]
else
error('Script query requires 1 key for the id set')
end
end
-- MANAGE ALL MODEL SCRIPTS called by stdnet
local scripts = {
-- Commit a session to redis
commit = function(self, model, keys, num, args)
return model:commit(num+0, args)
end,
-- Build a query and store results on a new set. Returns the set id
query = function(self, model, keys, field, args)
return model:query(first_key(keys), field, args)
end,
-- Load a query
load = function(self, model, keys, options, args)
return model:load(first_key(keys), cjson.decode(options))
end,
-- delete a query
delete = function(self, model, keys, ...)
return model:delete(first_key(keys))
end,
-- recursively add id to a set
aggregate = function(self, model, keys, field, args)
return model:aggregate(first_key(keys), field)
end,
-- structure. Don nothing
structure = function(self, model, keys, ...)
return ''
end
}
-- THE FIRST ARGUMENT IS THE NAME OF THE SCRIPT
if # ARGV < 2 then
error('Wrong number of arguments.')
end
local script, meta, arg, args = scripts[ARGV[1]], cjson.decode(ARGV[2])
if not script then
error('Script ' .. ARGV[1] .. ' not available')
end
if # ARGV > 2 then
arg = ARGV[3]
args = tabletools.slice(ARGV, 4, -1)
end
return script(scripts, odm.model(meta), KEYS, arg, args)
end
|
2023-09-07T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/6833
|
The ADCMP371 has a push-pull output stage, while the ADCMP370 has an open-drain output. The inputs on both parts and the output on the ADCMP370 can tolerate voltages up to 22 V, making them suitable for use as voltage detectors in portable equipment.
*)Datasheets downloading from ChipDocs is only for our members (paid service). REGISTER NOW for your membership.
|
2023-09-27T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/6499
|
889 F.Supp. 1473 (1995)
Richard GRAY and Brenda Gray, Plaintiffs,
v.
SNOW KING RESORT, INC., a Wyoming Corporation, d/b/a The Alpine Slide; Mannesmann Demag Fordertechnik of West Germany; John Does I through V; and Black Corporations I through V, a Wyoming Corporation, and Wyoming Slide Corporation, a Wyoming Corporation, Defendants.
No. 94-CV-0024-B.
United States District Court, D. Wyoming.
June 27, 1995.
*1474 William R. Fix, Jackson, WY, for plaintiffs.
Timothy J. Bommer, Jackson, WY, for defendant Mannesmann Demag Fordertechnik.
Hampton K. O'Neill, W. Henry Coombs, III, Casper, WY, for defendant Snow King Resort, Inc.
ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS AND MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
BRIMMER, District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Mannesmann Demag Fordertechnik's (hereinafter "Demag") Motion to Dismiss and on both defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment, and the plaintiff's oppositions thereto. The Court, having considered the materials on file and having heard the arguments of the parties, FINDS and ORDERS as follows:
Background
In this action, Plaintiff Richard Gray seeks to recover damages for personal injuries he allegedly suffered while using a sled at the Snow King Resort in Jackson, Wyoming. The complaint, which names the operator of the resort (Snow King), as well as the German manufacturer of the sled (Demag), alleges negligence, breach of implied warranty, strict liability, and loss of consortium.
*1475 On August 14, 1993, Richard Gray was in Jackson, Wyoming, where he purchased tickets for an amusement ride known as the "Alpine Slide," an attraction owned and operated by Defendant Snow King. The ride involved navigating a wheeled bob-sled down a winding trough-shaped slide built of fiber reinforced concrete. Plaintiff Gray alleges that when he arrived at the top of the Alpine Slide, Snow King personnel directed him to select a sled from a supply maintained by Snow King. The sled's downhill speed was controlled by a brake lever, but Gray alleges that he was never given adequate instructions on how to keep the sled at a safe speed. Gray alleges that as he began to go down the slide, his sled gathered momentum, hit a dip in the slide, and launched into the air. Gray alleges that the force of the landing caused him to suffer debilitating back injuries.
In addition to suing Snow King and Demag, Gray also sues Inventex, the distributor of the slide. Gray has obtained a default judgment against Inventex, but informs the Court that the company no longer exists, has no insurance, and has many other default judgments against it. As for Defendants Demag and Snow King, both have filed motions for summary judgment, to which Gray has responded. Demag has also filed a Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction. The Court begins with the Motion to Dismiss.
Discussion
DEMAG'S MOTION TO DISMISS
Gray filed his complaint against Demag on February 3, 1994. Demag filed its answer on September 6, 1994. Demag's answer made no mention of this Court's alleged lack of personal jurisdiction as a defense. On March 22, 1995, Demag filed a Motion to Amend its Answer to include the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction.
A defect in a district court's jurisdiction over a party is a personal defense which may be asserted or waived by a party. Williams v. Life Sav. and Loan, 802 F.2d 1200, 1202 (10th Cir.1986). Objections to personal jurisdiction must be asserted in the answer or a pre-answer motion. Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b), Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Oaklawn Apartments, 959 F.2d 170, 175 (10th Cir.1992). If a party fails to assert the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction in its answer or pre-answer motion, it waives the defense. Id., Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(1). An exception to this rule allows a party to amend a pleading to include the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction where such amendment would be permitted as a matter of course under Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a). Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(1)(B). An amendment of a pleading is allowed as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served, or where no responsive pleadings are permitted and where the action has not been placed on the trial calendar, at any time within 20 days after the underlying pleading is served. Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a).
Here, no dispute exists that Demag failed to raise the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction in its original answer, and did not seek to amend its answer to include the defense until over six months later. The Court observes that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are sufficiently clear to put a party on unmistakable notice that a failure to raise the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction constitutes a waiver of the right to later present such a defense. Because Demag failed to assert its defense in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, this Court has no choice but to consider the defense waived. Demag's Motion to Dismiss must accordingly be DENIED.
Standard for Review
MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
This Court grants summary judgment only when the material facts surrounding a particular claim are sufficiently clear to obviate the need for a trial. Because summary judgment is an extraordinarily powerful declaration based primarily on motion rather than the live presentation of testimony and other evidence, this Court must apply an extra measure of caution in scrutinizing the parties' contentions for an absence of genuine dispute as to the material facts of a claim or contention. The hurdle of summary judgment is further elevated by the requirement *1476 that a court examine all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Moya v. United States, 35 F.3d 501, 502-03 (10th Cir.1994).
The specific standards for summary judgment are well recognized, and need only be briefly restated. "By its very terms, [the Rule 56(c)] standard provides that the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there is no genuine issue of material fact." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (emphasis in original). An issue of material fact is "genuine" if a "reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. at 2510. The trial court decides which facts are material as a matter of law. "Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment." Id.; see also, Moya v. United States, 35 F.3d 501 (10th Cir.1994).
DEMAG'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
The basis of Demag's motion is that because it had no part of the design, construction or installation of the Alpine Slide, it cannot be liable for Mr. Gray's injuries. The Court finds that Demag's argument distorts the basis of Gray's position and completely ignores Gray's legitimate contention that it was not only the slide which caused the injury, but the sled as well. Indeed, it is quite possible, based on the facts presented, that the sled was the primary cause of the alleged accident. Additionally, Demag now concedes that a number of its sleds may have been in use by Snow King at the time the incident occurred. Based on the above, the Court finds that genuine questions of material fact exist not only as to whether a sled manufactured by Demag was involved in the incident, but also whether or how the sled contributed to Gray's alleged injuries. Genuine dispute also exists as to the design and maintenance of the sleds and the presence and/or sufficiency of warning labels. Demag's Motion for Summary Judgment must therefore be DENIED.
SNOW KING'S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Snow King argues that Gray's claims for breach of warranty and strict product liability are inapplicable, since Snow King never manufactured, distributed or sold either the Alpine Slide or the sleds. Snow King contends that because it simply maintained the equipment, the only theory of recovery which may be maintained is a claim for negligence.
Gray responds that while Snow King did not manufacture or sell the Alpine Slide and sleds, its furnishing of the sled to Mr. Gray constituted a bailment which, under Wyoming law, supports a cause of action for strict product liability and breach of implied warranty. Snow King, in turn, has filed a reply to Gray's opposition, arguing that no bailment was created, and even if one was, Wyoming law allows neither strict liability nor breach of warranty as theories of recovery for injuries resulting from creation of a bailment.
The question thus presented is twofold: first, was a bailment created when Snow King gave Gray the sled for the purpose of descending the Alpine slide? If so, under Wyoming law may an action for breach of implied warranty and/or strict product liability be founded upon the creation of a bailment? The Court will address these questions seriatim.
Creation of a Bailment
A bailment constitutes the delivery of property by one person (the bailor) to another (the bailee) in trust for a specific purpose, with an express or implied contract that the property will be returned or duly accounted for when the special purpose is accomplished. 8 Am.Jur.2d Bailments § 2 (1980). In a bailment, the bailor transfers possession of property, but retains title. Black's Law Dictionary 180 (4th ed. 1968). The difference between a sale and a bailment is that the identical property given is to be returned; if another thing of equal value is to *1477 be returned the transaction is a sale. Id. A bailment is considered a "bailment for mutual benefit" where both of the parties to the contract receive some form of benefit. Generally, in order to create a bailment for mutual benefit, the bailor must receive compensation or some benefit from the loan of the chattel. Waggoner v. General Motors Corp., 771 P.2d 1195, 1199 (Wyo.1989) Examples of specific bailments recognized in Wyoming are found in Quality Acceptance Corp. v. Million and Albers, Inc., 367 F.Supp. 771 (D.Wyo.1973) (leasing of business machinery); Waggoner v. General Motors Corp., 771 P.2d 1195 (Wyo.1989) (rental of an automobile); Woodburn Brothers v. Erickson, 230 F.2d 240 (10th Cir.1956) (pasturing of cattle); and Arnold v. Gibson, 447 P.2d 166 (Wyo.1968) (rental of dirt moving equipment).
After examining the facts before it, this Court has little difficulty concluding that the transaction in the instant case constituted a bailment. Snow King, as bailor, transferred possession of the sled to Gray for the specific purpose of descending the Alpine Slide. Clearly, at least an implied agreement existed that when Gray reached the bottom of the slide, having accomplished the specific purpose for which the sled was entrusted to him, he would return the sled to Snow King. Had Gray attempted to leave the property with the sled or otherwise refused to return it, he would have been liable for conversion, and had he destroyed the sled through his own negligence, he would have been liable for its replacement. The Court also finds that the bailment in this case was a bailment for mutual benefit; Snow King benefited from the sale of tickets, and Gray as a patron presumably sought benefit from the amusement of the ride.
The Court rejects Snow King's argument that Mr. Gray's purchase of a ticket to ride the Alpine Slide created a mere license. Had the Alpine Slide been a roller coaster or a ferris wheel, where control of speed, direction and operation was under the complete control of Snow King, the license argument would be more persuasive. Here, however, Gray took possession and control of the bobsled and the accompanying control of its direction and speed. The events in this case are more analogous to the lease or bailment of a rental car than the purchase of a license to attend a movie.
This conclusion is supported by Golt v. Sports Complex, Inc., 644 A.2d 989 (Del.Super.Ct.1994), a case remarkably applicable to the facts of this case. In Golt, the plaintiff sued after she was struck from behind while driving the defendant's go-cart on a track owned and operated by the defendant. The defendant argued against creation of a bailment, contending that because of extensive supervision of customers as they used the go-carts, no transfer of possession and control occurred. The court disagreed:
The undisputed facts show the transaction constitutes a bailment. At the beginning of the "race," the attendant only takes the patron's ticket and explains the location of the brakes and the accelerator, then warns "no bumping allowed" before the driver is allowed on the track. Once the driver begins to drive the go-cart, Sports Complex does not have a mechanism to stop a go-cart or to retake possession. The co-owner of Sports Complex even explained that it relied on the patrons to properly control their go-carts on the wide open track. Clearly, the patrons had possession and control of the go-cart for at least one lap. Thus the necessary transfer of possession and control of the go-cart existed to create a bailment.
Id. at 992.
The Court agrees with this assessment, and finds its reasoning to be equally applicable to the case at bar. The Court concludes that the transfer of the sled created a bailment with Snow King as the bailor and Gray as the bailee. The Court now turns to a discussion of the creation of implied warranties and the applicability of strict liability.
Implied Warranty
A recent Wyoming case dealing with the law of bailments in the context of implied warranties is Waggoner v. General Motors Corp., 771 P.2d 1195 (Wyo.1989). In Waggoner, the defendant automobile dealer lent the plaintiff a Jeep while the dealer serviced his truck. Several days later, and after complaining about the brakes on the loaned car, *1478 another driver broadsided the plaintiff in an intersection, causing him injury. The driver of the other vehicle was cited, but was not named a party to the suit. Plaintiff sued both General Motors and the dealer, alleging strict liability, breach of warranty, and negligence. The state district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the strict liability and warranty claims, and the jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendants on the issue of negligence. Plaintiff then appealed.
On appeal, the Wyoming Supreme Court had occasion to discuss the difference between a gratuitous bailment and a bailment for mutual benefit. In addressing the bailment for mutual benefit, the court stated:
A bailment for mutual benefit arises when both of the parties to the contract receive a benefit. Generally, the bailor must receive compensation or some benefit from the loan of the chattel ... If the bailment is for the mutual benefit of the parties, such as a bailment for hire, the duty of care owed by the bailor is greater than in a gratuitous bailment. The bailor, in such situation, must perform a reasonable inspection before transfer to determine if the chattel is fit for the purpose intended and warn of defects discoverable with reasonable care to make the article safe for its intended purpose.
Id. at 1199 (citations omitted).
The Wyoming Supreme Court also cited a jury instruction which the plaintiff-appellant submitted but which the district court refused to give. This instruction read, in part:
if bailment is for the mutual benefit of both bailor and bailee, such as a let for hire agreement, then the general rule is that while the bailor is not an absolute insurer against the injuries from the defective chattel he is charged with duty of inspection to determine whether or not chattel is fit for purpose intended, and thus if defect was discoverable he becomes liable for injuries to bailee arising from the unsafe condition on theory of implied warranty of fitness.
Id. at 1199.
The court then stated that "[t]he instructions offered by appellant are accurate statements of the law." Id.
Unfortunately, the Wyoming Supreme Court did not elaborate further on the questions of the applicability of implied warranty and strict liability. Instead, the court noted that these issues presented a question of first impression in Wyoming but found that it need not reach them for the purposes of the case:
In granting summary judgment on the strict liability claims, the district court found that strict liability was applicable to lease transactions but that assumption of the risk was a complete and absolute defense to a cause of action premised on strict liability and that appellant's admitted knowledge of the alleged defect was sufficient to establish assumption of the risk. Regarding the implied warranties, the district court found that the warranties only attach to a "sale" transaction and they, therefore, were inapplicable to the non-sale transaction involved in this case.
These determinations by the district court raise a number of issues of first impression in Wyoming ... we are not necessarily convinced that the district court properly resolved all of these issues. We conclude, however, that we need not reach them in this case and that the summary judgment should be affirmed because the findings regarding proximate cause made by the jury in the negligence action collaterally estop appellant from re-litigating the critical question of fact, common to all appellant's theories of recovery, in a subsequent proceeding.
Id. at 1202. Thus, Waggoner is of limited use to the instant question, but confirms, as mentioned in the proposed instruction approved by the Wyoming Supreme Court (and despite the district court's earlier ruling to the contrary), that a bailment for hire creates a warranty of fitness for a particular purpose where defects complained of are discoverable. Waggoner may also indicate, to the extent that the Supreme Court agrees with the district court's holding, that strict liability applies to bailments.
Another instructive case on the question of the creation of implied warranties *1479 in the context of bailments is Quality Acceptance Corp. v. Million and Albers, Inc., 367 F.Supp. 771 (D.Wyo.1973). In Quality Acceptance, plaintiff leasing company sued the defendants after they failed to pay lease fees on office equipment. Defendants refused to pay the lease fees on grounds that the equipment was defective, arguing that the plaintiffs should be foreclosed from recovery because of a breach of the warranties of merchantability and fitness.
The first question which confronted the court was "whether any warranties arise ... as this is not a sale and there is no passing of title." The court concluded:
Courts and authorities have held that in this day of expanding leasing and rental enterprises, the mere fact that a person leases, rather than purchases, should not deny him the protection the law affords. There is no reason why such warranties should not be implied as a matter of law in this case whether it be deemed a lease or a bailment agreement, especially as the mercantile probabilities are the lease will end, or would have, in the purchase by the defendant.
Id. at 773 (emphasis added). Thus, in Quality Acceptance this Court concluded that implied warranties apply to bailment agreements, despite the fact that no title changes hands.[1] The Court therefore finds that the combined weight of Waggoner and Quality Acceptance establish that the implied warranty of fitness attaches to bailments for mutual benefit.
Strict Liability
As to the specific question of the applicability of strict liability to bailments, with the exception of the district court's holding in Waggoner, supra, the Wyoming courts appear to be silent. However, a careful reading of Quality Acceptance Corp. v. Million and Albers, Inc., 367 F.Supp. 771 (1973) convinces this Court that strict liability should apply not only to the sale of products but to the bailment of those products as well; Quality Acceptance held that "the mere fact that a person leases, rather than purchases, should not deny him the protection the law affords." Id. at 773. Clearly, the law of strict liability in product liability cases provides substantial legal protection to the victims of defective products. This Court cannot identify a legitimate reason why a person injured by a defective product should be deprived of that protection simply because he was the bailee for mutual benefit, and not the purchaser, of a product. Certainly, whether leased or bailed for mutual benefit, the purveyor of the product in question benefits from the transaction much as he would from a sale. This Court accordingly holds that, consistent with the underlying concept of strict liability, compensation for injuries arising from the use of a defective product should most justly be born by the party who profits from the placement of that product into the hands of the consumer. In this case, Snow King, as bailor of the sled, should rightly be held answerable to Gray's accusations that such sled was defective. Moreover, assigning accountability in this fashion will encourage companies like Snow King to use care in selecting the products which they bail to the public for profit.
The Court's holding is by no means extraordinary or without precedent. Indeed, it is consistent with other jurisdictions which have discussed the issue and found, more often than not, that strict liability attaches in cases of short term or "one-shot" leases. See Allan E. Korpella, Products Liability: Application of Strict Liability in Tort Doctrine to Lessor of Personal Property, 52 ALR 3d 121 § 6[a] (1973). For example, in Stewart v. Budget Rent-A-Car Corp., 52 Haw. 71, 470 P.2d 240 (1970), the plaintiff was injured when she lost control of her defective rental car. In finding in favor of strict liability, the court stated:
we adopt the rule that one who sells or leases a defective product which is dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property is subject to liability for physical harm caused by the defective product to *1480 the ultimate user or consumer, or to his property, if (a) the seller or lessor is engaged in the business of selling or leasing such product, and (b) the product is expected to and does reach the consumer without substantial change in its condition after it is sold or leased.
Id. 470 P.2d at 243.
Here, Snow King was engaged in the business of providing sleds to patrons so they could descend the slide. There also appears to be no dispute that no substantial change occurred in the condition of the sled between the time it was bailed to Gray and the time he was allegedly injured.
Based on the above, the Court concludes that both the implied warranty of fitness and the doctrine of strict liability apply in cases of bailments for mutual benefit. Snow King's Motion for Summary Judgment on these issues must therefore be denied.
THEREFORE, it is
ORDERED that Defendant Demag's Motion to Dismiss and Motion for Summary Judgment be, and the same hereby are, DENIED. It is further
ORDERED that Defendant Snow King's Motion for summary judgment be, and the same hereby is, DENIED.
NOTES
[1] It is important to note, however, that Quality Acceptance placed considerable emphasis on the fact that the lease in question contemplated the eventual purchase of the chattels in question. Such reasoning, to the extent it relies on the fact that the eventual purchase of the bailed object was contemplated, is inapplicable to the sled in the instant case.
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2024-02-15T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/3574
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This week, Congress released every ad created and shared by Russian trolls during the 2016 election. In the week leading up to the election, nearly 100 were created or run. Here's a look at some of them.
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2023-08-03T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/2629
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The most heinous criminals deserve real life sentences, but the federal government’s Bill C-53 overreaches
OTTAWA, May 7, 2015 – The federal government needs to amend legislation that would create the sentence of life without parole for those convicted of the most heinous murders or risk having the law struck down by a Charter challenge, according to a new report from the Macdonald-Laurier Institute.
Author Benjamin Perrin, an MLI Senior Fellow, says the government’s goal – to ensure those convicted of the most egregious crimes stay in prison – is laudable. However he says that the legislation as it is currently drafted needs work.
“Heinous murderers are not sentenced as they should be in Canada and there is constitutional room to enhance their penalties”, writes Perrin. “However, Bill C-53 overreaches in this effort and thus risks failing to achieve the needed reform”.
Perrin’s recommendations include making life without parole a discretionary rather than mandatory sentence, and clearly articulating the reasons for the legislation.
To read the full report, titled "Punishing the Most Heinous Crimes: Analysis and recommendations related to Bill C-53 (Life Means Life Act)", click here.
Perrin says the need for change is clear. The problem, says Perrin, is that the Criminal Code currently treats all first-degree murders equally. Aside from those convicted of killing more than one person, people found guilty of even the most heinous of murders are eligible for parole after 25 years.
The government’s Bill C-53, known as the Life Means Life Act, would change that by creating a sentence of life without parole for murders that are particularly offensive to the public and damaging to Canadian society.
This would, for example, create a harsher sentence for those committing a planned and deliberate murder alongside sexual assault, hostage taking or terrorist activity.
Those found guilty of murdering a police officer that involves planning and deliberation would also be ineligible for parole. As it stands now, a conviction of killing a police officer automatically carries a first-degree murder penalty.
Bill C-53 will also offset some of the shortcomings of the parole system. Perrin points out that 22 per cent of paroled murderers had their parole revoked over a 14-year period from 1994 to 2008. Those sentenced to life without parole would be able to apply to the Minister of Public Safety for “executive release”, to be granted in exceptional situations on humanitarian grounds.
Perrin recommends several changes that would strengthen Bill C-53’s ability to withstand a Charter challenge.
Bill C-53 should be amended so that life without parole would be a discretionary – not a mandatory – sentencing option for heinous murders. The judge should also have the option of ordering a fixed-term parole ineligibility period of between 25 and 75 years. A jury recommendation, if it is a jury trial, should be sought in these cases. The situations where Bill C-53 would currently provide for discretionary life without parole should not provide for that penalty but instead give the sentencing judge the option of ordering a fixed-term parole ineligibility period of between 25 and 75 years, with a jury recommendation where there is a jury. All offenders serving life sentences with parole ineligibility periods greater than 35 years should be eligible to apply for executive release (not simply those sentenced to life without parole), up until the time that they become eligible for parole. The Parole Board of Canada should provide an assessment to the Minister of Public Safety of all offenders serving a sentence of life imprisonment without parole when they apply for executive release at least 35 years after beginning to serve their sentence. The purposes of Bill C-53 should be clearly articulated.
“The legislation requires amendments if it is to achieve its stated goals without being struck down based on a challenge under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms”, Perrin writes.
***
Benjamin Perrin is an Associate Professor at the University of British Columbia, Peter A. Allard School of Law and a Senior Fellow at the Macdonald-Laurier Institute. He previously served as Special Adviser, Legal Affairs & Policy in the Office of the Prime Minister and was a Law Clerk at the Supreme Court of Canada. He is a member of the Law Society of British Columbia.
The Macdonald-Laurier Institute is the only non-partisan, independent national public policy think tank in Ottawa focusing on the full range of issues that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government. Join us in 2015 as we celebrate our 5th anniversary.
For more information, please contact Mark Brownlee, communications manager, at 613-482-8327 x105 or email at mark.brownlee@macdonaldlaurier.ca.
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2024-02-04T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/8251
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Thousands of patients who developed chronic liver disease after being infected with hepatitis C will be switched to more effective and expensive treatments. The decision was announced as the government steps up its battle against hepatitis C, a potential killer which has shown alarming increases over the last decade.
Official endorsement for the drug pegylated interferon, usually taken in combination with another anti-viral drug, could significantly increase the drugs bill for fighting one of Britain's most serious public health threats.
But the drug's success in treating many patients has meant that the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Nice), the government's good-practice watchdog in England and Wales, has backed its far greater use.
Only about 2,000 patients are thought at present to use either pegylated interferon or the more standard interferon alpha, but that number is expected to grow rapidly, using regimes which could be £3,200 more expensive for each patient. Even conservative estimates put the extra cost at around £11m a year.
People infected with hepatitis C often carry it unknowingly for years. Between 50,000 and 500,000 people may have the virus. If the higher figure is accurate, far fewer than one in 10 people with the disease is diagnosed.
Around one in five known to have been exposed to the virus will eventually develop acute hepatitis, which can take more than 20 years to become evident.
Graham Foster, consultant hepatologist with Barts and the Royal London NHS trust, said: "This is the first positive step which will allow patients in the UK to receive the same treatment choice which has been available to patients in other parts of the world for many years."
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2023-11-30T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/3262
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I'm from Shreveport so the saints beating Dallas out of the playoffs is a MUST! I don't care if we beat the Bucs or not. (A loss would just make us get a better draft pick) I do want us to beat the panthers. Cause I hate the panthers almost as much as the falcons. But I don't really mind the Bucs. And the falcons HAVE to lose in the divisional round of the playoffs. That would complete the season in my eyes.
Mardigras9
12-12-2012 04:26 PM
Re: What would this season complete now.
With the falcons running away with the division, the Bucs and Panthers are whatever games to me, but i still want to win them. I would like to beat Dallas most of all. Three wins pulls us to a 8-8 season and that would be great.
neugey
12-12-2012 04:31 PM
Re: What would this season complete now.
I feel the same way, beat the Cowboys. Don't care as much about the other games, would be nice to get to 7 wins though.
dizzle88
12-12-2012 04:36 PM
Re: What would this season complete now.
Would be nice to win out strongly for our prides sake
My opinion however - yeah it would be great to win and it make me happy rather than frustrate me when we lose
However IF we do lose, we get a higher draft pick
Kind of a win win situation seen as we are out of the playoff race
Rugby Saint II
12-12-2012 07:03 PM
Re: What would this season complete now.
Quote:
Originally Posted by dizzle88
(Post 464739)
Would be nice to win out strongly for our prides sake
My opinion however - yeah it would be great to win and it make me happy rather than frustrate me when we lose
However IF we do lose, we get a higher draft pick
Kind of a win win situation seen as we are out of the playoff race
I don't want to lose any of our games.....however, if we lose we do get a higher draft pick and I do like that.
I just want to beat Dallas sooo badly.:bng:
Danno
12-12-2012 07:41 PM
Re: What would this season complete now.
We have 3 games left
Tampa - Hate their whinny ass QB and want to pummel their ass so bad they cry on national TV.
Dallas- Well, they're Dallas. I wanna stomp a Louisiana mudhole in their ass and if you don't, you're a friggin moron.
Carolina. Same as Freeman, but moreso. I hate their ass and hope we totally embarrass those Appalacian slopeheads. I hope they get their ass beat so bad that Steve Smith sucker punches sCam Newton on the sideline.
AlaskaSaints
12-12-2012 10:04 PM
Re: What would this season complete now.
A betting man (not me) would not dare bet on the Saints for the remainder of this busted season.
We've got nothing to lose by losing. If you say pride, then show me where pride is right now. This team is deflated. Period.
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2024-01-21T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/5118
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A known vane type valve timing control apparatus is disclosed in JP11-294121A. The valve timing control apparatus disclosed controls an opening and closing timing of valves of an internal combustion engine by a supply and a discharge of an operational fluid relative to a fluid chamber formed between a housing member and a vane rotor. The housing member is one of rotational members integrally rotating with a pulley or a sprocket, which synchronously rotates with a crankshaft of the internal combustion engine. The vane rotor is the other one of rotational members including a vane used for dividing the fluid chamber into two operational chambers and rotating on a radially inner side of the housing member. The vane rotor is provided so as to be coaxial and rotatable with the housing member, and integrally rotating with a camshaft of the internal combustion engine for opening and closing the valves of the internal combustion engine. The two operational chambers are equal to an advanced angle chamber displacing a relative rotational phase of the vane rotor to the housing in an advanced angle direction by a supply of an operational fluid to the advanced angle chamber, and a retarded angle chamber displacing a relative rotational phase of the vane rotor to the housing in a retarded angle direction by the supply of the operational fluid to the retarded angle chamber. The advanced angle chamber and the retarded angle chamber are separated from each other by means of the vane. Then, a fluid pressure in the advanced angle chamber and the retarded angle chamber is adjusted to thereby control the relative rotational phase between the housing member and the vane rotor. That is, in response to an operation state of the engine, a rotation of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft is controlled to thereby control an opening and closing timing of the valves. The controlling performance depends on a pressure receiving area and a volume of the fluid pressure chamber, and the like.
For example, the intake valve is controlled on a most retarded angle side at a start of the internal combustion engine, an idling driving state, and the like, and then controlled towards the advanced angle side in response to an increase of revolutions of the internal combustion engine. The operational fluid (for example, oil) is activated by a power of the internal combustion engine and is supplied by an oil pump having a suction capacity in response to the revolutions of the internal combustion engine. In the case of low revolutions of the internal combustion engine, the fluid pressure decreases and thus a sufficient pressure receiving area and the volume of the fluid pressure chamber are provided for ensuring necessary responsiveness.
On the other hand, when the internal combustion engine turns to a stable operation state, the intake valve should be appropriately controlled between the advanced angle side and the retarded angle side in response to the operation state of the engine. However, since the oil is used as lubricant of the internal combustion engine or a power transmission mechanism, the increase of temperature may cause decrease of viscosity of the oil. As a result, leakage may easily occur to thereby induce a decrease of a hydraulic pressure. Further, because of a pressure control valve normally provided at the hydraulic pressure system, all of the suction force of the oil pump increasing in response to the revolutions of the internal combustion engine may not be used. Accordingly, required operational responsiveness may not be obtained. In order to increase the responsiveness, it is effective to reduce the volume of the fluid pressure chamber. However, a torque generation may also be reduced to thereby deteriorate the control ability especially at low revolutions.
Thus, a need exists for a valve timing control apparatus which is not susceptible to the drawback mentioned above.
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2023-12-06T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3560
|
Q:
how to have unicode characters in django url?
My Url conf is as follows
url(ur'^phrase/(?P<lang>[_A-Za-z]+)/(?P<phrase>[%A-Za-z0-9]+)/$', 'gs.langdb.views.phrases'),
Views.phrases returns JSON object
def phrases(request,lang,phrase):
langs = Langauges.objects.all().values(
'language',
'lang_code')
lang_list = []
try:
map(lambda x: lang_list.append(x),langs)
json = simplejson.dumps(lang_list)
return HttpResponse(json, mimetype='application/json')
except TypeError:
print "Can't convert language to Json \n"
My View is as follows:-
$("#phrase").autocomplete({
source: function(request,response){
var selectedValue = document.getElementById("language").value;
$.ajax({
url: "/phrase/"+selectedValue+"/"+request.term,
dataType : 'json',
type : 'GET',
data : {},
success : function(data,selectedValue) {
}
});
},
});
<div class="ui-words">
<label for="phrase">Input word: </label>
<input id="phrase">
</div>
String which i used for testing, अनिश
Error which i have got in the server log
"GET /phrase/Mr_in/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6 HTTP/1.1" 404 2275
I am not sure whether where i need to specify encodings?
Any help in this issue will be appriciated
A:
try this url pattern:
url(r'^phrase/(?P<lang>[_A-Za-z]+)/(?P<phrase>([^/]+))/$', 'gs.langdb.views.phrases'),
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2023-10-06T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1301
|
Q:
why "cin >>" works as a condition
I know I can use cin >>as a condition. But I can't understand its functioning because it is unlike typical condition expressions like a a < b.
Why it can works as a condition ?
A:
cin >> a return cin. When you put in in the if, the operator bool of istream is called, which return cin.good(). Look at The documentation of ios::operator bool.
This is the same as if((bool)(cin >> a)) or if((cin >> a).good()).
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2023-12-09T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/9951
|
Best Fat Burner On The Market Right Now
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2024-02-11T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/9729
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Manny Ramirez’s comeback attempt with the A’s stalled at Triple-A, but now the 40-year-old is planning to play in the Dominican Winter League.
Last winter he was ineligible to play in the DWL because he was on MLB’s suspended list, but Paul Casella of MLB.com reports that Ramirez will play for Las Aguilas.
Ramirez played 17 games at Triple-A for the A’s, hitting .317 with zero homers, three doubles, and a .697 OPS while striking out 17 times. He was released in mid-June and when Jorge L. Ortiz of USA Todaycaught up with Ramirez in September he was busy “taking my kids to their basketball games, their baseball games, taking them everywhere.”
Back then Ramirez said of his current status: “I have an incredible peace.”
Ramos has been on a rehab assignment with Advanced-A Clearwater, recovering from a strained left hamstring he suffered just ahead of the All-Star break when he was with the Rays. The Phillies acquired him on July 31 prior to the non-waiver trade deadline for a player to be named later.
Prior to the injury, Ramos was batting a healthy .297/.346/.488 with 14 home runs and 53 RBI in 315 plate appearances. His arrival will likely mean back-up catcher Andrew Knapp gets sent down to Triple-A Lehigh Valley. Ramos could also draw the lion’s share of the playing time behind the plate, bumping first-string catcher Jorge Alfaro down on the depth chart.
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2023-10-26T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/5842
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains, in general, to the field of retractable covers or roofs for large structures, such as athletic stadiums. More specifically, the invention relates to an improved transport mechanism for such a structure that is more compact, reliable, stable, mechanically simple and inexpensive to construct than comparable mechanisms heretofore known.
2. Description of the Related Technology
It is common these days for athletic stadiums to be constructed with retractable roofs, because this type of construction offers spectators the pleasure of being outdoors on nice days, while providing shelter when necessary against extreme temperatures and inclement weather conditions.
A number of factors must be taken into account in the design of a stadium that has a retractable roof. For instance, the forces created by the exertion of natural forces such as wind, rain snow and even earthquakes on such a large structure can be enormous, and the roof, the underlying stadium structure and the transport mechanism that is used to guide and move the roof between its retracted and operational positions must be engineered to withstand the worst possible confluence of such forces. In addition, for reasons that are both aesthetic and practical, it is desirable to make the structural elements of the roof and the transport mechanism to be as unobtrusive and as space-efficient as possible. It is desirable to make the roof structure and the transport mechanism to be as simple and maintenance-free as possible, and to be constructed so as to be able to open and close as quickly as possible.
Many cities in the United States and elsewhere are now using or building retractable proofed stadiums. The designs of the various stadiums are quite different, but there are a number of deficiencies that seem to be common to all of the designs that have been implemented thus far. For example, the transport mechanisms in most of the stadiums tend to be quite large, being as much as twenty to thirty feet in height. The transport mechanisms further tend to include a relatively small number of very large, heavily loaded wheels and bearings, and a small number of very large motors or actuators to drive the roof between the retracted and operational positions. The small number of large wheels exert very large concentrated loads onto the support structure, which requires the support structure to be heavily reinforced, adding to the cost and complexity of the stadium as a whole. The roof and transport mechanisms in existing designs further tend to be relatively heavy and inflexible, and often experience alignment problems during movement.
A need exists for an improved design for a stadium that has a retractable roof that is more compact, reliable, stable, mechanically simple and inexpensive to construct than comparable mechanisms heretofore known.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved design for a stadium that has a retractable roof that is more compact, reliable, stable, mechanically simple and inexpensive to construct than comparable mechanisms heretofore known.
In order to achieve the above and other objects of the invention, a convertible large edifice, such as an athletic stadium, of the type that is equipped with a movable overhead shelter mechanism, includes, according to a first aspect of the invention, foundation structure; at least one overhead shelter assembly positioned above the foundation shelter; and guide and support means for supporting the overhead shelter assembly and guiding the overhead shelter assembly for movement with respect to the foundation structure, the guide and support means including at least one rail member that is secured to one of the foundation structure and the overhead shelter assembly; a plurality of independently suspended follower assemblies that are mounted to the other of the foundation structure and the overhead shelter assembly, each of the follower assemblies including a wheel member that is positioned in contact with the rail, and a resilient member that is interposed between the wheel member and the other of the foundation structure and the overhead shelter assembly whereby each of the wheel members is independently suspended with respect to the other wheel members.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a stadium that is adapted for open use during good weather as well as for covered use during poor weather includes foundation structure; a pair of movable end roof members that are movable between first, retracted positions and second, operational positions for covering first and second end areas, respectively, of the stadium; and a center roof member that is movable between a retracted position and an operational position for covering a center area of the stadium; and wherein at least one of the center roof member and the two end roof members are supported for movement between one of the retracted positions and one of the operational positions by a guide and support means that includes at least one rail member that is secured to the foundation structure; and a plurality of independently suspended follower assemblies that are mounted to the respective roof member, each of the follower assemblies including a wheel member that is positioned in contact with the rail, and a resilient member that is interposed between the wheel member and the other of the foundation structure and the overhead shelter assembly, whereby each of the wheel members is independently suspended with respect to the other wheel members.
These and various other advantages and features of novelty that characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages, and the objects obtained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of the invention.
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2024-07-08T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/9560
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Q:
Provide vocaburary of word with space to scikit-learn CountVectorizer
Referring to this post. I am wondering how we provide vocabulary of word with space to CountVectorizer model e.g. distributed systems or machine learning? Here is an example:
import numpy as np
from itertools import chain
tags = [
"python, tools",
"linux, tools, ubuntu",
"distributed systems, linux, networking, tools",
]
vocabulary = list(map(lambda x: x.split(', '), tags))
vocabulary = list(np.unique(list(chain(*vocabulary))))
We can provide this vocabulary list to the model
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
vec = CountVectorizer(vocabulary=vocabulary)
print(vec.fit_transform(tags).toarray())
Here, I lost the count of word distributed systems (first column). The result is as follow:
[[0 0 0 1 1 0]
[0 1 0 0 1 1]
[0 1 1 0 1 0]]
Do I have to change token_pattern or somewhere else?
A:
I think essentially you have already pre-defined your vocabularies to analyze and you want to tokenize your tags by splitting ', '.
You can trick the CountVectorizer to do that by:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
vec = CountVectorizer(vocabulary=vocabulary, tokenizer=lambda x: x.split(', '))
print(vec.fit_transform(tags).toarray())
, which gives:
[[0 0 0 1 1 0]
[0 1 0 0 1 1]
[1 1 1 0 1 0]]
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2023-10-15T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/8654
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An interdisciplinary model for the rehabilitation of visually impaired and blind people: application of the ICIDH concepts.
In rehabilitation centres for visually impaired and blind people the need for a common, conceptual framework was felt by the various disciplines working there. As a consequence an interdisciplinary model has been developed. This article gives a brief description of the two elements of the model: the concepts of the ICIDH and the path of rehabilitation. The classifications of the ICIDH have been adapted to suit our purposes better. The concepts of impairment, disability, and handicap can serve as a framework during an interdisciplinary consultation. In this context a visual profile, which contains information gained from the assessments done by the various disciplines, will be discussed. The visual profile makes it possible to gain general insight into the client's visual problems from all perspectives, which enables the team to draw up an interdisciplinary rehabilitation diagnosis. At present the model is being tested by practical experience in three regional rehabilitation centres for visually impaired and blind people. The model gives an outline of the application of the ICIDH concepts, and leaves open the possibility of working on the various aspects in more detail.
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2024-02-03T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/8221
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Bob Heffron
Robert James Heffron (10 September 189027 July 1978), also known as Bob Heffron or R. J. Heffron, was a long-serving New South Wales politician, union organiser and Labor Party Premier of New South Wales from 1959 to 1964. Born in New Zealand, Heffron became involved in various Socialist and labour movements in New Zealand and later Australia before joining the Australian Labor Party. Being a prominent unionist organiser, having been gaoled at one stage for "conspiracy to strike action", he was eventually elected to the Parliament of New South Wales for Botany in 1930. However his disputes with party leader Jack Lang led to his expulsion from the ALP in 1936 and Heffron formed his own party from disgruntled Labor MPs known as the Industrial Labor Party. The success of his party enabled his readmission to the party and his prominence in a post-Lang NSW Branch which won office in 1941.
Heffron served as Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of William McKell, James McGirr and Joseph Cahill, most notably as Minister for Education from 1944 to 1960 and as Deputy Premier. In his significant tenure as minister for education Heffron oversaw significant reforms through his commissioning of the "Wyndham Report" and the consequent Public Education Act of 1961, and a massive expansion of the state's public schools. He also oversaw the development of higher education services, including the establishment of the New South Wales University of Technology (now the University of New South Wales). Rising to become Premier in 1959, he spearheaded a final attempt to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council via referendum in 1961, which ended in failure. Serving as Premier until 1964, Heffron was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 37 years until his retirement on 23 January 1968.
Early years and background
"Bob" Heffron (as he was widely known) was born on 10 September 1890 in Thames, New Zealand, the fifth child of Irish-born parents Michael Heffron, a blacksmith, and Ellen Heath. After spending his early education at nearby Hikutaia, Heffron left school at 15 to work in a gold-treating plant while studying metallurgy at the Thames School of Mines. At 19, he went to California to work and to the Yukon in Canada to look for gold; when this proved unsuccessful he returned to New Zealand in 1912.
Heffron joined the New Zealand Socialist Party in 1912 and, becoming a miners' union organiser, was involved in the Waihi miners' strike, an event significant to the development of the labour movement in New Zealand. Appointed an organiser for the Auckland General Labourers' Union, Heffron studied law part-time at Auckland University College, whilst residing at the Heffron family home at 24 Grosvenor Street Grey Lynn. Although having volunteered for military service in the First World War, Heffron was rejected on medical grounds, with the attending doctor citing heart troubles. However, the rejection on the grounds of health was done despite an allegation that Heffron, in an attempt to encourage such a finding, had smoked 12 packs of cigarettes prior to his medical, in order to avoid military service. His elder brother, William Thomas Heffron, enlisted as a Private on 3 October 1917 and was killed in action a few days before the armistice on 4 November 1918, while serving with the 1st Battalion, Auckland Infantry Regiment. On 29 December 1917 he married Jessie Bjornstad, the daughter of a Norwegian engineer and they would have two daughters, Maylean Jessie and June.
In 1921, the Heffrons moved to Melbourne, Victoria. That same year in Victoria, Heffron was appointed an organiser for the Federated Clothing Trades of the Commonwealth of Australia and also joined the leftist Victorian Socialist Party. Later in 1921 he moved to Sydney, becoming the secretary of the New South Wales branch of the Federated Marine Stewards' and Pantrymen's Association of Australasia. As the union's state secretary, a role he would hold for ten years, he took a prominent role in maritime trade unionism in Sydney. In February 1924, when the Commonwealth and Dominion Line steamer Port Lyttelton was declared 'Black' by the Labor Council of New South Wales owing to various worker's disputes and the ship having been declared unseaworthy, Heffron and six other union representatives acted to advise members of the Seamen's Union to refuse to work on the Port Lyttelton. For this, in April the government of Sir George Fuller had Heffron and the six other unionists arrested on the charge of conspiracy to strike action. Although controversially refused bail by the trial judge, Heffron and his fellow defendants, represented by Richard Windeyer KC and H. V. Evatt, were found not guilty and released in July 1924 by the court, a verdict that had been returned by the direction of the judge. Later joining the Labor Party, at the time he showed himself to be a supporter of party leader Jack Lang, supporting Lang's successful motion at the 1923 state conference to readmit James Dooley to the party.
Early political career
Having confirmed his Lang credentials, Heffron stood as the endorsed Labor party candidate for the seat of Botany at the 1927 election, which was held by Thomas Mutch, who had split from party after a stoush with Lang and stood as an 'Independent Labor' candidate after being denied preselection. A contest marked by clashes and accusations of rorting, Heffron was ultimately unsuccessful, gaining only 45% of the vote. He was eventually successful at the next election in 1930, defeating Mutch, and would hold Botany until its abolition in 1950.
While his support for Lang had enabled Heffron to accelerate his political career, he found himself increasingly unhappy with Lang's autocratic and divisive political style, which had been amplified by the Great Depression, the expulsion of the NSW branch of the Labor Party from the federal branch and the ultimate dismissal of Lang's government in 1932 by Governor Sir Philip Game.
After Labor's defeats at the hands of the United Australia Party (UAP) at the 1932 and 1935 state elections, Heffron became associated with a small group in caucus and in the NSW Labor Council who aimed to depose Lang as leader. However, while Heffron's movement was based on his personal stronghold in his Botany–Maroubra ALP branches and the left-wing trade unions, Lang maintained majority control of the caucus, party machine and the party newspaper, Labor Daily.
Industrial Labor Party
When Labor Council Secretary Robert King organised a conference of dissident left-wing unions on 1 August 1936, which was attended by Heffron and three other caucus members, Lang summoned a special party conference on 22 August which expelled Heffron, King and all the other leaders who attended the conference. As a result, Heffron, along with his colleague Carlo Lazzarini and others, formed the Industrial Labor Party (ILP), which was also known as the 'Heffron Labor Party'. Despite their expulsion, Heffron and the new ILP did increasingly well against Lang and the Labor Party, winning two subsequent by-elections in the seats of Hurstville (won by Clive Evatt) and Waverley (won by Clarrie Martin). In June 1939, three other MPs, Frank Burke (Newtown), Mat Davidson (Cobar) and Ted Horsington (Sturt), unhappy with Lang's leadership joined the ILP. As a result of its success, John Curtin and the federal executive of the ALP pressured the NSW ALP to readmit Heffron and his party at a unity conference at the Majestic Theatre in Newtown on 26 August 1939. Heffron then combined forces with William McKell to depose Lang on 5 September 1939, with McKell becoming the new leader of the party, although he declined to stand for the position of deputy leader.
Minister of the Crown
National Emergency Services
When the Labor Party eventually regained office under McKell, defeating Alexander Mair and the UAP at the May 1941 election, Heffron was elevated to the ministry as Minister for National Emergency Services, charged with the implementation of the National Emergency Services Act, and the administration of National Emergency Services, New South Wales. In this role he was responsible for the civil defence and air-raid precautions of New South Wales, which became increasingly more important after the entry of Japan in the Second World War in December 1941 and subsequent attacks on Australia on Darwin and Sydney in 1942. Serving until 8 June 1944, Heffron advocated public vigilance whilst in this portfolio, declaring: "We are living in a fool's paradise in Australia ... Many people have the idea that what is happening in other countries cannot happen here."
Heffron also clashed with the Federal Government's imposition of National Emergency Services procedures, most notably over the imposition of brownouts for the city of Sydney. In the Legislative Assembly in November 1942, Heffron denounced the advisers of the Federal Government who continued to maintain the brown-out as an essential defence measure: "The only conclusion I can come to, is that the brown-out was born of a form of panic when Japan entered the war and it has continued because of a few brass hats will not look at the facts and the evidence of the fighting men, but persist in sticking to their first conclusion. The position, therefore, is ludicrous." Heffron later affirmed that the brown-out was completely unnecessary as a black-out, with short notice given, was a more effective and safer defensive measure.
Minister for Education
Appointed by McKell as Minister for Education in June 1944, Heffron authored in 1946 a comprehensive policy for the New South Wales education system entitled: Tomorrow is Theirs: The Present and Future of Education in New South Wales. As minister during the important post-war era of economic growth and infrastructure development, Heffron presided over the expansion in the number and facilities of the public schools in NSW, with enrollments in all areas doubling in size.
In November 1952 he appointed Harold Wyndham as the Director-General of Education, and commissioned him to chair a committee tasked to completely review the Secondary education system in New South Wales and make recommendations for improvements. The committee's report, popularly referred to as "The Wyndham Report", was presented to Heffron in October 1957 and gave rise to the Public Education Act of 1961, being brought into effect in 1962, during Heffron's term as Premier. Key amongst the changes was the objective of presenting all students with the opportunity to experience a wide range of subjects, including visual arts, industrial arts, music and drama, and a wide range of languages. The five-year secondary school system was abandoned in favour of adding another year to the course, with major statewide external examinations at the end of the tenth (School Certificate) and the twelfth (Higher School Certificate) years of schooling.
Heffron's reformist attitude in education also extended to the tertiary level, in which he intended to significantly expand NSW's capacity for higher-level learning. On 9 July 1946 he presented a proposal to the cabinet outlining the creation of a technological-based university in NSW, as a separate institution to the existing Sydney Technical College and a year later cabinet authorised the appointment of a Developmental Council, chaired by Heffron, to bring the new tertiary institution into existence. First meeting in August 1947, the council established all the guidelines and regulations that would set-up the future institution and by March 1948, 46 students had already enrolled to study.
This institution, now named the "New South Wales University of Technology", gained its statutory status through the enactment of 'New South Wales University of Technology Act 1949', which was carried by Heffron's firm support of its cause: "the Government ... is fully alive to the need in a democratic country to extend facilities to students who, for financial reasons, cannot attend present full-time university courses". This was the first time that a second university was to be established in any Australian state. With the establishment of this institution receiving opposition by some areas in the media and conservatives, Heffron came to its defence in an article published in the Sydney Morning Herald on 4 May 1949, noting: "I feel that this new institution should be given time to prove its worth through the quality and work of its graduates". In September 1958 Heffron moved the bill to change the name of the New South Wales University of Technology to the University of New South Wales following the recommendations of the Murray Report that had proposed the expansion of its focus from technology into such fields as medicine and arts. When several opposition MPs objected during debate on the basis of it posing a threat to the status of the University of Sydney, with one joking that it could be called "Heffron University", Heffron came to the defence of the university and dismissed the objections as "absurd". In 1950 Heffron's seat of Botany was abolished and largely replaced by Maroubra, which he was subsequently elected to and would hold until his retirement in 1968.
Meanwhile, Heffron, who supported a general policy of decentralising tertiary education across the state, directed his Department to begin the establishment of various Teachers' Colleges in New South Wales, to provide sufficient tertiary training to the expanding numbers of teachers filling the new schools and colleges across the state. Among them was the Newcastle Teachers' College, established in 1949 and opened in 1950, which facilitated growing calls from the city of Newcastle for a more permanent University in the city. In May 1951, Heffron indicated his support for the establishment of a satellite college of Sydney University in Newcastle as an initial step towards the establishment of a full university. By July Heffron sought to approach Sydney University officials to facilitate efforts "to have a university established in Newcastle as soon as possible", and noted that his moves to purchase land in the city as the site of this college was an indication of the government's intentions: "I didn't buy that site in Newcastle just for fun. I want to provide a university in Newcastle and I want that to be only the first step in providing universities all over the state". However, by the time Heffron opened the Newcastle University College (NUC) on 3 December 1951, no affiliation had been finalised. By May 1952, a University Establishment Group had gained much momentum but Heffron had been notified by Premier Joseph Cahill that there were insufficient funds available for the establishment of another full university. Nevertheless, in early 1954 this college had become a college of the New South Wales University of Technology. As premier, in late 1961 Heffron moved with his Minister for Education, Ernest Wetherell, that the Newcastle University College would become a full university "come what may". This was achieved when on 12 March 1962, the University of Technology Vice-Chancellor Philip Baxter notified the NUC Warden, Professor James Auchmuty, that it would be allowed to take on full autonomy to become the University of Newcastle from 1 January 1965.
In 1951 Heffron also played a role in the establishment of the University of New England (UNE) when he discussed with the University of Sydney on its thoughts about training and certifying schoolteachers by external studies and/or correspondence courses. The university rejected the idea, stating that external degree or certification programs would be significantly inferior to residence education. Undeterred, Heffron asked New England about its willingness to conduct external studies. The Warden of the New England University College (and later first Vice Chancellor of UNE) Robert Madgwick enthusiastically supported the idea and instructed his college's staff to begin preparing an external studies program. Heffron asked the University of Sydney if it had any objection to New England being granted independence to operate the state's external education program. The university replied that it had no objection. As a result, Heffron introduced the 'University of New England Act' to parliament in early December 1953, it received assent on 16 December 1953 and the college became the independent University of New England on 1 February 1954.
Deputy premier and leadership
Throughout his period in the cabinet, Heffron was seen as a prominent and well-performing member of the government, and as such a potential contender for the premiership. The first opportunity for Heffron came in February 1946, when McKell announced to the Labor caucus of his intention to resign before the 1947 election. McKell, with the intention of ensuring Heffron as his successor, remained as an MP even after Prime Minister Joseph Chifley had announced his appointment as Governor-General in order to vote for Heffron. At the ballot on 5 February 1947, Heffron lost by two votes to the Minister for Housing, James McGirr, who was favoured by the more Catholic and conservative caucus members. When McGirr announced his resignation on the grounds of ill health on 1 April 1952, Heffron put himself forward as a candidate to succeed him against, among others, Deputy Premier Joseph Cahill. However, the day before the ballot on 3 April, Heffron had been made aware that he would not have the numbers in caucus to win against Cahill and consequently made arrangements with Cahill to give the votes of his bloc to Cahill, in exchange for his support to become Deputy Premier. As a result, on 3 April Cahill defeated Attorney General Clarrie Martin 32 votes to 14 to become Premier and Heffron defeated Mines Secretary Joshua Arthur 32 votes to 14 to become Deputy Premier.
When Heffron's former opponent Arthur resigned from the ministry on 23 February 1953 when a Royal Commission was set up to investigate his involvement in corrupt business activity, Heffron was commissioned to replace him as Secretary for Mines, serving from February to September 1953. As Deputy Premier, Heffron acted in Cahill's absence and in times of infirmity, which included receiving the Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi, on his arrival at Sydney Airport on 31 October 1957, the first visit of a Prime Minister of Japan to Australia. Heffron's role as deputy became of prime importance when Cahill died suddenly in October 1959, and the 68-year-old Heffron was elected to succeed him unopposed.
Premier of New South Wales
Heffron became Premier, being sworn in with his cabinet on 23 October 1959 at Government House, Sydney by Governor Sir Eric Woodward. However, his time as Premier was marked by significant tensions within the Labor Party in NSW and nationally, where although a split involving the Democratic Labor Party had been avoided during Cahill's term, the sectarian and factional undercurrent in the party was very much present in what was increasingly perceived as a tired and divided government. Indeed, the 68-year-old Heffron's government consisted mostly of MPs and Ministers who had come in with McKell after the 1941 election. In parliament, Heffron tended to reflect this by leaving most of the speaking roles to his deputy Jack Renshaw and local government and highways minister Pat Hills. It was clear to many that the aged Heffron's best days as a politician were behind him, as future Labor political advisor Richard Hall noted in The Bulletin: "In the House he tends to ramble on, recalling past glories as Minister for Education or Minister for Emergency Services in answer to questions. In an age where clichés cloak most politicians, Heffron throws them out as though they were devastating retorts, although occasionally the old radical has shown his teeth, flashed into anger, and for a few minutes reminded us that this was the great mob-orator who led many bitter strikes." His old nemesis Jack Lang also took the opportunity to take a last swipe at him, ridiculing Heffron in his newspaper, Century, as "Mr Magoo". On 14 October 1960, Heffron presided over the official opening of Warragamba Dam, the completion of which meant that it became the primary reservoir and the first reliable water supply for the whole Sydney catchment. At the opening, Heffron declared: "We have come along way from the Tank Stream, Sydney's first water supply".
Evatt as chief justice
In January 1960 Heffron provided his old friend H. V. Evatt a dignified exit from federal politics by nominating him to succeed Sir Kenneth Street as Chief Justice of New South Wales. His Attorney General Reg Downing, however, was horrified, having favoured the senior puisne justice Sir William Owen as the most suitable candidate while also realising that Evatt's worsening health would render him less than equal to the task of chief justice. Therefore, while Downing, as attorney general, would normally be the person to move the nomination of chief justice in cabinet, he refused to do so, leaving Heffron to do it himself. Heffron's motion to nominate Evatt was passed narrowly by 8 votes to 6. Downing's concerns would come to pass as Evatt indeed proved highly ineffective, often wracked by mental and physical ill-health, was reduced to having most of his judgements written or co-written for him, and resigning in 1962 after only two years as chief justice.
Legislative Council abolition
Upon his elevation as premier Heffron, following an approved motion from the 1958 state conference, reanimated the longstanding Labor policy to abolish the Legislative Council of New South Wales by announcing a statewide referendum on this question. Heffron had long supported this policy from his Langite days, seeing the council as an outdated bastion of conservative privilege, a position that was echoed by trade union official and member of the Legislative Council, Tom Dougherty, who had pushed through a rule at the 1952 state conference that banned MLCs from becoming members of the state party executive. However, Heffron's efforts found themselves up against significant opposition, not only from the Liberal and Country parties but also within the Labor party itself. Indeed, when the 'Constitution Amendment (Legislative Council Abolition) Bill' came before the Legislative Council on 2 December 1959, the council resolved 33 votes to 25 to send it back to the Legislative Assembly on the grounds that such a bill should have originated in the council. This was passed with the support of seven Labor councillors crossing the floor (including Cyril Cahill, Anne Press and Donald Cochrane), who were all subsequently expelled from the party and formed the Independent Labor Group.
On 6 April 1960, Heffron attempted to send the bill back to the council, which returned it to the assembly on the same grounds as before. As a result of the deadlock, Heffron requested the Governor to order a joint session of parliament on 20 April, a session which lasted two hours and was boycotted by the opposition. On 12 May the Assembly resolved that the bill be submitted for a referendum. However, later that day the leader of the opposition in the Legislative Council, Hector Clayton, started legal action against the government on the grounds that under section 5B of the NSW Constitution, the council had neither voted nor deliberated on the bill and thus the bill could not be submitted for a referendum. In the case of Clayton v. Heffron (1960) a majority of the full bench of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (headed by Chief Justice Evatt) found in favour of the government four to one on the grounds that they had complied fully with the intention of section 5B. In a subsequent case for special leave to appeal to the High Court, Clayton argued that section 15 of the Commonwealth Constitution, which dealt with the process by which state parliaments filled senate vacancies, entrenched the requirement for such parliaments to be bicameral on account of its exclusive mention of both houses. This was rejected by the court that affirmed that the mention did not exclude the right of state parliaments to do as they saw fit regarding abolition or reform.
In January 1961, Heffron announced the date of the referendum for 29 April 1961 and affirmed that it would be a simple yes/no question and would not include "alternative proposals such as retaining the Upper House on an elective basis". However, despite the lack of time allocated for a campaign, the Liberal/Country opposition led by Robert Askin and Charles Cutler, despite rallying around a moderate slogan of "retain and reform", spearheaded a strong campaign centered on warnings of a Labor-dominated single house subject to "Communist and Trades Hall influence". Askin promised to fight abolition "from one end of the state to the other" while Cutler also promised an "all-out campaign" alongside the Liberals. By contrast Heffron and Labor's campaign was described as extremely "tame" and "lacklustre", having been weakened against the fact that any criticism of the Legislative Council also included its Labor members, with some Labor backbench MLAs terming the council "the union officials club".
As a result, the referendum on 29 April was categorically rejected with 802,512 votes (42.4%) for abolition and 1,089,193 votes (57.5%) against. This would be the last attempt to abolish the council and, as the first time the NSW Labor party had lost a state poll in many years, was widely seen as the beginning of the end for the Labor government, which had been in power since 1941. Heffron's supporter Dougherty resigned from the council a month later in protest of the result.
Second term
At the 1962 election Heffron, despite the damage to prestige represented by the failed referendum, put forward new policies including the establishment of a Department of Industrial Development to reduce unemployment, free school travel, aid to home buyers and commencing the construction of the Sydney–Newcastle Freeway as a toll-road. At the election the Labor Party increased its margin by 5 seats, leaving a comfortable majority in the new parliament, although its success was attributed to the unpopularity at the time of Sir Robert Menzies' federal Liberal government following the 1961 credit squeeze.
Another one of Heffron's election promises, namely a Royal Commission into the legalisation of off-course betting, caused considerable tension with his own cabinet. His Attorney General Reg Downing favoured its legalisation through a government-supervised Totalisator Agency Board (TAB) while his Chief Secretary Gus Kelly favoured legalising the activities of existing SP bookmakers. Downing however, went over Heffron's head and procured an ALP State Executive order requiring the establishment of a TAB. When the Final Report of Commission was handed down on 29 March 1963, echoing the position of Downing, Heffron was obliged to carry out the establishment of the TAB.
Another issue arose when Cardinal Norman Gilroy presented Heffron in September 1962 with a plan for State aid to Catholic Church schools, including assistance for teacher salaries and capital grants for buildings, an issue that was highly explosive in the sectarian politics of New South Wales at the time. Heffron, alive to the need for a limited form of state support to placate sectarian conflict that could destroy the government, permitted Treasurer Jack Renshaw to include state support for school laboratories and a means-tested allowance to school students in the 1963 budget. Heffron later dropped the school laboratory provision but his permitting of the means-tested allowance provoked condemnation from the Federal Party Executive in Adelaide on 30 September 1962, who were less interested in placating the traditional Catholic hierarchy and more informed by the bitterness of the earlier ALP/DLP split in the party in 1955. Heffron and Renshaw backed down on this last provision, leaving no state aid for Catholic schools, and affirming the dominance of the Federal party in such matters.
Heffron, humiliated and tired after several decades in ministerial office, resigned as Premier six months later on 30 April 1964 at the age of 73. His announcement came as a surprise to many members of his own party, although there had been existing hints in the previous months that the Labor caucus had been discussing a departure plan for Heffron, to be replaced by the Deputy Premier Renshaw. Heffron insisted that he had made the decision to himself a year prior, declaring: "It was purely my own decision, so I cannot complain about anyone throwing me out or advising me to get out. Sometimes we are advised to get out – there are hints, but we don't take any notice when they come from outside, but it is not the same, of course, as coming from your own party." Renshaw succeeded him as Premier. Having been embarrassed when addressed as "Excellency" on an overseas trip as Minister for Education in 1954, Heffron was nevertheless granted by Queen Elizabeth II retention of the title "The Honourable" on 24 June 1964 for having served for more than three years as a Member of the Executive Council of New South Wales.
Later life
After resigning as Premier, Heffron remained in Parliament as Member for Maroubra, retaining his seat at the 1965 election, thereby witnessing his Labor Party enter opposition for the first time in twenty-five years. He stayed for one more term until his retirement in January 1968, marking thirty-seven years in Parliament. In his valedictory speech, Heffron remarked:
In youth a Roman Catholic, he spent most of his adulthood – unusually for a New South Wales Labor politician at the time – outside the Roman Church, describing himself as a "proselytising rationalist". In his later years he became more attached to the beliefs of his youth, and became the first Australian statesman to be received by Pope Paul VI during an official visit to the Vatican in July 1963. In retirement, Heffron lived in the North Shore suburb of Kirribilli. His wife Jessie died aged 84 on 7 July 1977 at Kirribilli Private Hospital while Heffon was also admitted there as a patient. He died aged 87 at the same hospital on 27 July 1978, survived by his two daughters. Heffron was granted a State funeral with a service at St Stephen's Uniting Church, Sydney that was attended by over 200 people including Governor Roden Cutler, Premier Neville Wran and former Premiers McKell, Renshaw, Askin, Lewis and Willis, before being sent for cremation at Eastern Suburbs Crematorium in Matraville. In Heffron's condolence motion in the Legislative Assembly on 15 August 1978, Wran reflected on Heffron's achievements:
Honours and legacy
In 1947 Heffron was honoured by the Royal Australian Historical Society by being made an Honorary Fellow. Heffron was made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Sydney on 29 August 1952, with his citation reading:
Heffron was also awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science at the New South Wales University of Technology's first graduation ceremony to be held on the Kensington campus on 16 April 1955. The citation noted that Heffron "has played a vital role in the founding and early development of this university and remains a sympathetic and wise counsellor to our cause ... His name is written indelibly into the history of the New South Wales University of Technology". In 1956 his portrait, depicting him in the Scarlet and Old Gold robes of his honorary D.Sc., was painted by Henry Hanke, entered into that year's Archibald Prize, and was purchased by the university for its collection in 1957. In 1962, the now University of New South Wales, in honour of his role in its establishment and his continuing support, named its newest building after him as the "Robert Heffron Building", it was renamed the Australian School of Business in 2008 and is now the UNSW Business School.
He was also made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of New England in 1956. In 1961 Prince Henry Hospital named the A Ward building of its 1935 extension as "Heffron House" in his honour. In 1962, in honour of Heffron's role in establishing the school in 1950, South Sydney Boys' High School named its library after him as the "R. J. Heffron Library". The nearby Randwick Boys High School had done the same to its new library when Heffron opened the school on 11 March 1959 and when Heffron officially opened the new assembly hall of the East Hills Boys High School on 6 August 1959, the hall was named the "R. J. Heffron Hall" in his honour. On 14 June 1966, the Sydney City Council resolved to name the newly built community hall on Burton Street, Darlinghurst, after him as "Heffron Hall". In 2014, despite opposition led by Labor Councillor Linda Scott, the hall was renamed the "East Sydney Community and Creative Arts Centre, incorporating Heffron Hall and Albert Sloss Reserve" as part of major renovations. In 1973, the New South Wales Electoral Commission named the new state electorate of Heffron after him and it covers much of his former electorate of Botany. The Charles Sturt University Faculty of Education building in its Bathurst Campus was also named after Heffron in honour of his role in the establishment of the preceding Bathurst and Wagga Wagga Teacher's Colleges (now the CSU Bathurst and Wagga Wagga campuses). Heffron Park and Heffron Road in Maroubra are named after him, as is Heffron Road in Lalor Park. His first daughter, Maylean, married Dutch sailor Pieter Cordia in 1945, was a trained nurse and was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005 for her efforts to save the heritage of Prince Henry Hospital, which included the building named after her father forty years previously.
Citations
References
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Category:1890 births
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Category:Deputy Premiers of New South Wales
Category:Australian miners
Category:Australian people of Irish descent
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Category:New Zealand emigrants to Australia
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Category:New Zealand Socialist Party politicians
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Category:People from Thames, New Zealand
Category:Premiers of New South Wales
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Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Category:20th-century Australian politicians
Category:20th-century New Zealand politicians
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2024-01-05T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/9320
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New blog database shows who links to your blog and lets you watch your rank in the blog hierarchy; and provides a for-pay service to track your blog ranking.
What I like: lets you discover inbound links.
What I don’t like: treats blogs like a high school popularity contest.
The single-peaked popularity ranking obscures “subcommunity” patterns — there are knots of java bloggers and political bloggers and Austin bloggers; and plenty of bloggers who participate in multiple communities (like physical life).
When Blogdex started picking up a lot of Persian blogs in its top rankings, the designer considered reducing his coverage to english-language blogs only. That’s exactly wrong. The right thing to do is to reveal blog blogcommunities, and identify leading voices in those subcommunities. Hmm… Valdis Krebs probably knows how to do this…
And raw popularity seems beside the point. Some of my favorite blogs are low-traffic blogs from people who don’t do much self-promotion. This blog is a place to write about the various topics I’m interested in; not filtered by which topics are most popular.
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A news feature about how China’s economic growth has outstripped India
A Kristof column talks about the Chinese government’s coverup of an AIDS crisis in rural areas, set of by a government blood-collection program
Ascience story writes about high rates of suicide in the Chinese countryside
The glowing numbers that support the first story do not include the provincial poverty shown in the other stories. This Economist article from earlier this year talks about Enron-sized flaws in the Chinese economic growth numbers.
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The O’Reilly editors talk about rich web clients. More of the editors seem to like Flash. The articulate comments favor non-proprietary approaches using XHTML, XUL, SVG. Some tasty links in there to follow up.
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Caught a fun show at the Clay Pit this weekend, with Ganesh, a percussionist visiting from Madras, India, who has played with Max Roach, Zakir Hussein, Glen Velez and is currently recording with both Bela Fleck and the Flecktones and the Violent Femmes.
The musicians on stage had varying levels of fluency in traditional Indian and Middle Eastern classical music, bluegrass, blues, jazz, rock, and country music. They improvised in various combinations of the musical genres; the audience and the musicians were all having fun.
Very Austin.
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I recently read the one-volume synopsis of SD Goitein’s five-volume masterwork summarizing Goitein’s research in the Cairo Geniza. A geniza is a synagogue’s repository of worn-out texts. In the Jewish tradition it is forbidden to dispose of texts that mention the name of God; and ordinary legal documents, business documents, and personal letters often mentioned the deity. The Cairo Geniza is a trove of documents holding evidence about the daily life in the Jewish community of medieval Cairo between the 10th and 13th centuries.A Mediterranean Society, edited and abridged by Jacob Lassner, portrays the texture of life of that time for Jews, Muslims, and Christians, and the surrounding world which was linked by commercial and communal bonds.
Topics include the family, social life, education, business, community organization, and law. Christian and Jewish minorities were largely self-governing with respect to civil law, family law, and social services and well-integrated with respect to residential patterns and business dealings. In the 11th and 12th centuries, conditions were more stable; later on, as the surrounding society declined, the Jews experienced economic hardship and persecution.
Following Peterme’s train of thought, one of the things that stands out most about the Geniza world is the efforts of the Jewish community to take care of people in need. The community ran a multi-layered charitable system, providing food and clothing on a daily and weekly basis, and making longer-term provisions to house refugees, to educate orphan children, to support the marriage of orphan girls and to ransom of captives at a time when piracy and war-related kidnapping was endemic.
Maimonides, the great Jewish scholar and leader of the Egyptian community in the late 12th century wrote that the best way to bring someone out of poverty was to give them the tools to be self-sufficient. But that perspective did not get in the way of ongoing, systematic efforts to feed the hungry and house the homeless.
Another notable thing is the vibrancy of economic life. Janet Abu Lughod wrote an birds-eye view of the world economic system between 1250 and 1350, describing a trade system that tied together Europe, the Muslim world, and the East. Goitein portrays the day-to-day reality of that system for the people who lived it; weddings scheduled for early Spring so merchants can leave in time to catch the favorable winds to India; marital troubles and divorces among couples who were separated by travel most of the time.
Goitein counted 450 occupations mentioned in the Geniza, which is the largest number of job categories in any pre-modern city. Jews participated in an array of activities including manufacturing: textiles, metals, glass, pottery, paper; construction; agriculture (flax, wheat, olives); trade; civil service, medicine, education. Jews in Medieval Egypt participated in most sectors of the economy; often in business partnerships with Muslims and Christians. The situation was quite unlike medieval Europe, where Jews were forbidden from owning land and participating in trade guilds, leaving finance among the few ways to make a living. Unfortunately, Lassner condensed Goitein’s sections on economic life more than the other sections of the book, assuming that readers would find it dull. Not this reader. I may eventually have to find and read that volume of the Goitein series.
The Geniza provides a tantalizing window on the social life of the time. Pilgrimages were quite popular, although less reverant than the purist clergy wished. A ruling was issued regarding one of the more popular pilgrimage sites,
All should attend solely for devotion. No merrymaking will be tolerated
Marionette shows and similar entertainments are not permitted
No beer should be brewed there
No visitor should be accompanied by a gentile or an apostate
No woman should be admitted except when accompanied by a father, husband, brother, or an adult son, unless she is a very old woman.
Making a noise by hitting something with a bang or clapping hands is disapproved
No instrumental music
No dancing
Clearly, people were having a lot of fun doing all of the things the clergy didn’t approve of!
The divorce rate was quite high; as evidenced by the number of second and subsequent marriages found in Geniza documents. Goitein attributes the divorce rate to the custom to marry women off when very young to men they didn’t know, and to the prevalence of travel that kept couples apart for months and years at a time.
The figure of Moses Maimonides occurs frequently in the book’s pages. Maimonides is most famous as philosopher who incorporated the rationalism of Greek philosophy into the revelation-based monotheistic Jewish tradition. In the Jewish tradition, Maimonides reputation rests on his work as as a commentator and jurist; he was one of the leaders in the medieval project to organize the vast textual sprawl of the Talmud into a systematic legal code.
In Goitein, however, Maimonides makes frequent appearances as a communal leader; making judgements that are often fair and wise. For example, a judge in a town refused to allow a twice-widowed woman to remarry, because of a custom that considered a twice-widowed woman a “killer wife.” Maimonides ruled that the couple should marry before two witnesses (legal according to Jewish law), and should then have this marriage ratified by the court. In another example, a cantor newly appointed to a town protested to Maimonides that his congregation enjoyed non-traditional poems inserted into the liturgy; Maimonides replied that the addition was improper, but keeping the poems was prefereable to the strife that would accompany an attempt to prohibit them.
However, Maimonides’ judgements sometimes reflect the stricter social norms of Morocco, where his family lived before emigrating to Egypt. For example, Maimonides bans games of chance that were popular on the sabbath in Egypt, and favors wife-beating, which was apparently more socially acceptable in Morocco than in Egypt.
The book reads rather like a collection of encyclopedia entries, on the family, judicial system, communal structure, and other topics related to the life in the Geniza community. If you’re interested in the subject of the book, you’ll enjoy it. If you’re lukewarm on the topic, the book doesn’t have spine-tingling plot twists or insightful arguments; just rich portraits of a distant world.
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2024-06-12T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/9799
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Boston Scientific Hit With Verdict In 1st Pelvic Mesh Loss
Boston Scientific Corp. was ordered to pay $73 million to a woman who said a defectively designed vaginal-mesh implant left her in constant pain, in the first award against the device maker over its incontinence slings.
A spokeswoman from the law firm Freese & Goss, which represented plaintiff Martha Salazar, confirmed the verdict following a two-week trial in Dallas. Salazar’s suit was only the third case to go to trial anywhere in the country involving Boston Scientific’s pelvic mesh products, the first to go to trial in Texas state court, and the first to result in a verdict against the company.
The verdict consisted of approximately $23 million in compensatory damages and $50 million in punitive damages. It is the largest verdict in any pelvic mesh trial to date.
The verdict is a marked change from two previous bellwether trials in Massachusetts state court involving Boston Scientific’s products, where the company was cleared of all liability. In August, a Middlesex County jury said the Obtryx sling was not defectively designed, and in July another jury in the same county made the same determination about the “Pinnacle Pelvic Floor Repair Kit.”
A spokeswoman for Boston Scientific said the company strongly disagrees with the jury’s finding and intends to appeal based on the strength of the evidence presented at trial, adding that the company is committed to delivering safe products.
Attorneys for the plaintiff were not immediately available for comment on Tuesday.
Tens of thousands of product liability lawsuits are pending against various pelvic mesh manufacturers in state and federal court across the country. Many have been consolidated before U.S. District Judge Joseph R. Goodwin into a sprawling multidistrict litigation in West Virginia.
Monday’s verdict comes on the heels of a federal jury in West Virginia slamming Johnson & Johnson subsidiary Ethicon Inc. with a $3.27 million verdict over the company’s TVT-O brand transvaginal sling at the first federal pelvic mesh trial against Ethicon to result in a plaintiff’s verdict. In February, the first case involving Ethicon’s pelvic mesh products to go to trial in federal court resulted in a directed verdict in Ethicon’s favor.
Prior to Boston Scientific’s two victories in Massachusetts, all three cases involving pelvic mesh products that went to trial in state courts resulted in verdicts favoring the plaintiffs. In April, another state court jury in Dallas found Ethicon’s TVT-O sling was defective, and the company lost at a bellwether trial in New Jersey state court in January 2013. In July 2012, C.R. Bard Inc. lost the first trial involving pelvic mesh products to go to trial anywhere in the country and later lost another suit in federal court in 2013.
Other mesh manufacturers have opted to settle their cases en masse instead of letting any claims go before a jury. In April, Endo International PLC reached an $830 million settlement resolving most of the 22,000 vaginal mesh suits against its American Medical Systems Inc. subsidiary.
The next pelvic mesh trial involving Boston Scientific is scheduled to begin in Florida federal court in November, according to court dockets. Judge Goodwin is expected to travel south from West Virginia to preside over the case.
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2024-02-02T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/8829
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135 So.2d 235 (1961)
UNITED STATES of America, Appellant,
v.
Samuel WEISSMAN and Beth Weissman, his wife, et al., Appellees.
No. 2157.
District Court of Appeal of Florida. Second District.
December 8, 1961.
*236 Edward F. Boardman, U.S. Atty., Miami, and Louis F. Oberdorfer, and Fred E. Youngman, Assts. Atty. Gen., for appellant.
Richard T. Stierer, and Adams & Kramer, West Palm Beach, for appellees.
SMITH, Judge.
Samuel Weissman and Beth Weissman, his wife, some of the appellees here, filed their complaint to foreclose a landlord's lien for rent given by Section 83.08, Florida Statutes, F.S.A. The United States of America, appellant here, and the other appellees, were defendants. The plaintiffs were the owners of certain commercial rental property, and on August 1, 1957, they entered into a written lease with Benjamin Weissman in which the tenant agreed to pay rent in the total amount of $10,800.00, payable in monthly installments of $300.00 each. The rent began and the tenant went into possession on the date of the lease and on the same date the tenant moved onto the premises certain items of personal property belonging to the tenant. These items of personal property remained on the premises to the time of the institution of this suit. The rent was paid as it became due until the payment of July, 1959, when default occurred.
The United States of America was named party-defendant under the authority of 28 U.S.C. § 2410, by virtue of the fact that the government had filed notices of federal tax liens under the internal revenue laws for federal taxes owed by the tenant Weissman, they being recorded on August 5, 1955; January 23, 1958; and January 22, 1959, in the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Palm Beach County, Florida. The answer of the government attached certificates of assessments and alleged that the government liens for federal taxes were prior and superior to the lien of the plaintiffs and all other claimants. The certificates of assessment certify that the assessments were made from February 25, 1954, through November 21, 1958.
The court entered a final decree finding that the plaintiffs' statutory landlord's lien for rent attached to the property as of the time the property was brought upon the premises and was superior to any liens acquired subsequent to that time, notwithstanding the fact that the rent may not have become delinquent until after the filing of the federal liens, the effect being that the federal lien filed August 5, 1955, was adjudged to be superior to the landlord's lien and all other government liens were adjudged to be inferior.
*237 The appellees contend that under the laws of the State of Florida the landlord had a perfected lien which existed prior to the date of the recording of the federal tax liens (except the one of August 5, 1955) and that the principle of first in time is first in right applies in this instance. Section 83.08, Florida Statutes, F.S.A., provides, in effect, that every person to whom rent may be due shall have a lien for such rent upon all property of the tenant usually kept on the premises and that this lien shall be superior to any lien acquired subsequent to the bringing of such property on the leased premises.
The Supreme Court of Florida has held that generally a landlord's lien for the payment of rent is superior to any judgment or other lien acquired subsequent to the bringing of the property on the leased premises. This lien is not dependent upon the levy of a distress warrant, nor does its existence depend upon filing or recording, or the institution of any proceeding for its enforcement, but it has priority over judgment, execution or attachment liens subsequently acquired on the property, and that this is true even as to a warrant issued for collection of taxes imposed by the State of Florida under the Act commonly known as the "Change Store Act." Lovett v. Lee, 1940, 141 Fla. 395, 193 So. 538. Thus, it is clear that if the Florida law was controlling, the decree of the trial court would be affirmed.
The liens of the federal government arose under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, which provides, insofar as material to the question here, in Section 6321, 26 U.S.C.A. § 6321, that, if any person liable to pay any tax neglects to pay the same, after demand, the amount shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property belonging to such person. Section 6322 provides that the lien imposed shall arise at the time the assessment is made and shall continue until the amount is satisfied. Section 6323(a) provides that the lien so imposed shall not be valid as against any mortgagee, pledgee, purchaser, or judgment creditor until notice thereof has been filed (in this instance in the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Palm Beach County, Florida.)
The Supreme Court of the United States of America has held that, the effect of a lien in relation to a provision of federal law for the collection of debts owing the United States is always a federal question. United States v. Security Trust & Savings Bank, 340 U.S. 47, 71 S.Ct. 111, 95 L.Ed. 53, and that this is true regardless of what rights the landlord's lien statute may create under state law. People of State of New York v. Maclay, 288 U.S. 290, 53 S.Ct. 323, 77 L.Ed. 754. The lien of the United States for unpaid taxes, while a general lien in the sense that it attaches to all of the property of the delinquent taxpayer, nevertheless is a perfected lien at the time it arises, and where the federal tax lien and the competing statutory lien are of equal dignity, that is, where the competing statutory lien is a perfected lien in the sense that there is nothing more to be done to have a choate lien, when the identity of the lienor, the property subject to the lien, and the amount of the lien are established, priority is to be determined on the principle that, "the first in time is the first in right." United States v. City of New Britain, 347 U.S. 81, 74 S.Ct. 367, 371, 98 L.Ed. 520. We must, therefore, look to the Federal statutes and decisions to determine this issue.
One of the notices of lien was recorded before the date of the lease (which is the same date that the rent payments began and the same date that the tenant brought the property in question on the leased premises) and the other two notices of liens were recorded in the county records subsequent to the above date but prior to the first default in payment of rent. All of the federal liens actually arose and became perfected liens on the respective assessment dates even though not recorded in the county records. The assessment dates are both prior to and subsequent to the date *238 of the lease and all of the assessment dates are prior to the first default in payment of rent. If the government is required to record a notice of lien to make its lien valid as against the landlord, then the landlord's statutory lien for rent must be construed as placing the landlord in the position of a mortgagee, pledgee, purchaser, or judgment creditor to bring the landlord under the protection of Section 6323(a), supra, since there is no other requirement for recording.
The terms "mortgagee", "pledgee", "purchaser", and "judgment creditor" are used in their ordinary and accepted sense. United States v. Gilbert Associates, 345 U.S. 361, 73 S.Ct. 701, 97 L.Ed. 1071.
In United States v. Security Trust & Savings Bank, supra, the court held that, if the purpose of the federal tax lien statute to insure prompt and certain collection of taxes due the United States from tax delinquents is to be fulfilled, then the rule must prevail that it is never sufficient to defeat the federal priority merely to show a lien effective to protect the lienor against others than the government, but contingent upon taking subsequent steps for enforcing it. That a prior attachment lien under California law was contingent or inchoate, merely a lis pendens notice that a right to perfect a lien exists and therefore not entitled to priority over the federal lien. The same determination has been made with respect to mechanics' liens under state law. United States v. Colotta, 350 U.S. 808, 100 L.Ed. 725, 76 S.Ct. 82, including one decision applying specifically to the State of Florida, United States v. Hulley, 358 U.S. 66, 3 L.Ed.2d 106, 79 S.Ct. 117. The Florida decisions on the same case are Fla., 102 So.2d 599, and Fla. 111 So.2d 38.
Federal Court decisions specifically holding that a statutory landlord's lien for rent was not a specific and perfected lien as a matter of federal law for the purpose of determining priority with a federal lien are: United States v. Waddill Co., 323 U.S. 353, 89 L.Ed. 294, 65 S.Ct. 304 (Virginia); and United States v. Scovil, 348 U.S. 218, 99 L.Ed. 271, 75 S.Ct. 244 (South Carolina). In these decisions the Supreme Court of the United States held that the landlord had a lien other than that of a mortgagee, pledgee, or judgment creditor and that the landlord was not a purchaser, all within the meaning of that section of the Internal Revenue Code requiring recording of notice and that the landlord was not entitled to the protection of that section. The Federal decisions further hold that a landlord's statutory lien for rent is inchoate and unperfected under the circumstances here at the time the federal tax liens arose, and the landlord's lien was not entitled to priority under the doctrine of first in time is first in right or under any doctrine of relation back. United States v. New Britain, supra, and United States v. Security Trust & Savings Bank, supra.
In Hoare v. United States of America, Case No. 17,162 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, opinion dated September 26, 1961, 294 F.2d 823, the Court held that the holder of a chattel mortgage given by a tax debtor of the United States as security for the performance of a lease had priority by virtue of the protection provided by Section 6323(a), supra, to the extent only of the arrearages existing when the tax lien attached.
We, therefore, hold that on the dates on which the federal tax liens arose and attached to the property of the tenant taxpayer (the various dates on which the assessments were made) that the landlord did not have a lien which was prior to any of the federal tax liens. We are conscious of the fact that this result places a great burden upon statutory lien holders acting in good faith without recorded notice of federal tax liens. This is particularly significant in this time of extensive federal taxation when it is often said that by virtue of federal taxes the government has become a partner with every businessman. However, the power to correct this does *239 not lie with this Court, but rather with the Congress of the United States.
The final decree of the trial court is reversed with directions to enter a decree in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed.
SHANNON, C.J., and WHITE, J., concur.
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2023-11-15T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/3854
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“The Walking Dead” has perhaps been the most popular television show around the world for most of the 2010’s. Within the United States, its TV ratings often fall below only prominent NFL games, and it’s an incredibly popular topic on Facebook, Twitter, and other discussion boards across the globe.
Everybody seems to love zombies. Unfortunately, the producers of the red hot TV show also want the world to love cultural Marxism too.
The show has not been shy at shoving a steady stream of interracial and homosexual romances in our face (just for the sake of shoving interracial and homosexual romances in our face), and it’s always gotta be a heterosexual white guy who spoils the party in some way for everybody else who inhabits this mostly undead world.
Women, non-whites, and homosexuals on the show are almost exclusively portrayed as either helpful, friendly, cooperative, or (at worst) oppressed victims of their association with straight white males. As for the straight white males themselves, they are more often than not truly deplorable human beings who regularly commit unspeakable atrocities which only get amplified over time.
Is the Frankfurt school really trying to tell us that in a TV show which is both filmed and mostly set in the U.S. state of Georgia, only white males can be the undisputed criminals, tyrants, and common enemies of humanity? The same state where African-American males make up 15% of the population but commit the lions share of the state’s murders, rapes, home invasions, and gas station robberies on a good (non-zombified) day?
Yes they are. And this article will showcase seven ways in which “The Walking Dead” wants the world to despise the idea of any kind of white male leadership, or large groupings of white males in general. Find hope and sanctuary with women, non-whites, and the LGBTQ community instead.
1. They’re Tyrannical Patriarchs
When the world turns sour after a zombie apocalypse, white males will find any kind of attempt at leadership by women or non-whites to be totally unacceptable. Violent and despotic “White Supremacies” and the gawd-awful “patriarchy” must prevail at all cost. Women, Jews, minorities, and homosexuals will (of course) inevitably suffer as the next Donald Trump-Literally Hitler avatar takes the helm.
So by all means, throw your Hispanic subordinate in a zombie pit (The Governor), contemplate taking over a town run by a Jewish congresswoman (Rick Grimes), attempt to kill your former friend and colleague because he wants his wife back (Shane Walsh), and bash some ethnic Asian skulls (Negan) if your power is feeling threatened.
2. They’re Cannibals
Did you actually think that cannibalism was just something that Amazon natives or the New Zealand Maori did for fun in the past? WRONG.
When the zombie apocalypse occurs, white males will be at the forefront of resurrecting modern day cannibalism via luring multicultural bands of travelers into a trap. Growing suitable crops in Georgia’s humid subtropical climate, combined with maintaining simple chicken coops, would just be too much work after all.
The best course of action is to capture a black man in the woods, eat his leg before his very own eyes, and give him a Yelp review of how he tastes.
3. They’re Marauding Child Rapists
You might think that white males have a tendency to maintain highly-functioning and civil societies. Places where social Darwinism does not compute in the 21st century, and where everybody should have a fair go in life.
Well in the Walking Dead world, bands of unkempt white men (The Claimers) will adopt philosophies like “Why hurt yourself when you can hurt other people?”, lay claim to anything they set their eyes upon, and attempt to rape young boys when said boys father (Rick Grimes) crosses them. If you see white men out on the road or rummaging through your house, don’t walk, don’t stop, RUN.
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4. They’re Racist Rednecks
Oh come on now, it’s the state of Georgia for crying out loud. Did you think that the liberal entertainment industry was gonna let a TV show, set in an ex-Confederate state, go without featuring at least one prominent white male character who despises non-whites and probably moonlights as a Klan member?
Well say hello to Merle Dixon, a ridiculous made-for-TV character who likes to beat up and assert dominance over black men with names like “T-Dog” and Asian-Americans by the name of Glenn. All for well…. pretty much nothing. He’ll just hate you for the sake of being you (a non-white).
5. They’re Gay Bashers
Straight white males are the promulgators of “toxic masculinity” according to the SJW world, so why should the zombie apocalypse be any different? If a well-spoken, clean cut, and friendly homosexual man (Aaron) offers a tired group of travelers a walled citadel, it’s only natural that the first reaction for the straight white male leader (Rick) is to assert his dominance over a “marginalized” victim group and send him to the floor.
Clearly, LGBTQ people in this new world are exposed to severe threats and oppression under Donald Trump straight white male dominance. For instance, the lesbian character Tara has seen her whole family plus TWO girlfriends get killed when patriarchal heterosexual white men (the Governor and the Saviors) come into her life.
Why can’t those deplorable white males show any solidarity, tolerance, and love for the LGBTQ community? Liberal logic will explain everything, and it’s because they are irredeemably full of HATE.
6. They’re Bloodthirsty Animals
The zombie apocalypse does some real damage on the psyche of white males.
While most women and minorities will maintain a level of sanity when the world turns south (Morgan goes crazy for just one episode), heterosexual white men will find an innate desire to keep people’s heads in jars (The Governor), eat human flesh (The Hunters), or here’s the best part….. inscribe a “W” on your forehead, cover yourself in half-ass blackface, and just murder anybody you come across (The Wolves)!
The Wolves didn’t “choose” to be that oppressive (and presumably racist). That’s just what inevitably happens when white males don’t check their privilege enough when society is functional.
7. They’re Thieves And Conquerers
Public schools teach children that White Europeans went all over the world and stole land and resources from the non-White natives, who were without question living in some sort of natural utopia before the evil white man came and took all their shit.
Well, that history lesson needs to find its way into “The Walking Dead” universe too. Because in the show, white men will form organizations and institutions which are specifically designed to enrich themselves at the expense of all others.
So say hello to “The Saviors.” They’re a merry band of mostly white males (and certainly led by them) who will not shoot you or bash your skull into tiny bits just as long as you give them half of everything you own. It’s a business strategy so brilliant, why didn’t Donald Trump think of it?
Conclusion
“The Walking Dead” is certainly a compelling show to watch, study, and contemplate. For instance, how would you react, where would you go, and how would you defend yourself when a figurative hell has replaced the Earth?
But seriously, in seven seasons of mayhem has there really only been one truly bad black guy (a prisoner named Andrew) to compensate for a steady slew of bath-shy white male baddies who inhabit what remains of the black crime heavy states of Georgia and Virginia? That’s television for you, and the faux reality that the Marxists want to disseminate across the world.
Read More: 12 Ways To Do Better Next Year
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2024-01-11T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/3264
|
It’s the scoop no reporter would ever want.
A local newswoman uncovered a horrific personal story after rushing to cover last week’s shooting at a western Kentucky high school: the 15-year-old boy who had allegedly shot and killed two classmates was her own son.
Mary Garrison Minyard, editor of the Marshall County Daily Online, learned the terrible news while at the still-active scene.
She had raced to Marshall County HS in Benton, Ky., on Tuesday morning after word broke of an active shooter.
Only after she arrived did she learn the identity of the handgun-wielding suspect, according to the Louisville-based Courier Journal.
Minyard’s son, Gabe Parker, a sophomore at the school, was taken into custody at the scene.
He has initially been charged as a juvenile with two counts of murder and 12 counts of assault for the students who survived being shot.
He is being held at a juvenile jail a half hour from the school.
Assistant County Attorney Jason Darnall says he will seek to prosecute the boy as an adult.
Minyard, who divorced Parker’s father when the boy was 5 years old, has declined to comment. So have members of his father’s family.
Officials have yet to comment on what motivated Parker to allegedly open fire just before 8 a.m., as students arrived for school.
But the few details to emerge about Parker in the close-knit town of just 4,500 residents paint him as a shy, quiet red-head who loved fishing with his grandparents.
“Anything Grandma needed, he would get,” neighbor Allyn Hornick told the Courier Journal.
A few weeks ago, though, when she spoke to Parker at his grandparents’ house, he seemed anxious about school and a little depressed, Hornick said.
Classmates are still stunned he’s the suspect.
He kept to himself, and seemed “like a really good kid,” classmate Ashley Collie, 15, told the paper.
Recently, though, he’d begun talking about violence — and an interest in joining the Mafia, Collie told the paper.
Parker, who played the trombone for the school marching band, was well-liked by bandmates, said Jayson Roberts, whose son is a classmate.
Still, friends noticed a change in Parker after Christmas break — he seemed “snappy,” or short tempered, Roberts said.
By Tuesday, he was allegedly leveling his handgun to kill.
Several of his victims suffered gunshot wounds to the head, first responders said of Parker’s alleged rampage.
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2024-07-18T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/7882
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Wayland: Book Group hopes discussion defuses Middle East conflict
Monday
Jul 21, 2014 at 12:01 AMSep 18, 2017 at 10:14 PM
By Chris BergeronDaily News Staff
WAYLAND - When the Interfaith Book Group met Sunday at the Islamic Center of Boston to discuss ways to overcome religious misunderstandings, Israeli troops were battling Palestinian fighters in Gaza. Founder Shaheen Akhtar led a prayer asking the "Creator of the Universe'' to remind "Jews, Christians and Muslims … they are followers of the One God, children of Abraham, brothers and sisters.'' A Muslim and a Framingham resident, Akhtar started the group after the 9/11 attacks to provide a way for people of different religions to defuse the stereotypes that fueled such violence. With a week remaining in Ramadan, the month Muslims devote to fasting and purification, Akhtar believes members set an example "of people working together as a force for good.'' During their monthly meeting in the Wayland mosque, they discussed Eboo Patel's memoir, "Acts of Faith." Akhtar said, "We believe just because we differ in theology, we can still discover our common humanity and engage in dialogue that makes the world a better place.'' Can a book club really change the world? Members insist it does. Ten-year member David Grinstein said he's learned a lot about Islam that reinforced his belief "treating others with mutual respect goes a long way to make things better.'' "Some Muslims need to understand the Jewish pain of the Holocaust,'' said the Jewish professor from Waltham, "and Jews need to understand the Palestinian narrative when they were displaced in 1948 from their homes.'' Original member Mary Ann Borkowski agreed such groups typically attract "people willing to question their own beliefs.'' "By having such discussions, we increase a dialogue that seems lacking elsewhere,'' said the Lutheran from Wayland. "Sometimes our leaders don't want to hear from people calling for moderation. It's crucial for our voices to be heard.'' Whatever good it achieves, Rabbi Neal Gold, senior rabbi of Temple Shir Tikva in Wayland, doesn't believe "a book club will resolve'' the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestinians. "It's not a Jewish-Muslim issue. It's a political conflict between two entities,'' he said. Gold stressed neither Jews nor Muslims "should be judged by the extremists" among them. "But I want my Muslim friends to understand ... to be a Jew in the 21st century is to have a living, breathing connection to the state of Israel,'' he said. Gold said the "majority of Jews are greatly disturbed by the (expansion of Jewish) settlements,'' but he characterized Hamas, which has launched rocket attacks on Israel, as a terrorist organization that doesn't represent Palestinian interests. "It's important the current conflict doesn't become a religious war between Jews and Muslims,'' said Gold. "It's a facet of the war of terrorism." But Robyn Bernstein, whose mother was killed in the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, said she never "wanted others to die in a war'' to revenge the attack's victims. "I think the only way this age-old conflict will end is when we know each other as individuals and not as a group we've been urged to hate,'' said the Bolton resident. "All around the world, peace groups are little by little making a difference.'' Malik Khan, former past president of the Islamic Center, stressed the current conflict wasn't caused by the actions of militants on either side but resulted from "a sequence of events in the Middle East over centuries that have brought us to this place.'' "What happens on the surface often doesn't show the real forces that caused it,'' said the Pakistan native. "In the past, different groups exploited ethnic and political fault lines. Hatreds were enflamed and a situation was created that forced a terrible injustice on Palestinians living there.'' During 40 years in the U.S., the Boxborough resident has come to treasure Americans' habit of hearing others points of view before forming an opinion. "I pray Americans talk to Muslims and hear our concerns. If ordinary people talk, hopefully politicians will follow,'' said Khan. "Only God know how this will all turn out.''
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2024-04-09T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/1605
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Hello, old friend. That’s what many Georgia fans will be saying on Sept. 23 as the Bulldogs welcome Mississippi State to town.
Former UGA defensive coordinator Todd Grantham will make his return to Athens in a Week 4 SEC East vs. SEC West clash.
Georgia and Mississippi State will face off on Sept. 23 at 7 p.m. ET at Sanford Stadium in Athens, Ga. The game will be broadcast on ESPN.
Grantham, who worked at Georgia under Mark Richt, is the new defensive coordinator for Dan Mullen’s Bulldogs squad.
It will be an interesting game for both teams. Mississippi State and Georgia have started 2-0. Mississippi State boasts victories over Charleston Southern and Louisiana Tech. Georgia, meanwhile, has topped Appalachian State and Notre Dame.
Both teams will look to continue their early-season momentum during this intriguing matchup.
Game Information
Saturday, Sept. 23
Kickoff time: 7 p.m. ET
TV network: ESPN
Remember to visit your local Hooters for all your tailgating needs and to watch your favorite SEC team. For the location nearest you, check out www.hooters.com/locations.
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2024-04-06T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/5002
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COFFEE TALK FRIDAY - New Additions to the Family
May 25, 2018 | By: Marla Austin
SHARE
MEET SUNSHINE & MOJO!
Last week, I went to Florida to visit with my parents, my brother and my son. It was a very long drive from Nebraska to Florida, but I did it! It was a blessing to spend Mother's day with my mom and my son -- one I will remember and always hold dear. I did however, come home with a couple of new additions to the family!
Some time ago, my mom got Mojo, a spunky cockatiel and soon after she got Sunshine, a beautiful double yellow headed amazon parrot. They are two completely different birds, but somehow it works. Mojo is so very in LOVE with Sunshine. He sings to her (so cute). They have been well loved and cared for by my mom for many many years. So, why do I have them you ask? Well, there are a few things changing in my parents home and it came at a time when it just so happened that I was wanting a pet.
Anyone who knows me, knows that I do love cats, but am very allergic to them. I do like dogs too, but don't want to have to let them out in the winter when it is cold (because we do live in Nebraska where it will get to -20 degrees with windchill). So, that left few other pet choices. I decided on a bird. I called mom to see if she could tell me more about her amazon parrot and just threw it out there that I just want her amazon really...she said "come and get her."
Now, anyone who knows my mom...that was a shock! I said "really?" and she said yes. So of course I jumped on it! Sunshine and I have always gotten along really well. She would always come to me when I visited mom. Maybe mom and I sound alike, not sure if that is the reason. She just took to me really well.
Since Mojo loves Sunshine so much, it was only fitting that I take him too! He would have been so depressed without her. I couldn't do that to him. He has not quite warmed up to me as much, but we will get there.
I am super excited for this new chapter in our lives! It is going to be an adventure for sure.
What type of pets do you have?
Feel free to share below. I'd love to hear about them!
Don't forget to like us on Facebook at Marla Austin Studios and Follow us on Instagram @maustinstudios!
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2023-08-05T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/3600
|
/**
* This file is part of CERMINE project.
* Copyright (c) 2011-2018 ICM-UW
*
* CERMINE is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* CERMINE is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
* along with CERMINE. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
package pl.edu.icm.cermine;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Collection;
import org.apache.commons.cli.ParseException;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import pl.edu.icm.cermine.configuration.ExtractionConfigRegister;
import pl.edu.icm.cermine.configuration.ExtractionConfigBuilder;
import pl.edu.icm.cermine.exception.AnalysisException;
import pl.edu.icm.cermine.exception.TransformationException;
import pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.model.BxDocument;
import pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.transformers.BxDocumentToTrueVizWriter;
/**
* Document geometric structure extractor. Extracts the geometric hierarchical structure
* (pages, zones, lines, words and characters) from a PDF file and stores it as a BxDocument object.
*
* @deprecated use {@link ContentExtractor} instead.
*
* @author Dominika Tkaczyk (d.tkaczyk@icm.edu.pl)
*/
@Deprecated
public class PdfBxStructureExtractor {
private final ContentExtractor extractor;
public PdfBxStructureExtractor() throws AnalysisException {
extractor = new ContentExtractor();
}
/**
* Extracts the geometric structure from a PDF file and stores it as BxDocument.
*
* @param stream PDF stream
* @return BxDocument object storing the geometric structure
* @throws AnalysisException AnalysisException
*/
public BxDocument extractStructure(InputStream stream) throws AnalysisException {
try {
extractor.setPDF(stream);
return extractor.getBxDocument();
} catch (IOException ex) {
throw new AnalysisException(ex);
}
}
public ComponentConfiguration getConf() {
return extractor.getConf();
}
public void setConf(ComponentConfiguration conf) {
extractor.setConf(conf);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException, IOException {
CommandLineOptionsParser parser = new CommandLineOptionsParser();
String error = parser.parse(args);
if (error != null) {
System.err.println(error + "\n");
System.err.println(
"Usage: PdfBxStructureExtractor -path <path> [optional parameters]\n\n"
+ "Tool for extracting structured content from PDF files.\n\n"
+ "Arguments:\n"
+ " -path <path> path to a PDF file or directory containing PDF files\n"
+ " -configuration <path> (optional) path to configuration properties file\n"
+ " see https://github.com/CeON/CERMINE\n"
+ " for description of available configuration properties\n"
+ " -strext <extension> (optional) the extension of the structure (TrueViz) file;\n"
+ " default: \"cxml\"; used only if passed path is a directory\n"
);
System.exit(1);
}
String path = parser.getPath();
String strExtension = parser.getBxExtension();
File file = new File(path);
Collection<File> files = FileUtils.listFiles(file, new String[]{"pdf"}, true);
ExtractionConfigBuilder builder = new ExtractionConfigBuilder();
if (parser.getConfigurationPath() != null) {
builder.addConfiguration(parser.getConfigurationPath());
}
ExtractionConfigRegister.set(builder.buildConfiguration());
int i = 0;
for (File pdf : files) {
File strF = new File(pdf.getPath().replaceAll("pdf$", strExtension));
if (strF.exists()) {
i++;
continue;
}
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
float elapsed = 0;
System.out.println(pdf.getPath());
try {
PdfBxStructureExtractor extractor = new PdfBxStructureExtractor();
InputStream in = new FileInputStream(pdf);
BxDocument doc = extractor.extractStructure(in);
doc = extractor.getConf().getMetadataClassifier().classifyZones(doc);
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
elapsed = (end - start) / 1000F;
BxDocumentToTrueVizWriter writer = new BxDocumentToTrueVizWriter();
Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(strF), "UTF-8");
writer.write(fw, Lists.newArrayList(doc), "UTF-8");
} catch (AnalysisException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (TransformationException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
i++;
int percentage = i*100/files.size();
if (elapsed == 0) {
elapsed = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) / 1000F;
}
System.out.println("Extraction time: " + Math.round(elapsed) + "s");
System.out.println(percentage + "% done (" + i +" out of " + files.size() + ")");
System.out.println("");
}
}
}
|
2024-05-23T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4620
|
When officers arrived they found Propes, his son and the family dog dead.
The cause of death has not been revealed.
According to court records, Propes was involved in a custody dispute with his son's mother.
|
2023-08-03T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3867
|
Validation of the A&D UA-774 (UA-767Plus) device for self-measurement of blood pressure.
To determine the accuracy of the UA-774 (UA-767Plus) blood pressure monitor developed by the A&D Company. Device evaluation was performed according to the modified British Hypertension Society (BHS) protocol released in 1993. Eighty-five subjects with characteristics outlined in the BHS protocol were recruited among those attending the outpatient clinic of the Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Hospital 'R. Silvestrini', Perugia, Italy. The A&D blood pressure monitor was evaluated according to the various steps of the protocol. Sequential readings were taken for the main validation test. Outcome was classified according to the criteria of BSH recommendations, which are based on four areas of accuracy differing from the mercury standard by 5, 10 and 15 mmHg, or more. The device achieved a grade A for systolic and a grade A for diastolic blood pressure. Mean blood pressure difference (+/-1 SD) between device and observers was -1.01+/-7.14 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and -1.42+/-7.61 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure. There was no systematic change in the device-observed difference over a wide range of blood pressure values These data show that the A&D UA-774 (UA-767Plus) device satisfies the BSH recommendations for accuracy for systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
|
2024-01-17T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7502
|
A programmable programming language (2018) [pdf] - azhenley
https://cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Papers/Published/fffkbmt-programmable-prog-lang/paper.pdf
======
yters
I used Racket for a couple projects, but meta programming hasn't turned out to
be super useful. When I did use meta programming, I got pretty confused when
returning to my code after leaving it for awhile.
I know PG claims meta programming was the secret to ViaWeb's success, but I'm
not sure how exactly that was the case, and even if true whether that is still
relevant today.
I have found Python to hit the sweet spot much better in terms of rapid
prototyping, and providing a runway to making the prototype more rigorous and
maintainable.
~~~
wry_discontent
I've found Python to inhibit me a lot from moving quickly past the very
initial stages.
I'm fond of Clojure for that, but it tends to de-emphasize macros as a good
way of doing things. Most things are just regular fns.
~~~
yters
Do you find it is easy to come back to your Clojure code and understand what
is going on?
~~~
wry_discontent
The issue with that, I've found, is that you do actually have to read the
code. I do JS professionally, and you can definitely tell some of what's going
on just from the shape of the code, but I've found Clojure doesn't do that.
That said, after a couple minutes looking at something, it's usually clear.
------
agalunar
One of my best friends did his Masters work designing a programming language
that can be modified on the fly; I'd highly recommend the paper:
[https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/113144/101799...](https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/113144/1017990524-MIT.pdf)
~~~
nielsbot
The API for building grammars seems straightforward to use.
------
Koshkin
The usefulness of this depends on how you want to solve the problem at hand.
One approach to programming is to create a DSL for the problem domain and then
solve the problem using that DSL. Languages (such as Common Lisp) that include
advanced means of metaprogramming are perfect from this perspective.
Otherwise, one has to create an API to approximate the DSL - which could be
rather hairy, so one may try to manage the complexity of this particular
representation by either using a preprocessor or even, as an extreme measure,
by writing a separate language processor (compiler or interpreter) for the
DSL.
------
jmull
I feel like general purpose programming languages very widely already let you
express DSLs, with semantics, names, structure, etc. appropriate to the
domain.
What they do restrict, to various degrees, is the syntax.
So what we're talking about here is custom/customizable syntax to go with your
DSL. That can be nice, but it comes at a high cost -- e.g., developers will
have to understand the syntax, it will need to be maintained and extended as
requirements grow or change. Of course it's worth it in some cases, and tools
to help do it are great when it is.
But I just don't see that there's a general problem that we don't have enough
custom language syntax to deal with.
------
sam_lowry_
LISP?
~~~
DannyB2
Racket is a Lisp. One that facilitates building other languages.
~~~
schwurb
You could characterize Racket as THE lisp when it comes to well-behaved and
well-researched metaprograming.
------
jimbob45
I feel like there's something so comforting about having a concrete language
you can rest your back up against though. Once you start throwing in #DEFINEs
and typedefs, I start to question whether I can trust anything I'm seeing on
the screen to not be hiding crucial secrets from me.
Maybe it's just me.
~~~
bob1029
Having constraints imposed upon me by my tools is the only way anything ever
gets done. If you put me in front of a blank canvas, and then tell me I can
alter the nature of the canvas itself to whatever extent I desire (I.e. in
hopes of making using it easier), I'll never get to the point where I'm
actually painting on it. Or, perhaps I do manage to produce an end result, but
no one else can understand what it means.
Even with a mountain of constraints, there is still usually far too much
subjectivity in software development. This language seems to me to be moving
the needle in a very wrong direction. Having a stable basis that is
standardized and everyone can (mostly) agree upon is the foundation for
growing a technical team or community. Being able to type "LINQ GroupBy Select
examples" into your preferred search engine of choice and receive actionable
advice is clearly an advantage for productivity. Sure, in a purely academic
sense there is almost certainly a more ideal solution. But, if you are seeking
to actually get things done, constraints are the name of the game.
~~~
discreteevent
I remember some interview with Ulrich Schnauss (electronic artist) where he
went back to plain synthesisers for the same reason. Too many things to tweak
meant he wasn't able to focus on the piece.
------
bitwize
Meh, in practice most people will use JavaScript and Babel.
~~~
iLemming
Yeah, and that is a problem with the majority of programmers. They readily
choose a seemingly easy path instead of something that leads to simplicity.
Lisp is a fantastic idea that (even after over six decades) is still very much
relevant today. Once you get used to program with a true REPL, every other
(non-lispy) language starts feeling like frustratingly over-engineered,
bloated, and unnecessarily complicated. Waiting for compilation cycles and
annoying syntax quirks would slowly turn what once was a joy into a "just a
job."
It feels incredibly liberating and joyous to be able to grab any part of your
program and without any preceding ceremony just to "eval" it and see what
happens.
And let me prematurely answer the comments that probably will be thrown here.
No, other languages (most of them) don't have real REPLs. What they have, at
best can be categorized as "interactive shells".
Younger folks who are learning, juniors, seasoned developers who for one or
another reason, never had any exposure to a Lisp, please do yourselves a
favor. Try Racket, Clojure, Clojurescript, Fennel, Chez. Give Lisp an honest,
heartfelt attempt to learn it.
Follow the work of people like Harold Abelson and Gerald Sussman, Matthias
Felleisen, Dan Friedman, Rich Hickey, Guy Steele, Richard Gabriel, Alan Kay,
and many others.
Once you attain familiarity with a Lisp to the sufficient level, perhaps then
you will get it. You will see that it is indeed a lifetime investment that
would allow you to reap the rewards for the entirety of your career.
I am telling you all this, not from the top of some ivory tower. I never went
to CS academia. Like most of you, I am altogether a self-taught programmer. I
am honestly begging you not to make the same mistake that I did. For many
years I have ignored Lisp due to my self-righteous ignorance. Unknowingly, I
delayed my true growth, and I sincerely regret it.
~~~
lispm
> No, other languages (most of them) don't have real REPLs. What they have, at
> best can be categorized as "interactive shells".
> Try Racket, Clojure, Clojurescript, Fennel, Chez. Give Lisp an honest,
> heartfelt attempt to learn it.
Compared to actual Lisps, some of these have mostly interactive shells.
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4-YnLpLgtk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4-YnLpLgtk)
~~~
iLemming
We can debate for a long time if other Lisps deserve the status of "true" lisp
or that title forever belongs to Common Lisp only. There are many prominent
Lispers that criticized Common Lisp for being overly bloated and for
butchering the sole idea of Lisp. To be honest I do feel like agreeing with
them and kinda glad that Common Lisp is dying. That is why I did not include
CL in that list.
~~~
lispm
Unfortunately you are missing out on a lot of things Lisp has to offer, by
working with non-core Lisp-variants. For example it would be clearer to you
what interactive working with a Read-Eval-Print-Loop in Lisp actually can do -
besides the simpler improvements in interactivity. There is a whole world of
core Lisp which you are ignoring. You are also slightly misleading people by
not mentioning core Lisp languages and language contributors to those.
> or that title forever belongs to Common Lisp only.
Emacs Lisp, Visual Lisp, ISLisp (an ISO standard), various Common Lisps and
their variants, Interlisp, Portable Standard Lisp, ... and a bunch of others.
You are setting your focus on languages which are more or less derived from
those (for a reason, often with specific improvements or alternative
features), but missing out on the core language implementation features. All
the above have LISP in their name, which Racket, Clojure, Clojurescript,
Fennel, Chez don't. There must be a reason for that. ;-)
Take Clojure and ClojureScript. Without Common Lisp those would not exist. I
can remember when Rich Hickey was an active Common Lisp user (he used
LispWorks and we were on the same mailing lists). He developed stuff in Common
Lisp, worked on Common Lisp to Java integration, wrote a first sketch of
Clojure in Common Lisp and so on.
Luckily he was open minded, learned a lot and created a language (with lots of
lessons from Common Lisp), which a lot of people like...
The language you wish is dying, was literally the one where Rich Hickey
learned from..., like many people before and others, open minded, will also do
in the future.
~~~
iLemming
I don't want to criticize CL, but I feel today it's neither an introductory
Lisp nor academical or pragmatic. I think advocating for Lisp by pushing
newbies to CL, telling "that's the true Lisp, and others not so much" is
damaging. Common Lisp today has become like a Latin of Lisps - knowing it is
awesome, but practicality of that knowledge is quickly becoming irrelevant.
Those who have zero exposure to Lisps can be easily intimidated by it.
My own opinion about CL (why I said "I'm kinda glad it's dying"), shaped
through influence of other respectable Lispers quotes:
Guy L Steele notably criticized its standard for being over 1000 pages.
Daniel Weinreb criticized it for being Lisp2:
> ... It makes the language bigger, and that's bad in and of itself.
Richard Gabriel:
> “Common Lisp is a significantly ugly language. If Guy and I had been locked
> in a room, you can bet it wouldn't have turned out like that”
Paul Graham:
> A hacker's language needs powerful libraries and something to hack. Common
> Lisp has neither. A hacker's language is terse and hackable. Common Lisp is
> not. The good news is, it's not Lisp that sucks, but Common Lisp.
etc.
~~~
lispm
> but practicality of that knowledge is quickly becoming irrelevant
just the opposite. When there is lots of interest in Lisp derived languages,
the core language stays important, since it's the fountain for many ideas.
> through influence of other respectable Lispers quotes
But you ignore the context. The only real one critical about Common Lisp is
Paul Graham, and he got rich and famous through a Common Lisp application: he
wrote an online-store system in CLISP and wrote two books on CL, one of which
is a real classic: On Lisp. But later he was critical and designed Arc as a
very different take on Lisp: small language, small programs, small
identifiers, for web programming. It's the one which was used to develop this
website here on Hackernews.
Guy L Steele, Gabriel and Weinreb came actually out of a tradition where they
used Lisp systems which were MUCH larger than Common Lisp. Steele literally
worked two decades with and for Maclisp and Common Lisp. Steele wrote the
first two defining books on CL. Steele also has a much larger scope: he worked
on things like Scheme, High-Performance Fortran, Parallel Computing with the
Connection Machine (which started out with a parallel Common Lisp), C, Java,
Fortress, ...
Weinreb was working at Symbolics on and with Lisp Machine Lisp. He co-wrote
one of the first object-oriented databases, in Common Lisp. Later he took
those ideas to a C++ based OO-database. Years later Dan was back working with
Common Lisp at ITA where he spent lots of time... I met him once in Hamburg at
a Lisp meeting and he was happy then, working with SBCL and Clozure CL.
Unfortunately he died much too soon.
Gabriel worked on the Common Lisp design. He also wrote a book on benchmarking
Lisp. Then published a critical paper on Common Lisp and THEN founded a
company which developed a wonderful implementation: Lucid CL. He also was then
working on the CLOS standard proposal.
You are totally missing on the background and what these people actually were
working on. Since the broader Lisp community is very diverse and always was,
there were and are always critics in all directions. Some people think modern
Lisp is too static, other think it is not static enough, some think it's too
interactive, others think its not enough interactive... but you need to
understand the context.
Steele, Weinreb and Gabriel were actually the first designers of Common Lisp -
the so-called 'gang of five' included also Fahlman and Moon.
It's like claiming that Tolkien was critical of The Lord of the Rings, because
it has too many pages, took too long to write it and there are lots of new
fantasy books. Tolkien wrote that defining book - like Steele, Weinreb and
Gabriel developed Common Lisp and Graham wrote a classic book on (Common) Lisp
programming.
There are lots of other things in the Lisp history and I'm happy that some
people work to preserve those ideas - not wishing to ignore it and that they
are dying.
[http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP](http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP)
~~~
iLemming
Okay, that is fair. I honestly appreciate you spending your time, convincing
me. To be honest I did not need much convincing. I am sold on Lisp already and
CL is just a matter of time for me, personally. But I still think it's not a
good introductory Lisp for those who still need convincing. Maybe after using
it a bit my opinion changes, but I know several former CL devs, they share the
similar opinion.
~~~
lispm
Maybe somebody does it like Rich Hickey, coming from C++, checking out CL for
some time and then moving on. But it transformed him. The next generation may
look at Clojure, check it out some time and then move on to design the next
thing... it might then be helpful to understand where SOME (by far not all) of
the ideas originally were coming from...
~~~
iLemming
As I said: "CL is Latin of Lisps". If you're a language designer you
definitely should know it.
But using a very dense language with too many features for app development, in
practice, often causes more issues rather than solving problems.
Clojure is opinionated and that's a good thing.
~~~
lispm
Clojure has the 'half' of its features on the Java side. The whole package is
a huge Java infrastructure with zillions of features + Clojure.
Common Lisp was designed to be that on its own, and its actually not that
large anymore - compared to similar options.
Everyone who wants to learn a Lisp which stands on its own feets - for example
SBCL has only a relatively small C core and all the rest is Lisp itself -
should have a look. This has deep effects generally for Lisp: better error
handling, better interactivity, images, simpler debugging, less language
compromises on the low-level, ...
Lisp is also not opinionated. Working in a non-opinionated languages is
different. In Lisp the developer may need to develop his/her own opinions.
Right now you are looking at a shallow image of Lisp.
|
2023-10-10T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7287
|
(Editor's note: Call The Bee at 632-0390 and record a one-minute comment on our Bee Heard line. It gives readers an opportunity to comment quickly and candidly on items of local or regional interest. Callers do not have to identify themselves and no callers' names will be used. In the interest of fairness and good taste, The Bee will not publish derogatory or insulting comments. All comments are by our readers and are subject to editing.
.I am absolutely stunned about the longevity bonuses! We are unfairly attacking the workers when, you know very well if we were given this benefit, we would accept it too. Who we need to target are the people who negotiated these contracts for the interest of taxpayers. They did a terrible job. Dr. Mohan, from now on, please be in attendance for every single contract negotiation this town has.
.I did not personally vote for Mohan; I think if he ran for office again I would because he seems to be meaning what his running policies were, and I'm proud of him for that. If you really want to save the town some money, don't keep people on as advisers. If you have confidence in the engineer you have, go with him and let the other engineer go back to the job he had.
.I am appalled that Supervisor Mohan and Council Member O'Loughlin would have the gall to try to determine who should be promoted in the police department. We have the best police department in the entire country, and we are known to be one of the safest cities. We should let our police chief decide who to promote in his department; he would certainly know the best person for the job.
.Regarding the water mill, it's important that a qualified electrician looks at that building. From an outsider's point of view, the lighting on the east side of the building looks damaged, and I believe it's a fire hazard waiting to happen. To anyone concerned with preserving the water mill, you need to start acting now on improving and repairing the exterior and interior of the building.
.Am I the only one who has noticed that newly-elected Council Member Deborah Bucki votes in exact lockstep with party boss Councilman Dan Ward? Should the Town of Amherst board act like the Town of Tonawanda board did recently and make a move to reduce their numbers from seven to five? Perhaps that would be a good idea.
.Self-serving board members and others in the town who disagree with the Mohan agenda do a disservice to Amherst with their gossip, false accusations and tantrums. The political expert form Canisius wonders why something wasn't done before in Amherst. The answer is obvious: voters were never given any candidates who would make the changes we need. Dr. Mohan came into office because he didn't have the political baggage like the previous self-serving administrations.
.Yet again another reassessment on Amherst properties! Another hidden way of increasing taxes! It's just ridiculous! I encourage Amherst residents to please begin a tax revolt or just pack up and move and leave these politicians to themselves.
.I have to wonder if all the front-page publicity that Dr. Mohan is getting in The Buffalo News doesn't have something to do with the fact that he spent thousands of dollars with his campaign on full-page ads in that newspaper. It seems to me that special interests should also be related to the media or maybe other candidates in the future should consider doing what Dr. Mohan did to get coverage. It's quite unusual.
.I am disgusted with the way the Amherst Town Board wants to be in control of the police department, pay raises and promotions. They don't know anything about the policemen themselves, They don't know them personally and what they are capable of. Let the people who know how to do it, do it, like Chief Moslow.
.Amherst taxpayers should be sure to remember that it was Councilman Dan Ward, when he was supervisor back in the '90s and late '80s, who had incompetent employees or appointments who caused the facility to not operate correctly. Although Dan Ward would always pretend to be a newcomer to politics and government, he has had a hand in every bad move that the town has made since the 1980s. Taxpayers should not forget that.
.As an Amherst resident and business major, I initially thought that Supervisor Mohan with his expertise in engineering would be just the person to bring a breath of fresh air to Amherst town government. But after three months in office, he has demonstrated that he lacks the necessary knowledge and business skills required to run a town the size of Amherst. His learn-on-the-job and micromanage everything-approach is doing nothing but costing taxpayers money in penalties, late fees and additional labor costs, which is just the opposite of his campaign promises. Supervisor Mohan, instead of grandstanding the media every other day, might be better suited to spending his time taking business courses so he may develop the skills necessary to identify and address the real issues requiring the attention of management at his level.
.Speedy action is needed about the rat problem with serious warnings and fines for rat-friendly disposal in front of homes. Also, all carry-out pizza and fast food could have an added charge for the litter results from them and that could help pay for some of the expenses that will go for the totes that are so unfortunately necessary.
.To the Williamsville Village Board, let's fix the sidewalks first, so they are walkable, before we start worrying about crosswalks.
.I think Satish Mohan is doing a great job! It's time to get rid of longevity pay. The Amherst Police contract is up, and it's time to cut back. They do a great job, but they are getting way overpaid compared to everyone else, and no one gets checks as large as they do. Great job, Dr. Mohan!
|
2023-12-27T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/8652
|
Will Obama Extend the Bush Tax Cuts?
President Obama and his advisers have been sending signals that they’re open to extending the Bush tax cuts before they expire Dec. 31, an expiration that could plunge the economy into another recession.
With economic growth running between a feeble 1.6 percent and 2 percent and unemployment stuck at nearly 10 percent, Obama and the Democrats hold a weak hand in the debate with Republicans who say that this is no time to raise taxes on anyone and that the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts should be made permanent.
After the Democrats’ huge losses in Congress—largely because of a weak, virtually jobless recovery—Obama and his advisers seem to be abandoning their plan to raise the two top tax rates, on incomes over $250,000 a year, anytime soon.
Suggesting that the President may be willing to compromise on a temporary extension of tax cuts over $250,000, White House senior adviser David Axelrod told The Huffington Post last week, “We have to deal with the world as we find it.”When he heard that, Obama described his position in a different way. During a four-nation Asian trade tour last week the President remarked, “I want to make sure that taxes don’t go up for middle-class families starting on January 1. That’s my number-one priority for those families and [for] our economy.”
Conspicuously missing from the President’s remarks was a leftist screed about raising taxes on “millionaires and billionaires.”His sole emphasis on middle-class tax cuts means that he may be willing to sign on to a Republican extension to keep the entire Bush tax cut law from expiring, at least temporarily. In other words, he is in a classic Catch-22 box. If all federal income taxes rise, as they will if the cuts are not extended, Republicans will have a tailor-made political issue in the 2012 election cycle, and Obama will have lost his central campaign promise of the 2008 election.
Before leaving for last week’s trip, Obama said that a GOP proposal to extend all the tax cuts for two years was “a basis for conversation” when he meets with Republican leaders this week to discuss the tax cut extension to be taken up in the lame-duck Congress.
But House Republicans said they are still determined to make all of the Bush tax cuts permanent, rejecting White House overtures to decouple the top rates for a shorter extension.
Meanwhile, House Democratic leadership officials informed Human Events that their plan to raise taxes on the two top income brackets remained on track, though adding that their strategy was still being debated within the party leadership.
“The House Democrats’ position has not changed, though leaders continue to discuss this,” a senior official in the House Democratic leadership told Human Events.
This official, speaking on background because he had not been authorized to discuss internal party strategy, said Democrats were “also discussing [the tax cut vote strategy] with the Senate’s Democrat[ic] leadership, who are talking with Senate Republicans.”
But other House Democrats say that any vote to raise the two top tax rates now would be difficult in the upcoming lame-duck session for two strategic reasons: Two dozen or more Democrats signed a letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi before the midterm elections opposing the idea of raising taxes now when the economy remains weak. Perhaps a dozen or more Democrat incumbents ran for re-election, saying they also supported an extension of the Bush tax cuts until the economy strengthened.
Some observers think that still other Democrats, who narrowly won re-election in tough races and may face tougher prospects in 2012, could join them.
The votes could be similarly difficult in the Senate where at least four Democrats favor extending the tax cuts, including Sens. Evan Bayh of Indiana, Ben Nelson of Nebraska, Kent Conrad of North Dakota, and Joe Lieberman of Connecticut. That means Democrats would not be able to the gather the 60 votes needed to overcome a Republican filibuster.
Moreover, 23 Democrats are facing re-election in 2012, and some of them may be unwilling to vote to raise taxes at the start of what looks like a difficult election cycle for the Democrats when taxes and an anemic economy could become the dominant campaign issues.
“An election that’s dominated by the tax issue is a bad election for Democrats everywhere, anywhere and always,” Democratic pollster Mark Mellman told The New York Times last week.
Meanwhile, there is a lot more at stake in the Dec. 31 expiration of the Bush tax cuts than just the lower income-tax rates, which further complicates this legislative battle for the Democrats.
The Bush tax package also contains cuts in the capital gains rates affecting investors, especially middle-class retirees; taxes on stock dividends, on which many retirees depend for their income; the death tax, which would rise significantly on family heirs; and the alternative minimum tax, which has already cut deeply into middle-class incomes.
Perhaps the most vexing political problem facing the White House and the Democrats is the prospect of having to deal with a much more muscular GOP next year when they take control of the House and what some analysts say will be de facto control of the Senate.
The realization of that prospect positions the GOP to present the tax challenge to Obama and the Democrats from a ground of newly recovered relative strength: “Deal with us now on this, or deal with us for the next two years.”
|
2023-09-11T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7848
|
Q:
What is the reason that function is not passed to a Button
I'm aware of JavaScript's scopes but probably I don't understand them fully because this code doesn't work.
This code uses React and Relay Modern frameworks.
There are 2 buttons, first one inside queryRender which is passed into Relay Modern QueryRenderer and second one afterwards (see function render). The second one is working, first one doesn't execute the clickTest function.
(This is simplified version of actual code)
class Candidates extends Component {
static propTypes = {
viewer: PropTypes.object
}
constructor (props) {
super(props)
this.clickTest = this.clickTest.bind(this)
}
clickTest () {
console.log('click works')
}
queryRender ({error, props}) {
if (error) {
return <pre>{error.message}</pre>
} else if (props) {
return (
<div>
<Button onClick={this.clickTest}>this DOESN'T work</Button>
</div>
)
}
return <Loader active>Loading...</Loader>
}
render () {
return (
<div>
<QueryRenderer
environment={environment}
query={query}
render={this.queryRender}
/>
<Button onClick={this.clickTest}>this works</Button>
</div>
)
}
}
The query variable is defined, I just didn't include it in that excerpt.
When I substitue first button's onClick function with an anonymous one
<Button onClick={() => this.clickTest()}>this DOESN'T work</Button>
then I get such error: Uncaught TypeError: _this2.clickTest is not a function
Can anyone explain to me why this code behaves the way it does?
A:
In javascript, the meaning of this isn't determined when a function is created, but rather when it is invoked. When QueryRenderer invokes your queryRender function, it doesn't know that it needs to invoke it in the context of your class, so this will not be referring to what you think it's referring to.
You'll either need to bind your queryRender function, much like you're doing with your clicktest function in the constructor, or you'll need to redesign queryRender so it doesn't need a reference to this.
|
2023-11-16T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/5595
|
--TEST--
ldap_connect() - Basic connection
--CREDITS--
Patrick Allaert <patrickallaert@php.net>
# Belgian PHP Testfest 2009
--SKIPIF--
<?php require_once('skipif.inc'); ?>
--FILE--
<?php
require "connect.inc";
$link = ldap_connect($host, $port);
var_dump($link);
?>
--EXPECTF--
resource(%d) of type (ldap link)
|
2024-03-23T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/9238
|
Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Composite as an Effective Adsorbent for Reactive Red Dye Removal.
Chitosan, modified with different dosages of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), was first prepared, and its adsorption capacity for reactive red (RR) dye in aqueous solutions was investigated, in this paper. The structure and morphology of the adsorbents were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, and TGA. The effect of varying parameters (pH, temperature, adsorbent loading, and contact time) was also investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity based on the Langmuir model was found to be 32.16 mg/g. In addition, experimental kinetic data were analyzed by the psuedo-first order and psuedo-second order equation models. The psuedo-second order model proved to be the best model for the adsorption system, which suggested that adsorption might be controlled by the chemical rate-limiting step through sharing of electrons or by covalent forces.
|
2023-09-09T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/9226
|
```yml
#####################################基础配置#####################################
# 检测算法使用YOLOv3，backbone使用MobileNet_v1
# 检测模型的名称
architecture: YOLOv3
# 根据硬件选择是否使用GPU
use_gpu: true
# ### max_iters为最大迭代次数，而一个iter会运行batch_size * device_num张图片。batch_size在下面 TrainReader.batch_size设置。
max_iters: 1200
# log平滑参数，平滑窗口大小，会从取历史窗口中取log_smooth_window大小的loss求平均值
log_smooth_window: 20
# 模型保存文件夹
save_dir: output
# 每隔多少迭代保存模型
snapshot_iter: 200
# ### mAP 评估方式，mAP评估方式可以选择COCO和VOC或WIDERFACE，其中VOC有11point和integral两种评估方法
metric: COCO
# ### pretrain_weights 可以是imagenet的预训练好的分类模型权重，也可以是在VOC或COCO数据集上的预训练的检测模型权重
# 模型配置文件和权重文件可参考[模型库](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleDetection/blob/release/0.4/docs/MODEL_ZOO.md)
pretrain_weights: https://paddlemodels.bj.bcebos.com/object_detection/yolov3_mobilenet_v1.tar
# 模型保存文件夹，如果开启了--eval，会在这个文件夹下保存best_model
weights: output/yolov3_mobilenet_v1_roadsign_coco_template/
# ### 根据用户数据设置类别数，注意这里不含背景类
num_classes: 4
# finetune时忽略的参数，按照正则化匹配，匹配上的参数会被忽略掉
finetune_exclude_pretrained_params: ['yolo_output']
# use_fine_grained_loss
use_fine_grained_loss: false
# 检测模型的结构
YOLOv3:
# 默认是 MobileNetv1
backbone: MobileNet
yolo_head: YOLOv3Head
# 检测模型的backbone
MobileNet:
norm_decay: 0.
conv_group_scale: 1
with_extra_blocks: false
# 检测模型的Head
YOLOv3Head:
# anchor_masks
anchor_masks: [[6, 7, 8], [3, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2]]
# 3x3 anchors
anchors: [[10, 13], [16, 30], [33, 23],
[30, 61], [62, 45], [59, 119],
[116, 90], [156, 198], [373, 326]]
# yolo_loss
yolo_loss: YOLOv3Loss
# nms 类型参数，可以设置为[MultiClassNMS, MultiClassSoftNMS, MatrixNMS], 默认使用 MultiClassNMS
nms:
# background_label，背景标签（类别）的索引，如果设置为 0 ，则忽略背景标签（类别）。如果设置为 -1 ，则考虑所有类别。默认值：0
background_label: -1
# NMS步骤后每个图像要保留的总bbox数。 -1表示在NMS步骤之后保留所有bbox。
keep_top_k: 100
# 在NMS中用于剔除检测框IOU的阈值，默认值：0.3 。
nms_threshold: 0.45
# 基于 score_threshold 的过滤检测后，根据置信度保留的最大检测次数。
nms_top_k: 1000
# 是否归一化，默认值：True 。
normalized: false
# 过滤掉低置信度分数的边界框的阈值。
score_threshold: 0.01
YOLOv3Loss:
# 这里的batch_size与训练中的batch_size（即TrainReader.batch_size）不同.
# 仅且当use_fine_grained_loss=true时，计算Loss时使用，且必须要与TrainReader.batch_size设置成一样
batch_size: 8
# 忽略样本的阈值 ignore_thresh
ignore_thresh: 0.7
# 是否使用label_smooth
label_smooth: true
LearningRate:
# ### 学习率设置 参考 https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleDetection/blob/release/0.4/docs/FAQ.md#faq%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%81%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98
# base_lr
base_lr: 0.0001
# 学习率调整策略
# 具体实现参考[API](fluid.layers.piecewise_decay)
schedulers:
# 学习率调整策略
- !PiecewiseDecay
gamma: 0.1
milestones:
# ### 参考 https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleDetection/blob/release/0.4/docs/FAQ.md#faq%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%81%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98
# ### 8/12 11/12
- 800
- 1100
# 在训练开始时，调低学习率为base_lr * start_factor，然后逐步增长到base_lr，这个过程叫学习率热身，按照以下公式更新学习率
# linear_step = end_lr - start_lr
# lr = start_lr + linear_step * (global_step / warmup_steps)
# 具体实现参考[API](fluid.layers.linear_lr_warmup)
- !LinearWarmup
start_factor: 0.3333333333333333
steps: 100
OptimizerBuilder:
# 默认使用SGD+Momentum进行训练
# 具体实现参考[API](fluid.optimizer)
optimizer:
momentum: 0.9
type: Momentum
# 默认使用SGD+Momentum进行训练
# 具体实现参考[API](fluid.optimizer)
regularizer:
factor: 0.0005
type: L2
#####################################数据配置#####################################
# 模型训练集设置参考
# 训练、验证、测试使用的数据配置主要区别在数据路径、模型输入、数据增强参数设置
# 如果使用 yolov3_reader.yml，下面的参数设置优先级高，会覆盖yolov3_reader.yml中的参数设置。
# _READER_: 'yolov3_reader.yml'
TrainReader:
# 训练过程中模型的输入设置
# 包括图片，图片长宽高等基本信息，图片id，标记的目标框，类别等信息
inputs_def:
fields: ['image', 'gt_bbox', 'gt_class', 'gt_score']
# num_max_boxes，每个样本的groud truth的最多保留个数，若不够用0填充。
num_max_boxes: 50
# 训练数据集路径
dataset:
# 指定数据集格式
!COCODataSet
# 图片文件夹相对路径，路径是相对于dataset_dir，图像路径= dataset_dir + image_dir + image_name
image_dir: train2017
# anno_path，路径是相对于dataset_dir
anno_path: annotations/instances_train2017.json
# 数据集相对路径，路径是相对于PaddleDetection
dataset_dir: dataset/coco
# 是否包含背景类，若with_background=true，num_classes需要+1
# YOLO 系列with_background必须是false，FasterRCNN系列是true ###
with_background: false
sample_transforms:
# 读取Image图像为numpy数组
# 可以选择将图片从BGR转到RGB，可以选择对一个batch中的图片做mixup增强
- !DecodeImage
to_rgb: True
with_mixup: True
# MixupImage
- !MixupImage
alpha: 1.5
beta: 1.5
# ColorDistort
- !ColorDistort {}
# RandomExpand
- !RandomExpand
fill_value: [123.675, 116.28, 103.53]
# 随机扩充比例，默认值是4.0
ratio: 1.5
- !RandomCrop {}
- !RandomFlipImage
is_normalized: false
# 归一化坐标
- !NormalizeBox {}
# 如果 bboxes 数量小于 num_max_boxes，填充值为0的 box
- !PadBox
num_max_boxes: 50
# 坐标格式转化，从XYXY转成XYWH格式
- !BboxXYXY2XYWH {}
# 以下是对一个batch中的所有图片同时做的数据处理
batch_transforms:
# 多尺度训练时，从list中随机选择一个尺寸，对一个batch数据同时同时resize
- !RandomShape
sizes: [320, 352, 384, 416, 448, 480, 512, 544, 576, 608]
random_inter: True
# NormalizeImage
- !NormalizeImage
mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
is_scale: True
is_channel_first: false
- !Permute
to_bgr: false
channel_first: True
# Gt2YoloTarget is only used when use_fine_grained_loss set as true,
# this operator will be deleted automatically if use_fine_grained_loss
# is set as false
- !Gt2YoloTarget
anchor_masks: [[6, 7, 8], [3, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2]]
anchors: [[10, 13], [16, 30], [33, 23],
[30, 61], [62, 45], [59, 119],
[116, 90], [156, 198], [373, 326]]
downsample_ratios: [32, 16, 8]
# 1个GPU的batch size，默认为1。需要注意：每个iter迭代会运行batch_size * device_num张图片
batch_size: 8
# 是否shuffle
shuffle: true
# mixup，-1表示不做Mixup数据增强。注意，这里是epoch为单位
mixup_epoch: 250
# 注意，在某些情况下，drop_last=false时训练过程中可能会出错，建议训练时都设置为true
drop_last: true
# 若选用多进程，设置使用多进程/线程的数目
# 开启多进程后，占用内存会成倍增加，根据内存设置###
worker_num: 8
# 共享内存bufsize。注意，缓存是以batch为单位，缓存的样本数据总量为batch_size * bufsize，所以请注意不要设置太大，请根据您的硬件设置。
bufsize: 16
# 是否使用多进程
use_process: true
EvalReader:
# 评估过程中模型的输入设置
# 包括图片，图片长宽高等基本信息，图片id，标记的目标框，类别等信息
inputs_def:
fields: ['image', 'im_size', 'im_id']
# num_max_boxes，每个样本的groud truth的最多保留个数，若不够用0填充。
num_max_boxes: 50
# 数据集路径
dataset:
!COCODataSet
# 图片文件夹相对路径，路径是相对于dataset_dir，图像路径= dataset_dir + image_dir + image_name
image_dir: val2017
# anno_path，路径是相对于dataset_dir
anno_path: annotations/instances_val2017.json
# 数据集相对路径，路径是相对于PaddleDetection
dataset_dir: dataset/coco
# 是否包含背景类，若with_background=true，num_classes需要+1
# YOLO 系列with_background必须是false，FasterRCNN系列是true ###
with_background: false
sample_transforms:
# 读取Image图像为numpy数组
# 可以选择将图片从BGR转到RGB，可以选择对一个batch中的图片做mixup增强
- !DecodeImage
to_rgb: True
# ResizeImage
- !ResizeImage
target_size: 608
interp: 2
# NormalizeImage
- !NormalizeImage
mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
is_scale: True
is_channel_first: false
# 如果 bboxes 数量小于 num_max_boxes，填充值为0的 box
- !PadBox
num_max_boxes: 50
- !Permute
to_bgr: false
channel_first: True
# 1个GPU的batch size，默认为1。需要注意：每个iter迭代会运行batch_size * device_num张图片
batch_size: 8
# drop_empty
drop_empty: false
# 若选用多进程，设置使用多进程/线程的数目
# 开启多进程后，占用内存会成倍增加，根据内存设置###
worker_num: 8
# 共享内存bufsize。注意，缓存是以batch为单位，缓存的样本数据总量为batch_size * bufsize，所以请注意不要设置太大，请根据您的硬件设置。
bufsize: 16
TestReader:
# 预测过程中模型的输入设置
# 包括图片，图片长宽高等基本信息，图片id，标记的目标框，类别等信息
inputs_def:
# 预测图像输入尺寸
image_shape: [3, 608, 608]
fields: ['image', 'im_size', 'im_id']
# 数据集路径
dataset:
!ImageFolder
# anno_path，路径是相对于dataset_dir
anno_path: annotations/instances_val2017.json
# 是否包含背景类，若with_background=true，num_classes需要+1
# YOLO 系列with_background必须是false，FasterRCNN系列是true ###
with_background: false
sample_transforms:
- !DecodeImage
to_rgb: True
# ResizeImage
- !ResizeImage
target_size: 608
interp: 2
# NormalizeImage
- !NormalizeImage
mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
is_scale: True
is_channel_first: false
# Permute
- !Permute
to_bgr: false
channel_first: True
# 1个GPU的batch size，默认为1
batch_size: 1
```
|
2023-12-10T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2923
|
(CNN) - When Hillary Clinton ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008, she raised and spent more than $250 million to eventually lose to Barack Obama, according to the Federal Election Commission.
(CNN) - President Barack Obama met with tech company chief executives on Friday as a part of the administration's dialogue with the private sector on "issues surrounding intelligence, technology and privacy," according to the White House.
"The President reiterated his administration's commitment to taking steps that can give people greater confidence that their rights are being protected while preserving important tools that keep us safe," the White House said in a readout of the meeting, which was closed to reporters.
(CNN) – Some U.S. technology giants are asking the Obama administration and Congress to rein in government surveillance.
Facebook, Apple, Twitter, Google and Microsoft are among the companies signing an open letter arguing that surveillance has gone too far. The companies say they're improving encryption and fighting to limit surveillance requests, but they're also asking for new legal changes to limit surveillance.
(CNN) – After the elections in 2016, President Barack Obama will leave the White House, but he may not leave Washington.
In an interview with ABC, Obama said the decision will revolve around Sasha, the President and First Lady Michelle Obama's youngest daughter, who will be a sophomore in high school when he leaves office. Malia, the oldest daughter, will be in college.FULL POST
Washington (CNN) – Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg declined any traditional political label while in Washington stumping for his pro-immigration reform group, saying that rather than Democrat or Republican, "I'm pro-knowledge economy."
The multibillionaire took part in a forum Wednesday with Atlantic magazine editor James Bennet, commenting on his immigration group, FWD.us, along with the future of Facebook and the impact revelations that the U.S. government tracks some American activity online have had on the trust people place in their social media.FULL POST
Washington (CNN) - A Facebook page with sexually explicit comments denigrating female Marines was taken down after a congresswoman who complained about it was threatened on that site, an aide to the lawmaker told CNN.
Rep. Jackie Speier, D-California, made public a letter she wrote to Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and Marine Corps Commandant Gen. James Amos on Wednesday about "F'N Wook" and others like it, asking them to review them and take action.
New York (CNNMoney) - Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and a number of other leading technology CEOs are forming a public interest group to push for immigration and lobbying reform.
The group, named FWD.us, and pronounced as Forward US, is pushing for a significant increase in legal immigration and a path to citizenship, especially for those educated here or who came to the country as children.
|
2023-09-18T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3386
|
Oklahoma Charter Schools Program
What are charter schools?
Charter schools are public schools that are allowed greater flexibility for greater accountability. For example, charter schools are not required to adhere to the Teacher and Leader Effectiveness standards set by the state of Oklahoma, but charters that do not meet performance standards may be closed by their sponsors. A charter school maintains its own board of governance in addition to being accountable to their sponsor (authorizer) that should advise and closely monitor charter school leadership. The Oklahoma Charter School Act lists seven (7) purposes for charter schools:
1. Improve student learning;
2. Increase learning opportunities for students;
3. Encourage the use of different and innovative teaching methods;
4. Provide additional academic choices for parents and students;
5. Require the measurement of student learning and create different and innovative forms of measuring student learning;
6. Establish new forms of accountability for schools; and
7. Create new professional opportunities for teachers and administrators including the opportunity to be responsible for the learning program at the school site.
Who can sponsor (authorize) a charter school?
1.A school district or a technology center with average daily membership (ADM) of 5,000 in counties with more than 500,000 residents
2.A school district or a technology center with a school site in school improvement
3.A comprehensive or regional institution that is a member of The Oklahoma State System of Higher Education that has a teacher education program may sponsor a charter within districts with average daily membership (ADM) of 5,000 in counties with more than 500,000 residents
4.A comprehensive or regional institution that is a member of The Oklahoma State System of Higher Education that has a teacher education program may sponsor a charter within a school district with a school site in school improvement
5.A federally recognized Indian Tribe, if the charter is for the purpose of demonstrating native language immersion instruction, and is located within its former reservation or treaty area boundaries
6.The State Board of Education only when the applicant is the Office of Juvenile Affairs (OJA) or when the charter has a contract with the OJA
How to get started?
•Complete a charter application with the minimum qualifications and any other qualifications as outlined by their potential sponsor (authorizer)
•Garner and be able to demonstrate community support
•Submit application to a sponsor (authorizer)
At a minimum, applications must include the following:
•Mission statement
•Description of organizational structure and governance
•Financial plan for the first three years/description of person responsible for finances
•Hiring policy
•Name(s) of the applicant(s)
•Facility and location description
•Description of the grades to be served
•Plan to measure instructional effectiveness
•Demonstration of support from area residents
•Documentation of charter school training
Eligible sponsors have 90 days to respond to each application. If an application is rejected, applicants may within 30 days submit a revised application, which must be answered within 30 days. If it is rejected a second time, applicants may seek mediation or binding arbitration.
Who can attend charter schools?
Charter schools cannot "limit admission based on ethnicity, national origin, gender, income level, disabling condition, English proficiency, measures of achievement, aptitude, or athletic ability." They may enroll students whose legal residence is within the boundaries of the school district in which the school is located or who have transferred into the school district. Preference shall be given to resident students. If capacity is insufficient to enroll all interested eligible students, then charter schools must select students through a lottery.
How are charter schools funded?
Like any public school, charter schools receive state funding through the State Aid funding formula, set by law. Up to 5 percent of a school's allocation may be retained by its sponsor for administrative costs. Charter schools may receive additional funding through public aid, grants and other revenue as well as private sources, but the schools must be nonprofit. The Charter Schools Incentive Fund assists those interested in establishing charter schools. Applicants are eligible for up to $50,000 for start-up costs. Only charter schools with sponsor approval are eligible to apply.
To whom are charter schools accountable?
Charters are accountable to their sponsors (authorizers). Charter school contracts can be approved for no longer than five years at a time, and must include criteria by which effectiveness of the school will be measured. Sponsors must give written notice and explanation of their intent to deny requests for renewal at least 8 months prior to expiration of contracts. However, if a charter school fails to meet the standards outlined in its contract, its sponsor may give only 90 days written notice of intent to terminate.
Charters are accountable to their boards. When charters are run well, their advisory or governance boards maintain high performance standards and take corrective action when needed. Every charter operation falls under their purview, from finances to teacher evaluation. Advisory boards must follow the Open Meetings Act.
Charters are accountable to the SDE. Like any other public school, charters must go through an accreditation process which is run through the Office of Accreditation at the SDE. This is to ensure that charters are compliant with all federal and state laws. Additionally, charters are graded on the A-F Report Card.
|
2023-08-19T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3757
|
// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package buildutil_test
import (
"fmt"
"go/build"
"path/filepath"
"runtime"
"strings"
"testing"
"golang.org/x/tools/go/buildutil"
)
func testContainingPackageCaseFold(file, want string) error {
bp, err := buildutil.ContainingPackage(&build.Default, ".", file)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if got := bp.ImportPath; got != want {
return fmt.Errorf("ContainingPackage(%q) = %s, want %s", file, got, want)
}
return nil
}
func TestContainingPackageCaseFold(t *testing.T) {
path := filepath.Join(runtime.GOROOT(), `src\fmt\print.go`)
err := testContainingPackageCaseFold(path, "fmt")
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
vol := filepath.VolumeName(path)
if len(vol) != 2 || vol[1] != ':' {
t.Fatalf("GOROOT path has unexpected volume name: %v", vol)
}
rest := path[len(vol):]
err = testContainingPackageCaseFold(strings.ToUpper(vol)+rest, "fmt")
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
err = testContainingPackageCaseFold(strings.ToLower(vol)+rest, "fmt")
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
}
|
2023-10-18T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/5734
|
/*ckwg +5
* Copyright 2012-2016 by Kitware, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Please refer to
* KITWARE_LICENSE.TXT for licensing information, or contact General Counsel,
* Kitware, Inc., 28 Corporate Drive, Clifton Park, NY 12065.
*/
#include "schema_algorithm.h"
#include <map>
#include <track_oracle/core/element_descriptor.h>
#include <track_oracle/core/track_base_impl.h>
using std::map;
using std::vector;
namespace kwiver {
namespace track_oracle {
namespace schema_algorithm {
vector< element_descriptor >
name_missing_fields( const track_base_impl& required_fields,
const track_handle_list_type tracks )
{
map< field_handle_type, bool > missing_fields_all_tracks;
for (size_t i=0; i<tracks.size(); ++i)
{
vector< field_handle_type > missing_fields_this_track =
required_fields.list_missing_elements( tracks[i] );
for (size_t j=0; j<missing_fields_this_track.size(); ++j)
{
missing_fields_all_tracks[ missing_fields_this_track[j] ] = true;
}
}
vector< element_descriptor > ret;
for (map< field_handle_type, bool >::const_iterator i = missing_fields_all_tracks.begin();
i != missing_fields_all_tracks.end();
++i)
{
ret.push_back( track_oracle_core::get_element_descriptor( i->first ));
}
return ret;
}
// what elements in the first (reference) schema are missing in the second (candidate) schema?
vector< element_descriptor >
schema_compare( const track_base_impl& ref,
const track_base_impl& candidate )
{
vector< element_descriptor > ret;
typedef map< field_handle_type, track_base_impl::schema_position_type > schema_map_type;
typedef map< field_handle_type, track_base_impl::schema_position_type >::const_iterator schema_map_cit;
schema_map_type ref_map = ref.list_schema_elements();
schema_map_type candidate_map = candidate.list_schema_elements();
for (schema_map_cit i = ref_map.begin(); i != ref_map.end(); ++i)
{
if ( candidate_map.find( i->first ) == candidate_map.end() )
{
ret.push_back( track_oracle_core::get_element_descriptor( i->first ) );
}
}
return ret;
}
} // ...schema_algorithm
} // ...track_oracle
} // ...kwiver
|
2023-11-12T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2778
|
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
The fascinating interplay of structure and function has motivated continuous efforts to prepare synthetic complexes inspired by metalloproteins. Significant advances in our understanding of protein/metal binding sites have come from the investigation of small synthetic complexes.^[@ref1]−[@ref7]^ Although small metal/ligand complexes reproduce only a small fraction of the information encoded within the holoprotein framework, they serve as milestones toward more elaborate models.^[@ref8],[@ref9]^
Multimetallic proteins present especially complex synthetic challenges.^[@ref6],[@ref10]−[@ref14]^ The ubiquitous multimetallic metallothionein protein family has a variety of exceptional properties, inviting further study.^[@ref15]^ Unusual structural characteristics of metallothioneins include low homology primary sequences with nearly 30% cysteine residues and tertiary structures varying with metal occupancy. Metallothioneins are multifunctional and commonly associated with Zn(II) and Cu(I) homeostasis as well as removal of xenobiotic Cd(II) and Hg(II) metal ions.^[@ref16]^ The best characterized forms of metallothionein have cysteine thiolate-bridged three- and four-metal clusters.^[@ref17]−[@ref20]^ However, under physiological conditions, a wide variety of homo- and heterometallic variants coexist with dynamical conformations.^[@ref16],[@ref21]−[@ref23]^ The spectroscopic techniques commonly used to monitor the metallothionein metal ion exchange have provided limited information about structural changes to the metal clusters.^[@ref24]^ Significantly, despite strong association with Hg(II) detoxification, there are no crystal structures of metallothionein bound to Hg(II).
Synthetic approaches to modeling the metal clusters of metallothionein have commonly involved deprotonated mono- and dialkylthiolates.^[@ref25]^ Self-assembly reactions between thiolates and d^10^ metal ions invariably lead to a complex solution milieu from which individual clusters must be crystallized for a detailed characterization. Although the metal clusters of metallothionein are predominantly cysteine-ligated, there is evidence from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),^[@ref26],[@ref27]^ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS),^[@ref28]^ and histidine modification analyses^[@ref29]^ for histidine ligation. Our approach to expanding isolable metallothionein-like d^10^ metal ion clusters has focused on using multidentate mixed donor ligands, incorporating thiolates and simple nitrogen donors as synthetic counterparts of the bridging and nonbridging ligands, respectively. In a recent work, we used tridentate ligand *N*-(2-pyridylmethyl)-*N*-(2-(ethylthiolato)amine) (**LH**; [Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) to prepare a novel complex with a bicyclo\[3.3.3\]Hg~5~S~6~ core.^[@ref30]^ On the basis of the electrospray ion-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) evidence, this complex crystallized from a solution containing complexes with a variety of Hg/**L** stoichiometries, a process analogous to the physiological sequestration of Hg(II) in the kidneys by metallothionein.
{#fig1}
In this work, our focus shifted toward investigating mixed HgZn clusters as synthetic models of the metal substitution occurring when Zn-metallothionein is confronted by the heavier congener. There are only a modest number of structurally characterized mixed HgZn complexes, and to the best of our knowledge, none involving alkylthiolate bridges.^[@ref31]^ Furthermore, the only structurally characterized trinuclear zinc complexes containing Zn(alkylthiolato)~4~ analogs of the zinc coordination reported for metal-saturated metallothionein have incorporated a single ligand with an NC~2~NC~2~S synthon in common with **L**([@ref32]−[@ref34]) or multiple ligands.^[@ref31]^ Known zinc complexes of **L** include \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\](BF~4~)~2~·2H~2~O (**1′a**)^[@ref32]^ and \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·2CH~3~OH (**1b**).^[@ref33]^ The \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^ core of these complexes is shown schematically in [Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}. The central position was targeted for replacement by Hg(II). Significantly, the core cluster offered hydrogen bond donors and aromatic rings for stabilizing intermolecular interactions. In addition to preparing a new acetonitrile solvomorph of the zinc cluster (**1c**), solvomorphs of \[Hg(Zn**L**)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~ (**2**) in three different crystal systems were prepared by either direct self-assembly or indirectly from **1** and \[Hg**L**ClO~4~\] (**3**). The new solvomorphs were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and their differences in packing are discussed with respect to their relevance to metallothionein. In addition, variable temperature proton NMR and ESI-MS are used to analyze solution speciation and gain insight regarding the metal substitution process.
![Tetrahedral site targeted for replacement in the \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^ core.](ao-2017-01087x_0012){#fig2}
2. Results and Discussion {#sec2}
=========================
2.1. Complex Synthesis {#sec2-1}
----------------------
Deprotonated **LH** has been reported to form complex cations of composition \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^, with counterions generally described as noncoordinating (ClO~4~^--^, BF~4~^--^, and NO~3~^--^) irrespective of the stoichiometric ratio of the reactants and in different solvents.^[@ref32]^ Established methods were used to prepare the initial precipitate with composition \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\](ClO~4~)~2~ (**1**) from water. Recrystallization of **1** from acetonitrile/toluene by slow evaporation provided the new solvate \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·2CH~3~CN (**1c**).
Both direct and indirect methods of preparing \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~ (**2**) were investigated ([Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). In the direct method for preparing mixed HgZn complexes of **L** by self-assembly, the components were mixed in various mole ratios. An initial precipitate of \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~\](ClO~4~)~2~ (**2**) with variable amounts of water was prepared by adding an aqueous solution containing a 1:2 ratio of Hg(ClO~4~)~2~/Zn(ClO~4~)~2~ to an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide deprotonated **LH** in a 3:4 metal/ligand stoichiometric ratio. Recrystallization of precipitate **2** by slow evaporation from acetonitrile/toluene initially produced thin colorless plates of solvate **2**·2H~2~O (**2a**) in a low yield. Brand and Vahrenkamp previously reported isolation of **1a** from methanol/water and spectroscopic characterization, but no crystallographic characterization.^[@ref32]^ Consistent with Ostwald's step rule for polymorph recrystallization,^[@ref35]^ further crystal growth from the mother liquor of **2a** produced solvomorphs with water replaced by higher concentration solvents. Large, colorless prisms of mixed solvate **2**·3CH~3~CN·0.75toluene (**2d**) were isolated next. Additional crystal growth from the mother liquor of **2d** provided very fine colorless needles of **2**·CH~3~CN·1.5toluene (**2e**). Both the mixed solvates were unstable to the loss of the solvent. In a subsequent preparation, these three solvomorphs crystallized concurrently during slow evaporation ([Figure S3a](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). Polymorphs **2d** and **2e** were also recovered from the slow diffusion of an acetonitrile solution of **2** into toluene. In addition, we attempted to prepare an isomorph of acetonitrile solvate **1c** by slow diffusion of ether into an acetonitrile solution of precipitate **2a**. However, the colorless needles produced appeared to be a solvomorphic variant of **2d** in which toluene is replaced by badly disordered acetonitrile and ether (**2h**; [Figure S4](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). Limited additional direct syntheses with alternative Hg/Zn/**L** ratios did not provide materials with promising diffraction, elemental analysis, or NMR.
![Syntheses of **1** and **2** and solvomorphs studied. ^a^ Ref ([@ref32]). ^b^ Ref ([@ref33]).](ao-2017-01087x_0015){#fig3}
To prepare **2** indirectly, precipitated \[Hg**L**(ClO~4~)\] (**3**) was used as the source of Hg(II) because ESI-MS studies suggested insignificant formation of **2** when 1--3 equiv of \[Hg(ClO~4~)~2~\] was added to **1** (vide infra). Two additional solvates of **2** were prepared indirectly by slow evaporation from an equimolar solution of **1** and **3** in acetonitrile/toluene. Initially, marginal quality plates of **2**·CH~3~CN·0.5toluene (**2f**) and **1c** formed evaporatively in trace amounts along with nondiffracting solids ([Figure S3b](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). Plates of **1c**, higher quality crystals of **2f**, as well as plates of **2**·toluene (**2g**) were produced concurrently and in low yield by slow diffusion of an equimolar acetonitrile solution of **1** and **3** into toluene.
2.2. Single-Crystal Structures {#sec2-2}
------------------------------
Acyclic trinuclear thiolate-bridged zinc(II) clusters with distorted tetrahedral S~4~ central Zn(II) coordination and meridional (cis, trans, and cis) N~2~N~2~^′^S~2~ octahedral terminal Zn(II) coordination ([Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}) are one of several well-established coordination motifs for tridentate ligands containing a 2-((2-aminoethyl)amino)ethanethiolato moiety.^[@ref31]^ The octahedral sites of these complexes have helical chirality ([Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). The characterized solvomorphs of **1** and **2** exhibited differences in hydrogen bonding, aromatic interactions, and packing motifs, which are somewhat analogous to the established ability of metallothionein to adopt multiple conformations. Hence, there was more incentive for an in-depth analysis of intermolecular interactions than in most structural studies of coordination compounds.^[@ref36]^
{#fig4}
### 2.2.1. Unit Cell Contents, Symmetry, and Hydrogen Bonding {#sec2-2-1}
The two known pseudopolymorphs of Zn~3~**L**~4~^2+^ were isolated in tetragonal *I*4̅ (\[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\](BF~4~)~2~·2H~2~O, **1′a**)^[@ref32]^ and triclinic *P*1̅ (\[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·2CH~3~OH, **1b**)^[@ref33]^ crystal systems. Complex **1′a** was composed of two similar independent trinuclear complexes, with *S*~4~ symmetry imposed by the crystal system and meso-octahedral stereochemistry. By contrast, **1b** consisted of a pair of inversion-related pseudo-meso complexes. Stereochemistry and geometric parameters of these trimetallic cores are summarized in [Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}](#tbl1){ref-type="other"} for comparison with the new compounds. To preserve crystal integrity, data collection for new compounds was started at 100 K promptly after removal of the mother liquor. With the exception of **1b**, all four amino protons of each trimetallic complex ion are involved in hydrogen bonding. The diversity of hydrogen bond patterns observed is reminiscent of the elusive role of the metallothionein interdomain linker and limited success characterizing interdomain contacts.^[@ref37],[@ref38]^
###### Stereochemistry and Geometric Parameters for Trimetallic Cores of \[M(M**L**~2~)~2~\]^2+^ Complex Ions
stereo-chemistry range Zn~*t*~--N (Å) range Zn~*t*~--S (Å) range M~2~--S (Å) *d*(Zn~1~···M~2~) (Å) *d*(Zn~3~···M~2~) (Å) *d*(Zn~1~···Zn~3~) (Å) ∠(Zn~1~--M~2~--Zn~3~) (deg) refs
----------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------- ------------
**1′a**[a](#t1fn1){ref-type="table-fn"} meso 2.133(8), 2.182(8) 2.347(3) 3.419(1) 3.419(1) 6.839 180 ([@ref32])
2.112(7), 2.259(8) 2.355(3) 3.324(1) 3.324(1) 6.644
**1b**[b](#t1fn2){ref-type="table-fn"} pseudo-meso 2.129(8)--2.596(3) 2.551(3)--2.564(2) 2.346(3)--2.363(3) 3.308(1) 3.331(1) 6.637 177.1(1) ([@ref33])
**1c**[c](#t1fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} pseudo-meso 2.128(2)--2.238(2) 2.5153(7)--2.5910(7) 2.3383(8)--2.3506(7) 3.2911(5) 3.2390(5) 6.5281(5) 177.179(15) this work
**2a**[c](#t1fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} meso 2.130(11), 2.169(11) 2.594(4) 2.528(4) 3.569(2) 7.138(4) 180 this work
2.116(11), 2.234(10) 2.576(3) 2.543(3) 3.466(2) 6.933(4)
**2d**[c](#t1fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} racemic ΔΔ/ΛΛ 2.143(3)--2.216(3) 2.5210(9)--2.5879(10) 2.5289(8)--2.5531(9) 3.4952(6) 3.5030(6) 6.9975(8) 178.318(14) this work
**2e**[c](#t1fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} racemic ΔΔ/ΛΛ 2.150(5)--2.233(5) 2.5236(14)--2.5888(17) 2.5040(15)--2.5727(14) 3.4284(15) 3.4350(14) 6.766(2) 160.68(4) this work
**2f**[c](#t1fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} pseudo-meso 2.156(4)--2.219(4) 2.5025(14)--2.5888(14) 2.4636(13)--2.5858(12) 3.4665(6) 3.4944(6) 6.9059(9) 165.581(17) this work
**2g**[c](#t1fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} pseudo-meso 2.144(5)--2.235(5) 2.5358(15)--2.5375(15) 2.4789(15)--2.4884(14) 3.3628(10) 3.3862(10) 6.7490(14) 180 this work
X-ray diffraction data collected at 294(1) K.
X-ray diffraction data collected at 298(1) K.
X-ray diffraction data collected at 100(2) K.
New acetonitrile solvomorph **1c** ([Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}a) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group *Pna*2~1~ with four asymmetric units in each unit cell. The asymmetric unit contains one pseudo-meso \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^, two well-ordered perchlorates, and two acetonitrile solvent molecules. One perchlorate bridges N(4) and N(8) of twofold screw related molecules through hydrogen bonding. This forms a molecular chain structure that zigzags along the *b* axis and undulates infinitely along the *c* axis ([Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}b and [Table [2](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}). The remaining amino hydrogens of the complex ion are hydrogen-bonded to either O(1) of the second perchlorate or N(10) of an acetonitrile. The Zn~3~S~4~ core of the complex is somewhat compressed relative to the known solvomorphs, with the smallest nearest neighbor and end-to-end Zn···Zn separations ([Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}).
{#fig5}
###### Hydrogen Bond Metrics for New Trinuclear Complexes \[Å and deg\]
interaction *d*(D--H) (Å) *d*(H···A) (Å) *d*(D···A) (Å) ∠(DHA) (deg) symmetry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- -----------------------------------
**\[Zn(ZnL)**~**2**~**\](ClO**~**4**~**)**~**2**~**·2CH**~**3**~**CN (1c)**
N(2)--H(2)···O(1) 1.00 2.08 3.018(3) 155.4 *x* + 1/2,--*y* + 1/2,*z*
N(4)--H(4)···O(6) 1.00 2.08 3.035(3) 158.1 *x*,*y*,*z*
N(6)--H(6)···N(10) 1.00 2.13 3.053(4) 153.3 *x* + 1/2,--*y* + 3/2,*z*
N(8)--H(8)···O(5) 1.00 2.08 3.005(3) 153.2 --*x* + 1,--*y* + 1,*z* + 1/2
**\[Hg(ZnL)**~**2**~**\](ClO**~**4**~**)**~**2**~**2H**~**2**~**O (2a)**
N(2)--H(2)···O(1A) 1.00 2.52 3.190(17) 124.1 *y*,--*x*,--*z* + 1
N(2)--H(2)···O(3B) 1.00 2.36 3.25(2) 147.4 *y*,--*x*,--*z* + 1
N(4)--H(4)···O(5) 1.00 1.92 2.858(14) 155.7 *y*,--*x* + 1,--*z* + 1
O(5)--H(1W)···S(1) 0.83(3) 2.45(9) 3.221(11) 155(18) --*x* + 1,--*y*,*z*
O(5)--H(2W)···O(2A) 0.83(3) 2.09(5) 2.90(3) 165(15) *x*,*y*,*z*
O(5)--H(2W)···O(2B) 0.83(3) 2.01(10) 2.76(2) 149(17) *x*,*y*,*z*
**\[Hg(ZnL)**~**2**~**\](ClO**~**4**~**)**~**2**~**·3CH**~**3**~**CN·0.75Toluene (2d)**
N(2)--H(2)···O(1B) 1.00 2.21 3.056(8) 140.9 *x*,--*y* + 1,*z* + 1/2
N(4)--H(4)···O(5) 1.00 2.35 3.174(4) 138.9 --*x* + 1/2,--*y* + 1/2,--*z* + 1
N(4)--H(4)···O(6) 1.00 2.38 3.232(6) 143.2 --*x* + 1/2,--*y* + 1/2,--*z* + 1
N(6)--H(6N)···O(2B) 1.00 2.10 3.024(4) 152.3 --*x* + 1,--*y* + 1,--*z* + 1
N(8)--H(8)···O(7) 1.00 2.10 3.051(4) 158.2 *x*,*y*,*z*
**\[Hg(ZnL)**~**2**~**\](ClO**~**4**~**)**~**2**~**·CH**~**3**~**CN·1.5Toluene (2e)**
N(2)--H(2N)···O(6A) 1.00 2.66 3.516(11) 143.6 *x* + 1,*y*,*z*
N(2)--H(2N)···O(6B) 1.00 2.20 3.132(17) 153.5 *x* + 1,*y*,*z*
N(2)--H(2N)···O(8A) 1.00 2.07 2.980(9) 149.6 *x* + 1,*y*,*z*
N(4)--H(4N)···O(7A) 1.00 2.03 3.024(10) 173.6 *x*,*y*,*z*
N(4)--H(4N)···O(7B) 1.00 2.01 2.949(14) 156.1 *x*,*y*,*z*
N(6)--H(6N)···O(3) 1.00 2.08 3.071(7) 173.6 --*x* + 2,--*y* + 1,--*z* + 1
N(8)--H(8N)···O(1) 1.00 2.18 3.072(7) 147.9 --*x* + 1,--*y* + 1,--*z* + 1
N(8)--H(8N)···O(4) 1.00 2.57 3.417(13) 142.3 --*x* + 1,--*y* + 1,--*z* + 1
**\[Hg(ZnL)**~**2**~**\](ClO**~**4**~**)**~**2**~**·CH**~**3**~**CN·0.5Toluene (2f)**
N(2)--H(2)···O(1) 1.00 2.23 3.061(6) 139.3 *x*,*y*,*z*
N(2)--H(2)···O(2) 1.00 2.35 3.182(6) 139.9 *x*,*y*,*z*
N(4)--H(4)···O(6) 1.00 2.38 3.127(9) 130.6 *x*,*y* + 1,*z*
N(6)--H(6)···N(9) 1.00 2.14 3.085(7) 157.5 *x* + 1,*y*,*z*
N(8)--H(8)···O(5) 1.00 2.24 3.216(7) 164.7 *x*,*y*,*z*
**\[Hg(ZnL)**~**2**~**\](ClO**~**4**~**)**~**2**~**·Toluene (2g)**
N(2)--H(2N)···O(3) 1.00 1.97 2.925(7) 158.7 *x*,*y*,*z*
N(4)--H(4N)···O(4) 1.00 2.65 3.608(10) 159.5 --*x* + 1,--*y* + 1,--*z* + 1
Complex **2a** crystallized in the tetragonal space group *I*4̅ and proved to be a pseudoisomorph of **1′a** with mercury and perchlorate substituted for the central zinc and tetrafluoroborate, respectively. The asymmetric unit of **2a** contains two one-quarter \[Hg(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^ ([Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}a) complex ions, one disordered perchlorate modeled over two positions, and a water solvent molecule. The independent heterometallic complex ions of **2a** are more similar to each other than the complex ions of the other two solvomorphs of **2** reported ([Figure [7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}). The independent molecules of **2a** and **1′a** are structurally comparable, and the locations for the complex ion, counterion, and solvent components of the asymmetric unit are similar ([Figure [8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}). However, the orientation of the water molecule is shifted, possibly as a result of differences in hydrogen bonding. Both perchlorate positions have two oxygens involved in hydrogen bonding, one with the N(2) hydrogen and one with a water hydrogen. The water also acts as a hydrogen bond donor with S(1) of one independent molecule and a hydrogen bond acceptor from N(2) resulting in a three-dimensional network ([Figure [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}b, [Table [2](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}).
{#fig6}
![Molecular overlay of all \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\]^2+^ complex ions from the asymmetric units of different solid forms of **2**. **2a**, blue and light blue; **2d**, grey; **2e**, orange; **2f**, red; and **2g**, dark green.](ao-2017-01087x_0019){#fig7}
{#fig8}
Heterosolvate **2d** crystallized in the monoclinic space group *C*2/*c* with eight asymmetric units in each unit cell. The complex ion is present as a racemic mixture of diastereomers (ΔΔ/ΛΛ). The asymmetric unit contains one complex ion ([Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}a), one ordered perchlorate, one perchlorate disordered over two positions with unequal occupancy, a mixture of solvent molecules including three disordered acetonitriles, one of which sits on a special position, and three-quarters of a toluene coincident with some of the disordered acetonitrile. The perchlorates are each hydrogen-bonded to two amine nitrogens, forming a series of N(4)--N(8) and N(2)--N(6) hydrogen bond bridges that give rise to a hydrogen-bonded ribbon of pairwise alternating diastereomers parallel to the crystallographic *ac* plane ([Figure [9](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}b and [Table [2](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}).
{#fig9}
Mixed solvate **2e** crystallized in the triclinic space group *P*1̅. The complex ion is present as a racemic mixture of diastereomers (ΔΔ/ΛΛ). The ordered parts of the asymmetric unit include a single diastereomer of the complex ion ([Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type="fig"}](#fig10){ref-type="fig"}a), one well-ordered perchlorate, and one-half of a well-ordered toluene sitting on a special position. The disordered parts of the asymmetric unit include a perchlorate, an acetonitrile, and a toluene, each modeled over two positions with unequal occupancy. The perchlorates are each hydrogen-bonded to two amine nitrogens, forming a series of N1--N3 and N5--N7 hydrogen bond bridges that give rise to infinite hydrogen-bonded ribbons parallel to the crystallographic *ab* plane ([Figure [10](#fig10){ref-type="fig"}](#fig10){ref-type="fig"}b and [Table [2](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}). The complex ion has the greatest degree of core puckering among the trinuclear complexes investigated, with a Zn(1)···Hg(1)···Zn(1) angle of 160.68(4) ([Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}).
{#fig10}
Mixed solvate **2f** also crystallized in the triclinic space group *P*1̅. The asymmetric unit of **2f** contains one pseudo-meso (ΔΛ) \[Hg(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^ ([Figure [11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}a), two well-ordered perchlorates, an acetonitrile, and half a toluene. The toluene is located on an inversion center between the central Hg of two complex cations. Infinite zigzag chains of individual enantiomers are formed parallel to the crystallographic *ab* plane through perchlorate-mediated hydrogen bonding of N(4) and N(8) ([Figure [11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}b and [Table [2](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}). Similar hydrogen-bonded chains are formed in **1b**. A pair of oxygen from the second perchlorate are hydrogen-bonded to the N(2) hydrogen, and an acetonitrile is hydrogen-bonded to the N(6) hydrogen.
{#fig11}
Complex **2g** crystallized in the monoclinic space group *P*2/*n* with a crystallographic *C*~2~ axis running through the three metal ions of the complex ion ([Figure [12](#fig12){ref-type="fig"}](#fig12){ref-type="fig"} and [Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}). The asymmetric unit contains one half of the pseudo-meso ΔΛ complex ion ([Figure [12](#fig12){ref-type="fig"}](#fig12){ref-type="fig"}a), a well-ordered perchlorate, and a badly disordered toluene sitting on a special position. The perchlorate ions bridge N(2) and N(4) of the inversion-related complexes by a pair of hydrogen bonds, forming infinite ribbons parallel to the (101) crystal plane ([Figure [12](#fig12){ref-type="fig"}](#fig12){ref-type="fig"}b and [Table [2](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}). The HgZn~2~S~4~ core of the complex is slightly more compact than the other solvomorphs of **2**, with smaller intramolecular Zn···Hg and Zn···Zn separations despite the Zn(1)--Hg(1)--Zn(2) angle of 180° ([Figure [7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}](#fig7){ref-type="fig"} and [Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}](#tbl1){ref-type="other"}).
{#fig12}
### 2.2.2. Interactions between Pyridyl Ends {#sec2-2-2}
One of the defining features of metallothioneins is the absence of aromatic amino acids other than histidine involved in metal coordination. As a result, aromatic-stacking interactions are absent, helping to ensure the metal dependence of structure acquisition. By contrast, the roughly orthogonal meridional (cis, trans, and cis) octahedral Zn(II) termini of **1** and **2** are conducive to supramolecular structures through synergistic offset face-to-face π--π (OFF) and edge-to-face π--σ (EF) interactions.^[@ref39],[@ref40]^ Although the N--Zn--N angles ranged from 85° to 91° in the trinuclear complexes, the angles between calculated pyridyl planes ranged from 62° to 73°, consistent with some form of packing perturbation ([Table [3](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}). The attractive aromatic interactions observed between the complex ions of **1** and **2** solvomorphs include concerted orthogonal fourfold aryl embraces (EF)~4~ ([Figure [13](#fig13){ref-type="fig"}](#fig13){ref-type="fig"}) as well as isolated EF, outer OFF, and inner OFF interactions ([Table [3](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}).^[@ref41]^ Toluene provided an additional synthon for aromatic interactions in **2d**--**2g** ([Table [3](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}](#tbl3){ref-type="other"} and [Figure [14](#fig14){ref-type="fig"}](#fig14){ref-type="fig"}). All meso and pseudo-meso complexes had extensive P~2~-(EF) interactions between end-to-end aligned molecules. Only the racemic complexes **2d** and **2e** and the meso complex with the most puckered core **2f** were found to have P~2~-(OFF) interactions. With the exception of **2e**, the complex ions were packed in end-to-end columns.
{#fig13}
{#fig14}
###### Aromatic-Stacking Interactions Involving Pyridyl (P) and Toluene (T) Rings Observed in the Solvomorphs of **1** and **2**
aromatic interactions
--------- ------------- ----------------------- ---------- ------------- ------------
**1′a** 70.11, 68.9 P~4~-(EF)~4~ 2D lamellar ([@ref32])
**1b** 62.2, 67.08 P~4~-(EF)~4~ lamellar ([@ref33])
**1c** 71.0, 71.5 P~4~-(EF)~4~ 2D lamellar this work
**2a** 70.4, 70.9 P~4~-(EF)~4~ 2D lamellar this work
**2d** 64.4, 70.0 outer P~2~-(OFF) PT-(EF) columnar this work
P~2~-(EF)
**2e** 71.5, 72.8 inner P~2~-(OFF) PT-(EF) lamellar this work
P~2~-(EF)
**2f** 69.0, 73.13 P~2~-(EF) PT-(OFF) lamellar this work
outer P~2~-(OFF)
**2g** 62.4, 64.9 P~4~-(EF)~4~ PT-(EF) columnar this work
### 2.2.3. Side-To-Side Stacking Arrangements {#sec2-2-3}
The symmetric and pseudosymmetric rod-shaped complex ions exhibited a variety of side-to-side stacking arrangements ([Table [3](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}). Two-dimensional lamellar packing arrangements were observed for individual stereoisomers in orthorhombic **1c** and for independent molecules in tetragonal **1′a** and **2a**. Columnar packing arrangements were found for monoclinic complexes **2d** and **2g**. By contrast, the triclinic complexes **1b**, **2e**, and **2f** had lamellar stacking of inversion-related pairs. Side-to-side arrangements produced sizable solvent-filled channels parallel to the (010) crystal plane and along the *a* axis in **2d** and **2e**, respectively ([Figure [15](#fig15){ref-type="fig"}](#fig15){ref-type="fig"}), consistent with the observed instability of their crystals to removal of the mother liquor. Solvent molecules were confined to small enclosed pockets in the remaining solvomorphs.
{#fig15}
2.3. Variable Temperature Proton NMR {#sec2-3}
------------------------------------
Previous NMR studies of **1′a** and **1b** conducted in highly polar dimethylsulfoxide-*d*~6~ only permitted confirmation of constituents because information obtainable from multiplet patterns was obscured by broadening.^[@ref32],[@ref33]^ By contrast, the ^1^H NMR of **1c** in dry CD~3~CN at 20 °C revealed 1 predominant ligand environment with 10 distinguishable resonances for the 10 nonexchangeable protons of **L** ([Figure [16](#fig16){ref-type="fig"}](#fig16){ref-type="fig"}b). Although comparisons between the solution-state spectra and solid-state structures must always be made carefully, the methylene and ethylene protons exhibited a strong geminal coupling, which requires the formation of two chelate rings and a slow intermolecular ligand exchange on the ^1^H--^1^H coupling constant time scale. Furthermore, 8 of the 10 resonances for nonexchangeable protons were shifted downfield, which is a common result of the deshielding influence of σ donation to a metal cation. Resonances found upfield with respect to the free ligand were associated with H~a~ and one of the H~h~ protons. The solid-state structures of **1′a**, **1b**, and **1c** suggest that these protons would encounter the shielding influence of ring current in the \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^ complex cation ([Figure S5](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)).^[@ref42]^ Therefore, the solution ^1^H NMR spectrum is fully consistent with the assignment of the prevalent solution species to \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^.
{#fig16}
The proton NMR of both precipitated **1** and recrystallized **1c** in dry CD~3~CN at 20 °C consistently had a series of small additional resonances with poorly resolved splitting. The intensities of these minor spectral features were diminished by cooling to −40 °C ([Figure [16](#fig16){ref-type="fig"}](#fig16){ref-type="fig"}c), suggesting that the predominant species was subject to limited thermal fragmentation in solution. Furthermore, the minor resonances collapsed into major resonances, and geminal splitting was lost reversibly upon heating to 60 °C, indicating that either intermolecular exchange or intramolecular reorganization processes were rapid at an elevated temperature ([Figure [16](#fig16){ref-type="fig"}](#fig16){ref-type="fig"}a).
In CD~3~CN solution, the various solvates of **2** isolated in bulk had identical chemical shifts for the protons of **L**. Ligand proton chemical shifts for **2** were within ±0.02 ppm of those observed for **1** with the exception of the H~h~ protons, which were somewhat more deshielded with respect to the free ligand ([Figure [17](#fig17){ref-type="fig"}](#fig17){ref-type="fig"}). Significantly, the H~h~ protons would be expected to be impacted the most by switching out the central metal ion of the \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^ complex cation for Hg(II). At 20 °C, the methylene protons of **2** were geminally split by each other and vicinally split by the proton attached to nitrogen, as observed for **1**. Aromatic ligand protons H~b~, H~c~, and H~d~ each had a single resonance with characteristic multiplicity. However, two partially resolved doublets for H~a~ with Δδ 0.026 ppm in an approximate 1:3 ratio were observed ([Figure S6](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)), indicating that there was more than one ligand environment in a slow exchange on the chemical shift time scale. The meso (ΔΛ) and diastereotopic (ΔΔ/ΛΛ) forms of **2**, characterized crystallographically (vide supra), provide a satisfactory explanation for the observed spectra. Because the H~a~ protons of related multidentate pyridyl ligands have typically demonstrated much greater sensitivity to subtle differences in the environment when bound to group 12 metal ions, coincidental stereoisomer chemical shifts for the remaining protons are reasonable ([Figure [17](#fig17){ref-type="fig"}](#fig17){ref-type="fig"}c).^[@ref30],[@ref43]−[@ref45]^ Significantly, at −40 °C, the two chemical shift environments for H~a~ were better resolved, and a second chemical shift environment was partially resolved for H~h~ with roughly one-third the intensity of the main H~h~ resonance ([Figure S7](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). At an elevated temperature, the resonances for H~a~ and all aliphatic protons collapsed to broad singlets, consistent with a thermally-induced bond cleavage process permitting interconversion of the stereoisomers.
{#fig17}
2.4. ESI-MS {#sec2-4}
-----------
Additional support for assigning the major species observed by solution ^1^H NMR to **1** and **2** was obtained by ESI-MS. The very sensitive soft ionization technique ESI-MS is well-suited for the characterization of a mixture of complex ions with different metal-to-ligand ratios. However, the percentage dissociation is expected to be somewhat higher in ESI-MS studies, which require significantly lower solution concentrations than ^1^H NMR studies. Because of potential differences in the gas phase-transfer efficiency and detection response factors as well as dynamic range limitations, our use of ESI-MS has been primarily qualitative.
### 2.4.1. ESI-MS Characterization of **1** {#sec2-4-1}
Solvates of tri-zinc complex **1** were first prepared before the widespread availability of ESI-MS.^[@ref32],[@ref33]^ A dilute acetonitrile solution of **1c** gave rise to a positive ion ESI-MS spectrum with five main components ([Figure [18](#fig18){ref-type="fig"}](#fig18){ref-type="fig"}a). Under optimized conditions, a set of peaks with the highest intensity at *m*/*z* 432, well-matched with the predicted isotope pattern for \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^, was the base peak ([Figure [18](#fig18){ref-type="fig"}](#fig18){ref-type="fig"}b), and a set of isotope peaks around *m*/*z* 963 matching the theoretical isotope pattern for \[Zn~3~**L**~4~ClO~4~\]^+^ was also found ([Figure [18](#fig18){ref-type="fig"}](#fig18){ref-type="fig"}c). The isolated trinuclear cations underwent chemically induced dissociation processes 1 and 2 ([Figure S8](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)).
![(a) ESI-MS of a nominally 0.1 mM acetonitrile solution of **1**. Labeled peak assignments with X = ClO~4~^--^ (highest intensity *m*/*z*): A \[Zn**L**\]^+^ (231); B \[Zn**L**CH~3~CN\]^+^ (272); C \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^ (432); D \[Zn~2~**L**~3~\]^+^ (633); and E \[Zn~3~**L**~4~X\]^+^ (963). Calculated (top) and observed (bottom) isotope pattern for (b) \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^ and (c) \[Zn~3~**L**~4~ClO~4~\]^+^.](ao-2017-01087x_0010){#fig18}
Significantly, the relative abundance of the peaks assigned to mononuclear complexes increased in intensity, whereas peaks assigned to bi- and trinuclear complexes decreased, with either decreased concentration or increased capillary voltage as would be expected (data not shown).
### 2.4.2. ESI-MS Characterization of **2** {#sec2-4-2}
A dilute acetonitrile solution of **2** gave rise to a positive ion ESI-MS spectrum with six main components ([Figure [19](#fig19){ref-type="fig"}](#fig19){ref-type="fig"}). Under optimized conditions, the base set of isotope peaks at *m*/*z* 500 matched the isotope pattern predicted for the divalent mixed metal ion \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~\]^2+^, and negligible amounts of its homometallic counterparts were detected. Similarly, a set of isotope peaks with significant abundance around *m*/*z* 1099 was well-matched with predictions for \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~ClO~4~\]^+^; \[Zn~3~**L**~4~ClO~4~\]^+^ had an insignificant intensity. The ESI-MS spectrum for **2** had peaks for \[Zn**L**\]^+^, \[Zn**L**C~2~H~3~N\]^+^, and \[Zn~2~**L**~3~\]^+^ in common with the spectrum for **1** as well as an isotope cluster around *m*/*z* 767 assigned to \[HgZn**L**~3~\]^+^ based on a matching isotope pattern. The isolated divalent and monovalent trinuclear cations of **2** underwent chemically induced dissociation processes 3 and 4 ([Figure S9](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)), respectively. A detailed investigation of gas-phase fragmentation pathways to explain why different bimetallic fragments were formed from these related ions is beyond the scope of this work.
![(a) ESI-MS of a nominally 0.1 mM acetonitrile solution of **2**. Labeled peak assignments with X = ClO~4~^--^ (highest intensity *m*/*z*): A \[Zn**L**\]^+^ (231); B \[Zn**L**C~2~H~3~N\]^+^ (272); C \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~\]^2+^ (500); D \[Zn~2~**L**~3~\]^+^ (633); E \[HgZn**L**~3~\]^+^ (767); and F \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~X\]^+^ (1099). Calculated (top) and observed (bottom) isotope pattern for (b) \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~\]^2+^ and (c) \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~ClO~4~\]^+^.](ao-2017-01087x_0011){#fig19}
### 2.4.3. ESI-MS Investigation of Metal and Ligand Redistribution {#sec2-4-3}
One of the defining properties of metallothionein is variable metal occupancy. Our previous ESI-MS studies of \[Hg~5~**L**~6~\](ClO~4~)~4~ (**4**) revealed elaborate speciation involving \[Hg~*n*~**L**~*n*+1~(ClO~4~)~*n*−2~\]^+^, \[Hg~*n*~**L**~*n*~(ClO~4~)~*n*−1~\]^+^, and \[Hg~*n*~**L**~*n*--1~(ClO~4~)~*n*~\]^+^ ion families.^[@ref30]^ Initial efforts to exchange the central Zn(II) of **1** for Hg(II) used Hg(ClO~4~)~2~. Significantly, the three ions with Zn/**L** \< 1 that were observed for **1c** became undetectable with as little as 0.5 equiv of added Hg(II) ([Figure [20](#fig20){ref-type="fig"}](#fig20){ref-type="fig"}), and monometallic ions became prevalent ([Figure S10](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)), including a disulfide complex \[Zn(**L--L**)ClO~4~\]^+^ assigned to *m*/*z* 500 based on the observed charge and isotope pattern ([Figure S11](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). The most prevalent multimetallic species detected with up to 2 equiv of Hg(ClO~4~)~2~ added to **1** had general compositions \[M~2~**L**~2~ClO~4~\]^+^ and \[M~3~**L**~3~(ClO~4~)~2~\]^+^, and neither \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~\]^2+^ nor \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~ClO~4~\]^+^ were evident. On the basis of these observations, indirect preparation of **2** from **1** and Hg(ClO~4~)~2~ was not attempted.
![ESI-MS highlights of \[Zn~3~**L**~4~(ClO~4~)~2~\]·2CH~3~CN (**1c**) titrated with Hg(ClO~4~)~2~. (a) 1:1 **1c**/Hg(ClO~4~)~2~, (b) 1:0.5 **1c**/Hg(ClO~4~)~2~, and (c) **1c**. Labeled ion assignments with X = ClO~4~^--^ (highest intensity *m*/*z*): A \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^ (432); B \[Zn(**L--L**)X\]^+^ (500) ([Figure S11](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)); C \[Zn~2~**L**~2~X\]^+^ (565); D \[Hg~3~**L**~3~X\]^2+^ (601); E \[Zn~2~**L**~3~\]^+^ (633); F \[HgZn**L**~2~X\]^+^ (699); G \[Hg~2~**L**~2~X\]^+^ (835); H \[Zn~3~**L**~3~X~2~\]^+^ (897); I \[Zn~3~**L**~4~X\]^+^ (963); J \[HgZn~2~**L**~3~X~2~\]^+^ (1032); K \[HgZn~2~**L**~5~\]^+^ (1167); and L \[Hg~3~**L**~3~X~2~\]^+^ (1303). Lower *m*/*z* peaks for monometallic complexes are omitted ([Figure S10](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)).](ao-2017-01087x_0013){#fig20}
Our efforts to monitor metal ion redistribution by ESI-MS were repeated with precipitated \[Hg**L**(ClO~4~)~2~\] (**3**). This experiment was expected to provide better thermodynamic conditions for the desired metal exchange process. Furthermore, parallels to the metallothionein metal exchange process were enhanced because the abundance of metal-coordinating molecules in the biological milieu keeps the concentration of solvated metal ions very low. In this experiment, the peaks assigned to \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^ and \[Zn~3~**L**~4~(ClO~4~)~2~\]^+^ lost intensity as the ratio of **3** to **1** was increased ([Figure [21](#fig21){ref-type="fig"}](#fig21){ref-type="fig"}). Ions associated with **2** became prevalent with 1--2 equiv of added **3** rather than the monometallic species. In addition to ions with the general compositions \[M~2~**L**~2~ClO~4~\]^+^ and \[M~3~**L**~3~(ClO~4~)~2~\]^+^, a peak assigned to \[Hg~2~Zn**L**~4~ClO~4~\]^+^ (*m*/*z* 1235) was also observed, suggesting that two Zn(II) in **1** could be replaced by Hg(II) ([Figure S12a](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). Significantly, a meridional octahedral Hg**L**~2~ site was previously observed in pentametallic **4**.^[@ref30]^ Furthermore, the chemically induced dissociation pattern for the isolated ion was consistent with processes 5 and 6 ([Figure S12b](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)).Observation of two fragmentation pathways is consistent with the location of mercury in both terminal and central positions, further documenting the facile replacement of Zn(II) by Hg(II) in thiolate-rich clusters.
![ESI-MS highlights of \[Zn~3~**L**~4~(ClO~4~)~2~\]·2CH~3~CN (**1c**), \[Hg**L**(ClO~4~)\] (**3**), and mixtures of the two. (a) **3**, (b) 1:0.5 **1c**/**3**, (c) 1:2 **1c**/**3**, (d) 1:3 **1c**/**3**, and (e) **1c**. Labeled ion assignments with X = ClO~4~^--^ (highest intensity *m*/*z*): A \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^ (432); B \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~\]^2+^ (500); C \[Zn~2~**L**~2~X\]^+^ (565); D \[Hg~3~**L**~3~X\]^2+^ (601); E \[Zn~2~**L**~3~\]^+^ (633); F \[HgZn**L**~2~X\]^+^ (699); G unassigned (733); H \[HgZn**L**~3~\]^+^ (767); I \[Hg~2~**L**~2~X\]^+^ (835); J \[Zn~3~**L**~3~X~2~\]^+^ (897); K \[Hg~2~**L**~3~\]^+^ (903); L \[Zn~3~**L**~4~X\]^+^ (963); M \[HgZn~2~**L**~3~X~2~\]^+^ (1032); N \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~X\]^+^ (1099); O \[HgZn~2~**L**~5~\]^+^ (1167); P \[Hg~2~Zn**L**~4~X\]^+^ (1235); and Q \[Hg~3~**L**~3~X~2~\]^+^ (1303). Lower *m*/*z* peaks for monometallic complexes are omitted.](ao-2017-01087x_0014){#fig21}
3. Conclusions {#sec3}
==============
A solvomorphic series of alkylthiolate-bridged HgZn~2~ complexes with parallels to the metal clusters associated with metallothionein are reported. Complexes with \[Hg(Zn**L**)~2~\]^2+^ complex cations were prepared either directly from Hg(II) and Zn(II) perchlorate salts, ligand, and base or indirectly from the homometallic \[Zn(Zn**L**)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~ complex and \[Hg**L**ClO~4~\]. A pair of pseudoisomorphic Zn~3~ and HgZn~2~ complexes crystallizing in the space group *I*4̅ confirmed that very modest structural changes are necessary to accommodate metal substitution at a thiolate-bridged site. The interplay of hydrogen bonding and aromatic-packing interactions in bringing lamellar, 2D lamellar, and columnar arrangements of complex cations in the crystalline state is evaluated. Solid-state studies were complemented by variable temperature solution proton NMR and gas-phase ESI-MS studies, suggesting that both \[Zn~3~**L**~4~\]^2+^ and \[HgZn~2~**L**~4~\]^2+^ remained largely intact in solution at nominally millimolar concentrations. We believe these findings will be helpful in designing additional thiolate-bridged clusters modeling the complexity of the metal interaction with metallothionein.
4. Experimental Methods {#sec4}
=======================
4.1. Materials and General Methods {#sec4-1}
----------------------------------
Organic solvents and reagents were of commercial grade and used as received. Metal salts were dried under vacuum overnight. Capillary melting points were obtained using a Mel-Temp apparatus and are uncorrected. Elemental analyses were performed by Atlantic Microlab, Inc. of Norcross, GA.
***CAUTION!*** The perchlorate complexes included in this work were stable for routine synthesis and purification procedures. However, caution should be exercised because perchlorate salts of metal complexes with organic ligands are potentially explosive.^[@ref46],[@ref47]^
4.2. Instrumental Methods {#sec4-2}
-------------------------
### 4.2.1. X-ray Crystallography {#sec4-2-1}
Single crystals were harvested and then attached to a glass fiber. Data were collected on a Bruker AXS three-circle APEX DUO diffractometer equipped with a SMART APEX II CCD detector using φ and ω scans. The X-ray source used was either a Cu Kα fine focus sealed tube (**1c**, **2a**, and **2f**), Cu Kα microfocus sealed tube (**2e**) (λ = 1.54178 Å), or Mo Kα fine focus sealed tube (λ = 0.71073 Å) (**2g** and **2d**). SADABS was then used to correct the collected data for Lorentz and polarization effects in addition to absorption. Intrinsic phasing was used to solve the structures.^[@ref48]^ Refinements were made using SHELXL,^[@ref49]^ ShelXle,^[@ref50]^ and Olex2^[@ref51]^ software. Additionally, all nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, whereas the hydrogen atomic positions on the bonded carbons were fixed isotropically with regard to thermal parameters. To model the solvent disorder in **2d**, occupancies were refined, and then some were fixed. Selected crystallographic data are given in [Table [4](#tbl4){ref-type="other"}](#tbl4){ref-type="other"}. Selected structural parameters are summarized in [Tables [2](#tbl2){ref-type="other"}](#tbl2){ref-type="other"} and [3](#tbl3){ref-type="other"}. Mercury 3.9 was used to generate packing diagrams.^[@ref52]^
###### Crystallographic Data and Refinement Parameters for **1c**, **2a**, **2d**, **2e**, **2f**, and **2g**
**1c** **2a** **2d** **2e** **2f** **2g**
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
solvate 2CH~3~CN 2H~2~O 3CH~3~CN·0.75toluene CH~3~CN·1.5toluene CH~3~CN·0.5toluene toluene
habit plate plate prism fine needle plate plate
empirical formula C~36~H~50~Cl~2~N~10~O~8~S~4~Zn~3~ C~32~H~48~Cl~2~HgN~8~O~10~S~4~Zn~2~ C~43.25~H~59~Cl~2~HgN~11~O~8~S~4~Zn~2~ C~44.5~H~59~Cl~2~HgN~9~O~8~S~4~Zn~2~ C~37.5~H~51~Cl~2~HgN~9~O~8~S~4~Zn~2~ C~39~H~52~Cl~2~HgN~18~O~8~S~4~Zn~2~
formula mass \[g mol^--1^\] 1146.11 1235.25 1391.48 1378.47 1286.34 1291.35
crystal size \[mm\] 0.44 × 0.22 × 0.12 0.50 × 0.30 × 0.02 0.54 × 0.25 × 0.22 0.51 × 0.11 × 0.06 0.28 × 0.16 × 0.07 0.56 × 0.27 × 0.15
crystal system orthorhombic tetragonal monoclinic triclinic triclinic monoclinic
space group *Pna*2~1~ *I*4̅ *C*2/*c* *P*1̅ *P*1̅ *P*2/*n*
*a* \[Å\] 19.6145(5) 17.0064(3) 34.6454(15) 9.5900(2) 10.2995(3) 10.6004(9)
*b* \[Å\] 15.4076(4) 17.0064(3) 14.5668(7) 17.3124(4) 14.7078(4) 15.5825(12)
*c* \[Å\] 16.3628(4) 15.3280(3) 22.3937(10) 18.5657(5) 16.5684(4) 14.5579(12)
α \[deg\] 90 90 90 109.740(1) 87.079(1) 90
β \[deg\] 90 90 102.175(1) 101.536(1) 87.966(2) 91.269(1)
γ \[deg\] 90 90 90 101.986(1) 75.654(1) 90
*V* \[Å^3^\] 4945.0(2) 4433.13(18) 11 047.3(9) 2713.11(11) 2427.73(11) 2404.1(3)
*Z* 4 4 8 2 2 2
radiation (monochromatic) Cu Kα Cu Kα Mo Kα Cu Kα Cu Kα Mo Kα
λ \[Å\] 1.54178 1.54178 0.71073 1.687 1.54178 0.71073
*T* \[K\] 100(2) 100(2) 100(2) 100(2) 100(2) 100(2)
ρ~calc~ \[g cm^--3^\] 1.539 1.851 1.673 1.687 1.760 1.770
μ \[mm^--1^\] 4.745 10.744 3.940 8.829 9.814 4.518
measured reflections 50 142 18 142 42 970 51 130 39 808 32 266
Ind. reflections \[*R*~(int)~\] 8494 \[0.0342\] 3820 \[0.0371\] 11 297 \[0.0281\] 10 062\[0.0521\] 8370 \[0.0397\] 4626 \[0.0283\]
completeness to \[θ\] 98.1 \[67.000°\] 98.9 \[67.000°\] 100.0 \[25.242°\] 96.6\[67.000°\] 96.7 \[67.000°\] 100.0 \[25.242°\]
data/restraints/parameters 8494/1/571 3820/3/295 11 297/496/754 10 014/660/758 8370/0/579 4626/363/389
*R*~1~[a](#t4fn1){ref-type="table-fn"}, w*R*~2~[b](#t4fn2){ref-type="table-fn"} \[*I* \> 2σ(*I*)\] 0.0189, 0.0490 0.0542, 0.1355 0.0285, 0.0658 0.0440, 0.1444 0.0403, 0.1030 0.0402, 0.1304
*R*~1~[a](#t4fn1){ref-type="table-fn"}, w*R*~2~[b](#t4fn2){ref-type="table-fn"} (all data) 0.0191, 0.0491 0.0558, 0.1368 0.0366, 0.0697 0.0474, 0.1409 0.0436, 0.1065 0.0427, 0.1327
goodness-of-fit (GOF) 1.072 1.045 1.039 1.092 1.077 1.133
CCDC no. 1563669 1563670 1563671 1563672 1563673 1563674
*R*~1~ = Σ\|\|*F*~o~\| -- \|*F*~c~\|\|/Σ\|*F*~o~\|, and *S* = \[Σ\[w(*F*~o~^2^ -- *F*~c~^2^)^2^\]/(*n* -- *p*)\]^1/2^.
w*R*~2~ = Σ\[w(*F*~o~^2^) -- (*F*~c~^2^)\]^2^/Σ\[w(*F*~o~^2^)^2^\]^1/2^.
### 4.2.2. Powder Diffraction {#sec4-2-2}
Powder diffraction analysis was carried out on the instrument described above. Samples were ground and prepared as mulls using Parabar 10312 oil. Three 180 s frames were collected, covering 2θ of 8°--70°. Frames were merged using the SMART APEX II software^[@ref53]^ and were further processed using DIFFRAC-Plus and EVA software.^[@ref54]^
### 4.2.3. Solution Proton NMR {#sec4-2-3}
Proton NMR spectra were collected in 5 mm outside diameter NMR tubes on an Agilent 400MR DD2 NMR spectrometer operating in the pulse Fourier transform mode. Calibrated autopipettes were used to prepare solutions that were nominally 2--5 mM for variable temperature NMR measurements by dissolution of elementally analyzed complexes. The sample temperature was maintained by blowing chilled nitrogen over the NMR tube in the probe. Proton chemical shifts were measured relative to the internal solvent but are reported relative to tetramethylsilane. Coupling constants are reported in hertz. Line---fitting analyses were performed with Acorn NMR Utility Transform Software.^[@ref55]^
### 4.2.4. ESI-MS {#sec4-2-4}
ESI-MS spectra were obtained on a LCQ-DECA ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo) equipped with an ESI source. Dilute solutions (nominally 5 × 10^--4^ M) in acetonitrile were directly infused into the ESI source at a flow rate of 10 μL/min. Ion-focusing conditions were optimized to maximize the ion signal while maintaining a capillary voltage as low as possible to minimize dissociation of metal/ligand complexes upon ionization and transfer to the ion trap. Similar ionization conditions routinely produce intact noncovalent cluster ions in our instrument. MS/MS spectra were obtained by isolating the parent ion at *q*~*z*~ = 0.250, with isolation widths adjusted to isolate the entire isotopic distribution of the complex. Parent ions are allowed to undergo collision-induced dissociation with the background helium buffer gas at various activation amplitudes in the range of 10--30% (normalized collision energy). Spectra were recorded in the positive ion mode. No ions were detected in the negative ion mode. Reported assignments were based on both qualitative isotope pattern matching^[@ref56]^ and collision-induced dissociation patterns.
4.3. Syntheses and Crystal Preparation {#sec4-3}
--------------------------------------
### 4.3.1. Preparation of *N*-(2-Mercaptoethyl)picolylamine (**L**) {#sec4-3-1}
Literature procedures were used to prepare **L**.^[@ref32]^ Colorless distilled **L** was stored in the refrigerator and handled under argon to limit air oxidation. ^1^H NMR (CD~3~CN): δ 8.495 (d, 1H, *J* = 4.7 Hz, H~a~), 7.689 (ddd, 1H, *J* = 7.9, 7.9 Hz, ^4^*J*~HH~ = 1.5 Hz, H~c~), 7.365 (d, 1H, *J* = 7.9 Hz, H~d~), 7.185 (dd, 1H, *J* = 7.6, 5.0 Hz, H~b~), 3.831 (s, 2H, H~e~), 2.767 (s, 2H, *J* = 6.5, H~g~), 2.612 (s, 2H, *J* = 7.9, H~h~).
### 4.3.2. Preparation of \[Zn(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~ (**1**) {#sec4-3-2}
A precipitate of **1** was prepared in quantitative yield by the Brand & Vahrenkamp method.^[@ref32]^ mp 200 °C (dec.). ^1^H NMR (nominally 2 mM, CD~3~CN, 20 °C): δ 8.070 (d, 1H, *J* = 4.9 Hz, H~a~), 7.949 (ddd, 1H, *J* = 7.8, 7.8 Hz, ^4^*J*~HH~ = 1.3 Hz, H~c~), 7.517 (d, 1H, *J* = 7.7 Hz, H~d~), 7.344 (dd, 1H, *J* = 7.8, 5.5 Hz, H~b~), 4.428 (dd, 1H, *J* = 5.1 Hz, ^2^*J* = 15.5 Hz, H~e~), 4.001 (dd, 1H, *J* = 11.8 Hz, ^2^*J* = 14.8 Hz, H~e′~), 3.5--3.3 (m, 2H, H~g~, H~f~), 3.052 (dddd, 1H, *J* = 12.0, 12.0, 12.0, 3.3 Hz, H~g′~), 2.969 (d, 1H, *J* = 13.8 Hz, H~h′~), 2.495 (ddd, 1H, *J* = 13.3, 13.3, 3.2 Hz, H~h~). Anal. Calcd for C~32~H~44~Cl~2~N~8~O~8~S~4~Zn~3~: C, 36.11; H, 4.17; N, 10.54. Found: C, 36.27; H, 4.20; N, 10.49%.
### 4.3.3. Preparation of \[Zn(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·2CH~3~CN (**1c**) {#sec4-3-3}
Recrystallization of **1** (50 mg, 44 μmol) from acetonitrile/toluene by slow evaporation provided **1c** (8.4 mg, 7.3 μmol). NMR is identical to that of **1**. Homogeneity of crystalline material was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) ([Figure S1](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). mp 177 °C (dec.). Anal. Calcd for C~36~H~50~Cl~2~N~10~O~8~S~4~Zn~3~: C, 37.72; H, 4.40; N, 12.23. Found: C, 37.91; H, 4.44; N, 12.20%.
### 4.3.4. Preparation of \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~ (**2**) {#sec4-3-4}
A mixture of Zn(ClO~4~)~2~·6H~2~O (485 mg, 1.3 mmol) and Hg(ClO~4~)~2~·3H~2~O (295 mg, 0.65 mmol) in 15 mL of water was added dropwise over 30 min to a solution of NaOH (100 mg, 2.6 mmol) and **L** (436 mg, 2.6 mmol) in 40 mL of water. A white solid started forming about halfway through addition of the metal mixture. The suspension was stirred briefly. A white solid was collected by vacuum filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. The anhydrous precipitate was amorphous. A crystalline phase with the powder pattern matching that of **2a** coprecipitated in some preps ([Figure S2](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). ^1^H NMR (nominally 2 mM, CD~3~CN, 20 °C): δ 8.085 (m, 1H, H~a~), 7.953 (dd, 1H, *J* = 7.8, 7.8 Hz, H~c~), 7.519 (d, 1H, *J* = 7.8 Hz, H~d~), 7.352 (dd, 1H, *J* = 7.8, 5.0 Hz, H~b~), 4.421 (dd, 1H, *J* = 4.4 Hz, ^2^*J* = 15.2 Hz, H~e~), 4.015 (dd, 1H, *J* = 11.7 Hz, ^2^*J* = 14.7 Hz, H~e′~), 3.5--3.3 (m, 2H, H~g~, H~f~), 3.1--2.9 (m, 2H, H~g′~, H~h′~), 2.8--2.6 (m, 1H, H~h~). Yield 426 mg (354 μmol, 54%). Anal. Calcd for the anhydrate C~32~H~44~Cl~2~HgN~8~O~8~S~4~Zn~2~: C, 32.04; H, 3.70; N, 9.35. Found: C, 31.97; H, 3.76; N, 9.19%.
### 4.3.5. Preparation of \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·2H~2~O (**2a**) {#sec4-3-5}
Recrystallization of precipitate **2** (50 mg, 40 μmol) from acetonitrile/toluene by slow evaporation initially provided colorless plates of **2a**. Yield: 15 mg (12 μmol, 30%). mp 179 °C (dec.). NMR was indistinguishable from that of **2**. Homogeneity of crystalline material was confirmed by PXRD ([Figure S2](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf)). Anal. Calcd for C~32~H~48~Cl~2~HgN~8~O~10~S~4~Zn~2~: C, 31.12; H, 3.92; N, 9.07. Found: C, 31.05; H, 3.92; N, 8.95%.
### 4.3.6. Preparation of \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·3CH~3~CN·0.75Toluene (**2d**) {#sec4-3-6}
Colorless needles of **2d** were obtained in trace quantities by further slow evaporation of the **2a** mother liquor or by slow diffusion of an acetonitrile solution of **2** into toluene. The crystals were unstable to loss of the solvent, turning opaque after a short time in air. Crystals transferred to oil immediately after removal of the mother liquor had sufficient integrity for single-crystal diffraction. NMR was same as that of **2** with addition of toluene peaks.
### 4.3.7. Preparation of \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·CH~3~CN·1.5Toluene (**2e**) {#sec4-3-7}
Very fine colorless needles of **2e** were grown by further slow evaporation of the **2d** mother liquor or by slow diffusion of an acetonitrile solution of **2** into toluene. The crystal quality deteriorated rapidly upon removal of the mother liquor even with immediate transfer to oil. NMR was same as that of **2a** with addition of toluene peaks. Anal. Calcd for C~35.5~H~48~Cl~2~HgN~8~O~8~S~4~Zn~2~ (corresponding to 0.5toluene solvate): C, 34.23; H, 3.89; N, 9.00. Found: C, 34.41; H, 3.85; N, 8.83%.
### 4.3.8. Preparation of \[Hg**L**(ClO~4~)\] (**3**) {#sec4-3-8}
An amorphous precipitate of **3** was prepared as reported previously.^[@ref30]1^H NMR (nominally 2 mM, CD~3~CN, 20 °C): δ 8.58 (d, 1H, *J* = 5 Hz, H~a~), 8.03 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8, 8 Hz, H~c~), 7.60 (dd, 1H, *J* = 8, 5 Hz, H~b~), 7.55 (d, 1H, *J* = 8 Hz, H~d~), 4.33 (br s, 3H, H~e~, H~e~), 3.24 (m, 4H, H~g~, H~g~). Anal. Calcd for C~8~H~11~ClHgN~2~O~4~S: C, 20.56; H, 2.37; N, 5.99. Found: C, 20.82; H, 2.33; N, 6.00%.
### 4.3.9. Preparation of \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·CH~3~CN·0.5Toluene (**2f**) {#sec4-3-9}
An acetonitrile solution of **1** (33 mg, 31 μmol) was mixed with an acetonitrile solution of **3** (15 mg, 32 μmol) and diluted with toluene for slow evaporation. Colorless X-ray quality plates of **2f** and **1c** cocrystallized in low yield. Morphological differences between the crystals were insufficient for manual separation.
### 4.3.10. Preparation of \[Hg(Zn**L**~2~)~2~\](ClO~4~)~2~·Toluene (**2g**) {#sec4-3-10}
A 1:1 acetonitrile solution of **1** (33 mg, 31 μmol) and **3** (13 mg, 32 μmol) was slowly diffused into toluene. Colorless X-ray quality plates of **2f**, **2g**, and **1c** cocrystallized in low yield. Morphological differences between **2f** and **2g** were insufficient for bulk separation.
The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the [ACS Publications website](http://pubs.acs.org) at DOI: [10.1021/acsomega.7b01087](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087).Calculated and experimental PXRD patterns; line-fitting of proton NMR spectra; calculated and experimental ESI-MS spectra for selected ions; and MS/MS spectra for selected ions ([PDF](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_001.pdf))Crystallographic data for compounds **1c**, **2a**, **2d**, **2e**, **2f**, and **2g** ([CIF](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.7b01087/suppl_file/ao7b01087_si_002.cif))
Supplementary Material
======================
######
ao7b01087_si_001.pdf
######
ao7b01087_si_002.cif
CCDC 1563669--1563674 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via [www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif](www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif), or by emailing <data_request@ccdc.cam.ac.uk>, or by contacting The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: +44 1223 336033.
^§^ Recipharm Laboratories, 511 Davis Dr \# 100, Morrisville, NC 27560, United States (M.R.H.).
^∥^ Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 404 Hutchison Hall, Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627, United States (M.D.R.).
The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation Division of Chemistry under grant 0315934. Purchases of the College of William & Mary SMART APEX II diffractometer and Agilent NMR were also partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grants 0443345 and 1337295, respectively). In addition, portions of this research were supported by the College of William & Mary. We thank Prof. Hannes Schniepp for assistance with digital photography.
|
2024-03-18T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3824
|
Q:
Set a custom for actiobar using Android Studios
I've tride to set another color for my actiobar quite a while now.
I've search on google and tried multiple solutions. but non of them have worked out for me.
The code i got now is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<style name="AppTheme"
parent="@android:style/Theme.Holo.Light.DarkActionBar">
<item name="android:actionBarStyle">@style/MyActionBar</item>
</style>
<style name="MyActionBar"
parent="@android:style/Widget.Holo.Light.ActionBar.Solid.Inverse">
<item name="android:background">#cac09f</item>
</style>
</resources>
This causes my app to crash and displays this:
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: You need to use a Theme.AppCompat theme (or descendant) with this activity.
I then tried to set the theme to "Theme.Appcompat" but this wont change the color of the actionbar.
Does anyone know a solution for this?
I run this on a phone running android 4.4.4.
My project is for API 16 and higher (4.1)
A:
You're using an activity from the support package (AppCompatActivity), it can only use compatibility themes (Theme.AppCompat).
The reason why setting a custom action bar background didn't work, is because you also need to use compatibility attributes:
<style name="AppTheme" parent="Theme.AppCompat">
<item name="android:actionBarStyle">@style/MyActionBar</item>
<item name="actionBarStyle">@style/MyActionBar</item>
</style>
<style name="MyActionBar" parent="@style/Widget.AppCompat.Light.ActionBar.Solid.Inverse">
<item name="android:background">@color/my_red</item>
<item name="background">@color/my_red</item>
</style>
<color name="my_red">#cac09f</color>
|
2024-05-31T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7637
|
The Quantum Electric Generator system (QEG)
QEG SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3-25-2014
The Quantum Electric Generator system (QEG) is an adaptation of one of Nikola Tesla’s many patented electrical generator / dynamo / alternator designs. The particular patent referenced is No. 511,916,titled simply “Electric Generator”, and dated January 2, 1894 (see back of this manual).The adaptation is a conversion from a linear system, to a rotary system.
The QEG prototype is scaled to produce electrical power in the range of 10-15 kW (kilowatts) continuously, and can be set upto provide either 120 Volt or 230-240 Volt single phase output. We are also planning future designs to provide 3-phase power.
Service life of the device is limited only by certain replaceable components, such as bearings, v-belts, and capacitors. The basic machine should operate troubl-free (with minimal maintenance) for as long as any good quality electro-mechanical appliance, such as a quality washingmachine or refrigerator. Heavy-duty mechanical components are used throughout for reliability.
The QEG is not a complicated device, as it is designed (like Tesla’s other ‘discoveries’), to work in harmony with natural laws, rather than with the power-wasting symmetric motor and generator designs used in today’s mainstream industry.
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This entry was posted on March 26, 2014 at 10:02 pm and is filed under Technology. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
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|
2023-10-12T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7713
|
Framed Art Print
Flourish
DESCRIPTION
Choose from a variety of frame styles, colors and sizes to compliment your favorite Society6 gallery, or fine art print - made ready to hang. Fine-crafted from solid woods, premium shatterproof acrylic protects the face of the art print, while an acid free dust cover on the back provides a custom finish. All framed art prints include wall hanging hardware.
ABOUT THE ART
When I was just 16 years old, I suffered with an illness which lasted for well over a year. At this time in my life, almost every day was a battle and at times I felt as though hope was lost.
This piece of artwork refers to my recovery and renewal of life/energy. Now that I am well, I appreciate all of the small things that I used to take for granted; I see the world differently.
|
2024-03-15T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4451
|
Major depression is now accepted as one of the most frequent, chronic, recurrent and life-debilitating illnesses with severe morbidity and mortality, and the World Health Organization suggests that depression and heart disease will be the most ordinary diseases on Earth by 2020 ([@CIT0001], [@CIT0002]).
Depression is about twice as common in women than in men; and women of childbearing age are at high risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) ([@CIT0003], [@CIT0004]).
Women at risk for depression experience more symptoms in menopause, the premenstrual period and the postpartum ([@CIT0005]--[@CIT0007]).
Postpartum depression (PPD) is diagnosed as a major depressive episode with postpartum beginning ([@CIT0008]). Major depression can be experienced at different times of life, but PPD happens after childbirth, and therefore, it is unique. PPD involves both the mother and the child and sometimes an entire family ([@CIT0009]). It is recognized as a major depressive disorder with postpartum onset, accompanied by depressive symptoms. According to another definition, PPD is a mild mental and behavioral disorder ([@CIT0010]). In developed countries, the incidence of postnatal depression is about 10--15% in adult women depending on the diagnostic criteria, timing of screening and screening instruments used ([@CIT0011]). PPD emerges most often within 6 to 12 weeks of delivery, but can happen any time up to 1 year after birth. Studies have established that depression in the postpartum time can last for months or even years after child birth ([@CIT0012]). Clinical symptoms of PPD may recruit depressed mood, markedly reduced pleasure in almost all activities, impairment in everyday functioning, insomnia or hyper insomnia, significant weight loss or weight gain, psychomotor agitation or retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness and excessive fault, reduced self-esteem and self-confidence, difficulty in concentration and suicidal ideation ([@CIT0008], [@CIT0010]).
Evidence proposes that maternal depression has harmful effects on new mothers, their infants, and family relationships and can influence child development ([@CIT0010]). Mothers with depressive symptoms have been found to have more complex behavioral contacts with their children, and are less receptive and responsive and more invasive in their communications ([@CIT0011]). This situation even leads to infanticide and furthermore can impair child\'s cognitive and social development ([@CIT0005], [@CIT0013]).
The reason for postpartum depression remains unclear with widespread research suggesting multi-factorial etiology. Five groups of risk factors for postpartum depression are as follows:Genetic base and previous experiences: Risk of depression during postpartum is influenced by genetic susceptibility and a family history of depression has been consistently found to be a significant risk factor for PPD. Furthermore, history of previous depression, prenatal depression and maternity blue are other risk factors in this group ([@CIT0014], [@CIT0015]).Hormonal changes: Sexual hormones secretions are dramatically reduced prior to menstruation or subsequent childbirth. In addition, the risk of minor and major PPD in women who experience PMS are more than other women ([@CIT0016], [@CIT0017]).Alcohol use or unlawful substances ([@CIT0018]).Psychologic problems: To name some of these problems we can mention low self-esteem, poor marital relationship, childcare stress, unplanned/unwanted pregnancy and stressful life events.low socioeconomic status ([@CIT0019], [@CIT0020]).
So many studies have addressed various pathophysiologies for postpartum depression. We classify these causes in several categories.
Nutritional deficiencies and/or metabolic imbalance {#S20001}
===================================================
Nutritional status plays an important role in mental health, and poor nutrition may contribute to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. There is an association between MDD and deprived certain trace elements; for example, zinc, iron and other trace elements ([@CIT0004]). Recent studies reported notably higher depressive symptoms at postpartum among women who were anemic compared with nonanemic women ([@CIT0021]). This part highlights the role of iron as a trace element.
Quick decline in the levels of hormones following pregnancy {#S20002}
===========================================================
Withdrawal of progesterone has been proposed as a trigger for postpartum depressive symptoms. Recently, notice has been given to the possible mood effects of neuroactive metabolites and precursors of progesterone, such as allopregnanolone ([@CIT0022], [@CIT0023]). These alterations are associated with debilitating psychiatric and neurological disorders including premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menstrual migraine, postpartum depression and anxiety ([@CIT0024]).
On the other hand, levels of thyroid hormone may also change during pregnancy. Thyroid gland normally enlarges during pregnancy, but sometimes it remains enlarged or continues to enlarge after delivery, and this leads to a condition recognized as postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD). Postpartum thyroid dysfunction produces transient hyperthyroidism, transient hypothyroidism, or both. Low thyroid levels can cause depressive symptoms ([@CIT0025]).
Alterations in hypothalamic--pituitary--adernocortical (HPA axis) mechanism {#S20003}
===========================================================================
HPA axis controls the adrenal cortex cortisol response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. Furthermore, it is secreted during stress. There is now evidence that activation of the inflammatory response system may be occupied in the pathophysiology of major depression. The postpartum period by itself is accompanied by an increased inflammatory capacity ([@CIT0026]).
Alterations in neurotransmitter levels such as serotonin {#S20004}
========================================================
According to recent studies, trace elements exert their antidepressant effects from neurotransmitter pathway; for example, the contribution of serotonergic system in antidepressant effect of zinc ([@CIT0027], [@CIT0028]). In another study, the involvement of nitric oxide pathway in the antidepressant effects of zinc is reported ([@CIT0029]). On the other hand, monoaminergic and nitrergic systems are involved in antidepressant effects of magnesium ([@CIT0030], [@CIT0031]).
Despite the high prevalence of postpartum depression, up to 50% of the cases of postpartum disorders go undiagnosed or untreated ([@CIT0014]).
Women with PPD may look for psychotherapy as a first treatment, but psychotherapy will not always be effective, and women with severe symptoms may need to consider antidepressant medications; however, the high cost and side effects of antidepressants remain important treatment obstacles for many women ([@CIT0032], [@CIT0033]).
Furthermore, many women prefer nonpharmacological interventions due to the potential transmission of medication into breast milk and fright of addiction or dependence ([@CIT0034]). On the other hand, negative effects of untreated PPD on short-term and long-term child development are well recognized ([@CIT0032]).
We reviewed papers to recommend the trace elements as a supplement for treatment of postpartum depression. The purpose of this review is to draw a new view of postpartum depression treatment with lowest side effects; in fact this review is an introduction for future studies.
Zinc {#S0005}
====
Zinc as a trace element is essential for living organisms ([@CIT0035]). To nutritionists, zinc is an essential micronutrient; to biochemists, it is a component of enzymes and other proteins; to environmentalists, free zinc in water is a toxic pollutant; to neuroscientists, zinc is not only a micro nutrient and a component of proteins, but is also an ionic signal ([@CIT0036]). More than 300 enzymes, including the ribonucleic polymerases, alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase, require zinc for their activities ([@CIT0035], [@CIT0037]). Zinc has the second highest concentration of all transition metals in the brain and is involved in insulin activation, metabolism of ovarian and testicular hormones, liver function, behavioral development, learning, wound healing, heavy metal poisoning protection, eye accommodation and regulation of taste sensation. It is also important in energy production, protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism and DNA replication, transcriptions, protein synthesis, influencing cell division and differentiation, ([@CIT0004], [@CIT0038], [@CIT0039]). In the central nervous system, zinc adjusts the excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmission pathways ([@CIT0040]). Alterations of brain zinc homeostasis are related with behavioral disturbances, such as anorexia, dysphoria, impaired learning and cognitive function and with some neurological disorders namely epilepsy and alzheimer\'s disease ([@CIT0041]). while not all trace elements essential for humans and animals have known functions for neural activities, trace elements such as zinc and iron are transported into the adult brain and probably are required components for neural function ([@CIT0042]). Nutritional deficiency of Zn is common in developing countries, especially populations who consume rice-based diets ([@CIT0043]). Several studies have shown that zinc is involved in the pathophysiology and therapy of depression ([Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}) ([@CIT0041]). In another study, only after successful antidepressant therapy, lower blood concentration of zinc was normalized in depressed patients ([@CIT0044]).
######
Summary of the effects of zinc in pathophsiology and treatment of depression
Type of Study Zinc Concentration
---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
**Human studies:**
Depression ⇓ serum ([@CIT0035])
Chronic depression (women) ⇓ serum ([@CIT0045])
Postpartum depression ⇓ serum ([@CIT0046])
**Animal tests/models:**
Depression+zinc treatment ⇑ brain (synaptic hippocampal zinc) ([@CIT0047])
Forced swim test with Zinc treatment+antidepressant treatment ⇓ immobility ([@CIT0044])
⇓ Decrease ⇑ Increase
Magnesium {#S0006}
=========
Magnesium is a trace mineral and the fourth most abundant cation in the human body ([@CIT0048]). Mg activates about 300 enzyme systems and is involved as a coenzyme in many enzyme reactions of organisms. Mg influences the nervous system through its actions on the release and metabolism of neurotransmitters and other mechanisms. Different studies have focused on the relationships between Mg levels and a range of psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia and mood disorders ([@CIT0049], [@CIT0050]). Magnesium deficiency could cause abundant psychiatric symptoms including depression, behavior disturbances, headaches, generalized tonic-clonic as well as focal seizures, vertigo, tremors, irritability and psychotic behavior ([@CIT0051]). Magnesium deficiency has been reported in depression. Magnesium is a natural calcium channel blocker and it is necessary for relaxation and appropriate nerve function. Calcium stimulates the nerves and magnesium calms them down. All these systems have been reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Magnesium also dampens the calcium ion-protein kinase C related neurotransmission and stimulates the Na-K-ATPase. ([@CIT0052], [@CIT0053]). The acute or chronic primary or secondary nervous forms of Mg deficiency remain reversible over a long period by simply normalizing the Mg intake ([@CIT0054]). In patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorders, mood stabilizing properties of Mg supplementation have been observed ([@CIT0055]). Based on several studies, magnesium deficiency induced depression-like behavior in mice; and on the other hand, this ion exhibits antidepressant like activities in animal tests ([@CIT0046]). In pregnancy, the fetus and placenta absorb huge amounts of nutrients particularly magnesium from the mother; this depletion of magnesium with not enough intake of magnesium by the mother is hypothesized to be the cause of postpartum depression. Further, lactation is known to deplete maternal magnesium as well ([@CIT0031]).
Iron {#S0007}
====
Iron is an essential element for humans and is distributed to different cell types in the brain in various styles. It is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and a number of enzymes and proteins namely oxidative enzymes and respiratory chain proteins, and is also essential for oxidative energy production. In addition, as much as 30% of the body iron is found in storage forms such as ferritin and hemosiderin in the spleen, liver and bone marrow and a small amount is associated with the blood transport protein transferrin. Iron deficiency is the most common single nutrient deficiency in the world and more than 50% of women at the reproductive age suffer from iron deficiency. It has destructive effects on mental health of these women such as deficits in cognitive function, mood, short term memory, verbal learning, attention span/concentration, intelligence. It can also lead to depression. Iron deficiency was defined as abnormal values for at least 2 of 3 tests: serum ferritin \<12 µg/L, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin \>1.24 mmol/L, and transferrin saturation \<15%. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as iron deficiency plus anemia, with anemia defined as hemoglobin \<120 g/L after modification for smoking. The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) for iron of the women aged 19--50 was calculated to be 18 mg/day, based on factorial modeling considering basal and menstrual losses. The RDI (Reference Daily Intakes) is also 18 mg/day ([@CIT0021], [@CIT0037], [@CIT0056], [@CIT0057]). All levels of iron deficiency adversely influence tissue oxidative capacity; and the most severe stages of iron deficiency (reduced Hb concentration) disturbs oxygen carrying capacity ([@CIT0058]). Studies show an association between anemia and depressive disorders. Corwin and co-workers reported significantly higher depressive symptoms at postpartum day 28 among women who were anemic on postpartum day 7 compared with nonanemic women; and there was a negative correlation between hemoglobin concentrations and depressive symptoms ([@CIT0059]). Another study showed that postpartum depression, stress and cognitive impairment in poor women may be related to iron deficiency anemia and that depression and stress respond to iron therapy. In fact, poor iron status and anemia exerted a cumulative effect over time on maternal functioning ([@CIT0057]). Shariatpanaahi and colleagues showed that serum ferritin level was lower in depressed students than in healthy ones. This fact can also indicate the possible role of iron in brain function and the establishment of depressive mood ([@CIT0060]).
Iron is required as cofactor for a number of enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, including tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, as well as catabolism of these neurotransmitters. It is also required for proper myelination of the spinal cord and white matter of cerebellar folds ([@CIT0061]). Iron acts on the molecular level and its effect on depression may be multifactorial with positive and negative effects. For example, a sufficient amount of iron is particularly needed for the synthesis of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in mood disorders. We face depressed levels of blood dopamine in depression ([@CIT0060]).
Copper {#S0008}
======
Copper has been recognized as an essential element for many years, because of its presence in important proteins and enzymes ([@CIT0037]). It is involved in a large number of metabolic processes, including co-factor status in enzymatic activities related to brain neurotransmitter function and signal transduction. On the other hand, Cu also plays a vital role in neurological disorders. The conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine in the brain is a Cu-dependent step, with approximately eight Cu atoms loosely bound to each molecule of the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase ([@CIT0062], [@CIT0063]). Studies showed that copper deficiency causes a decrease in dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in the brain of rats and it also affects many cuproenzymes, leading to defects in ATP production, lipid peroxidation, hormone activation and reproductive performance ([@CIT0064], [@CIT0065], [@CIT0066]). In a survey, copper-deficient suckling rats showed a considerable decrease in body growth, a slight decrease in whole brain and cerebellar growth and a significant decrease in myelination ([@CIT0067]). In pregnancy estrogens, by increasing hepatic ceruloplasmin synthesis, and by increasing serum copper concentrations, the noticeable elevation in maternal serum copper during the course of pregnancy is well established ([@CIT0043], [@CIT0068]). Based on these considerations, studies have been done on the relationship of Cu levels to mental depression, but findings about serum Cu levels in mental disorders show different and complex results to infer. For example, Crayton and Walsh in a study examined Cu levels in women with completed pregnancies who had a history of PPD and compared them to women who did not have depression and to women who reported having been depressed, but without a history of PPD. Cu levels were significantly higher in women having a history of PPD compared to non-depressed women and depressed women without a history of PPD ([@CIT0062]). However, in another study, González and co-workers showed lower copper levels in depressive patients than in healthy controls ([@CIT0069]).
Conclusion {#S0009}
==========
Postpartum depression is an important threat for the mother; the child and other family members. Diverse pathophysiologies are suggested and discussed for PPD specially. The involvement of trace elements can be seen in each of the following in different ways: nutrition deficiency, iron deficiency anemia in new mothers, rapid reduction in hormone levels and alterations of neurotransmitter levels after delivery. Maybe trace elements are not the only cause of PPD, but as proposed in different pathophisiologies, they seem to be an important reason for PPD. Although half of the women involved in PPD go undiagnosed and untreated, so many women with postpartum disorders prefer nonpharmacological treatments. Studies showed that trace elements such as zinc, magnesium, iron and copper are involved in pathophisiologies and treatment of depression. In addition, other studies demonstrated fluctuations of trace elements accompanied by alterations of hormone and neurotransmitter levels in PPD, so trace element supplementation can be an alternative for treatment of patients with postpartum depression without adverse effects of medication on breast milk and fright of addiction or dependence.
|
2023-10-03T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/8979
|
Q:
How redirect a domain to Amazon EC2 Machine?
I'm using EC2 of Amazon to host a website built in JSP :
http://ec2-50-17-144-64.compute-1.amazonaws.com:8080/p2p
And I bought this domain:
www.p2pbrasil.com
How can I redirect www.p2pbrasil.com to my website in Amazon EC2 ?
When someone type www.p2pbrasil.com it redirects to http://ec2-50-17-144-64.compute-1.amazonaws.com:8080/p2p ?
A:
You need to do two things
In the Amazon Web Service admin panel, create an elastic IP in the same region as your instance and associate that IP with your that instance (IPs cost nothing while they are associated with an instance, but do cost if not).
Add a A record to the DNS record of your domain mapping the domain to the elastic IP address assigned in (1). Your domain provide should either give you some way to set the A record (the IP address), or it will give you a way to edit the nameservers of your domain.
If they do not allow you to set the A record directly, find a DNS management service like ZoneEdit, register your domain as a zone there and ZoneEdit will give you the nameservers to enter in the admin panel of your domain provider. You can then add the A record for the domain in ZoneEdit.
I only mention ZoneEdit because the basic service is free, you could also use Amazon route 53 or a similar pay-for service, if you preferred.
A:
Create an Elastic IP on the AWS Panel, then associate it to your instance.
Then use a DNS management service to add your domain and Ip address (Elastic IP), then on the domain provider panel add the DNS provided from the DNS management service.
I recommend EntryDNS which is actually free.
|
2023-10-06T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2265
|
Bridge.merge(new System.Globalization.CultureInfo("de-CH", true), {
englishName: "German (Switzerland)",
nativeName: "Deutsch (Schweiz)",
numberFormat: Bridge.merge(new System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo(), {
nanSymbol: "NaN",
negativeSign: "-",
positiveSign: "+",
negativeInfinitySymbol: "-∞",
positiveInfinitySymbol: "∞",
percentSymbol: "%",
percentGroupSizes: [3],
percentDecimalDigits: 2,
percentDecimalSeparator: ".",
percentGroupSeparator: "'",
percentPositivePattern: 1,
percentNegativePattern: 1,
currencySymbol: "CHF",
currencyGroupSizes: [3],
currencyDecimalDigits: 2,
currencyDecimalSeparator: ".",
currencyGroupSeparator: "'",
currencyNegativePattern: 2,
currencyPositivePattern: 2,
numberGroupSizes: [3],
numberDecimalDigits: 2,
numberDecimalSeparator: ".",
numberGroupSeparator: "'",
numberNegativePattern: 1
}),
dateTimeFormat: Bridge.merge(new System.Globalization.DateTimeFormatInfo(), {
abbreviatedDayNames: ["So.","Mo.","Di.","Mi.","Do.","Fr.","Sa."],
abbreviatedMonthGenitiveNames: ["Jan.","Feb.","März","Apr.","Mai","Juni","Juli","Aug.","Sep.","Okt.","Nov.","Dez.",""],
abbreviatedMonthNames: ["Jan","Feb","Mär","Apr","Mai","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Okt","Nov","Dez",""],
amDesignator: "vorm.",
dateSeparator: ".",
dayNames: ["Sonntag","Montag","Dienstag","Mittwoch","Donnerstag","Freitag","Samstag"],
firstDayOfWeek: 1,
fullDateTimePattern: "dddd, d. MMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss",
longDatePattern: "dddd, d. MMMM yyyy",
longTimePattern: "HH:mm:ss",
monthDayPattern: "d. MMMM",
monthGenitiveNames: ["Januar","Februar","März","April","Mai","Juni","Juli","August","September","Oktober","November","Dezember",""],
monthNames: ["Januar","Februar","März","April","Mai","Juni","Juli","August","September","Oktober","November","Dezember",""],
pmDesignator: "nachm.",
rfc1123: "ddd, dd MMM yyyy HH':'mm':'ss 'GMT'",
shortDatePattern: "dd.MM.yyyy",
shortestDayNames: ["So.","Mo.","Di.","Mi.","Do.","Fr.","Sa."],
shortTimePattern: "HH:mm",
sortableDateTimePattern: "yyyy'-'MM'-'dd'T'HH':'mm':'ss",
sortableDateTimePattern1: "yyyy'-'MM'-'dd",
timeSeparator: ":",
universalSortableDateTimePattern: "yyyy'-'MM'-'dd HH':'mm':'ss'Z'",
yearMonthPattern: "MMMM yyyy",
roundtripFormat: "yyyy'-'MM'-'dd'T'HH':'mm':'ss.fffffffzzz"
}),
TextInfo: Bridge.merge(new System.Globalization.TextInfo(), {
ANSICodePage: 1252,
CultureName: "de-CH",
EBCDICCodePage: 20273,
IsRightToLeft: false,
LCID: 2055,
listSeparator: ";",
MacCodePage: 10000,
OEMCodePage: 850,
IsReadOnly: true
})
});
|
2023-09-11T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/6630
|
University of Manchester Students Built an Affordable 3D Printed Bionic Hand
Advanced bionic limbs make life easier for amputees but they are not affordable and accessible to everyone. Students at the University of Manchester have designed and built a 3D printed robotic hand for just £307, which is much cheaper than almost any prosthetic limb available on the market.
The hand’s joints are fully posable, so users can move each individual finger and make a fist. They can grab and pick items, type, click a mouse, and perform other daily tasks. Has a lot of potential, don’t you think?
|
2023-11-16T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2270
|
It is well known to control the air/fuel ratio of an engine having two cylinder banks in response to an exhaust gas oxygen sensor coupled to each of the banks. U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,113 discloses such an air/fuel control system wherein the exhaust manifold of each engine bank is coupled to a single catalytic converter via y-pipe.
The inventors herein have recognized a problem with the above approaches having a single catalytic converter coupled to each engine bank. When one back runs lean of stoichiometry, while the other bank runs rich of stoichiometry, less than 100% converter efficiency is achieved.
|
2024-06-09T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1301
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a novel group of compounds and more particular to a novel group of compounds particularly well suited as sweeteners in edible foodstuff.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Sweetness is one of the primary taste cravings of both animals and humans. Thus, the utilization of sweetening agents in foods in order to satisfy this sensory desire is well established.
Naturally occurring carbohydrate sweeteners such as sucrose, are still the most widely used sweetening agents. While these naturally occurring carbohydrates, i.e., sugars, generally fulfill the requirements of sweet taste, the abundant usage thereof does not occur without deleterious consequence, e.g., high caloric intake and nutritional imbalance. In fact, oftentimes the level of these sweeteners required in foodstuffs is far greater than the level of the sweetener that is desired for economic, dietetic or other functional consideration.
In an attempt to eliminate the disadvantages concomitant with natural sweeteners, considerable research and expense have been devoted to the production of artificial sweeteners, such as for example, saccharin, cyclamate, dihydrochalcone, aspartame, etc. While some of these artificial sweeteners satisfy the requirements of sweet taste without caloric input, and have met with considerable commercial success, they are not, however, without their own inherent disadvantages. For example, many of these artificial sweeteners have the disadvantages of high cost, as well as delay in the perception of the sweet taste, persistent lingering of the sweet taste, and a very objectionable bitter, metallic aftertaste when used in food products.
Since it is believed that many disadvantages of artificial sweeteners, particularly aftertaste, is a function of the concentration of the sweetener, it has been previously suggested that these effects could be reduced or eliminated by combining artificial sweeteners such as saccharin, with other ingredients such as aspartame or natural sugars, such as sorbitol, dextrose, maltose etc. These combined products, however, have not been entirely satisfactory either. Some U.S. Patents which disclose sweetener mixtures include for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,228,198; 4,158,068; 4,154,862; and 3,717,477.
Accordingly, much work has continued in an attempt to develop and identify compounds that have a sweet taste and which will satisfy the need for better lower calorie sweeteners. Search continues for sweeteners that have intense sweetness, that is, deliver a sweet taste at low use levels and which will also produce enough sweetness at low levels to act as sole sweetener in all or most sweetener applications. Furthermore, the sweeteners sought must have good temporal and sensory qualities. Sweeteners with good temporal qualities produce a time-intensity sweetness responses similar to natural sweeteners without lingering. Sweeteners with good sensory qualities lack undesirable off tastes and aftertaste. Furthermore, these compounds must be economical and safe to use.
In U.S Pat. No. 3,798,204 L-aspartyl-O-t-butyl-L-serine methyl ester and L-aspartyl-O-t-amyl-L-serine methyl ester are described as sweet compounds having significant sweetness.
In U.S. Pat. No.4,448,716 metal complex salts of dipeptide sweetners are disclosed. In the background of this patent a generic formula is described as an attempt to represent dipeptide sweeteners disclosed in five prior patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,475,403; 3,492,131; Republic of South Africa Pat. No. 695,083 published July 10, 1969; Republic of South Africa Pat. No. 695,910 published Aug. 14, 1969; and German Pat. No. 2,054,554. The general formula attempting to represent these patents is as follows: ##STR2## wherein R represents. the lower alkyls, lower alkyaryls and cycloalkyls, n stands for integers 0 through 5, R.sub.1 represents (a) phenyl group, (b) lower alkyls, (c) cyclo-alkyls, (d) R.sub.2.
Where R.sub.2 is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, halogen, (e)(S(O).sub.m (lower alkyl) where m is 0, 1 or 2 and provided n is 1 or 2, (f) R.sub.3 .
Where R.sub.3 represents an hydroxy or alkoxy and (g) single or double unsaturated cycloalkyls with up to eight carbons. These compounds also are not entirely satisfacory in producing a high quality sweetness or in producing a sweet response at low levels of sweetener.
Dipeptides of aspartyl-cysteine and aspartylmethionine methyl esters are disclosed by Brussel, Peer and Van der Heijden in Chemical Senses and Flavour, 4, 141-152 (1979) and in Z. Lebensm. Untersuch-Forsch., 159, 337-343 (1975). The authors disclose the following dipeptides:
.alpha.-L-Asp-L-Cys(Me)-OMe PA0 .alpha.-L-Asp-L-Cys(Et)-OMe PA0 .alpha.-L-Asp-L-Cys(Pr)-OMe PA0 .alpha.-L-Asp-L-Cys(i-Pr)-OMe PA0 .alpha.-L-Asp-L-Cyst(t-But)-OMe PA0 .alpha.-L-Asp-L-Met-OMe PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-methylcyclobutyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-cyclopentyl-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-methylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-ethylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-propylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-isopropylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2,5-trimethylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(2,2,5,5-tetramethylcyclopentyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-cyclohexyl-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-ethylcyclohexyl)-1-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-propylcyclohexyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-isopropylcyclohexyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2-dimethylcyclohexyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclohexyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-cycloheptyl-L-threonine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-methylcycloheptyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-ethylcycloheptyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-propylcycloheptyl)-L-threonine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1-isopropylcycloheptyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2-dimethylcycloheptyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2,7-trimethylcycloheptyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclohelptyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-O-(2,2,7,7-tetramethylcycloheptyl)-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,2,5-trimethylcyclopentyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-methylcyclopentyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl)]-L-threonine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-(O-cyclopentyl)-L-threonine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-methylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(1-methylcyclobutyl)]-L-threonine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,4-dimethylcyclobutyl)]-L-threonine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-methylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester and PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl)]-L-serine methyl ester. PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,2-dimethylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-methylcyclopentyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-methylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-isopropylcyclopentyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-isopropylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-t-butylcyclopentyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(2-t-butylcyclohexyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(dicyclopropylmethyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(dicyclobutylmethyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(t-butylcyclopropylmethyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(t-butylcyclobutylmethyl)]-L-serine methyl ester PA0 L-aspartyl-[O-(fenchyl)]-L-serine methyl ester
European Patent Application No. 34,876 describes amides of L-aspartyl-D- amino acid dipeptides of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sup.a is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl and R is a branched aliphatic, alicylic or heterocyclic member which is branched at the alpha carbon atom and also branched again at one or both of the beta carbon atoms. These compounds are indicated to be of significant sweetness.
Despite the past efforts in this area, research continues. Accordingly, it is desired to find compounds that provide quality sweetness when added to foodstuffs or pharmaceuticals at low levels and thus eliminate or greatly diminish disadvantages associated with prior art sweeteners.
|
2024-05-20T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/5219
|
Q:
How to automatically skip leading white spaces in listings
This question led to a new package:
lstautogobble (lstaddons bundle)
For my programming lecture slides I heavily use the listings package with \lstnewenvironment to typeset source code. It's a great package (no, I do not want to switch to minted), the only thing that bugs me is that I have to pass the gobble=<indent> option to get well formatted source as well as output:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstloadlanguages{C}
\lstnewenvironment{C}[1][] {\lstset{language=C, basicstyle=\scriptsize\ttfamily, #1}}{}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}[fragile]{A simple truth\ldots}
\begin{C}[gobble=4] % <-- ** This is annoying! **
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
printf("tex.stackexchange.com: the coolest community ever!\n");
}
\end{C}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
Manual handling of gobble is especially painful, if one moves code examples around and changes the nesting level. I constantly forget to update the parameter in this situations. Ideally, the C environment in the above example would automatically determine the gobble by the preceeding indentation (that is, number of spaces) before it in the source. Something like the following (pseudo code):
\lstnewenvironment{C}[1][] {\PreceedingWS{\WScount}%
\lstset{language=C, basicstyle=\scriptsize\ttfamily,
gobble=\the\numexpr\WScount+2\relax, #1}}{}
The idea is that \PreceedingWS magically determines the number of spaces in the current line before the \begin{C} and stores it in some macro (\WScount).
Is this possible?
Summary of Results (2011-06-27)
I got three answers, two of which did actually help me:
Aditya's solution is based on ConTeXt, which doesn't help me, but may be a good reference for those guys who actually use ConTeXt.
Bruno's solution is a bit hacky, but has the advantage that it can be applied to (probably) any verbatim-style environment. Moreover, I have learned a bit about TeX scanning from his well-documented answer. It came "right in time" for me to safe me a reasonable amount of work.
Martin's solution showed up relatively late. It is much cleaner as it integrates directly into the listings package and is provided as an own package. I am surprised by how little code he needed for this, which for me is an indicator that his solution integrates well and has a good chance to survive further evolution of the listings package. I certainly hope his lstautogobble package will make it to CTAN or eventually be directly integrated into listings.
I have tested the latter two with my lecture slides, which contain ~100 small listings in very different settings and environments (inside tables, minipages, in combination with beamer overlays, ...), so I can say that both approaches do actually work.
To sum up: Bruno's answer became the accepted answer, as it helped me most when I actually needed it. Martin's answer received the bounty, as it is the cleaner and more stable solution which I am going to use in any future project.
A:
IMHO such a feature should be implemented using the internals of listings itself, e.g. by using the same catcodes etc., to maximize the compatibility with the normal operations of the environment.
The listings package uses an internal macro \lstenv@Process to process the lstlisting and other listing environments defined by \lstnewenvironment.
This macro is used after the environment arguments are processed and could be locally redefined to count the spaces (then active!) after the first line break (^^M, the one after \begin{lstlisting}[options]), then set the gobble option with the right number and call the original \lstenv@Process. That macro actually calls itself recursively, so its original definition must be also restored.
Here now my solution as package. It adds the above functionality as boolean option autogobble, which can be used like any other option with all listing environments defined by listings, including custom ones. A test file to show the proper function of it also follows.
MWE (based on original MWE):
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{listings}
\usepackage{lstautogobble}
\lstloadlanguages{C}
\lstnewenvironment{C}[1][] {\lstset{language=C, basicstyle=\scriptsize\ttfamily, autogobble, #1}}{}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}[fragile]{A simple truth\ldots}
\noindent Normal text as reference
\begin{C}
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
printf("tex.stackexchange.com: the coolest community ever!\n");
}
\end{C}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
Package:
(v1.1 2012/02/04: Now with support for tabulators)
% LaTeX Package `lstautogobble`
% Counts the leading spaces of the first line and sets `gobble` to this number
% Copyright (c) 2011 by Martin Scharrer <martin@scharrer-online.de>
% for http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/19953/how-to-automatically-skip-leading-white-spaces-in-listings
% This is free software under the LPPL v1.3c or later and was also posted under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.
\ProvidesPackage{lstautogobble}[2012/02/04 v1.1 Implements 'autogobble' option for 'listings']
% This is an add-on to the `listings` package
\RequirePackage{listings}
% Counter for leading spaces
\newcount\lstag@spacecount
% Some macros for comparison:
\def\lstag@activespace{\lst@ProcessSpace}% Definition of an active space
\def\lstag@tabulator{\lst@ProcessTabulator}% Definition of an tabulator
\begingroup
\catcode`\^^M=\active%
\gdef\lstag@activenl{^^M}% Active CR (ASCII 13) character which is used as line break
\endgroup
% Define `autogobble` option as boolean (by default off)
\lst@Key{autogobble}{false}[t]{\lstKV@SetIf{#1}\lst@ifautogobble}
% `ungobble` option
\lst@Key{ungobble}{0}{\def\lst@ungobble{#1}}
% Insert required code at environment init
\lst@AddToHook{Init}{\lst@autogobble}
% Autogobble init macro.
% If the option is active and `gobble` is not set, init vars and overwrite the process macro with own definition.
\def\lst@autogobble{%
\lst@ifautogobble
\ifnum\lst@gobble>0\else
\def\lst@gobble{\lstag@gobble}%
\def\lstag@gobble{0}%
\lstag@spacecount\z@
\def\lstag@spaceaccu{}%
\let\lstag@restofline\empty
\let\lstag@origlstenv@Process\lstenv@Process
\let\lstenv@Process\lstag@countleadingspaces
\fi
\fi
}
% Checks if the next following character (read as argument) is a line break (as it is supposed to be)
% Otherwise there is some text direct after the `\begin{<env>}[<options>]` which is dropped by `listings`.
\def\lstag@countleadingspaces#1{%
\expandafter\ifx\lstag@activenl#1\relax
\expandafter\lstag@countleadingspaces@
\else
\def\lstag@restofline{Dummy replacement of text after begin of listing to trigger original warning message}%
\expandafter\lstag@countleadingspaces
\fi
}
% After the new line is found this macro counts the spaces and tabulators
\def\lstag@countleadingspaces@#1{%
\ifx\lstag@activespace#1\relax
\advance\lstag@spacecount by \@ne
% Accumulate spaces (i.e. their definitions) for later re-insertion:
\expandafter\def\expandafter\lstag@spaceaccu\expandafter{\lstag@spaceaccu\lst@ProcessSpace}%
\let\next\lstag@countleadingspaces@
\else% Character wasn't a space
\ifx\lstag@tabulator#1\relax
\advance\lstag@spacecount by \lst@tabsize\relax
% Accumulate spaces (i.e. their definitions) for later re-insertion:
\@tempcnta=\lst@tabsize\relax
\loop
\ifnum\@tempcnta>\z@
\expandafter\def\expandafter\lstag@spaceaccu\expandafter{\lstag@spaceaccu\lst@ProcessSpace}%
\advance\@tempcnta\m@ne
\repeat
\let\next\lstag@countleadingspaces@
\else% Character wasn't a tabulator either
% Set gobble option (indirect):
\xdef\lstag@gobble{\the\numexpr\lstag@spacecount-\lst@ungobble\relax}%
% Restore original definition of process macro:
\global\let\lstenv@Process\lstag@origlstenv@Process
% Re-insert all collected material or appropriate replacement material:
\edef\next{\noexpand\lstenv@Process\lstag@restofline\expandafter\noexpand\lstag@activenl\expandafter\unexpanded\expandafter{\lstag@spaceaccu}\noexpand#1}%
\fi\fi
\next
}
\endinput
Test File:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{listings}
\usepackage{lstautogobble}
\lstnewenvironment{test}[1][]{%
\lstset{basicstyle=\ttfamily,autogobble=true,#1}%
}{}
\parindent=0pt% for test only
\begin{document}
Normal text as reference
\hrule
Only environment
\begin{test}
test
it
\end{test}
With options
\begin{test}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize]
test
it
\end{test}
Manual gobble option (override)
\begin{test}[gobble=7]
test
it
\end{test}
Autogobble off:
\begin{test}[autogobble=false]
test
it
\end{test}
With some material on the same line as \texttt{\string\begin} (dropped by listings. The warning message got preserved)
\begin{test} some text at the first line
test
it
\end{test}
dito with optional argument
\begin{test}[] some text at the first line
test
it
\end{test}
Different indention levels:
\begin{test}
test
it
\end{test}
\begin{test}
test
it
\end{test}
\begin{test}
test
it
\end{test}
\begin{test}
test
it
\end{test}
\begin{test}
test
it
\end{test}
\hrule
Some real C Code
\begin{lstlisting}[autogobble]
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
printf("tex.stackexchange.com: the coolest community ever!\n");
}
\end{lstlisting}
\end{document}
Test Results:
A:
This is relatively straight forward to do in LuaTeX. The ConTeXt wiki has this exact question as an example of programming in luatex. The solution consists of two parts:
capturing the content of the environment: in ConTeXt, this is done using buffers. I think that one of the many LaTeX verbatim packages provide a similar functionality.
remove the leading spaces from the content: This is easy in Lua. The complexity of the solution depends on how robust you want the implementation to be (what should happen if the source if badly formatted, i.e., later lines have less white space than the first line. Here is the dedenting function from the ConTeXt wiki
\startluacode
-- Initialize a userdata name space to keep our own functions in.
-- That way, we won't interfere with anything ConTeXt keeps in
-- the global name space.
userdata = userdata or {}
function userdata.dedentedtyping(content)
local lines = string.splitlines(content)
local indent = string.match(lines[1], '^ +') or ''
local pattern = '^' .. indent
for i=1,#lines do
lines[i] = string.gsub(lines[i],pattern,"")
end
content = table.concat(lines,'\n')
tex.sprint("\\starttyping\n" .. content .. "\\stoptyping\n")
end
\stopluacode
For listings, instead of passing \starttyping ... \stoptyping back to TeX, you can pass \begin{listing} ... \end{listing}
A:
A different approach, hence separate answer. Capture the body of the environment (not in a very robust way, but I think you don't nest those environments), and count the number of leading spaces. Somewhat tricky to get right with the \endlinechar and \newlinechar. Alas, if some lines are less indented than the first, they will be trimmed.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstloadlanguages{C}
\lstnewenvironment{CCCC}[1][]
{\lstset{language=C, basicstyle=\scriptsize\ttfamily, #1}}{}
\makeatletter
% ===== Helper.
% Use some tokens after fully expanding them: for this, redefine
% \use@x within a group, and use it outside using \expandafter.
\newcommand{\use@x}[1]
{\begingroup\edef\use@x{#1}\expandafter\endgroup\use@x}
% ===== Environment.
% Give "special" characters the catcode "other", and tell TeX
% to insert the "newline" character at the end of every line
% (this "newline" character causes TeX to produce a new line
% when writing to a file (done in \scantokens later)).
\newenvironment{C}
{%
\let\do\@makeother\dospecials
\endlinechar\newlinechar
\LS@hack@i
}{}
% Look for an optional argument.
\newcommand{\LS@hack@i}[1][]{\LS@hack@ii{#1}}
% Expand...
\use@x{%
% Roughly \def\LS@hack@ii#1#2\end{C}^^J{\LS@hack@iii{#2}{#1}}
% except that some pieces of \end{C} are converted to strings,
% and one space is removed from #2.
\unexpanded{\def\LS@hack@ii#1#2}%
\expandafter\@gobble\string\\end\string{C\string}^^J%
\unexpanded{{\expandafter\LS@hack@iii\expandafter{\romannumeral-`0#2}{#1}}}%
%
% Essentially,
% \def\LS@hack@iii{\end{C}
% \begin{CCCC}[gobble=numberofspaces]##1\end{CCCC}}
% Restore catcodes of special characters and reread,
% with \scantokens, the body of the environment, feeding
% it to the listing CCCC environment. Note that the user-
% provided optional argument to begin{C} is transmitted
% to begin{CCCC} (not tested). All the \noexpand are there
% to prevent the full expansion of \use@x, necessary
% for \string\begin and \string\end.
\noexpand\newcommand{\noexpand\LS@hack@iii}[2]
{\noexpand\end{C}%
\noexpand\LS@hack@countspaces{##1}%
\noexpand\scantokens{%
\string\begin{CCCC}[gobble=\noexpand\value{LS@hack@spacecount},##2]^^J%
##1%
\string\end{CCCC}}}}
\newcounter{LS@hack@spacecount}
\newcommand{\LS@hack@countspaces@}[1]{%
\if#1 \else
\expandafter\remove@to@nnil
\fi
+1\LS@hack@countspaces@}
\newcommand{\LS@hack@countspaces}[1]{%
\setcounter{LS@hack@spacecount}
{\the\numexpr0\LS@hack@countspaces@#1\@nnil\relax}}
\begin{document}
A piece of code:
\begin{C}
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
printf("tex.stackexchange.com: the coolest community ever!\n");
}
\end{C}
and the same with no gobble:
\begin{CCCC}
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
printf("tex.stackexchange.com: the coolest community ever!\n");
}
\end{CCCC}
\end{document}
|
2024-07-16T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7845
|
Q:
JS - How to convert two strings and pass as one JSON object (NOT JSON.parse())
I just started learning about how to make http requests and APIs.
I've been using Bitcoinaverage API, which returns a JSON for the crypto and fiat currency that you request.
The very first key in the json is an object that has it's name derived from the request you've made.
As an example, if you want the price of BTC in USD, the object's name will be BTCUSD. Or BTCEUR etc...
{
BTCUSD: { //The only key that changes based on your request. LTCUSD, ETHEUR etc...
ask: 7825.19,
bid: 7817.5,
last: 7816.09,
high: 8166.22,
low: 7783.28,
volume: 57342.21168518,
open: {
hour: 7844.91,
day: 7900.31,
week: 8769.23,
month: 9812.03,
month_3: 7226.94,
month_6: 10081.48,
year: 3883.6
},
averages: { day: 7948.24, week: 8573.39, month: 9315.18 },
changes: { price: [Object], percent: [Object] },
volume_percent: 71.59,
timestamp: 1583923337,
display_timestamp: '2020-03-11 10:42:17',
display_symbol: 'BTC-USD'
}
}
If I wanted to log, say the value of "last", I could write something like this:
app.post("/", function (req, res) {
var crypto = req.body.crypto;
var fiat = req.body.fiat;
restClient.tickerAllGlobal(crypto, fiat, function(response) {
var data = JSON.parse(response);
console.log(data.BTCUSD.last);
});
});
The above snippet obviously won't work if the user requested the price in Euros instead of USD.
I thought I could just simply concatenate the two variables and write console.log(data.crypto+fiat.last); but I just get a "NaN" response. I'm guessing that's because crypto and fiat variables are strings when returned by body-parser.
I thought about using JSON.parse() but that won't work either since crypto+fiat is not valid json.
Then I thought about using eval(), not sure if it would work but even if it did, it's not a good idea to use it on user input, right?
So how can I do this with the requests that I get from the user without repeating myself?
Here's the full code if something is unclear:
const express = require("express");
const bodyParser = require("body-parser");
const bitcoinAverage = require("bitcoinaverage");
const publicKey = '123456789...';
var restClient = bitcoinAverage.restfulClient(publicKey);
const app = express();
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({
extended: true
}));
app.get("/", function (req, res) {
res.sendFile(__dirname + "/index.html");
});
app.post("/", function (req, res) {
var crypto = req.body.crypto;
var fiat = req.body.fiat;
restClient.tickerAllGlobal(crypto, fiat, function(response) {
var data = JSON.parse(response);
var price = data.crypto+fiat.last;
console.log(price);
});
});
app.listen(3000, function () {
console.log("Server running:3000");
});
A:
You can access dynamically created JSON keys using the syntax data["YOUR STRING HERE"]
So in your example, something like data[crypto+fiat]
|
2023-08-20T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7014
|
The narcotic bassline of Eric B. & Rakim’s “Paid in Full” hooked them as they stood staring at the stage that bore the rapper-turned-talk-show host Queen Latifah. At various places in the crowd, wild-haired Salman Rushdie, former mayoral candidate Andy Stein, and Nation editor Katrina vanden Heuvel, in a dress that showed off her tattoo and her ass, skanked to the rhythm with varying degrees of subtlety and dignity. Socialite writer Lally Weymouth and art dealer Arne Glimcher did not.
Suddenly, Talk magazine publisher Ron Galotti was getting jiggy up on the stage. There, next to Queen Latifah and beneath the oxidized copper robes of the Statue of Liberty, Mr. Galotti attempted some free-style hip-hop moves that looked remarkably like the “Banana Dance” that comedian Chris Elliott used to perform while channeling Marlon Brando on David Letterman’s talk show.
Brilliantined and unbuttoned, Mr. Galotti continued his Bullworth -esque excursion into black culture by swaggering through a rap he had written for the occasion. Talk magazine, a collaboration that involved Miramax, Hearst, Mr. Galotti and editor Tina Brown, had officially debuted earlier in the day. And Mr. Galotti was marking its birth on Aug. 2 along with Ms. Brown, Miramax Films co-chairs Harvey and Bob Weinstein, Disney chief executive Michael Eisner and approximately 1,400 celebrities and members of the media elite.
“We’re here/ We’re there/ We’re everywhere,” went the last lines of Mr. Galotti’s B-boy poem, and he was not exaggerating. For days, the Miramax-fueled Talk marketing machine had been chugging out fodder and reams of press releases for the media to use. And it was working. On Aug. 1, the local tabs picked up and ran big with Talk ‘s cover-story profile of Hillary Clinton, wherein the First Lady attributed her husband’s philandering to psychological abuse from his mother and grandmother which he allegedly endured as a child.
By sunset, when the ferries started leaving Battery Park for Liberty Island, the buzz had reached the kind of levels that Miramax reserves for its brightest Oscar hopefuls. And many of those who had not been invited to the Talk celebration had spent the afternoon desperately searching for someone with an extra ticket.
Later that night, Ms. Brown would describe the guest list as “totally insane eclecticism” and admit: “I know that I’ve left off mighty people who will cut me forever. I’ve left off friends who can’t understand why the slipper didn’t fit. It was such a ramshackle outfit. I mean, I just put together everybody that I’d ever had to dinner, everybody that had ever written for the magazine … It just turned out to be this sort of funny, wild mix.… I’m sure there are people that I will regret that I did not invite, but there came a point when everybody kept asking to bring friends that it got really insane. I kind of washed my hands of it at the end. In the end, I was inviting mothers who I had play dates with.”
Yet, though the party’s organizers had rounded up enough respectable celebrity tonnage (especially for August when most of the meritocracy has left town) to generate ample publicity for the event, one key opportunity was lost. Both Ms. Brown and the Miramax boys have long known how to build a party crowd to make a statement. But any clues that could have been gleaned about the actual point of view of Talk magazine were lost in the darkness and wide open spaces of Liberty Island.
Much more promising were the ferry rides that shuttled the invited between Manhattan and Liberty Island. With celebrities and media all crowding aboard, there was something egalitarian and convivial of these 20 minute trips across the water. “Oh, this is a good boat!” someone was heard to exclaim as a ferry that included CBS News anchor Dan Rather, Republican speechwriter Peggy Noonan, talk-show host Conan O’Brien, his producer Jeff Ross, writers Christopher Buckley and Sally Bedell Smith, actor Peter Berg, designer John Bartlett, Esquire editor David Granger and 95 percent of the city’s gossip and media columnists began motoring toward the statue in the breezy dusk. (On another boat, passengers witnessed magician David Blaine attempt to do one of his card tricks for director Quentin Tarantino; he muffed the trick.)
This boat was followed to the dock by a smaller, faster boat which dislodged a glitzier crew including the singer Madonna, actors Robert De Niro, Demi Moore, Rupert Everett, Paul Newman, holding what appeared to be a bottle of his beloved Budweiser; Gretchen Mol, Liam Neeson and Natasha Richardson, former diplomat Henry Kissinger, Disney chief executive Michael Eisner and media mogul Barry Diller and their respective entourages. These V.I.P.’s had boarded the American Park at the Battery restaurant following a small reception there. A Miramax spokesman said that this gathering was not “a pre-party” but rather a means for some of the more press-shy celebrities to avoid the media-clogged “check-in” lines. The spokesman also said this was a “strictly Miramax” (as opposed to Talk ) gesture.
Once past the greeting line where Ms. Brown, in a white Donna Karan gown, and her husband, Harold Evans, in a blue seersucker suit, stood in the crush, the guests inevitably discovered three things: that Liberty Island was huge, vast, socially unconquerable. (Throughout the night, partygoers could be heard phoning each other on their cell phones.) That it was barely lit (quickly the joke was spread that Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, who had prevented Ms. Brown from having her party at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, had cut the power). And, for the ladies: that they were wearing the wrong shoes for a picnic dinner that took place largely on grass.
As the crowds walked by a park ranger who explained that the statue’s original title was “Liberty Enlightening the World,” it became apparent that Liberty was not illuminating the party space. “I saw people on the boat that I wanted to talk to and then I never saw them again,” said one magazine writer.
A bar was visible against the base of the statue, only because there were so many journalists crowded around it. Nearby people could be seen clustered around and peering at a series of small tables outfitted with blinding lights and hors d’oeuvres. Few people seemed to know what they were really eating.
Next stop was the picnic area, which was quite a haul away, but which was invitingly decorated with Robert Isabell’s signature colored paper lanterns. Underneath the breeze-blown orbs were quilts strewn with oversize pillows and for the less flexible, conventional tables and chairs. In the center of each was a picnic basket containing real silverware and plates and a series of summer salads.
The day after the party, sources familiar with the situation were putting the Talk party at just south of $500,000, although it was clear that some scrimping had been done. Partygoers noted that there were no flowers, which is rare for an event handled by Mr. Isabell. They also noted that the beverage selection seemed to be focused on advertisers such as Absolut and Evian and Robert Mondavi, which would indicate some sort of discount or trade.
As trays of lamb and chicken were delivered to the picnickers, interesting groups formed. Lolling around on one group of pillows was a group of darkness-loving filmmakers which included director Todd ( Happiness) Solondz, writer-director Bruce ( I’m Losing You ) Wagner and producer Christine Vachon. At one table Arianna Stassinopoulos and Henry Kissinger sat deep in conversation. When asked what they were discussing, Ms. Stassinopoulos said: “We’re in agreement about Kosovo.”
In another moment of odd-yet-appropriate bonding, sex bomb Demi Moore was seen tête-à-tête with sex doctor Dr. Ruth Westheimer. When the two broke, Ms. Moore hugged the diminutive doyenne of dalliance, prompting much speculation. Asked about her conversation, Dr. Westheimer said: “I was delighted that this famous actress knew who I was. Period. If we would have discussed any intimate matters, you would not know about it.”
It’s a wonder anyone actually saw the two hugging. Even with the paper lanterns, it was difficult to see just who was sitting where. So, walking through the picnic area became like a dream sequence. A period of darkness followed by a moment of pure confusion because suddenly in view was the spectacle of a rotund Peter Arnell in shorts bending over at an odd angle to take an artsy picture of the picnickers and the lanterns. Watching Mr. Arnell take the shot was restaurateur Drew Nieporent. What does this mean, The Transom wondered. Then, darkness again.
Followed by a moment of pure anxiety. The Transom almost ran smack into Mr. De Niro’s table. And Mr. De Niro, who was sitting with his TriBeCa Productions partner Jane Rosenthal, did not look like a guy who wanted to have his table bumped while he was eating. Next out of the darkness was Quentin Tarantino, with what looked like a plate of chicken. When we told Mr. Tarantino that we had heard he may be writing a piece for an upcoming issue of Talk , he was vaguely affirmative. He did say of Ms. Brown: “She’s cool.”
Then, suddenly, the disembodied voice of George Plimpton was blaring over the loudspeakers, urging everyone to approach the “balustrade” to watch the fireworks. Mr. Plimpton was not visible in the darkness, but his voice was firing on all cylinders.
Soon, Mr. Plimpton’s voice boomed again. He announced that, before the big Grucci fireworks display began, there would be some demonstration explosions. Then in a very serious voice, Mr. Plimpton began announcing the type of firework that we would see–example: “White magnesium dahlia with white magnesium tail”–followed by a dedication of the particular firework to some member of the Talk or Miramax staff.
Offshore, the boat firing off the fireworks was outfitted with a large incandescent sign that said Talk . As the fireworks went off, Mr. Weinstein stood and watched them with Mr. Galotti and photographer Patrick Demarchelier, who came over to high-five the Miramax co-chairman. He resisted when The Transom tried to interview him. “Leave Harvey alone,” said Mr. Galotti.
Eventually, Mr. Weinstein relented and we ran a theory by him. This night was nothing if not about synergy and synergy is hardly a new concept in American media and entertainment. But we told Mr. Weinstein that we thought he had become one of the first in the entertainment to incorporate politics into the synergistic loop. We recounted that in December 1998, Hillary Clinton–who, along with her husband and her political party, has gotten a lot of monetary and other support from Mr. Weinstein–had accompanied him to the premiere of Shakespeare in Love at the Ziegfeld Theater, and that now things had seemed to come full circle. Here was Mrs. Clinton appearing on the cover of the first issue of Talk, along with another Miramax favorite, Gwyneth Paltrow (who has nothing really to promote right at this moment, thank you very much), and letting loose a whole bunch of provocative quotes. The whole thing seemed so mutually beneficial, but Mr. Weinstein bristled at this notion.
“This is a nonpartisan magazine,” he said, then after giving the piece’s writer, Lucinda Franks, credit, Mr. Weinstein said: “This is Tina’s magazine. This is Tina’s world. We’re just here to help her.”
Queen Latifah conveyed a similar message when she took the stage above the dance floor and urged “all’a youse very important people” to gather before her. Queen Latifah noted that tonight there were “two queens in the house”: Tina Brown and herself. Then, after she mispronounced Harvey Weinstein’s name as “Weinstine,” she said, “I would fuck up their names, I’ll never get a freakin’ movie now.”
By the time Mr. Galotti had started his rap, many of the heavier celebrities, such as Ms. Moore, were already on boats back to Manhattan. Mr. Newman had headed to Elaine’s. But there were still people arriving. Around midnight, as a group of hipsters were waiting to leave the island, an almost empty ferry pulled up and a small group of people helped Bloomingdale’s executive Kal Ruttenstein, who walks with a cane since suffering a stroke in 1997, down the steep gangplank. As Mr. Ruttenstein slowly made his way down, he spied Talk editor-at-large Gabé Doppelt on the dock and shouted: “Catch me, Gabé.”
Before Mr. Galotti introduced Ms. Brown, he called to Mr. Weinstein, “Hey, Harvey, I feel like Roberto Benigni!” Then Ms. Brown told the crowd, “Ron is sometimes known as Mr. Big, but to me he was Mr. Enormous.” In a split-second, she seemed to rethink the term she had used and threw out another one. Now, Mr. Galotti was “Mr. Awesome.”
At one point, Ms. Brown toasted “Madame Liberty” telling the crowd “Now you’re not exactly the tired masses, the huddled masses.” And she acknowledged, “Of course, I’m an immigrant who toiled here on the Concorde, but I just want to say, here’s to Lady Liberty tonight.”
Earlier in her speech, Ms. Brown had thanked her staff, but then added: “And what the hell are we doing for the October issue.”
It was meant as a joke, but really it’s the never-ending question of the media business. What’s next? It was also a familiar question for the crowd that stood around the lip of the stage. The core group that remained was one that like Ms. Brown had come of age and come to power in the 1980’s. There was the actor Willem Dafoe, with his shaved head and his jack-o’-lantern grin; jazz musician John Lurie; hotelier André Balazs and his model agency owner wife Katie Ford. Somewhere in the crowd was book publisher Morgan Entrekin and author Jay McInerney; and model Kate Moss. There beneath Liberty’s golden torch, with Manhattan beckoning in the background. There in the last summer of the millennium, Ms. Brown asked what next for her, and we couldn’t help but wonder, what next for us.
The Transom can be reached by e-mail at nyotransom@aol.com. Public relations pitches are not welcome.
|
2023-10-02T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2067
|
Raphael Glorieux
Raphael Glorieux (26 January 1929 – 19 August 1986) was a Belgian cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1929 births
Category:1986 deaths
Category:Belgian male cyclists
Category:Olympic cyclists of Belgium
Category:Cyclists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Hainaut (province)
Category:People from Quévy
|
2024-06-25T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/8948
|
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.zeppelin.scheduler;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
public class SchedulerThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
private String namePrefix;
private AtomicLong count = new AtomicLong(1);
public SchedulerThreadFactory(String namePrefix) {
this.namePrefix = namePrefix;
}
@Override
public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
Thread thread = new Thread(r);
thread.setName(namePrefix + count.getAndIncrement());
return thread;
}
}
|
2024-05-07T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1585
|
module P2 where
--Any type/data constructor name declared in this module can be renamed.
--Any type variable can be renamed.
--Rename type Constructor 'BTree' to 'MyBTree'
data BTree a = Empty | T a (BTree a) (BTree a)
deriving Show
buildtree :: Ord a => [a] -> BTree a
buildtree [] = Empty
buildtree (x:xs) = insert x (buildtree xs)
insert :: Ord a => a -> (BTree a, BTree a) -> BTree a
insert val (Empty, t@(T val a_2 Empty))
= T val Empty (result (T val a_2 Empty)) where result _ = (T val a_2 Empty)
insert val (T tval left right)
| val > tval = T tval left (insert val right)
| otherwise = T tval (insert val left) right
newPat_1 = Empty
f :: String -> String
f newPat_2@((x : xs)) = newPat_2
main :: BTree Int
main = buildtree [3,1,2]
|
2023-11-13T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3390
|
Q:
How to margin text from top border in textarea
Is there a way to margin text from top border of textarea box?
I have used text indent, but it only makes space between text and left border of the textarea box, which is great, but i also want same space between text and top border of textarea box.
Here is my html:
<textarea class="input-text" name="instructions" id="instructions"></textarea>
css:
.input-text{
width: 20%;
height: 44px;
text-indent: 16px;
border-radius: 2px;
font-size: 16px;
border: 2px lightgray solid;
resize: none;
color: lightgray;
}
As I am new to this, I would really appreciate some help.
A:
You should be able to do this with padding, and box-sizing to stop the padding increasing the actual box size:
.input-text{
width: 20%;
height: 44px;
padding: 16px;
box-sizing: border-box;
border-radius: 2px;
font-size: 16px;
border: 2px lightgray solid;
resize: none;
color: lightgray;
}
<textarea class="input-text" name="instructions" id="instructions"></textarea>
|
2024-04-12T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4251
|
Normal renal function 8 to 13 years after cyclosporin A therapy in 285 diabetic patients.
Cyclosporin A (CyA) may induce acute nephrotoxicity. The question has been raised of the possible long-term unfavorable course of CyA-induced lesions. Advantage was taken of a large cohort of diabetic patients treated for several months using moderate CyA dosage to evaluate the long-term evolution of renal function in such patients. Two hundred and eighty five recently diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients having received CyA for a mean of 19.9 months were monitored for 13 years, in parallel with 100 similar patients treated with insulin alone. In the CyA-treated group, a transient increase in creatininemia levels occurred during the first 18 months of treatment associated with a transient increase in renal vascular resistance. Both effects disappeared later on: creatininemia levels then remained normal. Inulin and p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances remained normal throughout follow-up. Neither permanent renal failure nor progressive deterioration of renal function occurred in either group or in individual patients. A 10 to 12% increase in inulin and PAH clearance was elicited by IV amino acid infusion at 7 to 10 years, a finding consistent with a normal renal functional reserve. Patients with moderate kidney lesions on biopsy at 1 year had normal and stable clearance values at 7 to 13 years. The prevalence of arterial hypertension and retinopathy was lower in the CyA-treated group than in the control group, possibly because of the tighter metabolic control obtained in the CyA group. These results suggest that low-dose CyA treatment combined with thorough monitoring does not result in long-term renal dysfunction.
|
2023-08-16T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/6308
|
package org.jetbrains.squash.dialects.sqlite.tests
import org.jetbrains.squash.tests.*
class SqLiteGraphTests : GraphTests(), DatabaseTests by SqLiteDatabaseTests()
|
2023-12-12T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/5013
|
Cutaneous pseudosarcomatous polyp: a recently described lesion.
Three cases of cutaneous pseudosarcomatous polyp, a lesion recently described in the dermatopathology literature, are reported here. These benign proliferations display dramatic cytologic pleomorphism, but despite their disquieting morphological features, they have behaved in a benign fashion to date. All 3 lesions in this study were clinically innocuous, with 1 having been present for 1 year and another for 2 years. The first lesion arose on the back of a 30-year-old man, the second on the nasal columella of a 65-year-old woman, and the third on the back of a 91-year-old woman. All 3 had the typical architecture of a fibroepithelial polyp (acrochordon) with widely separated stellate cells occupying a myxoid to collagenous stroma. Markedly pleomorphic stellate cells were widely dispersed, with an increased density of atypical cells beneath the epidermis and in small foci of adipose tissue in 1 case. Multinucleated cells, some with a floret-type configuration, were also observed. One of the polyps demonstrated focal mild hyalinization of vessel walls. Only rare mitotic figures were identified in 2 cases, but 1 showed atypical forms. Immunohistochemically, the atypical cells reacted diffusely for vimentin and variably for CD34 and factor XIIIa, but they lacked smooth muscle actin and desmin. Cutaneous pseudosarcomatous polyps can be added to the list of pathologic entities with symplastic or pseudomalignant features.
|
2023-10-29T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4037
|
Baseball's best batteries by division
By Eye on Baseball staff
February 10, 2013 10:42 AM ET
Adam Wainwright and Yadier Molina of the Cardinals. (US Presswire)
The offseason is over. Pitchers and catchers for four teams -- the Cubs, Indians, Red Sox and Rockies -- are due to report Sunday, meaning spring training is officially underway. Pitchers and catchers for all 30 clubs will report to their complexes across Florida and Arizona by Wednesday, and position players will follow suit next week. The first exhibition games are less than two weeks away.
In honor of pitchers and catchers reporting for duty, the three of us at Eye on Baseball decided to rank the best batteries in the game. A battery, of course, is a pitcher and catcher combination. Hall of Famer left-hander Whitey Ford and Hall of Fame catcher Yogi Berra formed arguably the best battery in baseball history for the 1953-63 Yankees.
Rather than rank the current batteries 1-5 or 1-10 or something like that, we instead listed the best battery in each of the six divisions, plus one honorable mention. Some are obvious, some far less so. With all due respect to great relievers like Craig Kimbrel and Greg Holland, we limited our rankings to starting pitchers only. -- Mike Axisa
I'm an offense-over-defense guy, so I'll take the Blue Jays' battery of 15-plus homers and the reigning NL Cy Young Award winner over every other combination in the division. It remains to be seen if Dickey, a 38-year-old knuckleballer, will carry his success over to the tougher league, but I am a big believer and don't expect there to be much of an issue. Honorable Mention: David Price & Molina -- Axisa
Verlander, the Detroit ace, is arguably the best pitcher on the planet (AL MVP in 2011, AL Cy Young runner-up in 2012), and while there are concerns about his heavy usage to date, he's still in what should be his prime seasons. Don't be surprised if once again he offers up a sub-3.00 ERA to go with an innings total that's near the top of the league. He's the best pitcher in the division, at the very least.
As for Avila, the 26-year-old owns a career OPS+ of 114, and in each of the last two seasons he ranked in the AL top five for games caught and assists as a catcher. Yes, Joe Mauer is the best all-around backstop in the AL Central, but there's no Minnesota suitable hurler with which to pair him. Honorable Mention: James Shields & Salvador Perez -- Dayn Perry
It's now a five-team division with the addition of the Astros. Of course, we can pretty easily ignore them in this exercise, as the Mariners went 75-87 last season, appear improved and are still the fourth-best team here.
This was a real tough choice with five duos I strongly considered. It was temping to go with Felix Hernandez and Jesus Montero, just because King Felix is so awesome. Then again, Montero is a terrible defender and had an on-base percentage south of .300 last season. Jered Weaver and Chris Iannetta was tempting, too, as was the soon-to-be-woefully underrated Jarrod Parker-John Jaso combo.
In the end, though, with the help of many factors (including Baseball-Reference.com's WAR, in which Harrison-Pierzynski had the highest combined total), I've arrived at this Rangers battery over Yu Darvish-Pierzynski by a nose. Harrison went 18-11 with a 3.29 ERA in 213 1/3 innings. He sports a 134 ERA+ in the past two seasons in 399 total innings. Pierzynski, in addition to being a trusted backstop for his pitchers, hit .278/.326/.501 with 27 homers last season. Honorable Mention: Parker & Jaso -- Matt Snyder
The NL East is home to some very good catchers, but they all carry some kind of question mark. Ramos, 25, played just 25 games for Washington last season before blowing out his knee. Carlos Ruiz (Phillies) posted a 149 OPS+ in 2012 but will open 2013 serving a 25-game suspension for amphetamines. Brian McCann (Braves) has been one of the best catchers in baseball for a half-decade now, but he is coming off shoulder surgery.
On the mound, the 24-year-old Strasburg will presumably be turned loose this coming season. That means close to 200 innings of ace-caliber production rather than just 160 or so. Ramos is a year removed from 15 homers and a 113 OPS+. There are several great batteries in the NL East, but I'm taking the Nationals' young duo over all of them. Honorable Mention: Cole Hamels & Ruiz -- Axisa
Molina is easily the best catcher in the division (and the most complete catcher in all of baseball). His offense has reached new heights over the last two seasons, and his defense is peerless. Handling pitchers, framing pitches, throwing out runners, blocking balls in the dirt, fielding batted balls -- Molina does it all behind the plate.
As for Wainwright, he's coming off a season for the Cardinals that was below his usual high standards (3.94 ERA, which was exactly the NL average in 2012), but it was also his comeback campaign after undergoing Tommy John surgery. Wainwright is not a velocity-reliant pitcher, and that kind of pitcher tends to need more time to rediscover his skills post-TJ. Expect Wainwright to be closer to his vintage self in 2013. Honorable Mention: Johnny Cueto & Ryan Hanigan-- Perry
In the end, though, this choice was actually fairly easy. While Kershaw is the best pitcher in the division, Cain isn't that far behind and he's teamed with the NL MVP in Posey, who hit .336/.408/.549 with 24 homers, 103 RBI and a ridiculous 172 OPS+ last season. Cain went 16-5 with a 2.79 ERA and finished sixth in Cy Young voting. The Giants went on to win their second World Series title in three years. The scary part? Posey is still only 25. Honorable Mention: Kennedy & Montero -- Snyder
Any kind of ranking like this is sure to spark some debate, so who are your top batteries in each division? Tell us in the comments or through the social media links below.
|
2024-02-03T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3984
|
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { ComponentPageLayout } from '@components';
import MainDemo from './MainDemo';
import Usage from './Usage';
import Props from './Props';
import Demos from './Demos';
const sections = [
{ name: 'Component' },
{ name: 'Usage' },
{ name: 'Props' },
{ name: 'Demos' },
{ name: 'label', sub: true },
];
export default class DrawerPage extends Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
<ComponentPageLayout
componentName={'drawer-section'}
title={'Drawer Section'}
description={`Navigation drawers provide access to destinations in your app.`}
importCode={`import { DrawerSection } from 'material-bread';`}
docsLink={
'https://material.io/design/components/navigation-drawer.html'
}
sideScrollMenuItems={sections}>
<MainDemo pageHref={'/components/drawer-section'} />
<Usage pageHref={'/components/drawer-section'} />
<Props pageHref={'/components/drawer-section'} />
<Demos pageHref={'/components/drawer-section'} />
</ComponentPageLayout>
</div>
);
}
}
|
2023-11-02T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/9819
|
Notorious Aarhus mosque helps police apprehend erratic armed man
In a day full of incident for the police, a station in north Jutland was closed to allow explosives experts to search it, and there was another shooting in Nordvest
By this time the man has been shot and disarmed, and the female officer is now carrying his weapon (photo: screenshot taken from TV2 ØSTJYLLAND)
November 20th, 2018 10:08 am| by Ben Hamilton
Grimhøj Mosque, a place of worship for Muslims in Aarhus that had hitherto a strained relationship with the authorities, yesterday alerted the police to a man who left its premises armed with a knife.
In an ensuing confrontation in the Aarhus municipality of Brabrand, the man lashed out at a male and female police officer with his knife, before they were forced to open fire and shot him. Initially in a critical condition in hospital, he is now reported to be out of danger.
The head of the mosque, Osama El-Saadi, told DR that the man had never been seen before. He was asked to leave his knife at the entrance, but retrieved it when he left.
Initially reluctant to shoot
A construction worker named Jimmy Skov witnessed the incident, which was partly filmed, near the mosque at approximately 13:00 on Karen Blixens Boulevard.
“He shouted something foreign in a language that I did not understand. The police drew their guns and shouted at him to throw down his knife. But he did not react,” Skov told DR.
“He then walked towards one of the officers and lunged.”
According to Skov, the officer managed to evade the assailant, but neither he nor the other officer fired a shot. But then the man tried to stab them again.
“He went for the same officer again. The officer evaded him again and fired a shot at him. But it did not stop him. He came one or two times more as they continued shooting at him.”
The man then exhibited some erratic behaviour: some kneeling, apparent introspection, staggering and further attempts to stab the officers.
It is also reported that he might have raised a finger in the air – a sign associated with Islamic State.
Station closed due to explosives threat
In another incident yesterday, Brønderslev Station in north Jutland was closed to the public after the police summoned explosives experts to search the scene.
It would appear there might have been a genuine threat, as two men aged 27 and 32 have been arrested and charged with violating weapon laws.
It is believed the men might have been seen breaking into a locker at the station where some firearms were being stored.
Another shooting in Nordvest
Completing a busier than normal Monday for the country’s police force was another shooting in the Nordvest district of Copenhagen – at around 19:00 on Hejrevej, which is two blocks away from Nørrebro Station.
Police cordoned off the area and then began a search for eye-witnesses. The victim is said to be in a critical condition.
|
2023-08-31T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7763
|
#region license
// Copyright (C) 2020 ClassicUO Development Community on Github
//
// This project is an alternative client for the game Ultima Online.
// The goal of this is to develop a lightweight client considering
// new technologies.
//
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#endregion
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Threading;
namespace ClassicUO
{
internal static class CUOEnviroment
{
public static Thread GameThread;
public static float DPIScaleFactor = 1.0f;
public static bool NoSound;
public static string[] Args;
public static string[] Plugins;
public static bool Debug;
public static bool Profiler;
public static bool IsHighDPI;
public static uint CurrentRefreshRate;
public static bool SkipLoginScreen;
public static bool IsOutlands;
public static readonly bool IsUnix = Environment.OSVersion.Platform != PlatformID.Win32NT &&
Environment.OSVersion.Platform != PlatformID.Win32Windows &&
Environment.OSVersion.Platform != PlatformID.Win32S &&
Environment.OSVersion.Platform != PlatformID.WinCE;
public static readonly Version Version = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()
.GetName()
.Version;
public static readonly string ExecutablePath = Path.GetDirectoryName
(
Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()
?.Location
);
}
}
|
2023-09-26T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1884
|
Q:
w3wp high memory usage from one day to another
We have one .NET webapi application (with a service autostart provider).
The application is built by our buildserver, and the output is deployed to multiple servers and requests to the application is routed through a loadbalancer.
The site has been performing well for several months. A couple of days ago we noticed that the applicationpool was using 3x more memory than it was the other day, on two out of 3 servers.
The servers that now uses more memory than the others is doing so even if we iisreset, reboot the server etc. The applicationpool is allocating 3x more memory than the other immediately after it starts.
And now to the super-weird stuff....
To find out what was being held up in the memory, I "attached" a dotTrace profiler (remote, using remoteagent.exe) to one of the servers. The pool seemed to recycle and once it was booted it did no longer allocate 3x memory (so the memory snapshot was useless). I "deattached" the profiler from the worker process and noticed that the application pool was no longer using 3x memory. I rebooted the server, and It was still not using 3x memory.
So... It seems like just attaching the profiler to the w3wp process fixed my problem, in a persisten way, since it's still working with the "low memory usage" after iisreset and reboots.
Tried the same procedure on server #2 which suffered the same problem and it also fixed my problem.
It seems like dotTrace does something magic to my workerprocesses :) ?
Can anyone figure out the cause of this? I have more servers (in other environments) with the same problem, but I would like to know the root cause of this problem.
A:
Short answer:
I've found the cause to be Microsoft Monitoring Agent's profiler which hooks on to my w3wp processes.
Long answer:
Details in the eventlog
.NET Runtime version 4.0.30319.34014 - The profiler was loaded successfully. Profiler CLSID: '{AD5651A8-B5C8-46CA-A11B-E82AEC2B8E78}'. Process ID (decimal): xxxx. Message ID: [0x2507].
led me to the conclusion that another profiler was attaching to the w3wp's. Searching for the CLSID in the registry made it obvious that the Monitoring agent was involved. The profiler can be disabled by first browsing the windows registry to:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W3SVC
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\WAS
and changing:
Environment = COR_PROFILER={AD5651A8-B5C8-46ca-A11B-E82AEC2B8E78} Cor_Enable_Profiling=1
to:
Environment = COR_PROFILER={AD5651A8-B5C8-46ca-A11B-E82AEC2B8E78} Cor_Enable_Profiling=0
I guess that there's a better way to disabling profiling than changing the registry directly, (maybe uninstalling Microsoft Monitoring Agent?)
...why the profiler causes 3x memory consumption is still a mystery.
|
2024-06-22T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7747
|
AMPA receptor ligands: synthetic and pharmacological studies of polyamines and polyamine toxins.
Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPAR), subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (IGRs), mediate fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS), and are involved in many neurological disorders, as well as being a key player in the formation of memory. Hence, ligands affecting AMPARs are highly important for the study of the structure and function of this receptor, and in this regard polyamine-based ligands, particularly polyamine toxins, are unique as they selectively block Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs. Indeed, endogenous intracellular polyamines are known to modulate the function of these receptors in vivo. In this study, recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of polyamine-based ligands are given, particularly focusing on the use of solid-phase synthesis (SPS) as a tool for the facile generation of libraries of polyamine toxin analogues. Moreover, the recent development of highly potent and very selective AMPAR ligands is described. Additionally, we provide a detailed account on the mechanism and site of action of AMPAR blockade by polyamine-based ligands, including examples of how these ligands are used as tools to study AMPAR, and a comparison with their action on other ionotropic receptors.
|
2023-12-02T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/9236
|
Introduction {#sec1}
============
On the 11th of March 2020, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was officially declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), an announcement that was met by a number of governments with the institution of varying virus-mitigating measures and the recommendation or requirement for the use of health-protective behaviours on the part of its residents. These collective efforts were targeted at impeding the spread of the disease and the consequent deleterious impact of the pandemic.
'Spatial distancing',[@bib1] in which individuals deliberately maintain a safe distance between themselves and others as well as the general practice of reducing the number of people one comes into contact with, is arguably the most widely recommended practice. The varying governmental responses have resulted in temporary closures of schools/educational institutions, recreational facilities, places of worship and public entertainment venues of all varieties. Moreover, working individuals have largely been encouraged to work remotely from home where possible. At the time of writing (late April 2020), some governments also instituted the closure of all non-essential workplaces.
During previous occurrences of widespread infectious disease, the promotion of increased use of hygiene-related behaviours in the public domain has generally proved successful in restraining the spread of the disease.[@bib2] However, the public typically experience consistent adherence to these recommended behaviours as a difficult and onerous task, one that is frequently met with a nonchalant attitude or, in some cases, outright resistance. The findings of previous research conducted during the first global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2002 and those relating to swine flu a few years thereafter appear to indicate that the public\'s perceptions about the outbreak may be a significant factor in determining the degree to which individuals elect to adhere to the official recommendations. Specifically, individuals appear to be more likely to comply with official government-mandated regulations relating to health-protective behaviours if they perceive that the respective behaviours are likely to be effective in preventing infection,[@bib3] ^,^ [@bib4] they believe themselves to be at increased risk of being negatively affected by the pandemic,[@bib4], [@bib5], [@bib6] they believe that the illness carries severe and life-threatening ramifications,[@bib4] ^,^ [@bib7] the illness is perceived as being impervious to vaccination and/or treatment and is therefore unlikely to abate in the near future[@bib8] and where the prevailing perception is that the authorities are providing information that is clear and understandable to the public and, by extension, can be trusted to protect the public.[@bib4] Preliminary investigations of the public\'s response to the COVID-19 pandemic appears to concur with this literature.
The perception of a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 has been found to be predictive of an increased tendency to engage in virus-mitigating behaviours such as handwashing and spatial distancing.[@bib9] Moreover, research suggests that elevated levels of anxiety and worry may also be associated with an increased likelihood to adhere to health-protective behaviours, including in relation to COVID-19, which suggests that, in some cases, anxiety may serve a functional and protective means.[@bib3] ^,^ [@bib6] ^,^ [@bib9] In addition to these factors, two others may be relevant in determining whether people adopt precautionary behaviour in response to an outbreak. First, the public may mistrust the information portrayed by media outlets and, if the prevailing view that the media have overexaggerated the extent of the outbreak is held, people may elect to disregard recommendations for preventative behaviour.[@bib10] Second, in the case of a novel virus, much uncertainty may exist which, in turn, may impact whether individuals engage in precautionary behaviours.[@bib11] The provision of clear and accurate information may therefore be paramount in persuading individuals to adhere to preventative behaviours as this provides a clear rationale for doing so.
Government response to COVID-19 in the United Arab Emirates {#sec1.1}
-----------------------------------------------------------
Authorities in the United Arab Emirates have instituted a number of measures in an attempt to impede the spread of the disease. During the first week of March 2020, a few days before the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic, all schools and higher education institutions were physically closed and commenced virtual delivery of lessons/lectures, a decision that was initially intended to last for four weeks but continued throughout the spring and summer semesters. The week thereafter (15 March 2020), remote working arrangements were implemented for public sector employees, and retailers reduced their hours of operation. From March 25th, all commercial centres, shopping malls, leisure centres including gyms and places of worship were closed. Pharmacies and supermarkets remained open. Restaurants were limited to home delivery. Most notably, Dubai and Abu Dhabi international airports closed, suspending all flights. A nationwide disinfection program was implemented during which time residents were required to remain indoors. A permit was required to leave one\'s home for essential work or extraordinary reasons. Violations of the stay-at-home order carried exorbitant fines (Dubai police used radar technology to monitor motorists violating the measure). Use of masks and gloves and social distancing were required when outdoors. By April 5th, metro, tram and intercity bus services ceased operating. Drive-through testing centres opened on April 7th where residents were tested free of charge. Despite these measures, recent weeks have seen the numbers of confirmed infections continue to rise, 28,704 confirmed cases and 244 deaths at the time of writing (24 May 2020).[@bib12]
Aims and hypotheses {#sec1.2}
-------------------
To assess the associations between the public\'s perceptions relating to COVID-19, levels of anxiety and their adherence to health-protective behaviours, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a demographically representative sample from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study is the very first to examine the public\'s experiences and perceptions about the pandemic in this country. In operationalizing the study\'s aim, the following hypotheses were proposed. First, at the demographic level, it was predicted that participants who were employed (compared to students), those with at least a bachelor level of education, those who were older and those with a pre-existing chronic illness would report greater adherence to the health-protective behaviours. Second, a higher degree of coronavirus-related anxiety was predicted to be positively associated with greater adherence. Third, elevated scores across the following perception variables would be positively related with behavioural adherence (i.e. elevated personal risk for infection, detrimental consequences of infection, trustworthiness of media information, longer duration of the pandemic and clarity of public health information). Fourth, it was hypothesised that behavioural adherence would more readily occur where individuals perceived these behaviours to be efficacious in combating infection. Lastly, it was predicted that having read the official government public health information would be positively associated with behavioural adherence but negatively with anxiety about COVID-19.
Method {#sec2}
======
Participants and procedure {#sec2.1}
--------------------------
This study was conducted during the last week of April (23--31 April 2020) at a time when lockdown procedures and control measures were at their most stringent in the UAE. The study was advertised, electronically, to students, employees and faculty at universities in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain and Dubai, the three largest cities in the UAE. Participants were approached via the respective institution\'s electronic mailing lists. An invitation email was sent which contained an invitation to participate, brief background information relating to the study and a link to the electronic survey. The first page of the survey displayed information about the responsibilities of the investigator, the rights of participants (e.g. voluntary participation, right to withdraw participation, informed consent) and the investigator\'s contact details. Clicking ahead to the next page was indicative of the provision of consent. Given the dynamic nature of the pandemic and the likelihood that experiences and perceptions would likely change quite rapidly, the researcher team was keen to complete data collection within a brief period of time. Therefore, a week (7 calendar days) was allocated for the purpose of collecting data.
The final sample consisted of 634 participants, of which 516 were women and 118 were men. The sample ranged substantially in age, the majority of whom were aged 18--24 years (*n* = 446, 70.6%). Participants were resident across the seven emirates of the country, but the majority were resident in Abu Dhabi (*n* = 438, 69.1%). The majority of the sample were currently enrolled students (*n* = 434, 68.5%) and the remaining 31.5% (*n* = 200) were employed. In terms of the highest level of education, 33.4% had completed high school (*n* = 212), a further 31.2% (*n* = 198) had partially completed some tertiary education and the remaining 35.3% (*n* = 224) had completed at least a bachelor\'s degree or higher. A total of 76 participants (12%) reported the presence of a chronic illness diagnosed by a doctor.
Materials and instruments {#sec2.2}
-------------------------
### Health-protective behaviours {#sec2.2.1}
Participants were asked six questions about their current adherence to health-protective behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These behaviours were adopted from the work of Rubin et al.[@bib7] They also aligned with the recommended behaviours provided by the Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHP), information that was distributed to schools, universities and occupational settings and via social and electronic media. Questions related to spatial distancing/staying indoors (behaviours 1, 3 and 4), public transport (behaviour 2) and hygiene and disinfection (behaviours 5 and 6). These six questions were phrased as follows: 'Over the past 7 days, I have ... because of COVID-19' to which participants provided a 'yes' or 'no' response. A further two questions were also included. The first was adopted from the literature on previous pandemics and queried whether the participant had discussed with a friend or family member what to do if either person was diagnosed with COVID-19. The second additional question captured handwashing frequency *('In the past 24 h, how many times have you washed your hands with soap and water, not including baths, showers, or washing up?')*.
### Perceived efficacy of health-protective behaviours {#sec2.2.2}
Six questions, adopted from James Rubin et al.,[@bib7] were used to assess whether participants believed that a specific behaviour was efficacious in reducing their risk of contracting COVID-19. The six questions measured perceived efficacy in relation to 'reducing contact with others' (item 1), 'avoidance of public transport' (item 2), 'cleaning and disinfection' (item 3), 'handwashing' (item 4), 'mask wearing' (item 5) and 'avoidance of hospitals/clinics' (item 6). As with the previous scale, these behaviours were also advocated as being preferable and efficacious in the MOHP public health information distributed to the public. Questions were phrased using the following preamble, 'I believe that ... reduces your risk of catching COVID-19', and participants\' perceived efficacy in relation to each behaviour was measured using a 5-point Likert scale which ranged from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree'.
### Anxiety {#sec2.2.3}
Anxiety about COVID-19 was assessed using the validated Arabic version of the six-item Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI).[@bib13] For this study, items were phrased prompting participants to report how they had been feeling over the preceding 7 days in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses were provided using a 4-point Likert scale from 1 ('Not at all') to 4 ('Very much so'). The computed score for this scale ranges from 6 to 24. Data for this scale were categorised as follows: a score of 12 or more indicated the presence of COVID-19--related anxiety while those participants who scored 18 or more were categorised as experiencing high anxiety.[@bib14] The STAI has been demonstrated to be a highly valid and reliable measure of anxiety, including with Arabic-speaking samples.[@bib13], [@bib14], [@bib15] Internal consistency in the present study was satisfactory (α = .71).
### Additional perceptions related to COVID-19 {#sec2.2.4}
Participants were asked five questions to assess their subjective perception of various aspects relating to the pandemic. These items were adopted from amongst a list previously used by Rubin et al.[@bib7] These questions assessed perceived personal risk (item 1), perceived consequences of infection (item 2), trustworthiness of COVID-19 information in the media (item 3), perceived duration of the pandemic (item 4) and clarity of public health information (item 5). Participants provided responses using a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) with higher scores indicating greater agreement with the statement.
### Personal/demographic variables {#sec2.2.5}
The following demographic variables were queried: participant sex, age, working status, educational level and the presence of any chronic illness diagnosed by a doctor. The MOHP in the UAE controls and directs the dissemination of public health information to ensure that the public in this country has access to accurate information relating to the pandemic. Thus, participants were also asked whether they had read the MOHP\'s public health information relating to COVID-19.
Data analytic plan {#sec2.3}
------------------
Following the practice of Rubin et al.,[@bib7] a single primary outcome variable was computed by determining whether each participant reported complete adherence to the six health-protective behaviours. This resulted in a binary variable. Inter-item correlations were also computed between the items assessing the six behaviours. As these items were designed using an ordinal scale, Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients were computed which were all highly significant (*r* ~*s*~ values = 0.09 to 0.56, *P* \< .05) suggesting that the behaviours were indeed associated with each other. A binary logistic regression was then used to examine the associations between the demographic/personal characteristics (i.e. sex, age, working status, education and presence of a chronic illness) and the composite behavioural adherence variable. Binary logistic regressions were also used to investigate the associations between the perceived efficacy of using the health-protective behaviours and the composite adherence variable, as well as between each of the five perception items and the composite adherence variable. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to examine the association between anxiety levels and behavioural adherence and whether having read the MOHP\'s public health messaging was related to either anxiety level or to behavioural adherence. This non-parametric test was used to examine differences between the stratified subgroups as the data distributions for these variables deviated significantly from normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were computed and produced *D* values that ranged from 0.13 to 0.51, all *P* \< .001).
Results {#sec3}
=======
Health-protective behaviours, anxiety and the perceived efficacy of behavioural adherence {#sec3.1}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"} illustrates the sample\'s reported adoption of the recommended health-protective behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample reported widespread use of the six behaviours. Each individual behaviour was positively endorsed by at least 80% or more of the sample. A total of 284 participants (44.8%) reported the use of all six behaviours. More than half of the sample (*n* = 354, 55.8%) had discussed with a friend or family about either person\'s desired response if the other were to contract the illness. Handwashing frequency increased substantially. The majority reported having engaged in handwashing more frequently than usual (84.2%), and most (*n* = 282, 44.5%) had washed their hands 5 to 9 times during the preceding 24 h.Table 1Health-protective behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Table 1Questions*n* (%) of positive Responses'Over the past 7 days, I have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ because of COVID-19': Deliberately cancelled or postponed a social event, such as meeting friends, eating out, or going to a sports event552 (87.1) Reduced the amount I use public transport414 (65.3) Reduced the amount I go into shops610 (96.2) Kept away from crowded places generally616 (97.2) Increased the amount I clean or disinfect things that I might touch, such as doorknobs or hard surfaces526 (83.0) Washed my hands with soap and water more often than usual534 (84.2)Performed all 6 precautionary behaviours284 (44.8)Because of COVID-19, I have discussed with a friend or family member what we would do if one of us catches COVID-19354 (55.8)In the past 24 h, how many times have you washed your hands with soap and water (not including baths, showers or washing up)? 0 to 4172 (27.1) 5 to 9282 (44.5) 10 to 14128 (20.2) 15 to 1926 (4.1) More than 2026 (4.1)[^2]
Using a cut-off of 12 on the STAI, which was indicative of the presence of anxiety about COVID-19, most of the sample (*n* = 584, 92.1%) scored above this threshold. A total of 24 participants (3.8%) scored more than 18, a score which indicates the presence of high anxiety about COVID-19.
[Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"} illustrates the sample\'s perception of the efficacy of each of the six behaviours in protecting against COVID-19 infection. All six behaviours were overwhelmingly perceived as being efficacious in protecting against potential infection. At least half of the sample endorsed each behaviour with a response of 'strongly agree'.Table 2Perceived efficacy of health-protective behaviours.Table 2QuestionStrongly\
agreeAgreeNeither agree\
nor disagreeDisagreeStrongly\
disagreeI believe that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reduces your risk of catching COVID-19.Reducing the number of people you meet over a day480 (75.7)128 (20.2)24 (3.8)2 (0.3)0 (0)Avoiding public transport508 (80.1)108 (17.0)18 (2.8)0 (0)0 (0)Cleaning or disinfecting things you might touch414 (65.3)156 (24.6)50 (7.9)12 (1.9)2 (0.3)Washing your hands regularly with soap and water434 (68.5)158 (24.9)32 (5.0)10 (1.6)0 (0)Wearing a face mask when out in public332 (52.4)190 (30.0)86 (13.6)26 (4.1)0 (0)Avoiding hospitals and clinics372 (58.7)174 (27.4)80 (12.6)8 (1.3)0 (0)[^3][^4]
Association between demographic/personal variables and behavioural adherence {#sec3.2}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"} illustrates the associations between the demographic/personal variables and the composite behavioural adherence variable following the computation of binary logistic regression analyses. Participants who were employed, those with some or completed postsecondary university education and participants with a chronic illness diagnosis were more likely to adhere to the recommended health-protective behaviours. Gender and age were not significantly associated with adherence.Table 3The association between personal variables and behavioural adherence.Table 3Variables*n* (%) of participants*n* (%) using all\
health-protective behavioursOdds ratio (95% CI)Sex Women541 (81.4)228 (42.1)0.88 (0.59--1.31) Men118 (18.6)56 (47.5)ReferenceAge group, years 18-24446 (70.3)214 (47.9)0.54 (1.0--2.99) 25-3468 (10.7)22 (32.4)1.02 (0.18--6.15) 35-5488 (13.9)32 (36.4)0.88 (0.15--5.05) 55-6426 (4.1)14 (38.9)0.43 (0.07--2.77) ≥656 (0.9)2 (33.3)ReferenceWorking status Full- or part-time work200 (31.5)78 (39.0)1.41 (1.01--1.99) Not working434 (68.5)206 (47.5)ReferenceEducational attainment High school212 (33.4)104 (49.1)0.67 (0.46--0.98) Some college/university198 (31.2)92 (46.5)0.75 (0.51--1.10) Bachelor\'s degree and higher224 (35.3)88 (39.3)ReferenceChronic illness Present76 (12.0)26 (34.2)1.65 (1.00--2.73) None558 (88.0)256 (45.9)Reference[^5]
Association between anxiety and behavioural adherence {#sec3.3}
-----------------------------------------------------
A Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to compare the anxiety levels of participants who had adhered to all the recommended health-protective behaviours with those who had not, but this analysis was not significant (*U* = 278.000, *z* = −0.64, *P* \> 0.05). Where the sample was stratified according to the anxiety level first using the cut-off score of 12 and again using the cut-off score of 18, the groups still did not significantly differ.
Association between perception variables and behavioural adherence {#sec3.4}
------------------------------------------------------------------
[Table 4](#tbl4){ref-type="table"} illustrates descriptive data for the five perception items and the associations between these items and behavioural adherence. Analyses revealed significant associations for perceived personal risk (item 1), perceived consequences of infection (item 2) and clarity of public health information (item 5). Items 3 (trustworthiness of COVID-19 information in the media) and 4 (perceived duration of the pandemic) were not significant. All results remained unchanged when adjusting for sex, age, education, working status and the presence of a chronic illness.Table 4The association between perception variables and behavioural adherence.Table 4Itemsm (SD)[a](#tbl4fna){ref-type="table-fn"}Odds ratio (95% CI)Adjusted odds ratio[b](#tbl4fnb){ref-type="table-fn"} (95% CI)1.I believe there is currently a high risk of catching COVID-19 in the shops I go to3.76 (0.10)0.83 (0.71--0.98)0.83 (0.70--0.98)2.I think that if I catch COVID-19, it will have major consequences for my life3.74 (1.12)0.87 (0.75--0.10)0.86 (0.74--0.99)3.I think that the media have overexaggerated the risks of catching COVID-193.01 (1.24)0.99 (0.87--1.12)1.01 (0.89--1.15)4.In my opinion, this COVID-19 pandemic is going to continue for a long time3.68 (0.92)1.03 (0.87--1.23)1.04 (0.87--1.24)5.Overall, the information I have heard about COVID-19 has been clear3.98 (0.89)0.69 (0.57--0.83)0.68 (0.57--0.83)[^6][^7][^8]
Association between perceived efficacy of health-protective behaviours and behavioural adherence {#sec3.5}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The perceived efficacy of each individual health-protective behaviour was significantly related to behavioural adherence. The magnitude of these effects was as follows: reducing the number of people met over the course of a day (odds ratio: 0.56, 95% confidence interval \[CI\]: 0.41--0.76), avoiding public transport (odds ratio: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44--0.88), cleaning or disinfecting things you might touch (odds ratio: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.31--0.53), washing your hands regularly with soap and water (odds ratio: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.31--0.55), wearing a face mask when out in public (odds ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64--0.93) and avoiding hospitals and clinics (odds ratio: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61--0.94). When these analyses were repeated but adjusted for the impact of age, sex, education and working status, all associations remained statistically significant.
Effect of the MOHP\'s public health information on behavioural adherence and anxiety {#sec3.6}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most of the sample had read the MOHP\'s public health information relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UAE (*n* = 540, 85.2%). The mean anxiety level did not differ between participants who had read this information and those who had not (*U* = 23815.000, *z* = −0.97, *P* \> 0.05). However, participants who had read the information were more likely to adhere to the preventive behaviours (odds ratio: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.23--0.61).
Discussion {#sec4}
==========
The present study explored the demographic and psychological predictors of adherence to recommended health-protective behaviours in response to preventing COVID-19 infection in a sample of UAE residents. The results of this study suggest that the public response to the government-imposed preventive measures have generally been robust. While some measure of anxiety was pervasive across the sample, adherence to all the recommended hygiene and virus-mitigating behaviours was common. The sample viewed the use of these behaviours as being highly efficacious, and the belief of efficacy was positively related with adherence to these behaviours. Participants\' perceptions of the efficacy of a given behaviour may result from the information that they have access to. This sample was drawn from university populations -- both staff and students -- these are populations that are more likely to actively seek information. Moreover, the majority of the sample had read the MOHP\'s official guidance on recommended preventive behaviours and having done so was positively associated with increased use of all the health-protective behaviours. In practice, convincing the public during times of an outbreak about the enormity of the threat being faced is often a difficult task for public health agencies; however, it appears that officials in the UAE have succeeded in doing so.
The positive predictive associations between some of the perception items and behaviour change in this sample illuminate additional factors that could potentially be targeted by officials elsewhere in the world, or during future outbreaks, as an attempt to enhance adherence with official directives. In concurrence with previous research,[@bib4], [@bib5], [@bib6], [@bib7] ^,^ [@bib16] ^,^ [@bib17] adherence was more likely when accompanied by the belief that one\'s risk of contracting the illness was high and that, if infected, this posed substantial detrimental consequences for one\'s life.
Perceptions that the public health information communicated about the pandemic was clear and understandable was also associated with an increased likelihood of adhering to the recommended behaviours. Reducing uncertainty in an affected society via the provision of clear and consistent information is frequently advocated,[@bib10] ^,^ [@bib16] but, in most cases, this is intended as a measure to reduce experienced anxiety during crises. In the present study, as was the case in previous investigations,[@bib7] the mean score for the 'clarity of information' item in the perceptions scale (item 5) indicates that the MOHP\'s public health information succeeded in communicating consistent and understandable information, which in turn appears to have promoted increased execution of health-protective behaviour.
COVID-19--related anxiety was prevalent. However, in contradiction to much of the literature,[@bib7] ^,^ [@bib9] ^,^ [@bib18] this variable was not related to behavioural adherence. In relation to outbreaks of disease, including COVID-19, it has frequently been found that the presence of anxiety and fear serve adaptive and functional purposes, prompting individuals to prepare for encountering future negative stimuli, and therefore renders the adoption of health-promoting behaviours more likely.[@bib7] ^,^ [@bib9] ^,^ [@bib18] However, in the present study, alternate factors (e.g. older age, working status and having a chronic illness) appear to be more strongly related to adherence with health-protective behaviours. An additional consideration is that despite anxiety being so pervasive in this sample, one should be cautious not to pathologise 'functional anxiety', as it occurs within the context of preparing for a tangible rather than imagined threat. There is however the possibility that some individuals, those with pre-existing risk factors for mental illness, may experience the pandemic as a precipitant for the onset of pathological levels of distress and the development of maladaptive coping strategies. Mental health professionals can play an integral role within the context of this pandemic to provide support both to those encountering mental health difficulties directly related to the experience of enduring the pandemic and to those with more severe presentations of pathology amplified by the pandemic.
This study\'s results endorse the widely held view that providing the public with information that is clear and consistent and focuses on small, feasible actions that individuals can perform to reduce their risk of infection is a prudent approach to follow during public health crises. Highlighting the efficacy of the recommended behaviours may further serve to maximise adherence. In this study\'s sample, these strategies proved successful at promoting greater behavioural adherence to the recommended health-protective behaviours, despite the presence of fear and anxiety.
Limitations of the study {#sec4.1}
------------------------
The cross-sectional design of this study precludes any conclusions to be drawn about the longitudinal and temporal relationships between these variables. While this study assessed adherence to recommended behaviours whilst in the midst of the pandemic, assessments across multiple time points would facilitate an understanding of how these behaviours might change in response to circumstances. For example, the period before the outbreak was declared a pandemic compared with the period following the institution of lockdown measures or a comparison of adherence to health-protective behaviours during a complete lockdown compared to a period of of easing lockdown measures.
The instruments used in this study, with the exception of the STAI, are not psychometrically validated instruments. Rather, the instruments, and the items that they consist of, were selected based on the literature (as they have previously been used in the context of pandemic studies[@bib7]) and informed by the UAE government\'s recommendations. Participants\' knowledge about the pandemic and, more specifically, knowledge of how best to protect themselves from infection were a primary construct in this study. Therefore, it was best to align the content of the items with the MOHP\'s public health information. However, despite the use of these measures having met the study\'s goals, validated measures would have been preferable.
The measure of anxiety used in this study is a widely used instrument, including in the conduct of studies related to outbreaks of disease.[@bib7] Moreover, the indication that a psycho-emotional construct such as an anxious mood might promote greater adherence to preventive behaviours in the context of a pandemic, as has been suggested in the literature, would be a valuable addition to the evidence base. However, the finding in the present study that anxiety was unrelated to adherence might suggest that the STAI instrument may not be measuring the specificities of anxiety in relation to COVID-19. Indeed, recently, a number of validated measures have emerged that assess fear and anxious symptomology about coronavirus.[@bib19], [@bib20], [@bib21] Future studies using one of these measures may find significant associations.
The preponderance of female participants in this sample reflects the naturally occurring population from which the sample was drawn. Most university students in this country tend to be women, and it is therefore unsurprising that the majority of the participants were women. Given that sex may potentially introduce some degree of variation in the examined relationships of this study, all analyses were recomputed controlling for the potential impact of sex and, as was reported, the results remained unchanged when controlling for this potential confounding variable. However, future studies may wish to recruit samples with a more equitable distribution of men and women.
Author statements {#sec5}
=================
Ethical approval {#sec5.1}
----------------
This study received ethical approval from the Social Sciences Ethics Sub-committee at the author\'s institution (Ref. No.: ERS_2020_6091). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
Funding {#sec5.2}
-------
None declared.
Competing interests {#sec5.3}
-------------------
None declared.
[^1]: Tel.: +971566601055.
[^2]: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
[^3]: Data are the number (percentage) of participants.
[^4]: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
[^5]: CI, confidence interval.
[^6]: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CI, confidence interval; mean (m); standard deviation (SD).
[^7]: Items scored from 1 to 5 with higher scores indicative of greater agreement.
[^8]: Adjusting for sex, age, working status, educational level and the presence of a chronic illness.
|
2023-10-06T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4932
|
/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
//! Machinery to initialise interface prototype objects and interface objects.
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLAnchorElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLAreaElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLAudioElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLBRElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLBaseElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLBodyElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLButtonElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLCanvasElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLDListElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLDataElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLDataListElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLDetailsElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLDialogElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLDirectoryElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLDivElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLEmbedElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLFieldSetElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLFontElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLFormElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLFrameElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLFrameSetElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLHRElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLHeadElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLHeadingElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLHtmlElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLIFrameElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLImageElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLInputElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLLIElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLLabelElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLLegendElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLLinkElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLMapElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLMetaElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLMeterElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLModElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLOListElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLObjectElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLOptGroupElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLOptionElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLOutputElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLParagraphElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLParamElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLPreElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLProgressElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLQuoteElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLScriptElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLSelectElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLSourceElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLSpanElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLStyleElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTableCaptionElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTableColElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTableDataCellElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTableElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTableHeaderCellElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTableRowElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTableSectionElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTemplateElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTextAreaElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTimeElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTitleElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLTrackElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLUListElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::HTMLVideoElementBinding;
use dom::bindings::codegen::Bindings::WindowBinding::WindowMethods;
use dom::bindings::codegen::InterfaceObjectMap::Globals;
use dom::bindings::codegen::PrototypeList;
use dom::bindings::constant::{ConstantSpec, define_constants};
use dom::bindings::conversions::{DOM_OBJECT_SLOT, DerivedFrom, get_dom_class};
use dom::bindings::error::{Error, Fallible};
use dom::bindings::guard::Guard;
use dom::bindings::root::DomRoot;
use dom::bindings::utils::{DOM_PROTOTYPE_SLOT, ProtoOrIfaceArray, get_proto_or_iface_array};
use dom::create::create_native_html_element;
use dom::customelementregistry::ConstructionStackEntry;
use dom::element::{CustomElementState, Element, ElementCreator};
use dom::htmlelement::HTMLElement;
use dom::window::Window;
use html5ever::LocalName;
use html5ever::interface::QualName;
use js::error::throw_type_error;
use js::glue::{RUST_SYMBOL_TO_JSID, UncheckedUnwrapObject, UnwrapObject};
use js::jsapi::{CallArgs, Class, ClassOps, CompartmentOptions, CurrentGlobalOrNull};
use js::jsapi::{GetGlobalForObjectCrossCompartment, GetWellKnownSymbol, HandleObject, HandleValue};
use js::jsapi::{JSAutoCompartment, JSClass, JSContext, JSFUN_CONSTRUCTOR, JSFunctionSpec, JSObject};
use js::jsapi::{JSPROP_PERMANENT, JSPROP_READONLY, JSPROP_RESOLVING};
use js::jsapi::{JSPropertySpec, JSString, JSTracer, JSVersion, JS_AtomizeAndPinString};
use js::jsapi::{JS_DefineProperty, JS_DefineProperty1, JS_DefineProperty2};
use js::jsapi::{JS_DefineProperty4, JS_DefinePropertyById3, JS_FireOnNewGlobalObject};
use js::jsapi::{JS_GetFunctionObject, JS_GetPrototype};
use js::jsapi::{JS_LinkConstructorAndPrototype, JS_NewFunction, JS_NewGlobalObject};
use js::jsapi::{JS_NewObject, JS_NewObjectWithUniqueType, JS_NewPlainObject};
use js::jsapi::{JS_NewStringCopyN, JS_SetReservedSlot, MutableHandleObject};
use js::jsapi::{MutableHandleValue, ObjectOps, OnNewGlobalHookOption, SymbolCode};
use js::jsapi::{TrueHandleValue, Value};
use js::jsval::{JSVal, PrivateValue};
use js::rust::{define_methods, define_properties, get_object_class};
use libc;
use script_thread::ScriptThread;
use std::ptr;
/// The class of a non-callback interface object.
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
pub struct NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass {
/// The SpiderMonkey Class structure.
pub class: Class,
/// The prototype id of that interface, used in the hasInstance hook.
pub proto_id: PrototypeList::ID,
/// The prototype depth of that interface, used in the hasInstance hook.
pub proto_depth: u16,
/// The string representation of the object.
pub representation: &'static [u8],
}
unsafe impl Sync for NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass {}
impl NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass {
/// Create a new `NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass` structure.
pub const fn new(constructor_behavior: &'static InterfaceConstructorBehavior,
string_rep: &'static [u8],
proto_id: PrototypeList::ID,
proto_depth: u16)
-> NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass {
NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass {
class: Class {
name: b"Function\0" as *const _ as *const libc::c_char,
flags: 0,
cOps: &constructor_behavior.0,
spec: ptr::null(),
ext: ptr::null(),
oOps: &OBJECT_OPS,
},
proto_id: proto_id,
proto_depth: proto_depth,
representation: string_rep,
}
}
/// cast own reference to `JSClass` reference
pub fn as_jsclass(&self) -> &JSClass {
unsafe {
&*(self as *const _ as *const JSClass)
}
}
}
/// A constructor class hook.
pub type ConstructorClassHook =
unsafe extern "C" fn(cx: *mut JSContext, argc: u32, vp: *mut Value) -> bool;
/// The constructor behavior of a non-callback interface object.
pub struct InterfaceConstructorBehavior(ClassOps);
impl InterfaceConstructorBehavior {
/// An interface constructor that unconditionally throws a type error.
pub const fn throw() -> Self {
InterfaceConstructorBehavior(ClassOps {
addProperty: None,
delProperty: None,
getProperty: None,
setProperty: None,
enumerate: None,
resolve: None,
mayResolve: None,
finalize: None,
call: Some(invalid_constructor),
construct: Some(invalid_constructor),
hasInstance: Some(has_instance_hook),
trace: None,
})
}
/// An interface constructor that calls a native Rust function.
pub const fn call(hook: ConstructorClassHook) -> Self {
InterfaceConstructorBehavior(ClassOps {
addProperty: None,
delProperty: None,
getProperty: None,
setProperty: None,
enumerate: None,
resolve: None,
mayResolve: None,
finalize: None,
call: Some(non_new_constructor),
construct: Some(hook),
hasInstance: Some(has_instance_hook),
trace: None,
})
}
}
/// A trace hook.
pub type TraceHook =
unsafe extern "C" fn(trc: *mut JSTracer, obj: *mut JSObject);
/// Create a global object with the given class.
pub unsafe fn create_global_object(
cx: *mut JSContext,
class: &'static JSClass,
private: *const libc::c_void,
trace: TraceHook,
rval: MutableHandleObject) {
assert!(rval.is_null());
let mut options = CompartmentOptions::default();
options.behaviors_.version_ = JSVersion::JSVERSION_ECMA_5;
options.creationOptions_.traceGlobal_ = Some(trace);
options.creationOptions_.sharedMemoryAndAtomics_ = true;
rval.set(JS_NewGlobalObject(cx,
class,
ptr::null_mut(),
OnNewGlobalHookOption::DontFireOnNewGlobalHook,
&options));
assert!(!rval.is_null());
// Initialize the reserved slots before doing anything that can GC, to
// avoid getting trace hooks called on a partially initialized object.
JS_SetReservedSlot(rval.get(), DOM_OBJECT_SLOT, PrivateValue(private));
let proto_array: Box<ProtoOrIfaceArray> =
box [0 as *mut JSObject; PrototypeList::PROTO_OR_IFACE_LENGTH];
JS_SetReservedSlot(rval.get(),
DOM_PROTOTYPE_SLOT,
PrivateValue(Box::into_raw(proto_array) as *const libc::c_void));
let _ac = JSAutoCompartment::new(cx, rval.get());
JS_FireOnNewGlobalObject(cx, rval.handle());
}
// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#htmlconstructor
pub unsafe fn html_constructor<T>(window: &Window, call_args: &CallArgs) -> Fallible<DomRoot<T>>
where T: DerivedFrom<Element> {
let document = window.Document();
// Step 1
let registry = window.CustomElements();
// Step 2 is checked in the generated caller code
// Step 3
rooted!(in(window.get_cx()) let new_target = call_args.new_target().to_object());
let definition = match registry.lookup_definition_by_constructor(new_target.handle()) {
Some(definition) => definition,
None => return Err(Error::Type("No custom element definition found for new.target".to_owned())),
};
rooted!(in(window.get_cx()) let callee = UnwrapObject(call_args.callee(), 1));
if callee.is_null() {
return Err(Error::Security);
}
{
let _ac = JSAutoCompartment::new(window.get_cx(), callee.get());
rooted!(in(window.get_cx()) let mut constructor = ptr::null_mut());
rooted!(in(window.get_cx()) let global_object = CurrentGlobalOrNull(window.get_cx()));
if definition.is_autonomous() {
// Step 4
// Since this element is autonomous, its active function object must be the HTMLElement
// Retrieve the constructor object for HTMLElement
HTMLElementBinding::GetConstructorObject(window.get_cx(), global_object.handle(), constructor.handle_mut());
} else {
// Step 5
get_constructor_object_from_local_name(definition.local_name.clone(),
window.get_cx(),
global_object.handle(),
constructor.handle_mut());
}
// Callee must be the same as the element interface's constructor object.
if constructor.get() != callee.get() {
return Err(Error::Type("Custom element does not extend the proper interface".to_owned()));
}
}
let entry = definition.construction_stack.borrow().last().cloned();
match entry {
// Step 8
None => {
// Step 8.1
let name = QualName::new(None, ns!(html), definition.local_name.clone());
let element = if definition.is_autonomous() {
DomRoot::upcast(HTMLElement::new(name.local, None, &*document))
} else {
create_native_html_element(name, None, &*document, ElementCreator::ScriptCreated)
};
// Step 8.2 is performed in the generated caller code.
// Step 8.3
element.set_custom_element_state(CustomElementState::Custom);
// Step 8.4
element.set_custom_element_definition(definition.clone());
// Step 8.5
DomRoot::downcast(element).ok_or(Error::InvalidState)
},
// Step 9
Some(ConstructionStackEntry::Element(element)) => {
// Step 11 is performed in the generated caller code.
// Step 12
let mut construction_stack = definition.construction_stack.borrow_mut();
construction_stack.pop();
construction_stack.push(ConstructionStackEntry::AlreadyConstructedMarker);
// Step 13
DomRoot::downcast(element).ok_or(Error::InvalidState)
},
// Step 10
Some(ConstructionStackEntry::AlreadyConstructedMarker) => Err(Error::InvalidState),
}
}
pub fn push_new_element_queue() {
ScriptThread::push_new_element_queue();
}
pub fn pop_current_element_queue() {
ScriptThread::pop_current_element_queue();
}
/// Create and define the interface object of a callback interface.
pub unsafe fn create_callback_interface_object(
cx: *mut JSContext,
global: HandleObject,
constants: &[Guard<&[ConstantSpec]>],
name: &[u8],
rval: MutableHandleObject) {
assert!(!constants.is_empty());
rval.set(JS_NewObject(cx, ptr::null()));
assert!(!rval.ptr.is_null());
define_guarded_constants(cx, rval.handle(), constants);
define_name(cx, rval.handle(), name);
define_on_global_object(cx, global, name, rval.handle());
}
/// Create the interface prototype object of a non-callback interface.
pub unsafe fn create_interface_prototype_object(
cx: *mut JSContext,
proto: HandleObject,
class: &'static JSClass,
regular_methods: &[Guard<&'static [JSFunctionSpec]>],
regular_properties: &[Guard<&'static [JSPropertySpec]>],
constants: &[Guard<&[ConstantSpec]>],
unscopable_names: &[&[u8]],
rval: MutableHandleObject) {
create_object(cx, proto, class, regular_methods, regular_properties, constants, rval);
if !unscopable_names.is_empty() {
rooted!(in(cx) let mut unscopable_obj = ptr::null_mut());
create_unscopable_object(cx, unscopable_names, unscopable_obj.handle_mut());
let unscopable_symbol = GetWellKnownSymbol(cx, SymbolCode::unscopables);
assert!(!unscopable_symbol.is_null());
rooted!(in(cx) let unscopable_id = RUST_SYMBOL_TO_JSID(unscopable_symbol));
assert!(JS_DefinePropertyById3(
cx, rval.handle(), unscopable_id.handle(), unscopable_obj.handle(),
JSPROP_READONLY, None, None))
}
}
/// Create and define the interface object of a non-callback interface.
pub unsafe fn create_noncallback_interface_object(
cx: *mut JSContext,
global: HandleObject,
proto: HandleObject,
class: &'static NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass,
static_methods: &[Guard<&'static [JSFunctionSpec]>],
static_properties: &[Guard<&'static [JSPropertySpec]>],
constants: &[Guard<&[ConstantSpec]>],
interface_prototype_object: HandleObject,
name: &[u8],
length: u32,
rval: MutableHandleObject) {
create_object(cx,
proto,
class.as_jsclass(),
static_methods,
static_properties,
constants,
rval);
assert!(JS_LinkConstructorAndPrototype(cx, rval.handle(), interface_prototype_object));
define_name(cx, rval.handle(), name);
define_length(cx, rval.handle(), length);
define_on_global_object(cx, global, name, rval.handle());
}
/// Create and define the named constructors of a non-callback interface.
pub unsafe fn create_named_constructors(
cx: *mut JSContext,
global: HandleObject,
named_constructors: &[(ConstructorClassHook, &[u8], u32)],
interface_prototype_object: HandleObject) {
rooted!(in(cx) let mut constructor = ptr::null_mut());
for &(native, name, arity) in named_constructors {
assert!(*name.last().unwrap() == b'\0');
let fun = JS_NewFunction(cx,
Some(native),
arity,
JSFUN_CONSTRUCTOR,
name.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char);
assert!(!fun.is_null());
constructor.set(JS_GetFunctionObject(fun));
assert!(!constructor.is_null());
assert!(JS_DefineProperty1(cx,
constructor.handle(),
b"prototype\0".as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char,
interface_prototype_object,
JSPROP_PERMANENT | JSPROP_READONLY,
None,
None));
define_on_global_object(cx, global, name, constructor.handle());
}
}
/// Create a new object with a unique type.
pub unsafe fn create_object(
cx: *mut JSContext,
proto: HandleObject,
class: &'static JSClass,
methods: &[Guard<&'static [JSFunctionSpec]>],
properties: &[Guard<&'static [JSPropertySpec]>],
constants: &[Guard<&[ConstantSpec]>],
rval: MutableHandleObject) {
rval.set(JS_NewObjectWithUniqueType(cx, class, proto));
assert!(!rval.ptr.is_null());
define_guarded_methods(cx, rval.handle(), methods);
define_guarded_properties(cx, rval.handle(), properties);
define_guarded_constants(cx, rval.handle(), constants);
}
/// Conditionally define constants on an object.
pub unsafe fn define_guarded_constants(
cx: *mut JSContext,
obj: HandleObject,
constants: &[Guard<&[ConstantSpec]>]) {
for guard in constants {
if let Some(specs) = guard.expose(cx, obj) {
define_constants(cx, obj, specs);
}
}
}
/// Conditionally define methods on an object.
pub unsafe fn define_guarded_methods(
cx: *mut JSContext,
obj: HandleObject,
methods: &[Guard<&'static [JSFunctionSpec]>]) {
for guard in methods {
if let Some(specs) = guard.expose(cx, obj) {
define_methods(cx, obj, specs).unwrap();
}
}
}
/// Conditionally define properties on an object.
pub unsafe fn define_guarded_properties(
cx: *mut JSContext,
obj: HandleObject,
properties: &[Guard<&'static [JSPropertySpec]>]) {
for guard in properties {
if let Some(specs) = guard.expose(cx, obj) {
define_properties(cx, obj, specs).unwrap();
}
}
}
/// Returns whether an interface with exposure set given by `globals` should
/// be exposed in the global object `obj`.
pub unsafe fn is_exposed_in(object: HandleObject, globals: Globals) -> bool {
let unwrapped = UncheckedUnwrapObject(object.get(), /* stopAtWindowProxy = */ 0);
let dom_class = get_dom_class(unwrapped).unwrap();
globals.contains(dom_class.global)
}
/// Define a property with a given name on the global object. Should be called
/// through the resolve hook.
pub unsafe fn define_on_global_object(
cx: *mut JSContext,
global: HandleObject,
name: &[u8],
obj: HandleObject) {
assert!(*name.last().unwrap() == b'\0');
assert!(JS_DefineProperty1(cx,
global,
name.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char,
obj,
JSPROP_RESOLVING,
None, None));
}
const OBJECT_OPS: ObjectOps = ObjectOps {
lookupProperty: None,
defineProperty: None,
hasProperty: None,
getProperty: None,
setProperty: None,
getOwnPropertyDescriptor: None,
deleteProperty: None,
watch: None,
unwatch: None,
getElements: None,
enumerate: None,
funToString: Some(fun_to_string_hook),
};
unsafe extern "C" fn fun_to_string_hook(cx: *mut JSContext,
obj: HandleObject,
_indent: u32)
-> *mut JSString {
let js_class = get_object_class(obj.get());
assert!(!js_class.is_null());
let repr = (*(js_class as *const NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass)).representation;
assert!(!repr.is_empty());
let ret = JS_NewStringCopyN(cx, repr.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char, repr.len());
assert!(!ret.is_null());
ret
}
/// Hook for instanceof on interface objects.
unsafe extern "C" fn has_instance_hook(cx: *mut JSContext,
obj: HandleObject,
value: MutableHandleValue,
rval: *mut bool) -> bool {
match has_instance(cx, obj, value.handle()) {
Ok(result) => {
*rval = result;
true
}
Err(()) => false,
}
}
/// Return whether a value is an instance of a given prototype.
/// http://heycam.github.io/webidl/#es-interface-hasinstance
unsafe fn has_instance(
cx: *mut JSContext,
interface_object: HandleObject,
value: HandleValue)
-> Result<bool, ()> {
if !value.is_object() {
// Step 1.
return Ok(false);
}
rooted!(in(cx) let mut value = value.to_object());
let js_class = get_object_class(interface_object.get());
let object_class = &*(js_class as *const NonCallbackInterfaceObjectClass);
if let Ok(dom_class) = get_dom_class(UncheckedUnwrapObject(value.get(),
/* stopAtWindowProxy = */ 0)) {
if dom_class.interface_chain[object_class.proto_depth as usize] == object_class.proto_id {
// Step 4.
return Ok(true);
}
}
// Step 2.
let global = GetGlobalForObjectCrossCompartment(interface_object.get());
assert!(!global.is_null());
let proto_or_iface_array = get_proto_or_iface_array(global);
rooted!(in(cx) let prototype = (*proto_or_iface_array)[object_class.proto_id as usize]);
assert!(!prototype.is_null());
// Step 3 only concern legacy callback interface objects (i.e. NodeFilter).
while JS_GetPrototype(cx, value.handle(), value.handle_mut()) {
if value.is_null() {
// Step 5.2.
return Ok(false);
} else if value.get() as *const _ == prototype.get() {
// Step 5.3.
return Ok(true);
}
}
// JS_GetPrototype threw an exception.
Err(())
}
unsafe fn create_unscopable_object(
cx: *mut JSContext,
names: &[&[u8]],
rval: MutableHandleObject) {
assert!(!names.is_empty());
assert!(rval.is_null());
rval.set(JS_NewPlainObject(cx));
assert!(!rval.ptr.is_null());
for &name in names {
assert!(*name.last().unwrap() == b'\0');
assert!(JS_DefineProperty(
cx, rval.handle(), name.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char, TrueHandleValue,
JSPROP_READONLY, None, None));
}
}
unsafe fn define_name(cx: *mut JSContext, obj: HandleObject, name: &[u8]) {
assert!(*name.last().unwrap() == b'\0');
rooted!(in(cx) let name = JS_AtomizeAndPinString(cx, name.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char));
assert!(!name.is_null());
assert!(JS_DefineProperty2(cx,
obj,
b"name\0".as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char,
name.handle(),
JSPROP_READONLY,
None, None));
}
unsafe fn define_length(cx: *mut JSContext, obj: HandleObject, length: u32) {
assert!(JS_DefineProperty4(cx,
obj,
b"length\0".as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char,
length,
JSPROP_READONLY,
None, None));
}
unsafe extern "C" fn invalid_constructor(
cx: *mut JSContext,
_argc: libc::c_uint,
_vp: *mut JSVal)
-> bool {
throw_type_error(cx, "Illegal constructor.");
false
}
unsafe extern "C" fn non_new_constructor(
cx: *mut JSContext,
_argc: libc::c_uint,
_vp: *mut JSVal)
-> bool {
throw_type_error(cx, "This constructor needs to be called with `new`.");
false
}
/// Returns the constructor object for the element associated with the given local name.
/// This list should only include elements marked with the [HTMLConstructor] extended attribute.
pub fn get_constructor_object_from_local_name(name: LocalName,
cx: *mut JSContext,
global: HandleObject,
rval: MutableHandleObject)
-> bool {
macro_rules! get_constructor(
($binding:ident) => ({
unsafe { $binding::GetConstructorObject(cx, global, rval); }
true
})
);
match name {
local_name!("a") => get_constructor!(HTMLAnchorElementBinding),
local_name!("abbr") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("acronym") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("address") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("area") => get_constructor!(HTMLAreaElementBinding),
local_name!("article") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("aside") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("audio") => get_constructor!(HTMLAudioElementBinding),
local_name!("b") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("base") => get_constructor!(HTMLBaseElementBinding),
local_name!("bdi") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("bdo") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("big") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("blockquote") => get_constructor!(HTMLQuoteElementBinding),
local_name!("body") => get_constructor!(HTMLBodyElementBinding),
local_name!("br") => get_constructor!(HTMLBRElementBinding),
local_name!("button") => get_constructor!(HTMLButtonElementBinding),
local_name!("canvas") => get_constructor!(HTMLCanvasElementBinding),
local_name!("caption") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableCaptionElementBinding),
local_name!("center") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("cite") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("code") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("col") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableColElementBinding),
local_name!("colgroup") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableColElementBinding),
local_name!("data") => get_constructor!(HTMLDataElementBinding),
local_name!("datalist") => get_constructor!(HTMLDataListElementBinding),
local_name!("dd") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("del") => get_constructor!(HTMLModElementBinding),
local_name!("details") => get_constructor!(HTMLDetailsElementBinding),
local_name!("dfn") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("dialog") => get_constructor!(HTMLDialogElementBinding),
local_name!("dir") => get_constructor!(HTMLDirectoryElementBinding),
local_name!("div") => get_constructor!(HTMLDivElementBinding),
local_name!("dl") => get_constructor!(HTMLDListElementBinding),
local_name!("dt") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("em") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("embed") => get_constructor!(HTMLEmbedElementBinding),
local_name!("fieldset") => get_constructor!(HTMLFieldSetElementBinding),
local_name!("figcaption") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("figure") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("font") => get_constructor!(HTMLFontElementBinding),
local_name!("footer") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("form") => get_constructor!(HTMLFormElementBinding),
local_name!("frame") => get_constructor!(HTMLFrameElementBinding),
local_name!("frameset") => get_constructor!(HTMLFrameSetElementBinding),
local_name!("h1") => get_constructor!(HTMLHeadingElementBinding),
local_name!("h2") => get_constructor!(HTMLHeadingElementBinding),
local_name!("h3") => get_constructor!(HTMLHeadingElementBinding),
local_name!("h4") => get_constructor!(HTMLHeadingElementBinding),
local_name!("h5") => get_constructor!(HTMLHeadingElementBinding),
local_name!("h6") => get_constructor!(HTMLHeadingElementBinding),
local_name!("head") => get_constructor!(HTMLHeadElementBinding),
local_name!("header") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("hgroup") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("hr") => get_constructor!(HTMLHRElementBinding),
local_name!("html") => get_constructor!(HTMLHtmlElementBinding),
local_name!("i") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("iframe") => get_constructor!(HTMLIFrameElementBinding),
local_name!("img") => get_constructor!(HTMLImageElementBinding),
local_name!("input") => get_constructor!(HTMLInputElementBinding),
local_name!("ins") => get_constructor!(HTMLModElementBinding),
local_name!("kbd") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("label") => get_constructor!(HTMLLabelElementBinding),
local_name!("legend") => get_constructor!(HTMLLegendElementBinding),
local_name!("li") => get_constructor!(HTMLLIElementBinding),
local_name!("link") => get_constructor!(HTMLLinkElementBinding),
local_name!("listing") => get_constructor!(HTMLPreElementBinding),
local_name!("main") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("map") => get_constructor!(HTMLMapElementBinding),
local_name!("mark") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("marquee") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("meta") => get_constructor!(HTMLMetaElementBinding),
local_name!("meter") => get_constructor!(HTMLMeterElementBinding),
local_name!("nav") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("nobr") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("noframes") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("noscript") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("object") => get_constructor!(HTMLObjectElementBinding),
local_name!("ol") => get_constructor!(HTMLOListElementBinding),
local_name!("optgroup") => get_constructor!(HTMLOptGroupElementBinding),
local_name!("option") => get_constructor!(HTMLOptionElementBinding),
local_name!("output") => get_constructor!(HTMLOutputElementBinding),
local_name!("p") => get_constructor!(HTMLParagraphElementBinding),
local_name!("param") => get_constructor!(HTMLParamElementBinding),
local_name!("plaintext") => get_constructor!(HTMLPreElementBinding),
local_name!("pre") => get_constructor!(HTMLPreElementBinding),
local_name!("progress") => get_constructor!(HTMLProgressElementBinding),
local_name!("q") => get_constructor!(HTMLQuoteElementBinding),
local_name!("rp") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("rt") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("ruby") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("s") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("samp") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("script") => get_constructor!(HTMLScriptElementBinding),
local_name!("section") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("select") => get_constructor!(HTMLSelectElementBinding),
local_name!("small") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("source") => get_constructor!(HTMLSourceElementBinding),
local_name!("span") => get_constructor!(HTMLSpanElementBinding),
local_name!("strike") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("strong") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("style") => get_constructor!(HTMLStyleElementBinding),
local_name!("sub") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("summary") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("sup") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("table") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableElementBinding),
local_name!("tbody") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableSectionElementBinding),
local_name!("td") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableDataCellElementBinding),
local_name!("template") => get_constructor!(HTMLTemplateElementBinding),
local_name!("textarea") => get_constructor!(HTMLTextAreaElementBinding),
local_name!("tfoot") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableSectionElementBinding),
local_name!("th") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableHeaderCellElementBinding),
local_name!("thead") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableSectionElementBinding),
local_name!("time") => get_constructor!(HTMLTimeElementBinding),
local_name!("title") => get_constructor!(HTMLTitleElementBinding),
local_name!("tr") => get_constructor!(HTMLTableRowElementBinding),
local_name!("tt") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("track") => get_constructor!(HTMLTrackElementBinding),
local_name!("u") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("ul") => get_constructor!(HTMLUListElementBinding),
local_name!("var") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("video") => get_constructor!(HTMLVideoElementBinding),
local_name!("wbr") => get_constructor!(HTMLElementBinding),
local_name!("xmp") => get_constructor!(HTMLPreElementBinding),
_ => false,
}
}
|
2023-09-02T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1532
|
Soft tissue "chondroma" of the hand.
A case of chondroma of the soft tissues of the right middle finger is presented. The possible origins and treatment are discussed.
|
2024-07-07T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2234
|
var QueryCommand = require('./commands/query_command').QueryCommand,
GetMoreCommand = require('./commands/get_more_command').GetMoreCommand,
KillCursorCommand = require('./commands/kill_cursor_command').KillCursorCommand,
Long = require('bson').Long,
ReadPreference = require('./connection/read_preference').ReadPreference,
CursorStream = require('./cursorstream'),
timers = require('timers'),
utils = require('./utils');
// Set processor, setImmediate if 0.10 otherwise nextTick
var processor = require('./utils').processor();
/**
* Constructor for a cursor object that handles all the operations on query result
* using find. This cursor object is unidirectional and cannot traverse backwards. Clients should not be creating a cursor directly,
* but use find to acquire a cursor. (INTERNAL TYPE)
*
* Options
* - **skip** {Number} skip number of documents to skip.
* - **limit** {Number}, limit the number of results to return. -1 has a special meaning and is used by Db.eval. A value of 1 will also be treated as if it were -1.
* - **sort** {Array | Object}, set to sort the documents coming back from the query. Array of indexes, [['a', 1]] etc.
* - **hint** {Object}, hint force the query to use a specific index.
* - **explain** {Boolean}, explain return the explaination of the query.
* - **snapshot** {Boolean}, snapshot Snapshot mode assures no duplicates are returned.
* - **timeout** {Boolean}, timeout allow the query to timeout.
* - **tailable** {Boolean}, tailable allow the cursor to be tailable.
* - **awaitdata** {Boolean}, awaitdata allow the cursor to wait for data, only applicable for tailable cursor.
* - **oplogReplay** {Boolean}, sets an internal flag, only applicable for tailable cursor.
* - **batchSize** {Number}, batchSize the number of the subset of results to request the database to return for every request. This should initially be greater than 1 otherwise the database will automatically close the cursor. The batch size can be set to 1 with cursorInstance.batchSize after performing the initial query to the database.
* - **raw** {Boolean}, raw return all query documents as raw buffers (default false).
* - **read** {Boolean}, read specify override of read from source (primary/secondary).
* - **returnKey** {Boolean}, returnKey only return the index key.
* - **maxScan** {Number}, maxScan limit the number of items to scan.
* - **min** {Number}, min set index bounds.
* - **max** {Number}, max set index bounds.
* - **maxTimeMS** {Number}, number of miliseconds to wait before aborting the query.
* - **showDiskLoc** {Boolean}, showDiskLoc show disk location of results.
* - **comment** {String}, comment you can put a $comment field on a query to make looking in the profiler logs simpler.
* - **numberOfRetries** {Number}, numberOfRetries if using awaidata specifies the number of times to retry on timeout.
* - **dbName** {String}, dbName override the default dbName.
* - **tailableRetryInterval** {Number}, tailableRetryInterval specify the miliseconds between getMores on tailable cursor.
* - **exhaust** {Boolean}, exhaust have the server send all the documents at once as getMore packets.
* - **partial** {Boolean}, partial have the sharded system return a partial result from mongos.
*
* @class Represents a Cursor.
* @param {Db} db the database object to work with.
* @param {Collection} collection the collection to query.
* @param {Object} selector the query selector.
* @param {Object} fields an object containing what fields to include or exclude from objects returned.
* @param {Object} [options] additional options for the collection.
*/
function Cursor(db, collection, selector, fields, options) {
this.db = db;
this.collection = collection;
this.selector = selector;
this.fields = fields;
options = !options ? {} : options;
this.skipValue = options.skip == null ? 0 : options.skip;
this.limitValue = options.limit == null ? 0 : options.limit;
this.sortValue = options.sort;
this.hint = options.hint;
this.explainValue = options.explain;
this.snapshot = options.snapshot;
this.timeout = options.timeout == null ? true : options.timeout;
this.tailable = options.tailable;
this.awaitdata = options.awaitdata;
this.oplogReplay = options.oplogReplay;
this.numberOfRetries = options.numberOfRetries == null ? 5 : options.numberOfRetries;
this.currentNumberOfRetries = this.numberOfRetries;
this.batchSizeValue = options.batchSize == null ? 0 : options.batchSize;
this.raw = options.raw == null ? false : options.raw;
this.read = options.read == null ? ReadPreference.PRIMARY : options.read;
this.returnKey = options.returnKey;
this.maxScan = options.maxScan;
this.min = options.min;
this.max = options.max;
this.showDiskLoc = options.showDiskLoc;
this.comment = options.comment;
this.tailableRetryInterval = options.tailableRetryInterval || 100;
this.exhaust = options.exhaust || false;
this.partial = options.partial || false;
this.slaveOk = options.slaveOk || false;
this.maxTimeMSValue = options.maxTimeMS;
this.totalNumberOfRecords = 0;
this.items = [];
this.cursorId = Long.fromInt(0);
// This name
this.dbName = options.dbName;
// State variables for the cursor
this.state = Cursor.INIT;
// Keep track of the current query run
this.queryRun = false;
this.getMoreTimer = false;
// If we are using a specific db execute against it
if(this.dbName != null) {
this.collectionName = this.dbName + "." + this.collection.collectionName;
} else {
this.collectionName = (this.db.databaseName ? this.db.databaseName + "." : '') + this.collection.collectionName;
}
};
/**
* Resets this cursor to its initial state. All settings like the query string,
* tailable, batchSizeValue, skipValue and limits are preserved.
*
* @return {Cursor} returns itself with rewind applied.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.rewind = function() {
var self = this;
if (self.state != Cursor.INIT) {
if (self.state != Cursor.CLOSED) {
self.close(function() {});
}
self.numberOfReturned = 0;
self.totalNumberOfRecords = 0;
self.items = [];
self.cursorId = Long.fromInt(0);
self.state = Cursor.INIT;
self.queryRun = false;
}
return self;
};
/**
* Returns an array of documents. The caller is responsible for making sure that there
* is enough memory to store the results. Note that the array only contain partial
* results when this cursor had been previouly accessed. In that case,
* cursor.rewind() can be used to reset the cursor.
*
* @param {Function} callback This will be called after executing this method successfully. The first parameter will contain the Error object if an error occured, or null otherwise. The second parameter will contain an array of BSON deserialized objects as a result of the query.
* @return {null}
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.toArray = function(callback) {
var self = this;
if(!callback) {
throw new Error('callback is mandatory');
}
if(this.tailable) {
callback(new Error("Tailable cursor cannot be converted to array"), null);
} else if(this.state != Cursor.CLOSED) {
// return toArrayExhaust(self, callback);
// If we are using exhaust we can't use the quick fire method
if(self.exhaust) return toArrayExhaust(self, callback);
// Quick fire using trampoline to avoid nextTick
self.nextObject({noReturn: true}, function(err, result) {
if(err) return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
if(self.cursorId.toString() == "0") {
self.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
return callback(null, self.items);
}
// Let's issue getMores until we have no more records waiting
getAllByGetMore(self, function(err, done) {
self.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
if(err) return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
// Let's release the internal list
var items = self.items;
self.items = null;
// Return all the items
callback(null, items);
});
})
} else {
callback(new Error("Cursor is closed"), null);
}
}
var toArrayExhaust = function(self, callback) {
var items = [];
self.each(function(err, item) {
if(err != null) {
return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
}
if(item != null && Array.isArray(items)) {
items.push(item);
} else {
var resultItems = items;
items = null;
self.items = [];
callback(null, resultItems);
}
});
}
var getAllByGetMore = function(self, callback) {
getMore(self, {noReturn: true}, function(err, result) {
if(err) return callback(utils.toError(err));
if(result == null) return callback(null, null);
if(self.cursorId.toString() == "0") return callback(null, null);
getAllByGetMore(self, callback);
})
};
/**
* Iterates over all the documents for this cursor. As with **{cursor.toArray}**,
* not all of the elements will be iterated if this cursor had been previouly accessed.
* In that case, **{cursor.rewind}** can be used to reset the cursor. However, unlike
* **{cursor.toArray}**, the cursor will only hold a maximum of batch size elements
* at any given time if batch size is specified. Otherwise, the caller is responsible
* for making sure that the entire result can fit the memory.
*
* @param {Function} callback this will be called for while iterating every document of the query result. The first parameter will contain the Error object if an error occured, or null otherwise. While the second parameter will contain the document.
* @return {null}
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.each = function(callback) {
var self = this;
var fn;
if (!callback) {
throw new Error('callback is mandatory');
}
if(this.state != Cursor.CLOSED) {
// If we are using exhaust we can't use the quick fire method
if(self.exhaust) return eachExhaust(self, callback);
// Quick fire using trampoline to avoid nextTick
if(this.items.length > 0) {
// Trampoline all the entries
while(fn = loop(self, callback)) fn(self, callback);
// Call each again
self.each(callback);
} else {
self.nextObject(function(err, item) {
if(err) {
self.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
return callback(utils.toError(err), item);
}
if(item == null) return callback(null, null);
callback(null, item);
self.each(callback);
})
}
} else {
callback(new Error("Cursor is closed"), null);
}
};
// Special for exhaust command as we don't initiate the actual result sets
// the server just sends them as they arrive meaning we need to get the IO event
// loop happen so we can receive more data from the socket or we return to early
// after the first fetch and loose all the incoming getMore's automatically issued
// from the server.
var eachExhaust = function(self, callback) {
//FIX: stack overflow (on deep callback) (cred: https://github.com/limp/node-mongodb-native/commit/27da7e4b2af02035847f262b29837a94bbbf6ce2)
processor(function(){
// Fetch the next object until there is no more objects
self.nextObject(function(err, item) {
if(err != null) return callback(err, null);
if(item != null) {
callback(null, item);
eachExhaust(self, callback);
} else {
// Close the cursor if done
self.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
callback(err, null);
}
});
});
}
// Trampoline emptying the number of retrieved items
// without incurring a nextTick operation
var loop = function(self, callback) {
// No more items we are done
if(self.items.length == 0) return;
// Get the next document
var doc = self.items.shift();
// Callback
callback(null, doc);
// Loop
return loop;
}
/**
* Determines how many result the query for this cursor will return
*
* @param {Boolean} applySkipLimit if set to true will apply the skip and limits set on the cursor. Defaults to false.
* @param {Function} callback this will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain the Error object if an error occured, or null otherwise. While the second parameter will contain the number of results or null if an error occured.
* @return {null}
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.count = function(applySkipLimit, callback) {
if(typeof applySkipLimit == 'function') {
callback = applySkipLimit;
applySkipLimit = false;
}
var options = {};
if(applySkipLimit) {
if(typeof this.skipValue == 'number') options.skip = this.skipValue;
if(typeof this.limitValue == 'number') options.limit = this.limitValue;
}
// If maxTimeMS set
if(typeof this.maxTimeMSValue == 'number') options.maxTimeMS = this.maxTimeMSValue;
// Call count command
this.collection.count(this.selector, options, callback);
};
/**
* Sets the sort parameter of this cursor to the given value.
*
* This method has the following method signatures:
* (keyOrList, callback)
* (keyOrList, direction, callback)
*
* @param {String|Array|Object} keyOrList This can be a string or an array. If passed as a string, the string will be the field to sort. If passed an array, each element will represent a field to be sorted and should be an array that contains the format [string, direction].
* @param {String|Number} direction this determines how the results are sorted. "asc", "ascending" or 1 for asceding order while "desc", "desceding or -1 for descending order. Note that the strings are case insensitive.
* @param {Function} callback this will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object when the cursor is already closed while the second parameter will contain a reference to this object upon successful execution.
* @return {Cursor} an instance of this object.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.sort = function(keyOrList, direction, callback) {
callback = callback || function(){};
if(typeof direction === "function") { callback = direction; direction = null; }
if(this.tailable) {
callback(new Error("Tailable cursor doesn't support sorting"), null);
} else if(this.queryRun == true || this.state == Cursor.CLOSED) {
callback(new Error("Cursor is closed"), null);
} else {
var order = keyOrList;
if(direction != null) {
order = [[keyOrList, direction]];
}
this.sortValue = order;
callback(null, this);
}
return this;
};
/**
* Sets the limit parameter of this cursor to the given value.
*
* @param {Number} limit the new limit.
* @param {Function} [callback] this optional callback will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object when the limit given is not a valid number or when the cursor is already closed while the second parameter will contain a reference to this object upon successful execution.
* @return {Cursor} an instance of this object.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.limit = function(limit, callback) {
if(this.tailable) {
if(callback) {
callback(new Error("Tailable cursor doesn't support limit"), null);
} else {
throw new Error("Tailable cursor doesn't support limit");
}
} else if(this.queryRun == true || this.state == Cursor.CLOSED) {
if(callback) {
callback(new Error("Cursor is closed"), null);
} else {
throw new Error("Cursor is closed");
}
} else {
if(limit != null && limit.constructor != Number) {
if(callback) {
callback(new Error("limit requires an integer"), null);
} else {
throw new Error("limit requires an integer");
}
} else {
this.limitValue = limit;
if(callback) return callback(null, this);
}
}
return this;
};
/**
* Specifies a time limit for a query operation. After the specified
* time is exceeded, the operation will be aborted and an error will be
* returned to the client. If maxTimeMS is null, no limit is applied.
*
* @param {Number} maxTimeMS the maxTimeMS for the query.
* @param {Function} [callback] this optional callback will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object when the limit given is not a valid number or when the cursor is already closed while the second parameter will contain a reference to this object upon successful execution.
* @return {Cursor} an instance of this object.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.maxTimeMS = function(maxTimeMS, callback) {
if(typeof maxTimeMS != 'number') {
throw new Error("maxTimeMS must be a number");
}
// Save the maxTimeMS option
this.maxTimeMSValue = maxTimeMS;
// Return the cursor for chaining
return this;
};
/**
* Sets the read preference for the cursor
*
* @param {String} the read preference for the cursor, one of Server.READ_PRIMARY, Server.READ_SECONDARY, Server.READ_SECONDARY_ONLY
* @param {Function} [callback] this optional callback will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object when the read preference given is not a valid number or when the cursor is already closed while the second parameter will contain a reference to this object upon successful execution.
* @return {Cursor} an instance of this object.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.setReadPreference = function(readPreference, tags, callback) {
if(typeof tags == 'function') callback = tags;
var _mode = readPreference != null && typeof readPreference == 'object' ? readPreference.mode : readPreference;
if(this.queryRun == true || this.state == Cursor.CLOSED) {
if(callback == null) throw new Error("Cannot change read preference on executed query or closed cursor");
callback(new Error("Cannot change read preference on executed query or closed cursor"));
} else if(_mode != null && _mode != 'primary'
&& _mode != 'secondaryOnly' && _mode != 'secondary'
&& _mode != 'nearest' && _mode != 'primaryPreferred' && _mode != 'secondaryPreferred') {
if(callback == null) throw new Error("only readPreference of primary, secondary, secondaryPreferred, primaryPreferred or nearest supported");
callback(new Error("only readPreference of primary, secondary, secondaryPreferred, primaryPreferred or nearest supported"));
} else {
this.read = readPreference;
if(callback != null) callback(null, this);
}
return this;
}
/**
* Sets the skip parameter of this cursor to the given value.
*
* @param {Number} skip the new skip value.
* @param {Function} [callback] this optional callback will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object when the skip value given is not a valid number or when the cursor is already closed while the second parameter will contain a reference to this object upon successful execution.
* @return {Cursor} an instance of this object.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.skip = function(skip, callback) {
callback = callback || function(){};
if(this.tailable) {
callback(new Error("Tailable cursor doesn't support skip"), null);
} else if(this.queryRun == true || this.state == Cursor.CLOSED) {
callback(new Error("Cursor is closed"), null);
} else {
if(skip != null && skip.constructor != Number) {
callback(new Error("skip requires an integer"), null);
} else {
this.skipValue = skip;
callback(null, this);
}
}
return this;
};
/**
* Sets the batch size parameter of this cursor to the given value.
*
* @param {Number} batchSize the new batch size.
* @param {Function} [callback] this optional callback will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object when the batchSize given is not a valid number or when the cursor is already closed while the second parameter will contain a reference to this object upon successful execution.
* @return {Cursor} an instance of this object.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.batchSize = function(batchSize, callback) {
if(this.state == Cursor.CLOSED) {
if(callback != null) {
return callback(new Error("Cursor is closed"), null);
} else {
throw new Error("Cursor is closed");
}
} else if(batchSize != null && batchSize.constructor != Number) {
if(callback != null) {
return callback(new Error("batchSize requires an integer"), null);
} else {
throw new Error("batchSize requires an integer");
}
} else {
this.batchSizeValue = batchSize;
if(callback != null) return callback(null, this);
}
return this;
};
/**
* The limit used for the getMore command
*
* @return {Number} The number of records to request per batch.
* @ignore
* @api private
*/
var limitRequest = function(self) {
var requestedLimit = self.limitValue;
var absLimitValue = Math.abs(self.limitValue);
var absBatchValue = Math.abs(self.batchSizeValue);
if(absLimitValue > 0) {
if (absBatchValue > 0) {
requestedLimit = Math.min(absLimitValue, absBatchValue);
}
} else {
requestedLimit = self.batchSizeValue;
}
return requestedLimit;
};
/**
* Generates a QueryCommand object using the parameters of this cursor.
*
* @return {QueryCommand} The command object
* @ignore
* @api private
*/
var generateQueryCommand = function(self) {
// Unpack the options
var queryOptions = QueryCommand.OPTS_NONE;
if(!self.timeout) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_NO_CURSOR_TIMEOUT;
}
if(self.tailable != null) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_TAILABLE_CURSOR;
self.skipValue = self.limitValue = 0;
// if awaitdata is set
if(self.awaitdata != null) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_AWAIT_DATA;
}
// This sets an internal undocumented flag. Clients should not depend on its
// behavior!
if(self.oplogReplay != null) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_OPLOG_REPLAY;
}
}
if(self.exhaust) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_EXHAUST;
}
// Unpack the read preference to set slave ok correctly
var read = self.read instanceof ReadPreference ? self.read.mode : self.read;
// if(self.read == 'secondary')
if(read == ReadPreference.PRIMARY_PREFERRED
|| read == ReadPreference.SECONDARY
|| read == ReadPreference.SECONDARY_PREFERRED
|| read == ReadPreference.NEAREST) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_SLAVE;
}
// Override slaveOk from the user
if(self.slaveOk) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_SLAVE;
}
if(self.partial) {
queryOptions |= QueryCommand.OPTS_PARTIAL;
}
// limitValue of -1 is a special case used by Db#eval
var numberToReturn = self.limitValue == -1 ? -1 : limitRequest(self);
// Check if we need a special selector
if(self.sortValue != null || self.explainValue != null || self.hint != null || self.snapshot != null
|| self.returnKey != null || self.maxScan != null || self.min != null || self.max != null
|| self.showDiskLoc != null || self.comment != null || typeof self.maxTimeMSValue == 'number') {
// Build special selector
var specialSelector = {'$query':self.selector};
if(self.sortValue != null) specialSelector['orderby'] = utils.formattedOrderClause(self.sortValue);
if(self.hint != null && self.hint.constructor == Object) specialSelector['$hint'] = self.hint;
if(self.snapshot != null) specialSelector['$snapshot'] = true;
if(self.returnKey != null) specialSelector['$returnKey'] = self.returnKey;
if(self.maxScan != null) specialSelector['$maxScan'] = self.maxScan;
if(self.min != null) specialSelector['$min'] = self.min;
if(self.max != null) specialSelector['$max'] = self.max;
if(self.showDiskLoc != null) specialSelector['$showDiskLoc'] = self.showDiskLoc;
if(self.comment != null) specialSelector['$comment'] = self.comment;
// If we are querying the $cmd collection we need to add maxTimeMS as a field
// otherwise for a normal query it's a "special selector" $maxTimeMS
if(typeof self.maxTimeMSValue == 'number'
&& self.collectionName.indexOf('.$cmd') != -1) {
specialSelector['maxTimeMS'] = self.maxTimeMSValue;
} else if(typeof self.maxTimeMSValue == 'number'
&& self.collectionName.indexOf('.$cmd') == -1) {
specialSelector['$maxTimeMS'] = self.maxTimeMSValue;
}
// If we have explain set only return a single document with automatic cursor close
if(self.explainValue != null) {
numberToReturn = (-1)*Math.abs(numberToReturn);
specialSelector['$explain'] = true;
}
// Return the query
return new QueryCommand(self.db, self.collectionName, queryOptions, self.skipValue, numberToReturn, specialSelector, self.fields);
} else {
return new QueryCommand(self.db, self.collectionName, queryOptions, self.skipValue, numberToReturn, self.selector, self.fields);
}
};
/**
* @return {Object} Returns an object containing the sort value of this cursor with
* the proper formatting that can be used internally in this cursor.
* @ignore
* @api private
*/
Cursor.prototype.formattedOrderClause = function() {
return utils.formattedOrderClause(this.sortValue);
};
/**
* Converts the value of the sort direction into its equivalent numerical value.
*
* @param sortDirection {String|number} Range of acceptable values:
* 'ascending', 'descending', 'asc', 'desc', 1, -1
*
* @return {number} The equivalent numerical value
* @throws Error if the given sortDirection is invalid
* @ignore
* @api private
*/
Cursor.prototype.formatSortValue = function(sortDirection) {
return utils.formatSortValue(sortDirection);
};
/**
* Gets the next document from the cursor.
*
* @param {Function} callback this will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object on error while the second parameter will contain a document from the returned result or null if there are no more results.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.nextObject = function(options, callback) {
var self = this;
if(typeof options == 'function') {
callback = options;
options = {};
}
if(self.state == Cursor.INIT) {
var cmd;
try {
cmd = generateQueryCommand(self);
} catch (err) {
return callback(err, null);
}
// No need to check the keys
var queryOptions = {exhaust: self.exhaust
, raw:self.raw
, read:self.read
, connection:self.connection
, checkKeys: false};
// Execute command
var commandHandler = function(err, result) {
// If on reconnect, the command got given a different connection, switch
// the whole cursor to it.
self.connection = queryOptions.connection;
self.state = Cursor.OPEN;
if(err != null && result == null) return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
if(err == null && (result == null || result.documents == null || !Array.isArray(result.documents))) {
return self.close(function() {callback(new Error("command failed to return results"), null);});
}
if(err == null && result && result.documents[0] && result.documents[0]['$err']) {
return self.close(function() {callback(utils.toError(result.documents[0]['$err']), null);});
}
if(err == null && result && result.documents[0] && result.documents[0]['errmsg']) {
return self.close(function() {callback(utils.toError(result.documents[0]), null);});
}
self.queryRun = true;
self.state = Cursor.OPEN; // Adjust the state of the cursor
self.cursorId = result.cursorId;
self.totalNumberOfRecords = result.numberReturned;
// Add the new documents to the list of items, using forloop to avoid
// new array allocations and copying
for(var i = 0; i < result.documents.length; i++) {
self.items.push(result.documents[i]);
}
// If we have noReturn set just return (not modifying the internal item list)
// used for toArray
if(options.noReturn) {
return callback(null, true);
}
// Ignore callbacks until the cursor is dead for exhausted
if(self.exhaust && result.cursorId.toString() == "0") {
self.nextObject(callback);
} else if(self.exhaust == false || self.exhaust == null) {
self.nextObject(callback);
}
};
// If we have no connection set on this cursor check one out
if(self.connection == null) {
try {
self.connection = self.db.serverConfig.checkoutReader(this.read);
// Add to the query options
queryOptions.connection = self.connection;
} catch(err) {
return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
}
}
// Execute the command
self.db._executeQueryCommand(cmd, queryOptions, commandHandler);
// Set the command handler to null
commandHandler = null;
} else if(self.items.length) {
callback(null, self.items.shift());
} else if(self.cursorId.greaterThan(Long.fromInt(0))) {
getMore(self, callback);
} else {
// Force cursor to stay open
return self.close(function() {callback(null, null);});
}
}
/**
* Gets more results from the database if any.
*
* @param {Function} callback this will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will contain an error object on error while the second parameter will contain a document from the returned result or null if there are no more results.
* @ignore
* @api private
*/
var getMore = function(self, options, callback) {
var limit = 0;
if(typeof options == 'function') {
callback = options;
options = {};
}
if(self.state == Cursor.GET_MORE) return callback(null, null);
// Set get more in progress
self.state = Cursor.GET_MORE;
// Set options
if (!self.tailable && self.limitValue > 0) {
limit = self.limitValue - self.totalNumberOfRecords;
if (limit < 1) {
self.close(function() {callback(null, null);});
return;
}
}
try {
var getMoreCommand = new GetMoreCommand(
self.db
, self.collectionName
, limitRequest(self)
, self.cursorId
);
// Set up options
var command_options = {read: self.read, raw: self.raw, connection:self.connection };
// Execute the command
self.db._executeQueryCommand(getMoreCommand, command_options, function(err, result) {
var cbValue;
// Get more done
self.state = Cursor.OPEN;
if(err != null) {
self.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
}
// Ensure we get a valid result
if(!result || !result.documents) {
self.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
return callback(utils.toError("command failed to return results"), null)
}
// If the QueryFailure flag is set
if((result.responseFlag & (1 << 1)) != 0) {
self.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
return callback(utils.toError("QueryFailure flag set on getmore command"), null);
}
try {
var isDead = 1 === result.responseFlag && result.cursorId.isZero();
self.cursorId = result.cursorId;
self.totalNumberOfRecords += result.numberReturned;
// Determine if there's more documents to fetch
if(result.numberReturned > 0) {
if (self.limitValue > 0) {
var excessResult = self.totalNumberOfRecords - self.limitValue;
if (excessResult > 0) {
result.documents.splice(-1 * excessResult, excessResult);
}
}
// Reset the tries for awaitdata if we are using it
self.currentNumberOfRetries = self.numberOfRetries;
// Get the documents
for(var i = 0; i < result.documents.length; i++) {
self.items.push(result.documents[i]);
}
// Don's shift a document out as we need it for toArray
if(options.noReturn) {
cbValue = true;
} else {
cbValue = self.items.shift();
}
} else if(self.tailable && !isDead && self.awaitdata) {
// Excute the tailable cursor once more, will timeout after ~4 sec if awaitdata used
self.currentNumberOfRetries = self.currentNumberOfRetries - 1;
if(self.currentNumberOfRetries == 0) {
self.close(function() {
callback(new Error("tailable cursor timed out"), null);
});
} else {
getMore(self, callback);
}
} else if(self.tailable && !isDead) {
self.getMoreTimer = setTimeout(function() { getMore(self, callback); }, self.tailableRetryInterval);
} else {
self.close(function() {callback(null, null); });
}
result = null;
} catch(err) {
callback(utils.toError(err), null);
}
if (cbValue != null) callback(null, cbValue);
});
getMoreCommand = null;
} catch(err) {
// Get more done
self.state = Cursor.OPEN;
var handleClose = function() {
callback(utils.toError(err), null);
};
self.close(handleClose);
handleClose = null;
}
}
/**
* Gets a detailed information about how the query is performed on this cursor and how
* long it took the database to process it.
*
* @param {Function} callback this will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will always be null while the second parameter will be an object containing the details.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.explain = function(callback) {
var limit = (-1)*Math.abs(this.limitValue);
// Create a new cursor and fetch the plan
var cursor = new Cursor(this.db, this.collection, this.selector, this.fields, {
skip: this.skipValue
, limit:limit
, sort: this.sortValue
, hint: this.hint
, explain: true
, snapshot: this.snapshot
, timeout: this.timeout
, tailable: this.tailable
, batchSize: this.batchSizeValue
, slaveOk: this.slaveOk
, raw: this.raw
, read: this.read
, returnKey: this.returnKey
, maxScan: this.maxScan
, min: this.min
, max: this.max
, showDiskLoc: this.showDiskLoc
, comment: this.comment
, awaitdata: this.awaitdata
, oplogReplay: this.oplogReplay
, numberOfRetries: this.numberOfRetries
, dbName: this.dbName
});
// Fetch the explaination document
cursor.nextObject(function(err, item) {
if(err != null) return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
// close the cursor
cursor.close(function(err, result) {
if(err != null) return callback(utils.toError(err), null);
callback(null, item);
});
});
};
/**
* Returns a Node ReadStream interface for this cursor.
*
* Options
* - **transform** {Function} function of type function(object) { return transformed }, allows for transformation of data before emitting.
*
* @return {CursorStream} returns a stream object.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.stream = function stream(options) {
return new CursorStream(this, options);
}
/**
* Close the cursor.
*
* @param {Function} callback this will be called after executing this method. The first parameter will always contain null while the second parameter will contain a reference to this cursor.
* @return {null}
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.close = function(callback) {
var self = this
this.getMoreTimer && clearTimeout(this.getMoreTimer);
// Close the cursor if not needed
if(this.cursorId instanceof Long && this.cursorId.greaterThan(Long.fromInt(0))) {
try {
var command = new KillCursorCommand(this.db, [this.cursorId]);
// Added an empty callback to ensure we don't throw any null exceptions
this.db._executeQueryCommand(command, {read:self.read, raw:self.raw, connection:self.connection});
} catch(err) {}
}
// Null out the connection
self.connection = null;
// Reset cursor id
this.cursorId = Long.fromInt(0);
// Set to closed status
this.state = Cursor.CLOSED;
if(callback) {
callback(null, self);
self.items = [];
}
return this;
};
/**
* Check if the cursor is closed or open.
*
* @return {Boolean} returns the state of the cursor.
* @api public
*/
Cursor.prototype.isClosed = function() {
return this.state == Cursor.CLOSED ? true : false;
};
/**
* Init state
*
* @classconstant INIT
**/
Cursor.INIT = 0;
/**
* Cursor open
*
* @classconstant OPEN
**/
Cursor.OPEN = 1;
/**
* Cursor closed
*
* @classconstant CLOSED
**/
Cursor.CLOSED = 2;
/**
* Cursor performing a get more
*
* @classconstant OPEN
**/
Cursor.GET_MORE = 3;
/**
* @ignore
* @api private
*/
exports.Cursor = Cursor;
|
2023-10-04T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4805
|
require "English"
Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
spec.name = "interactor"
spec.version = "3.1.2"
spec.author = "Collective Idea"
spec.email = "info@collectiveidea.com"
spec.description = "Interactor provides a common interface for performing complex user interactions."
spec.summary = "Simple interactor implementation"
spec.homepage = "https://github.com/collectiveidea/interactor"
spec.license = "MIT"
spec.files = `git ls-files`.split($INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR)
spec.test_files = spec.files.grep(/^spec/)
spec.add_development_dependency "bundler"
spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
end
|
2024-01-13T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3085
|
Hemp Oil+ Curcumin
Description
Hemp Oil Curcumin 30 Softgel
Hemp Oil Curcumin combines two premium botanicals with phospholipids for enhanced delivery. It features concentrated, supercritical CO2 extracted hemp oil from unique, specially cultivated European plants. This non-GMO source contains a full spectrum of phytonutrients to support the bodys endocannabinoid system
Suggested Use As a dietary supplement 1 softgel daily. May increase as desired. - Or as directed by your healthcare professional.
Warnings: Keep out of reach of children. As with all dietary supplements, consult your healthcare professional before use. See product label for more information. If pregnant or nursing, consult a healthcare practitioner before use.
Supplement Facts
Suggested Use As a dietary supplement 1 softgel daily. May increase as desired. - Or as directed by your healthcare professional.
Warnings: Keep out of reach of children. As with all dietary supplements, consult your healthcare professional before use. See product label for more information. If pregnant or nursing, consult a healthcare practitioner before use.
Disclaimer: This website is for informational purposes only. Always check the actual product label in your possession for the most accurate ingredient information due to product changes or upgrades that may not yet be reflected on our web site. These statements made in this website have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The products offered are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. If you believe that you may have a disease condition, please consult your healthcare practitioner immediately, and before using any dietary supplement product.
|
2024-02-19T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/8573
|
Q:
good ivy tutorial for local repository?
Can anyone point me at a good tutorial for making & using a local repository with Ivy? (Please don't point me at the Ivy docs, the tutorials are rather confusing)
I need to make a local repository to include .jar files that aren't necessarily available through the public maven repositories.
A:
Creating a local ivy repository is straight forward, maven is not required. Here's an example of publishing some text files using ivy as a standalone program.
I have 3 files I want to publish:
src/English.txt
src/Spanish.txt
src/Irish.txt
The ivy file src/ivy.xml details the name of the module and a list of the artifacts being published. (Release index)
<ivy-module version="2.0">
<info organisation="myorg" module="hello"/>
<publications>
<artifact name="English" ext="txt" type="doc"/>
<artifact name="Irish" ext="txt" type="doc"/>
<artifact name="Spanish" ext="txt" type="doc"/>
</publications>
</ivy-module>
You'll also need an ivy settings file to tell ivy where the repository is located
<ivysettings>
<property name="repo.dir" value=".../repo"/>
<settings defaultResolver="internal"/>
<resolvers>
<filesystem name="internal">
<ivy pattern="${repo.dir}/[module]/ivy-[revision].xml" />
<artifact pattern="${repo.dir}/[module]/[artifact]-[revision].[ext]" />
</filesystem>
</resolvers>
</ivysettings>
Finally run ivy to publish the released version 1.0:
java -jar $IVY -settings config/ivysettings.xml \
-ivy src/ivy.xml \
-publish internal \
-publishpattern "src/[artifact].[ext]" \
-revision 1.0 \
-status release \
-overwrite
Note the publish pattern. It tells ivy where the files to be published are located.
Added: Publishing from within ANT
<target name="publish" depends="clean,package" description="Publish this build into repository">
<ivy:publish pubrevision="${pub.version}" status="${pub.status}" resolver="${pub.resolver}" >
<artifacts pattern="${build.dir}/dist/[artifact].[ext]"/>
</ivy:publish>
</target>
|
2024-07-01T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/8602
|
Seen recently
son epoxy
Trace the outline in pencil or ink and then paint it with some enamel paper.The energy lost due to heat dissipation is also kept as low as possible. Despite any bad reviews you've heard close to do-it-yourself garage floor epoxy system, it's really a successful project if it's done well. Additionally, it means that in comparison to alternative materials, the wooden boat is harder.
|
2024-02-14T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7738
|
1. Field
The following description relates to a centralized radio access network (C-RAN).
2. Description of the Related Art
A centralized radio access network (C-RAN) has a structure, where a digital unit (DU) in charge of digital signal processing of a base station and resource controlling is integrated into one station in the form of a centralized station, and where a radio unit (RU) in charge of a passive function of amplifying a radio wave signal and transmitting it to an antenna is connected remotely to the DU through an optical cable. A trend of a recent high-speed mobile communication network is a C-RAN system, in which a base station is separated in to a DU and an RU, and the DU is changed to cloud. A signal transmission section between the DU and the RU in C-RAN is called a mobile fronthaul, and as a method of transmitting an optical signal in this section, intermediate frequency over fiber (IFoF) analog optical transmission method, which has a simple structure and is cost-effective, is being mentioned as a technical candidate to implement the mobile fronthaul of C-RAN.
|
2023-11-30T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/6446
|
Benign soft tissue neoplasm of a myocutaneous flap masquerading as recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of parotid gland.
Development of a lipoma within the subcutaneous tissues of a trapezius myocutaneous flap is very rare. This is more so when it occurs after surgery for a head and neck cancer. In the case report described, it masqueraded as tumour recurrence causing significant anxiety. To the best of our knowledge this is a previously unreported 'complication'.
|
2023-08-10T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/6768
|
Featured Product
Stade Rennais FC Home Shirt 2017-18
Stade Rennais FC Home Shirt 2017-18 With dryCell technology helping provide a cool and comfortable experience, show support for the men from Rennes in the 2017-18 campaign with the official Stade Rennais FC Home Shirt 2017-18. Detail: Stade Rennais team crest PUMA Cat brand motif dryCELL technology 100% polyester
|
2023-12-20T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2583
|
Q:
Replacing the Element with specific attribute and its value
<p>
lorem ipsum lorem ipsums <font style="background-color:yellow">ipsum</font> ipsume lorem
</p>
how to replace the <font> tag with <abbr> so the out put will be like this.
<p>
lorem ipsum lorem ipsums <abbr style="background-color:yellow">ipsum</abbr> ipsume lorem
</p>
A:
Finds all font tags within any p, and replaces it with an abbr with the style attribute and text copied over.
$("p font").each(function() {
var font = $(this);
var abbr = $("<abbr>", {
style: font.attr("style"),
text: font.text()
});
font.replaceWith(abbr);
});
|
2023-08-22T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/9288
|
Analysis of pharmacist-provided medication therapy management (MTM) services in community pharmacies over 7 years.
Although community pharmacists have historically been paid primarily for drug distribution and dispensing services, medication therapy management (MTM) services evolved in the 1990s as a means for pharmacists and other providers to assist physicians and patients in managing clinical, service, and cost outcomes of drug therapy. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA 2003) and the subsequent implementation of Medicare Part D in January 2006 for the more than 20 million Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in the Part D benefit formalized MTM services for a subset of high-cost patients. Although Medicare Part D has provided a new opportunity for defining the value of pharmacist-provided MTM services in the health care system, few publications exist which quantify changes in the provision of pharmacist-provided MTM services over time. To (a) describe the changes over a 7-year period in the primary types of MTM services provided by community pharmacies that have contracted with drug plan sponsors through an MTM administrative services company, and (b) quantify potential MTM-related cost savings based on pharmacists' self-assessments of the likely effects of their interventions on health care utilization. Medication therapy management claims from a multistate MTM administrative services company were analyzed over the 7-year period from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2006. Data extracted from each MTM claim included patient demographics (e.g., age and gender), the drug and type that triggered the intervention (e.g., drug therapeutic class and therapy type as either acute, intermittent, or chronic), and specific information about the service provided (e.g., Reason, Action, Result, and Estimated Cost Avoidance [ECA]). ECA values are derived from average national health care utilization costs, which are applied to pharmacist self-assessment of the "reasonable and foreseeable" outcome of the intervention. ECA values are updated annually for medical care inflation. From a database of nearly 100,000 MTM claims, a convenience sample of 50 plan sponsors was selected. After exclusion of claims with missing or potentially duplicate data, there were 76,148 claims for 23,798 patients from community pharmacy MTM providers in 47 states. Over the 7-year period from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2006, the mean ([SD] median) pharmacy reimbursement was $8.44 ([$5.19] $7.00) per MTM service, and the mean ([SD] median) ECA was $93.78 ([$1,022.23] $5.00). During the 7-year period, pharmacist provided MTM interventions changed from primarily education and monitoring for new or changed prescription therapies to prescriber consultations regarding cost-efficacy management (Pearson chi-square P<0.001). Services also shifted from claims involving acute medications (e.g. penicillin antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, and narcotic analgesics) to services involving chronic medications (e.g., lipid lowering agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, and beta-blockers; P<0.001), resulting in significant changes in the therapeutic classes associated with MTM claims and an increase in the proportion of older patients served (P<0.001). These trends resulted in higher pharmacy reimbursements and greater ECA per claim over time (P<0.001). MTM interventions over a 7-year period evolved from primarily the provision of patient education involving acute medications towards consultation-type services for chronic medications. These changes were associated with increases in reimbursement amounts and pharmacist-estimated cost savings. It is uncertain if this shift in service type is a result of clinical need, documentation requirements, or reimbursement opportunities.
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2024-07-26T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/8429
|
Why does my dog stink so much?
I hear this question frequently and sometimes it's me who notices the odour myself when the dog and owner are enclosed in my exam room. Sometimes I catch a whiff of my own dog from the back seat of my Jeep. Everyone that has dogs knows that occasionally there are… well, odours.
Not all smells are abnormal. When I was in university, I knew a guy who told me that he had adopted a Labrador Retriever because they are the only breed of dog that has no odor, but realistically speaking, all dogs have some scent. Dogs depend on smells for much of their communication so it is expected that they will have personal odors, whether we can detect them or not. Some breeds in my experience are more pungent naturally, especially if they are heavy coated. These aromas are normal for dogs.
Behaviour
Sometimes dogs smell bad because of behaviors that they engage in. They may encounter a skunk or find something smelly to roll in. If they dig up old chew bones and chew on them, they may smell foul for a time, but these normal behavioral associated stinks are usually transient. In these cases, sometimes they just need a good bath. Some people say that dogs are trying to cover up their own scent by engaging in these stinky habits, but I think it may be similar to why they eat grass Some things are just fun to do.
There are also odours that are not normal, so if you notice a new and foul odour from your dog, you need to investigate.
Health
A dog with a skin infection will typically show more signs of problems than just a bad all-over odor, but sometimes the smell is the first sign. A dog with allergic disease and secondary skin infection will have a distinctive, almost sweet (but repugnant) odor from the oils in his skin becoming rancid from bacterial action. You might notice thinning hair, flaking skin and redness/itching in addition to odor. Skin infections will require a veterinarian to prescribe medications to address the primary issue and many times secondary issues also. Itchy infected skin is no picnic, so seek help from your vet.
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2024-04-20T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/6802
|
Dixon: Eagles’ QB Job Is Up For Grabs
Sign up to get the best of Philly, every day.
It’s clear that one of Chip Kelly’s goals is to create a competitive environment where every player on the Eagles’ roster feels like he has a chance to win a spot and make an impact.
So it should come as no surprise that newly-signed quarterback Dennis Dixon believes he’s very much in the mix to be the Birds’ starting quarterback.
“From my understanding, the job is open,” Dixon said Monday afternoon during a conference call with reporters. “It’s going to be a very competitive nature around here. It’s pretty much open. May the best man win.”
Of course, from an outside perspective, we know that’s not exactly true. Michael Vick recently re-structured his deal, and he’ll make a reported $7 million just for being on the team next season.
Nick Foles is also on the roster, although it’s possible he could be traded in the coming months.
As for Dixon, he spent last year on the Ravens’ practice squad. That means none of the 32 NFL teams felt he was worthy of a roster spot, even as a third-string quarterback. Dixon was originally a fifth-round pick, he turned 28 in January, and he’s attempted a total of 59 passes in five seasons.
Barring something completely unexpected, his best-case scenario is probably earning the backup job in the event that Foles is dealt.
We’ll get into the pros and cons of trading Foles in a later post, but one of the primary arguments for shipping him off is that Foles doesn’t have the mobility Kelly wants out of his QB. I asked Dixon how important that mobility was to Kelly when he played for him at Oregon.
“I wouldn’t say that it was a big thing,” Dixon said. “I think that Chip Kelly… he can tailor his offense to whoever is presented at that given time.”
Going forward, Dixon’s not sure what kind of system Kelly is going to run in the NFL. For that reason, he’s not sold on the idea that the Eagles brought him here partially to help school the team’s other QBs.
“I expect something totally different from Chip Kelly than the past five years,” Dixon said. “That was Oregon. Moving forward, he might see something totally different in the span of five years. I’m wide open just like Nick Foles and Michael Vick.”
Dixon spent part of last season simulating the Ravens’ upcoming opponent. Baltimore’s offense revolved around a classic drop-back passer in Joe Flacco, but Dixon was asked to play Colin Kaepernick and Robert Griffin III during practice.
“It was something that I was accustomed to in the Oregon days,” he said. “Colin Kaepernick can run, but he can also throw the ball still. I tried to do that for my defense [the Ravens].”
The one aspect of Kelly’s Oregon program that Dixon is pretty sure will make its way to the Eagles is the tempo.
“It gives us an advantage to see what the defense gives, regardless if they want to blitz or if they want to go into zone,” Dixon said. “It opens everything up as far as substitutions… they won’t have time. One thing that was ingrained in my head when Chip Kelly was at the helm was you have to move at a fast pace.”
Follow Sheil Kapadia on Twitter and e-mail him at skapadia@phillymag.com.
Become a fan of Birds 24/7 on Facebook.
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2023-09-11T01:26:36.242652
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https://example.com/article/4503
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Q:
Python: Convert list of sets to dictionary with indexes
I'm trying to convert the following list:
listOfSets = [{"dog", "cat", "bird"}, {"blue", "yellow", "white"}]
To a dictionary like:
dictt = {"dog" : 0, "cat" : 0, "bird" : 0, "blue" : 1, "yellow" : 1, "white" : 1}}
I've tried suggestions from other posts here with no success,
for example, I tried to use enumerate and get the following error:
Type error Unhashable type:set
looking of course for the clearest and elegant way to implement it.
Thanks.
A:
You are probably iterating over the set, instead of the elements of the set, do this:
listOfSets = [{"dog", "cat", "bird"}, {"blue", "yellow", "white"}]
result = {si : i for i, s in enumerate(listOfSets) for si in s}
print(result)
Output
{'bird': 0, 'cat': 0, 'dog': 0, 'blue': 1, 'white': 1, 'yellow': 1}
The above dictionary comprehension is equivalent to the following:
listOfSets = [{"dog", "cat", "bird"}, {"blue", "yellow", "white"}]
result = {}
for i, s in enumerate(listOfSets):
for si in s:
result[si] = i
print(result)
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2023-08-07T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2154
|
Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead
Troma Trashes Fast Food Nation with Kentucky Fried Musical
It’s been 22 years since Troma Entertainment last made a big-screen splash with Class of Nuke ’Em High, a typically stomach-turning satire about small-town teens growing up, but not old, in the shadow of a nuclear power plant. Since then, infamous auteur Lloyd Kaufman’s fiercely independent studio has floundered with a series of mostly straight-to-DVD releases, including seminal titles like Maniac Nurses Find Ecstasy and Killer Condom.
Poultrygeist, Kaufman’s latest theatrical venture and first solo directorial effort since 2000’s bToxic Avenger IV, makes one thing clear: the 62-year old New York native has lost none of his appreciation for reanimated corpses, explosive diarrhea and thinly veiled political barbs that skewer the left and the right with equal delight.
Whether you can appreciate Kaufman’s equal-opportunity bashing -- here, his favorite targets include liberal, protest-minded lesbians and the fast-food moguls responsible for the super-sizing of America -- depends largely on your tolerance for his low-budget gross-out gags, which remain as defiantly unsophisticated today as they were in 1974, when he co-founded Troma with fellow Yalie Michael Herz. For the uninitiated, that means plenty of decapitations, scatological splatter and projectile vomit, though one would be remiss not to mention the film’s most notable offering, Paco Bell, a flamboyant minimum-wager ground to pieces and reincarnated as a talking chicken sandwich.
The action begins at the brand-new American Chicken Bunker, a KFC-style monstrosity owned by the General (Robin Watkins) and operated by characters with names like Wendy, Arbie and Carl Jr. The long-suffering citizens of Tromaville line up for the grand opening, some to protest, others simply to writhe and squeal like pigs under the hot New Jersey sun. Chaos ensues when the lunch crowd begins to chow down on the General’s chicken, only to undergo a messy metamorphosis into an army of zombie chickens hungry for human flesh.
What else would you expect when you build a rancid chicken shack on a Native American burial ground? Kaufman’s latest, which incorporates crass musical numbers into its heady mix, is unapologetically tasteless and raunchy to the extreme; it wouldn’t live up (or is that down?) to the Troma standard otherwise. But it’s not without a legitimate axe to grind.
Poultrygeist is the kind of satire that takes a sledgehammer to its targets, and Kaufman is only too happy to smash the fast-food industry to a fetid pulp. It’s not pretty, and the humor is sometimes embarrassingly puerile. But for those with a passion for subversive trash -- you know who you are -- Troma Entertainment is still serving it in generous helpings on a bile-covered platter.
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2023-10-14T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1233
|
package com.airbnb.deeplinkdispatch.sample.benchmarkable;
import com.airbnb.deeplinkdispatch.DeepLinkModule;
@DeepLinkModule
public class BenchmarkDeepLinkModule {
}
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2023-08-11T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/5524
|
What to Expect When McDonald’s Reports Tuesday Morning
McDonald’s Corp. (NYSE: MCD) is scheduled to release its most recent quarterly results Tuesday morning. The consensus estimates from Thomson Reuters call for $1.99 in earnings per share (EPS) and $5.32 billion in revenue. The same period of last year reportedly had $1.76 in EPS and $5.75 billion in revenue.
This is the world’s leading global foodservice retailer, with over 36,000 locations serving approximately 69 million customers in over 100 countries each day. More than 80% of McDonald’s restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local business persons.
In September, McDonald’s announced that it will raise its quarterly dividend for its common shareholders by 15%, up to $1.16 per quarter. The new $4.64 annualized dividend generates a yield of 2.77%, based on the most recent closing price of $167.49.
McDonald’s did say in its release that the fast-food giant has experienced increased capital allocation flexibility, due to the evolution of its business model and also due to the effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
When companies raise their dividends, it is frequently interpreted as strong conviction that the company can keep on delivering the same or better results years into the future. After all, no company wants to raise its dividend to the point that it has to cut that dividend in the years ahead if there are business cycle changes.
Overall, McDonald’s has underperformed the broad markets, with the stock up less than 1% in the past 52 weeks. In just 2018 alone, the stock is down 2.7%.
A few analysts weighed in on McDonald’s ahead of the report:
Evercore ISI has an Outperform rating.
Guggenheim has a Buy rating with a $200 price target.
Goldman Sachs has a Buy rating and a $192 price target.
KeyCorp has an Overweight rating with a $185 target.
Jefferies has a Buy rating with a $190 price target.
Wells Fargo has a Buy rating and a $185 target price.
Shares of McDonald’s were last seen trading at $167.70, with a consensus analyst price target of $184.85 and a 52-week trading range of $146.84 to $178.70.
|
2024-02-24T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7966
|
Safety
Like most districts, residents in the 15th Council District outweigh the number of police officers. With changes in the economy, more housing and a lesser quality of life, there is an increase in crime that leaves a huge burden for New York’s Finest to serve. These issues are compounded by the continuing disconnect between the police and the public. As Councilman, Gonzalo knows that while there is a need to increase the NYPD workforce, this is only one part of the solution.
Increase the amount of NYPD and surveillance to areas with high crime rates.
Bring back cops to ‘walk the beat’ so that they get to know the individuals in the area they patrol.
Create and implement youth programs to foster a relationship between police and community members.
Encourage non-profits to provide safe spaces for youth in the area so that they can have a safe place to go to after school.
Open up communication between the police and community members through forums and town halls.
|
2024-05-24T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/7118
|
Cefamandole in gastroduodenal surgery: a controlled, prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
Acceptance of the value of antibiotic prophylaxis in gastroduodenal surgery is growing, but only one controlled, double-blind study justifying this is available. In this second, controlled, randomized, double-blind study 60 patients underwent urgent and elective gastroduodenal operations. Among 32 patients receiving cefamandole perioperatively for prophylaxis, only 1 subsequently had a wound infection, but wound infections occurred in 8 of the 28 patients who received a placebo (P less than 0.01). Infection rates were higher in contaminated wounds and in urgent operations than in clean-contaminated wounds and elective surgery. The results confirm the value of antibiotic prophylaxis in this setting.
|
2024-07-30T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2842
|
This invention pertains to methods of making ohmic contacts to semiconductors and more particular is concerned with a method of making ohmic contact to ferroelectric semiconductors.
One known method to make ohmic contact electrodes uses a metal or metal alloy which has a work function which matches that of the semiconductor which need to be electroded. Because the work functions of both materials match, no electrical barrier height is formed at the electrode junction and an ohmic contact electrode is thus obtained. It is, however, difficult to find an electrode material which has matching work function to that of a particular semiconducting material and still has satisfactory engineering properties.
Another method calls for having the surface of the semiconducting material heavily doped (either n type or p type), such that the electrical barrier at the electrode junction created due to the mismatch of work function of both materials has a narrow profile and charge carriers such as electrons and holes have no difficulty quantum-tunnelling through the potential barrier. The difficulty is that not all semiconducting materials can be heavily doped without having the dopant charge compensation mechanism changed. If the dopant charge compensation mechanism is changed and the dopants can be charge compensated by defects other than free electrons or holes, a narrow profile of electrical barrier will not be built and no ohmic contact can be formed.
An object of the invention is to provide a method of forming ohmic contact electrodes to semiconductors which does not require work-function matching nor heavy doping.
|
2024-07-30T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/8922
|
This paper details research by Oriflame, a cosmetics brand, to understand the needs and aspirations of women in India. View Summary
This paper details research by Oriflame, a cosmetics brand, to understand the needs and aspirations of women in India. The brand had a strong quality positioning in the country, with its market segmented by life-stage and price positioning but wanted to take a fresh approach. A dramaturgical framework (studying social interaction in terms of theatre performance) was developed in order to understand the roles women play in different contexts and how they want to portray themselves. Participants were asked to create scripts, detailing a situation including their role, motivations, who they wanted to impress and how they prepared. It was found that women have multiple identities and roles that they play in different contexts, with different beauty routines associated with each. This led to a new positioning for Orliflame, based on helping Indian women to achieve in different social contexts.
2
Brief encounters: How qualitative research is able to meet the need for efficiency paradigm
This paper explains how qualitative research is able to meet the need for an efficiency paradigm without losing its identity, by focussing on qualitative core techniques. View Summary
This paper explains how qualitative research is able to meet the need for an efficiency paradigm without losing its identity, by focussing on qualitative core techniques. "Faster, cheaper, smarter" are the requirements of current market research, and are rooted in client demands as well as respondent capacities. Brief Encounters is a hybrid approach which challenges researcher's methodological and analytical skills as well as client handling, and strengthens the position of researchers. Examples of this research method in practice are described.
Many physiological functions, such as the digestive function, are broad, complex scientific topics. Therefore, to build relevant, accessible claims about functional foods that relate to these functions, marketers need to understand what consumers know about them, in terms of the associated symptoms, diseases and health benefits. View Summary
Many physiological functions, such as the digestive function, are broad, complex scientific topics. Therefore, to build relevant, accessible claims about functional foods that relate to these functions, marketers need to understand what consumers know about them, in terms of the associated symptoms, diseases and health benefits. Such knowledge cannot be captured effectively through direct questioning; it requires implicit testing that can limit biases and reveal unconscious knowledge. For this study, 240 consumers were invited to participate in an implicit lexical decision task via an online platform, and their responses reveal that the concept of ‘immunity’ is associated in mothers’ minds with three symptoms related to their personal experiences with their children. By measuring associations that emerge without pre-existing rational processes, this implicit measure offers a more precise picture of the semantic network for immunity, which consumers could not express explicitly in response to direct questioning. Thus the recommended protocol is not only new to market research but also adds substantial value to the tests that currently serve to dig into consumers’ minds.
4
Inspiring the senses: How innovation in the sensory business can benefit from a new angle on research and how future qualitative research can learn from sensory!
This paper critically discusses the status quo of consumer research in the sensory industry. Based on a case study in the oral care category, the authors advocate a rethinking of current research para... View Summary
This paper critically discusses the status quo of consumer research in the sensory industry. Based on a case study in the oral care category, the authors advocate a rethinking of current research paradigms in the industry and suggest an interdisciplinary and multi-perspective angle on 'researching the senses', that ensures sensory factors are included in future projects.
5
Case study: pre-testing mould-breaking ads
Includes video content
Recommended by Warc editors
Trends
Best Practice
Sue Burden, Admap, July/August 2007, Issue 485, pp. 48-49
Sue Burden, head of Brand and Communications Research at TNS UK, describes how pre-testing can be used with ads that are trying to be totally original and unexpected. View Summary
Sue Burden, head of Brand and Communications Research at TNS UK, describes how pre-testing can be used with ads that are trying to be totally original and unexpected. Using the Sony Bravia TV 'Paint' ad, she shows how qualitative projective questions can be used within a quantitative pre-test study, to assess the emotional communication of the commercial.
6
Application of projective techniques in an e-business research context: a response to ‘Projective techniques in market research - valueless subjectivity or insightful reality?’
This paper is a response to Boddy's (2005) paper, published in the International Journal of Market Research, 47, 3, which called for more evidence on projective techniques applied to a research problem. View Summary
This paper is a response to Boddy's (2005) paper, published in the International Journal of Market Research, 47, 3, which called for more evidence on projective techniques applied to a research problem. Specifically this paper will present research-based analysis and understanding of an investigation of ownermanagers' perceptions of government support for e-business developments within knowledge-intensive business services in Ireland and New Zealand. It introduces the reader to the quasi-quantitative mapping technique (content analysis and a modified matrix) as a means of analysing data to help overcome issues of measurement and interpretability of the qualitative information gleaned from projective instruments. It also discusses the value derived from the methodology. The paper concludes that projective techniques are reliable, valid, trustworthy, significant and appropriate research instruments that have provided insightful reality, not valueless subjectivity relative to the research problem.
7
Talking to the heart and the head
Includes video content
Recommended by Warc editors
Trends
Best Practice
Trevor Richards, Admap, March 2006, Issue 470, pp. 47-50
Trevor Richards, global director of brand and advertising research at TNS, makes a further contribution to the advertising accountability debate, and the search for a holistic system to measure and leverage brand equity. View Summary
Trevor Richards, global director of brand and advertising research at TNS, makes a further contribution to the advertising accountability debate, and the search for a holistic system to measure and leverage brand equity. He introduces the concept of 'brand ambition' to brand strategy, and then outlines a new framework for brand tracking. This is based on two strands - market equity and customer equity. Richards then explains the work that is being done to determine and evaluate the components of customer equity.
8
Alice through the looking glass: the Qualitative researcher grows up
Includes video content
Recommended by Warc editors
Trends
Best Practice
Luigi Toiati, ESOMAR, Qualitative Research, Barcelona, November 2005
he author of this paper utilizes the Tao Collage decoding system, which applies Taoist conceptual thinking to a semiotic framework, to provide a glimpse of how qualitative researchers viewed the futur... View Summary
he author of this paper utilizes the Tao Collage decoding system, which applies Taoist conceptual thinking to a semiotic framework, to provide a glimpse of how qualitative researchers viewed the future.
This paper addresses the question of whether it is possible to know what consumers really think and proposes a methodology to understand the unconscious reasons that operate in the election of products and brands in the financial industry. View Summary
This paper addresses the question of whether it is possible to know what consumers really think and proposes a methodology to understand the unconscious reasons that operate in the election of products and brands in the financial industry. The results obtained are actionable since they permit linking generally unconscious psychological benefits with palpable functional attributes and measurable brand image attributes. Due to the latter, it is possible to define solid communication and positioning strategies, rooted in the deep motivations of the consumer.
10
Projective techniques in market research: valueless subjectivity or insightful reality? A look at the evidence for the usefulness, reliability and validity of projective techniques in market research.
Projective techniques are often used in market research to help uncover findings in areas where those researched are thought to be reluctant or unable to expose their thoughts and feelings via more straightforward questioning techniques. View Summary
Projective techniques are often used in market research to help uncover findings in areas where those researched are thought to be reluctant or unable to expose their thoughts and feelings via more straightforward questioning techniques. However, how the findings from projective techniques are analysed and how valid and reliable they are is hardly touched on at all in the market research literature. This paper aims to open this subject up for further discussion and recommends further research into the reliability and validity of projective techniques.
11
If this child were a car, what sort of car would it be? The global child: Using appropriate projective techniques to view the world through their eyes
Includes video content
Recommended by Warc editors
Trends
Best Practice
Barbie Clarke, ESOMAR, Qualitative Research, Cannes, November 2004
Many clients around the world are trying to understand what appeals to a young audience, raising many challenges. View Summary
Many clients around the world are trying to understand what appeals to a young audience, raising many challenges. Children differ vastly between age and gender, with clear global social and cultural differences. How can research be carried out on a global basis with such a diverse audience? This paper argues that qualitative research is far better suited to research with children and young people than quantitative research. Children may not have the capacity to fully understand pre-determined questions. They may dislike, or not be good at, reading; find it hard to think coherently; are easily distracted; and opinions are not yet fully formed. This means commonly used quantitative methods may be less effective with such a audience. Too often a methodology more suited to adults is imposed on children's research. It is possible, however, to look at their attitude, need states, and drivers through the use of projective techniques, but not necessarily the projective techniques more commonly associated with adults. A study assessing global differences and similarities, using specialized projective techniques for young people, can be invaluable to clients seeking a world picture of their brand or service.
The author of this paper has applied the five movements of Tao to arrive at a “different” knowledge of the world of collages, by constructing an interpretative grid and observing how collages could turn into a real process of reasoning, and not remain a mere “still life”. View Summary
The author of this paper has applied the five movements of Tao to arrive at a “different” knowledge of the world of collages, by constructing an interpretative grid and observing how collages could turn into a real process of reasoning, and not remain a mere “still life”. This paper provides insight into this new methodology.
This paper applies the Way of Taoism to collages and colours as a means of explaining them, not as fixed entities but within the movement that stems from their interrelationship. View Summary
This paper applies the Way of Taoism to collages and colours as a means of explaining them, not as fixed entities but within the movement that stems from their interrelationship. A profile of a person/colour/consumer can be produced and used as a feasible means of 'targeting' the message to the consumer.
This paper outlines how qualitative research, using projective techniques, has been used to overcome cultural barriers of discussing the taboo subject of female hygiene. View Summary
This paper outlines how qualitative research, using projective techniques, has been used to overcome cultural barriers of discussing the taboo subject of female hygiene. The technique delivered a deep understanding into means of breaking ingrained habits.
This paper argues that semiotic and cultural analysis is the best and quickest way to first assess what is going on in any marketplace, before embarking on any other kind of developmental consumer research. View Summary
This paper argues that semiotic and cultural analysis is the best and quickest way to first assess what is going on in any marketplace, before embarking on any other kind of developmental consumer research. It shows why this form of investigation is so powerful in providing the groundwork for any form of marketing development and describes the analysis process itself. From this the author outlines the integration of findings into a three-stage programme covering creative and concept development - and the final evaluation stage of conventional qualitative consumer research.
16
Contemporising Brand Equity. Relaunching the Helena Rubinstein Brand in the United States
Includes video content
Recommended by Warc editors
Trends
Best Practice
Patricia Sabena, ESOMAR, Qualitative Research, Athens, November 1999
The long-lived Helena Rubinstein brand of cosmetics was discontinued in the United States in 1988, but retained and expanded in Europe and Japan. View Summary
The long-lived Helena Rubinstein brand of cosmetics was discontinued in the United States in 1988, but retained and expanded in Europe and Japan. This paper provides details of the brand's history, market barriers in the United States, research objectives, projective techniques, research findings and strategic outcomes of qualitative research which helped contemporise and relaunch the Helena Rubinstein brand in the United States in May 1999.
17
A visual way to explore brand imagery
Includes video content
Recommended by Warc editors
Trends
Best Practice
Rory P Morgan, Admap, October 1999
BrandSight Gallery is a collection of visual images validated for international research. This article describes its development and use. View Summary
BrandSight Gallery is a collection of visual images validated for international research. This article describes its development and use. Analysis of the components of brand image and a way that consumers see brands (the product 'surround'), dealing with visual ambiguity and the importance of context are debated. Researchers must choose images appropriate for their purposes. The use of systematically validated image batteries makes a valuable addition to the current portfolio of research tools.
This paper discusses the use of qualitative projective techniques in anticipating the Millennium. It argues that the Millennium will have an immense impact on people's behaviour and attitudes and therefore on brands. View Summary
This paper discusses the use of qualitative projective techniques in anticipating the Millennium. It argues that the Millennium will have an immense impact on people's behaviour and attitudes and therefore on brands. Characteristics expected of a Millennium brand are identified and four basic attitudinal sectors driving ten behavioural trends derived. The trends are described in detail - each has implications for product development, brand positioning and corporate planning.
This paper proposes the use of oppositional collages (world pairs) to help clarify respondents' meanings in focus groups. View Summary
This paper proposes the use of oppositional collages (world pairs) to help clarify respondents' meanings in focus groups. The collages are informed by the semiotic principle of 'not-ness'; which argues that we can only know of anything by what it is not. The paper also identifies the thirty-six universal world pairs: binary oppositions that underpin most cultures.
|
2024-02-26T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1727
|
// perlin.cpp
//
// Copyright (C) 2003, 2004 Jason Bevins
//
// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
// under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
// your option) any later version.
//
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public
// License (COPYING.txt) for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
// Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
//
// The developer's email is jlbezigvins@gmzigail.com (for great email, take
// off every 'zig'.)
//
#include "perlin.h"
using namespace noise::module;
Perlin::Perlin ():
Module (GetSourceModuleCount ()),
m_frequency (DEFAULT_PERLIN_FREQUENCY ),
m_lacunarity (DEFAULT_PERLIN_LACUNARITY ),
m_noiseQuality (DEFAULT_PERLIN_QUALITY ),
m_octaveCount (DEFAULT_PERLIN_OCTAVE_COUNT),
m_persistence (DEFAULT_PERLIN_PERSISTENCE ),
m_seed (DEFAULT_PERLIN_SEED)
{
}
double Perlin::GetValue (double x, double y, double z) const
{
double value = 0.0;
double signal = 0.0;
double curPersistence = 1.0;
double nx, ny, nz;
int seed;
x *= m_frequency;
y *= m_frequency;
z *= m_frequency;
for (int curOctave = 0; curOctave < m_octaveCount; curOctave++) {
// Make sure that these floating-point values have the same range as a 32-
// bit integer so that we can pass them to the coherent-noise functions.
nx = MakeInt32Range (x);
ny = MakeInt32Range (y);
nz = MakeInt32Range (z);
// Get the coherent-noise value from the input value and add it to the
// final result.
seed = (m_seed + curOctave) & 0xffffffff;
signal = GradientCoherentNoise3D (nx, ny, nz, seed, m_noiseQuality);
value += signal * curPersistence;
// Prepare the next octave.
x *= m_lacunarity;
y *= m_lacunarity;
z *= m_lacunarity;
curPersistence *= m_persistence;
}
return value;
}
|
2024-05-20T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/4530
|
*To the Editor*:
The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on child lung function during the first months of life is an old concern ([@bib1]). Serious consequences range from sudden infant death syndrome to asthma ([@bib2], [@bib3]). McEvoy and colleagues' randomized controlled trial showing that adding daily supplemental vitamin C for pregnant smokers improves their infant's newborn pulmonary function may be a step forward, but it deserved questions ([@bib4]).
First, did these pregnant smokers fail to quit smoking despite proactive treatment for cessation by a trained multidisciplinary team? Smoking cessation may be the most important health intervention during pregnancy because smoking is the most preventable cause of preterm birth and all other complications during pregnancies except hypertensive pregnancy. Proactive treatment means motivational interview and psychological support plus nicotine replacement therapy. The former is a prerequisite for the effectiveness of the latter because smokers need reassurance first. Indeed, tobacco is the worst addictive product: all smokers have made serial attempts to quit, almost always failing with much pain, and further smoking increases the odds of depressive symptoms. The latter must combine patches with faster-acting forms (lozenge or spray) of nicotine replacement therapy. This "belt and braces" strategy has been shown to double the odds ratio of quitting during pregnancy. Sadly, this proactive treatment is poorly implemented despite being robustly evidence based ([@bib5]).
Second, did these pregnant smokers receive at least nicotine replacement therapy during the trial, and at what dose? Indeed, it is less dangerous to smoke with patches than without, as it decreases not only the number of cigarettes but also the puff volumes. Although the precautionary principle and experimental findings pledge for avoiding nicotine per second during pregnancy ([@bib6]), the issue for pregnant smokers and their unborn child is different, being about harm/benefit ratio. The main problems are carbon monoxide (which has strong affinity for fetal hemoglobin), tar, and hundreds of extremely toxic combustion byproducts. Moreover, the devastating effects of compensatory uptake (deeper puffs with higher temperature) when trying to reduce tobacco use without nicotine substitutes cannot be overlooked. Considering the very high urine cotinine level in the trial ([@bib1]), this compensatory uptake seems most likely. Could McEvoy and colleagues provide data about the carbon monoxide breath test?
Originally Published in Press as DOI: [10.1164/rccm.201902-0305LE](http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201902-0305LE) on April 5, 2019
[**[Author disclosures](http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1164/rccm.201902-0305LE/suppl_file/disclosures.pdf)**]{.ul} are available with the text of this letter at [www.atsjournals.org](http://www.atsjournals.org).
|
2024-03-10T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/2051
|
Indicted pet food companies
KANSAS CITY, Mo. - Two Chinese businesses and a U.S. company were indicted Wednesday in the tainted pet food incidents that killed potentially thousands of animals last year and raised worries about products made in China.
The U.S. attorney's office in Kansas City said the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has received consumer reports suggesting 1,950 cats and 2,200 dogs died after eating food contaminated with the toxic chemical melamine.
U.S. Attorney John F. Wood said authorities haven't been able to substantiate all those reports, but "as for pet deaths, we think it's in the thousands."
One of the indictments charges Xuzhou Anying Biologic, located in China's Jiangsu Province, and Suzhou Textiles, in Suzhou, China, with 13 felony counts of introduction of adulterated food into interstate commerce and 13 felony counts of introduction of misbranded food into interstate commerce.
ChemNutra and company owners Sally Quing Miller, a Chinese national, and her husband, Stephen S. Miller, were charged with 13 misdemeanor counts of introduction of adulterated food into interstate commerce, 13 misdemeanor counts of introduction of misbranded food into interstate commerce and one felony count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.
Each of the felony counts against the Chinese defendants is punishable by up to three years in prison, according to the indictment. The misdemeanor charges against ChemNutra and its owners are each punishable by up to a year in prison, while the felony conspiracy count carries a maximum sentence of five years.
The indictments allege that Suzhou Textiles, an export broker, mislabeled 800 metric tons of tainted wheat gluten manufactured by Xuzhou to avoid inspection in China. Suzhou then did not properly declare the contaminated product it shipped to the U.S. as a material to be used in food, the indictment says.
It also says the shipment was falsely declared to the Chinese government in a way that would avoid a mandatory inspection of the company's plants.
"The defendants intended to deceive the Chinese government in addition to consumers," Wood said.
According to the indictment, ChemNutra picked up the melamine-tainted product at a port of entry in Kansas City, then sold it to makers of various brands of pet foods. The indictment alleges that Xuzhou added the melamine to artificially boost the protein content of the gluten to meet the requirements specified in Suzhou's contract with ChemNutra.
Wood said adding the melamine, which would allow it to pass chemical inspections for protein content, was cheaper than actually adding protein to the gluten.
He added that prosecutors aren't alleging that the Millers and ChemNutra knew that the product was toxic, only that they were aware the product had been shipped into the U.S. under false pretenses and failed to notify their customers.
"Millions of pet owners remember the anxiety of last year's pet food recall. These indictments are the product of an investigation that began in the wake of that recall," Wood said.
Steve Stern, a spokesman for ChemNutra, said the Millers "deny the allegations by the Justice Department in the strongest of terms and look forward to the opportunity to prove their innocence at trial. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Miller had any intent to defraud or knowledge of any wrongdoing."
Wood said the Chinese government is cooperating with the investigation and shut down Xuzhou shortly after its connection to the melamine scare was discovered last year.
In addition, Chinese officials signed an agreement in December increasing inspections on a number of products, including pet food ingredients, Wood said.
"Since this issue came to light, steps have been taken to protect consumer safety," Wood said.
He added that Chinese authorities took Linzhun into custody at the time his company was shut down, but he said he didn't know if Linzhun was still in custody.
The U.S. doesn't have an extradition treaty with China, meaning there's no legal way to force China to hand over Linzhun or Chen, Wood said. But federal authorities have alerted Interpol and other law enforcement agencies to be on the lookout for them if they leave China.
In my opinion we should not accept anything from China for food products because it isn't inspected properly. This cituation killed animals. It was horable.I am glad something is being done about the tainted food scare!!!!Those people should all go to jail for at least 5 years max!!!
|
2024-01-03T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/8124
|
Mint Buttercream Frosting With Dark Chocolate Glaze
"This is a good frosting for Mayonnaise Cake. If you're really having a chocolate fit, double the glaze! The frosting and cake are rich enough to cut the unsweetened chocolate taste. Pour some glaze on the middle layer too."
Most Helpful Positive Review
Sep 25, 2007
A little confused. shouldn't there be a little bit of powdered sugar in the glaze to make it slightly sweetened. I love dark chocolate but it just seems extreme to not add any sweetner. I made this recipe right now and the frosting is delicious. if you don't like your mint to strong i recomend using 1/2 of a teaspoon and I added 3 Tablespoons powdered sugar to the glaze. it makes for a great presentation and I loved it on my brownies.
Most Helpful Critical Review
I have made a recipe similar to this one for many years, but I have not made this one...so these are just some suggestions. The milk is not necessary. Use real butter only. Add the mint extract a little bit at a time until it is to your liking, as it can be very strong. I don't use unsweetened chocolate for the glaze. Milk chocolate works well. Don't forget the green food coloring!
I started out with this recipe prepared to reduce the powdered sugar to 3 cups, maybe even less. I’ve made enough buttercream frostings to know the ratio of sugar to butter I prefer and this called for a little more sugar than that preferred ratio. However, the cupcakes I was to frost with this turned out to be not nearly as sweet as they should have been, leading me to decide instead to prepare the frosting as written, using all 4 cups of the powdered sugar called for. It’s awesome good, simple as that. Fluffy, pleasantly minty, not too sweet as I thought it would be, and it couldn’t have been more perfect for the chocolate cupcakes I frosted with it. I did have to add a little more milk (I used half and half) to get it to the right consistency. I didn’t use the chocolate glaze, only because it didn’t work with how I decorated the cupcakes but I can only imagine how even better this frosting would be with it.
DELICIOUSNESS. In the spririt of full disclosure, I didn't make the glaze because I loved the frosting enough on its own, and the mixed reviews on it made me a little wary. Also, I had a lot left over after icing my (Too Much Chocolate) cake, so I went a little overboard on decorating the cake. I didn't think it was too sweet at all, but my sweet tooth is still as legendary as it was when I was six and would have had an all-sugar diet had it been permissable. I started scooping up the leftovers and eating them straight (not such a good idea; the mint started to do a tap-dance on my tastebuds, but oh well). It looks lovely (colored it yellow because I was out of all the other colors), both spreads and pipes like a dream. HOWEVER, it did almost give me a heart attack when it jammed my beater right after I added the milk. This icing means business. :)
the frosting is wonderful... I added green food coloring as well to liven it up.
However, the glaze is gross. It was way too bitter for my taste. I ended up adding a bit of milk and more sugar to make it into a chocolate frosting.
This was great! Got so many compliments, and many people have asked for the recipe. I used the frosting on a delicious chocolate cake, so in order to not have too much chocolate, I left out the chocolate glaze. I also added the mint extract a little bit at a time so I could make it just minty enough for me. Then I added water instead of milk to thin out the consistency because the milk messes with the color. I definitely had to add more than 4Tbs to get the icing thin enough to frost my cake, it just depends what you are using it for.
This was SO GOOD! I followed the recipe exactly, only made the frosting, didn't need the glaze. The mint was not too strong and didn't overpower the flavor. Don't add anymore or it might be too intense! Made the frosting to cover the One Bowl Chocolate Cake III from this site. The flavors went together perfectly and everybody that tasted it LOVED it!
*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.
**Nutrient information is not available for all ingredients. Amount is based on available nutrient data.
(-)Information is not currently available for this nutrient. If you are following a medically restrictive diet, please consult your doctor or registered dietitian before preparing this recipe for personal consumption.
|
2024-07-23T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/3518
|
Overview for
livingston
As a doctor researcher within UCL psychiatry, I am concerned with what works to help people with dementia and their families and to generate and help implement research which makes a difference to future dementia challenges.
|
2024-05-16T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/1531
|
Estimado doctor Candel,
Hoy me han mandado un vídeo en el que nos pone usted de vuelta y media y, sinceramente, me parece que hace usted lo que tiene que hacer.
A veces doctor Candel, ocurre que uno tiene la tentación de pensar que lo que está haciendo uno, lo que tiene entre sus manos, es lo más importante que está ocurriendo en el mundo. Si observamos a otras especies animales encontramos que los conejos tienen una visión panorámica de casi 360º que les permite ver depredadores que se le acerquen desde cualquier parte. Fíjese, doctor Candel, que la mayoría de las arañas tienen ocho ojos y los cangrejos y las libélulas tienen ojos compuestos con hasta 6.300 unidades receptivas («omatidios», se llaman), ¡6.300 «ojos», doctor Candel!, ¡¿se imagina?! Fíjese que hay animales que ven colores que nosotros ni conocemos como el langostino mantis por no hablar de la «visión nocturna» de felinos y hienas, la conocida resolución del ojo de halcón o la velocidad visual de las abejas, que según algunos estudios ven el mundo cinco veces más rápido que los humanos. Tenemos una visión tan limitada los humanos en comparación con otras especies que no es extraño que se nos escape un mosquito sin quitarle los ojos de encima. Teniendo en cuenta esta sonrojante limitación visual que tenemos los humanos parece fundamental que necesitemos que otros humanos, al menos, (ojalá fuéramos capaces de escuchar a otras especies pero de soberbios ni lo intentamos, doctor Candel) nos den su visión de las cosas para tratar de salir de la pobre, parcial, lenta, difuminada y corta visión con la que vemos la realidad.
En el vídeo parecía estar muy enfadado (me encantan sus enfados a cámara) con que desde Podemos hubiéramos presentado 102 enmiendas a la Ley de Sostenibilidad del Sistema Sanitario del gobierno andaluz con la intención, créame, de mejorarla. Somos quince diputados y diputadas que no hemos llegado ni a la pubertad parlamentaria. En este universo paralelo llamado Parlamento andaluz tenemos dos añitos mientras la mayoría de nuestros adversarios llevan en torno a 20 años. Por eso son tan útiles sus vídeos, sus críticas descarnadas, encendidas, a ratos hasta genitales. Se agradece que nos muestre usted esa visión para, con otras como la de nuestras propias compañeras (la mayoría son compañeras, doctor Candel) del ámbito y la lucha sanitaria, no perder de vista la perspectiva de quienes defendiendo cada día la vida de los demás se enfrentan al colapso del sistema.
Puede parecer que nos gusta estar aquí, doctor Candel, que ocupar el centro de los planos y las fotos nos agrada, que la burbuja de privilegios en forma de sobresueldos, coches oficiales, cortesías y reconocimientos públicos nos estimula de tal manera que la sola idea de «perder el sillón» nos amarga y eso nos lleva a pactar hasta con el diablo para no quedarnos sin él. Permítame, aunque no me crea, confesarle en la intimidad de este texto que estar aquí a mí no me hace exactamente feliz. Yo era más feliz en las batallas cotidianas de la defensa de las aulas y los derechos sociales, me sentía mucho más reconocida en el anonimato masivo de las movilizaciones de la Marea Verde, del 15M o de la Marea Violeta. Me encantaba acompañar sin hacerme notar a los obreros y las obreras en las fábricas las madrugadas heroicas de las huelgas generales. Con eso no pretendo victimizarme, me presté voluntaria para venir aquí un poco por la lógica sencilla de que si una tiene la posibilidad de mejorar las cosas contra las que protesta decir que no sería un fraude, todo el activismo y la militancia se convertirían en una afición sin trascendencia. Pero tener la visión de que todo empieza y acaba entre estos muros es humana y errónea. Tiene usted razón, señor Candel, la fusión hospitalaria en Granada no la paramos con decenas de propuestas y mociones en el pleno del Parlamento, la fusión hospitalaria la paró la gente con sus manos desnudas saliendo al eco de su propia indignación a las calles de forma tan admirablemente pertinaz. Tiene usted razón cuando dice que está en manos de la gente cambiar las cosas. Soy de la opinión de que las 20.000 personas que salieron a la calle el viernes pasado en Algeciras hicieron más por el futuro de la sanidad en la comarca que 20.000 enmiendas a la Ley de Sostenibilidad o 20.000 preguntas, peticiones de comparecencia de la Consejera o titulares en la prensa o los telediarios. Es una realidad objetiva: el futuro de nuestros hijos y nuestras nietas depende directamente de la capacidad que tenga la gente para unirse, organizarse e imponer su sentido común, poniendo el sentido en lo común, lo que es de todos y de todas como patrimonio más valioso de cada uno y de cada una. Esa es la lógica de la defensa de lo público, la bandera que levanta virulento en cada uno de sus vídeos criticando incluso a sus propios compañeros por irse a echar horas a la privada.
No me enrollo más doctor Candel, yo me quejo de lo mío pero sé también que es duro compaginar trabajo, activismo y familia, que a usted no le debe de sobrar el tiempo. Mire, presentamos enmiendas porque también es ese nuestro trabajo ahora, tratar de cambiar las cosas con propuestas concretas que hemos recabado de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil pero le digo una cosa, sabemos que incluso las mejores leyes no se cumplen si la gente no está alerta y movilizada, no solo estamos en el Parlamento sino también en las movilizaciones y sabemos que ambas cosas son importante, el NO a una política sanitaria en vías de colapso y el SÍ a una alternativa. Escuche con atención, no con teléfonos estropeados como la otra vez, vamos a votar en contra de esa ley mientras no se atiendan cada una de las peticiones de la gente que se está movilizando por la sanidad pública. Mientras haya gente dispuesta a luchar como en Algeciras el viernes. No vamos a ser nosotros los que nos rindamos a pequeñas concesiones. Téngalo usted claro.
Gracias doctor Candel por hacer lo que tenía que hacer. No me haga ninguna concesión, siga dando caña sin pensárselo, en todas direcciones, ahí, a tope, porque lo más triste sería haber aterrizado de la movilización a la moqueta para desmovilizar, para devolver las cosas a su cauce de injusticia, resignación y apatía. Pero permítame una discrepancia clara. Yo creo que esto sí va de ideologías, sí sí, ideología como visión panorámica del mundo. Permítame explicarme. Se puede simplificar, en mi opinión, en que hay dos ideologías: una ve el mundo y la sociedad como competición en la que se avanza si unos pocos van mucho más rápido que el resto o como trabajo colectivo en el que sólo avanzaremos realmente juntos y a la vez. Yo creo en la ideología no como dogma religioso con verdades absolutas, sino con la cotidiana buena costumbre de pensar que una puede estar equivocándose, porque eso, como la mirada corta, lenta, pobre y difuminada, es muy humano. Por eso creo, doctor Candel, que no es buena idea despolitizar esta lucha, que no es buena idea eximir al gobierno central de los recortes sanitarios en Andalucía. Decir: en Madrid los del PP son malos pero aquí son buenos. Mire doctor Candel, en este país PP y PSOE rescataron (literalmente regalaron dinero de usted, mío y de todos sus pacientes) a los bancos por una cantidad que equivale a tres veces los presupuestos de educación y sanidad de todas las comunidades autónomas. El rescate generó una deuda pública que justificó todas las leyes de «estabilidad», «sostenibilidad» y «austeridad» (todos los recortes, doctor Candel, para entendernos) que luego significan colapso sanitario por abajo y salidas «imaginativas» para-empresariales como las fusiones o las Unidades de Gestión entendidas con criterios de control antidemocrático y financiero. En definitiva, que es una cuestión política e ideológica.
Yo creo en estas palabras atribuidas a Bertold Brecht:
«El peor analfabeto es el analfabeto político. No oye, no habla, no participa de los acontecimientos políticos. No sabe que el costo de la vida, el precio de las alubias, del pan, de la harina, del vestido, del zapato y de los remedios dependen de decisiones políticas.
El analfabeto político es tan burro que se enorgullece y ensancha el pecho diciendo que odia la política. No sabe que de su ignorancia política nace el menor abandonado y el peor de todos los bandidos que es el político corrupto, mequetrefe y lacayo de las empresas nacionales y multinacionales»
Yo creo que usted no es un analfabeto político. Ha demostrado una inteligencia rotundamente eficiente en la defensa de la sanidad pública en estos años.
Reciba un saludo muy cordial, doctor Candel.
Teresa Rodríguez
[N. de IDP] Estos, para que conozcamos las dos partes, son un par de los vídeos y declaraciones de la discordia:
|
2024-06-24T01:26:36.242652
|
https://example.com/article/9337
|
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